cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka
Fage da Tarihi
Amfani da gida da safarar marijuana da farar tabar heroin ya ci gaba har cikin 2000s. Methamphetamines kuma ya zama miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullun; fara kama su a shekarar 2008. Akwai karancin bayanai da bincike na masana da suka shafi methamphetamines a Gabashin Afirka, duk da cewa an samu karuwar kamuwa da cutar tun na farko. Cocaine wani magani ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka kwanan nan.
A cewar ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODA), akwai manyan dalilai guda hudu da ke taimakawa wajen karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Na ɗaya, karuwar buƙatu a cikin faɗuwar nahiyar Afirka ya ƙirƙira da faɗaɗa kasuwar magunguna. Na biyu, tare da yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa a ciki da wajen Afirka, jigilar kayayyaki kuma ya taimaka wajen jigilar magunguna. Na uku, Gabashin Afirka ba shi da isassun matakan shawo kan fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, wanda ya bai wa masu harkar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar shiga ciki da wajen yankin cikin sauki. A karshe, UNODC ta yi nuni da cin hanci da rashawa a kwastam da tabbatar da doka a matsayin abin da ke haifar da bunkasar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi.
Shigarwa
Yawancin kasashen Afirka ba su da isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa - kayan aiki da ilimi - don samar da magunguna a cikin gida na kasuwanci don dacewa da bukatun kasa da kasa da na cikin gida. Cannabis ɗaya ne daga cikin magungunan da aka saba samarwa a cikin gida. Amma, hatta samar da wiwi a gabashin Afirka bai wadatar ba don biyan buƙatu daga Turai, Amurka, da ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka saboda haramcin doka kan samarwa da kuma rashin tsarin samar da yawa. Irin wannan karancin magunguna na cikin gida ya sanya kasashen gabashin Afirka suka fi dogaro da kayayyakin kasa da kasa.
Mafi akasarin samar da haramtattun magungunan da ake fataucinsu a Gabashin Afirka na zuwa ne daga Asiya. Kamfanoni biyu na Gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Afganistan da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, su ma su ne manyan kasashe biyu masu samar da miyagun kwayoyi a duniya. A cikin 2020, samar da opium na Afganistan ya kai kusan kashi 85% na samar da opium a duniya da kuma kashi 80% na masu amfani da opium a duk duniya, wanda aka yi cinikinsa zuwa Gabashin Afirka.
Jari-hujja
Masana tattalin arziki, masana tarihi, masana tattalin arziki na siyasa da masana ilimin zamantakewa sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin nazarin tsarin jari-hujja kuma sun gane nau'ikansa iri-iri a aikace. Wadannan sun hada da laissez-faire ko jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta, anarcho-capitalism, jari-hujja na jiha da jari-hujja. Siffofin jari-hujja daban-daban suna da nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban na kasuwanni masu 'yanci, mallakar jama'a, cikas ga gasa ta kyauta da manufofin zamantakewar da jihohi suka amince da su. Matsayin gasa a kasuwanni da rawar shiga tsakani da tsari gami da iyakokin ikon mallakar jihohi sun bambanta a nau'ikan tsarin jari-hujja. Matsakaicin yadda kasuwanni daban-daban suke da 'yanci da kuma ka'idojin da ke bayyana kadarorin masu zaman kansu al'amura ne na siyasa da siyasa. Yawancin tattalin arziƙin jari-hujja da ake da su haɗaɗɗun tattalin arziƙi ne waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwa na kasuwanni masu 'yanci tare da shiga tsakani na jihohi kuma a wasu lokuta shirin tattalin arziki. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa ya wanzu a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gwamnati da yawa kuma a lokuta daban-daban, wurare da al'adu daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin jari-hujja na zamani sun bunƙasa a Yammacin Turai ta hanyar da ta kai ga juyin juya halin masana'antu. Tsarin jari-hujja tare da matakai daban-daban na shiga tsakani na gwamnati tun daga lokacin suka zama masu rinjaye a yammacin duniya kuma suna ci gaba da yaduwa. Haɓakar tattalin arziƙi wata dabi'a ce ta tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.
Asalin kalma
Kalmar "'yan jari hujja", ma'ana mai mallakar babban jari, ya bayyana a baya fiye da kalmar "jari-hujja" kuma kwanan wata zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17. "Capitalism" an samo shi daga capitale, wanda ya samo asali daga capitale, kalmar late Latin bisa caput, ma'ana "kai"  wanda kuma shine asalin "chattel" da "cattle" a ma'anar dukiya mai motsi (kawai daga baya kawai a koma ga dabbobi kawai). Capitale ya fito a cikin ƙarni na 12 zuwa 13 don yin nuni ga kuɗi, hannun jari, adadin kuɗi ko kuɗin da ke ɗauke da riba. A shekara ta 1283, an yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar babban kadarorin kamfani na kasuwanci kuma sau da yawa ana musanya shi da wasu kalmomi-dukiya, kuɗi, kuɗi, kaya, dukiya, kadara da sauransu.
Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka
Bukata
Asalin bukatar kasashen yamma ya fito ne daga cibiyoyin yawon bude ido da aka bunkasa kafin shekarun 1980. Wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a Gabashin Afirka sun ga kwararowar masu yawon bude ido na Turai, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurkawa, wadanda suka haifar da bukatar marijuana da tabar heroin a yankin. Tun daga shekarun 1980, yakin da ake yi da kwayoyi a Amurka ya kara karfafa Gabashin Afrika a matsayin wani yanki na cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa saboda an rufe gasar fasa kwaurin kwayoyi a Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu.
Jari-hujja
Asalin kalma
Hollantse (German) Mercurius yana amfani da "'yan jari-hujja" a cikin shekarun 1633 da 1654 don komawa ga masu mallakar jari. A cikin kalmar Faransanci, Étienne Clavier ya yi magana game da  'yan jari-hujja a cikin shekarar 1788, shekaru huɗu kafin yin amfani da Ingilishi na farko da Arthur Young yayi a cikin aikinsa Travels a Faransa (1792). A cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na siyasa da haraji (1817), David Ricardo ya yi nuni ga "dan jari hujja" sau da yawa. Mawaƙin Ingilishi Samuel Taylor Coleridge ya yi amfani da “ɗan jari hujja” a cikin aikinsa Table Talk (1823). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na farko, Menene Dukiya? (1840), don komawa ga masu babban jari. Benjamin Disraeli yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na 1845 Sybil.
Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka
Teku
Fitacciyar hanyar da ta dauki nauyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi daga Afghanistan ita ce hanyar teku. Kwayoyin da aka tattara cikin hankali, ciki har da opium, heroin, da methamphetamine daga Afghanistan suna tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar Tekun Makran, wanda ke kan iyakokin kudancin Iran da Pakistan. A tashar jiragen ruwa da ke gabar tekun Makran, ana rarraba magungunan a cikin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi a cikin kananan fakiti masu nauyin kilo 3 zuwa kilo 6. Daga can, jiragen ruwan kamun kifi suna bi ta cikin Tekun Indiya, kuma suna isa wuraren shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a gabashin Afirka kamar Zanzibar a Tanzaniya, ko Pemba da tsibiran Quirimbas a Mozambique. A ƙarshe, ƙarancin ƙarancin raƙuman ruwa da manyan yashi a yankin suna ba da damar yanayi mai kyau ga masu fasa kwauri don guje wa bincike. Har ila yau, ana safarar tabar heroin mafi girma ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, amma ana ɓoye a cikin kwantena masu ɗauke da sassan motoci, kayan aiki, da kayayyakin amfanin gona daga Pakistan. Ana kuma safarar Cocaine daga Brazil a cikin kwantena na kaya.
Jari-hujja
Asalin kalma
Fara amfani da kalmar "jari-hujja" a ma'anarta ta zamani an danganta shi ga Louis Blanc a cikin shekarar 1850 ("Abin da na kira 'jari-hujja' wato a ce rabon jari da wasu ke ware wasu) da kuma Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. a cikin shekarar 1861 ("Tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin abin da babban jari, tushen samun kudin shiga, ba ya zama na wadanda suka yi aiki ta hanyar aikin su"). Karl Marx akai-akai yana magana akan " capital" da kuma "yanayin samar da jari hujja" a Das Capital (1867). Marx bai yi amfani da tsarin jari-hujja ba amma a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da babban jari, tsarin jari-hujja da tsarin jari-hujja, wanda ke bayyana akai-akai. Saboda kalmar da masu sukar tsarin jari-hujja suka kirkiro kalmar, masanin tattalin arziki kuma masanin tarihi Robert Hessen ya bayyana cewa kalmar "jari-hujja" ita kanta kalma ce ta disparagement da kuskuren tattalin arziki. Bernard Harcourt ya yarda da bayanin cewa kalmar ba ta dace ba, ya kara da cewa a cikin kuskure yana nuna cewa akwai wani abu kamar "jari" wanda ke aiki a wasu hanyoyi kuma ana tafiyar da shi ta hanyar tabbatattun dokokin tattalin arziki na kansa.
Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka
Teku
Daga nan sai wadannan kwayoyi su kan tashi zuwa babban kasa, kuma ana safarar su ta kasa zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka kamar Afirka ta Kudu. Ana kuma safarar kwayoyi ta ruwa daga Dar Es Salaam zuwa Comoros,
Jari-hujja
Asalin kalma
A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmar "jari-hujja" ta fara bayyana, bisa ga ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary (OED), a cikin shekarar 1854, a cikin novel The Newcomes by marubuci William Makepeace Thackeray, inda kalmar ke nufin "mallakar jari". Har ila yau, bisa ga OED, Carl Adolph Douai, Ba'amurke ɗan gurguzu da abolitionist, ya yi amfani da kalmar "hanyar jari-hujja" a cikin shekarar 1863.
Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka
Nau'in Magunguna
Daga cikin nau'ikan magungunan da ake fataucin su a ciki da wajen gabashin Afirka, abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su wajen fitar da su sun hada da tabar wiwi, tabar wiwi, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma a yanzu haka.
Heroin
Tun daga 2006, amfani da tabar heroin a Afirka ya karu da sauri fiye da kowace nahiya. Ya zuwa yanzu, Afirka a halin yanzu tana samun karuwar yawan amfani da muggan kwayoyi, wanda hakan ke kara kara yawan bukatar ta na tabar heroin. Ta fuskar amfani, Gabashin Afrika na samun kusan kashi 9% na cinikin tabar heroin a duniya. Yawan kame tabar heroin da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Maritime Forces (CMF) ta yi ya nuna yadda yankin Gabashin Afirka ke kara tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tabar heroin a duniya. Jimlar sama da kilogiram 674 a cikin 2012, ba a yin cinikin tabar heroin a ƙananan yawa. Ana jigilar magungunan ne daga Afganistan da Pakistan ta hanyoyin ruwa da jiragen sama zuwa kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya da Habasha. Bugu da kari, hukumar kula da muggan kwayoyi ta kasa da kasa (INCB) ta yi nuni da cewa, yankin gabashin Afrika, ya kasance sanannen hanyar safarar tabar heroin daga kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa wasu sassan duniya.
Wiwi
An fara shigar da tabar wiwi ne a Gabashin Afirka lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ta hannun ‘yan kasuwa Musulmi daga Masar da Jazirar Larabawa. Marijuana ta sami ƙarin kulawa a matsayin batun bincike na likitanci a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma yawancin ƙasashen Afirka sun fara tattauna batun halatta maganin. Malawi na daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da maganin, kuma a halin yanzu gwamnatinta na ba da damar yin gwajin nau'in tabar wiwi masu inganci. Gwamnatin Malawi ta zama ta farko a Gabashin Afirka don halatta noma, siyarwa, da fitar da tabar wiwi a watan Fabrairun 2020. Duk da haka, noman tabar wiwi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka domin haɓakar waɗannan amfanin gona na baiwa manoman da ke fuskantar matsalolin kuɗi su bi sabbin hanyoyin tattalin arziki.
Hodar Ibilis
Fataucin Cocaine ya fi zama ruwan dare a Arewacin Afirka, amma maganin yana samun karuwa a Gabashin Afirka duk da kasancewar yanki mai nisa da hanyoyin safarar hodar iblis. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an sami wasu manyan kame a Gabashin Afirka. Daga 2005 da 2010, kamuwa da hodar iblis a gabashin Afrika ya karu da sau hudu. Yayin da matsakaita masu tasowa a gabashin Afirka ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar bukatar hodar iblis, gwamnatocin gabashin Afirka da dama na nuna damuwa game da karuwar samu da kuma yawaitar shan hodar a yankin. Tare da tabar heroin, ana gudanar da zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya, inda aka yi amfani da ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen da ta samu wajen gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kuma kara karfin siyasa.
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine ya mamaye kasuwar magunguna ta duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yana iya yin mugun tasiri a kan al'ummomi na kowane yanayi na tattalin arziki saboda yalwar araha da wadatar magungunan. Yayin da hukumomi a Gabashin Afirka ba su gano wani babban aiki na kera methamphetamine ba, sun bayar da rahoton kwace wasu kananan kwayoyin da ake yi na safarar su zuwa Asiya. Ta fuskar samarwa, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya sun fi shahara kuma masu fafutuka a yankin. Haka kuma, ana samun karuwar kasuwannin haramtattun kwayoyi na methamphetamine a gabashin Afirka, sakamakon fafatawa tsakanin "Mexican meth" daga Najeriya da "Pakistani meth" daga Afganistan ya sa kowannensu ya kwace ikon kasuwancin yankin.
Khat
Khat dai magani ne da ake amfani da shi a ƙasar Habasha wanda ake sha a kasashen gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Habasha, Yemen, Somaliya, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Masu amfani da khat suna la'akari da tasirinsa na psychotropic ya fi ƙarfin tabar wiwi. Yakin basasar Somaliya da sakamakon tarwatsewar al'ummar Somaliya a fadin Afirka ba kawai ba, har ma da wasu kasashe sun jawo hankalin jama'a kan sha da fataucin Khat da ke faruwa a gabashin Afirka. A kasar Kenya, ana sayar da jakin da ake nomawa a cikin gida a duk fadin kasar tare da fitar da shi zuwa kasashen da ke makwabtaka da kasar da ke da yawan bukatuwar da ake samu. Duk da yake cin karen da fatauci ba haramun ba ne a kasashe irinsu Kenya da Uganda, inda masu sana’ar kera kakin ke da burin sayar da su don samun riba, yawan cin karen da ake samu musamman a tsakanin matasa ya haifar da yunƙurin tafiye-tafiyen cikin gida da ƙoƙarin hana ciniki da cin abinci.
Tasiri
Bincike kan illar da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ke haifarwa a kasashe da al'ummar gabashin Afirka bai zama ruwan dare ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na nahiyar, amma ya nuna cewa tasirin cinikin magungunan na gabashin Afirka ya yadu a bangarori da dama. Hukumomin 'yan sandan Afirka ba su da ƴan albarkatu da ƙarancin ƙarfin yin rikodin ƙididdiga na laifuka; amma idan sun yi, sau da yawa ba sa bambance tsakanin ayyukan laifuka na al'ada da na kasa da kasa. Yawancin guraben karatu da ke magana kan illar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta Gabashin Afirka an samo su ne daga ƙaramin adadin bayanai masu inganci, da nazarin shari'ar da ba su da ƙididdiga masu yawa don tabbatar da da'awarsu.
Cin hanci da rashawa
Kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, wani kamfani ne mai riba
a wanda ke shafar matakan cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatoci. Kasashe sun fi fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa tare da raunana jihohi da rashin isassun tsarin aiwatar da doka. A cewar Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka gano dangantaka tsakanin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma shigar da jami'an gwamnati. Cin hanci da rashawa ya haifar da damuwa sosai a gabashin Afirka saboda raunin tattalin arziki da na hukumomi na iya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an gwamnati da ma'aikata tare da 'yan kuɗi kaɗan. Haka kuma, rashin ma'auni na laifuffukan da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka yana da matsala tare da haɗa kai da wasu hukumomi. Yana ba da damar haɓakar ƙwayoyi a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na naƙasassu, tare da ƙarfafa tsarin ƙungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta yi rahoton cewa fataucin muggan kwayoyi na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki saboda da wuya ribar da ake samu ba bisa ka'ida ba ta shiga cikin dogon lokaci da jarin jari mai dorewa. Cin hanci da rashawa na dakushe karfin jihar na bunkasa cibiyoyi masu inganci wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen kafa doka da tattalin arziki mai karfi. Bugu da kari, mujallar harkokin kasa da kasa ta bayyana damuwa game da yadda Kenya ke kara fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa yayin da ake samun karuwar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka.
Ta'addanci
Ana amfani da ribar da ake samu daga haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Gabashin Afirka don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci da sauran ƙungiyoyin tada kayar baya; duk da haka, ba a san matakin da aka ce ƙungiyoyin ke samun kuɗi ta hanyar cinikin ƙwayoyi ba. Hukumar Yaki da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin cewa wani kaso mai yawa na kungiyoyin da aka yiwa lakabi da kungiyoyin ta'addanci na kasashen waje suna da alaka kai tsaye da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi. Kungiyoyi da dama da ake zargi da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci a gabashin Afirka, musamman Al-Shabaab. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Al-Shabaab sun shahara, kamar Cibiyar Matasa Musulmi ta Kenya, wadda ke daukar matasa 'yan kasashen waje yin yaki da Al-Shabaab. Irin wadannan kungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda sun taimaka wajen safarar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma ma’aikata a gabashin Afirka da kuma tsakanin kasashen Afirka. Halin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na kasa da kasa na nufin Amurka da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya za su iya gurfanar da wadanda aka kama a gabashin Afirka idan aka samu alaka da kungiyoyin ta’addanci, ko da kuwa wadanda aka kama ba sa safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Turai. Magungunan suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma suna ba su damar ci gaba da aiki. Bugu da kari, wadannan kungiyoyi sukan yi safarar sikari da albarkatun kasa kamar gawayi a ciki da wajen yankin.
HIV
An yi la'akari da yin allura da allurar rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashen gabashin Afirka. Musamman a kasashen Mozambik, Tanzania, Madagascar, da Kenya, wadanda suke shan kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Masu amfani da kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau kafin su kai shekaru 25 idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, kuma alkaluma na nuni da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a.
Annobar cutar kanjamau ta afka wa wasu kasashe fiye da wasu; Kenya ta fi fama da rikici. Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin ma'aikatan jima'i shine babban abin da ya haifar da batun. Masu yin jima'i suna yin allurar kwayoyi kafin ko bayan saduwa. Saboda rashin kudi, an tilasta musu yin amfani da gurbataccen allura. Tare da rashin sanin cutar kanta, kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar allura ya haifar da karuwar masu cutar kanjamau a tsakanin masu jima'i, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cutar a fadin kasar. Heroin shine sanannen dalilin yada kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar allura. A karni na 21, allura ta zama hanyar da ta fi shahara wajen shigar da tabar heroin a jiki. Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar heroin 10,000 a Nairobi da kuma wasu masu amfani da 8,000 a kusa da garuruwan bakin teku a Kenya. Daga wannan yawan jama'a, kiyasin kashi 68% zuwa 88% na da cutar kanjamau, wanda ke danganta amfani da maganin allura da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a Kenya. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta bayyana cewa, "amfani da muggan kwayoyi ya kasance babban dalilin yaduwar cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa, sau da yawa sakamakon raba sirinji da sake amfani da su." Mutane kaɗan ne ke sane da haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da sake amfani da sirinji. Bugu da kari, a kasar Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 20% na yawan jama'a na dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Haɗuwa da yaduwar cutar kanjamau, allurar magunguna, da rashin kula da lafiya da wayar da kan jama'a da ke tattare da waɗannan ayyuka masu haɗari suna nuna yanayi mai haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da matsalar lafiyar jama'a. Masu bincike a Tanzaniya da Kenya sun gano cewa adadin masu cutar kanjamau a cikin samfurin masu amfani da tabar heroin ya wuce kashi 50 cikin 100, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin kashi 13%.
Matasa
Afirka ita ce nahiyar da ta fi matasa a duniya. Yayin da akasarin duniya ke fuskantar yawan tsufa, kashi sittin cikin dari na 'yan Afirka ba su kai shekaru 25 ba Bukatar shan muggan kwayoyi daga matasa ya haifar da yawaitar shan miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta ce "bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da muggan kwayoyi a kasashe masu tasowa 'yawanci suna faduwa a tsakanin shekarun 15-44, kodayake yawancin suna cikin tsakiyar shekaru ashirin." Misali, a cikin 2021, an kiyasta kashi 11% na yawan matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 24 shekaru suna amfani da muggan kwayoyi a Kenya. Nazarin shari'a sun samar da shaida don sake tabbatar da damuwar da ke da alaka da yaduwar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma yawan matasa. Har ila yau, wannan mujalla ta bayyana cewa masu bincike da ke aiki a yankunan bakin teku da na cikin gida na Tanzaniya sun gano cewa "ban da tabar wiwi, tabar heroin ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, kuma ya kasance cikin samari masu shekaru masu aiki." Yin amfani da kwayoyi a cikin samari na iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki, da rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a.
A halin yanzu, kasashe da dama a Afirka, irin su Tanzaniya da Mauritius, suna haɓaka shirye-shiryen methadone don dakile bala'in alluran magunguna, wanda shine babban dalilin cutar HIV. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna barin ƙauracewa ta hanyar ba da magani don rage alamun cirewa. Dubban mutane ne ke shiga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye yanzu domin a shawo kan shaye-shaye, da kuma gujewa barazanar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta hanyar allura da gurbatattun allura.
Martani
Dangane da karuwar cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka, rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Yayin da martanin kowace ƙasa ya bambanta, lokuta a Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda an fi rubutawa da yin nazari akai-akai.
Kenya
Yawan adadin tabar heroin da hodar iblis ana jigilar su zuwa Kenya daga Pakistan, Iran da Latina Amurka ta hanyoyin jiragen sama da na teku zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Cibiyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi da suka hada da ‘yan kasar Kenya sun kulla alaka da jami’an shari’a da kuma na hukumomin tabbatar da doka da oda domin samun mukamai, musamman a harkokin siyasa, ta hanyar ribar kwaya. Dangane da mayar da martani, Kenya ta aiwatar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin cuta (Control) a cikin 1994 kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin jama'a don ƙarfafa matsaya mai ƙarfi game da cinikin ƙwayoyi. Manufofin sun taimaka wajen kwace kilogiram 1000 na hodar iblis da kuma tan 1.5 na jarumai, wasu daga cikin manyan kame-kamen da aka yi a nahiyar. A cikin 2021, Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta zartar da gyara ga dokar 1994. Yana da nufin fayyace sigogin shari'a game da hukuncin da ya shafi fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, sabunta jerin abubuwan da aka yarda da su wajen kera kwayoyi, karfafa hukumci ga jami'an tilasta bin doka da ke ba da taimako ko aikata haramtacciyar fatauci da mallakar kwayoyi, da sauransu. Kenya ta kara karfafa hukumomin tsaron teku, ciki har da Hukumar Kula da gabar teku ta Kenya (KCGS) don kara yin rigakafi da tilasta safarar miyagun kwayoyi a ciki da wajen kasar. A cikin 2020, KCGS ta ha] a hannu da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Muggan Muggan Kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) Shirin Laifukan Maritime na Duniya (GMCP) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka iyawa da taimakawa kare ruwan Kenya daga fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Tanzaniya
Majalisar dokokin Tanzaniya ta kirkiro da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Magunguna don magance amfani da muggan kwayoyi da fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta hanyar daidaitawa da mai da hankali. Hukumar Kula da Muggan Kwayoyi ta hada kai da EU-ACT Project don gudanar da manyan tarurruka guda biyu tare da manyan mahalarta taron kasancewar shugabannin hukumomin tabbatar da doka a Afirka da Turai. A yayin waɗancan tarurrukan, mahalarta sun tattauna sosai kan hanyoyin haɓakawa da raba bayanan sirrin teku. Har ila yau, hukumar da ke kula da yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na gudanar da wani aiki mai suna JODARI, wanda ya shafi kamun kifi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a gabar tekun Tanzaniya bisa ga shawarwarin UNODC. A cikin 2021, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya don kasancewarta mafi kyawun cibiyar da ke kula da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda aka gane shirye-shiryen horarwa masu ƙarfi ban da adadi mai yawa na kama. Duk da nasarar da aka samu da karbuwa a baya-bayan nan, Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Magunguna tana shirin faɗaɗa dabarunta don magance karuwar yawan sha da fataucin tabar a Tanzaniya.￼
Uganda
Gwamnatin Uganda ta amince da Dokar Magungunan Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin Halitta a cikin 2016 don ayyana matakin da ya dace kuma mafi ƙaranci ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Dokar dai ta hada da daukar matakan ladabtarwa da dama don dakile karuwar yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Uganda. Misali, mallakar haramtattun kwayoyi na iya haifar da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 zuwa 25, fataucin-wanda aka ayyana ya hada da ko da kananan adadin fasa-kwaurin-ana iya hukunta shi da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma rashin bayyana takardun magani na narcotics na iya haifar da 5. - hukuncin shekara.
Grace Bakari
Grace Bakari (an Haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 1954) 'yar wasan tsere ce kuma 'yar Ghana ce. Ta yi gasar tseren mita 4 × 400 na mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1984.
Manazarta
Grace Bakari at Olympics.com Grace Bakari at Olympedia Grace Bakari at the Commonwealth Games Federation
Henry Okon Archibong
Henry Okon Archibong (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1967) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. A halin yanzu Henry Archibong yana wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta Itu / Ibiono Ibom a majalisar dokokin Najeriya.
Orji Kalu
Orji Kalu Okogbue (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya ga Mouloudia Oujda a Botola na Moroko.
Petros Mhari
Petros Mhari (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC Platinum ta Zimbabwe, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe.
Sana'a/Aiki
Mhari ya tafi makarantar motsa jiki a makarantar sakandare ta Shangani, kuma asalinsa yana buga wasan tsakiya. An tilasta masa yin wasan ƙwallon hannu a makaranta saboda ƙarancin ɗalibai masu sha'awar, amma daga can ya koyi dabarun da ke fassara zuwa matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya fara babban aikinsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida tare da Shabanie Mine, kafin ya koma Hwange Colliery a shekara ta (2009). A cikin shekarar (2013) ya koma FC Platinum inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofunan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe (3) a jere daga shekara ta (2017 zuwa shekara ta 2019).
Girmamawa
FC Platinum
Dutsen Muhabura
Dutsen Muhabura, wanda aka fi sani da Dutsen Muhavura, dutsen da ke aiki a tsaunukan Virunga da ke kan iyakar tsakanin Rwanda da Uganda. A mita 4,127 (13,540 ft) Muhabura ita ce ta uku mafi girma daga manyan tsaunuka takwas na tsaunoni, wanda wani yanki ne na Kyautar Albertine, reshen yamma na Gabashin Afirka. Taron kolin yana dauke da karamin korama. Kayyadaddun shaidar wannan dutsen mai fitad da wuta ya nuna cewa ya ɓarke ​​ne na wani lokaci a cikin Holocene, amma ba a san takamaiman ranar ba. Muhabura wani sashi ne a cikin Gandun Dajin Volcanoes, Ruwanda kuma wani ɓangare a Filin shakatawa na Mgahinga Gorilla, Uganda. Sunan Muhabura na nufin "Jagora" a yaren gida, Kinyarwanda
Ana iya ganinsa daga sassa da yawa na Uganda da Ruwanda saboda gangarenta.
Riffat Hassan
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Hassan a Lahore,Pakistan, ga dangin sayyid musulmi na manya.Kakan mahaifiyar Hassan shi ne Hakim Ahmad Shuja,mawaki, marubuci kuma marubuci dan kasar Pakistan.Ta yi rayuwa cikin jin daɗin kuruciya,amma rigimar da ke tsakanin ra'ayin mahaifinta na gargajiya da rashin daidaituwar mahaifiyarta ya shafe ta.A tsawon rayuwarta ta tsani al'adar mahaifinta saboda ra'ayinsa game da matsayin jima'i,amma daga baya ta fahimci hakan saboda kyautatawa da tausayinsa. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cathedral,makarantar mishan na Anglican,sannan daga baya St. Mary's College a Jami'ar Durham,Ingila, inda ta karanta Turanci da falsafa .Ta samu Ph.D.daga Jami'ar Durham a 1968 don karatunta kan Muhammad Iqbal,wanda ta yi ta rubuce-rubuce akai-akai.
Ta koyar a Jami'ar Punjab da ke Lahore daga 1966 zuwa 1967 kuma ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labarai ta Pakistan daga 1969 zuwa 1972.A cikin 1972,ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da 'yarta. Ta yi koyarwa a makarantu ciki har da Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Harvard,kuma a halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Louisville,Kentucky.
Tauhidi da gwagwarmaya
Tauhidin Hassan misali ne na Musulunci mai ci gaba.Ta ce Alkur’ani shi ne“ Magna Carta na ‘yancin dan Adam”, inda ya tsara ‘yancin dan Adam da daidaito ga kowa da kowa,yayin da rashin daidaiton mata a yawancin al’ummar Musulmi a yau ya samo asali ne sakamakon tasirin al’adu. Hassan yana da'awar Kur'ani yana ba da hakkin rayuwa,mutuntawa,adalci,'yanci,ilimi,arziƙi, aiki,keɓewa,da sauransu.
Ta goyi bayan tafsirin Alkur'ani mara tsauri,tana mai cewa duk da cewa maganar Allah ce,kalmomi na iya samun ma'anoni daban-daban, don haka akwai ma'anonin Kur'ani marasa adadi. Ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a tantance ma'anar Kur'ani ta hanyar ma'anarta - nazarin abin da kalmominsa suke nufi a lokacin da aka rubuta shi.Ta kuma yi magana a kan “ma’auni na ɗabi’a”da ke kin amfani da Kur’ani wajen yin zalunci,domin Allahn Musulunci mai adalci ne.
Hassan ya goyi bayan haƙƙin zubar da ciki da kuma samun magungunan hana haihuwa ga mata musulmi,yana mai cewa kur’ani bai yi magana kai tsaye kan maganin hana haihuwa ba,amma tsarin addini da ɗabi’a na Musulunci ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa tsarin iyali ya zama wani hakki na asali. Ta ce nazarin hukunce-hukuncen musulmi ya nuna cewa an dauki zubar da ciki a cikin kwanaki 120 na farko na ciki,lokacin da ba a samu ciki ba tukuna.
A cikin Fabrairun 1999,ta kafa Cibiyar Sadarwar Kasa da Kasa don Hakkokin Matan da aka yi wa Rikici a Pakistan,wanda ke aiki da abin da ake kira kisan gilla. Ta yi nuni da cewa kashe-kashen mutunci gurbatattu ne na Musulunci, sannan ta kara da cewa, duk ra'ayin cewa mata na kasa da kasa, ya samo asali ne daga kuskuren imani da musulmi suka yi cewa an halicci Hauwa'u daga haƙarƙarin Adamu,lokacin da a cikin labarin halittar Musulunci.an halicce su ne a lokaci guda.
Cecilia Ezeilo
Cecilia Ezeilo (An haifeta a a shekara ta 1967) a Jihar Enugu, Najeriya. Ta kasance yar siyasa, lauya, mai bayar da agaji kuma mai gabatar da shirin talabijin, A cikin 2015 ya yi aiki a Jihar Enugu a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na  A shekarar 2011, an zabe ta a majalisar dokokin jihar Enugu a matsayin mai wakiltar mazabar Ezeagu.
Riffat Hassan
Tauhidi da gwagwarmaya
Hassan ba malami ne kawai ba,ita ma yar gwagwarmaya ce.A matsayinta na mai fafutuka,Hassan ya haɓaka kuma ya jagoranci"Rayuwar Musulunci a Amurka"(2002-2006)da "Religion and Society:A Dialogue"(2006-2009),shirye-shiryen gina zaman lafiya guda biyu waɗanda suka haifar da ma'auni na tattaunawa tsakanin addinai. da samar da zaman lafiya, bayan hare-haren 2001.
Toyota Paseo
Toyota Paseo (wanda aka fi sani da Toyota Cynos a Japan da sauran yankuna) mota ce mai salon wasanni wacce aka sayar daga 1991 har zuwa 1999 ta Toyota kuma ta dogara da Tercel kai tsaye. Ya kasance samuwa azaman coupé kuma a cikin samfura na baya azaman mai iya canzawa. Toyota ya dakatar da sayar da motar a Amurka a shekarar 1997, duk da haka an ci gaba da sayar da motar a Kanada, Turai da Japan har zuwa 1999. Paseo, kamar Tercel, yana raba dandamali tare da Starlet. Da yawa sassa suna musanya tsakanin ukun.
Sunan "Paseo" shine Mutanen Espanya don "yawo" ko "yawon shakatawa", yayin da sunan "Cynos" kalma ce da aka samo asali daga "cynosure", ma'ana "maƙasudin hankali". A Japan ya keɓanta ga wuraren shagunan Toyopet.
An yi Paseo na farko daga 1991 har zuwa 1995. Dangane da jerin L40 na Tercel, ana yin amfani da shi ta injin liyi-hudu 1.5-lita 5E-FE. A yawancin kasuwanni, an ƙididdige injin Paseo a 74.5 kW a 6,400 rpm da 123 Nm na karfin juyi a 3,200 rpm. A cikin 1993, a California da sauran jahohin da ke da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hayaki na California, an ƙididdige shi a 69 kW da 136 Nm na juyi. An miƙa shi tare da ko dai 5-gudun manual ko 4-gudun atomatik watsa.
A Japan, ana samun Cynos a cikin matakan datsa α (Alpha) da β (Beta). An yi amfani da α datsa ta injin 5E-FE yana samar da 77 kW (105 PS; 104 hp), yayin da β trim ke aiki da injin 5E-FHE yana samar da 85 kW (115 PS; 113 hp) da. A cikin datsa β, ana iya zaɓar birki mai ƙafafu huɗu da dakatarwar sarrafa lantarki ta TEMS azaman zaɓuɓɓuka.
An gabatar da Paseo na ƙarni na biyu a Japan a cikin 1995, kuma don shekarar ƙirar 1996 a Arewacin Amurka. Baya ga wasu gyare-gyare a cikin na'urorin lantarki na injin, canjin da ake iya gani kawai shi ne a cikin karfen jikin. An nuna samfurin da za a iya canzawa a Oktoba 1995 Tokyo Motor Show kuma an sake shi don siyarwa a watan Agusta 1996. 1996 ita ce shekarar bara da aka sayar da Paseo a Amurka (na shekarar ƙirar 1997).
Don rage yawan iskar gas, aikin ingin Paseo na 5E-FE na ƙarni na biyu ya ragu zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai kamar na California Air Resources Board model, yana ba da 69 kW da 136 Nm na juyi.
An sayar da Paseo na ƙarni na biyu a Burtaniya daga 1996 zuwa 1998, amma an janye shi saboda jinkirin tallace-tallace. An ba da kasuwar Paseo ta Burtaniya a cikin matakan datsa guda uku: tushe ST, da Si; ƙara 14-inch alloy wheels, Sony CD player, mai launi mai launi mai launi tare da hasken birki na uku da tsarin hana kulle kulle, da Galliano, yana ƙara mai lalata mai launi mai launi, masu gadi na laka da launin rawaya tare da aquamarine decals a kan. da bodysides, kazalika da fadi 15-inch gami ƙafafun tare da low-profile 195/50 taya. Ba a bayar da samfurin mai iya canzawa ba. Duk samfuran Burtaniya sun zo tare da injin 5E-FE wanda ke samar da 66 kW. Babban gudun, kamar yadda Toyota ya yi iƙirari, ya kai 112 mph.
Basilica na Uwargidanmu na Aminci
Basilica na Uwargidanmu na Aminci (Faransanci: Basilique Notre-Dame de la Paix) wata karamar basilica ce ta Katolika da aka keɓe wa Uwargidanmu na Aminci a Yamoussoukro,babban birnin mulkin Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory-Coast)."Guinness World Records" ta jera shi a matsayin babbar coci a duniya, bayan ta zarce mai rikodin da ta gabata, Saint Peter's Basilica,bayan kammalawa.
An gina basilica tsakanin 1985 da 1989 tare da ƙididdigar farashi daban-daban waɗanda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka bayar. Wadansu sun bayyana cewa ya ci dala miliyan 175, dalar Amurka miliyan 300, wanda ya kai dala miliyan 600. Zane-zanen dome da kewayen filin an bayyane su ne a bayyane da Basilica na Saint Peter a cikin Vatican City, ko da yake ba kwatankwacin abu bane. An kafa ginshiƙin a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1985, kuma an tsarkake shi a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1990 1990 da Paparoma John Paul II, wanda ya karɓi ƙa'idar basilica a matsayin kyauta daga Félix Houphouët-Boigny a madadin Cocin Katolika.
Bai kamata a rikita basilica da babban coci ba. Uwargidanmu ta Aminci tana cikin Diocese na Yamoussoukro; Cathedral na Saint Augustine - ƙasa da nisan kilomita 3 (mil 2) - ya fi girman basilika amma babban wurin bautar da wurin zama na bishop na yankin.
Yana da yanki na murabba'in mita 30,000 (320,000 sq ft) kuma yana da tsayi 158 (518 ft). Ko yaya, har ila yau ya haɗa da rectory da villa (ƙidaya a cikin yankin gaba ɗaya), waɗanda ba cikakken ɓangare na cocin ba. Zai iya ɗaukar masu bauta 18,000, idan aka kwatanta da 60,000 na St. Peter. Litattafan yau da kullun da aka gudanar a basilica yawanci hundredan ɗari ɗari ne ke halarta.
Basilica ana gudanar da shi ne ta Pallottines ta Poland a kan kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara. .
Gine-gine
Yayin da yake tsara shi bayan Vatican Basilica, mai tsara gine-ginen Lebanon Pierre Fakhoury ya gina dome don ya zama ƙasa kaɗan da Basilica na Saint Peter, amma an yi masa ado da babban giciye a saman. Tsawon da aka gama ya kai mita 158 (518 ft). Dome ya ninka diamita sama da ninki biyu na St. Peter's a Rome, mita 90 da mita 41 (300 ft da 136 ft). Tushen dome yayi ƙasa da na Bitrus sosai, saboda haka tsayin daka ba shi da ƙasa kaɗan. An gina basilica da marmara da aka shigo da ita daga Italiya kuma an wadata ta da murabba'in mita 8,400 (90,000 sq ft) na tabarau na zamani daga Faransa.
Ginshikan suna da yawa a duk cikin basilica amma basu da daidaito a cikin salo; colananan ginshiƙan suna wurin don dalilai na tsari, yayin da waɗanda suka fi girma suna da ado kuma suna ɗauke da lif, fitar ruwan sama daga rufin da sauran kayan injunan gini. Akwai isasshen sarari da za a iya ɗaukar mutane 7,000 a cikin jirgin ruwa, tare da tsayayyen ɗakin don ƙarin mutane 11,000. Baya ga basilica akwai ƙauyuka iri ɗaya masu kama. Daya daga cikin ƙauyukan yana saukar da limaman cocin da ke aiki da basilica. Aki a ɗayan villa an ta nada don ziyarar papal, wanda ɗayan ne ya faru, lokacin da aka tsarkake basilica.
Itacen da aka zaɓa don pews 7,000 a cikin Lady of Peace Peace Basilica itace Iroko.
Gina
Kamfanin Dumez na gine-gine na kasar Faransa ne ya gina Basilica. Kudin basilica ya sadu da wasu rikice-rikice a duniya lokacin da aka fara gini, musamman yayin da Cote d'Ivoire ke cikin matsalar tattalin arziki da na kuɗi a lokacin. Paparoma John Paul II ya amince da tsarkake basilica da sharadin cewa a gina asibiti a kusa da nan. Wannan asibitin, wanda aikinsa ya daskarewa a lokacin rikicin siyasa da soja daga 2002 zuwa 2011, a ƙarshe an kammala shi a cikin 2014 kuma an buɗe shi a watan Janairun 2015, kan kuɗi €21.3 miliyan.
Tunawa
Shugaban kasar Cote d'Ivoire Houphouët-Boigny ya zabi mahaifar sa ta Yamoussoukro a matsayin wurin da za a gina sabon babban birnin kasarsa a shekarar 1983. A wani bangare na shirin garin, shugaban ya so ya tuna da kansa tare da gina basilica. Har ma an hotonta kusa da Yesu yana hawa sama a cikin tabarau ɗaya. Saboda wurin da Basilica din yake, sai kafofin yada labarai suka yi mata lakabi da "Basilica a cikin daji". Houphouët-Boigny ya yi imanin cewa zai zama wurin aikin hajji ga Katolika na Afirka.
Sylvester Anyanwu
Sylvester Udubuisi Anyanwu (an haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1951) an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Imo ta Arewa (Okigwe) na jihar Imo, Najeriya, ya karɓi mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2007. Ɗan jam'iyyar PDP ne.
Anyanwu ya samu digirin farko a fannin lissafi, tattalin arziƙi da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (finance). Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin banki a ƙasar waje na tsawon shekaru kafin ya dawo Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama mamban matasa a hukumar kwastam ta Najeriya, sannan ya shiga aikin soja. Daga nan ya zama kwamishinan kasuwanci da masana’antu na jihar Imo kuma shugaban kamfanin siminti na Nkalagu.
Bayan ya hau kujerar sa a Majalisar Dattawa an naɗa shi kwamitocin Jihohi & Ƙananan Hukumomi, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Asusun Gwamnati, Neja Delta da Sadarwa (Chairman). A cikin tantancewar tsakiyar wa'adi na Sanatoci a cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2009, ThisDay ya ba shi maki "matsakaici", lura da cewa ya ɗauki nauyin ƙudirin kafa Cibiyar Kula da Baitulmali kuma ya kasance mai aiki a Kwamitin Sadarwa. Da yake magana kan jihar Imo, da ma Najeriya baki ɗaya, a wata hira da aka yi da shi a cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2010, ya ce a zaɓe mai zuwa na shekarar 2011 duk wani ɗan majalisar dattawa, gwamna ko shugaban ƙaramar hukuma da ke neman sake tsayawa takara dole ne ya nuna abubuwan da ya cimma. Ya bayyana samar da wutar lantarki da inganta tsaro a matsayin batutuwa na farko.
Mulkin kama-karya
Mulkin kama-karya wani nau'i ne na gwamnati da ke siffanta shugaba, ko gungun shugabanni, masu rike da madafun iko na gwamnati da 'yan kadan ba su da iyaka. Ana kiran shugaban mulkin kama-karya mai mulkin kama-karya. Siyasa a cikin mulkin kama-karya mai mulkin kama-karya ne ke tafiyar da ita, sannan kuma ta hanyar wasu jiga-jigan cikin gida da suka hada da masu ba da shawara, janar-janar, da sauran masu manyan mukamai. Mai mulkin kama karya yana rike da iko ta hanyar yin tasiri da kwantar da hankulan da'ira yayin da yake murkushe duk wani dan adawa, wanda zai iya hada da jam'iyyun siyasa masu hamayya, juriya da makami, ko kuma 'yan da'irar cikin gida marasa aminci. Za a iya kafa mulkin kama-karya ta hanyar juyin mulkin soja da ya hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata ta hanyar karfi ko kuma ta hanyar juyin mulkin kai wanda zababbun shugabanni ke mayar da mulkinsu na dindindin. Mulkin kama-karya na mulkin kama-karya ne ko na kama-karya kuma ana iya rarraba su a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na soja, mulkin kama -karya na jam'iyya daya, mulkin kama-karya na son kai, ko kuma cikakkiyar masarautu. Kalmar kama-karya ta samo asali ne daga amfani da shi a cikin jamhuriyar Rum. Turawan mulkin kama-karya na farko sun samo asali ne a zamanin da suka wuce, musamman a zamanin Shogun na Japan. Mulkin kama-karya na zamani ya fara tasowa ne a karni na 19, wanda ya hada da Bonapartism a Turai da caudillos a Latin Amurka. Karni na 20 ya ga bullar mulkin kama-karya na fascists da gurguzu a Turai; An kawar da fascists ne bayan yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945, yayin da tsarin gurguzu ya bazu zuwa wasu nahiyoyi, inda ya ci gaba da yin fice har zuwa karshen yakin cacar baka a shekarar 1991. Karni na 20 kuma an sami bullar mulkin kama-karya a Afirka da kuma mulkin kama-karya na soji a Latin Amurka, wadanda dukkansu suka yi fice a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Yawancin mulkin kama-karya sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 21, musamman a Afirka da Asiya.
Masu mulkin kama karya suna yawan gudanar da zabuka domin tabbatar da halaccinsu ko kuma samar da kwarin guiwa ga ‘ya’yan jam’iyya mai mulki, amma wadannan zabukan ba sa gasa ga ‘yan adawa. Ana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a mulkin kama-karya ta hanyar tilastawa da danniya na siyasa, wanda ya shafi hana samun bayanai, bin diddigin 'yan adawar siyasa, da ayyukan tashin hankali. Mulkin kama-karya da ya kasa murkushe 'yan adawa yana da saukin rugujewa ta hanyar juyin mulki ko juyin juya hali.
Korka Fall
Korka Fall (an Haife shi a ranar 19 shekarar Fabrairu shekarar 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ce ta mata 'yar ƙasar Senegal wacce ke buga wasan gaba. Ita memba ce a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Senegal. Ta kasance cikin tawagar a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2012, kuma ta ci gaba da buga wa kungiyar wasa har gwagwalad zuwa shekarar 2016. A matakin kulob din ta buga wa Zaragoza CFF ta kasar Sipaniya, inda ta kasance ‘yar wasan Afirka ta farko a gasar Premier ta mata, da Dorades Mbour a Senegal.
Kulob
Korka Fall ya koma kungiyar Zaragoza CFF ta kasar Sipaniya daga ƙungiyar Dorades Mbour ta Senegal a watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, inda ta zama dan wasa na farko a Afirka da ya taka leda a Primera División, matakin mafi girman matakin kwallon kafa na mata a Spain. An rattaba mata hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, inda ake ganin matakin a matsayin karfafa tawagar da ke shirye don gasar Copa de la Reina de Fútbol.
A shekarar 2012, ta koma taka leda a kungiyar Aigles de la Médina ta Senegal. An zabe ta a shekarar 2013 a matsayin gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata a Afirka a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, ‘yar wasan Senegal daya tilo da aka saka a wannan fanni. A shekara ta 2014, Fall ya sake bugawa Dorades Mbour wasa, a cikin rukuni na biyu na Senegal. Tag ci bugun fanareti don lashe wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Teddungal de Vélingara, inda ta ba da lakabi na biyu ga Mbour.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Fall yana taka leda ne a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Senegal, ciki har da gasar cin kofin matan Afirka ta shekarar 2012. Ta ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar, a kwanan baya a lokacin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2016 lokacin da aka kawo ta a matsayin mai maye gurbin Fanta Sy da Guinea.
Hula Damanga
Hular Damanga hula ce mai dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. Ana sarrafata da yadi da zare mai domin amfani wajen qawata ado ga manya da yara. Mata sune suka afi sani da sarrafa hular Damanga, sannan Jama'ar qasar maiduguri, garin Mobi, garin Kano da Jigawa suka akafi sani da samarda hula Damaga a fadin Najeriya.
Hula Damanga na da nau'oi da kaloli daban daban. Mafi sanuwa daga ciki a Arewacin Najeriya sune mai kalan zare guda, mai launukan zare da mai surkin kaloli. Fara, shudiya da kaloli masu haske sunfi yawan karbuwa awajen jama'a. Damanga tana daga cikin hulunan al'ada na Hausa Fulani a yau.
Filin shakatawa na Mgahinga Gorilla
Filin shakatawa na Mgahinga Gorilla wani wurin shakatawa ne a kudu maso yammacin kasar Uganda. An ƙirƙiro shi a cikin shekarar 1991 kuma ya mamaye yanki na 33.9 km2 (13.1 sq mi).
Labarin kasa
Filin shakatawar na Mgahinga Gorilla yana cikin tsaunukan Virunga kuma ya kunshi tsaunuka uku da ba su aiki, watau Dutsen Muhabura, Dutsen Gahinga, da Dutsen Sabyinyo A tsawan filin shakatawar na ƙasar ya fara daga 2,227 zuwa 4,127 m (7,306 zuwa 13,540 ft) kuma yana cikin yankin Kogin Nilu. Tana da ma'ana tare da Filin shakatawa na Volcanoes na Ruwanda da ɓangaren kudanci na Filin shakatawa na Virunga a Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo.
Filin shakatawa yana da nisan kilomita 15 (mil 9.3) a kan hanya kudu da garin Kisoro kuma kusan kilomita 55 (34 mi) a kan hanya yamma da Kabale, gari mafi girma a cikin yankin.
Yanayi
Yankin yana fuskantar yanayi mai damina guda biyu: Fabrairu zuwa Mayu; da kuma Satumba zuwa Disamba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na wata ya bambanta daga 250mm (9.8 in) a watan Oktoba zuwa 10mm (0.39 in) a cikin watan Yuli.
Bambancin halittu
Filin shakatawa na ƙasar ya ƙunshi gandun daji na gora, gandun daji na Kyautar Albertine montane, Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands tare da maganin bishiyoyi, da kuma yankin tsauni a tsaunuka masu tsayi.
Fauna
Primates da ke cikin gandun dajin sun hada da gorilla na kan dutsen (Gorilla beringei beringei) da biri na zinariya (Cercopithecus kandti).
Daga cikin tsuntsayen Kyautar Albertine, an rubuta wadannan a cikin filin shakatawa na kasa yayin binciken a 2004: kyakkyawa spurfowl, dusky crimson-wing, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Rwenzori sunbird mai launuka biyu, hade apalis, wadanda suka rufe mashi, dusar kankara, titin da aka bambamta, sunbird mai kalar shudi, sunbird mai mulki, bakin masaka, montane nightjar, jan fuska mai bushe-bushe da Grauer mai fadama.
Tarihi
An kafa filin shakatawar na Mgahinga Gorilla a 1991 a yankin da ya kasance wurin ajiye wasa tsakanin 1930s da 1950s, amma an canza shi zuwa filayen amfanin gona a ƙasan can. An fara binciken nazarin halittu a cikin 1989, lalata tarkon waya, an horar da masu gadi da kuma dasa bishiyoyi. An sake matsar da masu matsuguni zuwa yankunan da ke kan iyakokin filin shakatawa na kasa a farkon 1990s.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013, kungiyar M23 Movement, kungiyar ‘yan tawayen kasar Congo, ta mika wuya a wurin shakatawar bayan fatattakarsu da Sojojin Congo suka yi a cikin tawayen M23.
Abdul Arshad
Abdul Arshad (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2003) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a Hellerup IK a cikin rukunin 2nd Danish. An haife shi a Denmark yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Pakistan.
Aikin kulob
A shekarar 2022 Abdul ya ci gasar Dibision 2 na U19 da BB.93 kuma shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye 20 a kungiyar. A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2021, ya fara buga babbar ƙungiyarsa a rukunin 2nd Danish da FA shekarar 2000.