cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ruwan gurabatattun Robobi
Iyakar matsalar
Manyan sharar robobi za a iya cinye su ta hanyar nau'in ruwa, suna cika cikinsu kuma ya kai su ga yarda cewa sun cika yayin da a zahiri ba su da wani abu na abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan na iya kawo tsuntsayen teku, Whales, kifi, da kunkuru su mutu saboda yunwa tare da cike da robobi. Hakanan ana iya shaƙa nau'in magudanar ruwa ko kuma a haɗa su cikin dattin filastik.
Babbar barazanar gurɓacewar filastik teku ta fito ne daga microplastics. Waɗannan ƙananan tarkace ne na tarkacen filastik, wasu daga cikinsu an samar da su don zama wannan ƙananan kamar microbeads. Sauran microplastics sun fito ne daga yanayin babban sharar filastik. Da zarar manyan sharar filastik sun shiga cikin teku, ko kowace hanyar ruwa, hasken rana, yanayin zafi, zafi, raƙuman ruwa, da iska suna fara karya robobin zuwa guntu mai tsayi fiye da millimita biyar. Hakanan za'a iya rushe robobi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su ci tarkacen robobi, su wargaje su ƙanƙanta, ko dai su fitar da waɗannan microplastics ko kuma su tofa su. A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa amphipods na nau'in Orchestia gammarellus na iya cinye guntuwar buhunan robobi cikin sauri, tare da tarwatsa buhu ɗaya zuwa gaɓoɓin ɓangarorin microscopic miliyan 1.75. Duk da cewa robobin ya karye, amma har yanzu wani abu ne da mutum ya yi wanda ba ya lalacewa. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 90% na robobi a cikin mahallin marine pelagic sune microplastics. Wadannan microplastics ana yawan cinye su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ruwa a gindin sarkar abinci, kamar plankton da tsutsa na kifi, wanda ke haifar da tarin filastik da aka ci sama da sarkar abinci. Ana samar da robobi ne da sinadarai masu guba, don haka wadannan abubuwa masu guba suna shiga cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa, ciki har da kifin da wasu mutane ke ci.
Nau'in tushe da adadin kuɗi
Sharar da robobin da ke shiga cikin teku yana karuwa kowace shekara tare da yawancin robobin da ke shiga cikin tekun suna cikin barbashi kasa da milimita 5. an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan tan miliyan 150 na gurbacewar filastik a cikin tekunan duniya, wanda aka ƙiyasta ya kai tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2025. Wani bincike ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2012, ya kai kusan tan miliyan 165. A shekara ta 2020 wani bincike ya gano cewa Tekun Atlantika ya ƙunshi robobi kusan sau goma fiye da yadda ake zato. Mafi girman nau'in gurɓataccen filastik guda ɗaya (~10 %) kuma yawancin manyan robobi a cikin teku ana watsar da su kuma ana asarar gidajensu daga masana'antar kamun kifi.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, lokacin da bincike ya nuna yawancin gurbatar robobin teku suna fitowa ne daga jiragen dakon kaya na kasar Sin, mai magana da yawun tsaftar teku ya ce: “Kowa yana magana ne game da ceton tekunan ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da jakunkuna, bambaro da marufi guda daya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, amma idan muka tashi a kan teku, ba lallai ba ne abin da muke samu ba."
Kusan kashi 20% na tarkacen filastik da ke gurbata ruwan teku, wanda ke fassara zuwa tan miliyan 5.6, ya fito ne daga tushen teku. MARPOL, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, "ta sanya cikakken hana zubar da robobi a teku". Jiragen ƴan kasuwa suna korar kaya, najasa, kayan aikin likita da aka yi amfani da su, da sauran nau'ikan sharar da ke dauke da robobi a cikin teku. A Amurka, Dokar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta 1987 ta hana fitar da robobi a cikin teku, gami da jiragen ruwa na ruwa. Jiragen ruwa da na bincike suna fitar da sharar gida da kayan aikin soja waɗanda ake ganin ba lallai ba ne. Sana'ar jin daɗi tana sakin kayan kamun kifi da sauran nau'ikan sharar gida, ko dai da gangan ko ta hanyar sakaci. Mafi girma tushen tushen gurbataccen robobi a cikin teku ana jefar da kayan kamun kifi (ciki har da tarkuna da taruna), an ƙiyasta ya kai kashi 90% na tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare.
Litattafan roba na nahiyoyi na shiga cikin tekun ta hanyar guguwar ruwa, da ke kwarara cikin magudanan ruwa ko kuma a watsar da su kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwan bakin teku. An nuna robobi a cikin teku yana bin magudanar ruwa wanda a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ake kira Great Garbage Patches. Sanin hanyoyin da robobi ke bi a cikin magudanan ruwa na zuwa ne daga fadowar kwantena na bazata daga masu jigilar kayayyaki. Alal misali, a watan Mayun 1990 Jirgin Hansa, wanda ya tashi daga Koriya zuwa Amurka, ya rabu saboda guguwa, wanda ya haifar da dubban takalma da aka zubar; Waɗannan daga ƙarshe sun fara nunawa a gabar tekun yammacin Amurka, da Hawaii. Tasirin microplastic da macroplastic a cikin teku ba a fuskantar kutse kai tsaye ta hanyar zubar da robobi a cikin halittun ruwa, amma ta gurbatattun koguna waɗanda ke kaiwa ko ƙirƙirar hanyoyin shiga tekuna a duk faɗin duniya. Koguna na iya yin aiki azaman tushen tushe ko nutsewa dangane da mahallin. Koguna suna karɓa kuma suna tattara yawancin filastik amma kuma suna iya hana kaso mai kyau shiga cikin teku. Koguna sune tushen gurɓacewar filastik a cikin yanayin ruwa suna ba da gudummawa kusan 80% a cikin binciken kwanan nan.
Adadin robobin da aka rubuta yana cikin teku ya yi ƙasa da adadin robobin da ke shiga cikin teku a kowane lokaci. A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya, akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan macroplastic "manyan goma" waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mabukaci kawai (wanda ke cikin teburin da ke ƙasa). A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙidaya abubuwa 192,213 da aka ƙidaya tare da matsakaita na 71% kasancewa filastik kuma 59% sune abubuwan macroplastic masu alaƙa da mabukaci. Ko da yake gurbatar ruwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwan robobi a cikin ruwa, babu wani bincike da aka yi da kuma tattara bayanai na yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga ruwa zuwa ruwa. Yawancin takardu sun kammala cewa akwai ƙarancin tattara bayanai na tarkacen filastik a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da kuma yanayin ƙasa, kodayake waɗannan sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa. Bukatar canjin manufofi a cikin samarwa, amfani, zubarwa, da sarrafa sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don rage adadin da yuwuwar filastik don shiga wuraren ruwa mai tsabta.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1994 a kan gadon teku ta hanyar amfani da tarunan kwalwa a arewa-maso-yammacin Bahar Rum a kusa da gaɓar tekun Spain, Faransa, da Italiya, ya ba da rahoton ma'anar tarin tarkace na abubuwa 1,935 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. tarkacen filastik ya kai kashi 77%, wanda kashi 93% na buhunan filastik ne.
Ƙananan Robobis
Babban damuwa game da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa shine amfani da microplastics. Microplastics gefe ne na filastik ƙasa da faɗin milimita 5, kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin sabulun hannu, masu wanke fuska, da sauran abubuwan cirewa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran, ƙwayoyin microplastics suna bi ta hanyar tsarin tace ruwa zuwa cikin teku, amma saboda ƙananan girmansu da alama za su iya tserewa kamawa ta hanyar allon jiyya na farko akan tsire-tsire na ruwa. Waɗannan gefen suna da illa ga halittun da ke cikin teku, musamman masu tace abinci, domin suna iya shiga cikin sauki cikin robobi kuma su yi rashin lafiya. Microplastics suna da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana da wuya a tsaftace su saboda girmansu, don haka mutane na iya ƙoƙarin guje wa amfani da waɗannan robobi masu cutarwa ta hanyar siyan samfuran da ke amfani da abubuwan da ba su dace da muhalli ba.
Saboda ana amfani da filastik sosai a duk faɗin duniya, microplastics sun zama tartsatsi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Misali, ana iya samun microplastics akan rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da ruwan saman  da kuma a cikin ginshiƙin ruwa da zurfin ruwan teku. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan halittun ruwa kamar matattun kayan halitta (nama da harsashi) da wasu barbashi na ƙasa (waɗanda iska ke hura su kuma a kai su cikin teku ta koguna). Bayan isa ga mahalli na ruwa, makomar microplastics tana ƙarƙashin direbobin da ke faruwa a zahiri, kamar iskoki da igiyoyin ruwa na saman teku. Samfuran ƙididdiga suna iya gano ƙananan tarkacen filastik (micro- da meso-robobi) da ke yawo a cikin teku, don haka yin hasashen makomarsu.
Microplastics suna shiga hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da lalacewar fenti na titi, lalacewar taya da kurar birni da ke shiga magudanan ruwa, pellet ɗin robobi da suka zubo daga kwantena na jigilar kayayyaki, tarun fatalwa da sauran yadudduka na roba da aka zubar a cikin teku, kayan kwalliya da kayan wanki da ke shiga cikin ruwan najasa da kayan rigunan ruwa. a kan jirãge wulãkanci.
Wasu microplastics suna barin teku suna shiga iska, kamar yadda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Strathclyde suka gano a cikin 2020. Wasu sun kasance a saman teku; Microplastics suna da kashi 92% na tarkacen filastik a saman teku, a cewar wani bincike na 2018. Wasu kuma suna nutsewa zuwa saman teku. Hukumar kimiya ta kasa ta Ostiraliya CSIRO ta kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 14 na microplastics sun riga sun kasance a saman teku a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar ƙaruwa daga ƙiyasin 2015 cewa tekunan duniya sun ƙunshi metric ton dubu 93-236 na microplastics  da kuma kiyasin 2018 na tan dubu 270.
Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya.
Microplastics na Arctic Ocean sun fito ne daga tushen Atlantic, musamman Turai da Arewacin Amurka.
Wani bincike ya gano cewa, an gano wasu na'urorin da ake kira da microplastics daga tekuna a cikin iskar teku.
Microplastics na iya maida hankali a cikin gills da hanji na rayuwar ruwa kuma suna iya tsoma baki tare da halayen ciyar da su, yawanci yana haifar da mutuwa.
Ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin microplastics na iya yin babban tasiri akan hanyar samun abinci, don haka canza yanayin muhalli da ba da gudummawa ga asarar bambancin halittu.
Iyakar Burkina-Faso da Nijar
Iyakar Burkina-Faso da Nijar 622 ne km (386 m) a tsayi kuma yana tafiya ne daga mahaɗan tare da Mali a arewa zuwa tripoint tare da Benin a kudu.
Bayani
Iyakar ta fara ne a gabar da Mali da ke arewa, sannan kuma ta ci gaba zuwa gaba zuwa kudu maso gabas (sai dai don dan karamin burkin Burkinabe) biyo bayan jerin layuka da yawa wadanda suka fi yawa, sannan da kuma wasu koguna kamar su Tapoa, kafin su isa filin wasan Benin akan Kogin Mékrou.
Tarihi
A shekara ta 1880s sun ga gasa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Turawan Turai don yankuna a Afirka, tsarin da aka sani da Scramble don Afirka. Tsarin ya ƙare a taron Berlin na 1884, wanda ƙasashen Turai da abin ya shafa suka amince da da'awar ƙasarsu da ƙa'idodin alkawalin ci gaba. Sakamakon wannan Faransa ta sami ikon mallakar babban kwarin Kogin Neja (wanda yayi daidai da yankunan Mali da Niger na zamani). Faransa ta fara mamaye yankin na Mali na zamani (wanda ake kira Sudan ta Faransa ) da Burkina Faso (wanda ake kira da Upper Volta ) a tsakanin shekarun 1880 zuwa 90, daga baya ta mamaye yankin Neja ta zamani a shekara ta 1900. Waɗannan yankuna sun sami ikon mallakar mulkin mallaka na tarayya na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa ( Afrique occidentale française, wanda aka taƙaita AOF). Rarraba cikin gida na wannan siyasa ya sami canje-canje da yawa yayin wanzuwarta; abin da ke yanzu Mali, Nijar da Burkina Faso an hade su da farko kamar Upper Senegal da Niger, tare da Nijar da ke kafa yankin sojoji da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka daga Zinder. An raba yankin kasar ta Neja a shekara ta 1911, ya zama wani yanki na daban a shekara ta 1922, sannan aka sanya Mali da Upper Volta a matsayin yankuna daban daban a shekara ta 1919. Kafin 1926-27 an kafa iyakar Nijar da Upper Volta gaba ɗaya ta kogin Neja, amma a cikin wancan lokacin ta dokar Faransa Faransa ta sami yankunan yamma da kogin da yake riƙe a yau. An iyakance iyakar iyakar sassan biyu a cikin shekara ta 1927. A cikin shekara ta 1932 an dakatar da Volta ta ,asa, tare da keɓance yankin daga cikin yankunan da ke kewaye; Sakamakon haka Nijar ta sami yawancin yankunan gabashin Upper Volta, tare da ba ta iyaka tare da ƙasashen Faransa da Togo da Ivory Coast suka yi wa mulkin mallaka. An sake sanya Upper Volta a cikin shekara t 1947 a cikin kan iyakokinta na baya. Yayin da yunkurin mamaye mulkin mallaka ya karu a bayan yakin duniya na biyu, a hankali Faransa ta ba da karin 'yancin siyasa da wakilci ga yankunanta na Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga ba da ikon mallakar cikin gida ga kowane yanki a cikin shekara ta 1958 a cikin tsarin ofungiyar Faransa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1960 kasashen Nijer da Upper Volta (wadanda aka sauya wa suna zuwa Burkina Faso a shekara ta 1984) suka sami cikakken 'yanci, kuma iyakar yankinsu ta zama ta kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashe biyu masu iko. A ranar 23 ga Yunin shekara ta 1964 sabbin gwamnatocin biyu suka hadu kuma suka amince a hukumance don sasanta iyakar da suka raba, amma dai da alama babu wani shiri na karshe da ya fito daga wadannan tattaunawar Cikakken iyakar kan iyaka ya kasance bai cika ba har zuwa karshen shekara ta 1980, duk da haka rigingimu game da fassarar mulkin mallaka Yarjejeniyar kan iyaka ta sa jihohin biyu suka gabatar da rikicin ga Kotun Duniya a shekara y 2010. Bayan haka ICJ ta yanke hukunci a kan rikicin a cikin shekara ta 2013, yana ba da shawarar wasu ƙananan musayar yankuna, waɗanda gwamnatocin biyu suka yarda da su.
Ketare kan iyaka
Akwai hanyoyin wucewa da yawa. Wanda aka fi amfani da shi shine mararraba Sambalgou (BF) –Makalondi (Niger) wanda yake kan babbar hanyar Ouagadougou-Niamey.
Eddie Baily
Eddie Baily (an haife shi a shekara ta 1925 - ya mutu a shekara ta 2010) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
IAS
IAS na iya nufin to:
Mayahi (sashe)
Mayahi  sashe ne daga cikin sassan dake a yankin Maradi, na Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Babban birnin sashen shine garin Mayahi. Bisaga kidayar 2011, yawan mutane a sashen ya kai 546 826.
Eddie Barks
Eddie Barks (an haife shi a shekara ta 1921 - ya mutu a shekara ta 1989) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Amal Nasser el-Din
Amal Nasser el-Din ( أمل نصر الدين  ; an haife 31 Yuli 1928) ɗan Isra'ila kuma Druze marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset don Likud tsakanin 1977 da 1988.
Nasser el-Din an haife shi ne a Daliyat al-Karmel, Falasdinu Tilas.
Abubakarr Jalloh
Alhaji Abubakarr Jalloh ɗan siyasan ƙasar Saliyo ne. Tun lokacin da aka zabi Ernest Bai Koroma a matsayin shugaban Saliyo a watan Satumban shekarar 2007, Jalloh ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Ma’adinai. A zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2002, Jalloh ya kasance abokin takarar Koroma a All People Congress Party. Shi dan kabilar Fula ne.
Ilimi
Jalloh ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Methodist Boys a Freetown sannan ya kuma kammala karatunsa na A a makarantar Prince of Wales. Daga nan Jalloh ya halarci kwalejin Fourah Bay inda ya karanci lissafi da lissafi. A Fourah Bay, Jalloh ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar ɗaliban Maoist. Daga baya Jalloh ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kasa, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilimin kimiyyar halittu daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Landan da kuma Kwalejin Jami'ar London.
Laila St. Matthew-Daniel
Laila St. Matthew-Daniel (an haife ta 14 ga Fabrairu, 1953 a Legas, Nijeriya ) babbar mai horarwa ce, mai koyar da jagoranci, mai magana, marubuciya, ’yar rajin kare hakkin mata kuma marubuciya. Ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar ACTS Generation GBV, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yaki da tashin hankalin cikin gida da cin zarafin yara a Najeriya. Ta shirya zanga-zanga daban-daban domin kare hakkin mata da yarinyar, wasu daga cikinsu sune Kisan Buni Yadi na watan Fabrairun 2014 kuma wani bangare ne na kungiyar da ta shirya zanga-zangar farko kan ' yan matan makarantar Chibok da kungiyar Boko Haram ta sace. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani domin karawa juna sani da karawa juna sani domin karfafawa mata kan al'amuran da suka shafi mallake kai, wayar da kai, da kuma nuna kai.
Eric Barnes
Eric Barnes (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937 - ya mutu a shekara ta 2014) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Hanyoyin Sadarwa a Nijar
Hanyoyin sadarwa a Nijar sun haɗa da rediyo, talabijin, wayoyin salula na gyara da na hannu, da kuma yanar gizo.
Rediyo da talabijin
Rediyo :
Tashoshin talabijin: gidan talabijin na gwamnati; Tashoshin TV masu zaman kansu 3 suna ba da haɗin shirye -shiryen gida da na waje (2007).
Saboda matakan karatu da rubutu a ƙasar sun yi karanci, rediyo babbar hanya ce ta samun labarai da bayanai.
Ana samun Rediyon Faransa (RFI) a Yamai babban birnin ƙasar, da kuma yankunan Maradi da Zinder. Sashen Hausa na BBC na watsa shirye -shirye a babban birnin kasar (100.4 FM).
Ƴancin ƴan jarida da sarrafawa
Jihar ce ke sarrafa yawancin watsa labaran ƙasar, kodayake gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu sun bazu. Hukumar kula da kafafen yaɗa labarai, National Observatory on Communication, da Independent Media Observatory for Ethics, ƙungiyar sa ido kan kafafen yaɗa labarai na son rai, suna taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin watsa labarai a Nijar. Gwamnati tana kula da CFA miliyan 200 (~ $ 400,000 USD) tallafin tallafi na manema labarai, wanda doka ta kafa kuma yana samuwa ga duk kafofin watsa labarai, don ƙarfafa tallafi ga ilimi, bayanai, nishaɗi, da haɓaka demokraɗiyya.
Ƴancin ƴan jaridu "ya inganta sosai" bayan da aka kori Mamadou Tandja a matsayin shugaban ƙasakasa a 2010. An yanke hukuncin laifukan watsa labarai jim kaɗanan bayan haka. Tare da zartar da dokar 2010 da ke kare 'yan jarida daga gurfanar da su dangane da aikinsu da kuma amincewar da Shugaba Issoufou ya yi a watan Nuwamban 2011 na sanarwar Sanarwar Tsaunin Table kan' yancin 'yan jarida a Afirka (shugaban kasa na farko da ya rattaɓa hannu kan sanarwar), kasar yana ci gaba da kokarin inganta 'yancin aikin jarida. Sanarwar Mountain Table tana kira da a soke laifukan bata sunan masu laifi da dokokin "cin mutunci " da kuma inganta 'yancin aikin jarida a kan ajandar Afirka.
Wayoyin tarho
Lambar kira : +227
Gabatarwar kiran ƙasashen waje : 00
Babban layi:
Wayar salula:
Tsarin waya: bai isa ba; ƙaramin tsarin waya, hanyoyin sadarwar tarho na rediyo, da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na microwave da aka tattara a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar; tsarin tauraron ɗan adam na cikin gida tare da tashoshin duniya 3 da 1 da aka shirya; hada madaidaiciyar layi da telesensity na wayar salula ya rage kusan 30 a cikin mutane 100 duk da saurin biyan kuɗin salula (2010); Ƙididdigar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya masu biyan kuɗin tarho a 0.2 cikin ɗari a cikin 2000, wanda ya haura zuwa 2.5 a ɗari a 2006.
Tashar tauraron ɗan adam : 2 Intelsat (1 Tekun Atlantika da 1 Tekun Indiya ) (2010).
Wayoyin sadarwa : Tekun Afirka zuwa Turai (ACE) ta hanyoyin haɗin ƙasa tsakanin Nijar da gaɓar Tekun Atlantika.
Yanar Gizo
Babban yanki mai girma : .ne, wanda kamfanin sadarwa na parastatal, SONITEL ke sarrafawa.
Masu amfani da Yanar gizo :
Kafaffen hanyar sadarwa : biyan kuɗi 3,596, 166 a duniya; ƙasa da 0.05% na yawan jama'a, 185th a duniya (2012).
sadarwar zamani : Ba a sani ba (2012).
Vladimir Horunzhy
Vladimir Horunzhy (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Satumban, 1949, a Kyiv) furodusa ne kuma mai shirya fina-finai, sanannen mawaƙin jazz. Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar kiɗa ta musamman a Kyiv Music Conservatory. Ya rubuta wakarsa ta farko yana dan shekara 12. A cikin 70s ya jagoranci Pop-Symphony Orchestra na Rediyo da Talabijin na Ukraine. Daga 1977 zuwa 1981 yayi rayuwa kuma ya yi aiki a Hungary. Ya koma Amurka a 1981. Aikinsa na farko, wanda ya shiga a matsayin mawaki a can, shine shahararren wasan opera na daytime soap "Santa Barbara".
Hanyoyin Sadarwa a Nijar
Yanar Gizo
Mai watsa shiri na yanar gizo :
Vladimir Horunzhy
Matsayin cikakken mawaƙin jazz, Vladimir ya yi wasa a bukukuwan jazz na Soviet a Tallinn, Moscow, Donetsk, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. A yayinda ya kai shekaru 26 ya zama babban madugu mawaƙa na gidan talabijin na ƙasan Ukraine da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Rediyo, Kyiv. Rayuwa a Budapest, Vladimir ya hada da kuma gudanar da kungiyar Orchestra ta Hungaria. Bayan ya shiga fagen wasan fina-finai, ya zira kwallayen fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kuma yi wasa tare da kungiyoyin jazz-rock a cikin al'ummar Turai.
Hanyoyin Sadarwa a Nijar
Yanar Gizo
IPv4 : 20,480 adireshin da aka kasafta, ƙasa da 0.05% na jimlar duniya, adireshi 1.2 ga mutane 1000 (2012).
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ƙiyasta cewa masu amfani da Intanet 0.3 ne kacal a cikin ƴan Nijar 100 a shekarar 2006, fiye da kasa da 0.1 cikin 100 a shekarar 2000. A matsayin abin nuni, Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ga ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba zuwa shekarar 2015 shine masu amfani da Intanet 8.2 a cikin yawan mutane 100.
Tantancewar Yanar gizo da sa ido
Babu takunkumin gwamnati kan shiga yanar gizo ko rahotannin da gwamnati ke sa ido kan imel ko dakunan tattaunawa na Yanar gizo. Ko da yake mutane da ƙungiyoyi na iya shiga cikin faɗin ra'ayoyin cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, mazauna ƙalilan ne ke samun damar yin hakan.
Zabid
Zabid (Larabci: زَبِيد) (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Zabīd, Zabeed da Zebid) birni ne, da ke da mazaunan birane kusan mutane 52,590 a gabar tekun Yaman ta yamma. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwa a Yemen, kuma ya kasance cibiyar UNESCO ta Duniya tun 1993; ko da yake, a cikin 2000, an sanya wurin a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin haɗari.
Babban Masallacin Zabid, wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Asha'ir, wanda daya daga cikin mabiyan Muhammad Abu Musa Ashari ya gina a shekara ta 628 miladiyya. Garin shi ne babban birnin kasar Yemen daga karni na 13 zuwa na 15.
Gatarin kurege
Gatarin kurege (gààtárín kùùréégéé a Sokoto) (Eulophia cristata) shuka ne.
Zabid
Tarihi
Garin, mai suna Wadi Zabid, wadi (ko kwari) a kudu, yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwa a Yemen. Abu Musa Ashari, daya daga cikin Sahabban Annabi Muhammad, ya fito ne daga Zabid, kuma an gina babban masallacin garin a shekara ta 628 miladiyya, wanda kuma har yanzu a zamanin Annabi. A bisa al'ada, wannan shi ne masallaci na 5 da aka gina a tarihin Musulunci. Wani sahabi; Shi ma Amru bin Ma’adi Yakrib ya fito daga Zabid kuma ya fito daga gidan Zubaid, kabilar Larabawa mai suna wannan gari. Zabid ta kasance hedkwatar kasar Yemen tun daga karni na 13 zuwa na 15, kuma cibiya ce ta kasashen larabawa da musulmi, saboda shahararriyar jami'ar Zabid da ta kasance cibiyar koyar da ilimin addinin musulunci. Ita ce babban birnin daular Ziyadid daga 819-1018 da kuma daular Najahid daga 1022-1158.
A shekara ta 1067, a lokacin aikin hajji a Makka, dangin Banu Najah karkashin Sa'id Ibn Najah, yarima Zabid, suka far wa tawagar Ali da Asma bint Shihab, suka kashe Ali, suka kama Asmau. An tsare ta ne a wani gidan yari na sirri da ke Zabid, kuma rahotanni sun ce an dasa kan matar nata da aka yanke a kan wani sandar da ake gani a dakin da take ciki. Bayan daurin shekara daya a gidan yari ta samu sakon danta da angonta dake garin Sa'ana, dan itama ya afkawa Zabid ya sako ta.
Wani Balarabe mai suna Ali ibn Mahdi al-Himyari, dan asalin tsaunukan Yaman ne ya kafa daular Mahdid a Tihama. Ibn Mahdi da mabiyansa sun kona gundumomi da dama a arewacin Zabid. Ya yi rantsuwa cewa zai mayar da Abyssiniyawa cikin bauta, ya kuma umarci mutanensa da su kashe kowa da kowa har da nakasassu. Saboda tsananin firgita mutanen Zabid suka nemi taimako daga Imam Zaidi Ahmed bn Sulayman akan al-Himyari. Limamin Zaidi ya ba da umarnin a kashe Fatiq III saboda zarginsa da luwadi. Imam Fatiq III ko dai Imam ne ya kashe shi, ko Mahdiya ko kuma sojojinsa. Da wannan waki’a ne daular bayi ta zo karshe kuma Mahdid suka karbe Zabid a shekara ta 1158.
Dakarun yarima Ayyubid Turan Shah sun mamaye mafi yawan kasar Yemen cikin sauri suka kwace Zabid a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1174.
Hadım Suleiman Pasha ya kara wa Ottoman ikon hada da Zabid a 1539. Zabid ya zama hedkwatar gudanarwa na Yemen Eyalet. Dawoodi Bohra dai Syedna Mohammad Ezzuddin shi ma ya isa Zabeed da niyyar zuwa aikin Hajji amma Zaidi ya sanya guba a cikin jirgin ruwa wanda hakan ya shafi Syedna Ezzuddin. Da ya san haka sai ya koma Zabid nan take ya rasu bayan ‘yan kwanaki. Kabarinsa kuma yana cikin Zabid.
A yau, duk da haka, Zabid yana kan iyakar ilimi da tattalin arziki na Yemen ta zamani.
Labarin kasa
Zabid tana da yawan jama'a a birane kusan mutane 52,590 a gabar tekun Yaman ta yamma. Hotunan Hotunan Zabid
Gidan Tarihi na Duniya
UNESCO ta ayyana Zabid a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya tun 1993. Babban Masallacin Zabid ya mamaye wani babban wuri a garin. Hakanan ana iya ziyartar wuraren jami'ar ta.
A cikin 2000, Zabid yana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin haɗari; An yi jerin sunayen ne bisa umarnin gwamnatin Yaman saboda rashin kulawa da kiyayewa. A cewar wani rahoto na UNESCO, kusan "kusan 40% na gidajen birni an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen siminti, kuma sauran gidaje da tsohuwar souk suna cikin lalacewa. Rubutun a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO, yana fuskantar yiwuwar asarar wannan babban matsayi.
Tattalin Arziki
Tun daga 1920, Zabid yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare biyu a cikin Arab wanda ke girma indigo. Zabid kuma yana noma da samar da auduga. Birtaniyya ta ambaci rigingimun kabilanci a matsayin dagula tattalin arzikin kasar a Zabid a farkon karni na 20.
Musanase Laura
Musanase Laura (an haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da Uku1993), ' yar wasan Ruwanda ce. Daya daga cikin shahararrun 'yan mata a Ruwanda, an san Laura da rawar' Nikuze 'a cikin shahararren talabijin Rwandan sitcom City Maid.
Rayuwarta
An haife ta a shekara ta 1993 a Tanzaniya, ta girma a Ruwanda a cikin iyali da ke da yara shida. Ta kammala makarantar firamare a makarantar firamare ta Bright Academy da ke Gundumar Nyagatare. Daga baya ta halarci Lycee de Kigali don karatun sakandare kuma ta gama karatu daga makarantar mata ta FAWE. She currently lives in Gasabo district in Gisozi   A yanzu haka tana zaune ne a gundumar Gasabo a yankin Gisozi n'a kasar.
Ayyuka
Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne tare da gidan Talabijin na sitad City Maid tare da jagorancin 'Nikuze'. Matsayinta ta zama sananniya sosai tsakanin jama'a.  Ya daina yin aikin na fewan shekaru, inda magoya baya suka nuna alhininsu. Koyaya, daga baya ta tabbatar da cewa, nan gaba kadan za ta dawo da jeren. An kuma zabe ta a matsayin kwararriyar Actar wasa a cikin Moviean Fim ɗin Ruwanda.
Franco Mata
Franco Mata (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 1979) tsohon ɗan wasan tennis ne ɗan ƙasar Mozambique.
Salman Natour
Salman Natour (an haifeshi 3 yuli, 1949 - Fabrairu 15, 2016) ya Druze - Palasdinawa marubuci kuma mawallafi. Ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila. Natour ya buga littattafai da wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa. Ya yi rubutu da harsunan Ibrananci da Larabci. An fi saninsa da aikinsa Granta.
An haife shi a Daliyat al-Karmel a kudancin Haifa a 1949. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a garinsu, sannan ya tafi jami'a a Urushalima daga baya kuma a Haifa. Ya mutu a safiyar ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2016 bayan mummunan ciwon zuciya.
Buba Galadima
Harkar siyasa
A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2004, jami'an tsaro na farin kaya (SSS) suka kama Galadima a Abuja. Amnesty International ta nuna damuwarta cewa yana fuskantar barazanar azaba ko muzgunawa. A matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin tattara gamayyar jam'iyyun siyasa na Najeriya (CNPP) Galadima ya shirya shiga cikin zanga-zangar ƙin jinin gwamnati da aka yi a ranar 3 ga Mayu a Abuja da Lagos. An sake shi ba tare da tuhuma ba a ranar 13 ga Mayu.
Manazarta
https://www.naijanews.com/2019/02/15/nigeriadecides-galadima-atikull-rescue-nigerias-economy/
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr44/016/2004/en/
http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/jun/28/0087.html
Abdullahi Garba Aminchi
Abdullahi Garba Aminchi (an haife shi ranar 11 ga watan Maris, 1954) a karamar hukumar Funtua, Jihar Katsina, Nijeriya. Ya kasance mataimakin gwamnatin gajeran lokaci na NRC karkashin jagorancin Alhaji Saidu Barda daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin gwamna na lokacin Alhaji Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua a shekarar 2003. Ya kuma rike mukamin jakadan Saudiyya da Oman a lokacin mulkin Umaru Musa Yar’adua bayan ya zamo daga shekarar 2007.
Norridgewock, Maine
Norridgewock birni ne, da ke a yankin Somerset, Maine, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 3,278 a ƙidayar 2020.
Abdullahi Garba Aminchi
Kuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Abdullahi Garba a ranar 11 ga Maris na shekarar 1954 a karamar hukumar Funtua, Katsina. Ya karanta Engineering daga Kaduna Polytechnic. Daga nan kuma ya samu shaidar kammala karatun digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bayero Kano.
Norridgewock, Maine
'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka
Yana kan iyakar New England da Acadia, wanda New Faransa ta ayyana a matsayin Kogin Kennebec, yankin ya kasance yanki ne na Indiyawan Norridgewock, ƙungiyar al'ummar Abenaki. Kauyensu yana a Old Point, yanzu yana cikin Madison.
Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila suna zargin Uba Sebastien Rale (ko Rasle), ɗan Faransan mishan a ƙauyen tun 1694, da haifar da rikicin kabilanci a kan matsugunan Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya. A lokacin Yaƙin Uba Rale, sojoji sun bar Fort Richmond (yanzu Richmond ) a cikin jiragen ruwa har sai da suka isa Taconic Falls (yanzu Winslow ), sannan suka yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Norridgewock Village, sun isa ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1724. Yaƙin Norridgewock ya kasance "kaifi, gajere kuma mai yanke hukunci," ya bar mayaƙa 26 da aka kashe, 14 suka ji rauni da waɗanda suka tsira 150 suka gudu zuwa Quebec, Kanada. Uba Rale na cikin wadanda suka mutu.
Abdullahi Garba Aminchi
Aiki
Abdullahi Garba ya bar fannin injiniyanci ya koma siyasa. Ya fara zama sakataren jam'iyya, sannan kansila zuwa shugaba sannan daga bisani mataimakin gwamna Saidu Barda a shekarar 1992 sannan a shekarar 2003 zuwa Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa. Bayan Gwamna Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa kuma ya samu nasara a shekarar 2007, Garba ya zama jakadan Najeriya a kasashen Saudiyya da Oman.
Norridgewock, Maine
Tarihi mai zuwa
Birtaniya sun zauna a cikin 1773, sannan ake kira Norridgewock Plantation. A cikin 1775, Benedict Arnold da sojojinsa sun yi tafiya a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa yakin Quebec.
Tulu
Tulu jam'in kalmar itace Tuluna, Tulu dai wani kayan amfani ne wanda ake amfani dashi a gida musamman don aje ruwa da kuma zuwa rafi ɗauko ruwa daga rafi ko kuma a Rijiya. Sai dai yanzu ba'a cika amfani da tulu ba a birane sai dai a ƙauyuka, amma irin Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi da sauran jihohin arewa da Nijar duk ana amfani da tulu.
Norridgewock, Maine
Tarihi mai zuwa
An haɗa garin a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1788. Ya zama wurin zama na gundumar Somerset a cikin 1809, tare da kotun da aka gina a 1820 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 1847, kodayake za a ƙaura kujerar gundumar zuwa Skowhegan a 1871. An yi shawagi da katako a cikin kogin Kennebec. An gina injin katako don kera ciyayi masu yawa a yankin, ana amfani da su a masana'antar gida don kera motoci da kayan daki. Norridgewock kuma yana da aikin girki da granite. An gina shi a cikin 1849 kuma an maye gurbinsa a 1929, 600 ft Norridgewock Covered Bridge a gefen kogin Kennebec shine gada ta biyu mafi tsayi da aka rufe a Maine bayan 792 ft Bangor Covered Bridge, wanda aka gina a cikin 1846 a hayin kogin Penobscot zuwa Brewer. Makarantar Eaton ta Hamlin F. Eaton ta shirya a 1856 kuma an haɗa shi a cikin 1874 "... don haɓaka wallafe-wallafe, kimiyya da ɗabi'a." Ginin Daularsa na Biyu, wanda mai zane Charles F. Douglas na Lewiston ya tsara, daga baya ya zama Somerset Grange #18. A cikin 1988, an jera shi a cikin National Register of Places Historic Places.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da jimillar yanki na 51.21 sqmi, wanda daga ciki 49.95 sqmi   ƙasa ce kuma 1.26 sqmi   ruwa ne. Kogin Sandy, Mill Stream da Kogin Kennebec yana zubar da Norridgewock.
Kauyen yana a mahadar hanyoyin Amurka 2 da 201A tare da hanyoyin jihar Maine 8 da 139. Norridgewock yana iyaka da garuruwan Madison zuwa arewa, Skowhegan zuwa gabas, Fairfield da Smithfield zuwa kudu, da Mercer da Starks zuwa yamma.
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 3,367, gidaje 1,378, da iyalai 984 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance 67.4 PD/sqmi. Akwai rukunin gidaje 1,520 a matsakaicin yawa na 30.4 /sqmi. Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 97.2% Fari, 0.5% Ba'amurke, 0.3% Ba'amurke, 0.2% Asiya, 0.2% daga sauran jinsi, da 1.6% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.5% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 1,378, wanda kashi 30.3% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 55.5% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.1% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 5.8% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 28.6% ba dangi bane. Kashi 21.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 7.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.44 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.78.
Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kasance shekaru 42.7. 22.3% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 7.2% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.4% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 31% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 15.1% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na garin ya kasance 50.0% na maza da 50.0% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 3,294, gidaje 1,285, da iyalai 953 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 66.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (25.5/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 1,389 a matsakaicin yawa na 27.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (10.8/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.36% Fari, 0.30% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 0.46% Ba'amurke, 0.12% Asiya, 0.18% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.58% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.36% na yawan jama'a.
A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 26.3% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 6.3% daga 18 zuwa 24, 30.1% daga 25 zuwa 44, 25.7% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 11.5% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 38. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 97.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 94.9.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
44.71583°N, -69.79111°W<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"> 44.71583°N, -69.79111°W
BBB
BBB na da ma'anoni da dama. Wasu daga ciki sune:
Masallacin Shah (Isfahan)
Masallacin Shah (Farisanci: مسجد شاه) masallaci ne da ke Isfahan, Iran. Tana gefen kudu na Naghsh-e Jahan Square. An gina shi a lokacin daular Safavid a ƙarƙashin umarnin Shah Abbas I na Farisa. An dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun gine -ginen Farisa a zamanin Musulunci. An yi wa Masallacin Masarautar rajista, tare da Dandalin Naghsh-e Jahan, a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO. Gininsa ya fara ne a shekara ta 1611, kuma kyawunsa yafi yawa saboda kyawun fale-falensa mai launi bakwai da rubuce-rubucen kiraigraphic.
Masallacin ana misalta shi a bayan takardar kudin Iran rial 20,000.
Tarihi
A shekara ta 1598, lokacin da Shah Abbas ya yanke shawarar kaura babban birnin daular Farisa daga garin Qazvin da ke arewa maso yammacin kasar zuwa tsakiyar birnin Isfahan, ya fara abin da zai zama daya daga cikin manyan shirye -shirye a tarihin Farisa; cikakken sake fasalin wannan tsohon birni. Ta hanyar zaɓar babban birnin Isfahan, wanda Kogin Zāyandeh ("Kogin mai ba da rai") ya haɗe shi, yana kwance a matsayin wurin noman ciyayi mai ƙarfi a tsakiyar babban yanki mai faɗi, duka ya nisanta babban birninsa daga duk wani hari na gaba. ta babban abokin adawar Iran, Ottomans, kuma a lokaci guda sun sami ƙarin iko akan Tekun Farisa, wanda kwanan nan ya zama muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci ga Kamfanonin Holland da Burtaniya ta Indiya ta Gabas.
Babban mai tsara wannan aiki na tsara birane shi ne Shaykh Bahai (Baha 'ad-Din al-`Amili), wanda ya mai da hankali kan shirin kan muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na babban shirin Shah Abbas: hanyar Chahar Bagh, wacce ke gefen kowane gefe. manyan cibiyoyi na birni, kamar gidajen duk manyan baki na waje, da dandalin Naqsh-e Jahan ("Misalin Duniya"). Kafin hawan Shah zuwa madafun iko, Farisa tana da tsarin wutar lantarki mara iyaka, inda cibiyoyi daban -daban ke gwagwarmayar neman iko, gami da sojoji (Qizilbash) da gwamnonin larduna daban -daban da suka haɗa daular. Shah Abbas yana so ya ɓata wannan tsarin siyasa, kuma nishaɗin Isfahan, a matsayin Babban Babban birnin Farisa, wani muhimmin mataki ne na daidaita ikon. Fassarar faifan, ko Maidān, ita ce, ta hanyar gina ta, Shah Abbas zai tattara manyan abubuwa uku na iko a Farisa a bayan gidansa; ikon limamai, wanda Masjed-e Shah ke wakilta, ikon 'yan kasuwa, wanda Bazaar Sarkin ya wakilta, kuma ba shakka, ikon Shah da kansa, yana zaune a Fadar Ali Qapu.
Hakanan, masana tarihi da yawa sun yi mamakin yanayin musamman na The Royal square (The Maidān). Ba kamar yawancin gine-gine masu mahimmanci ba, wannan dandalin bai yi daidai da Makka ba, don haka lokacin shiga ƙofar masallacin, mutum yana yin kusan ba tare da ya sani ba, juzu'i na dama, wanda ke ba babban kotun ciki damar fuskantar Makka. Donald Wilber ya ba da bayani mafi gamsarwa ga wannan; hangen Shaykh Bahai shine don a ga masallaci ya kasance a bayyane a duk inda a cikin maydān mutum yake. Da a ce gindin maydān ya yi daidai da gatan Makka, da ƙofar ƙofar da ke kaiwa zuwa gare ta za a ɓoye ɓoyayyen masallacin. Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kusurwa a tsakanin su, ɓangarorin biyu na ginin, ƙofar ƙofar da dome, suna cikin cikakkiyar kallo don kowa a cikin dandalin ya yaba.
Zane-salon iwan huɗu
Safavids sun kafa Masallacin Shah a matsayin tashar da za su iya bayyana kansu tare da dabarun gine -gine masu yawa. Siffar iwan guda huɗu, daular Seljuq ta kammala, kuma Safawiyya ta gaji, ta kafa facade na farfaɗo da irin waɗannan masallatai, tare da manyan ƙofofi a kowane gefe, suna da mahimmanci fiye da ainihin ginin kansa. A lokacin mulkin Seljuq, yayin da sufancin Islama ke ƙaruwa kuma Farisawa suna neman sabon nau'in ƙirar gine-gine wanda ya jaddada asalin Farisa, tsarin iwan huɗu ya fara. Farisawa sun riga sun sami gadar gine-gine masu wadatar gaske, kuma ainihin an ɗauki siffar iwan daga farkon, ƙirar gidan sarautar Sassanid, kamar Fadar Ardashir. Don haka, tsarin gine -ginen Musulunci ya shaida fitowar wani sabon salo wanda ya bambanta da ƙirar hypostyle na farkon, masallatan Larabawa, kamar Masallacin Umayyawa. Tsarin huɗu na iwan yawanci ya ɗauki siffar murabba'i, farfajiya ta tsakiya tare da manyan ƙofar a kowane gefe, yana ba da alamar kasancewa ƙofofi zuwa duniyar ruhaniya. Tsaye a dandalin jama'a, ko Maidan, ƙofar-iwan (ƙofar) zuwa masallaci tana ɗaukar sifar da'irar, mai kama da rabin wata da aka auna kuma tana auna tsayin mita 27, an tsara ƙofar ta kayan ado na turquoise kuma an yi mata ado da stalactite mai arziki. -kamar tile ɗin da ake kira muqarnas, fasali na musamman na gine -ginen Musulunci na Farisa. A ɓangarorin suna tashi minarets biyu, tsayin mita 42, saman da aka zana da kyau, baranda na katako tare da muqarnas suna gangarowa ta ɓangarorin. Babbar mai kiran kotun Royal, Reza Abbasi, ta rubuta ranar da aka fara ginin ginin, ban da shi kuma, ayoyin suna yabon Muhammad da Ali. A tsakiya, a gaban ƙofar, an tsaya wani ɗan ƙaramin tafki da wurin hutawa ga dawakai, kuma a cikin masu bautar sun sami babban kwalin marmara da aka saita akan ƙafar ƙafa, cike da ruwa mai daɗi ko lemo. Wannan kwandon har yanzu yana tsaye kamar yadda ya yi shekaru ɗari huɗu, amma ba ya hidimar aikin samar da abin sha ga masu ibada a sallar Juma'a.
Lokacin wucewa ta ƙofar ƙofar, mutum yana isa babban farfajiyar, yana tsakiyar babban tafki. Ƙofofin ƙofa biyu (iwans) a ɓangarorin suna jawo hankalin mutane zuwa babban ƙofar a ƙarshen ƙarshen, ɗaya kawai tare da minarets, kuma a bayansa babban dome mai tsayi, tare da kayan adonsa masu launi.
Bambancin kowane masallaci shine minaret, kuma Masjed-e Shah yana da hudu. Duk da haka, a cikin masallatan Farisa, ana ganin minarets masu tsayi ba su dace da kiran sallah ba, kuma za su ƙara wani magani, wanda aka sani da Farisanci a matsayin gwal (bouquet) don wannan manufa ta musamman, wanda a cikin Masjed-e Shah ke tsaye a saman yamma iwan.
Madarounfa (sashe)
Madarounfa sashe ne daga cikin sassan dake a yankin Maradi, na Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Babban birnin sashen shine garin Madarounfa. Bisaga kidayar 2011, yawan mutane a sashen ya kai 612 798.
Masallacin Shah (Isfahan)
Gine -ginen addini
A ciki, kaddarorin sautuka da tunani a tsakiyar tsakiyar ƙarƙashin dome abin sha'awa ne ga baƙi da yawa, kamar yadda ƙwarewar masu zanen gine -gine, lokacin ƙirƙirar dome, yana ba Imam damar yin magana da murya mai rauni kuma har yanzu kowa yana ji a sarari. cikin ginin.
Roger Joseph Felli
Kanal Roger Joseph Atogetipoli Felli (Mayu 2, 1941 - 26 ga Yunin shekarata 1979) soja ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya taɓa zama ministan harkokin waje na Ghana.
Masallacin Shah (Isfahan)
Gine -ginen addini
Mihrab, babban kwamfutar marmara mai tsawon ƙafa goma da faɗin ƙafa uku a bangon kudu maso yamma, ya nuna alƙiblar Makka. A samansa mutanen Shah sun sanya kwandon katako na zinari. Ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi guda biyu: Al -Qur'ani, wanda aka ce Imam Reza ne ya kwafe shi, da rigar jinin Hussaini. Kodayake ba a nuna shi ba, an ce rigar tana da ikon sihiri; an ɗaga shi a ƙarshen matukin jirgin a fagen yaƙi, imanin shine cewa zai iya murkushe maƙiyi.
Roger Joseph Felli
An haifi Roger Felli a Navrongo, babban birnin gundumar Kassena-Nankana a yankin Gabashin Gabashin Ghana.
Masallacin Shah (Isfahan)
Gine -ginen addini
Daga babban farfajiyar, iwan da ke nuni zuwa gabas ya ƙunshi makarantar addini, ko madrasa. Yana ɗauke da rubutu ta mai kiran hoto Muhammad Riza Imami yana yabon Mutum goma sha huɗu (watau Muhammad, Fatimah da Imamai goma sha biyu). Iwan da ke kusurwar yamma yana kaiwa zuwa wani madrasa da masallacin hunturu. A cikin nasa, farfajiyar mai zaman kansa, mutum zai iya samun shaharar faɗuwar rana da Shaykh Bahai ya yi.
Francis Banks
Francis Banks (an haife shi a shekara ta 1865 - ya mutu bayan shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da casa'in1890A.c) Miladiyya.shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Masallacin Shah (Isfahan)
Dome
Bayan shigar da gidaje a cikin zane -zanen gine -ginen Musulunci da Larabawa suka yi a karni na 7, gidaje suna bayyana akai -akai a cikin gine -ginen masallatai. Babban ginin Farisa wanda ke dauke da kumburi shine Babban Masallacin Zavareh, wanda aka gina a 1135. Farisawa sun gina irin waɗannan gidaje tun ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata, kuma wasu daga cikin sanannun misalai na manyan gidaje a Duniya ana samun su a Iran, misali shine Masarautar Maza. Don haka, Musulman Safavid sun aro da yawa daga ilimin jahiliyya a cikin ginin gini, watau amfani da ƙanƙara don ƙirƙirar juzu'i daga tsarin octagonal, zuwa dome madauwari. Don rufe waɗannan yankuna na canji, Farisawa sun gina manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na muqarnas. Ta haka ne kuma aka shigo da wannan fasalin a cikin masallatan Farisa.
Safavids ne suka fara farfaɗo da ginin dome na Farisa. Siffar da ke cikin farmakin Farisa, wanda ya raba su da waɗancan gidajen da aka kirkira a duniyar Kiristanci ko kuma daular Ottoman da Mughal, ita ce fale -falen launuka masu launi, waɗanda suke rufe na waje na gidajensu, kamar yadda za su yi a ciki. Waɗannan gidajen ba da daɗewa ba sun ƙidaya adadi da yawa a Isfahan, kuma bambancin, launin launin shuɗi zai mamaye sararin samaniyar birni. Da yake nuna hasken rana, waɗannan gidaje sun bayyana kamar lu'ulu'u mai ƙyalƙyali kuma ana iya ganin su daga mil nesa da matafiya da ke bin hanyar siliki ta Farisa. Ya kai tsayin mita 53, dome na Masjed-e Shah zai zama mafi tsayi a cikin birni lokacin da aka gama shi a cikin 1629. An gina shi a matsayin kumburin harsashi biyu, tare da tsayin mita 14 tsakanin yadudduka biyu, kuma ya dora kan dakin dome na octagonal.
Roger Joseph Felli
Soja
An ba shi muƙamin laftanar a rundunar sojojin Ghana a shekarar 1963. Ya hau matsayinsa bayan ya halarci kwasa -kwasai a Ghana da Ingila.
Masallacin Shah (Isfahan)
Art
Masjed-e Shah wani katafaren tsari ne, wanda aka ce yana dauke da tubali miliyan 18 da fale-falen bura guda 475,000, wanda ya kashe Shah 60,000 don ginawa. Ya yi amfani da sabon salon haft rangi (launi bakwai) na mosaic tile. A cikin masallatan Iran na baya an yi tiles da mosaic faience, tsari mai sauƙi kuma mai tsada inda ake yanke kananun abubuwa daga fale -falen monochrome kuma aka haɗa su don ƙirƙirar kayayyaki masu rikitarwa. A cikin hanyar haft rangi, masu sana'a sun sanya dukkan launuka lokaci guda, sannan suka kori tayal. Mai rahusa da sauri, sabuwar hanyar ta ba da damar amfani da faɗin launuka daban -daban, ƙirƙirar samfura masu daɗi, masu daɗi ga ido. A cewar Jean Chardin, karancin danshi a cikin iska a Farisa ne ya sanya launuka suka zama bayyanannu kuma bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin sifofi daban -daban sun fi karfi fiye da abin da za a iya samu a Turai, inda launuka na fale -falen fale -falen suka juye suka rasa. bayyanarsa. Har yanzu, yawancin marubutan zamani da na zamani suna ɗaukar aikin tayal na Masjed-e Shah a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin inganci da ƙima idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke rufe Masallacin Lotfallah, wanda galibi masanan tarihi na Farisa, irin su Iskandar Munshi ke kiransa a matsayin masallaci na babban tsarki da kyawu. Har ila yau, masu zanen gine -ginen sun yi amfani da marmara da yawa, wanda suka tattara daga wani wurin marmara a Ardestan da ke kusa. A ko'ina cikin ginin, daga ƙofar ƙofar zuwa babban ginin, ƙananan mitoci biyu na bangon an rufe su da marmara mai launin shuɗi, tare da kyawawan sanduna da aka sassaka a kowane gefen kowace ƙofar kuma an sassaka rubuce -rubuce a ko'ina. Sama da wannan matakin ana fara fale -falen mosaic wanda ya rufe sauran ginin.
Portal ɗin ƙofar masallacin yana nuna adon ƙyalli mafi kyau a cikin ginin. An kashe shi gaba ɗaya a cikin mosaic tile a cikin cikakken palette na launuka bakwai (shuɗin Persian mai duhu, shuɗin Turkawa mai haske, fari, baƙi, rawaya, kore da bisquit). Ƙungiya mai faɗi mai faɗi tare da rubutun addini waɗanda aka rubuta da fararen rubutun thuluth akan ƙasa mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Fale-falen da ke cikin Masjed-e Shah galibi shuɗi ne, sai dai a cikin ɗakunan da aka rufe na ginin, waɗanda daga baya aka bayyana su a cikin fale-falen sanyaya, masu launin shuɗi-kore.
Ana fuskantar arewa, tashar masjid ɗin zuwa Maidan galibi tana ƙarƙashin inuwa amma tunda an lulluɓe ta da mosaics mai ƙyalƙyali yana haskakawa da babban shuɗi mai tsananin haske. Kayan ado na tsarukan al'ada ce ta al'ada, yayin da ta sake kwato ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan fa'ida da inganci. A cikin tsaka -tsakin tsaka -tsaki da daidaitattun iwans, mutum yana nutsar da raƙuman ruwa mara iyaka na arabesque mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da shuɗi mai duhu, wanda ke sa wa mai kallo albarka da kwanciyar hankali na ciki.