cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sauya gurbatacciyar iskar gas
Tarihi
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, musamman yakin duniya na biyu, bukatar man da iskar gas ke samarwa ya sake kunno kai saboda karancin man fetur. An yi amfani da injinan gas na itace, da ake kira Gasogene ko Gazogene, don sarrafa motoci a Turai. A shekara ta 1945 akwai manyan motoci, motocin bas da injinan noma waɗanda ke amfani da iskar gas. An kiyasta cewa akwai motoci kusan kimanin 9,000,000 da ke aiki da iskar gas a duk fadin duniya.
Hanyoyin sinadaran
A cikin gasifier, abu na carbonaceous yana ɗaukar matakai daban-daban:
A zahiri, ana shigar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen ko iska a cikin injin don ba da damar wasu abubuwan da ake buƙata don “ƙona” Kuma don samar da carbon dioxide da makamashi, wanda ke haifar da amsa ta biyu wanda ke juyar da ƙarin kayan halitta zuwa hydrogen da ƙarin carbon dioxide. . SannanƘarin halayen suna faruwa lokacin da aka kafa carbon monoxide da sauran ruwa daga kayan halitta sun amsa don samar da methane da wuce haddi carbon dioxide. Wannan halayen na uku yana faruwa da yawa a cikin reactors waɗanda ke haɓaka lokacin zama na iskar gas da kayan halitta, da zafi da matsa lamba. To Ana amfani da masu kara kuzari a cikin ingantattun reactors don haɓaka ƙimar amsawa, don haka matsar da tsarin kusa da ma'aunin amsa don ƙayyadadden lokacin zama.
Tsari
Yawancin nau'ikan gasifiers suna samuwa a halin yanzu don amfanin kasuwanci: ƙayyadaddun gado na yanzu, ƙayyadaddun gado mai haɗin gwiwa, gado mai ruwa, kwararar ruwa, plasma, da radical kyauta.
Kafaffen gado mai jujjuyawar yanzu ("daftarin sama") gasifier
Kafaffen gado na man carbonaceous (misali gawayi ko biomass) ta inda "wakilin gasification" (turi, oxygen da/ko iska) ke gudana a cikin daidaitaccen tsari na yanzu. Ana cire toka ko dai a cikin yanayin bushewa ko a matsayin slag. Masu amfani da iskar gas ɗin suna da ƙaramin rabo na tururi zuwa carbon, samun yanayin zafi sama da yanayin haɗin toka. Yanayin gasifier yana nufin cewa man fetur dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙarfin injiniya kuma dole ne ya kasance maras yisti don ya zama gado mai lalacewa, ko Kuma da yake abubuwan da suka faru na kwanan nan sun rage waɗannan ƙuntatawa zuwa wani matsayi. Abin don irin wannan nau'in gasifier yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi. Canjin yanayin zafi yana da girma yayin da yanayin zafi a cikin fitowar gas ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Koyaya, shiyasa wannan yana nufin cewa samar da kwalta da methane suna da mahimmanci a yanayin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun, don haka dole ne a tsaftace samfuran gas da yawa kafin amfani. Kuma Za a iya sake yin fa'idar kwalta zuwa injin reactor.
A cikin gasification na lafiya, undensified biomass kamar shinkafa hulls, wajibi ne a busa iska a cikin reactor ta hanyar fan. Wannan yana haifar da yawan zafin jiki na iskar gas, har zuwa kimanin 1000 C. Sama da yankin gasification, an kafa gado mai kyau da kuma zafi mai zafi, kuma yayin da ake hura iskar gas ta cikin wannan gadon, yawancin hadaddun hydrocarbons sun rushe zuwa sassa masu sauƙi na hydrogen. da kuma carbon monoxide.
Kafaffen gado mai haɗin gwiwa ("ƙasa daftarin") gasifier
Kama da nau'in counter-na yanzu, amma gas ɗin gas ɗin gas ɗin yana gudana a cikin daidaitaccen tsari tare da man fetur (a ƙasa, saboda haka sunan "ƙasa daftarin gasifier"). Sannan Ana buƙatar ƙara zafi zuwa ɓangaren sama na gado, ko dai ta hanyar kone ƙananan man fetur ko daga wuraren zafi na waje. Gas ɗin da aka samar yana barin gasifier a yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma yawancin wannan zafi sau da yawa ana canjawa wuri zuwa ga man gas ɗin da aka ƙara a saman gadon, yana haifar da ingantaccen makamashi akan matakin tare da nau'in counter-current. Tunda duk kwalta dole ne su wuce ta wurin gado mai zafi na char a cikin wannan tsarin, Kuma matakan kwalta sun yi ƙasa sosai fiye da nau'in na yanzu.
Ruwan daɗaɗɗen gadon reactor
Man fetur yana da ruwa a cikin iskar oxygen da tururi ko iska. Sannan Ana cire tokar a bushe ko a matsayin babban agglomerates wanda ke lalata ruwa. Yanayin zafi yana da ƙasa kaɗan a busassun ash gas, don haka mai dole ne ya kasance mai ɗaukar nauyi sosai; ƙananan garwashi sun dace musamman. The agglomerating gasifiers da dan kadan mafi girma zafi, kuma sun dace da mafi girma matsayi garwashi. Abubuwan da ake samu na man fetur ya fi na ƙayyadaddun gado, amma bai kai na iskar gas ɗin da aka shigar ba. Ingantaccen juzu'i na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan saboda haɓakar kayan carbonaceous. Kuma Ana iya amfani da sake yin fa'ida ko konewar daskararrun na gaba don ƙara juyawa. Na'urorin gas ɗin gado masu ruwa sun fi amfani ga mai da ke haifar da toka mai lalata sosai wanda zai lalata bangon gasifiers na slagging. Haƙoran halittu gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi manyan matakan toka mai lalata.
Ruwan gas na gado yana amfani da kayan gado marasa ƙarfi a yanayin ruwa wanda ke haɓaka zafi da rarraba kwayoyin halitta a cikin gasifier. Sannan A wani yanayi mai ruwa, saurin ruwan sama ya fi ƙaramar saurin ruwa da ake buƙata don ɗaga kayan gado a kan nauyin gadon. An raba gas ɗin gado mai ruwa zuwa Bed Fluidized Bed (BFB), Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) da Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) gasifiers.
Intrained kwarara gasifier
Busasshiyar daskararre mai ƙarfi, man ruwa mai atomized ko slurry mai yana da iskar iskar oxygen (mafi ƙarancin yawa: iska) a cikin halin yanzu. Kuma Wasu Abubuwan halayen gasification suna faruwa a cikin gajimare mai yawa na barbashi masu kyau. Yawancin gawayi sun dace da irin wannan nau'in gas ɗin saboda yanayin yanayin aiki mai yawa kuma saboda ƙwayoyin kwal sun rabu da juna sosai.
Matsakaicin yanayin zafi da matsi kuma yana nufin cewa za'a iya samun mafi girman abin da ake buƙata, duk da haka ƙarfin zafi ya ɗan ragu kaɗan kamar yadda gas ɗin dole ne a sanyaya kafin a iya tsaftace shi da fasahar data kasance. Hakanan yanayin zafi yana nufin cewa kwalta da methane ba sa cikin iskar gas; duk da haka buƙatun iskar oxygen ya fi na sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. To Duk masu shigar da iskar gas ɗin da ke gudana suna cire babban ɓangaren tokar a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwal kamar yadda zafin aiki ya yi sama da zafin ash fusion.
Ana samar da ƙaramin juzu'in toka ko dai a matsayin busasshiyar tokar ƙuda ko kuma a matsayin baƙar ƙuda mai launin ƙuda. Wasu man fetur, musamman wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta, na iya samar da slag wanda ke lalata bangon ciki na yumbu wanda ke ba da kariya ga bangon gasifier na waje. To Duk da haka wasu nau'ikan masu kwararar gas ba su mallaki bangon ciki na yumbu ba amma suna da ruwa na ciki ko bango mai sanyaya tururi wanda aka lulluɓe da wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shinge. Wadannan nau'ikan gasifiers ba sa fama da slags masu lalata.
Wasu man fetur suna da toka tare da yanayin yanayin haɗuwa da toka sosai. A cikin wannan yanayin galibi ana haɗe dutsen farar ƙasa da man fetur kafin gasification. Ƙara ɗan dutsen farar ƙasa yawanci zai wadatar don rage yanayin yanayin haɗuwa. Dole ne barbashin mai ya zama ƙanƙanta da yawa fiye da na sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. Wannan yana nufin dole ne a nitse mai, wanda ke buƙatar ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi fiye da sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. Kuma Ya zuwa yanzu mafi yawan amfani da makamashi da ke da alaƙa da iskar gas ɗin da ke gudana ba wai niƙa mai bane amma samar da iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi don iskar gas.
Plasma gasifier
A cikin na'urar gas ɗin plasma ana ciyar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi zuwa wuta, yana haifar da babban zafin jiki. Ana dawo da ragowar inorganic a matsayin gilashi kamar abu.
Kayan abinci
Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan kayan abinci daban-daban don amfani a cikin gasifier, kowannensu yana da halaye daban-daban, gami da girman, siffa, yawa mai yawa, abun cikin danshi, abun ciki na makamashi, abun da ke tattare da sinadarai, halayen haɗin ash, da Kuma kamannin duk waɗannan kaddarorin. Sannan Ana amfani da gawayi da coke na man fetur azaman kayan abinci na farko don yawancin manyan tsire-tsire masu iskar gas a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samar da iskar gas iri-iri na biomass da sharar da aka samu, tare da pellets na itace da guntu, itacen sharar gida, robobi da aluminium, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Man Fetur (RDF), sharar gona da masana'antu, sludge na najasa., canza ciyawar, masarar iri da aka jefar, injinan masara da sauran ragowar amfanin gona duk ana amfani da su.
Chemrec ya haɓaka wani tsari don gasification na baƙar fata barasa.
Sharar gida
Gas ɗin sharar gida yana da fa'idodi da yawa akan ƙonewa:
Babban ƙalubale ga fasahohin samar da iskar gas shine a kai ga ingantaccen ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki. Babban ingancin jujjuya syngas zuwa wutar lantarki yana fuskantar babban amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin sarrafa sharar gida, yawan amfani da iskar oxygen mai tsafta (wanda galibi ana amfani dashi azaman gasification), Kuma da tsabtace gas. Wani ƙalubalen da ke fitowa fili yayin aiwatar da matakai a rayuwa ta ainihi shine samun dogayen sabis na sabis a cikin tsire-tsire, ta yadda ba lallai ba ne a rufe shukar kowane ƴan watanni don tsaftace reactor.
Masu rajin kare muhalli sun kira gasification "ƙonawa a ɓoye" kuma suna jayayya cewa fasahar har yanzu tana da haɗari ga ingancin iska da lafiyar jama'a. "Tun daga shekarata 2003 da yawa shawarwari don wuraren kula da sharar gida suna fatan yin amfani da ... fasahohin gas ɗin sun kasa samun amincewar ƙarshe don aiki lokacin da iƙirarin masu ba da aikin ba su jure wa binciken jama'a da gwamnati na mahimman da'awar ba," a cewar Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. . Wurare ɗaya da ta yi aiki daga shekarar 2009-2011 a Ottawa tana da "hatsarin hayaki" 29 da "zubewa" 13 a cikin waɗannan shekaru ukun. Hakanan ya sami ikon yin aiki kusan kashi 25% na lokacin.
An ba da shawarar matakai da yawa na sharar iskar gas, amma kaɗan har yanzu an gina su kuma an gwada su, kuma kaɗan ne kawai aka aiwatar yayin da tsire-tsire ke sarrafa sharar gaske, kuma galibi a hade tare da mai.
Wata shuka (a Chiba, Japan ta yin amfani da tsarin Thermoselect ) tana sarrafa sharar masana'antu tare da iskar gas da kuma tsabtace iskar oxygen tun shekara ta 2000, amma har yanzu ba ta rubuta ingantaccen samar da makamashi daga tsarin ba.
A cikin shekarar 2007 Ze-gen ya gina wurin nuna sharar iskar gas a New Bedford, Massachusetts. An tsara wurin don nuna iskar gas na takamaiman rafukan sharar da ba na MSW ba ta amfani da iskar gas ɗin ƙarfe na ruwa. Wannan wurin ya zo ne bayan yaɗuwar adawar jama'a ta tanadi tsare-tsare na irin wannan shuka a Attleboro, Massachusetts. A yau Ze-gen ya bayyana ya ƙare, kuma an saukar da gidan yanar gizon kamfanin a cikin shekarata 2014.
Hakanan a cikin Amurka, a cikin shekarata 2011 an gwada tsarin plasma wanda PyroGenesis Canada Inc. ya bayar don samar da iskar gas mai daskarewa na birni, datti mai haɗari da sharar kwayoyin halitta a sansanin Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Musamman na Hurlburt Field Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayu shekarar 2013. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara.
Aikace-aikace na yanzu
Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Syngas don ƙarin sarrafawa zuwa mai ko sinadarai.
Zafi
Gasifiers suna ba da zaɓi mai sassauƙa don aikace-aikacen thermal, kamar yadda za'a iya sake dawo dasu cikin na'urorin da ake kunna iskar gas kamar tanda, tanda, tukunyar jirgi, da sauransu, inda syngas na iya maye gurbin burbushin mai. Adadin dumama na syngas gabaɗaya suna kusa da 4-10 MJ/m 3.
Wutar Lantarki
A halin yanzu ana amfani da iskar gas na masana'antu da farko don samar da wutar lantarki daga burbushin man fetur kamar kwal, inda ake kona sinadarai a cikin injin turbin gas. Hakanan ana amfani da iskar gas ta masana'antu wajen samar da wutar lantarki, ammonia da albarkatun ruwa (mai) ta amfani da Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles ( IGCC ), tare da yuwuwar samar da methane da hydrogen don ƙwayoyin mai. IGCC kuma hanya ce mafi inganci ta kama CO 2 idan aka kwatanta da fasahar zamani. Tushen nunin IGCC suna aiki tun farkon shekarata 1970s kuma wasu daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka gina a cikin shekarata 1990s yanzu suna shiga sabis na kasuwanci.
Haɗewar zafi da ƙarfi
A cikin ƙananan kasuwanci da aikace-aikacen gine-gine, inda tushen itace ya kasance mai ɗorewa, kimanin 250-1000 kWe da sababbin tsire-tsire na carbon biomass gasification an shigar da su a Turai waɗanda ke samar da syngas kyauta daga itace kuma suna ƙone shi a cikin injuna masu jujjuyawa da aka haɗa da janareta tare da dawo da zafi. . Irin wannan nau'in shuka ana kiransa sau da yawa azaman itace biomass CHP unit amma shuka ce mai tsari daban-daban guda bakwai: sarrafa biomass, isar da mai, iskar gas, tsaftace gas, zubar da shara, samar da wutar lantarki da dawo da zafi.
Man fetur na sufuri
Ana iya sarrafa injunan dizal akan yanayin mai biyu ta amfani da iskar gas. Canjin dizal na sama da kashi 80% a manyan lodi da 70-80% a ƙarƙashin bambance-bambancen kaya na yau da kullun ana iya samun sauƙin samu. Injunan kunna wuta da ƙwanƙwaran man mai oxide na iya aiki akan iskar gas 100%. Za a iya amfani da makamashin injina daga injina misali tuƙi na ruwa don ban ruwa ko don haɗawa da madaidaicin wutar lantarki.
Sabunta makamashi da makamashi
A ka'ida, gasification na iya ci gaba daga kusan kowane nau'in halitta, gami da biomass da sharar filastik. Sakamakon syngas za a iya kone su. A madadin, idan syngas yana da tsabta sosai, ana iya amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki a injunan gas, injin turbines ko ma man fetur, ko kuma canza shi da kyau zuwa dimethyl ether (DME) ta hanyar rashin ruwa na methanol, methane ta hanyar Sabatier dauki, ko dizal-kamar. Man fetur na roba ta hanyar tsarin Fischer-Tropsch. A yawancin tafiyar da iskar gas yawancin abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba na kayan shigarwa, kamar karafa da ma'adanai, ana kiyaye su a cikin toka. Kuma A wasu matakai na gasification (slagging gasification) wannan ash yana da nau'i na gilashi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙananan kaddarorin leaching, amma samar da wutar lantarki a slagging gasification yana da ƙasa (wani lokaci mara kyau) kuma farashin ya fi girma.
Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in man fetur na ƙarshe ba, iskar gas da kanta da sarrafawa na gaba ba sa fitarwa kai tsaye ko tarko iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide. Yin amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin gasification da tsarin juyawa na syngas na iya zama mahimmanci ko da yake, kuma yana iya haifar da watsi da CO 2 a kaikaice; a slagging da plasma gasification, da wutar lantarki amfani iya ma wuce duk wani ikon samar daga nau'in syngas.
Konewar syngas ko mai da aka samu yana fitarwa daidai adadin carbon dioxide kamar yadda zai fito daga konewar man na farko kai tsaye. Gas na biomass da konewa na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin makamashi mai sabuntawa, Kuma saboda samar da kwayoyin halitta yana kawar da adadin CO 2 daga sararin samaniya kamar yadda ake fitarwa daga iskar gas da konewa. Yayin da sauran fasahohin fasahar halittu irin su biogas da biodiesel ke tsaka tsaki na carbon, iskar gas a ka'ida na iya gudana akan nau'ikan kayan shigarwa iri-iri kuma ana iya amfani da su don samar da nau'ikan abubuwan fitarwa iri-iri.
A halin yanzu akwai ƴan masana'antu sikelin biomass gasification shuke-shuke. Tun 2008 a Svenljunga, Sweden, a biomass gasification shuka haifar har zuwa 14 MW th, wadata masana'antu da kuma jama'ar Svenljunga tare da aiwatar tururi da gundumar dumama, bi da bi. Mai iskar gas yana amfani da makamashin biomass kamar CCA ko itacen sharar da aka dasa a ciki da kuma sauran nau'ikan itacen da aka sake fa'ida don samar da syngas da ake konewa a wurin. A cikin shekarata 2011 ana shigar da irin wannan injin gas, mai amfani da nau'ikan mai, a masana'antar CHP ta Munkfors Energy. Kamfanin na CHP zai samar da 2MW e (lantarki) da 8 MW th ( dumama gundumomi ).
Misalan ayyukan nuni sun haɗa da:
Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Mozambique
Kiran baya-bayan nan
An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa tawagar Mozambique a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.
Makarantar Nahawu ta CMS, Lagos
Makarantar Nahawu CMS da ke Bariga, wani yanki a Legas na jihar Legas, ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi tsufa a Najeriya, wacce Cocin Missionary Society ta kafa a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1859. Shekaru da dama ita ce babbar tushen limamai da masu gudanar da mulki a Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta Legas.
Asali
James Pinson Labulo Davies ne ya samar da kudaden fara gudanar da makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a cikin watan Afrilun 1859 wanda a watan Afrilun 1859 ya baiwa Babington Macaulay fam 50 (daidai da miliyan ₦1.34 kamar na 2014) don siyan littattafai da kayan aikin makarantar. Tare da tallafin da ya bada, Macaulay ya buɗe Makarantar Grammar CMS a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1859, wanda ya sanya ta zama makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya. A shekarar 1867, Davies ya ba da gudummawar £100 (₦2.68 miliyan kamar na 2014) ga Asusun Gina Makaranta na CMS. Sauran masu ba da gudummawa ga Asusun Gina CMS ba Saros ba ne kamarsu Daniel Conrad Taiwo AKA Taiwo Olowo wanda ya ba da gudummawar £50. Masu ba da gudummawa na Saro Contributors kuma sun haɗa da maza irin su Moses Johnson, IH Willoughby, TF Cole, James George, da Charles Foresythe waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar £40. Makarantar Grammar ta CMS a Freetown, wacce aka kafa a 1848, ta zama abin koyi.
Makarantar ta fara ne da dalibai shida, dukkansu a makarantan kwana a wani karamin ginin bene mai suna 'Cotton House' a unguwar Broad Street. Dalibai da aka fara yayewa sun zamo ma'aikata a makarantan. Manhajar ta ƙunshi Turanci, Logic, Girkanci, Lissafi, Geometry, Geography, Tarihi, Ilimin Bible da Latin. Shugaban makarantar na farko shi ne malami kuma masanin tauhidi Babington Macaulay, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1878. Shi ne mahaifin Herbert Macaulay. Lokacin da Birtaniya ta yi mulkin mallaka a Legas a shekara ta 1861, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun sami mafi yawan ma'aikatansu na gudanarwa na daga mutanen Afirka daga makarantar.
Tsofaffin dalibai
Wasu fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai:
Ministan Al'adu, Yawon bude idanu & Wayar da Kan Jama'an Kasa, Ministan Yada Labarai mai sa ido
Fashewar Abule-Ado
Fashewar Abule-Ado wani fashewa ne da kuma gobara da ta faru a unguwar Abule-Ado da ke kusa da garin Festac a karamar hukumar Amuwo Odofin a jihar Legas a Najeriya. Fashewar da gobarar ta tashi ne da misalin karfe 9 na safiyar Lahadi 15 ga watan Maris, 2020; An kashe wutar da misalin karfe 11 na dare.
A cewar hukumar kula da albarkatun man fetur ta Najeriya, NNPC, fashewar da gobarar ta faru ne a lokacin da wata babbar mota ta kutsa kai cikin injinan iskar gas da ke jibge a cikin wani kamfanin sarrafa iskar gas kusa da wani bututun iskar gas da ya lalata. Mutane 276,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu a cewar gwamnatin jihar Legas.
Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Najeriya ta sanar da cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Maris, 2020 adadin wadanda suka mutu sun haɗa da mutane 23 da kuma wadanda suka jikkata 25 tare da lalata gidaje 50. Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaliban da kayan aiki a Kwalejin ’Yan Mata ta Bethlehem, Abule-Ado da aka lalata. Shugabar makarantar Bethlehem Girls’ College da ke unguwar Abule Ado a Legas, Henrietta Alokha, ta mutu ne a lokacin da take kokarin ceto ɗaliban ta daga gobarar da ta tashi a makarantar.
Gwamnatin jihar Legas karkashin jagorancin Babajide Sanwo-Olu ta samar da asusu na agaji ga wadanda fashewar ta shafa a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2020. Kuɗaɗen dai an sanya su ne a matsayin asusun gaggawa na naira biliyan 2 inda gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bayar da gudunmawar naira miliyan 250 a farkon ta.
Minal Khan
Minal Khan (Urdu: منال خان, née Khan; an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba 1992) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta talabijin ta Pakistan. Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin yarinya a cikin Kaash Main Teri Beti Na Hoti (2011) kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah (2014), Sun Yaara (2016), Hum Sab Ajeeb Se Hain (2017), Parchayee (2018), Ki Jaana Main Kaun (2018), Hasad (2019). Jalan (2020) da Ishq Hai (2021).
Wakilan Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya daga Kogi
Majalisa ta 5 (2003 - 2007)
Teburin da ke tafe ya yi cikakken bayani kan mambobin tawagar da za su wakilci Majalisar ta 5.
Minal Khan
Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Khan tare da tagwayen 'yar uwarta Aiman Khan a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba 1992. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Tarayya a Karachi. Mahaifiyarta Uzma Mubeen uwar gida ce. Baya ga Aiman, tana da 'yan'uwa maza uku. Ta kasance daga dangin Urdu Speaking daga Karachi. Ta auri abokin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo "Parachayee", Ahsan Mohsin Ikram a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni 2021 kuma dukansu daga baya sun ɗaure a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba 2021.
Ayyuka
Shirin farko na Khan ya kasance a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Geo TV Kaash Main Teri Beti Na Hoti (2011-12). Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye-shiryen sitcom Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah (2012) a kan ARY Digital.
Ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa na 2013 Mann Ke Moti. An gan ta tare da Yasra Rizvi, Faysal Qureshi da 'yar'uwarta Aiman Khan. Daga baya, ta sami karbuwa sosai don bayyana a cikin rawar da ta taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2014 Mere Meherbaan, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya Mol (2015), da wasan kwaikwayo na Mithu Aur Aapa (2015), Joru Ka Ghulam (2016) da Hum Sab Ajeeb Se Hain (2016).
Elisabeth Zerobin
Elisabeth Zerobin ’yar Austriya ce mai tseren kankara mai tsayi. Ta wakilci Austriya a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu a shekarar 1984 kuma ta samu lambobin tagulla biyu.
Ta ci lambar tagulla a taron Haɗin Alpine na Mata na LW4 da kuma a taron mata na Slalom LW4.
Ta kuma yi gasa a gasar Mata ta Downhill LW4 da Giant na Mata Slalom LW4.
Cibiyar muhalli a (Swansea)
Cibiyar Muhalli a Swansea, Wales, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta agaji don bayanin muhalli, ilimi da ayyuka. Cibiyar Muhalli kuma na iya komawa zuwa ginin da ƙungiyar agaji ke ciki.
Manufar Cibiyar Muhalli ita ce ta wayar da kan mutane game da al'amuran muhalli, don ƙara yawan shiga ayyukan muhalli da kuma yin aiki don samun makoma mai dorewa. Kuma Yana haɓaka, alal misali, manufar Rs guda uku (rage, sake amfani da, sake yin fa'ida). Cibiyar tana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyi, bayanai kan batutuwan muhalli da ayyukan ilimi. Duka ƙungiyar agaji da gininta suna aiki azaman tsakiyar wurin musanya da haɗin kai don ƙungiyoyin muhalli a duk kewayen Swansea da South Wales. Ƙungiyoyi da kasuwanci za su iya hayar ɗakuna a Cibiyar don tarurruka, horo, tattaunawa, taro, tambayoyi da Kuma abubuwan da suka faru. Cibiyar kuma tana da filin ofis mai rahusa don ƙungiyoyin sa kai na gida.
Tarihi
Cibiyar Muhalli ta Swansea ce ta kafa Cibiyar Muhalli (SEF) a watan Mayu shekarata 1994  tare da Majalisar City of Swansea, Majalisar Ƙarƙara don Wales da Kwamitin Yariman Wales. SEF kanta yanzu tana cikin Cibiyar Muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1995 Yariman Wales ya buɗe ginin. Located in Pier Street, wani bangare ne na sake farfado da kwata- kwata na Maritime Quarter na Swansea.
Ginin
Kafin Cibiyar Muhalli ta zo don amfani da tsohuwar ginin bulo mai ja a cikin Quarter Maritime, an yi amfani da shi azaman ɗaya daga cikin musayar tarho na Swansea (yanzu yana cikin BT Tower ). Lokacin sabunta Musanya Tsohuwar Waya don tsara Cibiyar Muhalli, sake amfani da tsoffin kayan ya rage buƙatun sababbi. Yankin yammacin zamani na ginin, Cibiyar Albarkatu ko annexe, Air Architecture ne ya gina shi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ya buɗe a 2001. An gina shi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙirar yanayi, sake amfani da sake yin amfani da tsohuwar abu da dacewa da ginin tare da fasahohi masu ɗorewa. Cibiyar Muhalli don haka tana nuna matakan ingantaccen makamashi. An ba da lambar yabo ta Annexe tare da kyaututtukan ƙira na Lord Mayor's shekarata 2000 a cikin Rukunin Mafi kyawun sabon gini - mara zamanai da ingantaccen makamashi. Ana amfani da na'urar hasken rana akan rufin cibiyar don dumama ruwan annexe da ma na'urar dumama ƙasa. Rufin turf da lambun halitta a bayan gida suna ba da yanayi mai dacewa ga ma'aikata da baƙi na cibiyar.
Kayayyakin muhalli, kwayoyin halitta da gaskiya
Annexe yana ɗaukar bakuncin gidan kafe na intanet na gaskiya da kantin kore, yana ba da samfuran waɗanda aka yi ciniki da su daidai, na halitta ko samarwa ta hanyar muhalli. Daga cikin kewayon samfuran akwai Ecoleaf (ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Suma ), Doy Bags da samfuran tsaftacewa na Ecover, waɗanda ake da'awar suna da inganci kuma gabaɗaya. Don dalilai na rage sharar gida, shagon yana ba da damar sake cika tsoffin tasoshin kayayyakin tsaftacewa. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli masu zaman kansu na amfani da dakunan da yawa na Cibiyar Muhalli, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin Cibiyar Muhalli na tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli.
Bayani a Cibiyar
Bayan amsoshi na sirri daga mutane a Cibiyar, akwai bayanan masu zuwa:
EC a matsayin ƙungiyar laima
Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi uku na Cibiyar Muhalli shine don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli na gida. Kuma Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar samar da fili ga wasu. Don haka Cibiyar Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar laima ga sauran ƙungiyoyi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Undercurrents, Mutane Daya da Sustainable Swansea duka suna samar da bidiyo da hotuna da aka raba akan Swansea Telly, tashar bidiyo ta gida mai kama da YouTube.
Lorna Manzer
Lorna Manzer yar wasan tseren nakasassu ta Kanada ce. A tsawon wasannin nakasassu guda biyu, ta sami lambobin tagulla biyu, lambobin zinare biyu, da azurfa ɗaya ga Kungiyar Kanada.
Aiki
Yayin da take karatun motsa jiki a Kwalejin Mount Royal a shekarun 1970s, Manzer ta rasa wani bangare na kafarta ta dama lokacin da wata mota ta bi ta kan babbar hanyar Trans-Canada. Lokacin da ta murmure, ta yi hulɗa da Jerry Johnston da Sunshine Village waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da waɗanda aka yanke a wasan tseren kan iyaka. Tare da aiki, Manzer da Brent Munro sun zama ƴan ƙasar Kanada na farko da suka shiga cikin wasan tseren kan iyaka a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 1976. Ta samu lambar zinare a tseren mai nisan kilomita 5 na Class II, duk da cewa ita kadai ce mai fafatawa. Manzer kuma ta kare a matsayi na uku a gasar mata Slalom II da Giant Slalom II. A cikin wasannin na nakasassu na hunturu masu zuwa, Manzer ya sami lambar zinare a cikin Slalom na Mata da lambar azurfa a Giant Slalom 2A na Mata. Ta sami takardar shedar shedar koyar da wasan kankara daga ƙungiyar masu koyar da Ski ta Kanada kuma ta sami lambobin yabo guda uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Nakasassu ta 1982. Ta sami lambar tagulla a tseren dusar ƙanƙara, wani tagulla na katuwar slalom, da lambar azurfa a ƙasa.
Francine Lemire
Francine Lemire ’yar wasan tsere ce ta ƙasar Kanada. Ta wakilci Kanada a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1984 da kuma a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 1988, duka biyun da aka gudanar a Innsbruck, Austriya.
Gabaɗaya ta ci lambobin zinare biyu, duka a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1988.
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Dawakin Kudu
Karamar Hukumar Dawakin Kudu Ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu goma sha Biyar (15) a karkashinta.
Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka;
Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Legas
Ma'aikatar ilimi ta jihar Legas ma'aikatar ce mallakin gwamnatin jihar wacce ke da alhakin tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin ilimi a jihar.
Folashade Adefisayo ita ce kwamishiniyar ilimi ta jihar Legas a yanzu. Ta rike mukamin tun daga shekarar 2019.
Manufa
Don zama madaukakiya a Afirka ta fuskar ingantaccen ilimi.
Kudiri
Don samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga dukannin dalibai ta hanyar sarrafa kayan aiki mai tasiri da inganci, wanda ke haifar da wadatar kai da ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Manufofi
Don samar da ingantacciyar ilimi da kwarewa ga ɗalibai a makarantu ta hanyar samar da ingantattun ka'idoji, ƙwararrun masu koyarwa, hanyoyin koyarwa ko hanyoyin da suka dace, albarkatun koyo da kayan koyarwa waɗanda duk abubuwan da ba dole ba ne waɗanda ke ba da tabbacin ingantaccen ilimi wanda ke haifar da haɓaka ƙwarewar koyo da kyakkyawan aiki. hanyoyin koyarwa ko hanyoyin da suka dace, albarkatun koyo da kayan koyarwa waɗanda dukkansu sinadarai ne masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke ba da tabbacin ingantaccen ilimi wanda ke haifar da haɓaka ƙwarewar koyo da kyakkyawan aiki.
Burika
Ma'aikatar Ilimin na da burin yin tasiri mai kyau da kuma sake fasalin tsarin ilimi na jihar a halin yanzu don inganta iyawa da sakamakon aiki ta hanyar sake tsarawa da inganta kayan aiki, tsara manufofi masu tasiri, da tsara lokuta don haɓaka ingantaccen ilimi da kuma matsawa a hankali zuwa ga ingancin da ake so. matsayin ilimi.
Walid Dahruj
Walid Dahruj ( وليد دحروج ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1965) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Lebanon wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Ya buga kusan shekaru 20 don Safa, kuma ya wakilci Lebanon a duniya.
Aikin kulob
Dahrouj ya fara aikinsa a Ahli Saida, kafin ya koma Safa a shekarar 1984. A cikin shekara ta 1991–92 ya kasance wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar Premier ta Lebanon da kwallaye 20. Dahrouj ya kasance a Safa har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2002.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Dahrouj ya wakilci kasar Lebanon a cikin kasashen duniya a shekarun 1990s, yana wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar 1994 da kuma gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta Shekarar 1998.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife shi a shekarar 1965, Dahrouj yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu: Majida (an haife shi shekarar 2002), mai suna bayan mahaifiyarsa, da May (an haife shi shekarar 2006/2007). Shi ne mai goyon bayan Spanish club Real Madrid.
Girmamawa
Safa
Mutum
Fadar Manhyia
Fadar Manhyia (Yaren Akan ma'ana Oman hyia -taron jama'a) shine wurin zama na Asantehene, da kuma mazauninsa a hukumance. Tana Kumasi babban birnin yankin Ashanti. Fadar farko ta zama gidan tarihi. Otumfuor Opoku Ware II shi ne ya gina sabon fadar, wanda ke kusa da tsohon wanda Asantehene na yanzu, Otumfuor Osei Tutu II ke amfani da shi.
Tarihi
Biritaniya ce ta gina gidan a cikin shekarar 1925 bayan wani lokaci bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Uku a shekarar 1874, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta rushe asalin fadar da Asantes ya gina. An ce, girman gidan sarauta na ainihi ya burge Turawan Ingila da kuma yanayin abin da ke cikinsa, wadanda suka hada da "jerukan littattafai a cikin harsuna da." fadar sarki da abin fashewa. Sakamakon haka an gina fadar mai nisan kilomita daga Cibiyar Al'adu ta Kasa, Kumasi.
Bayan dawowa daga gudun hijira na Asantehene Nana Prempeh I daga tsibirin Seychelles, an ba shi ginin don amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zama. Domin kafin gudun hijirar Asantehene, an kona tsohon fadarsa a yakin Yaa Asentewa. An gwabza yakin ne tsakanin turawan Ingila da Asantes saboda kin amincewa da Asantehene ya baiwa gwamnan jihar Gold Coast na wancan lokacin. Prempeh na karbi tayin ne kawai bayan ya biya kudin ginin gaba daya. Sarakuna biyu sun zauna a fadar, wato Otumfuo Prempeh I da Otumfuo Sir Osei Agyeman Prempeh II, KBE, sarakuna na 13 da na 14 na kasar Asante.
An mayar da tsohon gidan tarihi a shekarar 1995 bayan gina sabon fadar. Opoku Ware II shi ne sarki na farko da ya fara zama a sabon fada, wanda ya mamaye har ya rasu a shekarar 1999. Asantehene Barima Kwaku Duah na yanzu wanda aka fi sani da Otumfuor Osei Tutu II, a halin yanzu yana zaune a cikin sabon fadar.
Manhyia Palace Museum
Fadar da turawan Ingila suka gina bayan yakin "Yakin Zinare" (Yakin Akan "Sika" = Golden stool = "Dwa") an mayar da shi gidan kayan gargajiya kuma an bude a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1995 ta sarki na lokacin, Otumfuo. Opoku Ware II. Ana nuna kayan tarihi da yawa a gidan kayan gargajiya. Sun hada da kayan daki da Sarakuna ke amfani da su, da shugaban tagulla na Nana Sir Osei Agyeman Prempeh II, da taswirar zane na Asanteman. Hakanan akwai gidan talabijin na farko na Asanteman a gidan kayan gargajiya, da kuma hotunan kakin zuma masu girman rai na wasu sarakuna da sarauniyar Asanteman.
Gine-gine
Gine-ginen gidan ya yi daidai da tsare-tsaren ginin Masarautar Asante na farkon shekarun 1900. Gidan sarauta ne mai hawa biyu. Dukan benayen biyu suna da buɗaɗɗen veranda, suna ba da kallon kewayen fadar. A cikin shekarar 1995, an ƙara wani gini a cikin gidan sarauta na asali don zama kantin kyauta. Fadar tana da katon tsakar gida kuma tana baje kolin mutum-mutumin manyan sarakuna da sarakunan Ashanti na baya.
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Ƙasar Ghana
Gidan tarihi na kasa na Ghana yana a Accra babban birnin Ghana. Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa a cikin gidajen tarihi guda shida da ke ƙarƙashin hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da kayan tarihi na Ghana (GMMB).
An bude ginin gidan tarihin ne a ranar 5 ga watan Maris 1957 a zaman wani bangare na bikin samun 'yancin kan Ghana. Duchess na Kent, Gimbiya Marina ce ta buɗe aikin. Daraktan farko na Gidan kayan tarihi shine AW Lawrence.
Dokar ingancin iska
Dokokin ingancin iska na kula ne da matakin sarrafa fitar da gurɓatacciyar iska zuwa cikin sararin samaniya. Ƙarƙashin wannan ne aka shimfiɗa ƙa'idodin ingancin iska masu matuƙar ƙarfi don suna tsara ingancin iska a cikin gine-gine. Akasarin lokuta a na tsara dokokin ingancin iska ne musamman don a kare lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar iyakancewa ko kawar da yawan gurɓatacciyar iska. An gina wasu tsare-tsare don magance matsalolin muhalli masu faɗi, kamar iyakancewa akan sinadarai waɗanda ke shafar shingen gajimare, da shirye-shiryen tarfuwar hayaki don magance matsalar ruwan guba ko sauyin yanayi. Ƙoƙarin tsari sun haɗa da ganowa da rarraba gurɓataccen iska, saita iyakoki akan matakan da ake yarda da su, da fayyace fasahohin ragewa masu mahimmanci ko dacewa.
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Ƙasar Ghana
Abubuwan ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, ethnography da kuma zane-zane masu kyau suna samun wuri a cikin ginin gidan kayan tarihi na kasa.
Abubuwan da ke cikin Sashen Archaeology
Abubuwan da ke cikin sashin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun bambanta tun daga zamanin Stone age zuwa na baya-bayan nan na tarihi. Waɗanda suke baje kolin dindindin a gidan baje kolin ƙabilu sun haɗa da kayan ado na sarki, kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na ƙasar Ghana, ma'aunin gwal, ƙwanƙwasa, kayan masakun gargajiya, stools da tukwane. Akwai kuma wasu abubuwa daga wasu kasashen Afirka da aka samu ta hanyar musanya. Misalai sune abin rufe fuska na Senufo daga Ivory Coast, Siffar katako na Zulu da kayan kwalliya daga Kudancin Afirka. Bugu da kari kuma akwai tsoffin kawukan tagulla na Ife daga Najeriya da kuma sassaka na Bushongo daga Kongo. Abubuwan nune-nunen a ƙaramin ɗakin zane-zane masu ban sha'awa sun ƙunshi galibi na zane-zane na Ghana na zamani waɗanda aka aiwatar da su cikin mai, pastel, acrylics, launukan ruwa da haɗin gwiwa. Baya ga wadannan akwai sassa sassaka a kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban.
Dokar ingancin iska
Rabe-raben gurbacewar iska
Dokokin ingancin iska dole ne su zamo akan abubuwa da ayyuka waɗanda suka cancanci a kira su da suna "ƙwayoyin gurbata" don dalilai na ƙarin sarrafawa. Yayin da takamaiman tambarin ya bambanta daga hukunce-hukunce zuwa hukunce-hukunce, akwai babban yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci da yawa game da abin da ya ƙunshi gurɓataccen iska. Misali, Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka ta gano ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), da gubar (Pb) a matsayin "ma'auni" da ke buƙatar ƙa'ida ta ƙasa. EPA kuma ta gano sama da mahadi 180 da ta keɓe a matsayin gurɓataccen “masu haɗari” waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai ƙarfi. An gano wasu mahadi a matsayin gurɓataccen iska saboda mummunan tasirin su ga muhalli (misali, CFCs a matsayin wakilai na ragewar ozone ), da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam (misali, asbestos a cikin iska). Faɗin ra'ayi na gurɓataccen iska yana iya haɗawa da amo, haske, da radiation. A baya-bayan nan dai Amurka ta ga cece-kuce kan ko ya kamata a ware carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) da sauran iskar gas a matsayin gurbatacciyar iska.
Matsayin ingancin iska
Matsayin ingancin iska matakan doka ne ko buƙatun da ke tafiyar da yawan gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska mai shaƙa, a waje da cikin gida. Irin waɗannan ma'auni gabaɗaya ana bayyana su azaman matakan ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda ake ganin an yarda da su a cikin iskar yanayi, kuma galibi an tsara su don rage ko kawar da illolin lafiyar ɗan adam na gurɓacewar iska, kodayake ana iya la'akari da illolin na biyu kamar amfanin gona da lalacewar gini. Ƙayyade ma'auni masu dacewa da iska gabaɗaya yana buƙatar sabbin bayanai na kimiyya game da illolin kiwon lafiya na gurɓataccen da ake bita, tare da takamaiman bayanai kan lokutan fallasa da yawan jama'a. Hakanan yana buƙatar gabaɗaya na lokaci-lokaci ko ci gaba da sa ido kan ingancin iska.
A matsayin misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta ɓullo da Ƙididdigan Matsayin Halittar Jirgin Sama na Ƙasa (NAAQS) NAAQS ya saita ƙofofin isa ga sulfur dioxide, kwayoyin halitta (PM 10 da PM 2.5 ), carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides NO x, da gubar (Pb) a cikin iska a waje ko'ina cikin Amurka. Wani saitin ma'auni, don iska na cikin gida a cikin saitunan aiki, ana gudanar da shi ta Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata ta Amurka.
Ana iya bambanta tsakanin ma'aunin ingancin iska na wajibi da na buri. Misali, dole ne gwamnatocin jihohin Amurka suyi aiki don cimma NAAQS, amma ba a tilasta musu saduwa da su ba. A gefe guda, ana iya buƙatar ma'aikata nan da nan don gyara duk wani cin zarafi na ingancin iska na wurin aiki na OSHA.
Matsayin fitarwa
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi masu dacewa, kuma ana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin ƙa'ida daban-daban dangane da tushen, masana'antu, da gurɓataccen iska da ake bita. Ana iya saita ƙayyadaddun iyaka ta hanyar tunani da kuma cikin iyakokin ƙarin ƙa'idodin ingancin iska gaba ɗaya. Ana iya daidaita ƙayyadaddun tushen tushe ta hanyar ma'auni na aiki, ma'ana iyakoki na ƙididdigewa kan fitar da takamaiman gurɓataccen abu daga wannan rukunin tushe. Hakanan masu gudanarwa na iya ba da umarni a ɗauka da amfani da takamaiman fasahar sarrafawa, galibi dangane da yuwuwar, samuwa, da farashi. Har ila yau ana iya saita wasu ma'auni ta amfani da aiki azaman ma'auni - alal misali, buƙatar kowane takamaiman nau'in kayan aiki don saduwa da iyakoki da aka samu ta wurin mafi kyawun aikin ƙungiyar. Duk waɗannan hanyoyin za a iya canza su ta hanyar haɗa matsakaicin hayaki, hanyoyin kasuwa kamar cinikin hayaki, da sauran hanyoyin.
Misali, duk waɗannan hanyoyin ana amfani da su a cikin Amurka. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (mai alhakin ka'idojin ingancin iska a matakin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka, tana amfani da ƙa'idodin aiki a ƙarƙashin shirin New Source Performance Standard (NSPS). An saita buƙatun fasaha a ƙarƙashin RACT (Fasaha na Sarrafa Mai Rasu Hankali), BACT (Mafi kyawun Fasahar Sarrafa Sama), da LAER (mafi ƙasƙanci da ake iya samu). Ana aiwatar da hanyoyin sassauƙa a cikin shirye-shiryen Amurka don kawar da ruwan sama na acid, kare sararin sararin samaniya, cimma ma'auni masu ba da izini, da rage hayakin iskar gas.
Abubuwan buƙatun fasaha na sarrafawa
A madadin ko a hade tare da ka'idojin ingancin iska da ka'idojin sarrafa hayaki, gwamnatoci na iya zabar rage gurɓacewar iska ta hanyar buƙatar ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara su ɗauki fasahohin sarrafa hayaki (watau fasahar da ke rage ko kawar da hayaƙi). Irin waɗannan na'urorin sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga stacks flare, incinerators, catalytic konewa reactors, zaži catalytic rage reactors, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, rigar scrubbers, cyclones, thermal oxidizers, Venturi scrubbers, carbon adsorbers, da kuma biofilters.
Zaɓin fasahar sarrafa hayaki na iya zama batun ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida wanda zai iya daidaita la'akari da bukatu da yawa masu karo da juna, gami da farashin tattalin arziki, samuwa, yuwuwa, da inganci. Nauyin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na nau'i na iya ƙayyade fasahar da aka zaɓa. Sakamakon bincike na neman fasaha wanda duk 'yan wasa a cikin masana'antu zasu iya iya bambanta da binciken da ke neman duk 'yan wasa su yi amfani da fasaha mafi inganci har yanzu an haɓaka, ba tare da la'akari da farashi ba. Misali, Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka ta ƙunshi buƙatun fasahar sarrafawa da yawa, gami da Mafi kyawun Fasahar Kula da Kayayyakin Samfura (BACT) (amfani da su a Sabon Bita na Tushen ), Fasahar Sarrafa Mai Mahimmanci (RACT) (maɓuɓɓukan da suka wanzu), Mafi ƙasƙanci Rarraba Gurɓataccen Ragewa (LAER) (an yi amfani da shi don manyan sababbin tushe a wuraren da ba a kai ga nasara ba), da Matsakaicin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (MACT).
Haramci
Dokokin ingancin iska na iya ɗaukar nau'in ban. Yayin da za a iya cewa rukunin dokar kula da hayaki (inda aka saita iyakar fitar da hayaki zuwa sifili), haramcin ya bambanta ta yadda za su iya tsara ayyuka ban da fitar da gurɓataccen abu da kanta, duk da cewa babbar manufar ita ce kawar da fitar da gurɓataccen abu.
Misali na kowa shine hana ƙonewa. Za a iya ƙuntata wurin zama da na kasuwanci kona kayan itace a lokutan rashin ingancin iska, kawar da fitar da ƙura da ƙura da kuma buƙatar amfani da hanyoyin dumama mara ƙazanta. Babban misali mafi mahimmanci shine hana yaduwar dichlorodifluoromethane ( Freon ), wanda a da shine ma'aunin firji a tsarin kwandishan mota. Wannan sinadari, wanda sau da yawa ake fitarwa zuwa sararin samaniya ba da niyya ba, sakamakon ruwan sanyi, an ƙudiri aniyar samun gagarumin yuwuwar ragewar ozone, da kuma yawan amfani da shi don haifar da babbar barazana ga dusar ƙanƙara ta sararin samaniya. An haramta kera shi a matsayin wani yanki na hani da aka ɗauka a duniya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal zuwa Yarjejeniyar Vienna don Kariyar Layer Ozone. Har ila yau wani misali shi ne haramcin amfani da asbestos a cikin kayan gini, don kawar da kamuwa da cutar asbestos fibers a nan gaba lokacin da kayan gini suka damu. Sauran yankunan da ke kula da harkokin kasa da kasa, galibi a karkashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko EU, su ma sun fara aiki kan kawar da amfani da mai. Misali, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IMO) ta fara haɓakawa da ɗaukar matakan daidaitawa ( MARPOL 73/78 ) don lalata jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa.
Tara bayanai da shigarwa
Dokokin ingancin iska na iya ƙaddamar da buƙatu masu mahimmanci don tattarawa, adanawa, ƙaddamarwa, da samar da damar yin amfani da bayanan fasaha don dalilai daban-daban, gami da aiwatar da tsari, shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da haɓaka manufofi.
Hanyoyin tattara bayanai na iya haɗawa da sa ido kan yanayin yanayi don kasancewar gurɓatacce, saka idanu kai tsaye hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, ko tattara wasu bayanai masu ƙididdigewa waɗanda za a iya fitar da bayanan ingancin iska. Misali, hukumomin gida na iya amfani da na'urar Samfur don tantance ingancin iska a cikin wani yanki na tsawon lokaci. Kasusuwan burbushin wutar lantarki na iya buƙatar sa ido kan hayaki a cikin tarin hayaki don tantance adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da ake fitarwa. Ana iya buƙatar masu kera motoci don tattara bayanai game da siyar da mota, waɗanda, idan aka haɗa su da ƙayyadaddun fasaha game da amfani da man fetur da inganci, ana iya amfani da su don ƙididdige yawan hayaƙin abin hawa. A kowane hali, tarin bayanai na iya zama gajere ko na dogon lokaci, kuma a mitoci daban-daban (misali, sa'a, kullun).
Dokokin ingancin iska na iya haɗawa da cikakkun bukatu don yin rikodi, adanawa, da ƙaddamar da bayanai masu dacewa, gabaɗaya tare da maƙasudin daidaita ayyukan bayanai don sauƙaƙe samun damar bayanai da sarrafa su a wani lokaci na gaba. Madaidaicin buƙatun na iya zama da wahala sosai don tantancewa ba tare da horar da fasaha ba kuma suna iya canzawa cikin lokaci don amsawa, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin doka, canje-canje a cikin manufofin, canje-canje a cikin fasahar da ake samu, da canje-canjen ayyukan masana'antu. Ana iya haɓaka irin waɗannan buƙatun a matakin ƙasa kuma suna nuna yarjejeniya ko sasantawa tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, masana'antu masu tsari, da ƙungiyoyin muradun jama'a.
Da zarar an tattara bayanan ingancin iska kuma aka gabatar da su, wasu dokokin ingancin iska na iya buƙatar hukumomin gwamnati ko wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don baiwa jama'a damar samun bayanan - shin ɗanyen bayanan ne kaɗai, ko kuma ta hanyar kayan aiki don sa bayanan su zama masu fa'ida, samun dama da fahimta. . Inda wa'adin shiga jama'a ya kasance gabaɗaya, ana iya barin wa hukumar tattara bayanai ta yanke shawara ko kuma gwargwadon yadda za a haɗa bayanai da kuma tsara su. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Park Service, da kabilanci, jihohi, da hukumomin gida suna daidaita don samar da taswirar kan layi da kayan aikin samun bayanai da ake kira AirNow, wanda ke ba da damar jama'a na ainihi zuwa Amurka. bayanin ingancin iska, wanda ake iya nema ta wuri.
Rigima
Magoya bayan dokar ingancin iska suna jayayya cewa sun haifar da ko kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga babban raguwar gurɓataccen iska, tare da haɗin gwiwar lafiyar ɗan adam da fa'idodin muhalli, har ma da fuskantar babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓaka amfani da ababen hawa. A gefe guda, jayayya na iya tasowa game da kiyasin farashin ƙarin ƙa'idodi na tsari.
Hujja akan farashi, duk da haka, yanke hanyoyi biyu. Alal misali, "ƙididdigar cewa fa'idodin rage ƙaƙƙarfan barbashi da gurɓataccen yanayi na ƙasa a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyaren Dokar Tsabtace na 1990 zai kai kusan dala tiriliyan 2 a shekarar 2020 tare da ceton mutane 230,000 daga farkon mutuwa a wannan shekarar kaɗai." A cewar rahoton, a shekara ta 2010 kadai rage yawan sinadarin ozone da particulate a sararin samaniya ya hana mutane fiye da 160,000 da ba su kai ga mutuwa ba, da bugun zuciya 130,000, da asarar ranakun aiki miliyan 13 da kuma hare-haren asma miliyan 1.7. Sukar hanyoyin EPA wajen isa ga waɗannan lambobi da makamantansu suna nan a bainar jama'a.
Dokokin kasa da kasa
Dokokin kasa da kasa sun hada da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi ingancin iskar da ke wuce kasashen waje, gami da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi: