cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gombe State Drugs and Medical Consumables Management Agency
Hukumar na da burin samar da tsarin samar da abinci mai kula da marasa lafiya wanda zai cimma muhimman matakan inganci da inganci a cikin isar da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya ga jama'ar kasa kamar yadda ya dace da Ci gaban Lafiya a Jihar Gombe.
Eugene Keazor
Sana'a
Ya yi ritaya a 1964 zuwa Ingila, inda ya zauna tare da matarsa Anne Abiola Keazor (née Solanke). Ya mutu a 1975, ya bar 'ya'ya da yawa, musamman Cif Timothy Chimezie Ikeazor SAN LLD, wanda ya kafa shirin Taimakon Shari'a na Najeriya, Mai Shari'a Kenneth Keazor, tsohon Babban Lauyan Ƙasa da Alƙalin Babban Kotun Najeriya, Dr Henry Keazor, a Mai ba da shawara mai ba da shawara mai ritaya, da George Keazor, tsohon Sojan Burtaniya da Ma'aikacin Gwamnati, marigayi Oyebola Dada Adediran Keazor ma'aikacin gwamnati a ma'aikatar shari'a ta jihar Legas.
Kyaututtuka
An ba shi lambar yabo ta 'yan sandan mulkin mallaka a karrama ranar haihuwa ta 1953.
Elmina
Elmina, wanda aka fi sani da Edina ta Fante na gida, birni ne kuma babban birnin gundumar Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem da ke gabar tekun kudu na Ghana a Yankin Tsakiya, yana kan bakin teku a Tekun Atlantika, kilomita 12 ( 7+1⁄2 mil) yamma da Cape Coast. Elmina ita ce mazaunin Turai na farko a Yammacin Afirka kuma tana da yawan mutane 33,576.
Tarihi
Kafin isowar Fotigal ɗin, ana kiran garin Anomansah ("madawwami" ko "abin sha mara ƙarewa") daga matsayinsa akan tsibirin tsakanin tekun Benya da teku.
A cikin 1478 (lokacin Yaƙin Mutuwar Castilian), wani jirgin ruwa na Castilian na caravels 35 da jirgin ruwan Fotigal sun yi babban yaƙin sojan ruwa kusa da Elmina don sarrafa kasuwancin Guinea (zinariya, bayi, hauren giwa da barkono melegueta). Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da nasarar sojan ruwa na Fotigal, sannan kuma amincewar hukuma daga masarautar Katolika na ikon mallakar Fotigal akan yawancin yankuna na Yammacin Afirka da ke takaddama a cikin yarjejeniyar Alcáçovas, 1479. Wannan shi ne yakin mulkin mallaka na farko tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai. Da yawa za su zo.
Garin ya girma a kusa da São Jorge da Mina Castle, wanda Diogo de Azambuja na Fotigal ya gina a 1482 a kan wani gari ko ƙauye mai suna Amankwakurom ko Amankwa. Ita ce hedikwatar Fotigal ta Yammacin Afirka don kasuwanci da cin dukiyar Afirka. Sha'awar Fotigal na asali shine zinari, tare da jigilar 8,000 zuwa Lisbon daga 1487 zuwa 1489, oza 22,500 daga 1494 zuwa 1496, da oza 26,000 a farkon karni na sha shida.
Daga baya tashar jiragen ruwa ta faɗaɗa don haɗawa da dubun dubatar bayi da aka bi ta hanyar kasuwancin Elmina, dubu goma zuwa sha biyu daga 1500-35 kadai. A shekara ta 1479, Fotigal na safarar bayi daga nesa har zuwa Benin, wanda ya kai kashi 10 na cinikin da ake yi a Elmina, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen share filaye don yin noma.
Wurin da Elmina ya sanya ya zama wani muhimmin wuri don sake samar da jiragen ruwa da ke zuwa kudu zuwa Cape of Good Hope akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya. Bayan shekaru na kasuwancin Fotigal a gabar tekun Elmina, Yaren mutanen Holland sun sami labarin ayyukan ribar da ke faruwa ta hanyar Barent Eriksz na Medemblik, ɗaya daga cikin farkon 'yan kasuwa da masu kewaya Guinea. Ericksz ya koya game da ciniki a gabar tekun Elmina yayin da yake fursuna a Principe kuma daga baya ya zama babban abin amfani ga Dutch dangane da samar da bayanan yanki da ciniki. Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya kame Elmina a 1637; a cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa galibi ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar cinikin bayi. Turawan Burtaniya sun kai hari a garin a cikin 1782, amma ya kasance a hannun Dutch har zuwa 1872, lokacin da aka siyar da Tekun Gold na Dutch ga Burtaniya. Sarkin Ashanti, mai da'awar suzerain, ya ki amincewa da canja wurin, kuma ya fara yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na uku na 1873-1874.
Elmina kuma gida ne na Sansanin Coenraadsburg akan St. Jago Hill, wanda Fotigal ya gina a 1555 a ƙarƙashin sunan Forte de Santiago; an yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci. A cikin 1637 Dutch sun ci nasara da sake masa suna, bayan sun ƙwace babban gidan Elmina. A yau, babbar masana'antar tattalin arzikin Elmina ita ce kamun kifi, samar da gishiri da yawon shakatawa. Gidan Elmina yana da kusanci da Cape Coast Castle, wani sansanin tarihi mai mahimmanci sanannu ga rawar da ya taka a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic.
Tattalin Arziki
Tun daga 2003, Elmina, tare da masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, sun fara The Elmina Strategy 2015, babban aiki don inganta fannoni da yawa na garin, wanda ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa da sarrafa sharar gida wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka lafiyar 'yan ƙasa, gyara masana'antar kamun kifi da tashar jiragen ruwa. na cikin Elmina, yawon shakatawa da bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi, ingantattun ayyukan kiwon lafiya, da ingantattun ayyukan ilimi.
Yawon shakatawa
Baya ga Castle na Elmina da Sansanin Coenraadsburg, manyan wuraren yawon shakatawa a Elmina sun haɗa da Makabartar Mutanen Holland da Gidan Tarihi na Elmina Java.
Bikin
Elmina gida ce ga Bikin Bakatue na shekara -shekara, bikin teku da al'adun kamun kifi na gida, wanda ake yi a ranar Talata na farko na Yuli kowace shekara.
An fassara Bakatue yana nufin "buɗe rafin" ko "malalawar Lagoon". An yi bikin ne domin tunawa da kafuwar garin, Elmina da Turawa suka yi. Ana kuma yin biki don roƙon allahn, Nana Benya ta ci gaba da kare jihar da jama'ar ta.
Yaw Baning-Darko
Yaw Baning-Darko ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisa na biyu na jamhuriya ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazabar Atiwa a yankin Gabashin Ghana.
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Atiwa a yankin Gabashin Ghana.
Siyasa
An fara zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party na mazabar Atiwa a yankin Gabas a babban zaben Ghana na Disamba 1996. Ya samu kuri'u 19,735 daga cikin 31,731 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50.50% a kan abokin hamayyarsa Ben Ohene-Kwapong na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 10,480 mai wakiltar 26.80% da Emmanuel Dakwa Adae na jam'iyyar People's National Congress wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,516. Yaw Brempong Yeboah ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyarsa.
Guy Lionnet
Guy Lionnet, masanin aikin gona ne ɗan Mauritius-Seychellois, masanin halitta, masanin harshe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma masanin tarihi. An haife shi a Curepipe Mauritius a ranar 31 ga watan Mayun 1922, ɗan Joseph Félix Lionnet (1898 – 1968) da Marguerite Marie Raymonde Commins (1900 – 1933) kuma ya zauna a Seychelles a shekarar 1945 a matsayin ɗan ƙwararren matashi yayin da ƙasar har yanzu take mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. . Shi ne Daraktan Noma na farko na ƙasar Seychelles wanda ba ɗan Biritaniya ba kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kiyayewa a Seychelles a matsayin shugaban hukumomin kiyayewa da yawa ciki har da gidauniyar Seychelles Islands Foundation. Lionnet ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci a kan tarihin Seychelles da flora da fauna na Seychelles kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jakadan Seychelles ga Jamhuriyar Madagascar.
A cikin shekarar 1987 Lionnet an sanya shi cikin lambar yabo ta Global 500 Roll of Honor ta Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a matsayin mutum, "mai alhakin samar da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da yawa da kuma kare nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Seychelles." Sun kuma lura cewa ya yi nasarar yaƙin neman shelar Aldabra Atoll a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya.
Guy Lionnet ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwambar 2007 yana da shekaru 85.
Littattafai
Ƙasar Seychelles
Manazarta
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Philip Bradbourn
Philip Charles Bradbourn, OBE (9 ga watan Agusta 1951 - 19 Disamba 2014) ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) ga West Midlands daga 1999 zuwa 2014.
Rayuwa
An haife shi a Tipton a shekarar 1951, Bradbourn ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Tipton da Kwalejin Wulfrun da Kwalejin Worcester, inda ya sami Difloma bayan kammala karatun digiri a Gudanarwar Municipal a 1972. Taso a cikin Black Country, ya zauna a yankin har mutuwarsa. An ba shi lambar yabo ta OBE don hidimar jama'a da siyasa a cikin jerin karramawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya a 1994.
Siyasa
Bradbourn ya fito takarar majalisar Wolverhampton Kudu maso Gabas a babban zaben 1992 kuma ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Turai a County Durham a 1994. Har zuwa zabensa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Jagoran Rukunin Conservative kan Majalisar Birnin Wolverhampton. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na kananan hukumomi musamman dangane da tsare-tsare. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Conservatives reshen West Midlands.
Bayan mutuwarsa, tsohon dan wasan cricketer Daniel Dalton ya gaje kujerar Bradbourn.
Kadarori
Bradbourn ya bi wani korafi game da Labaran Duniya tare da Hukumar Korafe -korafen Jarida. The News of the World sannan ta ba da wannan uzuri "Saɓani da rahoton a cikin labarinmu "EU ta busa miliyoyin a kan gaskiyar nemo masu kyauta ga MEPs" (18 ga Mayu 2008), Philip Bradbourn MEP bai ziyarci Dutsen Tebur ba ko kuma wani yanki na ruwan inabi a lokacin Afirka ta Kudu. tafiya. Muna neman afuwar duk wani abin kunya.”
Lamarin shan taba
A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2007, wata kasida ta bayyana a mujallar The Times tana magana akan wani lamari da ya faru a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (ginin da ba a shan taba), inda aka sami Bradbourn yana shan taba a cikin wani titi. Da aka nuna masa cewa ba a ba shi damar shan taba a cikin Majalisar ba, sai ya ce “Ni dan majalisa ne. Ina yin dokoki." Bradbourn, ya musanta hakan, yana mai cewa ainihin kalamansa shine, "Mambobin da aka zaba suna yin dokoki a majalisa, ba ma'aikata ba."
Ruɗani a Birmingham
A shekarar 2008 an gano cewa gidan yanar gizon West Midlands Conservative MEPs ya nuna hoton Birmingham, Alabama maimakon Birmingham, Ingila.
Mutuwa da jana'iza
Bradbourn ya mutu ne daga ciwon daji na hanji a ranar 20 Disamba 2014, yana da shekaru 63, yayin da yayi jinya a Asibitin Good Hope, Sutton Coldfield. Ashley Fox, shugaban MEPs masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce Bradbourn ya kasance "mai-da-kai" ya kara da cewa "ya kasance mai matukar kaunar hali wanda za a iya dogara da shi a koyaushe don tsangwama mai karfi da kuma takaitaccen bayani na siyasa". Fox ya ci gaba da cewa: "Tsarin rashin hankalinsa game da harkokin siyasa ya sa ya zama babban murya ga West Midlands tare da tsayawa tsayin daka na kare muradun masu biyan haraji na Burtaniya a Brussels da Strasbourg."
Kamar yadda Bradbourn ya mutu bai bar dangi ba, tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan siyasa Alastair Little an ayyana shi bisa doka don ya iya shirya jana'izar Bradbourn. An yi jana'izar da konawa a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2015 a Bushbury crematorium, Wolverhampton.
A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu an shawarci Mista Little ta wayar tarho cewa an samu kuskuren gudanarwa a dakin ajiye gawarwaki na Co-operation Funeralcare ta Tsakiyar Ingila, kuma an bada wata gawar ta daban ga masu daukar nauyin jana'izar Bradbourn. Wani mai suna Philip Bradburn ya riga ya mutu a Asibitin Jami'ar Birmingham kafin Kirsimeti, kuma an sarrafa shi a dakin ajiyar gawa guda, wanda ke kula da gawarwakin asibitocin NHS da yawa da ke yankin. Daga nan aka saki gawar daidai ga masu aikin, sannan aka sake yin jana'izar da konawa a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2015 a wurin konewar Bushbury. The Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Central England Co-operative, da abin ya shafa masu aiki da crematorium duk suna bincike. MEP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Malcolm Harbor, abokin Mista Bradbourn, ya ce "ba za a iya bayyanawa ba" cewa irin wannan lamarin na iya faruwa: "Muna so mu tabbatar da cewa hakan ba zai sake faruwa ba kuma na tabbata mutanen da ke kula da asibitin da abin ya shafa za su sami cikakkiyar nasara. bincike kuma zai gaya wa kowa sakamakon."
Tsokana
Tsokana. wata ɗabi'a ce ko al'ada da bahaushe kanyi manƴa da yara keyi.
Tsokana ana samun ta tsakanin abokan wasa domin hakan na cikin al'adar Bahaushe.
Gabriel Barima
Siyasa
An zabi Barima a matsayin majalisa ta 1 ta jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu bayan ya zama mai nasara a zaben majalisar dokokin Ghana na shekarar 1992 da aka gudanar a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1992 karkashin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress.
Ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar Ahafo Ano ta Kudu a tikitin jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress amma Stephen K. Balado Manu ya sha kaye. Ya samu kuri'u 16,449 da ke wakiltar kashi 40.5% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Balado Manu ya samu kuri’u 17,015 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 41.90 cikin 100 na yawan kuri’un da aka kada don lashe kujerar sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party.
Sana'a
Barima tsohon dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Ahafo Ano ta kudu a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Shi kuma manomi ne ta hanyar sana’a.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Barima Kirista ce.
Ma'anar sunan farko Tweaa
Tweaa, tsangwama ta Akan da ake amfani da ita don nuna rashin amincewa ko raina magana.
Maganar "Tweaa" Sharhin
Nakalto daga bidiyon:
"Wane ne ya sanya wannan sautin 'tweaa'? Ni girmanku ne?...An ba ni dandalin yin magana, ba a ba ku dandalin yin magana ba, don haka, abin da kuke fada, babu mai ji sai nawa." Ni abokin aikinku ne? Kina tunanin kai abokin aikina ne?...Kana zaune a wani wuri ka yi kamar kana magana da abokin aikinka. Shin ina daidai da ku? Idan kai ma'aikacin asibiti ne, kai waye? Me ya sa ya kamata ka yi haka? Na karasa maganata. Ba zan sake magana ba. Idan ba ku girmama mutane ... Ba zan sake magana ba. Dauki shirin ku."
Trends da Amfanin Jama'a
Mutane sun fara yin nasu ma'anoni ga wannan magana banda ma'anarta ta asali ko ta gargajiya. Misali na yau da kullun shine rubutun kalmar ta wata hanya kamar "Tweeaa" don nufin Al'ada Hanyar Bayyana fushi a Antagonism.
"Tweaa" kuma ya yi hanyar zuwa majalisar dokokin Ghana kuma kakakin majalisar Edward Adjaho ya haramta amfani da shi.
Shi ma tsohon shugaban Ghana, Shugaba Mahama ya yi amfani da kalmar da ke da alaka da ita "Shin ina daidai da ku?" wanda kuma ya fito a cikin faifan bidiyon da kuma "Tweaa" kanta, yayin da yake gabatar da jawabi na kasa a majalisar dokokin kasar.
Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu
Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu (1952 - 24 Satumba 2008) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ma'aikacin akawu. Ya kasance dan majalisa a majalisar dokokin Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Asante Akim ta Arewa daga watan Janairun 1997 har zuwa rasuwarsa ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2008. Ya yi minista a ma'aikatu daban-daban a karkashin gwamnatin Kufuor daga 2001.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Baah-Wiredu a Asante Akim Agogo. Ya fara karatunsa na Sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kumasi a shekarar 1967. Ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na GCE a 1972. Ya yi digirinsa na shida a Kwalejin Prempeh, ita ma a Kumasi. Baah-Wiredu ya wuce Jami'ar Ghana a 1974 kuma ya sami digiri na B.Sc. in Administration (Accounting option). Sannan ya yi kwas na shekaru hudu tare da Cibiyar Kula da Akantoci ta Chartered wanda ya cancanci zama akawu mai haya a 1985.
Dan majalisa
Baah-Wiredu ya fara harkar siyasa ne a shekarar 1997 bayan ya zama wanda ya lashe zaben Ghana na shekarar 1996. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu fafutukar adawa da ra'ayin gwamnatin Tarayyar (UNIGOV) wanda Majalisar Koli ta Sojoji ta Janar Acheampong ta inganta a 1978. Ya shiga sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party a lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. Ya zama dan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta biyu a jamhuriya ta hudu bayan zaben ‘yan majalisa na 1996 kuma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da rike mukaminsa.
Ministan kasa
Ya zama Minista a gwamnatin John Kufuor ta NPP a shekarar 2001. Ya rike madafun ikon kananan hukumomi da raya karkara (2001-2003) da ilimi, matasa da wasanni (2003-2005). Ya zama ministan kudi da tsare-tsare a shekara ta 2005. A shekarar 2005, shi ne Ministan Kudi na farko a tarihin Ghana da ya gabatar da bayanin kasafin kudin kasar da manufofin tattalin arzikin kasar a gaban majalisar kafin zuwan wannan shekarar tare da kasafin kudin shekarar 2006. Tun daga wannan lokacin, wannan ya zama al'ada ga duk wanda ya biyo baya. Ministocin kudi.
Zabe
An zabi Baah-Wiredu a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asante Akim ta Arewa na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 40,497 daga cikin 53,098 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 76.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Atobrah Isaac na babban taron jama'a, Thomas Osei Bonsu Nkansah na National Democratic Congress da Kwabena Anarfi na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Waɗannan sun sami 0.8%, 21.6% da 1.3% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Baah-Wiredu ta yi aure da ‘ya’ya 6.
Mutuwa
A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2008, Baah-Wiredu ya rasu a Afirka ta Kudu inda yake jinya saboda gajeriyar rashin lafiya.
Somaliya Green Party
Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Somalia ( Somali, SGP ) ita ce jam'iyyar kore ta Somaliya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1990. Tana da mai da hankali kan muhalli. SGP memba ne na ƙungiyar Green Greens a cikin Tarayyar Green Party of Africa, wanda ya haɗa da jam'iyyun kore na ƙasa a sauran jahohin kahon Afirka na Djibouti, Eritrea da Habasha.
hedkwatar
Ƙungiyar tana da hedikwatar ta a Mogadishu da Jilib a kudancin Somaliya. Har ila yau, ana shirin buɗe sabbin rassa na SGP a yankunan arewacin Puntland da Somaliland masu cin gashin kansu, da kuma yankin Kismayu da ke kudu. Bugu da ƙari, jam'iyyar tana da ofishinta na ƙasa da ƙasa da na sadarwa a ƙasashen Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada.
Kwayar halitta
Genotype na kwayoyin halitta shine cikakken tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Genotype don komawa zuwa alleles ko bambance-bambancen da mutum ke ɗauka a cikin wani takamaiman zubin halitta ko wurin kwayoyin halitta. Adadin alleles da mutum zai iya samu a cikin takamaiman zubin halitta ya dogara da adadin kwafin kowane chromosome da aka samu a cikin wannan nau'in, wanda kuma ake kira ploidy. A cikin nau'in diploid kamar mutane, cikakkun nau'ikan chromosomes guda biyu suna nan, ma'ana kowane mutum yana da alleles guda biyu na kowane zubin halitta. Idan duka alleles iri ɗaya ne, ana kiran genotype a matsayin homozygous. Idan alleles sun bambanta, ana kiran genotype a matsayin heterozygous.
Zubin halitta na gani
Duk wani zubin halitta da akayi yawanci zai haifar da canji na iya gani a cikin kwayoyin halitta, wanda aka sani da phenotype. Kalmomin genotype da phenotype sun bambanta saboda aƙalla dalilai biyu:
2.Genotype da phenotype ba koyaushe suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ba. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna bayyana nau'in halitta ne kawai a wasu yanayi na muhalli. Sabanin haka, wasu phenotypes na iya zama sakamakon nau'ikan genotypes da yawa. A genotype yawanci haɗe da phenotype wanda ke bayyana ƙarshen sakamakon duka kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli suna ba da bayanin da aka lura (misali idanu shuɗi, launin gashi, ko cututtuka daban-daban na gado)
Misali mai sauƙi don kwatanta genotype kamar yadda ya bambanta da phenotype shine launin fure a cikin tsire-tsire (duba Gregor Mendel ). Akwai nau'ikan genotypes guda uku, PP ( mafi girman homozygous ), Pp (heterozygous), da pp (homozygous recessive). Dukansu ukun suna da nau'ikan genotype daban-daban amma biyun farko suna da nau'in halitta iri ɗaya (purple) wanda ya bambanta da na uku (fararen fata).
Cape Town Ecology Group
Ƙungiya ta Cape Town Ecology Group, ƙungiya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu, wacce aka kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1987, a matsayin "ɗan Koeberg Alert", kuma tana aiki har zuwa farkon shekarun1990s. Ta samar da aƙidar kore mai ra'ayin siyasa saɓanin ƙungiyoyin kiyaye wariyar launin fata na lokacin. A cewar wanda ya kafa Mike Cope: "Mun ji buƙatar duba al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli a matsayi mafi girma kuma mun fahimci alaƙar da ke tsakanin siyasa da muhalli. Ecology tabbas kan batu ne na siyasa domin al'amuran muhalli sun shafi inda muke rayuwa." Ta ɗauki nauyin taron farko na Afirka ta Kudu kan muhalli, tare da reshen Western Cape na taron duniya kan addini da zaman lafiya da kuma kiran Musulunci a shekarar 1991. An gudanar da taron ƙasa kan muhalli da ci gaba a jami'ar Western Cape tare da wasu wakilai 231 daga ƙungiyoyi da dama sun tattauna kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin gurɓatar muhalli da yanayin siyasa a kudancin Afirka. Taron na kwanaki uku yana da nufin "Siyasa Ilimin Halitta, Siyasar Ecology" kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin ci gaba a lokacinsa.
A cewar mai shirya taron, Phakamile Tshazibane: “A karon farko ƙungiyoyi irin su Congress of African Trade Unions (Cosatu), Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta ƙasa (Nactu), Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) da kuma Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta Kudu. ANC), ta sami matsaya guda game da batun muhalli."
Manazarta
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Jonathan Bullock
Jonathan Bullock FRSA (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Maris 1963). ɗan siyasa ne na Ingila. Shi memba ne na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na yankin Gabashin Midlands har sai lokacin da Burtaniya ta fice daga EU a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2020. Kuma ya kasance na uku a jerin UKIP na wannan Mazaɓar a zaben 2014 na Turai, sannan ya zama MEP a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2017, ya gaji Roger Helmer. An sake zaɓar shi a zaɓen shekara ta 2019 don Brexit Party.
Bullock ya taba zama kansila kuma memba a majalisar ministoci na gundumar Kettering kuma dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma dan takarar Turai. Ya yi murabus daga Jam'iyyar Conservative a watan Satumba 2012 don shiga UKIP, amma ya bar a cikin Disamba 2018 kuma ya shiga Brexit Party watanni hudu bayan haka.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Bullock a ranar 3 ga watan Maris 1963 a Nottingham. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare na Nottingham kafin ya yi karatu a Portsmouth, inda ya sami digiri na BA (Hons) a fannin siyasa. Shi memba ne na Royal Society of Arts (FRSA).
Fara aiki
Bullock ya fara aikinsa a Majalisar Wakilai na MPs Andrew Stewart da Sir Richard Ottaway. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da aiki a hukumomin talla, ya zama daraktan asusun ajiyar kuɗade da dama. Daga baya ya yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Talla (1994-1997) da kuma Ƙungiyar Hanya ta Biritaniya (1997-2001), dukansu a cikin irin wannan shugaban ayyukan hulda da jama'a. An nada shi Daraktan Tsare-tsare a Cibiyar Kula da Dabaru da Sufuri ta Chartered da ke Burtaniya a cikin 2002, yana aiki har tsawon shekaru biyar.
Siyasa
Don Jam'iyyar Conservative, Bullock ya yi yaƙin neman kujerun Majalisar Manchester Gorton ( 1992 ) da Gedling ( 2001 ) da kuma zaɓen Majalisar Turai na 2004 a mazabar Gabashin Midlands. An zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Kettering a 2007, yana wakiltar gundumar Sarauniya Eleanor & Buccleuch; A wannan shekarar ne aka nada shi a Majalisar Ministoci, An sake zabe shi a Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Kettering a 2011 a wannan unguwa.
Murabus
Ya yi murabus daga UKIP a watan Disamba 2018 saboda saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin jam'iyyar da shugaba Gerard Batten ya yi, amma ya ci gaba da zama a karkashin kungiyar Turai of Freedom and Direct Democracy group a majalisar Turai.
Ya koma jam'iyyar Brexit a watan Fabrairun 2019 kuma an sake zaben shi a 2019.
George Stuart Graham-Smith
George Stuart Graham-Smith wanda ya rayu (25 Satumba 1875 - 30 Agusta 1950) masanin ilimin halittu ne ɗan yankin Biritaniya kuma masanin dabbobi musamman lura da aikinsa akan kudaje, duka biyun a matsayin masu yada cututtukan, kuma a matsayin kwayoyin halitta masu sha'awar kansu.
Diphtheria
A cikin 1901, Graham-Smith ya shiga cikin aji na ilimin cututtuka wanda Louis Cobbett ya koyar a Cambridge. A cikin bazara na wannan shekarar an sami barkewar cutar diphtheria a cikin gida, kuma ajin ya bi ci gaban aikin Cobbett kan gano kwayoyin halitta daga swabs, allurar dabbobi, da ma'amala da marasa lafiya, likitoci da masu duba tsafta. A lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar, an sami barkewar cutar diphthera a Colchester, kuma Graham-Smith ya tafi can a matsayin mataimakin Cobbett. Ayyukansa a can sune tushen buga littafinsa na farko, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na littafinsa na MD. Ya bayyana matakan da aka dauka don magance bullar cutar, wadanda suka hada da maganin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, gwajin kwayoyin cuta na majinyata da tuntubar juna, warewar marasa lafiya har sai an nuna ba su da kamuwa da cutar, da kuma rufe makarantu tare da ware daliban da suka kamu da cutar da zarar sun dawo. -bude. Barkewar ta ragu a cikin kaka na 1901.
Graham-Smith ya ci gaba da aiki akan diphtheria na wasu shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin 1903 da 1904 ya buga takardu guda biyu da ke gabatar da shaida, duka daga nazarin wallafe-wallafen da nasa da kuma aikin Cobbett, game da kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta a cikin marasa lafiya, lambobin sadarwa ba tare da bayyanar cututtuka ba, da waɗanda ba su da alamun bayyanar, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da waɗannan binciken. don matakan magance cututtuka. Ya jaddada mahimmancin gwada ƙwayar cutar bacilli da aka samo, da kuma ganowa dangane da ilimin halittar jiki da kaddarorin al'adu. Ya ƙarasa da cewa ba a cika samun nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutane masu lafiya ba tare da sanin alaƙa da marasa lafiya da aka gano suna da diphtheria ba, wani binciken da ya goyi bayan wata manufa ta keɓancewa da gwada lambobin diphtheria.
Haɗin gwiwa tare da George Nuttall
A wannan lokacin, Graham-Smith ya haɓaka dangantaka ta kud da kud tare da George Nuttall, wanda aka nada shi Malamin Jami'a a Ilimin Bacteriology da Preventive Medicine a 1900. Sun haɗa haɗin gwiwar Bacteriology na Diphtheria, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1908, babban aiki na farko akan wannan batu da aka buga a Biritaniya. Nuttall da Graham-Smith kuma sun yi aiki tare a kan jerin nazarin canine Piroplasma canis, wanda yanzu ake kira Babesia canis, protozoan parasite wanda ke mamaye jan jini na karnuka, kuma ana daukar su ta hanyar ticks. Schetters (2019), yana nazarin wallafe-wallafen kan wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin karnuka, ya sake tsara bayanan Graham-Smith game da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, kuma ya tabbatar da mahimmin bincikensa na tarin ƙwayoyin jajayen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin capillaries. Wani kamuwa da cuta na jini ya fara bayyana ta Graham-Smith a cikin moles. Kwayar halitta, kwayar cutar Gram-negative, ana kiranta Grahamella a cikin girmamawarsa, amma yanzu an lasafta shi da Bartonella.
Cindy Castellano
Cindy Castellano ita ’yar Amurka ce mai wasan tseren tsalle-tsalle. Ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a tseren tsalle-tsalle a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi na 1980 da aka gudanar a Geilo, Norway. Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar mata ta slalom 3A da na slalom 3A na mata.
Sararin Samaniya na Duniya
Sararin samaniyar duniya, wanda aka fi sani da iska, shi ne iskar gas ɗin dake riƙe da ƙarfin duniya wanda ke kewaye da duniyar kuma ya samar da yanayin ta na duniya. Yanayin duniya yana kare rayuwa a doron ƙasa ta hanyar haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke ba da damar ruwa mai ɗorewa ya kasance a farfajiyar duniya, yana ɗaukar hasken rana na ultraviolet, yana dumama farfajiyar, ta hanyar riƙe zafi ( tasirin greenhouse ), da rage matsanancin zafin rana, tsakanin dare da rana ( zafin rana. bambancin).
Ta ƙarar, busasshiyar iska ta ƙunshi 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, da ƙananan gas. Har ila yau, iska tana ƙunshe da adadin tururin ruwa, a matsakaita kusan kashi 1% a matakin teku, da 0.4% akan sararin samaniya. Haɗin iska, zafin jiki, da matsin yanayi suna bambanta da tsayi. A cikin yanayi, iska dace da amfani a photosynthesis da terrestrial shuke-shuke da kuma numfashi na nazarin sasannin dabbobi ke samuwa ne kawai a Duniya ta troposphere.
Farkon yanayin duniya ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen. Yanayin ya canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, wanda abubuwa da yawa suka shafa kamar volcanism, rayuwa, da yanayin yanayi. Kwanan nan, ayyukan ɗan adam shima ya ba da gudummawa ga canje -canjen yanayi, kamar dumamar yanayi, raguwar ozone da zubar da acid.
Yanayin yana da taro kusan 5.15 ×  kg, kwata -kwata uku yana cikin kusan 11 km na farfajiya. Yanayin ya zama siriri tare da kara tsayi, ba tare da takamaiman iyaka tsakanin yanayin da sararin samaniya ba. Layin Kármán, a 100 km ko 1.57% na radius na Duniya, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman kan iyaka tsakanin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya. Ana iya lura da tasirin yanayi yayin sake shigar sararin samaniya a sararin sama kusan 120 km. Ana iya rarrabe yadudduka da yawa a cikin yanayi, dangane da halaye kamar zafin jiki da abun da ke ciki.
Nazarin yanayin duniya da hanyoyinsa ana kiranta kimiyyar yanayi (aerology), kuma ya ƙunshi filayen subfields da yawa, kamar canjin yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann. Nazarin yanayi mai tarihi ana kiransa paleoclimatology.
Abun da ke ciki
Manyan abubuwa guda uku na sararin duniya sune nitrogen, oxygen, da argon. Tururin ruwa yana lissafin kusan 0.25% na sararin samaniya ta hanyar taro. Haɗin tururin ruwa (iskar gas) ya bambanta sosai daga kusan 10 ppm ta ƙarar a cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin yanayi zuwa 5% da ƙima a cikin zafi mai zafi, da iska mai yawa, da kuma yawan sauran iskar gas. sharud busasshiyar iska (ba tare da tururin ruwa ba). Sauran iskar gas galibi ana kiran su iskar gas, daga cikinsu akwai iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, da ozone. Bayan argon, wanda aka riga aka ambata, wasu gas masu daraja, neon, helium, krypton, da xenon suma suna nan. Iskar da aka tace ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na sauran sinadarai. Abubuwa da yawa na asalin halitta na iya kasancewa a cikin gida da yanayi na canzawa kaɗan kaɗan kamar aerosols a cikin samfurin iska wanda ba a tace ba, gami da ƙura na ma'adinai da abun da ke cikin halitta, pollen da spores, fesa ruwa, da tokar dutsen. Hakanan ana iya samun gurɓatattun masana'antu daban -daban azaman gas ko aerosols, kamar chlorine (na asali ko a cikin mahadi), mahaɗan fluorine da ƙaƙƙarfan tururi na mercury. Ana iya samun mahaɗan sulfur kamar hydrogen sulfide da sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) daga asalin halitta ko daga gurɓataccen iska na masana'antu. Matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin busasshiyar iska, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ƙididdige ɗimbin yawa ko don juyawa tsakanin gutsuttsuran ƙwayar cuta da ɗimbin yawa, kusan 28.946 ko 28.96   g/mun. Wannan yana raguwa lokacin da iskar ta yi ɗumi.
Tsayuwa
Gaba ɗaya, matsin lamba da yawa yana raguwa tare da tsayi a cikin yanayi. Koyaya, zazzabi yana da bayanin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa tare da tsayi, kuma yana iya kasancewa mai ɗorewa ko ma ƙaruwa tare da tsayi a wasu yankuna (duba sashin zafin jiki, a ƙasa). Saboda ƙirar gaba ɗaya na bayanin zafin jiki/tsayi, ko ƙima, ya kasance mai ɗorewa kuma ana iya auna ta ta sautin balloon na kayan aiki, halayen zafin jiki yana ba da ma'auni mai amfani don rarrabe yadudduka yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya raba yanayin duniya (wanda ake kira stratification) zuwa manyan yadudduka biyar: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, da exosphere. Tsawon layuka biyar sune kamar haka:
Sararin Exosphere
Exosphere shine saman saman sararin samaniyar duniya (watau iyakar sararin samaniyar). Ya shimfiɗa daga thermopause, a saman yanayin zafi a tsayin kusan 700 km sama da matakin teku, zuwa kusan 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft), inda ta shiga cikin iska mai haskakawa.
Wannan Layer galibi ya ƙunshi ƙarancin ƙarancin hydrogen, helium da wasu abubuwa masu nauyi da suka haɗa da nitrogen, oxygen da carbon dioxide kusa da exobase. Atoms da molecules sun yi nisa sosai ta yadda za su iya tafiya daruruwan kilomita ba tare da sun yi karo da juna ba. Don haka, exosphere ba ya yin kamar gas, kuma barbashi koyaushe yana tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Waɗannan barbashi masu motsi suna bin hanyoyin ballistic kuma suna iya ƙaura zuwa ciki da waje daga magnetosphere ko iskar rana.
Sararin exosphere ne da nisan sama Duniya for meteorological mamaki ya zama zai yiwu. Koyaya, auroras na duniya - aurora borealis (fitilun arewa) da aurora australis (fitilun kudancin) - wani lokacin suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan exosphere, inda suke haɗewa cikin yanayin zafi. Exosphere ya ƙunshi yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya Duniya.
Sararin Thermosphere
The thermosphere shine na biyu mafi girma na sararin duniya. Ya zarce daga mesopause (wanda ke raba shi da mesosphere) a tsayin kusan 80 km har zuwa thermopause a tsayin tsayin 500 - 1000 km. Tsayin thermopause ya bambanta da yawa saboda canje -canje a ayyukan hasken rana. Saboda thermopause ya ta'allaka ne a ƙananan iyakar exosphere, ana kuma kiranta exobase. Sashin ƙasa na yanayin zafi, daga 80 to 550 km sama da saman Duniya, ya ƙunshi ionosphere.
Yanabgi na yanayin zafi a hankali yana ƙaruwa da tsayi kuma yana iya hawa har zuwa 1500 C, kodayake ƙwayoyin gas ɗin sun yi nisa sosai don yawan zafin jiki a yanayin da aka saba ba shi da ma'ana sosai. Iskar ba ta da ƙima sosai ta yadda kwayoyin halittar mutum ɗaya (na iskar oxygen, alal misali) ke tafiya matsakaicin 1 km tsakanin cin karo da wasu kwayoyin. Kodayake yanayin yanayin yana da yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta tare da babban kuzari, ba zai ji zafi ga ɗan adam a cikin hulɗa kai tsaye ba, saboda yawansa ya yi ƙasa sosai don gudanar da babban adadin kuzari zuwa ko daga fata.
Wannan Layer gaba ɗaya ba ta da gajimare kuma ba ta da tururin ruwa. Koyaya, abubuwan da ba na hydrometeorological kamar su aurora borealis da aurora australis ana ganin su a wasu lokuta a cikin yanayin zafi. Tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya tana kewaya wannan layin, tsakaniN. Shi wannan Layer inda yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke zagaya duniya suke.
Mesosphere
Mesosphere shine na uku mafi girman yanayin sararin duniya, yana mamaye yankin sama da stratosphere kuma a ƙasa da yanayin zafi. Yana haɓaka daga madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita 50 (31mi; 160,000 ft) zuwa mesopause a kilomita 80-85 (50-54 mi) sama da matakin teku.
A ƙasa da madopause, iska tana da sanyi matuqa har ma da ƙarancin ƙarancin tururin ruwa a wannan tsayin za a iya jujjuya shi zuwa gajimare mai kumburin polar-mesospheric noctilucent. Waɗannan su ne mafi girman gizagizai a sararin samaniya kuma ana iya gani da idanu idan hasken rana ya haskaka su kusan awa ɗaya ko biyu bayan faɗuwar rana ko makamancin haka kafin fitowar rana. Suna da sauƙin gani yayin da Rana tana kusa da digiri 4 zuwa 16 a ƙasa da sararin sama. Fuskokin da ke haifar da walƙiya da aka sani da abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan lokaci (TLEs) suna faruwa a wasu lokutan a cikin mesosphere sama da tsawa. Hakanan mesosphere shine Layer inda yawancin meteors ke ƙonewa akan ƙofar yanayi. Ya yi yawa sama da Duniya don isa ga jirage masu amfani da jiragen sama da balloons, kuma ya yi ƙasa sosai don ba da damar sararin samaniya. Ana samun damar shiga mesosphere ne ta hanyar harba rokoki da jiragen sama masu amfani da roka.
Sararin Stratosphere
Sararin Stratosphere shine na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci na sararin duniya. Yana ta'allaka sama da troposphere kuma an rabu da shi da tropopause. Wannan Layer ya zarce daga saman troposphere a wajen 12 km sama da saman Duniyar zuwa madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita 50 to 55 km.
Matsalar yanayi a saman stratosphere shine kusan 1/1000 matsin lamba a matakin teku. Ya ƙunshi lemar sararin samaniya, wanda shine ɓangaren sararin duniya wanda ke ɗauke da iskar gas mai ɗan yawa. Stratosphere yana bayyana matakin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa tare da ƙara tsayi. Wannan hauhawar zafin jiki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shan hasken ultraviolet radiation (UV) daga Rana ta hanyar lemar sararin samaniya, wanda ke takaita tashin hankali da cakudawa. Kodayake zazzabi na iya zama -76 dg F a tropopause, saman stratosphere yana da zafi sosai, kuma yana iya kasancewa kusa da 0 ° C. Bayanin zafin jiki na stratospheric yana haifar da tsayayyen tsarin yanayi, don haka stratosphere ba shi da haɓakar iska da ke samar da yanayi wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin troposphere. Sakamakon haka, stratosphere kusan ba ta da girgije da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Duk da haka, ana iya ganin girgijen pola stratospheric ko nacreous a wani sashi na wannan Layer na yanayi inda iska ta fi sanyi. Stratosphere shine mafi girman matakin da jirgin sama mai amfani da jirgin sama zai iya isa.
Sararin Troposphere
Sararin samaniya na Troposphere shine mafi ƙasƙancin yanayin sararin duniya. Yana miƙawa daga farfajiyar Duniya zuwa matsakaicin tsayin kusan 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), kodayake wannan tsayin ya bambanta daga kusan 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) a ginshiƙan ƙasa zuwa 17 km (da 11 mi; 56,000 ft) a Equator, tare da wasu bambancin saboda yanayi. Troposphere yana ɗaure a sama ta hanyar tropopause, iyaka wanda aka yiwa alama a yawancin wurare ta jujjuyawar zafin jiki (watau Layer na iska mai ɗumi sama da mai sanyi), a wasu kuma ta wani yanki wanda isothermal tare da tsayi.
Kodayake bambance -bambancensu na faruwa, yawan zafin jiki yawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi a cikin troposphere saboda mafi yawan abin da ake amfani da shi shine taɓarɓarewar makamashi daga farfajiya. Don haka, mafi ƙasƙancin ɓangaren troposphere (watau Dandalin Duniya) yawanci shine mafi kyawun sashi na troposphere. Wannan yana haɓaka haɗuwa ta tsaye (saboda haka, asalin sunan sa a cikin kalmar Helenanci τρόπος, tropos, ma'ana "juyawa"). Troposphere ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 80% na yawan sararin duniya. Troposphere ya fi kowa ƙarfi fiye da duk yadudduka na sararin samaniyar da ke ciki saboda babban nauyin yanayi yana zaune a saman troposphere kuma yana sa a matse shi sosai. Kashi hamsin cikin ɗari na jimlar iskar tana cikin ƙananan 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) na sararin samaniyan troposphere.
Kusan duk tururin ruwa ko danshi ana samun sa a cikin sararin troposphere, don haka shine Layer inda yawancin yanayin duniya ke faruwa. Yana da asali duk nau'in nau'in halittar girgije mai alaƙa da yanayi wanda ke haifar da yaɗuwar iska mai ƙarfi, kodayake tsayin girgije mai ƙarfi na cumulonimbus na iya shiga cikin tarkon daga ƙasa kuma ya hau cikin ƙananan sashin stratosphere. Yawancin ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun suna faruwa a cikin troposphere, kuma ita ce kawai madaidaicin da jirgin da ke tukawa zai iya isa.
Wasu jerin sararin sama
A cikin manyan sassan biyar da ke sama, waɗanda galibi ana azancinsu da, ana iya rarrabe wasu sararin da yawa ta wasu kaddar:
Matsakaicin zafin da ake samu a sararin samaniyar ƙasa shine 14 C ko 15 C,  gwargwadon abin tunani.
Matsin da kauri
Abmatsakaicin yanayi matsa lamba a teku matakin ne a tsare ta International Standard yanayi kamar yadda 101325 Pa. A wasu lokuta ana kiran wannan a matsayin naúrar ma'aunin yanayi (atm). Jimlar yawan sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 × 10 18 kg (1.135 × 10 19 lb), kusan 2.5% ƙasa da abin da za a iya samu daga matsakaicin matsin matakin teku da yankin Duniya na murabba'in 51007.2, wannan yanki yana ƙaura daga ƙasa mai tsaunuka na Duniya. Matsa lamba na yanayi shine jimlar nauyin iskar da ke sama da yanki a inda ake auna matsa lamba. Don haka matsin lamba ya bambanta da wuri da yanayi.
Idan duk daukakin sararin samaniya yana da daidaiton daidaituwa daidai da girman matakin teku (kusan 1.2 kg da m 3 ) daga matakin teku zuwa sama, zai ƙare kwatsam a tsayin 8.50 km. A zahiri yana raguwa sosai tare da tsayi, yana raguwa da rabi kowane 5.6 km ko ta hanyar 1/ e kowane 7.64 km, matsakaicin girman sikelin sararin samaniya a ƙasa 70 km. Koyaya, an daidaita yanayin yanayi daidai gwargwado tare da daidaitaccen lissafi don kowane Layer wanda ke ɗaukar gradients na zafin jiki, abun da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, hasken rana da nauyi a cikin lissafi.
Masallacin Abuja
Masallacin Abuja
Sararin Samaniya na Duniya
Matsin da kauri
A taƙaice, ana rarraba yawan iskar Duniya kamar haka:
Masallacin Abuja
Masallacin Ƙasa Abuja, wadda kuma aka fi sani da Masallacin ƙasa, Masallacin ƙasa ne a Najeriya.
An gina masallacin ne a shekarar 1984 kuma ya na buɗe wa jama'a waɗanda ba musulmi ba, amma ban da lokacin sallar jam'i.
Sararin Samaniya na Duniya
Matsin da kauri
Idan aka kwatanta, taron Mt. Everest yana kan 8848 m ; Kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci yawanci suna yin balaguro tsakanin 10 and 13 km inda siririn iska ke inganta tattalin arzikin mai; balloons yanayi sun kai 30.4 km da sama; kuma jirgin X-15 mafi girma a shekarar 1963 ya kai 108.0 km.
Masallacin Abuja
An bai wa kamfanin 'Aims Construction Limited' kwangilar aikin gina masallacin kuma sun kammala aikin a shekarar 1984.
Tarihin masallacin ƙasa ya faro ne tun a shekarun 1980, lokacin da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mai girma shugaban ƙasa Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari ta yanke shawarar tashi daga Legas zuwa sabon babban birnin tarayya Abuja.
Sararin Samaniya na Duniya
Matsin da kauri
Ko sama da layin Kármán, manyan tasirin yanayi kamar auroras har yanzu suna faruwa. Meteors na fara haske a wannan yankin, kodayake manyan ba za su ƙone ba har sai sun zurfafa zurfafa. Daban -daban yadudduka na ionosphere na Duniya, masu mahimmanci ga yaduwar rediyon HF, sun fara ƙasa da 100 km kuma ya zarce 500 km da. By kwatanta, da International Space Station da kuma Space Jigila yawanci kewayewa a 350-400 km, a cikin F-Layer na ionosphere inda suke haɗuwa da isasshen jan yanayi don buƙatar sake juyawa kowane monthsan watanni, in ba haka ba, ɓarna na orbital zai faru wanda zai haifar da komawa duniya. Dangane da aikin hasken rana, tauraron dan adam na iya fuskantar jan hankalin da ake gani a sama har zuwa 700-800 km da.
Masallacin Abuja
A shekara ta 1981, wasu fitattun musulmi daga ko’ina a faɗin ƙasar sun bada shawarar cewa, al’ummar musulmi su nema da kuma karɓar gudunmowa daga gida da waje domin gina ginin masallaci a matsayin wurin ibada.
Manazarta
abujanationalmosque.org
Sararin Samaniya na Duniya
Yanayin wuri
An tattauna rabuwar sararin samaniya zuwa yadudduka galibi ta hanyar magana da zafin jiki a sama. Zazzabi yana raguwa tare da tsayi daga matakin teku, amma bambancin wannan yanayin yana farawa sama da 11 km, inda zafin jiki ke daidaitawa ta hanyar babban madaidaiciyar tazara ta sauran ragowar sararin samaniyar. A cikin stratosphere, farawa sama da kusan 20 km, yanayin zafi ko sanyi yana ƙaruwa da tsayi, saboda dumama a cikin sashin ozone wanda ya haifar da kama babban hasken ultraviolet daga Rana ta iskar oxygen da iskar gas a wannan yankin. Har ila yau, wani yanki na ƙara yawan zafin jiki tare da tsayi yana faruwa a cikin manyan maɗaukaki, a cikin yanayin da ake kira thermosphere sama da kilomita 90.
Gudun sauti
Saboda a cikin isasshen iskar gas na abun da ke ciki akai -akai saurin sauti ya dogara ne kawai akan zafin jiki kuma ba akan matsin gas ko yawa ba, saurin sauti a cikin yanayi tare da tsayi yana ɗaukar yanayin yanayin yanayin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (duba hoto zuwa dama), kuma baya nuna canje -canjen altitudinal a cikin yawa ko matsin lamba.
Girma da yawa
Yawan iska a matakin teku yana kusan 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Ba a auna ɗimbin yawa kai tsaye amma akanƙididdige shi daga ma'aunin zafin jiki, matsin lamba da zafi ta amfani da ƙimar jihar don iska (nau'in dokar gas mai kyau ). Nauyin yanayi yana raguwa yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa. Ana iya daidaita wannan bambancin ta amfani da dabarar barometric. Ana amfani da ƙarin samfuran ƙira don hango lalacewar orbital na tauraron dan adam.
Matsakaicin yawan sararin samaniya shine kusan quadrillion 5 (5 ×  ) tan ko 1/1,200,000 yawan Duniya. Bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Amurka, "Jimlar ma'anar sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 ×  kg tare da kewayon shekara -shekara saboda tururin ruwa na 1.2 ko 1.5 ×   kg, dangane da ko ana amfani da matsin lamba ko bayanan tururin ruwa; dan karami fiye da kimantawar da ta gabata. An kiyasta yawan tururin ruwa kamar 1.27 ×   kg da yawan busasshen iska kamar 5.1352 ± 0.0003 ×   kg ku. "
Kayayyakin gani
Solar radiation (ko hasken rana) ne da makamashi Duniya na'am daga Sun. Har ila yau, duniya tana sake fitar da radiation zuwa sararin samaniya, amma a cikin tsawon raƙuman ruwa da ba za mu iya gani ba. Wani sashi na radiation mai shigowa da fitar da shi yana shakar ko nunawa ta yanayin. A watan Mayun 2017, an gano kyallen haske, wanda ake ganin yana walƙiya daga tauraron dan adam mai tazarar mil mil daga nesa, an nuna haske daga kristal kankara a sararin samaniya.
Watsawa
Lokacin da haske ya ratsa sararin saman duniya, photons suna hulɗa da ita ta hanyar watsawa. Idan hasken baya yin mu'amala da yanayin, ana kiransa radiation kai tsaye kuma shine abin da kuke gani idan za ku kalli Rana kai tsaye. Hasken kai tsaye haske ne wanda ya warwatse a sararin samaniya. Alal misali, a kan wani gizagizai rana a lokacin da ba za ka iya ganin your inuwa, babu wani kai tsaye radiation kai ku, shi ya duka aka wãtsa. A matsayin wani misali, saboda wani sabon abu da ake kira watsawa Rayleigh, guntun raƙuman raƙuman ruwa (shuɗi) suna watsewa cikin sauƙi fiye da tsawon raƙuman ruwa (ja). Wannan shine dalilin da yasa sararin sama yayi kama da shuɗi; kuna ganin hasken shuɗi mai warwatse. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa faɗuwar rana take ja. Saboda Rana tana kusa da sararin sama, hasken Rana yana ratsa yanayi fiye da yadda aka saba don isa ga idon ku. Mafi yawa daga cikin shuɗin haske ya warwatse, ya bar jan haske a faɗuwar rana.
Shanyewa
Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas ɗin da ake kira absorption spectra "windows" na ƙarancin haske, yana ba da damar watsa wasu madaidaitan haske. Window na gani yana gudana daga kusan 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) zuwa cikin kewayon mutane na iya gani, bakan da ake iya gani (wanda ake kira haske), a kusan 400-700 nm kuma yana ci gaba da infrared zuwa kusan 1100 nm. Hakanan akwai tagogin infrared da rediyo waɗanda ke watsa wasu infrared da raƙuman rediyo a tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, taga rediyon yana gudana daga kusan santimita daya zuwa rakuman ruwa kimanin mita goma sha daya.
Yaduwa
Fitarwa ita ce kishiyar sha, shi ne lokacin da wani abu ya fitar da radiation. Abubuwa sukan yi ta fitar da adadi mai yawa da tsayin raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar dogaro da karkatattun ƙyallen " baƙar fata ", saboda haka abubuwa masu zafi suna yawan fitar da ƙarin radiation, tare da gajerun raƙuman ruwa. Abubuwa masu sanyi suna fitar da ƙarancin radiation, tare da tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, Rana kusan 6000 K , mafi girman haskenta yana kusa da 500 nm, kuma ana iya gani ga idon ɗan adam. Duniya kusan 290 K, don haka haskensa ya kai kololuwa kusan 10,000 nm, kuma yayi tsayi da yawa don ganin mutane.
Saboda yanayin zafi, yanayin yana fitar da hasken infrared. Misali, a cikin dare mai haske sararin samaniyar ƙasa yana hucewa da sauri fiye da daren girgije. Wannan saboda gajimare (H 2 O) suna da ƙarfi masu shayarwa da fitowar hasken infrared. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa yake yin sanyi da daddare a wurare masu bisa.
Tasirin greenhouse effect yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da wannan shaye -shaye da tasirin iska. Wasu iskar gas a cikin yanayi suna sha da fitar da hasken infrared, amma basa hulɗa da hasken rana a cikin bakan da ake gani. Misalan gama -gari na waɗannan sune