cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Amjad Ali Aazmi
Mutuwa
Amjad Ali Aazmi ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1948 a Bombay, kuma an binne shi a Ghosi a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya.
Adil al-Kalbani
Adil al-Kalbani ( عادل الكلباني  ) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Saudiyya, wanda ya kasance limamin babban masallacin Makkah.
Zino
Harshen Girkanci
Zino ba shi da ƙa'idodi game da amfani da harshen Girkanci. Wannan ya ba da damar yin amfani da harshen Helenanci da yawa, yana sa ya yi wahalar karantawa ga mutanen da ba su san yaren ba. An yi kakkausar suka ga wannan manufar ta gidan yanar gizon. Kamfen daban-daban sun taso don tallafawa ko kare amfani da harshen Girkanci tare da gidan yanar gizon kan lokaci.
Riƙe bayanai
Wani rikici na gidan yanar gizon shine rashin iya goge asusun mai amfani, amma an ƙara wannan fasalin (yanzu ana iya goge asusun da ba'a buƙata) bayan buƙatar masu amfani. Rashin iya cire sharhi (comment) bayan an wallafa, fasalin da masu amfani suka daɗe suna nema, har yanzu yana ci gaba da cece-kuce.
Adil al-Kalbani
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Adil al-Kalbani a birnin Riyadh a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1958 gidan su sun kasance talakawa kuma waɗanda sukayo hijira daga Ras Al Khaimah na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa wadanda suka zo Saudiyya a shekarun 1950. Saboda halin babu da Ahalinsa suke ciki, al-Kalbani ya samu aiki da kamfanin jirgin saman Saudi bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare, a lokacin kuma fara halartar darussan yamma a Jami'ar Sarki Saud.
Malamin farko da Al-Kalbani ya fara yi a karatuttukansa na Musulunci shi ne Hasan bn Gaanim al-Gaanim. Ya karanci Sahihul Bukhari da Jami` at-Tirmidhi da tafsirin Ibn Kathir a wurinsa. Ya kuma yi karatu a wurin Mustafa Muslim wanda ya koyar da tafsirin al-Baydawi a jami'ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad ibn Saud. Sannan ya karanci Akhir Tadmariyah wajen Abdullahi Ibn Jibrin, sannan ya karanci Alqur'ani wurin Ahmad Mustafa. A shekarar 1994 ya ci jarrabawar gwamnati na zama Liman.
Fara Limancin sa
Ya taba yin mafarki cewa ya zama limami a Babban Masallacin Makka; Bayan shekaru biyu, a shekara ta 2008, Sarki Abdullahi ya zaɓe shi don jagorantar sallar tarawihi a masallaci.
A birnin Bandu na ƙasar Japan, Al-Kalbani ya ziyarci cibiyar Minhaj-ul-Qur'an a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 2013.
Al-Kalbani ya ce shi ba Shaihi ba ne (Mai bada da'awa a Addinin Musulunci) amma Qari ne.
Rayuwar Sirrin
Yana da mata biyu da ƴaƴa goma sha biyu.
Ra'ayin sa
A wani sako da ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter, al-Kalbani ya bayyana cewa rashin kasancewar ƙararrawar coci a kasar Saudiyya ya faranta masa rai.
Faɗuwar Injin ɗaukar a Makka
Al-Kalbani ya soki wani sakon da wani mawakin Saudiyya ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter inda ya ce Injinan da ya faɗo a Makkq "sun faɗo ƙasa a inda ake Sallah". Al-Kalbani ya ce, wannan shi ne irin wauta mafi muni. Cikin ba'a ya ba da shawarar cewa sauran injinan ba su rushe ba saboda suna da "Kyau sosai".
Al-Kalbani ya bayyana cewa Salafiyya ita ce tushen akidar ISIL.
Rabawa tsakanin Maza da Mata
Ya soki yadda ake raba tsakanin Mata da Maza a masallatai, inda mata suke keɓewa can wani gefe daban inda Maza basa Iya ganin suma kuma basa ganin mazan. Sai dai suje muryar Liman a Ansakuwwa (Lasifika). Ya kira wannan da "Nuna ƙyama ga mata" ("phobia of women")
Ƴan Shi'a
Cikin wata hira da BBC, al-Kalbani ya ayyana Shi'a goma sha biyu a matsayin masu ridda, wanda ya haifar da martani daga mabiya dariƙar Sunnah ta Saudiyya. A shekara ta 2019, sai ya janye matsayinsa bayan ya karanta wani littafi na wani ɗan’uwansa malami Hatim al-Awni, inda ya bayyana cewa, ya daina kallon waɗanda suka yi ridda a matsayin waɗanda suka “yi imani da Allah ɗaya, suna cin naman mu [halal], kuma suna yin sujada zuwa ga alƙibla.
Matsayinsa gameda kayan kaɗe-kaɗe
A cikin fatawar, al-Kalbani ya ɗauki waƙa a matsayin halaltacciya a shari’ar Musulunci, sai dai daga baya ya janye wannan fatawar a shekarar 2010. A shekarar 2019 ya sake canza ra'ayinsa game da waƙa inda ya sake bayyana cewa waƙa ba Haram nace a Musulunci. Al-Kalbani ya halarci taron waƙa ta addini. An zargi cewa any amfani da sarewa a lokacin gudanar da wannan waƙar.
Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci
Wasu masana falsafa da masana kimiyyar siyasa sun bambanta tsakanin haƙƙin da'awar da  'yanci. Haƙƙin da'awa, haƙƙi ne wanda ya ƙunshi nauyi, ayyuka, ko wajibai a kan wasu ɓangarori game da mai haƙƙin. Sabanin haka, haƙƙin 'yanci haƙƙi ne wanda baya haifar da wajibai a kan wasu ɓangarori, a'a kawai 'yanci ko izini ga mai hakki. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan ma'anoni biyu na "haƙƙi" ya samo asali ne daga masanin shari'a na Amurka Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld bincike game da su a cikin aikinsa na seminal Conceptions Fundamental Legal Conceptions, Kamar yadda Aiwatar da Shari'a Reasoning da sauran Legal Essays a shekarata (1919).
Haƙƙoƙin ‘yanci da neman haƙƙoƙan juna saɓanin juna ne: mutum yana da haqqin da zai ba shi damar yin wani abu face babu wani wanda yake da haqqin da ya hana shi yin haka; haka kuma, idan mutum yana da hakki akan wani, wannan ’yancin na wani yana da iyaka. Wannan saboda ra'ayoyin deontic na wajibci da izini sune De Morgan dual ; An halatta mutum ya yi duka kuma kawai abubuwan da ba a wajabta masa ba ya bar su, kuma ya wajaba ya yi duka kuma kawai abubuwan da ba a ba shi izinin barin su ba.
Bayanin
'Yancin da mutum yake da shi na x ya kunshi 'yancinsa na yin ko samun x, yayin da hakkinsa na x ya kunshi wajibci ga wasu don ba shi damar yin ko samun x. Misali, tabbatar da  'yancin fadin albarkacin baki  shine tabbatar da cewa kuna da izinin yin magana cikin 'yanci; wato ba wani abu da kuke aikatawa ba daidai ba ne ta hanyar yin magana cikin walwala. Amma wannan haƙƙin ƴancin ba shi da kansa ya haɗa da cewa wajibi ne wasu su taimake ka ka sadar da abubuwan da kake son faɗa, ko ma cewa ba za su yi kuskure ba wajen hana ka yin magana ba tare da ɓatanci ba. Fadin wadannan abubuwa na nufin tabbatar da  'yancin fadin albarkacin baki; don tabbatar da cewa wajibi ne wasu su guji (wato an hana su) hana ku yin magana ba daidai ba (wato ba daidai ba ne su yi hakan) ko ma kila dole ne su taimaka wa ƙoƙarin ku na sadarwa (wato, zai kasance). ba daidai ba ne su ki irin wannan taimakon). Akasin haka, irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba su haifar da haƙƙin yanci ba; Misali dokokin da suka haramta adalci na banga (kafa da'awar doka ta 'yanci) don haka ba sa yarda ko ba da izinin duk ayyukan da irin wannan ta'addancin zai iya hana.
Alal misali: Duniya mai 'yanci kawai, ba tare da wani haƙƙin da'awar ba, ta ma'anar za ta zama duniyar da aka ba da izinin komai a cikinta kuma ba a hana wani aiki ko tsallakewa ba; Duniyar da babu wanda zai iya da'awar cewa an zalunce su ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Sabanin haka, duniyar da ke da haƙƙoƙin ƴancin kai kawai kuma babu ƴancin kai za ta zama duniyar da babu wani abu a cikinta kawai aka ba da izini, amma duk ayyukan sun kasance ko dai na wajibi ne ko kuma an hana su. Maganar cewa mutane suna da da'awar 'yanci - watau cewa an wajabta wa mutane kawai su guji hana juna aikata abubuwan da suka halatta, 'yancin 'yancinsu ya iyakance ne kawai ta hanyar wajibcin mutunta 'yancin wasu - shi ne babban jigo na masu sassaucin ra'ayi. theories na adalci.
Haƙƙin oda na biyu
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi daban-daban azaman tubalan gini don bayyana ingantattun al'amura masu rikitarwa kamar yanki na musamman. Misali, ‘yancin yin amfani da kwamfuta za a iya la’akari da shi a matsayin ‘yancin ’yanci, amma mutum yana da ikon barin wani ya yi amfani da kwamfutar ka (ba su ’yancin walwala), da kuma da’awar da wasu ke yi na amfani da kwamfutar. ; da ƙari, kuna iya samun haƙƙoƙin kariya da ke kare da'awarku da 'yancin ku game da kwamfutar wato na'ura Mai kwakwalwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">]
Manuel Sapunga
Manuel Sapunga Mbara (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Equatorial Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Futuro Kings FC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Equatorial Guinea.
Rayuwar farko
Sapunga ya girma a Kamaru. Mahaifinsa dan kasar Kamaru ne mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasar Equatoguine.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Sapunga ya bugawa Leones Vegetarianos FC, Sony de Elá Nguema, Deportivo Mongomo da Futuro Kings a Equatorial Guinea.
Ayyukan kasa
Sapunga ya taka leda a Equatorial Guinea a babban mataki a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021.
Marvin Casey
Marvin Louis Casey II ( 'ישראל משה קייסי' or 'מרווין קייסי' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981 a St. Louis, Missouri, Amurika ), ɗan wasan hip hop ɗan Isra'ila ne Ba'amurke, mawaƙa, malamin rawa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Marvin Casey a St. Louis Missouri a cikin shekarar 1981 kuma yana da hannu da farko a wasan ƙwallon baseball, ƙwallon ƙafa, da tae kwon do har sai da ya fara rawa yana ɗan shekara 17. Ya ƙara nutsewa a ciki yana da shekaru 22 yayin da yake aiki da kamfanin nishaɗi na Utopia, yana rawa hip-hop a filin rawa kusan kowane dare. Ya koma Yahudanci a shekarar 2003, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila a 2006. Ya yi aure a Urushalima a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2010. kuma yana zaune tare da matarsa, Oshrat, da ’ya’yansa 3 a Ashkelon, Isra’ila.
Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Berg
Berg WMA, ko Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Berg (lamba: 19), Haɗa manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Berg, Kogin Diep da Kogin Steenbras, kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa mai zuwa:
Iyakoki
Yankunan magudanar ruwa G10, G21, da G22 da magudanar ruwa G40A tare da iyakar arewa da ke biye da magudanar ruwa tsakanin manyan magudanan ruwa na G10 da G30 har zuwa garin Aurora. Daga Aurora iyakar tana tafiya kai tsaye zuwa gaɓar teku a wata hanya ta yamma.
Kiristanci a Guinea-Bissau
Kiristoci a Guinea-Bissau sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 10 (~ 153,300) na al'ummar ƙasar (1,533,964 - 2009 est. ). Wasu majiyoyi sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan Kiristoci a Guinea-Bissau na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 13%.
Guinea-Bissau ita ce kasa daya tilo da ke magana da harshen Fotigal mai yawan al'ummar musulmi, inda wasu galibinsu Kiristoci ne. Kiristoci suna cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Cocin Roman Katolika (ciki har da Portuguese Guinea-Bissauans) da ƙungiyoyin Furotesta daban-daban. Kiristoci sun taru a Bissau da sauran manyan garuruwa.
Mishan na kasashen waje suna aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba.
Roman Katolika
Yawancin Kiristoci a Guinea-Bissau 'yan Roman Katolika ne (kimanin Katolika 125,000 a Guinea-Bissau, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na yawan jama'a).
Akwai diocese guda biyu:
Kwanar Ɗangora
Kwanar Dangora Mazaɓa ce da ke yamma maso kudancin jihar Kano, garin yana a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Kiru ta Jihar Kano wanda ke ƙarƙashin masarautar Karaye. Sannan garin yana da al'umma masu yawa da kuma san zaman lafiya da juna.
Miguel Ángel Mayé
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
An haife shi a Ebibeyin, Kié-Ntem, Miguel Ángel ya taka leda tare da kulob din garinsa Akonangui a gasar cin kofin zakarun Afrika ta CAF 2014, da kungiyar Les Astres ta Kamaru.
Ayyukan kasa
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2015, Miguel Ángel ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 na Esteban Becker na gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2015.
Matsalar zaizayar ƙasa a Najeriya
Dalilai
Gullies suna faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da ruwa, zaizayar tana faruwa, musamman, a cikin gullies, wanda ke girma da zurfi tare da kowane ruwan sama. Yawancin magudanan ruwa sun zama kwazazzabai, wanda zai iya zama dozin ko ɗarurruwan ƙafa. Wasu matakai na yanayi na iya haifar da gullies, kamar yawan ruwan sama, ƙarancin shigar ƙasa da sifar kamawa mara kyau. Tsarin samuwar gully yana hanzarta ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya: yumɓu mai yashi da yashi mai yashi. Waɗannan nau'ikan ƙasa ne waɗanda ke da yawan yashi fiye da yumɓu, loam, ko silt.
Nau'in ƙasa kowane nau'in ƙasa yana ƙayyade yadda ruwa ke gudana ta cikinsa. Nau'in ƙasa tare da mafi yawan halayen yashi suna ba da damar aljihun sararin samaniya wanda ruwa ke motsawa cikin sauƙi. Don haka, ƙasa mai yashi ba ta da ikon ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki da tallafawa rayuwar shuka. Ba tare da shuke-shuke sun shimfiɗa tushensu zuwa cikin ƙasa ba kuma suna ƙarfafa ta, yiwuwar zaizayar ƙasa yana ƙaruwa. Tunda zaizayar ƙasa tana taka rawar gani sosai wajen raguwar ƙasa a wannan yanki, yana da muhimmanci a yi la’akari da takin zamani da ban ruwa lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin shuka amfanin gona. Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya yana da matuƙar tasiri ga tsarin gully. Ga yankin da galibi yake bushewa, tsananin ruwan sama yakan kai ga ambaliya da ruwa mai yawa a wuri guda. Ana iya la'akari da ruwan sama a Najeriya na tashin hankali, tare da yawan ɗigon ruwan sama da yawan adadin da ake fitarwa a kan ɗaya. Tsarin ƙasa ba zai iya ɗaukar ruwa ba kuma don haka ya ɓace, kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba, tsarin yana haɓaka. Koyaya, a Najeriya, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da samuwar gully ana iya danganta su da ayyukan ɗan Adam kamar:
Duk da cewa rikicin ya ta'allaƙa ne a garuruwa da jihohi da dama a yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, lamarin ya shafi dukkan 'yan Najeriya a fakaice. Gidaje da gine-gine suna rugujewa akai-akai, yayin da gullies ke faɗaɗawa da kowane lokacin damina. Ba tare da kulawa ba, lamarin zai canza yankin a ƙarshe ya zama ƙasa mara kyau.
Hoton hoto
Yanayin yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ya nuna rashin lafiyarsa ga zaizayar ruwa. Akwai nau'o'i uku a yankin: filayen fili da ƙasa, tudu, da tsaunuka. Tsaunuka masu tsaunuka, waɗanda suka ƙunshi shimfidar wurare na cuesta, suna da juriya ga zaizayar ƙasa saboda yanayin ƙasa, amma suna zama hanyoyin da ruwa zai zubar da ƙasa.
Masanin ilimin yanayin ƙasa, G. Ofomata, ya gano dangantaka tsakanin gangaren tuddai da tsananin yazawar da ke faruwa. A kan gangaren kashi 15 cikin 100, an sami asarar ƙasa gabaɗaya fiye da madaidaicin kashi 1 cikin ɗari. Ba tare da la'akari da idan sun kasance mai ma'ana ko maɗaukaki ba, ƙwanƙolin ƙasa na cikin haɗari saboda rashin kyawun yanayin ƙasa da kuma kusurwar da ƙasa za ta iya rushewa.
Tasiri
Akwai matakai guda biyu na tasiri wanda ya haifar da tsarin gully:
Manyan tsoma baki
Kafin wannan shiga tsakani, an kasa shawo kan ƙalubalen zaizayar guguwa, musamman saboda gazawar wajen tsara tsarin da ya dace da kuma rashin jajircewar da mutanen yankin suka yi na ɗaukar mataki. Duk da haka, a wasu yankuna kamar Madona gully site, Awhum Community State Enugu, da kuma Okudu jihar Imo, an yi amfani da wasu ayyuka masu ɗorewa bisa kyawawan ayyuka. Waɗannan matakan sun magance matsalar zaizayar guguwa a yankunan.
Aliyu Khalid
Aliyu Khalid is a registered dental therapist and also is an Author. Is an indigene of Kaduna State from soba local government area but born and brought up in hayin banki area of Kaduna North. He graduated from wisdom nursery and primary school Kaduna in 2002, Science Secondary school ikara in 2005 and federal science college Sokoto in 2008. Also the author in 2013 graduated from shehu Idris College of Health Sciences and technology, Makarfi kaduna State. He wan an outstanding student in his class during the period of his studies and won several Competition in school.
''' The Author has attended several seminars, workshops and Scientific Conferences both in medical and dental Profession. Together with these he had clinical experience in several dental clinic Among them are Khadija Dental Sokoto, Lee dental clinic services, kaduna Ahmad memorial dental clinic kaduna also attended an internship programme at Usman Danfodiyo University teaching hospital Sokoto in 2014. He was a former President of the National Association of Dental Health Student Kaduna Chapter he also a registered members of dental therapy registration boards of Nigeria.
Moreover the Author is an Examination officer in Shehu Idris College of health Sciences and technology Makarfi kaduna State. He published book know as Synopsis of Dental Instrumentation, with over three hundred Picture And Diagrams. The Author blessed with family. Aliyu Khalid is now a lecturer in the Department of Dental Health Therapy, School of Dental Health Sciences, Shehu Idris Institute of Health Sciences and Technology Makarfi, Kaduna State.
Onne
Onne wanda aka fi sani da Onne-Eleme, birni ne, da ke a cikin Eleme, Jihar Rivers, Nijeriya. Garin ya kasance mai masaukin fitattun tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Najeriya. Yana da iyaka da garuruwan Alode, Ebubu da Ngololo Creek, wani yanki na kogin Bonny.
Tashar jiragen ruwa da wuraren saukar jiragen ruwa
Onne ainihin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ce a yankin kuma tana da guraben ruwa da yawa tare da kayan aiki don jigilar kaya har zuwa 60,000 gt. Har ila yau, shi ne babban tushe na ayyukan teku a yankin, kuma ɗimbin kayayyaki masu yawa suna kira a Onne kowane mako. Ana kiran wannan sashe na tashar jiragen ruwa Onne Oil and Gas Free Zone (OOGFZ) kuma yana ƙunshe da hanyoyi da yawa don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa na teku da filin jirgin ruwa (WAS - West Atlantic Shipyard). Har ila yau OOGFZ ta ƙunshi Kamfanin Shell Nigeria Exploration &amp; Production Company (SNEPC), ɗaya daga cikin manyan sansanonin Shell a tekun Afirka ciki har da gidajen haya da aka ba Exxon Mobil, Total SA da sauran kamfanonin mai.
Tashar jiragen ruwan ta kunshi yankuna uku dake makwabtaka da Neja delta - Federal lighter terminal, Onne port complex da kuma Federal ocean limited (wanda ya kunshi kayan aiki na jiragen ruwa da iskar gas).
Akwai shaguna da ruwa mai kyau da man fetur da kuma kananan gyare-gyare. Hakanan yana da tashar tashar kwantena (WACT - West Africa Container Terminal) mai zurfin daftarin mita 12 kuma tasoshin ruwa har zuwa 4000 TEU masu girma na layin Maersk da PIL da CMA CGM.
Gudanarwa
Birnin na cikin gundumar Odido a karamar hukumar Eleme a jihar Rivers,Najeriya. A Onne yana da dangin yaruka guda hudu, Agbeta, Alejor, Ekara da Ogoloma. Akwai wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka a cikin Onne, kamar sansanin Eyaa. Mutanen Onne suna jin yaren Eleme.
Akwai karamin asibiti wanda galibi kamfanonin mai ke amfani da shi. Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa yana Port Harcourt.
Kuki people
Kabilar Kuki ƙabila ce a cikin jihohin Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya na Manipur, Nagaland, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura da Mizoram,  da kuma ƙasashe makwabta na Bangladesh da Myanmar. Kuki sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin kabilun masu tarin yawa a Indiya, Bangladesh, da Myanmar. A Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya, suna da tarin yawa a duk jihohin amma ban da Arunachal Pradesh.
Aitor Embela
Aitor Embela Gil (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1996) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar Tercera División RFEF UD Somozas. An haife shi a kasar Spain, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Equatorial Guinea.
Kuki people
Wasu daga cikin ƙabilu hamsin na mutanen Kuki a Indiya an san su a matsayin ƙabilun da aka tsara,  bisa yaren da waccan al'ummar Kuki ke magana da kuma yankinsu na asali.
Harin bam na Kulungugu
Harin bam na Kulungugu ya kasance wani yunƙurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Kwame Nkrumah, Shugaban ƙasar Ghana.
Aitor Embela
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2015 Embela ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da CF Reus Deportiu, a cikin Segunda División B.  Ya ƙare kwangilarsa tare da Reus a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta na shekara mai zuwa,  kuma bayan kwana biyu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da Real Valladolid B.
Kuki people
Mutanen Chin na Myanmar da mutanen Mizo na Mizoram, duk ƙabilar Kuki ne. Duk kansu Gabaɗaya, a kan kiran su mutanen Zo.
Harin bam na Kulungugu
A ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962, Kwame Nkrumah ya tsaya a Kulungugu, ƙaramin tashar tashar shiga cikin gundumar Pusiga a Bawku ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. An samu fashewar bam da nufin kashe Shugaban.
Ram Caspi
Kwarewar Caspi tana cikin ma'amaloli na ƙasa da ƙasa da Haɗaɗɗen Kayayyaki, da kuma a cikin ƙarar farar hula. Yana kuma aiwatar da Dokar Kasuwanci da Kayayyaki. Shi ne shugaban Caspi &amp; Co. kuma dan marigayi Adv. Michael Kaspi.
Aitor Embela
Ayyukan kasa
Embela ya kasance mai tsaron baya ga Felipe Ovono a lokacin gasar, yayin da kungiyarsa ta zo ta hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 26 ga Maris, wanda ya fara a wasan sada zumunta da suka yi da Masar da ci 0-2.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Mahaifin Embela, José Manuel, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne. A gaba, ya bayyana yafi a Segunda División B kafin ya zama kocin. An haifi kakan mahaifinsa, Gustavo Chomé Mbela Bueneque, a Dibolo, Wele-Nzas, wanda ya sa ya cancanci zuwa Equatorial Guinea da Spain.
Harin bam na Kulungugu
Tarihi
Nkrumah na zuwa ne daga wata ganawa da shugaba Maurice Yaméogo a Tenkodogo, Burkina Faso, a lokacin da ake kira Upper Volta. Taron ya kasance don rattaba hannu kan takardu da suka shafi gina babban aikin samar da wutar lantarki a Volta wanda zai zama Tafkin Volta.
A lokacin tafiya zuwa Ghana, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da matsaloli ga ayarin kan munanan hanyoyin kasar. Tawagar shugaban kasar ta tsaya a wajen garin Bawku don gaisawa da 'yan makaranta da suka yi ta kadawa da kuma hango Shugaban kasa. Wata ‘yar makaranta, Elizabeth Asantewaa, ta tunkari shugaban da adon furanni, ta samu munanan raunuka lokacin da bam din ya tashi. Mai gadinsa, Kyaftin Samuel Buckman, ya ceci shugaban, wanda a hankali ya yi kokawa da shugaban kasa bayan da ya ji tikin na’urar da ta dace. Shugaban kasa da Buckman sun fuskanci raunin da ba sa barazanar rayuwa, amma wasu mutane 55 sun ji rauni.
Nkrumah wani likitan Burtaniya ne ya yi jinya a Asibitin Bawku, wanda ya cire goge -goge daga baya da gefen Shugaban.
Wani abin tunawa yana tsaye a wurin da bam din ya tashi.
Bayan da fitina
Nkrumah ya zargi Tawiah Adamafio, Ministan Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labarai da Harkokin Shugaban Kasa, Ako Adjei, Ministan Harkokin Waje, da Hugh Horatio Cofie-Crabbe, babban sakataren Convention People's Party, da cewa suna da hannu a shirin kisan. An daure su a karkashin Dokar Tsare Tsare.
Kotun karkashin jagorancin Alkalin Alkalai Arku Korsah ta wanke mutanen ukun a shari’ar da ta dauki tsawon shekara guda. Nkrumah ya sa aka kori Korsah, kuma ya nada sabuwar kotu don ta caji mutanen. Nkrumah ya zabi alkalin da ya sami mutanen uku da laifi kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Daga baya, an sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin shekaru ashirin.
Bayan da aka kori Kwame Nkrumah daga mukaminsa a shekarar 1966, National Liberation Council (NLC) ta saki mutanen uku.
Ambaliyar Ruwa n Jihar Benue ta 2017
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2017 a jihar Benue, ta faru ne a cikin watan Satumban 2017 a jihar Benue dake Najeriya. Ta raba a ƙalla mutane 100,000 da muhallansu,  ta lalata gidaje sama da 2,000.
Dalilai
An shafe tsawon makonni ana sheƙaƙa ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya, da magudanun ruwa da kuma koguna a jihar Benue da ke arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya. Ƙananan hukumomi guda 21 a cikin guda 23 da ke jihar Binuwai abin ya shafa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare a yankin sakamakon mamakon ruwan sama da kuma kogin Binuwai da ke ratsa yankin.
Illoli kan sauyin yanayi
Ambaliyar ta yi kama da ta shekarar 2012 mai tsanani. Ambaliyar dai ta rutsa da manyan gada biyu a kan kogin Guma a Tor Kpande da Mande Ortom. An kuma lalata gonaki da rumbunan abinci a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa. Sabbin hanyoyin Daudu-Gbajimba da aka gina, da Jami'ar noma ta Makurdi, ba su tsira ba saboda ba za su iya wucewa ba bayan da ruwa ya yi awon gaba da waɗansu sassan titunan. Noma a Benue na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama waɗanda ke barazana ga makomar noma. Ƙarfin ruwan sama kamar yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwa a hankali. Matsakaicin fitarwa a tashar ruwa ta Makurdi ya kai 3468.24 m³s⁻¹, kuma mafi girman fitarwar ya kai 16,400 m³s⁻¹. Matsakaicin zafin rana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara suna tashi a hankali, yana haifar da ƙarin zafi. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasa tana da ɗanɗano kaɗan amma tana buƙatar ingantaccen amfani da takin inorganic da na halitta. Babban ayyukan yi da sana'a a yankin sun dogara ne a kan noma.
Manazarta
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Haƙƙin Gyare-Gyare
Haƙƙin gyare-gyare yana nufin dokar da gwamnati za ta ba da damar masu amfani da damar gyara da gyara kayan masarufi (misali lantarki, na'urorin mota ko motocin gona irin su tarakta), inda in ba haka ba mai yin irin waɗannan samfuran yana buƙatar mabukaci ya yi amfani da shi kawai. sabis ɗin da ake bayarwa ta hanyar hana damar yin amfani da kayan aiki da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, ko shingen software da aka sanya a wuri don hana gyara ko gyara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan matsalolin sukan haifar da hauhawar farashin kayan masarufi ko kuma tura masu sayayya don maye gurbin na'urori maimakon gyara su. Yayin da al'ummar duniya ke nuna damuwa game da ci gaba da girma na magudanar ruwa (musamman na'urorin lantarki), muhawara ta farko kan 'yancin yin gyara ta ta'allaka ne kan Amurka da cikin Tarayyar Turai.
Ma'anarsa
Haƙƙin gyare-gyare yana nufin manufar ƙyale masu amfani na ƙarshe, masu amfani da kasuwanci da masu amfani, na fasaha, lantarki ko na'urorin mota don gyara waɗannan samfuran cikin yardar kaina idan akwai gazawar inji ko fasaha. Abubuwan buƙatu guda huɗu suna da mahimmanci musamman sune kamar haka:
Yayin da farko hukumomin kariya na masu amfani da motoci da kera motoci bayan masana'antar sabis na tallace-tallace suka jagoranci, tattaunawar kafa hakkin gyara ga kowace irin na'ura da masana'antu suka sami karbuwa yayin da na'urorin lantarki irin su wayoyi da kwamfutoci suka zama gama gari ana amfani da su.
Manufofin haƙƙin gyare-gyare shine a fifita gyara a maimakon maye gurbin da kuma sanya irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren mafi araha wanda zai haifar da tattalin arziki mai dorewa da raguwar sharar lantarki. Nan da shekara ta 2021 ƙasashe da yawa da ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki sun ba da shawarar haƙƙin gyara doka don masana'antu daban-daban kamar na'urorin lantarki ko na kera motoci.
Sharar gida
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ƙara ta'azzara matsalar e-sharar gida shine raguwar rayuwar yawancin kayan lantarki da na lantarki. Akwai direbobi guda biyu (musamman) don wannan yanayin. A gefe guda, buƙatun mabukaci na samfuran masu ƙarancin farashi yana adawa da ingancin samfur kuma yana haifar da gajeriyar rayuwar samfur. A ɗaya kuma, masana'antun a wasu sassa suna ƙarfafa sake zagayowar haɓakawa na yau da kullun, kuma suna iya tilasta shi ko da yake an iyakance samar da kayan gyara, littattafan sabis da sabunta software, ko ta hanyar tsufa da aka tsara.
Na'urorin lantarki da ba a yi amfani da su ba
Har zuwa kashi 95% na albarkatun da ake amfani da su don kera na'urorin lantarki za a iya sake yin fa'ida, yayin da mafi yawan sabbin na'urorin da aka kera suna amfani da kaɗan zuwa wani abu da aka sake fa'ida saboda tsada. A Italiya misali, 52% na yawan jama'a sun mallaki na'urorin lantarki ɗaya ko fiye da ba a yi amfani da su ba saboda tsufa ko lalacewar injina ko gazawar lantarki. Ba da damar gyare-gyare cikin sauƙi zai sake dawo da kaso mafi girma na waɗannan na'urori zuwa kasuwa ta hannu ta biyu don haka rage samar da sabbin na'urori kuma a sakamakon haka rage yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da hayaƙi da ke haifar da irin waɗannan na'urori.
Rage fitar da iska ta hanyar maye gurbin jiragen ruwa maimakon gyara
Duk da yake haƙƙin gyara kusan koyaushe yana fifita mabukaci, daga mahangar muhalli sake amfani da su a cikin masana'antar kera motoci ba za a iya fifita su a kowane lokaci fiye da tsofaffi ba: ci gaba da ƙa'ida a Turai da Amurka ya haifar da matsakaicin hayaƙi na motoci yayin amfani. muhimmanci. Yayin da samar da mota ke haifar da hayaki mai mahimmanci, gaba ɗayan hayaƙin rayuwa yana da ƙasa da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da raguwa yayin amfani da motar. A cikin shekara ta 2009 gwamnatin Jamus ta zaburar da masu siye da kasuwanci don maye gurbin tsofaffin motoci da sababbi. A lokacin yakin neman zaben an maye gurbin motoci sama da 400.000 masu matsakaicin shekaru 14.4 tare da nau'ikan na yanzu suna rage hayakin jiragen ruwa na kasa da kashi 1% a kowace shekara tare da raguwa mai ban mamaki a cikin barbashi da iskar oxygen.
Tsare-tsare na tsufa da ƙuntatawa da rikitarwa masu zaman kansu (1920-1950)
A ra'ayi cewa ci gaba da canje-canje ga kayayyakin halitta ci gaba da bukatar musanya wani samfurin ta mazan tsara da aka kawo sama a kan babban sikelin da General Motors executive Alfred P. Sloan, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da canje-canje ga tsarin su a kan shekara guda fiye da shekara tushe zai haifar da buƙatar buƙatun. abokan ciniki don maye gurbin motocin da aka saya a baya da sababbi. Duk da yake babban gasa Ford, bisa ka'idodin da ya kafa Henry Ford, ya fi son sauƙi da sauƙi don maye gurbin sassa, sau da yawa masu canzawa a cikin samfurori, GM ya ji ba'a iyakance ga la'akari ba game da ikon abokin ciniki don gyara motocin har ma da abubuwan da aka fi so. ƙananan inganci don daidaitawa da sauri zuwa canje-canje na shekara-shekara a cikin buƙatun mabukaci a cikin bege na siyar da ƙarin motoci. Daga ƙarshe wannan dabarar ta ba GM damar ƙetare Ford a matsayin babban mai kera motoci na Amurka. Sakamakon nasarar GM, manufar canza ƙira da gangan kuma a sakamakon haka ma sassa a cikin bambance-bambancen samfur na shekara-shekara sun zama dabarun da aka amince da su sosai a tsakanin masana'antu daban-daban a cikin tattalin arzikin Amurka kuma Ford ta karɓe shi.
Duk da yake GM da Ford da farko sun bambanta sosai game da tsarinsu na musanya kayan aiki da sauƙi na gyarawa, masana'antar mota gaba ɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen kafa manufar gyare-gyaren da aka tabbatar: Tun daga shekarun 1910 da 20s Ford ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don kafawa. ƙwararrun dillalai da cibiyoyin sadarwar sabis don fitar da abokan ciniki zuwa Ford sun samar da sassan maimakon zaɓin shagunan gyara masu zaman kansu kuma galibi ba na gaske ba bayan sassan tallace-tallace don gyara motoci. Har ila yau, Ford ya matsa kaimi don daidaita farashi a tsakanin ingantattun shagunan gyaran gyare-gyaren da ke yin tilascin kuɗaɗen kuɗi ko da na gyare-gyare daban-daban.
Wannan tsarin ya lalata gyare-gyare mai zaman kanta daga kusurwoyi daban-daban: idan aka ba da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙirar ƙira, masu amfani da hankali an tura su zuwa sayan sabbin motoci yayin da kula da tsofaffin motoci da gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata ba su da kyau ta hanyar tura masu amfani zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar gyara izini waɗanda galibi suka fi tsada fiye da masu zaman kansu..
A gaskiya ma, ba wai kawai masana'antun sun lalata yuwuwar gyara ta hanyar fasaha ba, sun kuma kai hari kan kamfanoni a kotuna da suka yi ƙoƙari su gyara kayan aiki: a cikin shekara ta 1938 Champion Spark Plug, wani kamfani wanda da kansa ya gina nasararsa a kan kwafin ƙirar tartsatsi na waje don zama. kerarre kuma daga baya aka sayar wa Buick, ya kai ƙarar kamfanin Reich.
Ƙuntata samun dama ga sassa (1950s-2000s)
A shekara ta 1956 yawancin masana'antun masana'antu daban-daban sun yi amfani da dabara mai kama da GM don samfuran su, amma matsayi mafi girma na IBM a cikin babbar kasuwar kwamfuta ya haifar da haƙƙin farko na gyarawa: IBM, a baya a lokacin babban mai samar da fasahar bayanai ga masana'antu. Gwamnatin Amurka da manyan kamfanoni, ma'aikatar shari'a ta kai karar gwamnatin Amurka saboda rashin gasa da ke lalata kasuwar hannu ta biyu ta hanyar hana abokan ciniki damar mallaka, amma kawai don hayar kayayyakinsu. Ganin cewa duk kayan aikin dole ne a mayar da su ga IBM bayan karewar yarjejeniyar hayar IBM ita ce kawai mai injinan. Samun damar zuwa software na IBM da kayan masarufi koyaushe ana haɗa su yadda ya kamata tare da kiyaye sauran kamfanoni "software" daga kayan aikinsu kuma ba sa barin abokan ciniki su gudanar da dabarun IBM akan injunan IBM. Idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin kasuwar IBM na kusada guda ɗaya, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Amurka ta yi nasarar bin dokar amincewa da ta tilastawa IBM ba wai kawai ta sayar da duk samfuran a yanayin da ba zai yi lahani ga siyan hayar su ba, har ma don karkatar da sashin sabis da samar da sassa, kiyayewa. umarni da kayan aiki a yanayin kasuwanci iri ɗaya ga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu dangane da sashin sabis na kansu suna ba da tabbacin cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar kasuwar hannu ta biyu da bayan kasuwar tallace-tallace. Duk da yake wannan ya zama ainihin haƙƙin farko na gyarawa, dalilan yanke shawarar sun dogara ne akan dalilai na aminci kuma ba a zartar da su akan masana'antun lantarki na gaba a matsayin ƙofar masu fafatawa a cikin gida irin su HP da masana'antun Asiya ta hanyar gabatar da abin da ake kira na'urori masu dacewa da IBM da aka kafa. yawan 'yan wasa daban-daban a kasuwa. Sakamakon haka an soke dokar amincewa a kotuna a shekara ta 1997.
A halin da ake ciki ƙananan kotuna da manyan kotuna sun ci gaba da ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa mallakar samfur ya zo tare da haƙƙin gyarawa da gyare-gyaren irin wannan samfurin: a cikin shekara ta 1961 Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a fili game da shari'ar Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Mai canzawa Top Replacement Co. cewa hatta samfuran haƙƙin mallaka ana iya gyara su ba tare da keta haƙƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka ba. Yayin da al'amuran da suka gabata suka yi amfani da matakai masu rikitarwa don nauyi idan an sake gina samfur ko gyara, Kotun Koli ta bayyana karara cewa, muddin za'a iya gane samfur a matsayin abin da aka gyara ba azaman sabon samfuri ba, an yarda da gyara.
Tare da IBM yana fuskantar babban matsin lamba ta umarnin yarda da yanayin doka da ke karkata don neman gyara, sauran masana'antun masana'antu sun ɗauki juzu'i daban-daban kuma suna tsoma baki tare da gyare-gyare mara izini ta hanyar lantarki. Apple, wanda ya tashi da sauri ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun kwamfuta, ya sayar da kwamfutoci na farko tare da kwatancen allon kewayawa, mai sauƙin musanya abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da share umarnin gyarawa. Ƙaddamar da ci gaban fasaha kowane nau'in samfura kamar motoci, masu yankan lawn, har ma da injin kofi, suna da ƙarin kayan aikin lantarki ta hanyar ƙira, da wuya a maye gurbinsu fiye da injiniyoyi. Duk da yake a cikin shekaru hamsin na lantarki a cikin mota an iyakance shi ga sauƙi mai sauƙi don fara injuna da kuma samar da abubuwa masu sauƙi kamar na'urar kwandishan ko kulle tsakiya, shekarun sittin sun ga karuwar adadin na'urori masu mahimmanci da za a yi amfani da su a cikin motoci da ke farawa da sarrafa injin kamar man fetur. kunna wuta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsari na haɗa kayan lantarki tare da injiniyoyi, rabon kayan lantarki a cikin jimlar lissafin kayan mota ya tashi daga 5% a cikin 1970s zuwa sama da 22% a cikin shekara ta 2000.
1975 ya ga gabatarwar Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss wanda ke jagorantar ka'idoji don garanti da aka bayar akan samfuran: yayin da doka ba ta ayyana wajibci ga masana'anta don ba da garanti tare da kowane samfurin da aka sayar wa masu siye ba, ya ayyana mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don irin wannan garanti idan mai kaya ya yanke shawarar ba da shi. Tarihin majalissar yana nuna cewa manufar dokar ita ce samar da garanti akan samfuran mabukaci cikin sauƙin fahimta da aiwatarwa da samar da Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya hanyoyin da za a inganta masu siye. Yayin da Dokar Garanti ta Magnusson-Moss ta ayyana sharuɗɗan kamar gyarawa a cikin garanti, bai wajabta masana'antun su buɗe samfuran su don gyarawa cikin sauƙi ba.
Bugu da kari, haƙƙin mallaka ya zama gaba kan iyakancewar gyarawa: kamar yadda lambar software ta rubuta ta bai wa mahaliccin lambar ikon kawai don yanke hukunci idan za a ƙirƙiri abubuwan da aka samo asali daga lamba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan shine ƙarar MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc. wanda a cikinsa aka gurfanar da Peak Computer, Inc. ta hanyar yin kwafin tsarin aiki na MAI ba tare da izini ba don gyara tsarin kwamfuta da MAI kera. Duk da yake MAI lashe ƙarar, da majalisa chambers aiwatar ban da Digital Millennium Copyright Dokar a shekara ta 1998 fili kyale irin wannan kofe ga manufar gyara na'ura. Duk da yake wannan dokar don haka ta daidaita yanayin shigar da software mai kariya don manufar kulawa da gyara, ba ta yi hasashen adadin makullin software na shekaru masu zuwa ba.
Filin na'urar tawada tawada ta zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a: tare da shigar da kwamfutoci a kusan kowane gida kuma firintocin sun kasance ga kusan kowa da kowa. Masu kera na'ura sun ga tallace-tallacen harsashin tawada a matsayin samfurin kasuwanci mai riba a haƙiƙanin gaskiya sau da yawa suna ƙara cajin tawada sannan na firinta da kanta. Don hana sake cika harsashi fanko, yawancin masana'antun sun fara sanya microchips kirga matakan cika matakan da amfani akan sake cika harsashi ba zai yiwu ba ko aƙalla ya fi wahala.
Doka tana motsawa zuwa dama don gyarawa
Da farkon shekara ta 2000s masana'antar ƙera motoci ta sake yin bincike: shawarar farko na haƙƙin gyara lissafin masana'antar kera motoci Joe Barton da Edolphus Towns ne suka gabatar da su don kawo ƙarshen "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba" na masu kera motoci da ke kula da su. kan gyaran bayanan da ka iya haifar da shaguna masu zaman kansu su juya masu motoci baya saboda rashin bayani. Ƙoƙarin yunƙurin shiga tsakani da masana'antar kera motoci suka yi watsi da shawarar amma duk da haka ya gabatar da ci gaba ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sa-kai da ta tilasta wa masana'antun samar da kayayyakin gyara da bincike ga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu. Duk da yake yarjejeniyar son rai tabbas ta kasance ci gaba, bincike daga baya ya gano cewa samun damar yin amfani da kayan gyara da gwajin mota ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin matsala don ayyukan gyara masu zaman kansu. A gaskiya ma, wani binciken da Terrance Group ya gudanar ya gano cewa fiye da 59% na ayyukan gyara masu zaman kansu sun ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin bincike da sassa daga masana'antun.
Bayan saitin yana goyan bayan ci gaba da haɓaka haƙƙin gyare-gyare a cikin motoci kamar yadda sauran masana'antu suka fara samun karɓuwa a reshen majalisa tare da ƙara yawan shawarwarin doka da yanke hukuncin kotu sune kamar haka: Nasarar farko ta aiwatar da haƙƙin gyara ta zo ne lokacin da Massachusetts ta zartar da haƙƙin farko na Amurka na gyara doka don sashin kera motoci a cikin shekara ta 2012, wanda ke buƙatar masu kera motoci su sayar da kayan sabis iri ɗaya da bincike kai tsaye ga masu siye ko ga injiniyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar yadda suke. ana amfani da su don samar da dillalan su na musamman. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce ta farko da ta fara zartarwa a tsakanin jihohi da dama, kamar New Jersey, waɗanda kuma suka zartar da irin wannan doka ta Majalisarsu. Fuskantar yuwuwar buƙatu iri-iri daban-daban, manyan ƙungiyoyin cinikin motoci sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna a cikin Janairu 2014 ta amfani da dokar Massachusetts a matsayin tushen yarjejeniyarsu ga duk jihohi guda 50 waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarar 2018 na kera motoci. An cimma irin wannan yarjejeniya ta hanyar Sadarwar Samar da Motocin Kasuwanci don amfani da manyan motocin da ke kan hanya.
A cikin shekara ta 2013 manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun fara samar da: Haɗin kai na Haƙƙin Gyaran Dijital, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙungiyar Gyara ta amfani da gidan yanar gizon repair.org, an kafa shi kuma ya jagoranci kusan duk ƙoƙarin majalisar dokoki a Amurka yana tasiri ga samar da shawarwari iri ɗaya mai da hankali. kungiyoyi a duniya. Haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ce ta 501 (c) (6) wacce aka haɗa a cikin New Jersey kuma ana ba da kuɗaɗe gaba ɗaya ta kuɗaɗen shiga. Manufar haɗin gwiwar ita ce tallafawa bayan kasuwa don samfuran fasaha ta hanyar ba da shawara don gyara dokoki, ƙa'idodi, da manufofi.
Masu ƙera suna kulle kayan aikin su
A maimakon haka, masana'antun sun sami sababbin hanyoyin da za a kulle na'urori a zahiri suna kewaye haƙƙin masu mallakar don gyarawa: ayyuka kamar haɗaɗɗiyar sashi (bangayren na'urar suna serialized kuma ba za a iya musanya su da wasu ba), ya zama sananne a tsakanin masana'antun. Hatta gyare-gyaren da aka fi sani kamar maye gurbin nunin wayar hannu yana haifar da rashin aiki saboda kulle-kullen da aka aiwatar a cikin software. Apple, wanda ke ƙera iPhone misali ya fara taƙaita musanyar nunin nunin nunin faifai da ke farawa da saƙon gargaɗi a kan tsofaffin na'urori zuwa gaba kai tsaye cire fasalin tsaro kamar ID ɗin Fuskar idan ba a musanya nunin ta wurin masana'anta da aka ba da izini ba. Yayin da aka fara fara wannan yanayin a fannin aikin gona ta hanyar masana'antar tarakta John Deere, ya zama wani abu mai yaduwa a cikin na'urorin lantarki a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata.
Amurka
A cikin Amurka haƙƙin gyara da aka samo aikace-aikacen a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jiha sune kamar haka:
Ƙaddamar da doka don dokokin jiha
Dokokin da aka yi niyya don amfani da ikon dokar kasuwanci ta gabaɗaya a cikin jihohi don gyare-gyare na gaba ɗaya na na'urori gami da ɓangaren lantarki na dijital sun dogara ne akan MOU Automotive daga shekara ta 2014. Dokokin samfuri sun nisanci duk wani buƙatu don canza tsarin takaddun bayanai, hanyar isar da sassan da ke akwai, kayan aiki, bincike ko bayanai, ko kowane buƙatu don bayyana kowane sirrin kasuwanci. An ba masu kera damar yin cajin farashi mai ma'ana da ma'ana don sassa na zahiri da kayan aikin, kuma an iyakance su cikin cajin su don bayanin da aka riga aka buga akan layi.
Baya ga ayyukan kungiyar - mutane daban-daban sun tashi tsaye don aiwatar da ayyuka kai tsaye, kamar fara shirye-shiryen kada kuri'a. An shigar da yunƙurin jefa ƙuri'a a Missouri kuma an ba da takaddun haɗawa a kan kuri'ar shekara ta 2022. A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2021, Louis Rossmann ya fara kamfen ɗin tattara kuɗi don tara dala miliyan 6 ta amfani da dandalin GoFundMe don fara shirin jefa ƙuri'a kai tsaye don kare haƙƙin mabukaci don gyara a cikin Commonwealth na Massachusetts, yana ambaton nasarorin da suka gabata a cikin masana'antar kera motoci.
Dokokin ƙasa
Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya (FTC) ta fitar da rahoton "Nixing the Fix" a watan Mayun 2021 ga Majalisa, inda ta bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin kamfanoni da ke iyakance gyare-gyare kan kayan masarufi da ta yi la'akari da cin zarafin dokokin kasuwanci, tare da bayyana matakan da za a iya yi don magance matsalar. yafi tilasta wannan. Wannan ya haɗa da sarrafa kai ta masana'antun da abin ya shafa, da kuma faɗaɗa dokokin da ake da su kamar Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss ko sabbin dokoki don baiwa FTC ingantaccen aiwatarwa don kare masu sayayya daga ƙuntatawa na ƙwazo. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Zartaswa ta shekara ta 14036, "Ingantacciyar Gasa a Tattalin Arzikin Amirka", ɗimbin tsare-tsare a ɓangaren zartarwa. Daga cikin su sun haɗa da umarni ga FTC don ƙirƙira dokoki don hana masana'anta hana gyare-gyaren da masu su ko shagunan gyara masu zaman kansu ke yi. Kimanin makonni biyu bayan da aka ba da EO, FTC ta yi kuri'a na bai daya don tilasta 'yancin yin gyare-gyare a matsayin manufa kuma za ta yi kokarin daukar mataki a kan kamfanonin da ke iyakance irin aikin gyaran da za a iya yi a shaguna masu zaman kansu.
Filin Bonga
Kamfanin Shell Nigeria ne ke kula da filin wanda ya mallaki kashi 55% na lasisin. Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar ci gaban filin su ne Exxon (20%), Nigerian AGIP (12.5%) da Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited (12.5%)
Tarihin filin
Wuri mai nisan 120 km kudu maso yammacin Neja Delta, an fara gano rijiyar farko a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1995 bayan samun bayanai masu yawa game da yankin ta hanyar binciken girgizar ƙasa na 3D a shekarar 1993/1994.
An gano filin na biyu a cikin toshe a cikin watan Mayun 2001 wanda aka sani da Bonga SW, wanda ya ci karo da manyan abubuwan da ake kira hydrocarbons. An gano filin na uku daga baya a cikin shekarar 2004 wanda aka fi sani da Bonga North.
Ci gaban filin
An samar da filin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar teku zuwa wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu da Adana ruwa (FPSO). A yanzu haka akwai rijiyoyin da ake haƙo mai da kuma alluran ruwa guda 16 a filin. Koyaya, za a ƙara wannan zuwa kusan rijiyoyi 40 yayin da aka ƙara haɓaka filin. Saboda girman Bonga SW a halin yanzu ana tunanin zai buƙaci wurin samarwa daban don samar da isasshen filin.
Ana ajiye man da ake haƙowa daga filin jirgin a FPSO don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasuwanni ta cikin motocin dakon mai yayin da ake fitar da iskar gas ta bututun mai zuwa gaɓar tekun Najeriya na LNG.
Masana'antun Samsung Heavy ne suka gina FPSO. Daga nan aka kai shi Newcastle a kan Tyne don shigar da manyan hanyoyin. Ya ƙunshi adadin farko don nau'in sa. Stolt Offshore ya ci kwangilar SURF (Subsea, Umbilicals, Risers, Flowlines) (daga baya aka sake masa suna Acergy kuma yanzu Subsea7). Jirgin ruwa Stolt POLARIS ya shigar da duk layukan ruwa da tsarin teku a cikin yanayin J-Lay da S-Lay pipelay.
Malalar mai a 2011
A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, 2011 wani malalar mai ya faru wanda "mai yiwuwa bai wuce ganga 40,000 ba, ko kuma galan miliyan 1.68 [megalitres 6.4]". Ya haifar da slick mai 115 mi dogon bakin tekun Najeriya. Wataƙila ita ce mafi munin malalar mai a yankin tsawon shekaru goma. Zubewar mai na iya haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli, misali gurbatar ruwa, wanda ke rage yawan kamun kifi da noma, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan masana’antu a Najeriya.
Manazarta
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Ngugi wa Thiong’o
Ngugi wa Thiong'o', asalin sunan James Thiong'o Ngugi, (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1938, Limuru, Kenya), marubuci ɗan Kasar Kenya wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin babban mashahurin marubucin Gabashin Afirka. Weep Not, Child (1964) shine babban littafin na farko a harshen turanci na wani dan Afirka ta Gabas. Yayin da ya fahimci illolin mulkin mallaka a Afirka, Ngugi ya ɗauki sunansa na gargajiya kuma ya rubuta cikin yaren Bantu na mutanen Kikuyu dake Kenya.