cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau
Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci.
Karkashin ka’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da hakki ne na kada a yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya – alal misali gwamnati – yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi watsi da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin yin aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ƙara ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau.
Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan.
Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau
Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: kariyar kai. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya.
Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan sanda yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane — amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba — ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba — yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa.
Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da prima facie. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai — babban wajibci na kare kai — amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro na prima facie. Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da farko ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe.
Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka:
A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa — amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam.
Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu ‘ yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a — fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa Anarchy, State, and Utopia.
A cikin magani
A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar zubar da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka ), marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa Baxter v. Montana, Appel ya rubuta:
Suka
Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta kowane hakki kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu.
Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida.
James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta:
Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" don kada a hana su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga " haƙƙin neman ilimi " ko " yancin kula da lafiya " zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan.
AI Mark IV radar
Radar, Airborne Interception, Mark IV ( AI Mk. IV ), wanda Amurka ta samar a matsayin SCR-540, shine tsarin radar na farko na iska zuwa iska na farko a duniya. Farkon Mk. Rukunin III sun bayyana a cikin Yuli 1940 akan masu tayar da bama-bamai masu haske na Bristol Blenheim, yayin da tabbataccen Mk. IV ya kai yawan samuwa a kan Bristol Beaufighter babban mayaki a farkon 1941. A kan Beaufighter, Mk. IV mai gardama ya taka rawa wajen kawo karshen Blitz, yaƙin neman zaɓe na dare na Luftwaffe na ƙarshen 1940 da farkon 1941.
Ci gaban farko ya samo asali ne ta hanyar bayanin 1936 na Henry Tizard kan batun fadan dare. An aika da bayanin zuwa Robert Watt, darektan kokarin bincike na radar, wanda ya yarda ya ba da izini ga masanin kimiyya Edward George "Taffy" Bowen don samar da wata ƙungiya don nazarin matsalar iska. Ƙungiyar tana da tsarin gado na gwaji a cikin jiragen sama daga baya a waccan shekarar, amma an jinkirta ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu ta hanyar ƙaura na gaggawa, ƙirar samarwa guda uku da aka watsar, da kuma dangantakar abokantaka ta Bowen tare da maye gurbin Watt, Albert Percival Rowe. Daga ƙarshe, an tilasta Bowen daga ƙungiyar kamar yadda tsarin ya fara girma.
A Mk. Jerin IV yana aiki a mitar kusan 193 megahertz (MHz) tare da tsawon 1.5 mita, kuma an ba da jeri na ganowa akan manyan jirage har zuwa 20000 feet. Yana da iyakoki na aiki da yawa, gami da iyakar iyakar da ta karu tare da tsayin jirgin da mafi ƙarancin kewayon da ya yi kusa da bai isa ya ba matuƙin jirgin damar ganin abin da aka nufa ba. Ana buƙatar fasaha mai mahimmanci daga ma'aikacin radar don fassara nunin bututun ray na cathode (CRTs) na matukin jirgi. Sai kawai tare da haɓaka ƙwarewar ma'aikatan, tare da shigar da sababbin tsarin radar na ƙasa wanda aka keɓe don aikin tsaka-tsakin, adadin shiga ya fara karuwa. Waɗannan kusan ninki biyu kowane wata har zuwa bazara na 1941, a lokacin tsayin The Blitz.
A Mk. An yi amfani da IV a cikin layin gaba na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Gabatar da magnetron rami a cikin 1940 ya haifar da saurin ci gaba a cikin radar mitar microwave, wanda ya ba da daidaito mafi girma kuma yana da tasiri a ƙananan tudu. Samfurin Mk. VII ya fara maye gurbin Mk. IV a karshen 1941, da AI Mk. VIII ya fi mayar da Mk. IV zuwa ayyukan layi na biyu ta 1943. A Mk. An yi amfani da mai karɓar IV, asalin mai karɓar talabijin, a matsayin tushen ASV Mk. II radar, Chain Home Low, AMES Type 7, da sauran tsarin radar da yawa a duk lokacin yakin.
Farawa
A ƙarshen 1935, haɓakar Robert Watt na abin da aka fi sani da Range and Direction Finding (RDF) a Bawdsey Manor a Suffolk a gabashin gabar tekun Ingila ya yi nasarar gina tsarin da zai iya gano manyan jirage a jeri. fiye da 40 miles. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Watt ya rubuta wata takarda ta kira don gina jerin tashoshin radar da ke gudana a gabar gabashin Ingila da Scotland, mai nisan 20 miles baya, yana ba da gargaɗin farko ga dukan tsibiran Biritaniya. Wannan ya zama sananne da Chain Home (CH), kuma nan da nan sai radars da kansu suka zama suna da suna iri ɗaya. Ci gaba ya ci gaba, kuma a ƙarshen 1935 kewayon ya inganta zuwa sama da 80 miles, rage yawan tashoshin da ake buƙata.
A lokacin 1936 an gwada tsarin gwaji a Bawdsey akan hare-hare iri-iri, tare da ci gaba mai yawa na ka'idar shiga tsakani da aka gudanar a RAF Biggin Hill. Daya daga cikin masu lura shine Hugh Dowding, da farko a matsayin darektan bincike na RAF, kuma daga baya a matsayin kwamandan rundunar RAF Fighter Command. Dowding ya kara da cewa, tashoshin CH na bayar da bayanai da yawa, ta yadda masu gudanar da aikin ke samun matsala wajen isar da su ga matukan jirgi, kuma matukan jirgin sun samu matsala wajen fahimtarsa. Ya magance hakan ne ta hanyar samar da abin da a yau ake kira da tsarin Dowding.
Tsarin Dowding ya dogara da hanyar sadarwar tarho mai zaman kansa yana isar da bayanai daga tashoshin CH, Royal Observer Corps (ROC), da kuma gano hanyoyin rediyo na pip-squeak (RDF) zuwa wani ɗaki na tsakiya inda aka tsara rahotannin akan babban taswira. Daga nan ne aka tuntubi wannan bayanin ta wayar tarho zuwa hedkwatar Rukunin yanki guda hudu, wadanda suka sake kirkiro taswirar da ke kunshe da yankin ayyukansu. Daga nan za a aika da cikakkun bayanai daga waɗannan taswirori zuwa ga kowane Sassan Ƙungiya, wanda ya shafi manyan tashoshin jiragen sama ɗaya ko biyu, daga nan zuwa ga matuƙan ta hanyar rediyo. Wannan tsari ya ɗauki lokaci, lokacin da jirgin da aka yi niyya ya motsa. Kamar yadda tsarin CH yayi daidai kawai zuwa kusan 1 km mafi kyau, rahotannin da suka biyo baya sun warwatse kuma ba za su iya sanya manufa daidai ba fiye da 5 miles. Wannan yana da kyau don tsaka-tsakin rana; Da ma matukan jirgi sun saba hango abin da suke hari a cikin wannan kewayon.
Dare bam
Henry Tizard, wanda Kwamitin binciken Kimiyya na Tsaron Sama ya jagoranci haɓaka tsarin CH, ya damu da cewa CH zai yi tasiri sosai. Ya yi tsammanin cewa Luftwaffe za ta yi hasarar da yawa ta yadda za a tilasta musu dakatar da hare-haren da rana, kuma za su koma yunkurin tayar da bam. Magabata a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya sun yi daidai lokacin da Yankin Tsaron Sama na Landan ya yi nasarar hana hare-hare da rana, kuma yunƙurin kutsa kai harin bama-bamai na Jamus da daddare ya zama abin ban dariya. Damuwar Tizard zai tabbatar da annabci; Bowen ya kira shi "daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan hasashen fasahar da aka yi a karni na ashirin".
Tizard was aware that tests showed an observer would only be able to see an aircraft at night at a range of about 1000 feet, perhaps 2000 feet under the very best moonlit conditions, an accuracy that the Dowding system could not provide. Adding to the problem would be the loss of information from the ROC, who would not be able to spot the aircraft except under the very best conditions. If the interception was to be handled by radar, it would have to be arranged in the short time between initial detection and the aircraft passing beyond the CH sites on the shoreline.
Tizard ya sanya tunaninsa a cikin wasiƙar 27 Afrilu 1936 zuwa Hugh Dowding, wanda a wancan lokacin Memba ne na Bincike da Ci gaba. Ya kuma aika kwafin zuwa Watt, wanda ya tura shi ga masu binciken da ke ƙaura zuwa sabuwar tashar binciken su a Bawdsey Manor. A cikin wani taro a mashaya Crown da Castle, Bowen ya danna Watt don izinin kafa ƙungiya don nazarin yiwuwar sanya radar a kan jirgin da kansa. Wannan yana nufin tashoshin CH kawai suna buƙatar shigar da mayaki a cikin babban yanki na maharin, mayaƙin zai iya amfani da nasa radar don sauran tsangwama. Watt daga ƙarshe ya gamsu cewa ma'aikatan da ake buƙata don tallafawa ci gaban CH biyu kuma an sami sabon tsarin, kuma an cire rukunin Airborne daga ƙoƙarin CH a watan Agusta 1936.
Ƙoƙarin farko
Bowen ya fara ƙoƙarin radar Interception (AI) ta hanyar tattaunawa game da batun tare da injiniyoyi biyu a kusa da RAF Martlesham Heath, Fred Roland, da NE Rowe. Ya kuma kai ziyara da dama a hedkwatar Rundunar Fighter a RAF Bentley Priory kuma ya tattauna dabarun fada da dare tare da duk wanda ya nuna sha'awar. Ma'auni na farko don radar iska, wanda ko dai matukin jirgi ko mai kallo ke aiki, sun haɗa da:
Maimakon haka, an karɓi tsarin eriya masu karɓa da yawa, kowanne yana samuwa ta yadda wani yanki na sararin samaniya kawai ake iya gani. An ɗora masu karɓa biyu a kwance a kowane gefe na fuselage kuma kawai sun ga tunani daga hagu ko dama, ɗan ɗanɗana a tsakiya. An ɗora masu karɓa biyu a tsaye sama da ƙasa da reshe, suna ganin tunani sama ko ƙasa da jirgin. OkKo da a cikin 1.5 m tsawo, eriya masu girman aiki suna da ƙarancin riba da ƙarancin ƙuduri; eriyar mai watsawa ta ƙirƙiri sigina mai siffar fan sama da faɗin digiri 90. Wannan ba shi da amfani don homing akan manufa, don haka ana buƙatar wasu tsarin nunin jagora. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kwatancen lokaci da gaske a matsayin mafita, amma ba ta iya samun da'irar canjin lokaci mai dacewa ba.
A wannan lokacin ma'aikatar jiragen sama ta yi fatan samun kowace na'ura ta aiki. Da gamsuwa da ziyararsa a watan Mayu, Dowding ya ba da shawarar cewa Mk. Na yi kyau don dalilai na gwaji na aiki. A kan 11 Yuni 1939, AI an ba da fifiko mafi girma kuma an yi tanadi don samar da ƙarin Blenheims 11 zuwa No 25 squadron a RAF Hawkinge (don jimlar 21). Tun da kowane ɓangaren ya fito ne daga masu ba da kaya daban-daban, kuma masu dacewa ba su da masaniya da kowane ɗayansu, membobin ƙungiyar AI dole ne su haɗa abubuwan da aka haɗa da hannu yayin da suka isa kuma suna ba da umarni masu dacewa akan saiti.
Haƙƙin nakasassu 2016 a India
Haƙƙin nakasassu Dokar, 2016 ita ce dokar tawaya da Majalisar Indiya ta zartar don cika alhakinta ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin nakasassu, wanda Indiya ta amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2007. Dokar ta maye gurbin data kasance Masu Nakasa (Dama Daidai, Kare Hakkoki da Cikakkun Shiga) Dokar, shekarata 1995.
Tarihin majalisa
An gabatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Nakasassu, shekarata 2014 a cikin Majalisar a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu shekarar 2014 kuma Lok Sabha ta zartar a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2016. Rajya Sabha ne ya zartar da kudurin dokar a ranar 16 ga Disamba shekarata 2016 kuma ya sami amincewar shugaban kasa a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2016. Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2017. An sanar da Dokokin Gwamnatin Tsakiyar 2017 a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 100 na Dokar kuma sun fara aiki daga 15 Yuni shekarata 2017.
Ka'idar shari'a
Ministan majalisar Uttar Pradesh shi ne na farko da aka yi rajista a karkashin wannan sabuwar doka lokacin da mai fafutukar nakasa Satendra Singh (likita) ya shigar da kara a kansa kan wulakanta ma'aikaci nakasassu a bainar jama'a.  Ƙarin thalassaemia a matsayin sabuwar nakasa a ƙarƙashin wannan sabuwar doka ta ba wa yarinyar Chhattisgarh da wannan cuta damar samun kulawar likita bayan shigar da Kotun Koli.
Kamfanin ganin ƴancin makaɗa da mawaƙa na amurka
RightsFlow wani kamfani ne na Amurka wanda ke ba ƙungiyoyi, makada, mawaƙa da daidaikun mutane tare da sabis na lasisin kiɗa da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi na sarauta. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2007.
RightsFlow yana cikin birnin New York. Patrick Sullivan da Benjamin Cockerham ne suka kafa shi, waɗanda har yanzu suna tare da kamfanin. Sullivan a halin yanzu shine shugaban kamfanin & Shugaba, kuma a halin yanzu Cockerham shine CFO kuma babban jami'in dabaru. Ƙarin mambobi na ƙungiyar zartarwa sun haɗa da Matt Irvin, babban mataimakin shugaban samfurin da kuma co-kafa, Scott Sellwood, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma babban mashawarci, Fred Beteille, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa, ayyuka da fasaha, Michael Kauffman, babban mataimakin shugaban cibiyar sadarwa da abun ciki, Chris Lydle, mataimakin shugaban tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace, da kuma Alex Holz, mataimakin shugaban fasaha da abokan ciniki.
Google ne ya mallaki kamfanin a ranar 9 ga Disamba, shekarata 2011, tare da yarjejeniyar da aka sanar akan shafin yanar gizon YouTube.
Takaitaccen tarihin
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekarar 2007, RightsFlow yanzu kuma yana da fiye da 16,000 abokan ciniki, ciki har da YouTube, Muzak, Wolfgang's Vault, da Rhapsody, da CDBaby, Disc Makers, Muna Buga Fayafai da Zynga. An zaɓi RightsFlow A'a. 8 akan Crain's New York "Mafi kyawun Wuraren Yin Aiki a NYC" don shekarata 2011. Kamfanin Google ne ya saye shi a watan Disambar shekarata 2011 kuma yanzu wani reshen YouTube ne.
Ayyuka
Limelight sabis ne na haƙƙin kan layi don amintaccen lasisin injina, ko haƙƙin yin rikodin sigar murfin waƙa. Limelight yana cajin ƙaramin kuɗi don ƙoƙarin amintaccen lasisi.
MySpark wani kayan aiki ne na kan layi wanda ke sauƙaƙa rajistar haƙƙin mallaka don masu ƙirƙira da masu mallakar nau'ikan mallakar fasaha daban-daban gami da ayyukan adabi, fasahar gani, rikodin sauti, zane-zane, da software.
Alausa
Alawusa wanda aka fi sani da Alausa babbar gunduma ce a Ikeja babban birnin jihar Legas. Ita ce wurin zama na Sakatariyar Jihar Legas da ofisoshin Gwamna da Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Legas. Har ila yau, Alawusa tana da ƙwararrun Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya mai girma tare da matsalolin kasuwanci da yawa kamar Cadbury Nigeria Plc da wasu da yawa suna da ofisoshinsu a yankin. Hakanan tana da ƙananan gidaje masu ƙanƙanta kamar Cornerstone Estate; Lambunan MKO Abiola dake cikinsa.
A ranar 4 ga watan  Oktoba, 2020. An naɗa Alhaji Muftau Toyin Bhadmus na gidan sarautar Odewale a matsayin sabon Baale na Alausa, Ikeja.
Chumburung
Chumburung masarauta ce da kuma yankin na gargajiya a yammacin gundumar Kpandae a yankin Arewacin Ghana. Ita ce mahaifar Chumburu, amma Bassari, Gonjas, Kokombas da Nawuri (s) suma 'yan asalin yankin ne. Landasa, duk da haka, ana iya samun izini kawai tare da izinin shugaban ƙauyen da sarki, waɗanda ke zama 'yan ƙasa da kuma jami'an masarautar Chumburung. Chumburung kuma sunan yaren Chumburu ne.
Bangarori
Masarautar Chumburung ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka da yawa a ɓangarorin biyu na Kogin Dakar, daga Kojobonipe a Arewa zuwa Lonto a Kudu maso Yamma da Wiae a Gabas, duka a gabar tafkin Voltaire. Sauran garuruwa da ƙauyuka a cikin masarautar, kusan daga Arewa zuwa Kudu, sune Ekumdepe (Kumdi a takaice), Ba(n)kamba, Chakori, Nanjiro, Tori, Jamboae da Kachanka.
Kayan more rayuwa
Chumburing ya yi nisa da duniyar zamani ta fuskoki da dama. ’Yan tsirarun hanyoyin da ake da su a yankin ba za a iya amfani da su ne da manyan motoci ba, kamar manyan motoci, motocin bas na Benz da ke da kyau, manyan motocin daukar kaya da kuma motocin 4WD. Tunda ƴan ƙalilan ne ke iya samun irin waɗannan hanyoyin sufuri don amfanin masu zaman kansu, abin hawa mafi shaharar babur. Harkokin sufurin jama'a ya ƙunshi Benz guda ɗaya kowace rana tsakanin Kpandae da Salaga (yana barin Kpandae da wayewar gari, yana isa Salaga da misalin karfe 10 na safe, kuma yana dawowa da rana) da motar bas guda ɗaya ta Benz kowace rana tsakanin Banda da Salaga, tana hidimar kusan dukkanin ƙauyukan Chumburung (ta bar Banda). da alfijir da kuma dawowa da yamma).
Har ya zuwa yanzu (Afrilu, 2014), Chumburung ba ta da alaka da kowace hanyar sadarwa ta wutar lantarki, kuma kadan daga cikin mazauna garin ne ke da nasu na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki, amma hukumar kogin Volta na ci gaba da hada wasu garuruwan zuwa mashin din ta. Kamfanin waya daya tilo da ke aiki a yankin shine MTN, amma mazaunan Wiae na iya samun labari daga tashar Airtel Africa da ke Banda.
Makaranta
Makarantun farko a Chumburing malaman Ashanti ne suka kafa a shekarun 1980; Daga baya wasu kuma suka fara koyarwa a cikin harsunan gida ciki har da Chumburung.
Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Djibouti ta Kasa da Shekaru 20
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Djibouti ta kasa da shekaru 20, tana wakiltar Djibouti a gasar kwallon kafa ta matasa ta kasa da kasa.
Rashin Nasara
Tawagar ta kare a matsayi na 6 a bugu na farko na gasar cin kofin CECAFA na mata U-20.
Kogin Gambia National Park
Sanannen wurin shakatawa na Kogin Gambia National Park na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren yawon shakatawa na ƙasa (National Park) a ƙasar Gambia.
Tarihi
An kafa shi a cikin 1978, Kogin Gambiya National Park yana cikin gundumar Niamina Gabas ta Tsakiyar Kogin Tsakiya. Ya kwanta a gefen hagu na kogin Gambia. Gidan shakatawa ya hada da 585 ha tsibira, tsibiran Baboon, wanda ya kunshi manya manya da kananan tsibirai hudu. Ba a buɗe wurin shakatawa na ƙasa ga jama'a.
Kogin Gambia National Park yana kusa da gandun dajin Nyassang. A kan wasu taswirori, wuraren shakatawa biyu ana wakilta tare azaman yanki ɗaya.
Laburare Na Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau
Biblioteca Pública do INEP ita ce ɗakin karatu na ƙasar Guinea-Bissau kuma tana a cikin Bissau. Hakanan ita ce babbar ɗakin karatu na jama'a a ƙasar kuma tana aiki azaman ɗakin karatu na Universidade Amílcar Cabral.
Kogin Gambia National Park
Flora
Tsibirin da ke tsibiran Baboon mai lebur yana kama da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi a cikin yanayin dazuzzukan kogi.
Fauna
Tun 1979, Kogin Gambiya National Park shine wurin aikin sake dawo da chimpanzee, wanda Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Project (CRP) ke gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Stella Marsden ('yar Eddie,Brewer). Chimpanzees da aka kwace daga cinikin dabbobi ba bisa ka'ida ba ana sake dawo da su cikin daji a dajin. An nada Marsden a matsayin Jami'ar Order of the British Empiresaboda aikinta. Kafin 1979, an taso da primates a Abuko Nature Reserve. A yau, ƙungiyoyin chimpanzee da yawa suna rayuwa ba tare da lalata da mutane ba a cikin manyan tsibiran kogi uku (has 435, ha 77 da 53 ha). Tun daga watan Yuli 2006, akwai samfurori 77. A cikin daji, chimpanzees sun zama batattu a Gambia a farkon karni na 20.
Laburare Na Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau
An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1984 kuma ta gaji kundin ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu na mulkin mallaka a Guinea Portuguese.
Kogin Gambia National Park
Fauna
Don kare dabbobi da baƙi ba a ba da izinin shiga tsibirin ba, saboda chimpanzees na iya zama mai tsaurin kai ga mutane. Banbancin yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da amincewar gwamnati. Hatta tafiye-tafiye da jirgin ruwa a kusa da tsibiran ya ragu sosai a 1998. A baya, wasu sun yi yunkurin satar chimpanzees daga wurin shakatawa.
Laburare Na Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau
An buɗe ɗakin karatu na kusurwar Amurka a INEP a cikin shekarar 2011. Tare da ofishin jakadancinta na gaba a Dakar, Senegal, ita ce kawai kasancewar jama'ar Amurka a cikin ƙasar.
Tawagar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu 'yan kasa da shekaru 16
Tana wakiltar ƙasar a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta ƙasa da shekaru 16.
Kogin Gambia National Park
Fauna
Daga cikin antelopes, akwai bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus ), Maxwell's duiker ( Cephalophus maxwellii ), da duiker na kowa ( Sylvicapra grimmia ). Haka kuma dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da yawa, kuma sun haɗa da kada na Nilu ( Crocodylus niloticus ), macizai, da ƙagaru. Rayuwar tsuntsu daidai take da nau'in-arziƙi.
Tawagar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu 'yan kasa da shekaru 16
Ta bayyana a gasar FIBA ta Afirka ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 a zagayen neman cancantar mata na 2015.
Ajangbadi
Ajangbadi ƙauye ne na kewayen birni da ke Ojo, ƙaramar hukumar jihar Legas. Wannan shi ne Zip code ɗin ƙauyen Ajangbadi 102104.
Tawagar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 18
Tawagar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 kungiyar kwallon kwando ce ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu wacce hukumar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta Kudu ke gudanarwa. Tana wakiltar ƙasar a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta ƙasa da shekaru 18 (ƙasa da shekara 18).
Laburare Na Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau
Manyan al'adun gargajiya na Guinea-Bissau, an haɗa su tare a wannan ɗakin karatu na farko na ƙasar.
Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa
Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa ko wani lokacin ƙa'idar muhalli, wani nau'in yarjejeniya ce da ke daure a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ba su damar cimma burin muhalli. A wasu kalmomi, "takardar gwamnati ce da aka yi niyya a matsayin doka ta doka tare da manufar da aka bayyana ta farko ta hana ko sarrafa tasirin ɗan adam akan albarkatun ƙasa."
Yarjejeniyar tsakanin al'ummomi biyu ana kiranta da yarjejeniyar muhalli ta biyu. Idan an yi yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙasashe uku ko fiye, ana kiranta yarjejeniyar muhalli ta multilateral (MEA). Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, waɗanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke samarwa da farko, sun ƙunshi batutuwa kamar manufofin yanayi, manufofin ruwa, sharar gida da manufofin abubuwa, muhallin ruwa, manufofin kiyaye yanayi, gurɓataccen hayaniya da amincin nukiliya.
Laburare Na Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau
A halin yanzu, aikin ƙididdigewa da shirin horo na CPLP yana goyan bayan adana takardu da kasida ta lantarki.
Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa
Tarihi da amfani
An fara amfani da yarjejeniyoyin mahalli da yawa a cikin shekara ta 1857, lokacin da yarjejeniyar ƙasar Jamus ta tsara kwararar ruwa daga tafkin Constance zuwa Austria da Switzerland. Ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da kasa sun bayyana a cikin mulkin muhalli bayan matsalolin muhalli masu iyaka da iyaka sun zama sananne a cikin shekara ta 1960s.
Tsakanin 1857 da 2012, an kulla jimillar yarjejeniyoyin muhalli guda 747 na muhalli. Bayan taron gwamnatocin Stockholm a shekara ta 1972, ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙaru. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da MEAs, yawancin MEAs an aiwatar da su tun daga 1972 a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na Dan Adam (wanda aka fi sani da taron Stockholm). Dukkanin ƙasashe guda 113 da suka halarci taron ne suka amince da sanarwar Stockholm, kuma ita ce takarda ta farko da ke da muhimmanci kan batun muhalli.
Ana buƙatar tsarin sadarwar hadaddun don tsarin MEA mai aiki. Matakan gwamnati a cikin al'umma na iya kawo cikas ga juna game da sauyin yanayi (misali) saboda ra'ayoyi ko jam'iyyu masu adawa da juna, yin aiwatar da mafi wahala da tasiri ga dangantakar waje.
Manufofin da ke kewaye da MEA ana ƙaddamar da su ta hanyar ƙasashe masu shiga. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya sune manyan kungiyoyi tsakanin gwamnatoci don ƙirƙira da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar.
An sami karuwar amfani da tanade-tanaden muhalli a cikin yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasashen biyu da kuma cikin yarjejeniyoyin saka hannun jari na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasashen biyu.
Tasiri
Ka'idoji na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi masu sassauƙa don haɓaka tasiri. Misali daya shine amfani da takunkumi: karkashin yarjejeniyar Montreal, an hana masu sanya hannu don siyan chlorofluorocarbons daga wadanda ba su sanya hannu ba, don hana duk wani fa'idar iska. An kuma yi amfani da kudade don shawo kan rikicin Arewa-Kudanci: mambobin yarjejeniyar Montreal sun kirkiro wani asusu na dala miliyan 240 don sake rarraba kudaden mika mulki. Har ila yau, tana da shekaru goma daban-daban na alheri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Hakanan ana ganin wajibai daban-daban a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kuma suna iya ƙarfafa fa'ida sosai, inda kowace ƙasa ke da manufa daban-daban dangane da ci gabanta.
While protocols appear to be the ultimate top-down mode of governance, having "scant provisions for public participation," it is widely thought that the influence of transnational networks has been growing Public opinion is relevant, as concern must exist to prompt action and dedication of government resources. It kept growing more and more since the young activist Greta Thunberg started Fridays for Future. Non-governmental organizations also fulfill certain roles, from gathering information and devising policies to mobilizing support. Science plays an important part, although Susskind asserts that sometimes this role is diminished by uncertainty, disagreement, and the rise of "adversary science."
Yadda muke kallon tasirin ladabi ya dogara da abin da muke tsammani daga gare su. Tare da ƙaramin ƙarfi na gudanarwa ko ainihin iko, ƙa'idodi suna yin nasara wajen haɓaka damuwar gwamnati, haɓaka yanayin kwangila, da haɓaka ƙarfin ta hanyar musayar kadarori. Amma duk da haka muddin ikon mulki ya tabbata, ka'idojin muhalli ba za su shafi canje-canje a fuskar jaha ko jama'a ba, ba da garantin aiwatar da aikin ƙasa, ko kuma zama cikin dare ɗaya. Ci gaban dokar muhalli ta duniya na iya zama, kamar yadda Wiener ya nuna, kamar kunkuru, a hankali amma a tsaye.
Shingaye da suka
Tsarin siyasar duniya da ake da su, bambance-bambance da rikice-rikice suna haifar da shinge ga ƙirƙirar ka'idojin muhalli. Na farko, tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na nufin babu wata kasa da za a tilastawa shiga, sai dai a yi kira da a yi hakan. Saboda haka, kamar yadda Faransa ta fada, "Dokar kasa da ƙasa tana da ƙarfin halin kirki, amma 'yan hakora na gaske." Na biyu, rikicin Arewa da Kudu na iya toshe hadin gwiwa da haifar da rikici. Kasashen da ke Kudancin Duniya, suna kallon matalauta, gaba ɗaya suna ganin kasashen Arewa, masu arziki, suna bukatar daukar nauyin gurbatar muhalli da kuma kawo sauyi mai ma'ana a rayuwarsu, wanda Arewa ba ta ganin cewa ya dace. Kudanci dai na ganin cewa Arewa ta riga ta samu damar bunkasa kuma ta riga ta gurbata da yawa a yayin bunƙasa masana’antu.
A ƙarshe, ƙasashe na iya rasa kwarin gwiwa don canza manufofinsu na muhalli saboda rikici da wasu muradu, musamman wadatar tattalin arziki. Idan ka'idojin muhalli za su haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ko cutar da wata ƙasa, hakan na iya ɓata ka'idojin yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke manne da su, wanda ke haifar da matsala ta masu 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya soki ƙa'idodin muhalli don rashin tabbas na kimiyya, ko aƙalla rashin haɗin bayanan kimiyya, waɗanda ƙila a yi amfani da su don "toshe abubuwan buƙatu da yin ɓarna." Game da matsaloli kamar gurɓata yanayi da sauyin yanayi, juriya yawanci ya samo asali ne na ƙirƙira injiniya.
Saboda waɗannan shingaye, ƙa'idodin muhalli sun zama manufa a bayyane ga zargi da yawa, kamar jinkirin haifar da tasirin da ake so (saboda tsarin aiwatar da yarjejeniya-yarjejeniya), kula da mafi ƙasƙanci gama gari, da rashin kulawa da aiwatarwa. . Hakanan ana iya sukar su don ɗaukar matakan haɓaka inda ka'idodin ci gaba mai dorewa ke ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a kula da yanayin muhalli.
Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya
Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta shiga cikin shawarwarin MEA saboda tasirin kasuwancin da yarjejeniyar ke da shi. Ƙungiyar tana da manufofin kasuwanci da muhalli waɗanda ke inganta kariya da kiyaye muhalli. Manufarta ita ce rage shingen kasuwanci da daidaita matakan da suka shafi kasuwanci tare da manufofin muhalli. Tun da MEAs suna karewa da kiyaye muhalli, zasu iya taimakawa sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa akan kasuwanci. ƙa'idojin WTO sun dogara ne kan rashin nuna bambanci, ciniki cikin 'yanci ta hanyar rage shingen ciniki da gasa ta gaskiya, an kuma yi watsi da MEA saboda rashin bin ka'idojin kungiyar. WTO tana aiki tare da aiwatar da ayyukan MEA sama da 350 a duk duniya. ƙunshi manyan ƙasashe biyar  waɗanda suka himmatu wajen inganta muhalli da ciniki cikin 'yanci. Membobin WTO bisa doka sun daure su mutunta yarjejeniyar rage shingen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, rikici ya taso saboda takunkumin kasuwanci.
Ostiraliya
Ana lura da Ostiraliya don nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi da yanayi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da rairayin bakin teku, hamada da tsaunuka, kuma canjin yanayi babban damuwa ne. Ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin rami mafi girma a duniya. tare da tasirin muhalli. Kusancin Ostiraliya da Antarctica yana haifar da damuwa game da hawan teku da kuma sauye-sauyen raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke tasiri ga yanayi.
Kanada
Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta Kanada da yawa sun haɗa da iska, nau'ikan halittu da yanayin muhalli, sinadarai da sharar gida, canjin yanayi, haɗin gwiwar muhalli, ruwa da tekuna, da yanayi. Kanada ta ɗauki wani yunƙuri saboda albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri, yanayi da kuma wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, duk waɗannan na iya ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin muhalli. Abubuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals, wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da hukuncin wata karamar kotu tare da tuhumar wani kamfanin Kanada, Teck Resources, da laifin gurɓata kogin Columbia a Amurka. Teck Resources smelter a Trail, British Columbia yana saman iyakar Amurka.
Laburare Na Ƙasar Ivory Coast
Laburare na ƙasar Ivory Coast (Bibliothèque Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire) yana cikin Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
An rufe shi a cikin shekarar 2006 saboda rashin kuɗi kuma sabuwar ƙungiyar da Adjiman Nandoh Chantal ke jagoranta tana aiki tun a watan Fabrairu 2008 kuma tana da niyyar dawo da sabunta cibiyar. Tun daga watan Oktoba 2009, 85% na ginin har yanzu yana rufe. Sashen da ake da shi kawai shine Sashen Yara, wanda a ka buɗe baya a cikin shekarar 2008 godiya ga kamfanin Mitsubishi (cost). : 31.492.000 CFA Franc)
Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Mata ta Eswatini
Kungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta Eswatini, tana wakiltar kasar Eswatini (wanda aka fi sani da Swaziland) a wasannin kurket na mata.
Cocin Holy Cross Cathedral, Lagos
Cocin Holy Cross Cathedral babban cocin Roman Katolika ne da ke birnin Lagos, Najeriya, kuma itace kujerar Archdiocese na Legas. An gina ginin salon Gothic a shekarar 1939, lokacin da har yanzu ana gudanar da yankin a matsayin vicariate na manzanni, don haka an ɗaukaka shi ne kawai zuwa matsayin babban coci a cikin 1950.
Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Mata ta Eswatini
A cikin watanAfrilun shekarar 2018, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) ta ba da cikakken matsayin mata Twenty20 International (WT20I) ga duk membobinta. Saboda haka, duk wasanni Ashirin20 da aka buga tsakanin matan Eswatini da wani bangaren na duniya bayan 1 ga Yuli 2018 sun kasance cikakkun WT20I.
Cocin Holy Cross Cathedral, Lagos
Tarihi
An kaddamar da ginin babban cocin da farko (wanda ake la'akari da babban coci ) a shekarar 1881 wanda stonesmansons da masu gine-ginen Lazarus Borges da Silva da Francisco Nobre suka gina. Bayan mutuwar Bishop Ferdinand Terrien a cikin 1929, wannan babban cocin ya ga nadin limaman Yarabawa uku na farko, marigayi Lawrence Layode, Julius Onih, da Stephen Adewuyi, ta Bishop Thomas Brodericks, mataimakin manzanni na Yammacin Najeriya. A cikin 1930s ana buƙatar babban babban coci, kuma an ruguje wanda ya fi girma. Ginin cocin na yanzu, na tsarin gine-ginen Gothic na Faransa, an aza harsashin gininsa a ranar 6 ga Agusta 1934 ta Bishop Francis O'Rourke kuma an kammala shi a 1939.
Fitattun Membobi a tarihin Cocin sun haɗa da: 1. SJ Sawyerr 2. Lourenzo Antonio Cardoso 3. Lazaro Borges da Silva 4. Francisco Nobre 5. Farashin JFD 6. Walter P. Siffre 7. Albert Carrena 8. David Evaristo Akerele 9. JT Munis 10. PF Gomes
Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Mata ta Eswatini
Rubuce-rubuce da Ƙididdiga
An sabunta ta ƙarshe 16 Satumba 2021
Twenty20 International
T20I rikodin tare da sauran ƙasashe
An kammala rikodin zuwa WT20I #971. An sabunta ta ƙarshe 16 Satumba 2021.
Cocin Holy Cross Cathedral, Lagos
Tarihi
Babban Archbishop na baya-bayan nan da za a naɗa a babban cocin shine Alfred Adewale Martins, wanda ke kan kujerar tun 2012.
A karshen shekara ta 2016, kimanin mutum 3,274,000 da suka yi baftisma daga cikin jimillar yawan jama’a 12,276,000 wanda ya yi daidai da kashi 26.7% na jimillar.
Akoka
Akoka wata unguwa ce a cikin yankin Yaba a jihar Legas. An san ita ce cibiyar manyan makarantu a Legas ciki har da Jami'ar Legas da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Technical), Akoka.
Agbowa-ikosi
Tarihi
Agbowa-Ikosi ta fara ne daga wani wuri da aka fi sani da Egunbesawo a yau. An raba garin zuwa gundumomi da dama (Itun); Aledo, Oriwu, Agbowa, Kosomi (ba ruwa) da Ehindi. Kowace gunduma tana karkashin jagorancin babban hakiminsu ne da aka fi sani da Olori Itun kuma gabaɗaya ta gari ɗaya ne wanda aka fi sani da Olu-ilu, wanda aka rikiɗe zuwa Baleeship daga baya kuma ya zama Sarauta.
A shekarar 1956, Mai Martaba, Oba Edward Alausa Thomas OLUFUWA, ya samu sarautar Sarkin Agbowa-Ikosi na farko, daga gidan sarautar Oguntolu-Olufuwa. Gidaje biyar sun amince su yi mulkin garin. Yayin da kauyukan da ke bayan gari irin su Ikosi, IGBENE, Oko-Ito, Oke-Olisa, Gberigbe da sauran su ke karkashin Baale (wanda ke kai rahoto ga babban Sarki mai taken “Abowa na Agbowa-Ikosi). Sauran sarakunan da suka taimaka wa sarki ana rarraba su ne bisa ga darajarsu kamar Cif Olisa, wanda shi ne na gaba da sarki. Sauran sun hada da Cif Aro, Oluwo, Odofin da Balogun.
Giacomo Bertagnolli
Giacomo Bertagnolli (an haife shi 18 ga Janairu 1999) namiji ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya mai tseren tseren nakasassu sau biyu lambar zinare ta Wasannin Paralympic.
Agbowa-ikosi
Tarihi
A lokacin yakin, Agbowa-Ikosi itace hedkwatar majalisar gundumar Ikosi a lokacin. Ta zama garin mafaka ga mutanen garuruwa kamar Imota, Ibefun, Ota da Owu. Mutanen Imota sun zauna a Ago-Mota, mutanen Ibefun a Ago-Ibefun, mutanen Ota a Ago-Ota da mutanen Owu a Ago-Owu. Bayan yakin, yawancin 'yan gudun hijira sun koma matsuguninsu. Wasu kalilan suka rage sai mutanen Owu (manyan mayaka), wadanda suka yi alkawarin ba za su haifar wa Agbowa-Ikosi wata matsala ba.
Giacomo Bertagnolli
Aiki
Ya lashe lambobin yabo hudu a gasar wasannin nakasassu da aka yi a lokacin hunturu na shekarar 2018 a gasar tseren tseren duniya ta IPC Alpine.
Agbowa-ikosi
Geography
Agbowa-Ikosi tana da nisan kilomita 35 daga arewa da Epe Division, a gefen kudu da wani rafi wanda ya yi daidai da teku daga Legas zuwa Ikorodu, tare da cakuɗa 'yan asali da wadanda ba na asali ba.
Giacomo Bertagnolli
Aiki
A cikin 2022, ya ci lambar zinare a cikin babban giant slalom mai fama da matsalar gani a gasar tseren kankara ta 2021 ta Duniya Para Snow da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway. Ya lashe lambobin azurfa guda biyu a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2022, a gasar Super-G na nakasassu da nakasassu da aka gudanar a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin.
Agbowa-ikosi
Geography
Wasu garuruwa da kauyukan dake kewaye da Agbowa-Ikosi sune: Ota-Ikosi, Ikosi Beach, Orugbo-Iddo, Igbalu, IGBENE, Oke-Olisa, Gberigbe, Oko-Ito, Imope, Imota, Odo Ayandelu Ado-Ikosi, Owu, Iganke da dai sauransu.
Biki
Agbowa-Ikosi shine gari na farko a cikin yankin Epe da Ijebuland wanda ke ware ranaku don bikin garin da kuma manyan 'ya'ya maza da mata. Wannan taron an yi wa lakabi da Bikin Ranar Agbowa, kuma ƙungiyar Agbowa Development Association (ADA) ce ta shirya shi.
Tattalin Arziki
Mutanen dai galibi manoma ne da masunta, tare da rakiyar wasu harkokin kasuwanci.
Addini
Mutanen sun bi addinin Kiristanci, Musulunci da kuma akidar gargajiya.
Laburaren Ƙasar Libya
Tarihi
An kafa ɗakin karatu na ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1972, kuma yana ɗauke da littattafai da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, kasidu da na lokaci-lokaci na gida. Ya ƙunshi litattafai da ba a cika samun rahotannin hukumomin gwamnati ba, da kuma takardun adana kayan tarihi waɗanda suka yi shekaru da yawa.
Mutanen Tangale
Ƙabilar Tangale na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun Arewacin Najeriya, dake jihar Gombe. Mutanen Tangale da suka fi jin harshen Tangale sun samo sunan su ne daga “Tangal”, wani sarkin Billiri, a jihar Gombe ta Najeriya a yau. An yi imanin cewa Tangal ya taka rawar gani wajen tsara dangogin da ke karkashin shugabancin sa, don haka ne ake kiran mutanen da ke karkashinsa da sunan Tangale (kamar yadda aka saba a yawancin al'ummar Afirka suna sanya wa ƙasa ko ƙabila sunan shugabansu).
Tarihin zama
Al'ummar Tangale dai bakin haure ne daga kasar Yaman ta hanyar ƙasar Masar sannan zuwa jihar Borno ta yanzu. Duk da haka, saboda rikice-rikicen kabilanci da ake ci gaba da yi, dole ne su ci gaba da yin hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wani wurin domin zama. Daga karshe dai sun zauna a akalla wurare bakwai daban-daban kafin su zo wurin da suke zaune a yanzu, wato Kaltungo. Jerin wasu daga cikin wuraren da suka sauka sun hada da; SanumKude (wanda aka fi sani da Big San) kusa da Ngazargamu da Kupto. Kupto ya kasance kamar 'Korinth' na Littafi Mai-Tsarki; wurin da kabilu da kungiyoyi daban-daban suka taru don zama tare da zama tare. A Kupto, mutanen Tangale sun zauna tare da Lunguda, Kare-Kare, Tera, Waja, Bolewa, Songom da sauran kabilu makwabta. Daga Kupto ne suka kara yin hijira don neman sabon matsuguni; galibin wurare masu tsaunuka da aka fi jin sun fi tsaro daga hare-hare da hare-haren da suke fuskanta daga mahara.
Mai Tangale
Mai Tangale na yanzu shine Malam Ɗanladi Sanusi-Maiyamba.
Harshe
Harshen asalin ƙabilar Tangale Tangale ne amma saboda mamaye harshen Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya, yawancinsu ma suna iya jin Hausa sosai.
Abinci
Abincin mutanen Tangale shine ar bayo", an shirya shi da daddawa na musamman (cake); "ed mammu"; "kwaksak" da "Shinga"
Dakunan karatu a Lesotho
Tun daga 2013, Lesotho ta ƙunshi manyan ɗakunan karatu guda uku: Laburaren Ƙasa, Laburarin Thomas Mofolo da Taskar Tarihi na Ƙasa a Jami'ar Lesotho, da Morija Museum&amp;Archives, ko da yake akwai kewayon "ilimi da bincike. dakunan karatu, cibiyoyin tattara bayanai, dakunan karatu na makaranta, dakunan karatu na musamman, dakunan karatu na jama'a da tsarin sabis na laburare na ƙasa".