cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ammar ibn Yasir
Yakin Rakumi
Yayin da yakin ke ci gaba, Ammar ya ci gaba da nuna goyon bayansa ga Ali ta hanyoyi da dama. Ali ya fara tura shi tare da al-Hasan zuwa Kufa domin su yi kokarin hada kan Kufan domin su taimaka a yakin da ke tafe. A cewar wani rahoto da al-Tabari ya rubuta, ʻAmmār an tambayi Ammar lokacin da ya isa saboda ya halarci kisan Usman; duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan gwamna Abu Musa kan ya dauki matsaya maimakon ya ci gaba da nuna rashin son kai a rikicin. Al-Tabari ya ruwaito yadda Abu Musa ya kwadaitar da Kufan da su kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya saboda ba ya son shiga cikin fada tsakanin musulmi, sannan kuma ya yi imanin cewa har yanzu al’ummar musulmi suna bin Usman ne saboda ba a bayyana sunan wani sabon magaji ba. Ƙarin watsa wannan waki’ar bai faɗi abin da Ammār ya yi wa Usman ba, maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali ga aniyarsa ta tilastawa Abu Musa aiki. A lokacin yakin, Ammar ya yi yaki a bangaren Ali. Al-Tabari ya haxa a cikin tarihinsa wani kissa wanda a cikinsa aka gaya wa al-Zubayr cewa ʻAmmār yana yaƙi tare da Ali, kuma wannan ilimin ya sa al-Zubair ya ji tsoro domin ya kasance tare da Muhammad da ʻAmār lokacin da Muhammadu ya gaya wa ʻAmmār cewa. za a kashe shi da “mugayen gungun mutane”. Al-Tabari ya sake hada da rahotanni da yawa na wannan lamari, wanda a wannan yanayin wani lokaci ne a lokacin yakin da 'Ammār da al-Zubayr suka yi arangama da juna. A cikin duka bayanan ʻAmmār ya tunkari al-Zubayr don ya kai masa hari, lokacin da al-Zubayr ke magana. A cikin rahoton Umar b. Shabbah, al-Zubayr ya tambayi ʻAmmār, "Shin kana so ka kashe ni?" Amma a cikin haka daga Amir b. Hafs, al-Zubayr ya tambaya, "Shin za ka kashe ni, Abu al Yaqzan?" A cikin duka rahotannin, ʻAmmār ba ya da kyau. A karshen yakin da aka yi nasara a bangaren Ali, Ali ya umurci 'Ammar da Muhammad bn Abi Bakr da su cire Aisha daga rakuminta, su kai ta gidan Abdallah bn Khalaf al-Khuza I a Basrah ; saboda Al-Tabari ya nanata kawo rahotanni da yawa daga masu watsawa daban-daban, irin wannan bambance-bambance a daidaitattun bayanan abubuwan da suka faru -a wancan lokacin- ya sa ba a bayyana yanayin taron ʻAmmār da 'A'ishah da aka ruwaito ba. ʻA'ishah tana adawa da `Ammār, yayin da wani rahoto daga baya ya kwatanta su biyun da cewa sun fi dacewa da juna.
Shahada a Yakin Siffin
Yayin da yake yin dabarar yadda za a yi galaba a kan sojojin Muawiyah na I, Ali ya tara gungun manyan masu mulki na Musulunci da suka hada da ʻAmmār, Hashim ibn Utbah, da Qays ibn Sa’d, wanda gaba xaya, suka kwadaitar da Ali ya yi jihadi da gangan wanda suke ganin ya yi. zama cikin kuskure. Shi ma Malik Al-Ashtar ya fadi wannan ra'ayi (duk da haka a wani lamari na daban). Daga baya a yakin, an kawo sunan Ammār a lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin yin sulhu tsakanin Ali, wanda Shabath ibn Rib'i ya wakilta, da Mu'awiya. An ruwaito cewa Shabath ya tambayi Mu'awiya, "Shin zai faranta maka rai Ya Mu'awiya, idan aka ba ka iko a kan 'Ammar, ka kashe shi?" Martanin Mu’awiya ya ce, “Me zai hana? Amma wallahi da a ce an ba ni mulki a kan Ibn Sumayya, da ba zan kashe shi don daukar fansa ga Usman [kawai] ba face Natil maula Usman”. Martanin Shabath ya kasance na karewa da kare ʻAmmār. A yakin Siffin a Al-Sham, Ali ya nada ʻAmmar a matsayin shugaban sojojin kasan Kufan, kuma a rana ta uku na yakin ya yi kokarin kwadaitar da dakarunsa zuwa ga nasara ta hanyar tunatar da su irin ta'asar Mu'awiya da dakarunsa. Daga karshe ʻAmmār ya yi shahada a yakin da sojojin Mu’awiya bn Abi Sufyan suka yi a shekara ta 657.
Hanzala bin Khawalid yana cewa:
Ina zaune tare da Mu'awiya. Mutane biyu ne suka yi ta gwabzawa kan kan Ammar bin Yassar. Kowannensu yana cewa "Na kashe Ammar." Sai Abdullahi bn Amr ya ce: “Kowanenku yana farin ciki da kashe wannan mutum, hakika na ji daga Annabi yana cewa: Ya Ammar ‘yan tawaye za su yi shahada.
Ikrima ya ruwaito cewa: Ibn Abbas ya ce masa da Ali binu Abdullahi su je wurin Abu Sa’id su saurari wasu ruwayoyinsa; Sai suka tafi (sai suka ga) Abu Sa'id da ɗan'uwansa suna ban ruwa a gonarsu. Da ya gansu sai ya nufo su ya zauna ya zare kafafunsa ya nannade cikin rigarsa ya ce: (Lokacin da ake aikin ginin masallacin Annabi) mun dauki ado na masallaci, bulo daya a daya. yayin da 'Ammar ya kasance yana ɗaukar biyu a lokaci ɗaya. Sai Manzon Allah (saww) ya wuce wajen Ammar ya cire masa kurar da ke kansa, ya ce: “Allah Ya yi wa Ammar Rahma. Ƙungiya mai tayar da hankali za ta kashe shi. Ammar zai kira su zuwa ga Allah, kuma su kira shi zuwa ga wuta. ( Sahihul Bukhari hadisi na 2812).
Yayin da rahotanni suka bambanta dangane da ainihin shekarun Ammar, yawancin suna sanya shi shekaru casa'in ko fiye. Madelung ya sanya shi yana da shekaru sama da 90; yayin da Hasson ya ce yana wani wuri tsakanin 90 da 94. A cewar wani rahoto Tabari ya bayar, `Abdallah b. Amr ya tambayi mahaifinsa, ʻAmr b.al-As, game da kashe ʻAmmār. Abdallah ya ambaci hadisin da Muhammadu ya gaya wa ʻAmmār cewa “ƙungiyar masu cin zarafi” za su kashe shi. Amr ya kawo wannan damuwa ga Mu'awiya wanda martaninsa shine "Shin mu ne muka kashe 'Ammar? Sai dai wadanda suka kawo shi nan”. An ce Ali bn Abi Talib ya amsa cewa idan ya kashe Ammar to Muhammadu shi ne ya kashe Hamza bn Abdul-Muddalib . Muhammad ya nufi Ammar bn Yasir a matsayin daya daga cikin sahabbai hudu da ya kamata musulmi su kula da shiriyarsu da kuma kasancewarsu wadanda aka yi alkawarin aljanna.
Lokacin da Ammar ya rasu, Mu'awiya ya kira shi da "ɗayan hannun dama Ali" da ɗayan kuma Malik al-Ashtar. Madelung ya nakalto Al-Tabari ta hanyar ruwaito abin da Mu’awiya ya gaya wa mabiyansa bayan ya kashe wani sahabi mai aminci ga Imam Ali, Malik al-Ashtar : “Ali b. Abi Talib yana da hannayen dama biyu. An yanke daya daga cikinsu a Siffin', ma'ana `Ammār b. Yasir, 'da sauran yau', ma'ana al-Ashtar" Duk da tsokanar Mu'awiya, ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, Halifa a lokacin, yana matuqar daraja goyon bayan Ammar bn Yasir da Malik al-Ashtar duk da haka.  Ali ya yi jimamin rashin Ammar sosai.
Haramin Ammar, kafin a ruguza shi, musulmi ne sukan kai ziyara tare da karrama shi.
An yi wa tsohon shugaban Falasdinawa Yasser Arafat laqabi da "Abu Ammar" bayan Ammar bn Yasser.
Wulakanta gidan ibada
Musulmai sun wadai da rugujewar wurin ibadar Ammar kuma ya haifar da bacin rai a sassa daban-daban na duniyar musulmi.
Lostant, Illinois
Lostant ƙauye ne a gundumar LaSalle, Illinois, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 423 a ƙidayar 2020, ƙasa daga 498 a ƙidayar 2010. Yana daga cikin Yankin Ƙididdigar Ƙira na Ƙanƙara na Ottawa.
Tarihi
Ofishin gidan waya yana aiki a Lostant tun 1861. An ambaci sunan ƙauyen don Lostant Mercier, matar jami'in diflomasiyar Faransa Henri Mercier. Horatio N. Boshell (1872 – 1933), wakilin jihar Illinois kuma likita, an haife shi a Lostant.
Geography
Lostant yana kudu maso yammacin LaSalle County a41.14222°N, -89.06139°W (41.142127, -89.061384). Iyakar ƙauyen sun shimfiɗa kudu zuwa layin Marshall County.
Dangane da fayilolin gazetteer na ƙidayar 2021, Lostant yana da jimlar yanki na 1.13 sqmi, duk kasa.
Alƙaluma
Ya zuwa ƙidayar 2020 akwai mutane 423, gidaje 184, da iyalai 114 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance 374.34 PD/sqmi. Akwai rukunin gidaje 208 a matsakaicin yawa na 184.07 /sqmi. Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 95.04% Fari, 0.24% Ba'amurke, 0.47% Asiya, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 1.18% daga sauran jinsi, da 2.84% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 3.55% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 184, daga cikinsu kashi 64.13% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 45.11% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.87% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 38.04% kuma ba dangi ba ne. Kashi 22.83% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 13.59% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 3.09 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.52.
Yawan shekarun ƙauyen ya ƙunshi kashi 25.7% ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 18, 11.7% daga 18 zuwa 24, 27.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, 20.1% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 15.1% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko fiye. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 34.4. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 117.4. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 106.0.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $64,643, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $77,778. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $45,500 sabanin $30,313 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $32,931. Kusan 1.8% na iyalai da 8.2% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 7.6% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 8.6% na waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka.
Osheniya
Osheniya Nahiya ce wadda ta ƙunshi ƙasashe kamar su Asturaliya, Sabuwar Zelandiya, Sabuwar Gini da wasu tsuburai masu dama a yankunan ƙasashen. Wasu na kiran nahiyar da Asturaliya. Kuma ta Yankin ta faɗaɗa har gabashin hemisphere da Yammacin Hemisphere, Oseaniya nada girman faɗin ƙasa 8,525,989 km2 da adadin yawan jama'a daya kai miliyan 41. Idan an kamanta da Nahiyoyi, yankin Oseaniya ce mafi ƙarancin faɗin ƙasa kuma na biyu a ƙarancin yawan jama'a bayan Antatika. Kalmar Osheniya ko Oceania kamar yadda take a ainahi, bata da wata gamsasshiyar ma'ana ta bai ɗaya.
Kasashe
Kasashe masu cin gashin kansu.
Kasashen da suke a karkashin ikon gudanarwar wasu kasashen kokuma wadan da basu da cikakkiyar mulkin kansu. Dukkan wadannan tsuburai ne.
Patrick Chokala
Patrick Segeja Chokala (3 Maris 1948 - 6 Nuwamba 2020) ɗan siyasar ƙasar Tanzania ne. Ya so ya zama jakadan Jamhuriyar Tanzaniya zuwa Tarayyar Rasha daga 2002 zuwa 2004.
Chokala ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya a Dar es Salaam a ranar 6 Nuwamba 2020, yana da shekara 72.
Osheniya
Kasashe
Kasashe rukunin tsuburan Micronesia
Assizes of Ariano
Assizes na Ariano wasu jerin dokoki ne na Masarautar Sicily da aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 1140 a Ariano, kusa da Benevento, na Roger II na Sicily. Bayan kwanciyar hankali a kwanan nan, a cikin tawaye, ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura zuwa gwamnatin da ke tsakiyar. Assizes sun kafa babban ofisoshin Sicilian kuma sun nemi kiyaye tsarin mulkin a ƙarƙashin tsananin ikon sarauta. Ya ƙunshi maganganu arba'in waɗanda suka shafi dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi damuwar shari'a ta zamani: kadarorin masu zaman kansu, kadarorin jama'a, coci, dokar farar hula, kuɗin masarauta, da sojoji. Aikin ya ci gaba don zamaninsa, yana samun ƙa'idodinsa ba daga Norman da Faransanci kaɗai ba, har ma da Muslim da Byzantine (musamman Justinian ) ra'ayoyin shari'a.
Rabin farko na 1140 Roger ya kashe a Palermo yana shirya Assizes. Tabbas an shirya su sosai. Duk da rubuta dokar a babban birninshi, a watan yuli, ya yi tafiya a cikin jihar zuwa Salerno, babban birni na masarautar Apulia, daga nan kuma ya tafi Abruzzi, inda ya bincika cin nasarar ɗiyansa: Roger da Alfonso. Waɗannan mutanen, a yanzu duke na Apulia da basaraken Capua bi da bi, sun ƙarfafa mulkin Norman a kan teku kuma sun ba da damar manyan abubuwan da za a yi a wannan shekarar.
A Assizes tabbata cewa Sarkin ne kawai lawgiver a Sicily, cewa shi duka biyu hukunci da kuma firist, (kamar yadda ya riqe da legatine iko daga Paparoma ), da kuma duk Sicilians sun daidaita, kuma a karkashin wannan dokokin, ko Latin, Girkanci, Bayahude, ko Muslim, Norman, Lombard, ko Balarabe. Ya hukunta cin amanar ƙasa tare da kisa. Hakanan an yi cikakken bayani a cikin sauran laifukan tashin hankali: tsoro a yaƙi, ɗora wa jama'a gindi, ko riƙe tallafi daga sarki ko abokan sa. A cocin, mabiya addinin kirista da 'yan ridda sun rasa haƙƙinsu. An ba da izinin bishops daga halartar kotuna, kodayake an ba sarki izini a kan wannan, kamar kowane abu, kuma ba za a iya yin roƙo ba. A hankulan sojoji, an rufe aji na jarumi. Babu wanda zai iya zama jarumi idan ba shi da tsatson jirgin. A ƙarshe, ƙaddamarwar ba ta yi watsi da talakawa ba kuma ta buƙaci a bi da su da adalci kuma a ɗora musu nauyi ba tare da izini daga shugabanninsu ba.
Assizes sun wanzu a rubuce-rubuce guda biyu, sun ɗan bambanta da juna, kodayake menene rashi da ƙari. Waɗannan an samo su a cikin 1856 a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Vatican da na Monte Cassino.
Ahmed Joda
À
Ahmed Joda (1930-2021) shugaba ne a gwamnatin yankin Arewa sannan ma'aikacin gwamnatin tarayya. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Babban Sakatare a Ma’aikatar Masana’antu
Tarihi
Ahmed Joda haifaffen garin Yola ne daga gidan Fulani a shekara ta 1930, babban kakansa shine Modibbo Raji, malamin addinin musulinci a karni na 19 kuma yayi zamani da Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio. Ahmed Joda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Yola da Yola Middle kafin ya zarce zuwa kwalejin Barewa daga 1945 zuwa 1948. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Moor Plantation da ke Ibadan, sannan daga baya ya zama jami’in aikin gona a Yola kafin ya shiga fannin aikin jarida a Gaskiya Corporation da ke Zariya. Sannan ya halarci kwalejin Pitmans, Landan daga 1954 zuwa 1956. Bayan dawowarsa ya zama wakili a Gidan Rediyon Najeriya daga 1956 zuwa 1960.
Assizes of Ariano
Assizes sun rayu a cikin rubutattun rubuce-rubucen dokoki biyu kawai. Cikakken rubutu shine wanda ke cikin Codice Vaticano Latino 8782, wanda za'a iya yin kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na goma sha biyu kuma wanda ya ƙunshi assize arba'in da huɗu, da kuma gabatarwa. Na biyu Codex 468 na laburaren Montecassino ya samo asali ne daga farkon rabin karni na sha uku. Yana watsa sigar taƙaitaccen sigar dokokin ne kawai, kodayake kuma ya ƙunshi wasu ƙari da wasu assize bakwai waɗanda ba su da rubutun Vatican.
Assizes suna ba da misali na farko na dokokin yankuna bisa dogaro da dokar Roman (Justinaic), kamar yadda "sun rigaye, kuma sun fi mahimmanci a aikace fiye da, sake gano ilimin Rome na ilimi." Maimaitawar Roger ga misalin masarautun Rome yana nuni ne da irin burin da yake da shi. Assizes suna taɓa wasu ɓangarorin doka ne kawai: coci, na jama'a, aure da mai laifi. Tare da su dokar al'ada ta kasance tana aiki, sai dai idan ta saba wa ainihin abin da ke cikin Assizes. Dalilin haka shi ne "saboda ire-iren mutane daban-daban da ke karkashin mulkinmu." Saboda haka, a bayyane yake dan majalisar na da masaniya game da mulki kan kasar da ke da kabilu da yawa; ya girmama halaye daban-daban na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kodayake kawai gwargwadon wannan bai yi karo da babban kulawarsa ba.
Ahmed Joda
Tarihi
Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 1988 wacce ta tsara mika mulki ga Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku. A shekarar 1999, aka nada shi kwamiti mai ba da shawara ga fadar shugaban kasa kan kawar da talauci kuma a shekarar 2015, ya jagoranci sauya shekar shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari.
Manazarta
https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/joda-alh-ahmed-mohammed/ https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/from-kaduna-mafia-to-caliphate.html http://yaraduafoundation.org/biafra50/alhaji-ahmed-joda-speech.html https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/1959622
Marinne Giraud
Marinne Giraud (an Haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu 1986) tsohuwar 'yar wasan tennis ce 'yar ƙasar Mauritius.
Tana da matsayi mafi girma a fagen sana'a ta Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Mata (WTA) na 237, ta samu a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 2008, kuma tana da matsayi mafi girma na WTA wanda ya ninka matsayi na 291, ya kai 12 ga watan Mayu 2008, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko ta Mauritius. 'yar wasan tennis.
Giraud ta fara buga wa ƙungiyar Mauritius Fed Cup wasa a cikin shekarar 2007, tana da rikodin nasara-rasa na aiki na 9–6.
Matsayinta na WTA na ƙarshen shekara sune kamar haka: 817th (2004), 618th (2005), 591st (2006), 293rd (2007) and 288th (2008).
George Boakye (dan siyasa)
George Boakye dan siyasan Ghana ne wanda ya taba zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asunafo ta kudu. A halin yanzu shi ne ministan yankin Ahafo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, Shekarar 1956. Ya fito daga Sankore wani gari a yankin Brong Ahafo na Ghana. Ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Zamani a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a shekarar 1992. Ya kuma sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimin Tsare-tsare da Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Cape Coast a 2001.
Aiki
Masanin Ilimi ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwalejin horas da jami’ar St. Joseph da ke Bechem kafin shiga siyasa.
Siyasa
Shi mamba ne na New Patriotic Party. Ya kasance Hakimin gundumar Asunafo ta Kudu. Ya zama dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Asunafo ta kudu a yankin Brong Ahafo na kasar Ghana a watan Janairun 2009 bayan ya lashe zabensa a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2008 da kuri'u 16,574 daga cikin kuri'u 32,953 masu inganci. Eric Opoku na NDC ne ya gaje shi.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya shida. Ya bayyana a matsayin Kirista kuma memba na Cocin Katolika.
Rigima
A cikin watan Afrilun, shekarar 2017, Hukumar Burtaniya a Ghana ta zargi Boakye, Johnson Kwaku Adu, Richard Acheampong, da Joseph Benhazin Dahah da taimakawa 'yan uwansu shiga Burtaniya ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar amfani da fasfo din diflomasiyya. Boakye ya nemi biza wa kansa da diyarsa daga baya ya bar ta a kasar Ingila wacce ta zauna tsawon shekaru 3 kafin ya koma Ghana.
Layal Abboud
Layal Abboud (ليال عبود:layāl ʿab'boud; An haife ta a 15 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1982), yar wata kabila ce dake Kasar Lebanon, mawaƙa na mawaƙa, mawaƙa mai raɗa-raye, raye-raye na raye-raye, dacewa da samfurin, Abokan Musulmi da kuma 'yan kasuwa.
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haife ta daga cikin wani dangi na gargajiya a kudancin Labanon na kauyen Kniseh, Abboud tsohowar jami'ar ISF ne ita kuma tayi nazarin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Jami'ar Lebanon, da yin fassara a Jami'ar Larabawa Beirut da kuma jawabi a cikin Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasahar Amurika.
Larnaca
Sunan Larnaca ya samo asali ne daga sunan tsohuwar Girkanci λάρναξ larnax 'coffer, box; kirji, misali. don shagunan gida; cinerary urn, sarcophagus, akwatin gawa; wurin sha, chalice'. Etymology na yau da kullun yana danganta asalin sunan zuwa yawancin larnakes (sarcophagi) waɗanda aka samu a yankin.[1] Sophocles Hadjisavvas, masanin ilmin kimiya na kasa, ya bayyana cewa "(Wakilin Amurka na birnin) na kwata na karshe na karni na 19, ya yi iƙirarin bincikar kaburbura fiye da 3,000 a yankin Larnaca, wanda ake kira bayan babban adadin sarcophagi da aka samu a ciki. garin zamani”.[2]
Omuma
Omuma Karamar Hukuma ce dake a Jihar Rivers a shiyar kudu maso kudancin Nijeriya.
Shazia Mubashar
Shazia Mubashar ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan, daga Satumba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.
Nassoshi
fnbn
Yancin Bayanai
Ƴancin bayanai shine ƴancin mutum ko mutane su buga da cinye bayanai. Samun bayanai shine ikon mutum don nema, karɓa da kuma ba da bayanai yadda ya kamata. Wannan wani lokaci ya haɗa da "ilimin kimiyya, ƴan asali, da na gargajiya; 'yancin yin bayanai, gina albarkatun ilimi, ciki har da bude Intanet da ka'idoji na budewa, da budewa da samun damar bayanai; adana kayan tarihi na dijital ; girmama bambancin al'adu da harshe, irin su. a matsayin haɓaka damar yin amfani da abun ciki na gida a cikin harsuna masu isa; ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa, gami da tsawon rai da koyan e-e-ilimi ; watsa sabbin kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin ilimi da ƙwarewa, da haɗaɗɗiyar zamantakewa akan layi, gami da magance rashin daidaito dangane da ƙwarewa, ilimi, jinsi, shekaru, ƙabilanci, da samun dama ga nakasassu; da haɓaka haɗin kai da ICTs masu araha, gami da wayar hannu, Yanar gizo, da abubuwan more rayuwa na broadband”.
Samun damar jama'a ga bayanan gwamnati, gami da ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen bayanai, da dokokin ƴancin bayanai, ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin muhimmin tushe na dimokuraɗiyya da mutunci a cikin gwamnati.
Michael Buckland ya bayyana nau'o'in shinge guda shida waɗanda dole ne a shawo kan su don samun damar samun damar bayanai: gano tushen, samuwan tushen, farashin mai amfani, farashi ga mai bayarwa, damar fahimta, yarda. Yayin da ake amfani da "samun damar bayanai", "ƴancin samun bayanai", " yancin sanin " da "'yancin bayanai" a wasu lokuta a matsayin ma'anar ma'ana, mabanbantan kalmomi suna nuna ma'auni na musamman (ko da yake suna da alaƙa) na batun.
Ƴancin bayanai yana da alaƙa da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, wanda zai iya amfani da kowane matsakaici, zama na baka, rubutu, bugu, lantarki, ko ta hanyar fasahar fasaha. Wannan yana nufin cewa kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a matsayin haƙƙin ya haɗa da ba kawai abubuwan da ke ciki ba, har ma da hanyoyin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ƴancin bayanai wani ra'ayi ne daban wanda wani lokaci yakan zo cikin cin karo da 'yancin keɓewa a cikin abubuwan Intanet da fasahar bayanai. Kamar yadda yake da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ' yancin yin sirri wani haƙƙin ɗan adam ne da aka sani kuma 'yancin yin bayanai yana aiki azaman kari ga wannan haƙƙin. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin karin ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki, da kuma ƴancin ɗan adam. An san shi a cikin dokokin duniya. Jam'iyyar Pirate Party ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Amurka sun kafa tsarin siyasa da ya danganci ƴancin bayanai.
Bayani
An sami gagarumin haɓakar shiga Yanar gizo, wanda ya kai sama da biliyan uku masu amfani da shi a cikin 2014, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 42 cikin ɗari na al'ummar duniya. Amma rarrabuwar kawuna na ci gaba da keɓance fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya, musamman mata da ƴan mata, musamman a Afirka da ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanta da ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa. Bugu da ari, mutanen da ke da naƙasa na iya samun fa'ida ko ƙara rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙirar fasaha ko ta gaban ko rashin horo da ilimi.
Rarraba Dijital
Samun bayanai yana fuskantar manyan matsaloli saboda rarrabuwar dijital ta duniya. Rarraba dijital shine rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da zamantakewa dangane da samun dama, amfani, ko tasirin fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa (ICT). Rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe (kamar rarrabuwar dijital a Amurka ) na iya nufin rashin daidaito tsakanin mutane, gidaje, kasuwanci, ko yankunan yanki, yawanci a matakan zamantakewa daban-daban ko wasu nau'ikan alƙaluma. Rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe ko yankuna daban-daban na duniya ana kiranta da rarraba dijital ta duniya, yin nazarin wannan gibin fasaha tsakanin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa akan sikelin duniya.
rarrabuwar ƙabilanci
Ko da yake ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin al'umma suna fama da rashin samun damar kwamfuta ko intanet, ana lura da al'ummomin masu launi na musamman don yin mummunar tasiri ta hanyar rarraba dijital. Wannan yana bayyana idan aka zo ga lura da shiga gida-yanar gizo tsakanin jinsi da ƙabilu daban-daban. 81% na Farar fata da 83% na Asiyawa suna da damar intanet na gida, idan aka kwatanta da 70% na Hispanics, 68% na Baƙar fata, 72% na Indiyawan Indiyawa / Alaska, da 68% na ƴan asalin Hawaii/Pacific Islanders. Ko da yake samun kuɗin shiga shi ne ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida-internet, har yanzu akwai rashin daidaiton kabilanci da na kabilanci da ke tsakanin waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin samun kuɗi. Kashi 58% na masu karancin kuɗin shiga an bayar da rahoton cewa Farar fata na da damar shiga gida-internet kwatankwacin kashi 51% na Hispanic da 50% na Baƙar fata. An ruwaito wannan bayanin a cikin rahoton mai taken "dijital na dijital: Tushen nuna wariyar launin fata" wanda aka buga ta hanyar rukunin yanar gizo na DC-tushen fress na Yanar gizo. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa shingen tsari da nuna wariya da ke ci gaba da nuna kyama ga mutanen jinsi da kabilu daban-daban na taimakawa wajen yin tasiri kan rarrabuwar kawuna. Rahoton ya kuma kara da cewa har yanzu wadanda ba su da hanyar intanet na da matukar bukatar hakan, kuma rage farashin shiga intanet zai ba da damar a kara shiga tsakani cikin adalci da kuma inganta karɓuwar yanar gizo daga ƙungiyoyin da ba su sani ba.
Ana lura da tashe-tashen hankula na dijital da son zuciya na algorithmic suna kasancewa a cikin rarrabuwar kabilanci. Dokokin kalaman ƙiyayya da kuma kalaman ƙiyayya da dandamali na kan layi irin su Facebook sun fifita maza farare da waɗanda ke cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma fiye da ƙungiyoyin da ba a sani ba a cikin al'umma, kamar mata da masu launi. A cikin tarin takardu na cikin gida da aka tattara a cikin wani aiki da ProPublica ya gudanar, ƙa'idodin Facebook game da bambance maganganun ƙiyayya da kuma gane ƙungiyoyin da aka karewa sun bayyana nunin faifai waɗanda suka gano ƙungiyoyi uku, kowannen su yana ɗauke da ko dai direbobin mata, yara baƙar fata, ko kuma maza farare. Lokacin da aka gabatar da tambayar wane rukunin rukunin ke da kariya, amsar da ta dace ta kasance fararen fata. Harshen rukunin marasa rinjaye yana da mummunar tasiri ta kayan aikin gano ƙiyayya ta atomatik saboda son zuciya wanda a ƙarshe ke yanke shawarar abin da ake ɗaukar maganganun ƙiyayya da abin da ba haka ba.
Hakanan an lura da dandamali na kan layi don jure abubuwan ƙiyayya ga mutane masu launi amma suna hana abun ciki daga masu launi. An buga memes na Aborigin a shafin Facebook tare da abubuwan batanci na wariyar launin fata da kuma sharhi da ke nuna mutanen Aborigin a matsayin na kasa. Yayin da mafarin suka cire abubuwan da ke cikin shafin bayan wani bincike da Hukumar Sadarwa da Yada Labarai ta Australia ta gudanar, Facebook bai goge shafin ba kuma ya bar shi ya ci gaba da zama a karkashin rarrabuwar kawuna na ban dariya. Sai dai kuma, wani sakon da wata Ba’amurkiya ta yi na nuna rashin jin dadinta da kasancewarta mutum daya tilo a wani gidan cin abinci na karamin gari ya gamu da sakonnin wariyar launin fata da kyama. A lokacin da take kai rahoton cin zarafin ta ta yanar gizo ga Facebook, Facebook ya dakatar da asusunta na tsawon kwanaki uku saboda ta buga hotunan yayin da ba a dakatar da wadanda ke da alhakin maganganun wariyar launin fata ba. Abubuwan da aka raba tsakanin mutane masu launi na iya zama cikin haɗarin yin shiru a ƙarƙashin manufofin cirewa don dandamali na kan layi.
Rarraba nakasa
Rashin daidaito wajen samun damar amfani da fasahar bayanai yana kasancewa tsakanin mutanen da ke da nakasa idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa tare da nakasa. A cewar The Pew Internet kashi 54% na gidajen da ke da nakasa suna samun intanet a gida idan aka kwatanta da kashi 81% na gidajen da ke da intanet a gida kuma ba su da mutumin da ke da nakasa.
Nau'in nakasa da mutum ke da shi na iya hana mutum yin mu'amala da allon kwamfuta da na'urorin wayar salula, kamar samun naƙasa quadriplegia ko samun nakasu a hannu. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin samun damar yin amfani da fasaha da hanyar intanet a gida a tsakanin waɗanda ke da nakasar fahimta da na ji kuma. Akwai fargabar ko karuwar amfani da fasahohin bayanai zai kara daidaito ta hanyar bayar da damammaki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ko kuma hakan zai kara haifar da rashin daidaito a halin yanzu da kuma haifar da nakasassu a bar su a baya a cikin al'umma. Batutuwa kamar ra'ayi na nakasa a cikin al'umma, manufofin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi, manufofin kamfanoni, fasahohin kwamfuta na yau da kullum, da sadarwar kan layi na ainihi an samo su don taimakawa wajen tasiri na rarrabuwar dijital a kan mutane masu nakasa.
Mutanen da ke da nakasa kuma su ne abin da ake zaginsu ta yanar gizo. Laifukan ƙiyayya na naƙasa akan layi sun karu da kashi 33 cikin ɗari a cikin shekarar da ta gabata a duk faɗin Burtaniya a cewar wani rahoto da Leonard Cheshire.org ya buga. An raba asusun cin zarafi ta yanar gizo ga mutanen da ke da nakasa yayin wani lamari a cikin 2019 lokacin da ɗan Katie Price ya ci zarafinsa ta hanyar yanar gizo wanda aka danganta shi da nakasa. Dangane da wannan cin zarafi, Katie Price ta kaddamar da wani kamfen don tabbatar da cewa 'yan majalisar dokokin Biritaniya sun rike waɗanda suke da laifin ci gaba da cin zarafin nakasassu ta yanar gizo. Cin zarafi akan nakasassu akan layi abu ne da zai iya hana mutane shiga yanar gizo wanda zai iya hana mutane koyon bayanan da zasu inganta rayuwarsu. Yawancin mutanen da ke da naƙasa suna fuskantar cin zarafi ta yanar gizo ta hanyar zarge-zarge na zamba da kuma "karya" nakasa su don samun kuɗi, wanda a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da binciken da ba dole ba.
Rarraba jinsi
'Yancin mata na samun bayanai da samun bayanai a duniya bai kai na maza ba. Abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewa kamar jahilci da rashin ƙarfin dijital sun haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin kewaya kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don samun bayanai, yawanci rashin fahimtar al'amurran da suka shafi mata da jinsi kai tsaye, kamar lafiyar jima'i. Hakanan an sami misalan ƙarin tsauraran matakai, kamar hukumomin yankin na hana ko hana amfani da wayar hannu ga 'yan mata da matan da ba su yi aure ba a cikin al'ummominsu. A cewar Wharton School of Public Policy, fadada fasahar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa (ICT) ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da yawa wadanda suka yi tasiri ga mata wajen samun damar yin amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta ICT inda tazarar jinsi ya kai kashi 31% a wasu kasashe masu tasowa da kuma 12. % a duniya a cikin 2016. Matsalolin zamantakewar zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambance ana kiran su da abin da muke kira rarrabuwar dijital. A cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da kuma yankuna masu karamin karfi, tsadar intanet na kawo cikas ga mata tunda gaba daya mata ba a biya su albashi mai tsoka kuma suna fuskantar rashin daidaito tsakanin ayyukan da ake biya da kuma na rashin biya. Ka’idojin al’adu a wasu kasashe na iya hana mata shiga yanar gizo da fasahar kere-kere tare da hana mata samun wani matakin ilimi ko kuma zama masu cin abinci a gidajensu, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin kula da kudaden gida. Koyaya, ko da lokacin da mata suka sami damar yin amfani da ICT, rarrabuwar dijital har yanzu tana yaɗuwa.
Rarrabuwar LGBTQIA, da danniya daga jihohi da kamfanonin fasaha
Yawancin jihohi, ciki har da wasu waɗanda suka gabatar da sababbin dokoki tun daga 2010, musamman tace muryoyin daga da abubuwan da suka shafi al'ummar LGBTQI, suna haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samun damar yin amfani da bayanai game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi.
Kafofin watsa labaru na dijital suna taka rawa mai ƙarfi wajen iyakance isa ga wasu abun ciki, kamar shawarar YouTube na 2017 don rarraba bidiyon da ba na fayyace ba tare da jigogin LGBTQIA a matsayin 'ƙantatacce', rarrabuwa da aka tsara don tace "abun ciki mai yuwuwar rashin dacewa". Yanar gizo tana ba da bayanan da za su iya samar da wuri mai aminci ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar al'ummar LGBTQIA don haɗawa da wasu da shiga cikin tattaunawa da tattaunawa na gaskiya da ke shafar al'ummominsu. Hakanan ana iya kallonsa azaman wakili na canji ga al'ummar LGBTQIA da samar da hanyar shiga cikin adalcin zamantakewa. Yana iya ba wa mutanen LGBTQIA da za su iya zama a yankunan karkara ko a wuraren da suke keɓe don samun damar samun bayanan da ba a cikin tsarin karkararsu da kuma samun bayanai daga wasu mutanen LGBT. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanai kamar kiwon lafiya, abokan hulɗa, da labarai. GayHealth yana ba da bayanan likitanci da lafiya ta kan layi da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararru da Ƙungiyoyin Maɗigo ya ƙunshi wallafe-wallafen kan layi da labaran da ke mayar da hankali kan yakin 'yancin ɗan adam da al'amurran da suka shafi LGBTQIA. Yanar gizo kuma yana ba wa mutane LGBTQIA damar ɓoye suna. Rashin shiga intanet na iya kawo cikas ga wadannan abubuwa, saboda rashin hanyoyin sadarwa a yankunan karkara. LGBT Tech ya jaddada ƙaddamar da sabbin fasahohi tare da fasahar 5G don taimakawa rufe rarrabuwar dijital wanda zai iya sa membobin al'ummar LGBTQIA su rasa damar yin amfani da ingantaccen fasaha da sauri wanda zai iya ba da bayanai kan kiwon lafiya, damar tattalin arziki, da amintattun al'ummomi.
Hakanan akwai wasu abubuwan da za su iya hana membobin LGBTQIA samun damar bayanai akan layi ko sanya su a ci zarafin bayanansu. Hakanan ana amfani da matatun Yanar gizo don tantancewa da taƙaita abubuwan LGBTQIA waɗanda ke da alaƙa da al'ummar LGBTQIA a makarantun gwamnati da ɗakunan karatu. Akwai kuma kasancewar cin zarafi ta kan layi ta hanyar mafarauta ta kan layi waɗanda ke kai hari ga membobin LGBTQIA ta hanyar neman bayanansu na sirri da ba su bayanan da ba daidai ba. Yin amfani da intanet zai iya ba da wata hanya ga mutanen LGBTQIA don samun damar samun bayanai don magance matsalolin al'umma ta hanyar shawarwarin warkewa, tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa, da kuma yanayin layi wanda ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ra'ayoyi, damuwa, da kuma taimakawa mutanen LGBTQIA su ci gaba. Ana iya haɓaka wannan ta hanyar ƙwararrun sabis na ɗan adam waɗanda za su iya amfani da intanet tare da shaida da kimantawa don ba da bayanai ga daidaikun LGBTQIA waɗanda ke fuskantar yanayin fitowar da yiwuwar sakamakon da ka iya biyo baya a sakamakon.
Hujjar tsaro
Tare da juyin halitta na zamani na dijital, aikace-aikacen 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haɗin kai ('yancin yin amfani da bayanai, samun damar yin amfani da bayanai) ya zama mafi rikici yayin da sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa da ƙuntatawa suka taso ciki har da sarrafa gwamnati ko hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke sanya bayanan sirri ga haɗari.
Samun damar dijital
'Yancin bayanai (ko 'yancin bayanai) kuma yana nufin kariyar ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki dangane da Intanet da fasahar sadarwa. Ƴacin bayanai na iya damuwa da yin katsalandan a cikin mahallin fasahar bayanai, watau ikon shiga abun ciki na Yanar Gizo, ba tare da tantancewa ko hani ba.
Bayani da ilimin watsa labarai
A cewar Kuzmin da Parshakova, samun damar bayanai ya ƙunshi koyo a cikin tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. Hakanan ya haɗa da haɓaka ƙwarewar bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda ke ba masu amfani damar ƙarfafawa da yin cikakken amfani da damar shiga Yanar gizo.
Amin Mekki Medani
Amin Mekki Medani (2 Fabrairu 1939 – 31 Agusta 2018) ( Larabci : د. ٱمين مكي مدني) lauya ne dan Sudan, jami'in diflomasiyya, mai ƙare 'yancin dan adam kuma dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Sudan, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar farar hula, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sudan (SHRM). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Human Rights Watch a 1991 don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta 1991, da kuma mai karɓar 2013 don lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai.
Port Harcourt (ƙaramar hukuma)
Port Harcourt Karamar Hukuma ce dake a Jihar Rivers a shiyar kudu maso kudancin Nijeriya.
Amin Mekki Medani
Ƙuruciya
An haife shi a cikin 1939 a Wad Madani, Al Jazeera, Anglo-Masar Sudan, Medani ya fito ne daga asalin gata. Mahaifinsa ya kasance karamin sakatare na ma'aikatar ban ruwa dan kasar Sudan na farko, sannan kuma dan jam'iyyar Umma Party ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar uwa ce ga tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad. Shi ma kani ne ga mawaƙin Sudan Ibrahim El-Salahi, da Mamban Majalisar Sarauta Aisha Musa el-Said.
Yancin Bayanai
Bayani da ilimin watsa labarai
Taimakon UNESCO ga ilimin aikin jarida misali ne na yadda UNESCO ke neman ba da gudummawa ga samar da ingantattun bayanai masu zaman kansu da za su iya shiga sararin samaniya. Haɓaka samun dama ga nakasassu taron da UNESCO ta kira a cikin 2014 ya ƙarfafa shi, wanda ya amince da "Sanarwar New Delhi akan Haɗa ICTs ga Masu Nakasa: Samar da Ƙarfafa zama Gaskiya"
Amin Mekki Medani
Ilimi
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare na Hantoub mai daraja, Medani ya karanta shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ya sami LL. B. tare da (Honours). Sannan a shekarar 1964 ya samu Dipl dinsa. Civ. L. (Civil Law) daga Jami'ar Luxembourg. Daga nan ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu ( LLM ) tare da bambanci a Jami'ar London a 1965, kuma a ƙarshe a 1970, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'a na Criminal Law daga Jami'ar Edinburgh.
Yancin Bayanai
Buɗe ma'auni
A cewar Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU), ""Open Standards" ƙa'idodi ne da aka samar wa jama'a gabaɗaya kuma an haɓaka (ko an amince da su) kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da yarjejeniya. "Open Standards" yana sauƙaƙe hulɗar aiki da musayar bayanai tsakanin samfura ko ayyuka daban-daban kuma an yi niyya don ɗauka da yawa." Binciken UNESCO ya yi la'akari da cewa ɗaukar buɗaɗɗen ƙa'idodi yana da yuwuwar bayar da gudummawa ga hangen nesa na 'haɗin kai na dijital' wanda 'yan ƙasa za su iya samowa, raba, da sake amfani da bayanai cikin ƴanci. Haɓaka software na buɗaɗɗen tushe, wanda ba shi da tsada kuma ana iya daidaita shi da yardar rai zai iya taimakawa wajen biyan buƙatun shawarwarin masu amfani da keɓaɓɓu a madadin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru, kamar isar da niyya, ingantaccen samar da hanyar Intanet, abubuwan ƙarfafa haraji ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki inganta samun dama, da magance matsalolin rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki
Amin Mekki Medani
Sana'a
A cikin 1962 bayan samun LLB, ya fara aiki a matsayin majistare a sashin shari'a na Sudan. A shekarar 1966, bayan ya dawo daga Landan bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, ya shiga fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, a matsayin babban malami kuma malami har zuwa 1971. Bayan haka, ya zama wakilin riko na hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Tanzaniya, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin bakar fata na farko a bankin duniya da ke Washington DC. A cikin 1976, bayan ya koma Khartoum, Medani ya fara aiki a bankin Larabawa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afirka, a wannan lokacin kuma ya kara tsunduma cikin fafutukar inganta mulkin dimokradiyya, 'yancin dan Adam, da bin doka a Sudan. Bayan boren jama'a na 1985 wanda ya hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Nimeiry, ya yi aiki a gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Sudan a matsayin ministan kwadago, zamantakewa, zaman lafiya da ci gaban gudanarwa, har zuwa lokacin zaben demokradiyya na tsohon Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi. A shekarar 1991, an kama Medani bayan juyin mulkin da ya kawo Omar al-Bashir kan karagar mulki, sannan gwamnati ta kore shi daga Sudan, lamarin da ya sa ya yi hijira zuwa Alkahira da aiki a kungiyar lauyoyin Masar.
Yancin Bayanai
Ƙungiyar Labarai da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki
Babban Taron Duniya akan Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai (WSIS) Bayanin Ƙa'idodin da aka karɓa a cikin 2003 ya sake tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya da duniyoyin duniya, rashin rarrabawa da haɗin kai na duk haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴanci na asali. Sanarwar ta kuma yi nuni na musamman game da mahimmancin ƴyancin fɗdin albarkacin baki ga " Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai " a cikin cewa: "Mun sake tabbatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin tushe na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai, kuma kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 19 na Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya, cewa kowa yana da ƴancin yin ra'ayi da ra'ayi ; cewa wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da 'yancin yin ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi ta kowace kafofin watsa labaru ba tare da la'akari da iyaka ba. Sadarwa wani muhimmin tsari ne na zamantakewa, buƙatun ɗan adam na asali da ginshiƙi na duk ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Yana da tsakiya ga Information Society. Kowa, a ko'ina ya kamata ya sami damar shiga kuma kada a ware kowa daga fa'idodin da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai ke bayarwa."Sanarwar ƙa'idojin WSIS ta 2004 ta kuma yarda cewa "ya zama dole a hana amfani da albarkatun bayanai da fasahohi don dalilai na laifi da ta'addanci, tare da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". Wolfgang Benedek yayi tsokaci cewa sanarwar ta WSIS ta ƙunshi nassoshi da dama ne kawai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma baya fayyace wata hanya ko hanya don tabbatar da cewa ana la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a aikace.
Amin Mekki Medani
Sana'a
Medani ya taba zama shugaban ofishin babban kwamishinan kare hakkin bil adama (OHCHR) a yammacin kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a Bagadaza, Medani ya shaida kuma ya ji rauni a harin da aka kai a Otal din Canal wanda ya kashe tsohon kwamishinan kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wakili na musamman a Iraki, Sérgio Vieira de Mello.
Yancin Bayanai
Hacktivismo
Ƙungiyar haƙƙin dijital Hacktivismo, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1999, yana jayayya cewa samun damar bayanai shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kwatanta imanin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya a cikin "Sanarwar Hacktivismo" wanda ke kira ga Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Alkawari na Duniya akan Ƴancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) don amfani da Intanet. Sanarwar ta tuno da aikin da ƙasashe membobin ke da su ga ICCPR don kare yancin faɗar albarkacin baki game da yanar gizo da kuma a cikin wannan yanayin ƴancin yin bayani. Sanarwar Hacktivismo ta amince da "muhimmancin yaƙi da cin zarafin bil'adama game da samun damar samun bayanai a kan Intanet" tare da yin kira ga jama'ar masu fashin baki da su "nazarci hanyoyi da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen dakile ayyukan tace bayanan intanet" da "aiwatar da fasahohin don kalubalantar take hakkin bayanai." Sanarwar Hacktivismo ta yi, duk da haka, ta gane cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki yana ƙarƙashin iyakancewa, yana mai cewa "mun amince da haƙƙin gwamnatoci don hana buga bayanan sirrin ƙasa yadda ya kamata, batsa na yara, da batutuwan da suka shafi sirrin sirri da gata, a tsakanin sauran hani da aka yarda da su”. Duk da haka, sanarwar Hacktivist ta ce "amma muna adawa da amfani da ikon gwamnati don sarrafa damar yin amfani da ayyukan masu sukar, ƙwararrun ƙwararru, masu fasaha, ko masu addini."
Amin Mekki Medani
Elkarib & Medani
Amin Mekki Medani ya kafa kamfaninsa na lauyoyi a shekarar 1978 tare da Eltigani Elkarib, kuma kamfanin lauyoyin yanzu ya fi samun nasara a kasar. Wasu daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun haɗa da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada, da Bankin Khartoum
Yancin Bayanai
Ƙaddamarwar hanyar sadarwa ta Duniya
A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2008 an kafa Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Duniya (GNI) akan "Ka'idodin Ƴancin Magana da Keɓantawa". An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da shirin ne a cikin shekaru 60 na Cikar Ƙirar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) kuma ta dogara ne akan dokoki da ƙa'idodi na duniya da aka amince da su akan ' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da keɓantawa da aka tsara a cikin UDHR, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Jama'a da Siyasa Hakkoki (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR). Mahalarta cikin Ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki, Human Rights Watch, Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, wasu manyan kamfanoni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin bil'adama, masu zuba jari, da malaman ilimi.
A cewar rahotanni an gayyaci Cisco Systems zuwa tattaunawar farko amma ba ta shiga cikin shirin ba. Harrington Investments, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Cisco ya kafa hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta yi watsi da GNI a matsayin ƙa'idar aikin son rai ba ta da wani tasiri. Babban jami'in gudanarwa John Harrington ya kira GNI "hayaniyar da ba ta da ma'ana" a maimakon haka ya yi kira da a bullo da dokokin da ke tilasta wa shuwagabannin zartarwa su amince da haƙƙin ɗan Adam.
Amin Mekki Medani
Mutuwa
A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2018, bayan hana shi barin kasar da gwamnati ta yi kuma ya sha fama da ciwon zuciya da ciwon koda, Medani ya rasu. An yi alhinin mutuwarsa a matsayin rashi na ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya. Gwamnatocin Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Kanada, da sauran hukumomin duniya daban-daban da na shiyya-shiyya da wasu jama'a sun buga bayanan alhinin rashinsa.
Yancin Bayanai
Binciken Yanar gizo
Jo Glanville, editan Index on Censorship, ya baiyana cewa "yanar gizo
Amin Mekki Medani
Amin Mekki Medani Foundation
A cikin 2018, jim kadan bayan mutuwar Medani, an kafa gidauniyar Amin Mekki Medani. Gidauniyar tana mai da hankali kan masu fafutuka masu tallafawa da karfafa bin hakkin bil'adama, 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Gidauniyar tana samun goyon bayan kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci da dama na kasa da kasa da fatan taimakawa wajen yada tabbatar da adalci a Sudan.
Yancin Bayanai
Binciken Yanar gizo
A cewar the Reporters without Borders (RSF) "jerin maƙiyan intanet" jihohi masu zuwa suna shiga aikin tantancewar intanet: Cuba, Iran, Maldives, Myanmar / Burma, Koriya ta Arewa, Siriya, Tunisia, Uzbekistan da Vietnam. Misalin da aka fi sani da jama'a shine abin da ake kira " Babban Firewall na kasar Sin " (dangane da rawar da take takawa a matsayin bangon hanyar sadarwa da tsohuwar babbar ganuwa ta kasar Sin ). Tsarin yana toshe abun ciki ta hanyar hana adiresoshin IP surkushe su kuma ya ƙunshi daidaitattun bangon wuta da sabar wakili a ƙofofin Intanet. Hakanan tsarin yana zaɓin shiga cikin guba na DNS lokacin da ake buƙatar takamaiman rukunin yanar gizo. Gwamnati ba ta ga alama tana bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin Intanet cikin tsari, saboda wannan yana da alama ba shi da amfani. Ana gudanar da aikin tantance Intanet a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a karkashin dokoki da ka'idojin gudanarwa iri-iri. Bisa ga waɗannan dokoki, fiye da dokokin Intanet sama da sittin ne gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) ta tsara, kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa da ƙarfi daga rassan larduna na ISPs mallakar gwamnati, kamfanonin kasuwanci, da ƙungiyoyi.
Amin Mekki Medani
Nassoshi
1. ^ a b c "Amin Mekki Madani". dspcf.org.
Retrieved 2018-10-02.
Yancin Bayanai
Binciken Yanar gizo
A cikin 2010, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, da ke magana a madadin Amurka, ta bayyana "muna tsayawa kan intanet guda daya inda dukkanin bil 'adama ke da damar samun ilimi da ra'ayoyi daidai." A cikin Remarks on Internet Freedom' ta kuma ja hankali kan yadda ko a ƙasashe masu mulki, hanyoyin sadarwa na taimaka wa mutane gano sabbin abubuwa da kuma sa gwamnatoci su zama masu kishin kasa', yayin da ta ba da rahoton furucin Shugaba Barack Obama na ƙarin yadda bayanai ke gudana cikin ƴanci. al'ummomin da suka fi ƙarfi sun zama'.
Amin Mekki Medani
Nassoshi
2. ^ "Amin Mekki Medani - Bio, News,
Yancin Bayanai
Keɓantawa, sa ido da ɓoyewa
Ƙara samun dama da dogaro ga kafofin watsa labaru na dijital don karɓa da samar da bayanai sun ƙara dama ga Jihohi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don bin ɗabi'un mutane, ra'ayoyinsu da hanyoyin sadarwa. Jihohi sun ƙara ɗaukar dokoki da manufofi don halatta sa ido kan sadarwa, tare da tabbatar da waɗannan ayyuka tare da buƙatar kare kansu da muradun ƙasa. A wasu sassan Turai, sabbin dokokin yaki da ta'addanci sun ba da damar sanya ido sosai ga gwamnati da kuma ƙaruwar ƙarfin hukumomin leken asiri na samun bayanan ƴan ƙasar. Yayin da doka ta kasance wani sharadi na halalcin iyakance haƙƙin ɗan adam, batun kuma shine ko wata doka da aka bayar ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa don tabbatarwa kamar larura, daidaito da manufa ta halal.
Amin Mekki Medani
Nassoshi
Photos" . Washington Times . Archived from
Yancin Bayanai
Tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa
Hukumar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ɗauki matakai da dama don nuna mahimmancin haƙƙin sirri na duniya ta yanar gizo. A cikin 2015, a cikin ƙuduri kan haƙƙin keɓantawa a cikin shekarun dijital, ta kafa Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Haƙƙin Keɓantawa. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta jaddada cewa 'sa ido ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma ba da izini ba da kuma / ko kutsawa cikin hanyoyin sadarwa, da kuma tattara bayanan sirri ba bisa ƙa'ida ko ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a matsayin manyan kutse, keta haƙƙin sirri, na iya tsoma baki tare da sauran ɗan adam. hakkoki, gami da ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da kuma riƙe ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba'.
Amin Mekki Medani
Nassoshi
the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved