cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Harriet Josephine Terry
Terry ya kasance babban malami ne sama da shekaru 30 a matakin kwaleji. Ta yi wahayi zuwa sabbin tsararrun malamai yayin koyar da Ingilishi a Jami'ar A&amp;M na Alabama tsawon shekaru 37. Jami'ar ta ba da sunan zauren mazaunin mata don girmama Terry. Sana'ar koyarwa a dukkan matakai na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙima a cikin jama'ar Afirka-Amurka. An dauki ilimi yana da mahimmanci don ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma an ƙarfafa ɗaliban da suka fi dacewa su shiga koyarwa.
Terry kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru, surorin gida na Alpha Kappa Alpha, da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa.
Rayuwar farko
Harriet Terry ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandaren Cornwall-on-Hudson, a New York a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1906. Ta shiga Jami'ar Howard daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ita ce babbar kwalejin baƙar fata ta tarihi a cikin ƙasar, wanda aka kafa bayan Yaƙin Basasar Amurka. A lokacin kawai 1/3 na 1% na Baƙin Amurkawa kuma kashi 5% kawai na fararen shekarun da suka cancanta sun halarci kowace kwaleji.
Kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha
Mata tara sun kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1908. Terry ya kasance dan shekara biyu wanda shi ma ya nuna sha'awarsa. Saboda kyakkyawan maki, an karɓi ita da wasu da yawa a matsayin "manyan sophomores", ba tare da farawa ba. A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1908, an zaɓi Terry ma'aji na sorority.
An fara bikin ƙaddamar da farko a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, a shekara ta 1909. A cikin fall a shekarar 1909, Terry ya fara a matsayin zababben shugaban sura. Ta rubuta waƙar farawa ta Alpha Kappa Alpha, "Hail Alpha Kappa Alpha Dear."
Harriet Terry kuma an zaɓi Sakataren ajin a shekara ta alif dari tara da goma. a Jami'ar Howard. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi a watan Mayu shekara ta 1910, tare da maida hankali a cikin Latin, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, kimiyyar siyasa, ilmantarwa, tarihi, da ilmin sunadarai.
Sana'a da rayuwar jama'a
Bayan yakin, Terry ya fara koyar da Turanci a Alabama Agricultural & Mechanical College, wanda aka sadaukar da shi don ƙirƙirar sabbin malamai. (Yanzu shine Jami'ar Alabama A&amp;M ). Ta zauna tare da jami'ar sama da shekaru 35, tana ƙarfafa zuri'a. Baya ga koyarwa a babban harabar, Terry ya horar da malaman makarantun gwamnati ta hanyar kwas ɗin Alabama A&M a Athens, Alabama da Limestone, Alabama. Samar da sabbin malamai yana da mahimmanci. Wani bincike a cikin shekarar 1900 ya lura cewa ana buƙatar ninki biyu na malaman Afirka-Afirka don isa ga ɗalibai masu zuwa da cimma daidaito tare da fararen malamai.
Terry ya zama memba na Kungiyoyin Mata na Kasa, sannan ya yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru. Ta kasance memba na sintiri na Chapel na Holy Cross Episcopal Church a Normal, Alabama.
A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Terry ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Alpha Kappa Alpha. A cikin shekarar 1949, ta kafa Epsilon Gamma Omega alumnae babba a cikin Al'ada, Alabama, kuma ta jagorance ta a matsayin shugaban ƙasa.
A cikin shekarar 1959, Terry ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa bayan ya yi aiki a Alabama A&M University na kusan shekaru 40. Ta koma Washington, DC, kuma ta shiga cikin Xi Omega babin ΑΚΑ.
Terry ya ji daɗin tattaunawa game da adabi, sauran tattaunawa mai kyau, littattafai, da fina -finai tare da ɗalibai da abokai. Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta,shekara ta1967.
Daraja
Jami'ar Alabama A&M mai suna Terry Hall, zauren mazaunin mata, don girmama Harriet Terry, saboda sanin yawan gudummawar da ta bayar ga kwalejin.
Gillón
Gillón ta kasan tana ɗaya daga cikin majalisun majalissar 54 a Cangas del Narcea, wata karamar hukuma ce a cikin lardin da kuma yankin Asturias mai cin gashin kanta, a arewacin Spain.
Yawan jama'a 78 (2007).
Pisco Sour
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Pisco mai tsami shine hadaddiyar giyar giya ta asalin Peru wacce ta saba da abinci daga Peru da Chile. Sunan abin sha ya fito ne daga pisco, wanda shine giyar sa ta asali, da kalmar hadaddiyar giyar mai tsami, dangane da ruwan lemu mai tsami da kayan zaki. Ruwan pisco na Peruvian yana amfani da pisco na Peru azaman giyar giya kuma yana ƙara ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami, madara mai sauƙi, kankara, fararen kwai, da haushi na Angostura. Siffar Chile ɗin iri ɗaya ce, amma tana amfani da pisco na Chile da lemun tsami na Pica, kuma yana cire haushi da fararen kwai. Sauran bambance - bambancen hadaddiyar giyar sun haɗa da waɗanda aka kirkira da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar abarba ko tsirrai kamar ganyen coca.
Ko da yake da shiri na pisco-tushen gauraye abubuwan sha yiwu kwanakin baya zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai 1700s, masana tarihi da kuma abin sha masana sun yarda cewa hadaddiyar giyar kamar yadda aka sani a yau aka ƙirƙira a cikin farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s a Lima, babban birnin kasar Peru, da Amirka, ma'aikacin bar Victor Vaughen Morris. Morris ya bar Amurka a shekarar dubu daya da casa'in da uku 1903 don yin aiki a Cerro de Pasco, wani gari a tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da uku 1916, ya buɗe Bar na Morris a Lima, kuma salon saloon ya zama sanannen wuri ga manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Ana samun tsofaffin sanannun ambaton pisco a cikin jaridu da tallan mujallu, tun daga farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s, don Morris da mashayarsa da aka buga a Peru da Chile. Pisco tsami ya sami sauye - sauye da yawa har sai Mario Bruiget, wani mashahurin dan kasar Peru da ke aiki a Barikin Morris, ya kirkiro girke -girke na Peruvian na zamani na hadaddiyar giyar a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 ta ƙara Angostura haushi da fararen kwai zuwa gauraya.
Masu shaye - shayen hadaddiyar giyar suna ɗaukar pisco tsami a matsayin classic Amurka ta Kudu. [upper-alpha 1] Chile da Peru duk suna da'awar pisco tsami a matsayin abin shan su na ƙasa, kuma kowannensu yana tabbatar da ikon mallakar giyar ta barasa-pisco; saboda haka, miyar pisco ta zama muhimmiyar magana da aka saba yin muhawara a kan al'adun Latin Amurka. Kafofin watsa labarai da mashahuran mutane da ke sharhi kan takaddamar sukan bayyana fifikon su don sigar hadaddiyar giyar a kan ɗayan, wani lokacin kawai don haifar da rigima. Wasu masu kera pisco sun lura cewa rigimar tana taimakawa inganta sha’awar abin sha. Nau'ikan pisco guda biyu da bambance -bambancen biyu a cikin salon shirya pisco tsami sun bambanta a cikin samarwa da dandano. Peru tana bikin hutu na shekara -shekara don girmama hadaddiyar giyar yayin Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu.
Suna
A lokaci m yana nufin gauraye drinks dauke da wani tushe sayar da giya (Bourbon, ko wasu sauran wuski), lemun tsami ko lemun tsami ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da kuma wani abun zaki. Pisco yana nufin giyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. Kalmar kamar yadda ake amfani da abin sha ta fito ne daga tashar Pisco ta Peru. A cikin littafin Latin Amurka da Caribbean, masanin tarihi Olwyn Blouet da masanin tarihin ƙasa Brian Blouet sun bayyana ci gaban gonakin inabi a farkon mulkin mallaka na Peru da yadda a cikin rabin rabin karni na goma sha shida kasuwar sayar da giya ta samo asali daga buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyukan ma'adinai. a cikin Andes. Buƙatar da ke biyo baya don ƙara ƙarfin abin sha ya sa Pisco da garin Ica da ke kusa suka kafa abubuwan shaye -shaye "don yin ruwan inabi ya zama ruwan inabi," kuma samfurin ya sami sunan tashar jiragen ruwa daga inda aka murƙushe shi kuma aka fitar da shi.
Bayan Fage
An kawo kurangar inabi ta farko zuwa Peru jim kaɗan bayan da Spain ta ci ta a ƙarni na sha shida 16. Masu tarihin Spain daga lokacin da aka lura da yin ruwan inabi na farko a Kudancin Amurka ya faru a cikin hacienda Marcahuasi na Cuzco. An kafa manyan gonakin inabi na 16 da 17 na Amurka a kwarin Ica na kudu maso tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarun dubu daya da dari biyar da arbai'in 1540, Bartolomé de Terrazas da Francisco de Carabantes sun dasa gonakin inabi a Peru. Carabantes kuma sun kafa gonakin inabi a Ica, daga inda Mutanen Spain daga Andalucia da Extremadura suka gabatar da inabi zuwa Chile.
Tuni a cikin karni na sha shida16, mazaunan Spain a Chile da Peru sun fara samar da aguardiente  distilled daga inabi mai ɗaci. Tun aƙalla shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai da sittin da hudu 1764, an kira aguardiente na Peru "pisco" bayan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa;  amfani da sunan "pisco" don aguardiente sannan ya bazu zuwa Chile. Hakkin samarwa da siyar da pisco, wanda har yanzu ana yi a Peru da Chile, shine batun takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.
A cewar masanin tarihi Luciano Revoredo, shirya pisco tare da dabino na lemo har zuwa karni na sha takwas 18. Ya dogara da da'awar sa akan wata majiya da aka samo a cikin Mercurio Peruano wanda yayi cikakken bayanin haramcin aguardiente a Lima's Plaza de toros de Acho, mafi tsufa a Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ana kiran abin sha Punche ( Punch ), kuma bayi ne suka sayar da shi. Revoredo ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa wannan abin sha ya kasance magabaci na pisco na Californian, wanda Duncan Nicol ya ƙirƙira a Barikin Bankin San Francisco, California. Dangane da shirin labarai na dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya 1921 daga Jagoran Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, wata jaridar Turanci daga Peru, sanannu a gundumar Barbary Coast ta San Francisco sanannu ne ga Pisco Sours a lokacin "tsoffin ranakun kafin Volstead ." Kwararren mai dafa abinci Duggan McDonnell yayi la’akari da cewa wannan yana danganta shahara (ba asali) na hadaddiyar giyar pisco a San Francisco tun daga farkon girgizar ƙasa ta 1906 da ta lalata Barbary Coast. A girke-girke na pisco-based punch, gami da fararen kwai, mai binciken Nico Vera ya samo shi a cikin littafin girki na Peruvian Manual de Cocina a la Criolla ; saboda haka, McDonnell yayi la'akari da cewa "[i] t yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya cewa 'Cocktail' wanda ya zama ɗan tsami na pisco ... an shirya shi na ɗan lokaci a Lima kafin a haɗa shi cikin littafin dafa abinci. ”
Asali
Tushen pisco ya samo asali ne a Lima, Peru. Victor Vaughen Morris, Ba'amurke ne ya ƙirƙiro shi daga gidan Mormon mai daraja na zuriyar Welsh, wanda ya koma Peru a 1904 don yin aiki a kamfanin jirgin ƙasa a Cerro de Pasco. Baƙin Amurkawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa cibiyar hakar ma'adinai ta Andean na Cerro de Pasco, sannan birni na biyu mafi girma a Peru, don yin aiki a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda attajirin nan Alfred W. McCune ya kafa. Morris, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kantin kayan fure a Salt Lake City, ya shiga aikin McCune don gina abin da ya kasance mafi girman layin dogo a duniya da sauƙaƙe fitar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe na birni. A yayin bikin kammala aikin jirgin kasa a watan Yuli na 1904, Morris, wanda aka dorawa alhakin kula da bukukuwan, ya tuno da fara hada pisco a cikin abin sha bayan kusan mahalarta dubu biyar 5,000 na Amurka da na Peru (ciki har da mashahuran mutane da manyan mutane) sun cinye duk wadataccen wuski.
Morris ya ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Peru, Lima, tare da matarsa Peruvian da yara uku a dubu daya da dari tara da sha biyar 1915. Bayan shekara guda, ya buɗe gidan cin abinci —Morris 'Bar-wanda ya zama sananne ga duka manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Morris, wanda galibi yana gwada sabbin abubuwan sha, ya haɓaka miyar pisco azaman bambance -bambancen miyar wuski. Masanin tarihin Chilean Gonzalo Vial Correa shima ya danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Gringo Morris daga Barris na Morris na Peru, amma tare da ƙaramin bambanci na sanya masa suna William Morris.
Akwai wasu bambance -bambance a kan ainihin ranar da Morris ya kirkiro mashahurin hadaddiyar giyar. Masanin ilimin halittu Dale DeGroff ya tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙira abin sha a cikin 1915, amma wasu kafofin suna jayayya cewa wannan ya faru a cikin 1920s. Jaridar yanar gizo ta Chile El Mercurio Online musamman ta musanta cewa masana tarihi sun danganta shekarar ƙirƙirar abin sha kamar 1922, yana mai ƙara da cewa "a cikin dare Morris ya ba abokansa mamaki da sabon abin sha wanda ya kira pisco m, ƙa'idar da ta haɗa pisco na Peru tare da tsami na Amurka" (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " Una noche Morris sorprendió a sus amigos con una nueva bebida a la que llamó pisco sour, una fórmula que funde lo peruano del pisco con el 'sour' estadounidense. " ). Abin girke -girke na farko na tsami na Pisco shine na hadaddiyar giyar mai sauƙi. A cewar mai binciken Peruvian Guillermo Toro-Lira, "ana ɗauka cewa ɗanɗano ne na pisco tare da ruwan lemun tsami da sukari, kamar yadda wuski mai tsami na waɗannan kwanakin." Yayin da girke -girke na hadaddiyar giyar ke ci gaba da haɓaka, rajistar mashaya ta nuna cewa abokan ciniki sun yi tsokaci kan ci gaba da inganta ɗanɗanon abin sha. Mario Bruiget, ɗan ƙasar Peru daga Chincha Alta wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin aikin Morris wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1924 ya haɓaka sigar girkin na Peruvian na zamani. Abincin Bruiget ya ƙara haushin Angostura da fararen kwai a gauraya. 'Yar jarida Erica Duecy ta rubuta cewa bidi'ar Bruiget ta kara da "sifa mai sarkakiya da kumfar kai" a cikin hadaddiyar giyar.
Morris yayi amfani da tallace -tallace don haɓaka mashayarsa da ƙirƙirarsa. Tsohuwar sanannen ambaton ruwan pisco ya bayyana a cikin fitowar Satumba 1920 na mujallar Peru ta Hogar. Wani tsohon talla ya bayyana a cikin Afrilu 22, 1921, bugun mujallar Peru Mundial. A cikin mujallar, ba wai kawai aka bayyana tsami na pisco a matsayin abin sha mai launin fari ba, amma abin da aka ƙirƙira an danganta shi da "Mister Morris." Daga baya, a cikin 1924, tare da taimakon abokin Morris Nelson Rounsevell, mashaya ta yi tallan yankinta da ƙira a Valparaíso, Chile. Talla ta fito a cikin jaridar Valparaíso South Pacific Mail, mallakar Rounsevell. A shekara ta 1927, Bar Bar na Morris ya sami babban fa'ida ga hadaddiyar giyar sa, musamman tsami na pisco. Brad Thomas Parsons ya rubuta cewa "rajista a Morris Bar ya cika da babban yabo daga baƙi waɗanda suka yi tsokaci game da abin sa hannu."
Yaɗa
Bayan lokaci, gasa daga sandunan kusa da tabarbarewar lafiyar Victor Morris ya haifar da koma baya da faduwar sana'arsa. Saboda tsarin mulkinsa da ke taɓarɓarewa, Morris ya ba da mafi yawan mashaya zuwa ga ma'aikatansa. Ƙari ga matsalar, masu fafatawa a kusa, kamar Hotel Bolívar da Hotel Lima Country Club, suna da sanduna waɗanda suka kwace abokan ciniki daga Bar na Morris. Bugu da ƙari, Toro-Lira ya gano cewa Morris ya zargi hudu daga cikin tsoffin mashawartansa na satar dukiyar ilimi bayan sun tafi aiki a ɗayan waɗannan cibiyoyin gasa. A cikin 1929, Morris ya ba da sanarwar fatarar kuɗi kuma ya rufe gidan saloon. Bayan 'yan watanni, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, Victor Vaughen Morris ya mutu sakamakon cirrhosis. Masanin tarihi Luis Alberto Sánchez ya rubuta cewa, bayan Morris ya rufe mashayarsa, wasu daga cikin mashayan sa sun bar aiki a wasu wuraren. Bruiget ya fara aiki a matsayin mashaya don Grand Hotel Maury da ke kusa, inda ya ci gaba da hidimar girkinsa na tsami. Nasarar da ya samu tare da abin sha ya haifar da al'adar baka ta Limean na gida don haɗa otal ɗin Maury a matsayin asalin gidan pisco tsami. Sánchez, wanda a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma yana yawan ziyartar Barikin Morris, ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa cewa wasu daga cikin masu koyon Morris, Leonidas Cisneros Arteta da Augusto Rodríguez, sun buɗe sandunan nasu.
Kamar yadda sauran tsoffin masu koyon Morris suka sami aiki a wani wuri, su ma sun ba da girke -girke na tsami na pisco. Tun aƙalla 1927, pisco sours ya fara sayar da shi a Chile, musamman a Club de la Unión, babban kulob na manyan mutane a cikin gari Santiago. A cikin shekarun 1930, abin sha ya shiga California, ya isa sanduna har zuwa arewacin birnin San Francisco. Restaurateur Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr., yana tunawa da hidimar pisco sours a ainihin tiki mashawarci Vic a Oakland, a 1934, ga matafiyi wanda ya karanta labarin hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mujallar Life. Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, hadaddiyar giyar kuma ta sami hanyar zuwa New York.
Beatriz Jiménez, ɗan jarida daga jaridar El Mundo ta Spain, ya nuna cewa a cikin Peru, otal -otal na alfarma na Lima sun karɓi tsami na pisco a matsayin nasu a cikin 1940s. Bonanza na mai ya ja hankalin Peru zuwa ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. A cikin littafin jagorar sa na 1943 wanda ke haɓaka "fahimtar ɗan adam tsakanin Amurka" a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, mai bincike Earl Parker Hanson ya rubuta cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke zaune a Peru sun fifita pisco da "sanannen tsami". Daga cikin baƙi baƙi zuwa Lima akwai shahararrun 'yan wasan Hollywood waɗanda sha'awar pisco ta burge su. Jiménez ya tuno al'adun baka na da'awar Ava Gardner mai cutarwa dole John Wayne ya ɗauke shi bayan ya sha sours na pisco da yawa. An ce Ernest Hemingway da Orson Welles sun kasance manyan magoya bayan abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "abin sha na Peruvian." A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ray Milland ya tuna shan abin shan giya a Fadar Gwamnatin Lima a lokacin shugabancin Bustamante na 1940s, da farko ya gano shi "abin sha mai ban sha'awa" sannan, bayan ya gabatar da "kyakkyawan jawabin sadaukarwa" wanda nasa nasa ya danganta da nasa. hadaddiyar giyar, wacce ake kira da suna "ƙaƙƙarfan tsami mai tsami."
A cikin 1969, Sánchez ya rubuta cewa Hotel Maury har yanzu yana ba da "ingantaccen" Pisco Sour daga Bar na Morris. Pan American World Airways ya haɗa da tsami na pisco a cikin ɓangaren shawarwarin sha don bugun littafin littafin Encyclopedia of Travel na 1978, yana gargadin matafiya zuwa Peru cewa "[t] tsami mai tsini yana da laifi, amma yana da ƙarfi." jaridar Bolivia Ted Córdova Claure ya rubuta, a cikin 1984, cewa Hotel Bolívar ya tsaya a matsayin abin tunawa ga lalacewar oligarchy na Peru (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " Este hotel es un monumento a la decadencia de la oligarquía peruana. " ). Ya lura da yankin a matsayin gidan gargajiya na tsami na pisco kuma ya ba da shawarar a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun otal a Lima. A zamanin yau, Otal ɗin Bolivar yana ci gaba da ba da hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mashayar ta "El Bolivarcito", yayin da Country Club Lima Hotel ke ba da abin sha a cikin "Barikin Ingilishi".
Shiri da bambance -bambancen karatu
Tsami na pisco yana da hanyoyi uku na shiri. Ana yin hadaddiyar giyar ruwan pisco ta Peru ta hanyar hada pisco na Peru tare da Key ruwan lemun tsami, syrup mai sauƙi, farin kwai, Angostura bitters (don ado ), da kankara. An samar da hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Chile ta gauraya Pisco na Chile tare da ruwan limón de Pica, sukari foda, da kankara. Daniel Joelson, marubucin abinci da mai sukar abinci, ya bayar da hujjar cewa babban banbanci tsakanin nau'ikan pisco mai tsami "shine 'yan Peru gabaɗaya sun haɗa da fararen kwai, yayin da mutanen Chile ba sa yin hakan." Siffar daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa, wacce ta lissafa tsami na pisco a cikin “ Sabbin Abubuwa na Zamani ,” yayi kama da na Peru, amma tare da banbancin cewa yana amfani da ruwan lemun tsami, maimakon ruwan lemun tsami, kuma baya rarrabe tsakanin su biyun. daban -daban na pisco.
Akwai bambance -bambance masu yawa a cikin pisco da ake amfani da su a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. A cewar masanin abinci da giya Mark Spivak, bambancin yana cikin yadda ake samar da abubuwan sha biyu; alhali "Pisco na Chilean ana samarwa da yawa," sigar Peruvian "an yi ta cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi." Masanin tarihin hadaddiyar giyar Andrew Bohrer ya mai da hankali kan kwatancensa akan ɗanɗano, yana mai cewa "[i] n Peru, an yi pisco a cikin tukunya har yanzu, an cika shi da hujja, kuma ba ta tsufa; yayi kama da grappa . A Chile, ana yin pisco a cikin ginshiƙi har yanzu kuma yana tsufa cikin itace; yayi kamanceceniya da ɗan ƙaramin haske. ” Masanin ilimin tsirrai na ƙasar Chile Patricio Tapia ya ƙara da cewa yayin da masu samar da pisco na Chilean ke haɗe hannun inabi, masu kera Peru suna da takamaiman nau'ikan pisco waɗanda ke amfani da ƙanshin inabi irin su Yellow Muscat da Italia . Tapia ya kammala wannan shine dalilin da yasa kwalaben pisco na Peru suna nuna shekarar girbin su kuma sigar Chile ba.
Bambance -bambancen ruwan pisco ya wanzu a Peru, Bolivia, da Chile. Akwai gyare -gyare na hadaddiyar giyar a cikin Peru ta amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar maracuya (wanda aka fi sani da' ya'yan itacen sha'awa), aguaymanto, da tuffa, ko kayan gargajiya irin su ganyen coca. Lima's Hotel Bolivar yana ba da babban sigar hadaddiyar giyar, mai suna pisco catedral catedral, wanda aka ƙirƙira don baƙi da ke zuwa da sauri daga babban cocin Katolika na kusa. A cikin Chile, bambance -bambancen sun haɗa da Ají Sour (tare da barkono kore mai yaji), Mango Sour (tare da ruwan mangoro ), da Sour de Campo (tare da ginger da zuma). A Bolivia, bambancin Yunqueño (daga yankin Yungas ) ya maye gurbin lemun tsami da ruwan lemu.
Shahara
Duggan McDonnell ya bayyana pisco tsami a matsayin "mafi kyawun hadaddiyar giyar Latin Amurka, mai kaushi, daidaitacce, mai haske amma mai wadata," ya kara da cewa "Barkeeps a duk Arewacin California za su tabbatar da cewa sun girgiza da yawa Pisco tsami. Ita ce hadaddiyar giyar farin zaƙi kuma mafi ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya ". 'Yar jaridar Ostireliya Kate Schneider ta rubuta cewa miyan pisco" ya shahara sosai cewa akwai bikin ranar Pisco Sour International a ranar Asabar ta farko a watan Fabrairu kowane shekara, kazalika da shafin Facebook wanda ke da abubuwan so sama da 600,000. " A cewar ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Chile Rolando Hinrichs Oyarce, maigidan gidan cin abinci a Spain, "Pisco tsami yana da ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar Cebiche, don haka ba a san su sosai ba" (Mutanen Espanya: " El pisco sour es bastante internacional, al igual que el cebiche, por lo tanto no son tan desconocidos "). A cikin 2003, Peru ta ƙirƙiri " Día Nacional del Pisco Sour " (National Pisco Sour Day), ranar hutu ta gwamnati da aka yi bikin ranar Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu. Yayin Taron Shugabannin Tattalin Arzikin APEC na 2008, Peru ta inganta pisco mai tsami tare da karbuwa sosai. An ba da rahoton hadaddiyar giyar ita ce mafi kyawun abin sha ga masu halarta, galibi shugabanni, 'yan kasuwa, da wakilai.
Jayayya ta asali
Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Victor Vaughen Morris a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira hadaddiyar giyar pisco. Duk da haka, labarin asalin hadaddiyar giyar yana da rikitarwa tare da binciken da ke nuna akasin haka. Dangane da girke - girke daga littafin girki na Peruvian 1903 Manual de Cocina a la Criolla, mai bincike Nico Vera yayi la'akari da cewa "asalin Pisco Sour na iya zama hadaddiyar giyar gargajiya da aka yi a Lima sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata." Bisa ga clipping daga 1921 West Coast Jagoran labarai article, McDonnell gan shi yiwu cewa pisco m iya samun zahiri samo asali a San Francisco, la'akari da bugu da žari da cewa a lokacin wannan lokaci da birnin samu wani "fashe na hadaddiyar giyar kerawa," da wuski m hadaddiyar giyar "yana da yalwa da yawa," da "gaskiyar cewa an sanar da Pisco a matsayin ruhu na musamman" a cikin birni. . Don kare Morris, ɗan jarida Rick Vecchio yayi la'akari da cewa "koda akwai wani abu mai kama da wanda ya riga ya kasance" ga hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Morris, bai kamata a yi shakkar cewa "shine farkon wanda ya fara hidima, ingantawa da kammala abin da aka sani yau ba. kamar yadda Pisco Sour. " McDonnell kuma yayi la'akari da cewa, ba tare da la’akari da ainihin asalin sa ba, pisco m "na Peru ne." A cewar marubucin al'adu Saxon Baird, fashewa don girmama Morris yana tsaye a gundumar Lima ta Santiago de Surco "a matsayin shaida ga gudummawar Morris ga al'adun Peru na zamani da ƙasar da ya kira gida fiye da rabin rayuwarsa."
Duk da wannan, akwai takaddama mai gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru game da asalin tsami na pisco. A Chile, wani labari na gida ya ɓullo a cikin 1980s yana danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Elliot Stubb, wakilin Ingilishi daga jirgin ruwa mai suna Sunshine. Tarihin ɗan ƙasar Chile kuma masanin tarihi Oreste Plath ya ba da gudummawa ga yada almara ta hanyar rubuta cewa, a cewar jaridar Peru ta El Comercio de Iquique, a cikin 1872, bayan samun izinin sauka, Stubb ya buɗe mashaya a tashar Iquique ta Peru a lokacin kuma ya ƙirƙira pisco tsami yayin gwaji da abin sha. [upper-alpha 6] Duk da haka, mai bincike Toro-Lira yayi jayayya cewa labarin ya ƙaryata ne bayan da aka gano El Comercio de Iquique yana nufin ainihin abin da aka ƙera na ƙoshin wuski. Labarin Elliot Stubb da zarginsa da ƙirƙira ƙusar ƙushin wuski a Iquique shima ana samunsa a cikin littafin 1962 da Jami'ar Cuyo, Argentina. Wani bayani daga labarin jaridar yana da Elliot Stubb yana mai cewa, "Daga yanzu ... wannan zai zama abin sha na yaƙi, abin sha da na fi so, kuma za a sa masa suna Whiskey Sour "(a cikin Mutanen Espanya:" En adelante dijo Elliot - éste será mi trago de batalla, - mi trago favorito -, y se llamará Whiskey " Gishiri. ").
Wasu masu kera pisco sun bayyana cewa takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru na taimakawa haɓaka sha'awar giya da takaddamar nuna yanayin ƙasa.
A cikin 2010, mawaƙin Mexico-mawaƙa Aleks Syntek ya sanya dariya a shafin Twitter cewa pisco tsami ɗan ƙasar Chile ne, kuma bayan ya karɓi martani mai mahimmanci ga furucinsa, ya nemi afuwa kuma ya ambaci cewa wasa kawai yake yi. Mai watsa shirye -shiryen gidan talabijin na Mexico kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Adal Ramones shi ma ya yi barkwanci game da tsami na pisco, dangane da badaƙalar leƙen asirin Chile -Peru ta 2009, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Ramones, mai son Pisco na Peru, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da leƙen asirin, ya tambayi abin da 'yan Chile ke leƙen asiri a cikin Peru, yana ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama yadda ake yin tsami (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ¿Qué quieren espiar los chilenos? Ó Cómo hacer pisco tsami? " ). A cikin 2017, lokacin da aka gaya wa miyan pisco "cikakken ɗan Chile ne" ta wani mai yin hira a gidan rediyon Chile, mawaƙin Burtaniya Ed Sheeran ya yi sharhi cewa ya fi son ɗanɗano pisco na Peru.
Muhammadu Bello
Tarihi
Matar Usman Danfodio ta hudu ce ta haifi Muhammad Bello, wacce aka fi sani da Hauwa ko Inna Garka, a shekarar ta 1781 Kaman sauran 'yan uwansa, yana cikin karatun da mahaifinsa ya jagoranta a Degel har zuwa lokacin da aka fitar da dangi da wasu mabiyan. a cikin shekara ta 1804. A shekarar 1809, Bello ne ya dauki nauyin kafuwar Sakkwato wanda zai zama babban birni ga mahaifinsa ya ci kasashen Hausa a yakin Fulani (1804-1810).
Yawancin 'yan uwansa sun sadaukar da mahimmin lokaci su don kokarin karatu kuma sun shahara sosai game da wannan. Fitattun daga cikinsu sune 'yar uwarsa Nana Asma'u, mawakiya kuma malama, da Abu Bakr Atiku, wanda zai gaje shi a matsayin Sultan.
Sarauta
Bayan yakin Fulanin, Kalifancin Sakkwato na daya daga cikin manya-manyan jihohi a Afirka kuma ya gunshi kimbin yawan Fulani da Hausawa. Usman dan Fodio ya yi kokarin danne tsarin Hausa sosai, gami da shugabanci na gargajiya, ilimi, da yare. Usman ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin jihar a shekarar 1815 kuma ya sanya Muhammad Bello a kan wasu masarautu na yamma da Daularb Khulafa. Bello ya Jagoranci wannan Masarautar ne daga garin Wurno kusa da Sokoto.
Bayan Mutuwar Dan-Fodio, an jefa Kalifanci cikin rudani lokacin da magoya bayan Bello suka zagaye tare da rufe kofofin Sakkwato, suna hana sauran fitattun masu gwagwarmaya zuwa ofishin Halifa (ciki har da kawun Bello Abdullahi Ibn Fodio) shiga garin. Halifancin daga karshe ya rabu zuwa bangarori hudu na cin gashin kai wanda bangarorin kawun Bello ne kawai ke mulki; Ya kamata Abdullahi Ibn Fodiyo ya gane kuma ya yi wa Bello mubaya'a.
Sultan Bello ya fuskanci kalubale na farko daga shugabannin da ba su yarda da shi ba da kuma sarakunan Fulani da na Hausawa. Ya bambanta da mahaifinsa, gwamnatinsa ta fi yarda da tsarin kasar Hausa da yawa wadanda suka kasance a gabanin halifancin. Ga jama'ar Fulanin, wadanda suka kasance makiyaya ne kafin wannan lokaci, Bello ya karfafa sasantawa ta dindindin game da kaddarar da aka tsara tare da makarantu, masallatai, kagarai, da sauran gine-gine. Koda yake wannan yunƙurin ya kawo karshen adawar da yawa, amma wasu jagororin barna kamar 'Abd al-Salam da Dan Tunku sun ci gaba da haifar da adawa ga mulkin nasa da wuri. Dan Tunku ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban mai adawa a matsayin shugaban masarautar Kazaure. Duk da cewa Dan Tunku ya yi yaki tare da mahaifinsa a yakin Fulani, lokacin da Bello ya nada Ibrahim Dabo Sarkin Kano a 1819, Dan Tunku ya shirya dakaru masu adawa a juyin juya hali. Bello ya taimaki Ibrahim Dabo wajen fatattakar sojojin Dan Tunku da kuma gina manyan katanga a duk yankin da Dan Tunku ya jawo ikonsa.
Bayan kawo karshen wasu adawa na farko, Sultan ya mayar da hankali kan karfafa gwamnatinsa sannan a duk fadin masarautar tare da manyan gine-gine, sasantawa, da tsarin adalci na bai daya. Wani mahimmin al'amari da ya fadada daga mahaifinsa, ya fadada ilimin maza da mata sosai. 'Yar uwarsa, Nana Asma'u, ta zama muhimmiyar hanyar fadada ilimi ga mata ta zama muhimmiyar malama kuma mai cudanya da matan karkara don karfafa ilimi.
A lokacin mulkin Muhammad Bello, El Hadj Umar Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur nan gaba, ya zauna a Sakkwato bayan dawowarsa daga Makka a shekarar 1822. Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Bello ya yi tasiri a kan Umar Tall sosai kamar yadda ya bayyana ta hanyar yabo da Tall ya yi wa Sarkin a cikin rubuce-rubucen nasa. Don tabbatar da kawance na dindindin, Sultan Bello ya aurar da daya daga cikin ‘yarsa ga Haj Umar wanda ya ci gaba da zama a Sokoto a matsayin alkali (qadi), kuma a matsayin babban kwamanda a rundunar sojan kasa har zuwa mutuwar Muhammadu Bello.
Ziyara
Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci kotun Muhammadu Bello a shekarar 1824, kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da karamci da hankali na Sarkin Musulmi.Clapperton ya gamsu sosai da rubuce-rubucen da Bello yake da shi da kuma cikakken iliminsa game da binciken Burtaniya a Indiya. A 1826, Clapperton ya dawo ziyarar ta biyu,amma Bello bai barshi ya tsallaka iyaka ba saboda yaki da Daular Bornu kuma Clapperton yayi rashin lafiya ya mutu. .
A shekarar alib 1836,masarautar Gobir ta yi wa mulkin Sakkwato tawaye.Sultan Muhammed Bello ya tattara rundunarsa ya murkushe ta a ranar 9 ga Maris 1836 a Yaƙin Gawakuke. .
Yayin da yake mulki,ya ci gaba da manyan abubuwan neman ilimi, akasari tarihi da shayari. Infaku'l Maisuri (Hakkin Hakimai) galibi ana daukarsa tabbataccen tarihin yake-yake na Fulani da daular mahaifinsa. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce ɗaruruwan tarihi kan tarihi, karatun addinin Musulunci, da kuma waƙoƙi a lokacin rayuwarsa. .
Mutuwa
Ya mutu ne sanadiyyar dabi'a, yana da shekara 58, 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alib 1837 a Wurno dake garin sokoto, Nijeriya. kuma dan uwansa Abu Bakr Atiku ne ya gaje shi a matsayin Sultan.
Nyma Akashat Zibiri
Shaharriya ce wajen aikin ta.
Rayuwa
Ta kammala karatun lauya a jami'ar Lagos, sannan aka kira ta zuwa Lauyan Najeriya.
Musulmi mai bin addini, Nihmatallah Akashat ta bayyana cewa " Hijabi na shine ainihi ". An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta shiga talabijin ta hanyar son ƙara wakilcin Musulmi a cikin watsa labarai. Tunda ta kalli Ra'ayinku tun kafuwarta, ta nema kuma aka ɗauke ta aiki bayan an nuna tallan don wata ƙungiyar musulma da zata ɗauki bakuncin.
Akashat Zibri ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin lauya. A cikin 2016 ta haɗu da wani kamfanin lauyoyi, Cynosure Practice barristers da lauyoyi, inda ta kasance babban abokiyarta.
Yusuf Abdullahi Falgore
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haifesh a garin Falgore, na karamar hukumar Rogo, Jihar Kano a Najeriya.
Yayi makarantar Falgore Central primary a shekarar 1963 – 1969 sannan ya halarci Gwarzo Senior Primary School. Daga nan ya wuce Kwalejin Malamai ta Bichi a shekarar 1970 kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1974.
Daga 1975 – 1978 ya halarci Makarantar Advance Teachers College, Zariya, ya kuma fito da takardar shaidar karatu ta kasa (NCE). Daga nan ya wuce Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar (1981 – 1983) don yin digiri a fannin Ilimi.
Aiki
Kafin ya shiga siyasa Yusuf Falgore ma’aikaci ne a ma’aikatar ilimi ta jihar Kano.
Siyasa
An zabi Falgore a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukuma batare da Jam’iyya ba, sannan ya zama Shugaban riko (Sau biyu) 1991 – 1993, 2002 – 2003 bi da bi. An zabe shi a matsayin dan Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar kano sau biyu, 2011 – 2015 sai 2015 – 2019 bi da bi, kuma ya rike kakakin majalisar jahar kano na yan watanni kafin a tsigeshi a maye gurbinsa da Gambo Sallau a shekarar 2011.
Superstar (2015 fim)
Superstar fim ne na Nollywood wanda wani ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka haifaffen Najeriya ne furodusa Toni Abulu shugaban kamfanin Black Ivory Limited, wani kamfanin nishaɗi da ya shafe shekaru 30 a harkar fim ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim ɗin yana nuna labarin wani mawakin Najeriya (Tekno) wanda ya yi gwagwarmaya a masana'antar kiɗan Najeriya. An ƙaddamar da fim ɗin a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2015 ta hanyar rarrabawar Silverbird. Fim din ya hada da matasa mawakan Najeriya Tekno da Iyanya wanda ya zama wasn kwaikwayonsu na farko da ya fito a shirye shiryen talabijin.
Tsokaci
Tekno ya fito (a matsayin Modele ko Dele) da abokinsa ( manajansa, Ovie) a cikin fim ɗin sun daina karatu daga jami'a don yin sana'ar kiɗa. Dole ne ya fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa da suka fara daga danginsa waɗanda ba su yarda da ra'ayin sana'ar kiɗa ba. Tekno ya ci karo da wata dama ta gabatar da wani faifan bidiyo ga wani furodusa dan Amurka da ke neman hazikan matasa a Najeriya. An fito da Toyin Aimakhu a cikin fim din a matsayin mahaifiyar Tekno kuma shine karo na farko da ta fara yin rawar turanci jn a fim.
'Yan wasan shirin
Manyan jaruman fim din su ne;
Kewaye da Uthman
Mutuwar Uthman tana da tasirin gaske a duniyar Musulmi a lokacin. Ba a gabatar da tambayoyi ba game da halinsa da manufofinsa kawai ba, har ma da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Musulmi da jihar, da abubuwan da suka shafi addini game da tawaye da shugabanci, da kuma cancantar yin mulki a cikin Islama.
Bango
Masu adawa da Uthman sun kewaye shi da dalilai da yawa, manyan wadannan sune nadin danginsa Banu Umayya, a matsayin gwamnonin manyan lardunan musulinci. Rashin gamsuwa da tsarin mulkinsa da gwamnatocin da ya nada ba su takaita ga lardunan da ke wajen Arabiya ba. Lokacin da dan uwan Uthman, musamman Marwan, ya sami galaba a kansa, Uthman ya rasa ikonsa na khalifanci da sahabbai da dama, ciki har da mafi yawan membobin majalisar zaba, sun janye goyon bayansu gare shi.
Tawaye
Rashin yarda a karshe ya haifar da tawaye a Misira, Kufa da Basra. Lokacin da yan tawayen Masar suka taru kusa da Madina, Uthman ya nemi Ali ya yi magana da su. Wakilan hijirar da Ali ya jagotanta tare da wakilan Ansar karkashin jagorancin Muhammad dan Maslamah sun gamu da gamsassu da komawarsu ta hanyar yi musu alkawarin da sunan bada tallafi ga duk damuwar su da amincewa dasu a matsayin masu bada garantin. Saboda sasantawa da Uthman ya yi, 'yan tawayen sun koma baya. Yayin da yan tawayen suka koma Masar, wani jami'in leda ya same su daga Madina, wanda suka iske wata wasikar wacce ake zargin tana dauke da tambarin wakilcin Halifa Uthman. Wasikar ta umarci gwamnan na Masar ya kashe bangaren 'yan tawayen da zarar ta dawo gida. Masana tarihi yanzu suna ganin wasikar ba Uthman ne ya kawo ta ba, amma sakatarenta, Marwan dan Al-Hakam. Koyaya, da gano abin da wasikar ta kunsa, nan da nan sai partyyan tawayen suka fara kewaye sojojin.
Farkon Kewaye
Lokacin da 'yan tawayen Masar suka koma Madina, abin haushi da wasikar hukuma da ke ba da umarnin hukunta shugabanninsu, babban alkalin alkawaran Uthman ya nemi ya yi magana da' yan tawayen kai tsaye. Uthman ya karyata duk wani ilimi game da wasikar kuma Ali da Muhammad dan Maslamah sun tabbatar da hakan. Amma a wannan lokacin zabin da 'yan tawayen suka gabatar sun nuna murabus ne ko kuma watsi da Uthman da kuma zabi wani halifa. Yayin da rikici ya barke Ali ya bar su. Ali da alama ya fashe da Uthman cikin bacin rai saboda gazawarsa ta karya tasirin Marwan akan kalifa. Ali ya shiga tsakani ne kawai bayan an sanar da shi cewa ‘yan tawayen suna hana isar da ruwa ga kalifa. Yayi kokarin rage tsananin karfin siegin daga nacewa cewa a bar Uthman ya sami ruwa. Ali ya je har ma da tura 'ya'yan nasa don kare gidan Uthman lokacin da yake cikin hatsarin za a kai masa hari. 'Yan tawayen sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da hakan kuma sun keta alfarma sakamakon hakan.
Adireshin Uthman a Masallacin Annabi
A ranar juma'ar farko bayan da aka kewaye shi, Uthman yayi jawabi ga ikilisiya a masallacin. Bayan yabon Allah da albarka da fatan aminci ga Muhammad, Uthman ya gayyato hankalin mutane zuwa ga umarni a cikin Alqur’ani da ke bukatar mutane su yi biyayya ga Allah da ManzonSa, da wadanda ke da iko a cikinsu. Ya lura cewa an umarci musulmai da su sasanta dukkan al'amura ta hanyar yin shawarwari da juna. Ya ce ya bude kofofin yin shawarwari a bude. Dukkanin zarge-zargen da aka yi a kansa an yi bayanin shi sosai kuma ya nuna ba shi da gaskiya. Ya bayyana a shirye yake don magance korafin mutane na gaskiya, in da akwai. Ya lura cewa a karkashin yanayin da wasu mutane ba su sassaka ba don su haifar da hargitsi a cikin Makka. Ya ce baya tsoron mutuwa, amma baya son musulmai da laifin zubar da jini. A gareshi hadin kan al'ummar musulmin yayi matukar kauna kuma domin a sami sabani tsakanin musulmai ya umarci magoya bayan sa da su guji tashin hankali. Ya so mutane su ji tsoron Allah kuma kada su sanya hannu cikin ayyukan tauyin addinin Islama. Ya yi nuni da cewa kasashen ketare da suke yin fatali da su a karkashin nasarar da suka samu daga hannun musulmai sun tallafawa wasu makirci don murkushe addinin Musulunci. Ya gargadi mutane da kar su yi wasa a hannun makiya Musulunci. Ya yi kira ga ‘yan tawayen da su yi ritaya daga Madina. Ya so mutanen Madina su goyi bayan gaskiya da adalci da kuma hana goyon bayansu ga rebelsyan tawayen da suka lafazin barna. Da tafiyar mahajjata daga Madina zuwa Makka, an kara karfafa hannun 'yan tawayen kuma a sakamakon hakan rikicin ya kara ta'azzara. 'Yan tawayen sun san cewa bayan aikin hajji, musulmai suka taru a Makka, daga kowane bangare na duniyar musulmi, za su yi tafiya zuwa Madina don tallafawa Halifa. Don haka suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki a kan Uthman kafin aikin hajjin ya kare. Yana da alaƙa da cewa yayin juyin juya halin Mugheera bin Shu'ba ya tafi Uthman kuma ya sanya darussan matakai guda uku a gabansa, da farko, don fita don yaƙi da 'yan tawayen, na biyu, hawa raƙumi kuma zuwa Makka da na uku don zuwa Siriya .. Uthman ya ƙi duk shawarwarin ukun. Ya yi watsi da shawara ta farko yana cewa ba ya son ya zama halifa na farko a lokacin wanda aka zubar da jininsa lokaci. Ya ki gabatar da shawara ta biyu don tserewa zuwa Makka a doron da ya ji daga Muhammad cewa za a binne wani mutumin Quraishawa a Makka wanda zai kasance rabin azabar duniya, kuma baya son ya zama mutumin. . Ya ƙi amincewa da shawara ta uku a ƙasa cewa ba zai iya barin Madina ba. Abdullah dan Salam, abokin Muhammad ya ziyarci gidan Uthman kuma an ruwaito cewa ya yi magana da maharan kamar haka:
Laila Dogonyaro
Laila Dogonyaro 'yar gwagwarmaya ce ta Najeriya wacce ta kasance shugabar Majalisar ciungiyoyin Mata ta Nationalasa daga 1993 zuwa 1995. A farkon 1970s, ta kasance Sakatariyar Matanungiyar Matan Arewa, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin mata. Yar Nigeria yar Marie yat asalin jihar legas yar jarida.
Farkon Rayuwa da Iyali
Bayan kammala makarantar firamare, Dogonyaro aka aurar da ita tana da shekaru 13. Mijinta ya kasance tsoho ne wanda ke aiki da GB Ollivant. A shekarar 1963, ta zama memba na kafa Jamiyyar Matan Arewa, kungiyar mata da ke hade da NPC tare da mai da hankali kan jin dadin dangin talakawa a yankunan Arewacin Najeriya. Kungiyar ta kafa makarantu, cibiyoyin WAEC tare da bayar da tallafi ga zaben mata a yankin. Dogonyaro ta tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasa ta fara ne a shekarar 1977, lokacin da ta tsaya takara a mazabar Tundun Wada. A 1979, ta kasance memba na National Party of Nigeria.
Shugabanci
Daga 1985 zuwa 1993, ita ce shugabar kungiyar ta NCWS. Ta zama shugabar kungiyar a 1993. A shekarar 1998, ta fara kungiyarta, mai taken Ra'ayin Shugabannin Mata (WOLF).
Sunny Ade
Sunday Adeniyi Adegeye (an haife shi a 22 Satumba 1946), anfi saninsa da King Sunny Adé, ya kasance dan' Najeriya ne, mawakin jùjú, marubucin waka kuma mai kide-kide. Ana daukar sa amatsayin n'a farko daga acikin mawakan African pop da suka samu nasara a duniya, kuma ana ganin shi mawakin da yafi a Afrika na kowane lokaci.
Adé ya kafa nashi kamfanin Wakar a 1967, wanda da fari ya kira da African Beats. Bayan nasarori a Najeriya a shekarun 1970s da kafa tashi independent label, Adé ya sanya hannu da Island Records a 1982 kuma ya samu nasara a duniya da fitar da albums Juju Music (1982) da kuma Synchro System (1983); na karshen tasa yasamu gabatarwa a Grammy, na farko da wani daga Najeriya ya fara samu. A 1998 album dinsa Odu itama ta samar masa da gabatarwa a Grammy. Adé ayanzu yana rike ne da mukamin Babban Shugaba na Musical Copyright Society of Nigeria.
Yvonne Hackenbroch
Yvonne Alix Hackenbroch (1912–2012),mai kula da kayan tarihi na Biritaniya ne kuma masanin tarihi na kayan ado.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Yvonne Alix Hackenbroch a Frankfurt am Main, Jamus,a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1912,ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya mata uku na dillalin fasaha Zacharias Max Hackenbroch (1884-1937) da matarsa,Clementine Hackenbroch,née Schwarzschild (188),8-198 zuriyar dillalin fasaha Selig Goldschmidt. Tun yana yaro,Hackenbroch ya ƙware cikin Faransanci,Ingilishi, Jamusanci,da Italiyanci.
Sana'a
Daga 1946 zuwa 1949,Hackenbroch ya kasance a Toronto,Kanada, bisa ga umarnin gwamnatin Birtaniya,don ba da shawarwari na ƙwararru game da fasahar fasaha na Lee Collection da Arthur Lee,1st Viscount Lee na Fareham ya ba Kanada,don gode wa ƙasar.goyon bayan yakin duniya na biyu.
A cikin kusan 1949,ta ƙaura zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan a New York don yin lissafin "tarin tarin fasaha" na Irwin Untermyer. Wannan ya haifar da Hackenbroch da Thames &amp; Hudson buga littattafai guda bakwai,wanda ke rufe tsoffin azurfa,tagulla, faranti,allura da kayan daki. Ta shiga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan a matsayin mai kula da fasaha,ƙwararre a fasahar Renaissance,kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka.
Daga baya rayuwa
Hackenbroch ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2012,a gidanta da ke 31 Hyde Park Gardens,Bayswater,London,watanni hudu bayan bikin cika shekaru 100.
Illas
Illas (bambance-bambancen: San Julian) ya kasan ce yana daya daga uku parishes (administrative rarrabuwa) a Illas, a Municipality cikin lardin da kuma m al'umma na asturias, da arewacin Spain 's Picos de Europa duwãtsu.
Rain of Hope
Rain Of Hope Nollywood wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood na shekarar 2016 wanda Iyke Odife ya jagoranta.
Labari
Sa'ad da sarki ya mutu, dole ne sarki ya maye gurbinsa amma ba tare da mace ba. Ya ba wa angonsa shawara ta fara nuna mata sauran bangarorin. Basarake ya yanke shawarar ya hau keke a matsayinsa na dan talaka sai ya haɗu da wata mace ya so ta, amma mugayen mutanen da ke kewaye da yarima sun yi barna a fadar domin su hana yarima auren sabuwar soyayyar da ya samu.
Kumi Naidoo
Kumi Naidoo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965, Durban, Afirka ta Kudu) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam kuma mai rajin kare muhalli.
Naidoo ya fara ne tun yana ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s. Shi ne mai haɗin gwiwar kafa Hannun Taimaka  kungiyar Matasa. Naidoo ya jagoranci kamfen na duniya don kawo ƙarshen talauci da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin matsayi daban-daban ciki har da kasancewa Babban Sakatare na Tara na Amnesty International. har zuwa watan Disambar 2019 lokacin da ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mukaminsa saboda matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya.
Kumi kuma shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko na kungiyar Greenpeace, wata kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli ta duniya, wacce ta kasance a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kasa da Kasa daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2015. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na Civicus, kawancen kasa da kasa don sa hannun dan kasa, daga 1998 zuwa 2008. Kumi ya kuma zama Babban Daraktan Gudanarwa na African Afirka da ke Tashin Adalci, Zaman Lafiya & Mutunci. Ya kuma yi aiki da Kira na Duniya don Aiki da Talauci da Kira na Duniya don Aikin Sauyin Yanayi (Tcktcktck.org), wanda ya hada taimakon agajin muhalli, kungiyoyin addini da na kare hakkin dan Adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, masana kimiyya da sauransu kuma ya shirya zanga-zangar gama gari game da tattaunawar yanayi.
Kungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu
An haifeshi a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, Naidoo ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan yaki da wariyar launin fata tun yana dan shekara 15, abinda ya sa aka kore shi daga makarantar sakandare. Ya kasance cikin tsara unguwanni, aikin samari na gari, da kuma tarin jama'a da ke adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata. A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an kama Naidoo sau da yawa kuma ana tuhumarsa da keta dokokin da suka shafi yawan jama'a, rashin biyayya ga jama'a da kuma keta dokar ta-baci. Wannan ya haifar masa da zuwa cikin ƙasa kafin daga baya ya yanke shawarar zama baƙi a Ingila.
Naidoo shine memba na kafa kuma Babban Darakta na kungiyar NGO Masu Zaman Kansu na Afirka ta Kudu (SANGOCO).
Shekarun Gudun Hijira
A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an kama Naidoo sau da yawa kuma ana tuhumarsa da keta doka game da yawan taro, rashin biyayya jama'a da kuma keta dokar ta baci.
Wannan ya haifar masa da zuwa cikin ƙasa kafin daga baya ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura, ya ƙare da lokaci a Ingila da Amurka.
A wannan lokacin Naidoo ya kasance malamin Rhodes ne a Jami'ar Oxford kuma a ƙarshe ya sami PhD a fannin ilimin zamantakewar siyasa.
Naidoo ya sami digirin digirgir a ƙarshen 1990s, bayan ya koma Ingila daga Afirka ta Kudu.
Kungiyoyi sa kai
Yaki da Wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu (lokacin da za a kayyade)
Bayan fitowar Nelson Mandela daga kurkuku a 1990, Kumi Naidoo ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don aiki a kan halatta Majalisar Dokokin Afirka da kuma jagorantar kamfen din karatun manya da kokarin ilimantar da masu jefa kuri'a.
Ya kuma yi aiki da Kira na Duniya don Yaki da Talauci.
Tsakanin 2015 da 2018, Kumi ya kasance Babban Daraktan Gudanar da ansan Afirka da ke Tashin Adalci, Zaman Lafiya & Mutunci
EarthRights International, Memba na Majalisar Shugabanci.
kungiyar 'Yancin Mata da Ci Gaban (AWID), Memba a Hukuma.
Lokacin CIVICUS
Daga 1998 zuwa 2008, ya kasance Sakatare Janar kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na fararen hula a Washington wanda aka kafa a Washington: Kawancen Duniya don Shiga Kasa, wanda aka keɓe don ƙarfafa ayyukan ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a duk duniya.