cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka
Japan
An bayyana cin zarafi a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka a Japan ta hanyar Mataki na ashirin da 101 na Dokar Haɓaka (Dokar 121 ta shekarata 1959), wanda ke nuna waɗannan ayyukan za a ɗauka su zama cin zarafi na haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ko keɓaɓɓen lasisi:
Amurka
A cikin dokar Amurka, Kuma za a iya cin zarafi a inda wanda ake tuhuma ya yi, yayi amfani, ko ya sayar, ko yayi tayin siyarwa, ko shigo da wata ƙirƙira mai cin zarafi ko makamancinta. Har ila yau, wani yana aikata laifin cin zarafi a kaikaice idan da gangan ya sa wani ya yi laifi, kuma yana da alhakin wannan laifin. Nau'o'in "cin zarafi na kai tsaye" sun haɗa da "cin zarafin gudummawa" da "cin zarafin da aka jawo."
Ba za a iya fara wani ƙeta ba har sai an ba da haƙƙin mallaka. Koyaya, kariya ta riga-kafi tana samuwa ƙasa 35 USC § 154 (d), wanda ke ba mai mallakar haƙƙin mallaka damar samun madaidaicin diyya na sarauta don wasu ayyukan cin zarafi waɗanda suka faru kafin ranar bayar da haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Wannan haƙƙin samun diyya na ɗan lokaci yana buƙatar mai riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka don nuna cewa (1) ayyukan cin zarafi sun faru bayan buga aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka, (2) da'awar haƙƙin mallaka sun yi daidai da da'awar a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka buga, da (3) ƙetare yana da "ainihin sanarwa" na aikace-aikacen patent da aka buga.
A cikin Amurka akwai amintattun tanadin tashar jiragen ruwa don amfani da ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira don dalilai na tattara bayanai don ƙaddamar da tsari.
Binciken sharewa da ra'ayi
Hakanan ana iya yin binciken sharewa akai-akai (misali, kowane wata) idan mutum ya damu da ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka a wata masana'anta ko game da wani samfur.
Binciken izini na iya bin ra'ayi na izini, watau ra'ayin doka wanda ɗaya ko fiye da lauyoyin ƙirƙira suka bayar game da ko samfur ko tsari da aka bayar ya keta iƙirarin ɗaya ko fiye da aka bayar da haƙƙin mallaka ko aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Ana iya yin ra'ayoyin sharewa a haɗe tare da ra'ayi "inganci da tilastawa". Ingantacciyar ra'ayi da tilastawa ra'ayi ne na doka dangane da ko takardar shaidar da aka bayar tana da inganci da/ko ana iya aiwatarwa. A wasu kalmomi, ra'ayi ingantacce ra'ayi ne ko wasiƙa na shari'a wanda lauyan haƙƙin mallaka ko wakilin haƙƙin mallaka ya yi nazarin abin da aka bayar tare da ba da ra'ayi kan yadda kotu za ta yanke hukunci kan ingancinsa ko aiwatar da shi. Ana yawan neman ingantaccen ra'ayi kafin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka. Matsakaicin farashi na ingantaccen ra'ayi (bisa ga binciken shekarata 2007 ɗaya) ya haura $15,000, tare da binciken cin zarafi yana ƙara $13,000.
Farashin waɗannan ra'ayoyin don haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka na iya gudana daga dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan dubunnan daloli (ko fiye) dangane da takamaiman ikon mallaka, adadin kariya da nassoshi na fasaha na farko, tsawon tarihin fayil ɗin gabatar da ƙara, da sarkar da fasahar da ake tambaya.
Zainab Kayyum
Zainab Qayyum wanda aka fi sani da ZQ, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta talabijin ta Pakistan, mai karɓar bakuncin, mawaƙa, kuma tsohuwar samfurin. An yi mata kambin mafi kyawun samfurin shekara a cikin Lux Style Awards (2004) kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Most Stylish TV Actress a cikin Indus Style Awards (2006). Qayyum ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Urdu da bidiyo na kiɗa, kuma an san ta da rawar da take takawa a cikin shirye-shirye na talabijin. Wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta sun haɗa da Riyasat (2005), Sarkar Sahab (2007), Yeh Zindagi Hai (2008), Jalebiyan (2014), Mohabbat Ab Nahi Hogi (2015), Lagaao (2016), Aangan (2017), Phir Wohi Mohabbat (2017). Ta yi fim dinta na farko tare da cameo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Sultanat (2014) kuma ta bayyana a matsayin lauya a Jawani Phir Nahi Aani (2015).
Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Qayyum ne a Karachi. Ta yi O-Levels a Karachi, sannan ta koma Lahore dan karatun BA da MA. Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Kinnaird tare da digiri na biyu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi. Ta koyar a makarantar Lahore Grammar na shekara guda kafin ta shiga Libas a matsayin mataimakiyar edita. Ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru biyu yayin da take yin Masters.
Qayyum ta sami kwarewarta ta farko ta yin samfurin a shekarar 1991 lokacin da Vaneeza Ahmad ta nemi ta ta taimaka a bayan fage don nuna kayan ado, kuma saboda rashin samfuran, ta kuma gaya wa Qayyum cewa za ta "yi tafiya a kan ramuka". Ta dauki bakuncin shirin safiya a kan Duniya News, da kuma "Maachis", wani shirin tattaunawa a kan Hum TV wanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan iyali na ainihi.
Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka
Inshorar keta haƙƙin mallaka
Inshorar keta haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka wata manufar inshora ce ɗaya ko fiye da kamfanonin inshora ke bayarwa don kare ko dai mai ƙirƙira ko Kuma wani ɓangare na uku daga haɗarin keta haƙƙin mallaka ba da gangan ba.
A watan Yuni Shekarata 2006, an buga wani nazari ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da yuwuwar tsarin inshorar inshora game da haɗarin haƙƙin mallaka. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa ci gaba da halin da ake ciki tare da ƙarancin kuɗi kaɗan, rashin daidaituwa, inshorar ƙira ta ba da izini (PLI) ba zai cimma wata manufa ta tsarin inshora mai yuwuwa ba. Madadin haka, kawai wani tsari na tilas ne kawai aka yi la’akari da cewa zai iya yiwuwa don samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da fasaha ga EU da masu haƙƙin mallaka na kowane mutum wanda zai taso daga tsarin PLI mai yaɗuwa.
Zainab Kayyum
Rashin yin aure
"Na yi aure a shekara ta 2010. Na kasance ina ganin abokaina suna da ciki kuma yaransu suna tsufa sannan na yanke shawarar yin aure saboda na yi tunanin lokaci ne da za su yi aure bayan na sami tayin farko. Ba ta da mahimmanci amma har yanzu na ɗaure maɗaukaki kuma na koma Dubai kuma na koma London. "
Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka
"Piracy"
An kuma yi amfani da kalmar "dan fashin teku" don bayyana masu mallakar haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke ƙwaƙƙwaran aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka. Don haka ko da yake gangan mutum ya keta haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma da ƙarfi ya aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka, waɗanda ke jin sun zarce iyakokinsu na iya kiransu da ƴan fashin teku.
Zainab Kayyum
Rashin yin aure
Bayan watanni goma kawai na kasancewa tare, mijin ZQ ya yanke shawarar cewa tabbas ba sa yin hakan. Bayan watanni 10 na aure, ya ƙare, mijina ya fahimci cewa ba mu da daidaituwa kuma ya soke shi. "
Influenza
Mura, wanda aka fi sani da "mura", cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar mura. Alamun na iya zama mai laushi zuwa mai tsanani. Alamomin da aka fi sani sun hada da: zazzabi mai zafi, hanci, ciwon makogwaro, ciwon tsoka da gabobi, ciwon kai, tari, da gajiya. Wadannan alamomin yawanci suna farawa kwanaki biyu bayan kamuwa da kwayar cutar kuma galibi suna wucewa kasa da mako guda. Tari, duk da haka, na iya wucewa fiye da makonni biyu. A cikin yara, ana iya samun gudawa da amai, amma waɗannan ba a saba gani ba ga manya. Zawo da amai sun fi faruwa a cikin gastroenteritis, wanda cuta ce da ba ta da alaƙa kuma wani lokaci ba daidai ba ana kiranta da "murar ciki" ko "mura na sa'o'i 24". Matsalolin mura na iya haɗawa da ciwon huhu na viral, ciwon huhu na biyu na kwayan cuta, cututtukan sinus, da kuma tabarbarewar matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka gabata kamar asma ko gazawar zuciya.
Uku daga cikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda huɗu na cutar mura suna shafar ɗan adam: Nau'in A, Nau'in B, da Nau'in C. Nau'in D ba a san yana cutar da mutane ba, amma an yi imanin cewa yana da damar yin hakan. Yawancin lokaci, kwayar cutar tana yaduwa ta iska daga tari ko atishawa. An yi imanin wannan yana faruwa mafi yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren nisa. Hakanan ana iya yaduwa ta hanyar taɓa wuraren da ƙwayoyin cuta suka gurbata sannan kuma a taɓa idanu, hanci, ko baki. Mutum na iya kamuwa da wasu kafin da kuma lokacin da suke nuna alamun. Ana iya tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar gwada makogwaro, sputum, ko hanci don ƙwayar cuta. Akwai gwaje-gwaje masu sauri da yawa; duk da haka, mutane na iya samun kamuwa da cutar koda kuwa sakamakon ba ya da kyau. Wani nau'in amsawar sarkar polymerase wanda ke gano RNA kwayar cutar ya fi daidai.
Wanke hannu akai-akai yana rage haɗarin yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta, kamar yadda yake sa abin rufe fuska. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar allurar rigakafin mura a kowace shekara ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) na waɗanda shekarunsu suka wuce watanni shida zuwa sama. Alurar riga kafi yawanci yana tasiri akan nau'ikan mura uku ko hudu. Yawancin lokaci ana jurewa da kyau. Maganin rigakafin da aka yi na shekara guda ba zai yi amfani ba a cikin shekara mai zuwa, tun da kwayar cutar tana tasowa da sauri. An yi amfani da magungunan rigakafi irin su neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, da sauransu, don magance mura. Amfanin magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin waɗanda ke da lafiya ba su da alama ya fi haɗarin su. Ba a sami fa'ida ga waɗanda ke da sauran matsalolin lafiya ba.
Mura na yaduwa a duniya a duk shekara a barkewar cutar, wanda ya haifar da cutar kusan miliyan uku zuwa biyar na rashin lafiya mai tsanani da kuma mutuwar mutane 290,000 zuwa 650,000. Kimanin kashi 20% na yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba da kashi 10% na manya da ba a yi musu allurar ba suna kamuwa da cutar kowace shekara. A yankin arewaci da kudancin duniya, annobar cutar ta fi faruwa ne a lokacin sanyi, yayin da a kusa da yankin equator, ana iya samun bullar cutar a kowane lokaci na shekara. Mutuwa tana faruwa galibi a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari - matasa, tsofaffi, da waɗanda ke da wasu matsalolin lafiya. Barkewar cutar da aka fi sani da annoba ba ta da yawa. A cikin karni na 20, cutar mura uku ta faru: mura ta Spain a 1918 (mutuwar miliyan 17-100), mura ta Asiya a 1957 (mutuwar miliyan biyu), da mura na Hong Kong a 1968 (mutuwar miliyan daya). Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ayyana barkewar sabuwar cutar mura A/H1N1 a matsayin annoba a watan Yunin 2009. mura na iya shafar wasu dabbobi, da suka hada da alade, dawakai, da tsuntsaye.
Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka
Barazanar kawo matakin keta haƙƙin mallaka
"Tsarin kawo wani matakin keta haƙƙin mallaka na iya yin tasiri sosai kan harkokin kasuwanci na mutumin da aka yi barazanar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa dokar wasu ƙasashe, Kuma ciki har da Burtaniya, ta tanadi cewa yin barazanar da ba ta da tushe ba ta da tushe, a cikin wasu a hankali. iyakokin da aka tsara, kuskuren da za a iya aiwatarwa a kanta." Duk da haka ba haka lamarin yake ba a Amurka.
Taskokin Tarihi da Laburare na Habasha
Taskokin Tarihi da Laburare na Habasha, dake Addis Ababa, ita ce ɗakin karatu na ƙasa da ma'ajiya na ƙasar. Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ne ya buɗe ɗakin karatu a cikin shekarar 1944 kuma ya fara hidima da littattafan da sarki ya bayar.
Dubawa
An kafa rumbun adana bayanan ne a shekarar 1979, kuma tarinsa ya hada da tsoffin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen tarihi da aka rubuta tun farkon karni na 14 da 15. Ya fara aiki tare da ɗakunan ajiya daga Ma'aikatar Babban Fada, Fadar Yarima Mai Jiran Gado, da sauransu. Rubutun ya ƙunshi wasiƙun da sarakuna da dauloli da 'ya 'yan sarakuna da yawa suka rubuta.
Fateema Asadi
Fateme Asadi (Persian; 1960–1984) wata 'yar Iran ce wacce jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Kurdistan ta Iran ta azabtar da ita kuma ta kashe ta a lokacin da take kokarin ganin an sako mijinta, wanda kungiyar ke tsare da shi. Gawarta, wanda aka samo shekaru 37 daga baya a cikin 2021, an binne ta a tsaunin Chehel Cheshmeh a gundumar Divandarreh kuma an gano ta ta ha hanyar gwajin DNA. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ita ce macen Iran ta farko da aka kashe tun bayan yakin Iran da Iraki, wadda aka gano gawar da ta bata. Kafofin yada labaran Iran sun yi mata lakabi da shahada.
Rayuwar farko da mutuwa
An gano gawar Fateme Asadi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2021 yayin bincike a tsaunukan Chehel Cheshmeh a gundumar Divandarreh, Iran.
Jana'izar
An gudanar da jana'izar Asadi a hubbaren Imam Riza a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2021 da washegari a hubbaren Fatima Masumeh. An sake yi mata jana'iza a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2021, daga dandalin Azadi a Sanadaj, zuwa wurin hutawarta a Masallacin Hajar Khatoon.
Kyautatawa
An sanar da kyautatawar Fateme Asadi wanda ya kunshi mata masu fasaha a karkara a fannonin wasan kwaikwayo, sinima, zane-zane, zane-zane, kayan ado, kafet ɗin hannu, tufafi da kiɗa. Marubuta mata na karkara wadanda suka yi rubuce-rubuce ko fassara littattafai da labarai da wakoki suna iya neman wannan lambar yabo. Masu fafutukar yada labarai na yankunan karkara, mata masu kula da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na karkara, fitattun mata masu fafutuka a fannin kula da karkara, matan wasannin karkara, mata masu wa'azi da masu yada al'adun kur'ani na daga cikin sauran ginshikan wannan kyauta.
Tarkwa Bay Beach
Tarkwa Bay wani bakin teku ne da aka fake da shi kusa da tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas a Najeriya. Saboda matsayin tsibiri, ana iya isa gare shi ta jirgin ruwa ko taksi na ruwa. rairayin bakin teku, sanannen masu iyo da masu sha'awar wasanni na ruwa, kuma yana da jama'ar mazauna maraba.
Manazarta
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Apiorkor Seyiram Ashong-Abbey
Apiorkor Seyiram Ashong–Abbey (an haife ta 1 Afrilu 1988) mawaƙiyar Ghana ce, marubuciya, mai sukar adabi. A yanzu ita ce Shugabar Shirye-shirye tare da Citi FM/Citi TV kuma a halin yanzu ita ce mai ba da lasisin diflomasiyya akan Citi TV da Whats Cooking. Ita ma mai ba da shawara ce ga The InfluencHER Project, shirin edita da kuma al'ummar duniya da ke neman karfafawa da haɓaka muryoyin mata.
Ilimi
Apiorkor ta halarci Makarantar Tema International inda ta kammala karatun ta kuma kammala shirin Diploma. Daga baya ta tafi Kwalejin Lafayette da ke Amurka, sannan ta dawo Ghana don yin karatu a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon.
Ayyukan Adabi
Apiorkor ita ce marubucin The Matriarch’s Verse, littafin waƙoƙi wanda ke neman yin biki, ƙalubale da haskaka abin da ake nufi da zama ɗan ƙasar Ghana a ƙarni na 21; kuma duk wannan ana yin ta ne daga hangen ta a matsayin yaro na al'adu na uku.
Wuta
Wuta wannan kalmar na nufin wani abu ja wanda yake iya ƙona mutum. Ana dafa abinci dashi. Ita wuta ana samunta daga haɗa dutse guda biyu, wanda mafi yawan haka Mutanen da ne suke haka. A wannan zamanin da wani abu wanda ake kira da ashana watau da turanci Matches.
Haƙƙin Samun Ƙasa
Haƙƙin samun ƙasa a cewar wasu masana shari'a haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na duniya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya, gami da Mataki na 9. Tunanin ya samo asali ne a cikin ilimin fikihu na ƙasar Jamus kuma an gane shi a cikin dokokin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Jamus zuwa wani mataki. Fitattun masu goyon bayan ra'ayin sun haɗa da: malaman shari'a Kurl Rabl, Rudolf Laun, Otto Kimminich, Dieter Blumenwitz, Felix Ermacora da Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Manufar ita ce ta dace da muhawara game da tsabtace ƙabilanci a Turai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II (musamman na Jamusawa da Hungarian), kawar da ƙabilanci a Falasdinu, Cyprus da sauran yankuna.
Bikin Nkompo
Bikin Nkompo biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda sarakuna da mutanen Acherensua-Asutifi ke yi a yankin Ahafo, a hukumance Yankin Brong Ahafo na Ghana. Yawancin lokuta ana yin bikin ne a cikin watan Janairu. Wasu kuma suna da'awar ana yin bikin ne a watan Satumba.
Bukukuwa
Yayin bikin, ana maraba da baƙi don raba abinci da abin sha. Mutanen sun sanya tufafin gargajiya kuma akwai durbar sarakuna. Akwai kuma raye -raye da kade -kade.
Muhimmanci
Ana yin wannan biki don nuna alamar wani abin da ya faru a baya.
Tawagar majalisar dokokin Najeriya daga Abia
Tawagar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya daga Abia ta kunshi Sanatoci uku masu wakiltar Abia ta Tsakiya, Abia ta Kudu, da Abia ta Arewa, da wakilai takwas masu wakiltar Ikwuano/Umuahia North/Umuahia ta Kudu, Bende, Isuikwato/Umunneochi, Arochukwu /Ohafia, Aba North/ Aba ta Kudu, Ukwa Gabas/Ukwa West, Isiala Ngwa North/South and Obingwa/Osisioma/Ugbunagbo.
Majalisar Ƙasa ta 4 (1999 - 2003)
Sanatoci da wakilai na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta 4 sune:
Majalisar Kasa ta 5 (2003 - 2007)
Sanatoci da wakilai na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta 5 sune:
Majalisar Kasa ta 6 (2007 - 2011)
Sanatoci da wakilai na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta 6 sune:
Majalisar Ƙasa ta 7 (2011 - 2015)
Sanatoci da wakilai na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 7 sune:
Majalisar Ƙasa ta 8 (2015 - 2019)
Sanatoci da wakilai  na Majalisar Tarayya ta 8 sune:
Majalisar Ƙasa ta 9 (2019-2023)
Sanatoci da wakilan majalisar wakilai ta kasa ta 9 sun hada da:
Bikin Kpini Kyiu
Bikin Kpini Kyiu biki ne na shekara -shekara wanda sarakuna da mutanen Wa a yankin Upper West na Ghana ke yi. Yawancin lokaci ana yin bikin ne a cikin watan Janairu.
Bukukuwa
Yayin bikin, ana maraba da baƙi don raba abinci da abin sha. Mutanen sun sanya tufafin gargajiya kuma akwai durbar sarakuna. Akwai kuma raye -raye da kade -kade.
Muhimmanci
Ana yin wannan biki don nuna alamar wani abin da ya faru a baya.
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Kura
Kamaramar Hukumar kura ta jahar kano Tana da Mazaɓu guda goma (10) a karkashinta.
Ga jerinsu kamar haka;
Bikin Adaakoya
Bikin Adaakoya biki ne na girbi na shekara -shekara wanda sarakuna da mutanen Gurunsis ke yi a Bolgatanga da Zuarungu a Yankin Gabashin Gana. Yawancin lokuta ana yin bikin tsakanin watannin Janairu da Fabrairu.
Bukukuwa
Yayin bikin, akwai durbar sarakuna da mutanen su. Ana miƙa hadayu ga alloli. Har ila yau, akwai kaɗe -kaɗe da raye -raye.
Muhimmanci
Ana yin biki don yin godiya ga alloli don girbi mai kyau.
Abigail Ashley
Abigail Ashley mai gabatar da shirin gidan talabijin ce 'yar Ghana, mai gabatar da rediyo, mai bayar da shawara kan harkokin kiwon lafiya kuma shugabar ayyukan gidauniyar Behind My Smiles - kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO) mai mai da hankali kan lafiyar koda. Ita ce kuma marubuciyar littafin "A Decade of My Life" Behind My Smiles.
Ashley ita ce mai gabatarwa kuma mai gabatar da shirin "My Health, My Life" a United Television Ghana. A cikin 2017 an zabe ta a matsayin "50 Matasa Mafi Tasiri a Ghana".
Rayuwa ta sirri
An gano ta kuma ta tsira daga cutar koda bayan an ba ta shekaru 5 ta rayu. An yi mata aikin dashen koda.
Kyaututtuka
An karrama ta a bugu na 9 na lambar yabo ta 3G a Bronx a New York a Amurka. An ba ta lambar yabo ne saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar ga daidaikun mutane da kuma yakin da ta yi kan rayuwa cikin koshin lafiya.
Nike Art Gallery
Nike Art Gallery gidan kayan gargajiya ne a Legas da jihar Osun mallakar Nike Davies-Okundaye. Gidan hoton yana daya daga cikin irinsa mafi girma a yammacin Afirka, yana ɗauke da tarin zane-zane daban-daban na kusan 8,000 daga mawakan Najeriya daban-daban kamar Cif Josephine Oboh Macleod. Gidan hoton Legas yana cikin wani dogon gini mai hawa biyar.
Manazarta
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Adabin Kamaru
Adabi na Kamaru adabi ne daga Kamaru, wanda ya haɗa da adabi cikin Faransanci, Ingilishi da harsunan asali.
Queen Amina Statue
Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Amina wani mutum-mutumin dawaki ne don karrama Sarauniya Amina, Jaruma Jarumar Hausa ta Zazzau. Tun da farko Ben Ekanem ne ya tsara wannan sassaken a shekarar ta alif 1975 a lokacin bikin baƙar fata da na Afirka na biyu na fasaha da al'adu na duniya kuma an ajiye shi a ƙofar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke jihar Legas. An lalata shi a shekarar 2005 saboda yanayin yanayi amma duk da haka an sake tsara shi a shekarar 2014 ta wani mai fasaha da ba a sa hannu ba.
Fage
Sarauniya Amina ita ce babbar ɗiyar Sarauniya Bakwa Turunku, wadda ta kafa Masarautar Zazzau. jarumar Zazzau ce mai zafin gaske wacce ta yi sarauta a farkon karni na 16. Mutum- mutumin Sarauniya Amina an yi shi ne domin tunawa da jarumtaka da cin zarafi da ta yi.
Bayani
Mutum- mutumin Sarauniya Amina wani katafaren gini ne na tagulla da kankare. Hakan ya nuna sarauniya Amina tana takama da takobinta yayin da take kan doki a tsaye.
Adabin Kamaru
Dubawa
Wasu marubutan da suka yi fice sun hada da Marcien Towa, Imbolo Mbue, Patrice Nganang, Calixthe Beyala, Bate Besong, Gaston-Paul Effa, Werewere Liking, Ba'bila Mutia, John Nkemngong Nkengasong, Bole Butake, Leonora Li Nyamnu T. Francis da Francis T. Ason.
Queen Amina Statue
Manazarta
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Adabin Kamaru
Dubawa
A cikin shekarar 2014, Imbolo Mbue ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan tare da Gidan Random don rubutunta na farko. Littafin labari mai suna Ga Masu Mafarki ya biyo bayan irin wahalar da wani ɗan ƙasar Kamaru ɗan ƙaura da wani jami'in zartarwa na Lehman Brothers suka yi a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2008.
lambobin yabo na adabi
Kyaututtukan adabi na kasa da kasa da Ingilishi da na Faransanci, Grand Prix of Literary Associations (GPLA), an ƙaddamar da su a Kamaru a cikin shekarar 2013, kuma har zuwa yau sune manyan lambobin yabo na adabi a Kamaru. Sun riga sun ba da gudummawa don buɗewa ko tabbatar da mawallafa masu hazaka da yawa, irin su Eric Mendi, sau biyu mai nasara a cikin Belles-Letters Category, Charles Salé, Fiston Mwanza Mujila, Felwine Sarr, da suna kaɗan. Har ila yau GPLA ta ba da girmamawa ga marubutan da suka mutu ta hanyar Grand prix de la mémoire, wanda aka ba shi ga marigayi marubucin Kamaru Sankie Maimo a cikin wallafa ta ƙarshe (GPLA 2016).
Gasar Kwallon Tebur ta Afirka
Gasar kwallon tebur ta Afirka, ita dai wannan gasa ce wadda hukumar kwallon tebur ta Afirka ( ATTF ) ta shirya wwnnan gasar domin karrama mafi kyawun 'yan wasan kwallon tebur a Afirka. Ga taron kungiyar akwai gasar wasan kwallon tebur ta Afirka. Wannan ba za a ruɗe shi da Gasar Wasannin Afirka ba, taron wasanni da yawa da ake gudanarwa a duk shekara huɗu inda ake haɗa wasan tennis tun a shekarar 1973.
Wadanda suka yi nasara a baya
Lura. Kofin ITTF na Afirka ya bambanta
James Gyakye Quayson
James Gyakye Quayson (an haife shi 9 Oktoba 1952) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne wanda a halin yanzu yake zama ɗan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Assin ta Arewa. Rikici: sabanin sashe na 92 ​​2a na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana, mutum ba zai cancanci zama dan majalisa ba idan yana bin wata kasa da ba Ghana ba. A wani hukunci da ta yanke a watan Afrilun 2022, kotun kolin Ghana ta kori Quayson daga mukaminsa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Quayson a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1952 kuma ya fito daga Assin Bereku a yankin Tsakiyar Ghana. Ya yi digirin farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tsara birane da ci gaban al'umma.
Aiki
Kafin zama a majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Gundumomi na City of Toronto Employment and Social Services.
Siyasa
Quayson dan jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress ne kuma a halin yanzu dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Assin ta Arewa a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana.
Kalubalen zama dan majalisa
A watan Disambar 2020, wani mazaunin Assin Bereku, Michael Ankomah-Nimfah ya shigar da kara a babbar kotun Cape Coast inda yake nuna shakku kan cancantar Quayson na zama dan majalisar wakilai na Assin North saboda kasancewarsa dan kasar Canada da Ghana a lokacin. ya gabatar da takardarsa a Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana don tsayawa takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020. Bisa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Ghana, babu wanda ke da dan kasa biyu da zai iya rike mukami a gwamnati ko majalisar dokoki. Kotun dai ta amince da wannan bukata ta kuma ba da umarnin a gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar jam’iyyar Assin ta Arewa. Quayson ya je kotun daukaka kara don kalubalantar hukuncin. Ya ci gaba da zama a majalisa kuma an kalubalanci hakan a cikin majalisar ma. Kotun koli ta yanke hukuncin da rinjaye 5-2 ta yanke hukuncin daina rike kansa a matsayin dan majalisa. Ya nuna aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar kotun koli.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Quayson Kirista ne.
Bikin Kusebko Larere
Bikin Kusebko Larere biki ne na shekara -shekara wanda sarakuna da mutanen Sumbrungu ke yi a gundumar Bolgatanga da ke Yankin Gabashin Gana. Yawancin lokuta ana yin bikin ne a cikin watan Janairu.
Jean Adukwei Mensa
Jean Adukwei Mensa lauya ce dan kasar Ghana kuma shugabar hukumar zabe ta Ghana. Kafin ta zama shugaban hukumar zaben, Jean Mensa ta shafe shekaru 18 yana aiki a Cibiyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki (IEA) inda ya kai matsayin Babban Darakta tare da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafa dimokaradiyyar Ghana da inganta cibiyoyi masu karfi.
Bikin Kusebko Larere
Bukukuwa
Yayin bikin, ana maraba da baƙi don raba abinci da abin sha. Mutanen sun sanya tufafin gargajiya kuma akwai durbar sarakuna. Akwai kuma raye -raye da kade -kade.
Muhimmanci
Ana yin wannan biki don nuna alamar wani abin da ya faru a baya.
Jean Adukwei Mensa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Jean Mensa ta yi karatun sakandire ne a babbar makarantar St. Mary’s Senior High School bayan ta kammala karatunta na farko a makarantar cocin Accra Ridge. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Ghana, Faculty of Law kuma ta sami digiri a 1993. An kira ta zuwa Bar a 1995.
Aiki
Shugaban Ghana, Akufo-Addo ne ya rantsar da Jean. Rantsarwar ta zo ne bayan wani dan kasar Ghana mai suna Fafali Nyonatorto ta nemi hana shugaban kasar gudanar da aikin nada sabon shugaban hukumar zabe. ‘Yar kasar ta kalubalanci tsige tsohuwar hukumar zabe domin samun damar kotu ta saurari kwararan hujjojin nata. Shugaban kasar ya yi ikirarin tsige tsohuwar shugabar hukumar zabe Charlotte Osei daga ofishinta ba tare da wani zalunci ba. Shugaban ya ce ana sa ran daga gare shi zai sauke aikin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba shi.
Misis Mensa ta dade da samun ci gaba da hadin kan kasa da hadin kan kasa sun hada da gudanar da jerin tarurrukan haduwar maraice na hukumar ta IEA, da muhawarar shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana, da kuma tarurrukan da za a yi wa 'yan takarar majalisar dokoki. Wadannan al'amura ba wai kawai sun karfafa rikon amana da fayyace tsarin siyasa ba amma sun ba da damar mu'amala tsakanin 'yan takara da wadanda suka zabe su.
Kafin yin aiki a IEA, Misis Mensa ta kuma yi aiki a Amarkai Amarteifio Chambers (1995-1997) da BJ Da Rocha Chambers a matsayin ƙaramar Lauya (1998).
Kungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Afirka (TANOE) ta sanya Mensa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin mata na kamfanoni 60 na Ghana (2017). Ta ci lambar yabo da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Jagorancin Jagoranci ta Ƙungiyar EXLA (2013) da Matasa na Matsayin Matasa a Matsayin Shugabanci wanda aka gabatar da Matasa Masu Kwarewa da Tsarin Hadin gwiwar Matasa (2014).
Rigima
Tsohon shugaban Ghana John Mahama ya gargadi hukumar zaben da Jean ke jagoranta da kada ta hada sabuwar rajistar masu zabe. Ya yi ikirarin cewa babu sauran lokaci mai yawa ga babban zaben kasar don hada sabuwar rajistar masu zabe. Ya ce Jean Mensah da kayanta ne za su dauki alhakinsu idan kasar ta koma cikin rikici bayan babban zaben shekarar 2020. An gudanar da zanga-zanga a fadin kasar a birane uku na Tamale, Kumasi da kuma Accra domin bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan hada harhada.
A yayin tattara bayanan bayan zaben 2020, Jean Mensa ana zargin ya aike da wakilan jam'iyyar NDC a cibiyar tattara bayanai ta kasa don isar da sako ga mai rike da tutarsu amma duk da haka suka ci gaba da bayyana sakamakon zaben bayan sun tashi da sakonta. An ayyana sanarwar zaben 2020 da Jean Mensa ta yi a matsayin kura-kurai da kuma rashin yuwuwar ilimin lissafi daga kungiyoyi da dama a Ghana tare da wata kungiya mai suna Democratic Credentials Network Ghana ta bukaci ta yi murabus. Bayan ayyana ta, hukumar zaben ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ba ta sanya hannu ba, inda ta fayyace sabanin da ke tattare da ayyana zaben.
Yayin sauraren karar zaben 2021 a Kotun Koli ta Ghana, Jean Mensa ta hannun lauyanta ta ki sanya akwatin shaidun da lauyoyin da suka shigar da kara suka bincika.
Potash Creek
Potash Creek na iya komawa zuwa koguna masu zuwa:
Abena Amoah
Abena Amoah tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata masu zuba jari a Ghana da masu ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar Manajan Darakta a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Ghana. A cikin wannan matsayi Ms. Amoah tana da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan musayar kudade tare da taimaka wa manajan darakta wajen ma'anar da aiwatar da dabarun kamfanoni da tsare-tsare na Exchange. Kafin wannan nadin, Abena ita ce babban jami'in gudanarwa na Baobab Advisors, kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi da ta kafa. Amoah ta yi aiki a hukumar Wapic Insurance Limited (Ghana), Bankin Access Limited (Ghana) da Asusun Raya Mata na Afirka. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Newmont Gold Ghana Highest Award for Excellence a National Youth Excellence Awards a 2006. Kuma an jera ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kasuwa mata 100 mafi fice a Ghana a 2016. Abena Amoah ya zama sabon manajan daraktan hada-hadar hannayen jari na Ghana..
Ilimi
Abena Amoah ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Ghana tare da yin digiri na farko a fannin Gudanarwa. Ta yi karatun sakandare a St Roses Senior High School a hannun Sisters Solamen Ott da Simon Zeta na Jamus Dominican Nuns a Akwatia, Gabas ta Gabas, Ghana.
Aiki
Amoah ta yanke shawarar kafa Boabab Advisors bayan shekaru tana aiki a matsayin dillalan hannun jari kuma shugabar sashin hada-hadar kudi da hada-hadar kudi a Renaissance Capital a Ghana. Ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta a kan hukumomi da yawa ciki har da na Ghana Stock Exchange, Ghana Venture Capital Trust Fund, Pioneer Aluminium, NewWorld Renaissance Securities, Strategic African Securities, da Ghana Securities Industry Association. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar Manajan Darakta na hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Ghana.
Ƴancin yin Tarayya
'Yancin ƙungiyoyi yana bayyana ta hanyar 'yancin shiga ƙungiyar kwadago, shiga cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko shiga cikin al'ummomin muhawara, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko wani kulob ko ƙungiya, ciki har da ƙungiyoyin addini da ƙungiyoyi, 'yan uwantaka, da na wasanni kuma ba don a tilasta masa shiga ƙungiya. Yana da alaƙa da 'yancin yin taro, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka. 'Yancin taro yawanci yana da alaƙa da muhallin siyasa. Duk da haka, (misali Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam, da sauransu) 'yancin yin haɗin gwiwa na iya haɗawa da 'yancin yin taro. A kasar Amirka, tun daga Dokar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta 1968, an tauye ’yancin yin tarayya da yawa game da gidaje, ilimi, da kasuwanci idan ya zo ga kabilanci ko ƙabila.
Kotuna da jami'an da aka wakilta na ƙananan hukumomi na iya sanya hani kan kowane haƙƙin wanda aka yanke masa hukunci a matsayin sharaɗin doka. Haƙƙoƙin 'ƴancin ƙungiyoyi da ƴancin taro ana yafewa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kamar ƙarar laifi ko hukunci, hani da oda da hanyoyin bincike da kama mai fasikanci.
Tarihi
Gaba ɗaya 'yancin yin cuɗanya da ƙungiyoyi bisa ga zaɓin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, da kuma ƙungiyoyin su ɗaukar mataki don inganta muradun su, ya zama wani abin da ya dace na kowace al'umma ta demokuradiyya. Domin ‘yancin yin ƙulla dole ya amince da tushen madafan iko da ƙungiyoyin jama’a, baya ga gwamnati, ita ce babbar manufa ta danniya daga dukkan al’ummomin kama-karya. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an haramta duk wani nau'i na "haɗuwa" da masu aikata laifuka, musamman ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, har zuwa Dokar Haɗuwa ta 1825. Bayan wannan, har yanzu ba har sai da Dokar Kamfanoni ta 1856, Dokar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta 1871 da kuma Laifin Maƙarƙashiya da Kariya na Dokar 1875 cewa kamfanoni da kuma ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci sun zama halal gabaɗaya. A Jamus, an kafa irin wannan tsarin dokokin danniya a kan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da ƙungiyoyin demokuradiyya ta gwamnatin Bismarck a ƙarƙashin Sozialistengesetze (Ayyukan Socialist) a cikin 1878. Wadannan sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa 1890. A cikin 1933, mulkin kama-karya na Fascist na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Hitler ta sake haramta ƙungiyoyin kwadago, kuma ƙungiyoyin da ake da su sun zama ƙasa kuma aka haɗa su zuwa gwamnati guda da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Labour Front. A yammacin Jamus bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa sun yi gaggawar tayar da su tare da ba da tabbacin Grundgesetz na Jamus. A Amurka, kotunan jihohi daban-daban sun ware kungiyoyin kwadago a lokuta daban-daban a matsayin masu hana kasuwanci. A karkashin dokar Clayton ta 1914, an ba ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago cikakkiyar yanci don tsarawa da kuma yin aiki tare don tabbatar da yarjejeniyar gama gari, duk da haka an sanya wasu matsaloli har sai da Dokar Hulɗa da Ma'aikata ta 1935 ta ƙirƙiri cikakken tsarin aiki.
Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta Hakkoki da 'Yanci
Sashi na biyu na Yarjejeniya, ƙarƙashin taken "Yanci na Asali" yana cewa: Kowane mutum yana da 'yanci masu zuwa:
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka
Yayin da Kwaskwarima na Farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya bayyana haƙƙoƙin haɗawa da koke ga gwamnati, rubutun Ƙimar Farko bai yi takamaiman maganar haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi ba. Duk da haka, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta gudanar a NAACP v. Alabama (1958) cewa 'yancin haɗin gwiwa wani muhimmin bangare ne na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki domin, a yawancin lokuta, mutane na iya shiga cikin ingantaccen magana kawai idan sun shiga tare da wasu. Sauran shari’o’in Kotun Koli da suka shafi al’amuran ‘yancin yin tarayya sun haɗa da:
Ƙungiya ta kusanci
Wani muhimmin abu na 'yancin kai shi ne 'yancin zaɓar shiga da kiyaye wasu ƙa'idodin ɗan adam. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙar ɗan adam nau'i ne na "ƙungiya ta kusa" Misalin misalan “haɗin kai” shine iyali. Dangane da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa zubar da ciki, hana haihuwa da kuma na sirri, babba, mara kasuwanci da alaƙar jima'i.
Ƙungiyar bayyanawa
A cikin Amurka, ƙungiyoyi masu bayyanawa ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda ke yin ayyukan da Dokar Gyara ta Farko ta kiyaye magana, taro, 'yan jarida, koke-koke na gwamnati don magance korafe-korafe, da kuma gudanar da addini kyauta. A cikin Roberts v. United States Jaycees, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙungiyoyi ba za su keɓe mutane ba saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da furucin ƙungiyar. Koyaya, a cikin yanke shawara na Hurley v. Gay-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kungiya na iya ware mutane daga zama memba idan kasancewarsu zai shafi ikon kungiyar na bayar da shawarar wani ra'ayi. Gwamnati ba za ta iya, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin hana wariya, ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyi su haɗa da saƙon da ba sa son isarwa.
Koyaya, wannan ra'ayi yanzu ba ya aiki a tsarin Jami'ar saboda hukuncin Kotun Koli a cikin Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010), wanda ya goyi bayan Hastings College of Law manufofin cewa yanayin makarantar game da fahimtar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ba su da tsaka-tsaki kuma masu ma'ana. Manufar tana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai su ƙyale "kowane ɗalibi ya shiga, zama memba, ko neman matsayi na jagoranci, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ko imaninsu ba" don haka, ana iya amfani da su don hana amincewar ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta hukuma saboda ta buƙaci ta. mambobi don shaida a rubuce cewa "Na gaskanta da Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin hurarriyar maganar Allah; Allahntakar Ubangijinmu, Yesu Kiristi, ruhin Allah; Mutuwar Yesu almasifu domin zunubanmu, tashinsa daga matattu da kuma dawowar sa; Kasancewa da ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki cikin aikin sabuntawa; kuma Yesu almasifu, ɗan Allah, Ubangijin raina ne Kotun ta yi nuni da cewa, saboda wannan binciken tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne a mahallin ilimi, la'akarin da ya sa kotun ta yi amfani da wani matakin da ya rage na tantance magana a cikin tarukan jama'a. Don haka, manufar duk masu shigowa kwalejin ma'ana ce, yanayin tsaka-tsakin ra'ayi kan samun damar shiga taron ƙungiyar ɗalibai.
Iyakance Hakkin Dan Adam
Hukunce-hukuncen kotu sun iyakance haƙƙin haɗin gwiwa na Farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Misali, haramun ne a Amurka a yi la’akari da launin fata wajen kullawa da aiwatar da wasu kwangiloli na sirri banda aure. Wannan iyaka akan sakamakon 'yancin haɗin gwiwa daga Sashe na 1981 na Title 42 na Code of the United States Code, kamar yadda aka daidaita a kan Kwaskwarimar Farko a cikin shawarar 1976 na Runyon v. McCrary.
Gwamnatoci sau da yawa suna buƙatar kwangilar mannewa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don dalilai na ba da izini, kamar tare da Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci don kasuwancin hannun jari a cikin 1938 Maloney Act gyare-gyare ga Dokar musanya Securities/tsaro na 1934. Waɗannan kwangilolin galibi suna yin hulɗa tare da membobin da aka dakatar, kamar yadda ake iya gani a Amurka v. Merriam, 108 F.3d 1162.
Ayyukan da aka tsara
An yi adawa da ƙungiyar ƙwadago a cikin ƙarni na 19, tare da ko da ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su Burtaniya sun haramta ta na lokuta daban-daban (a cikin yanayin Burtaniya, tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1824).
A cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'yancin haɗin gwiwa wani hakki ne da aka gano a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya a matsayin haƙƙin ma'aikata don tsarawa da yin ciniki tare. 'Yancin haɗin gwiwa, a wannan ma'ana, an amince da shi a matsayin ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta wasu takardu da suka haɗa da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya C87 da Yarjejeniyar C98 biyu na asali takwas, ainihin ma'auni na aiki na duniya. 'Yancin haɗin gwiwa' kuma na iya komawa ga haramcin doka kan kwangiloli masu zaman kansu da aka yi shawarwari tsakanin ma'aikaci mai zaman kansa da ma'aikatansu da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a wani wurin aiki su shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin wa'adi da yanayin aiki. Magoya bayan wannan nau'in 'yanci na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna da'awar cewa 'yancin shiga ƙungiya ya ƙunshi 'yancin shiga ƙungiyar. A kasar Amirka kalmar 'yancin yin aiki' ta fi zama ruwan dare ga irin wannan doka.
"Kotun koli a yau (1-21-1997) ta takaita ikon masu shirya kungiyoyin kwadago na shiga kadarorin ma’aikata don rarraba littattafai ko kuma bukaci ma’aikata su shiga kungiyar. A cikin ra'ayi 6 zuwa 3 da Mai Shari'a Clarence Thomas ya rubuta, Kotun ta ce Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta kasa ta kasa ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga 'yancin mallakar ma'aikata lokacin da ta amince da wata doka shekaru hudu da suka gabata wanda ya bai wa masu shirya kungiyoyin damar shiga yankuna. kamar wuraren ajiye motoci na wuraren kasuwanci ko masana'antu." -New York Times.
Dimokuradiyya da jama'a
'Yancin ƙungiyoyi ba wai kawai ana amfani da su ta hanyar siyasa ba, har ma don buƙatu iri-iri - kamar al'adu, nishaɗi, wasanni da zamantakewa da taimakon jin kai. Jeremy McBride yayi ikirarin cewa kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ( NGOs ), wanda ya daidaita da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, shine "'ya 'yan itace na ayyukan haɗin gwiwa."
Sassaucin ra'ayi
Masu 'yancin walwala sun yi imanin cewa yayin da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa ya haɗa da 'yancin ma'aikata su shirya a matsayin ƙungiyoyi da kuma janye aikin su amma sun amince da 'yancin ma'aikaci don maye gurbin wannan aiki. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa idan ƙungiyoyi suka yi amfani da dabarun tilastawa ko tashin hankali, irin waɗannan halayen za su kasance da cin zarafi na haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da haƙƙin mallaka. Wasu masu sukar ƙungiyar sun yi zargin cewa ana yawan samun irin wannan keta haddi na ƙungiyar.
CITAD
Cibiyar Labarai, Fasaha, da Ci Gaba (CITAD), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Najeriya. Tana da hedkwatarta a Kano da rassa a Abuja, Jama'are, Itas, Dutse ( Jahar Jigawa ), Azare, Gombe da Yobe. An kafa ta ne don haɓaka dimokuradiyya da zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa tare da shirye-shiryen ƙarfafa jama'a a Nigeria.
Tarihi
CITAD ta samo asali ne a cikin 1997 a matsayin magudana na Ilimin Kwamfuta. A shekara ta 2000, an ƙara ƙarfin kuma a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar raka'a 12 daban-daban waɗanda sun ha'da da.
Mulki
Hukumar gudanarwar na cibiyar ta kunshi shugaba, da manyan daraktoci, ma’aji da mambobi hudu.
Darekta zartarwa
Babban daraktan kungiyar shine Injiniya Yunusa Ya'u wanda ya 'kir'kiri cibyar.
Ma'aji
Ma’ajin kungiyar shi ne Ahmad A. Yakasai
hangen nesa
Manufar kungiyar ita ce gina al'umma mai dogaro da kai na dimokuradiyya.
Dziga Vertov
Dziga Vertov ( Дзига Вертов, an haife David Abelevich Kaufman, Дави́д А́белевич Ка́уфман, kuma anfi sani da Denis Kaufman ; 2 January 1896 [   - 12 Fabrairu 1954) wani fim ɗin shirin na majagaba ne na Soviet da daraktan labarai, da kuma masanin ka'idar cinema. Ayyukansa na yin fim da ra'ayoyinsa sun rinjayi salon cinema vérité na shirya fina-finai da kuma Dziga Vertov Group, haɗin gwiwar yin fina-finai mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ke aiki daga 1968 zuwa 1972. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Kinoks, tare da Elizaveta Svilova da Mikhail Kaufman.
'Yan'uwan Vertov Boris Kaufman da Mikhail Kaufman sun kuma lura da masu shirya fina-finai, kamar yadda matarsa, Yelizaveta Svilova.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Vertov David Abelevich Kaufman daga zuriyar Yahudawa a Białystok, Poland, sannan wani yanki na Daular Rasha. Ya Russified sunan Bayahude David da patronymic Abele vich zuwa Denis Arkadievich a wani matsayi bayan 1918. Vertov yayi karatun kiɗa a Białystok Conservatory har sai da danginsa suka gudu daga sojojin Jamus da suka mamaye zuwa Moscow a 1915. Ba da daɗewa ba Kaufmans suka zauna a Petrograd, inda Vertov ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi, almara na kimiyya, da satire. A cikin 1916-1917 Vertov yana karatun likitanci a Cibiyar ilimin halin dan Adam a Saint Petersburg kuma yana gwaji tare da "collage sauti" a lokacinsa na kyauta. A ƙarshe ya karɓi sunan "Dziga Vertov", wanda ke fassara sako-sako daga Ukrainian a matsayin 'sarkin sama'.
Rubutun farko-farko
Vertov sananne ne da rubuce-rubucensa farko da yawa, galibi yayin da yake makaranta, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan mutum ɗaya da yanayin hangen nesa na kyamarar kyamara, wanda aka san shi da kiran "ido na biyu".
Vertov sananne ne don ƙididdiga akan hakaya, da rashin daidaituwa, dangane da yanayin qualia (ƙwarewar ji).
Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba
Bayan juyin halin Bolshevik na 1917, yana da shekaru 22, Vertov ya fara gyara don Kino-Nedelya ( Кино-Неделя, jerin fina-finai na kwamitin Cinema na Moscow na mako-mako, da jerin labarai na farko a Rasha), wanda ya fara fitowa a watan Yuni 1918. Yayin da yake aiki da Kino-Nedelya ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, darektan fim da edita, Elizaveta Svilova, wanda a lokacin yana aiki a matsayin edita a Goskino. Ta fara aiki tare da Vertov, ta fara a matsayin editan sa amma ta zama mataimakiya kuma mai ba da umarni a fina-finai na gaba, irin su Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim (1929), da Waƙoƙi Uku Game da Lenin (1934).
Vertov ya yi aiki a cikin jerin Kino-Nedelya na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wajen kafawa da gudanar da motar fim akan jirgin kasan Mikhail Kalinin a lokacin yakin basasar Rasha da ke gudana tsakanin 'yan tawaye da masu adawa da juyin juya hali. Wasu daga cikin motocin da ke cikin jirgin agit-trains an sanye su da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don yin wasan kwaikwayo ko na'urorin bugu ; Vertov's yana da kayan aiki don harba, haɓakawa, shiryawa, da shirya fim. Jiragen kasan sun je fagen fama a kan ayyukan farfaganda da tayar da hankali da aka yi niyya da farko don karfafa kwarin gwiwar sojojin; an kuma yi nufin tada hankulan jama'a na juyin juya hali.
A cikin shekara ta 1919, Vertov ya tattara faifan labarai don shirinsa na tunawa da juyin juya halin Musulunci; ya kuma kula da daukar fim din aikin sa na The Battle for Tsaritsyn (1919). a cikin 1921 ya tattara Tarihin Yaƙin Basasa . An kafa abin da ake kira "Majalisar Dokokin Uku," ƙungiyar da ke ba da sanarwa a cikin LEF, mujallar labaran Rasha mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, a cikin 1922; "Uku" na rukuni sune Vertov, matarsa (nan gaba) matarsa da edita Elizaveta Svilova, da ɗan'uwansa kuma mai daukar hoto Mikhail Kaufman. Sha'awar Vertov game da injina ya haifar da sha'awar tushen injinan silima.
Kino-Pravda
Hangen nesan Vertov, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kasidunsa akai-akai, shine ya ɗauki “gaskiya fim”—wato gutsuttsuran gaskiya waɗanda idan aka haɗa su tare, suna da gaskiya mai zurfi wadda ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara ba. A cikin jerin Kino-Pravda, Vertov ya mai da hankali kan abubuwan yau da kullun, gujewa damuwar bourgeois da yin fim kasuwanni, sanduna, da makarantu a maimakon haka, wani lokaci tare da kyamarar ɓoye, ba tare da fara neman izini ba. Yawancin lokaci, abubuwan da ke faruwa na Kino-Pravda ba su haɗa da sake kunnawa ko tsarawa ba. (Daya banda shi ne sashi game da shari'ar 'yan juyin juya halin zamantakewa : wuraren sayar da jaridu a kan tituna da mutanen da ke karanta takardun a cikin trolley duka an shirya su don kyamara. ) Hotunan fina-finai mai sauƙi ne, aiki, rashin daidaituwa-watakila sakamakon rashin sha'awar Vertov a cikin "kyakkyawa" da "girman almara". An samar da al'amurra ashirin da uku na jerin abubuwan cikin shekaru uku; kowace fitowar ta ɗauki kusan mintuna ashirin kuma yawanci tana ɗaukar batutuwa uku. Labarun galibi suna bayyanawa, ba labari ba, kuma sun haɗa da vignettes da fallasa, suna nuna alal misali sabunta tsarin trolley, ƙungiyar manoma zuwa ƙungiyoyi, da gwajin masu neman sauyi na zamantakewa; wani labari ya nuna yunwa a jihar Kwaminisanci. Har ila yau akwai ra'ayi na farfaganda, amma tare da karin dabara, a cikin shirin da ke nuna ginin filin jirgin sama: harbi daya ya nuna tankunan Tsar suna taimakawa wajen shirya wani tushe, tare da rubutun "Tankuna a kan aikin aiki".
Vertov a fili ya yi niyya yin aiki tare da masu sauraronsa a cikin jerin-a cikin kashi na ƙarshe ya haɗa da bayanan tuntuɓar - amma a cikin kashi na 14 jerin sun zama gwaji sosai har wasu masu suka sun yi watsi da ƙoƙarin Vertov a matsayin "mahaukaci". da martani ga sukar su tare da tabbatar da cewa masu sukar sun kasance masu yin kutse a cikin "yunƙurin juyin juya hali" a cikin toho, kuma ya kammala wani muƙala tare da alkawarin "fashe hasumiyar Babel ". A ra'ayi na Vertov, "hasumiya ta fasaha na Babel" ita ce aikin fasaha na cinematic don ba da labari - abin da masanin fim Noël Burch ya kwatanta yanayin wakilci - wanda zai zo ya mamaye fina-finan Hollywood na gargajiya.
A wannan lokaci a cikin aikinsa, Vertov ya kasance mai nuna rashin gamsuwarsa a fili kuma bai gamsu da al'adar labari ba, kuma ya nuna rashin amincewarsa ga almara mai ban mamaki na kowane nau'i a bayyane kuma akai-akai; ya dauki wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani "abin da ya shafi talakawa". Vertov ya yarda da zargi ɗaya da aka yi a kan ƙoƙarinsa kan jerin Kino-Pravda - cewa jerin, yayin da suke da tasiri, suna da iyakataccen sakin.
A karshen jerin Kino-Pravda, Vertov ya yi amfani da sassaucin ra'ayi na tasha motsi, daskarewa firam, da sauran salon cinematic "artificialities", wanda ya haifar da sukar ba kawai game da akidarsa ba, har ma da fasahar fina-finai. Vertov ya bayyana kansa a cikin "A kan 'Kinopravda'": a cikin editan "yanayin fina-finai" tare don jerin Kino-Nedelia, "ya fara shakkar wajibcin haɗin wallafe-wallafen tsakanin abubuwan gani na mutum tare. . . . Wannan aikin ya zama wurin tashi don 'Kinopravda' ". A ƙarshen wannan makala, Vertov ya ambaci wani aiki mai zuwa wanda da alama zai kasance Mutumin da ke da kyamarar Fim (1929), yana kiransa "fim ɗin gwaji" wanda aka yi ba tare da wani labari ba; kawai sakin layi uku a sama, Vertov ya ambaci wani yanayi daga Kino Pravda wanda ya kamata ya zama sananne ga masu kallo na Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim : manoman aiki, haka ma macen birni, haka ma, editan fim din mace yana zaɓar mummunan. . . ".