cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sofiane Boufal
Ayyukan kasa
Boufal ya wakilci Morocco a gasar cin kofin Afrika na (2019). Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Morocco guda biyu da suka kasa zura kwallo a ragar Benin da ci (4-1) a bugun fenariti a zagaye na (16).
Girmamawa
Lille
Southampton
Mutum
Ramatu Yakubu
Wasannia
A shekarar ta 2017, Ramatu Yakubu ta fafata a gasar zakarun kungiyoyin badminton ta Benin da ke Cotonou, Jamhuriyar Benin. Ta samu lambobin tagulla biyu a gasar mata biyu tare, da kuma wani tagulla a cikin taron gasa. A shekara ta alif dari tara da cas'in da hudu 1994, ta fafata a gasar Commonwealth ta shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da hudu 1994 sannan kuma ta kasance a matsayi na talatin da uku 33 a cikin wasannin mata biyu.
Nasarori
Wadannan sune wasu daga cikin nasarorin data samu a gasan badminton
Wasannin Afirka
Matan biyu
Benin International
Matan biyu Cakuda na biyu
Heidemarie Wycisk
Heidemarie Wycisk (an haife ta ne a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1949) yarwasan kasar Jamus ce. Ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle-tsalle na tsalle-tsalle na mata a 1976 na Olympics na bazara.
Ndunguidi
Daniel Ndunguidi Gonçalves, wanda aka fi sani da Daniel Ndunguidi ko kuma kawai Ndunguidi, (an haife shi ne a shekara ta 1956) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Angola.
Ayoub El Kaabi
Ayoub El Kaabi (أيوب الكعبي; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yunin alif dubu daya da dari tara da casain da ukku1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ko winger na Hatayspor da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Maroko. Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararren yana wasa don Racing de Casablanca.
Ndunguidi
Ndunguidi, wanda aikinsa ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980 lokacin da yake buga wasa a Primeiro de Agosto kwallo a matsayin dan wasan gaba, ana kuma ɗaukarsa a matsayin fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafa na Angola, bayan samun 'yancin kai. Shahararsa da basirarsa kawai sun dace da na Petro Atlético 's José Saturnino de Oliveira aka "Yesu". A cikin shekarar 1979, wani yunƙuri na Sporting Clube de Portugal ya hana shi saboda dalilai na siyasa kamar yadda wani ƙoƙari na Benfica de Portugal a 1990.
A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 1991, an buga wasan bankwana tsakanin Primeiro de Agosto da Petro de Luanda, don girmama Ndunguidi da Jesus"Saturnino.
Ayoub El Kaabi
Shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar CHAN 2018 da ke gudana a gida da kwallaye tara. Don haka ya sa ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya kai wannan adadi a gasar guda daya, bayan da ya zarce tarihin da dan wasan Zambia Given Singuluma ya kafa wanda ya ci kwallaye biyar a shekara ta 2009. Bayan da Morocco ta ci Libya a wasan kusa da na karshe, ta kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin CHAN a karon farko a tarihi.
Ndunguidi
A tsawon rayuwarsa, daga 1976 zuwa karshen 1980s, Ndunguidi ya buga wasanni 44 a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Angola.
Ayoub El Kaabi
An haifi Ayoub Al Kaabi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, 1993, a birnin Casablanca kuma yana buga kwallon kafa a cikin unguwannin Al-Bayda.
Racing de Casablanca
Daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke aiki a rukunin na uku na kasa ya ba da shi aro, don buga wasanni masu yawa inda ya sami gogewa, Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Racing Athlétique Club. Da farko dai ya fara wasansa ne a matsayin dan wasan baya na hagu saboda gudunsa da kuma karfinsa, daga baya ya shiga kungiyar ta farko inda ya canja matsayinsa daga mai tsaron baya zuwa tsakiyar filin tsaron baya, sannan ya zauna a fagen daga, bayan da ya koma taka leda. kocin ya ga babban iya kammala aikinsa. An ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin wanda ya hau kungiyar tsere zuwa rukunin farko na kasa.
Renaissance Sportive de Berkane
El Kaabi ya koma RS Berkane a matsayin canja wuri daga Racing de Casablanca a lokacin bazara 2017. Ya kasance babban dan wasa a Botola 2 a lokacin kakar 2016–17 tare da kwallaye 25. El kaabi ya lashe kofin Al'arshi na Morocco na 2018 bayan ya doke Wydad de Fès a wasan karshe da bugun fenareti.
Hebei FC
A cikin shekarar 2018, Hebei China Fortune ta sayi El Kaabi akan kuɗin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 6.5. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, El kaabi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar bayan ya zura kwallo a ragar Beijing Guoan.
A ranar 30 ga Maris, El Kaabi ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, a karawar da suka yi da babbar kungiyar tsaro ta Shanghai SIPG, duk da cewa bai iya hana kungiyarsa rashin nasara ba (1-2). Da kokarinsa, dan wasan Morocco ya lashe zukata da tunanin jama'ar Hebei, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa tare da takwarorinsa na Argentina Ezequiel Lavezzi da Javier Mascherano.
Wydad Athletic Club
A watan Yulin 2019, El Kaabi ya koma Wydad AC a matsayin lamunin watanni shida.
A cikin watan Satumba 2020, ya koma Wydad AC a matsayin wakili na kyauta. Ya taka rawa a matakin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin CAF na 2019-20 kafin ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Hatayspor ta Turkiyya. A lokacin gasar El Kaabi ya yi nasarar zura kwallo a hat-trick da Atlético Petróleos de Luanda wanda ke nuna wasan karshe na Wydad. Ya gama a matsayin babban dan wasan Botola a kakar 2020-21 da kwallaye 18.
Hatayspor
A cikin shekarar 2021, El Kaabi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 2 har zuwa Yuni 2023 tare da Hatayspor, bayan ya yi babban ranar Wydad a Casablanca.
A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2021, El Kabbi ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa, bayan da aka sauya shi a minti na 76 da Mame Diouf da Galatasaray, wasan ya kare da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga Agusta ya zira kwallaye na farko tare da tawagar bayan nasarar 5-0 da Alanyaspor. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, 2022, El Kaabi ya yi hat-trick ɗinsa na farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Yeni Malatyaspor da ci 5-2.
Ayyukan kasa
El Kaabi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a tawagar kasar Morocco a ranar 13 ga watan Junairu 2018 a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2018 da suka buga da kasar Mauritania, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu ne dan wasan ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa bayan wasan da Morocco ta buga da Libya a wasan kusa da na karshe na kungiyar CHAN. Morocco ta samu nasara a wasan da ci 3-1. Morocco ta shirya ne da Najeriya a wasan karshe. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, Morocco ta lallasa Najeriya da ci 4-0, El Kaabi ya ci kwallo a minti na 73 da fara wasa. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Afrika CAF ta zabi El Kaabi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi fice a gasar, sakamakon kwazon da ya nuna a duk fadin gasar inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 5, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar baki daya. tarihin gasar.
El Kaabi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 17 ga Janairu 2018 da Guinea.
A watan Mayun 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 da Morocco ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Ya buga wasanni 2 kacal a cikin 3 a gasar cin kofin duniya, ya buga wasan farko a matsayin farkon 11 da Iran sannan kuma ya zo a minti na 69 a matsayin Khalid Boutaib a madadin Portugal. EL Kaabi ya wakilci kasar Maroko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2020, inda ya zura kwallaye guda uku wadanda suka taimakawa kasarsa ta lashe gasar kuma ta zama kasa ta farko kuma daya tilo da ta lashe gasar a baya. Kwallon da ya fi jin dadinsa ita ce kwallon da ya ci a wasan karshe da Mali a minti na 79 da ta yi bajintar samun nasara.
Bayan wasan da ya yi tare da Moroccan A' na tsawon shekaru biyu yana samun lakabi biyu na Afirka, sabon Kocin Bosnia Vahid Halilhodžić ya burgesa kuma ya yanke shawarar kiransa ya wakilci tawagar Morocco don samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 (CAF). A wasanni shida na farko da ya buga da kungiyar, Ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyar a raga wanda ya ba shi damar zama dan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a ragar Morocco; sannan ya zarce matakin cancantar zagaye na biyu cikin sauki.
Salon wasa
El Kaabi ƙwararren ɗan wasan gaba ne wanda ke son dribbling a filin wasa kuma ya iya bugun fanareti tare da kyakkyawan gamawa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2022, El Kaabi ya gwada inganci don COVID-19 tare da abokin wasansa Ryan Mmaee.
Girmamawa
RS Berkane
Wydad AC
Maroko
Mutum
Alexandra Wester
Alexandra Valerie "Alex" Wester (an haife ta ne a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, din shekarar 1994) ita ce 'yar wasan kasar Jamus, da ta kware a tsere mai tsayi. Ta sanya babbar gasarta ta farko a Gasar Cin Kofin Cikin Gida ta shekarar 2016 da ta kare a matsayi na shida.
Haihuwa
An haife ta a Gambiya ga mahaifinta Bajamushe kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Ghana. Tun da farko a cikin aikin ta, ta yi gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka haɗu amma ta yanke shawarar ƙwarewa a cikin tsalle mai tsayi bayan matsaloli da rauni.
Wasa
Abubuwan da ta fi dacewa a cikin taron sune mita 6.79 a waje (Oberteuringen 2016) da kuma mita 6.95 a cikin gida (Berlin 2016).
BIOS
A sarrafa kwamfuta, BIOS ( /b aɪ ɒ s, - oʊ s /, BY -oss, - ⁠ ohss ; wani gajeren bayani ne na Basic Input / Output System wanda kuma aka fi sani da suna System BIOS, ROM BIOS ko PC BIOS ) ana amfani da firmware ne don aiwatar da farawar kayan masarufi yayin aiwatar da booting (farawa-kunnawa), da kuma samar da sabis na lokaci don tsarin aiki da shirye-shirye. . BIOS firmware ta kasance an riga an girka ta akan kwamiti na komputa na sirri, kuma shine software na farko da zata fara aiki yayin kunna ta. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga Asalin Input/Output System wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin tsarin aiki na CP/M a shekarar 1975. BIOS asalin mallakar IBM PC ne wasu kamfanoni suka sake kera shi (kamar su Phoenix Technologies ) suna neman ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai dace. A dubawa na cewa asalin tsarin hidima a matsayin zahiri shine misali.
BIOS a cikin PCs na zamani suna farawa da kuma gwada abubuwan haɗin kayan aikin, kuma suna loda mai ɗora kaya daga na'urar adana kayan aiki wanda zai fara tsarin aiki. A cikin zamanin DOS, BIOS ta bayar da BIOS ta katse kira don maɓallin keyboard, nuni, adanawa, da sauran kayan shigarwa / fitarwa (I / O) waɗanda ke daidaita daidaito ga shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace da tsarin aiki. Sabbin tsarin aiki na kwanan nan basa amfani da BIOS na katse kira bayan farawa.
Yawancin aikace-aikacen BIOS an tsara su musamman don aiki tare da takamaiman kwamfuta ko samfurin katako, ta hanyar hulɗa tare da na'urori daban-daban waɗanda suka dace da tsarin kwakwalwar kwamfuta. Asali, an adana firmware na BIOS a cikin guntu ta ROM akan uwar komputa. A cikin tsarin kwamfuta na zamani, ana adana abubuwan da ke cikin BIOS a kan ƙwaƙwalwar filasha don haka ana iya sake rubuta shi ba tare da cire guntu daga katunan ba. Wannan yana ba da sauƙi, sabunta-mai amfani ta ƙarshe ga BIOS firmware don haka za a iya ƙara sabbin abubuwa ko za a iya yin kwari, amma kuma yana haifar da yiwuwar kwamfutar ta kamu da tushen root na BIOS. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka BIOS wanda ya kasa na iya yin bulo ga katako.
Hadadden Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) magaji ne ga tsohuwar PC BIOS, da nufin magance gazawar fasaha.
Abouna
Abouna ( أبونا  , Turanci: "Ubanmu") fim ne na 2002 na darektan Chadi Mahamat Saleh Haroun. An yi fim ɗin a garuruwan Gaoui da N'Djamena, Chadi. Shi ne ya wakilci ƙasar Chadi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje a Kyautar Kwalejin Kwalejin ta 75 amma ba a zaɓa ba.
BIOS
Tarihi
Sigogin na MS-DOS, PC DOS ko DR-DOS sun ƙunshi fayil da ake kira daban-daban " IO. SYS "," IBMBIO. COM "," IBMBIO. SYS ", ko" DRBIOS. SYS "; an san wannan fayil ɗin da" DOS BIOS "(wanda aka fi sani da" DOS I / O System ") kuma ya ƙunshi ƙananan takamaiman kayan aiki na tsarin aiki. Tare da keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki na musamman amma tsarin aiki mai zaman kansa "System BIOS", wanda ke zaune a cikin ROM, yana wakiltar analog ɗin zuwa " CP / M BIOS ".
Abouna
Makirci
Wasu maza biyu (Tahir da Amine) sun farka wata rana da safe suka ga mahaifinsu ya yi watsi da danginsu. A gigice suka fara rashin ɗa'a. Yayin da suke kallon fim a ɓoye, suna tsammanin sun ga mahaifinsu yana magana da su kuma ya saci fim ɗin don ya bincika firam ɗin. Mahaifiyarsu (Achta) daga karshe ta yanke kauna ta tura su makarantar Alkur’ani. Basu ji daɗi ba suka shirya gudun hijira har babban yaron ya kamu da soyayyar wata yarinya kurma (Khalil).
BIOS
Tarihi
BIOS asalin mallakar IBM PC ne wasu kamfanoni suka sake kera shi (kamar su Phoenix Technologies ) suna neman ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai dace.
Abouna
Ƴan wasa da samarwa
Ahidjo Mahamat Moussa, wanda ya yi wa Tahir mai shekara 15, an ba shi zaɓin samarin da zai yi wasa da kaninsa Amine. Daga karshe ya zabi Hamza Moctar Aguid dan shekara takwas saboda yana jin cewa Aguid zai iya zama dan uwansa da gaske.
BIOS
Tarihi
Tare da gabatar da injunan PS / 2, IBM ya rarraba System BIOS cikin ɓangarorin gaske da kuma kariya. Yankin yanayin-yanayi yana nufin samar da daidaituwa ta baya tare da tsarin aiki kamar DOS, sabili da haka aka sanya masa suna "CBIOS" (don "Compatibility BIOS"), yayin da "ABIOS" (don "Advanced BIOS") ya samar da sababbin hanyoyin musamman dace da yawa aiki tsarin kamar OS / 2.
Abouna
Ƴan wasa da samarwa
Bayan kowace rana don ɗaukar fim ɗin, an aika fim ɗin mil 2600 zuwa Paris don sarrafawa. Sai bayan jira kwanaki da yawa, lokacin da maganar ta dawo cewa babu matsala, za a ci gaba da ɗaukar sa.
BIOS
Mai amfani da ke dubawa
BIOS na asalin IBM PC da XT ba su da wata hanyar amfani da mai amfani. An nuna lambobin kuskure ko saƙonni akan allon, ko kuma an kirkira jerin sauti don yin kuskuren sigina lokacin da ƙarfin gwajin kai tsaye (POST) bai ci gaba ba har zuwa nasarar ƙaddamar da adaftar nuni na bidiyo. Zaɓuɓɓuka akan IBM PC da XT an saita su ta hanyar sauyawa da masu tsalle a kan babban jirgi da kan katunan faɗaɗa. Farawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, ya zama ruwan dare ga BIOS ROM don haɗawa da "BIOS sanyi utility" (BCU ) ko "BIOS Setility utility", ana samun damarsa a tsarin ƙarfi ta wani maɓallin maɓalli. Wannan shirin ya bawa mai amfani damar saita zaɓuɓɓukan tsarin tsari, na nau'in da aka sanya ta ta amfani da maɓallin DIP, ta hanyar tsarin menu mai ma'amala wanda ake sarrafawa ta hanyar maballin. A cikin rikon kwarya lokacin, IBM-jituwa inji mai kwakwalwa — ciki har da IBM AT — gudanar saitunan sanyi a baturi-goyon baya RAM da kuma amfani da wani bootable sanyi shirin a floppy faifai, ba a ROM, to saita sanyi zabin kunshe ne a cikin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. An kawata floppy disk din tare da kwamfutar, kuma idan ta bata tsarin saitunan ba za a iya canzawa ba. Haka aka yi amfani da shi gaba ɗaya ga kwamfutoci tare da motar EISA, wanda aka kira shirin daidaitawa mai amfani mai amfani na EISA (ECU).
Kwamfutar Wintel mai haɗa komputa yana ba da tsarin saiti na yau da kullun da babu canji a cikin yanayi daga abubuwan amfani na BIOS da ke zaune a ƙarshen shekarun 1990; mai amfani zai iya saita zaɓuɓɓukan kayan aiki ta amfani da faifan maɓalli da nuni na bidiyo. Injin Wintel na zamani na iya adana saitunan daidaitawa na BIOS a cikin flash ROM, wataƙila wannan flash ɗin ta ROM wacce ke riƙe da BIOS kanta.
Fara tsarin
Masu sarrafa Intel na farko sun fara ne da adireshin jiki 000FFFF0h. Tsarin tare da masu sarrafawa daga baya suna ba da hankali don fara gudanar da BIOS daga tsarin ROM.
If the system has just been powered up or the reset button was pressed ("cold boot"), the full power-on self-test (POST) is run. If Ctrl+Alt+Delete was pressed ("warm boot"), a special flag value stored in nonvolatile BIOS memory ("CMOS") tested by the BIOS allows bypass of the lengthy POST and memory detection.
POST yana ganowa, gwaje-gwaje da kuma ƙaddamar da na'urori irin su CPU, chipset, RAM, motherboard, katin bidiyo, keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta, rumbun diski, faifan diski na gani da sauran kayan aiki.
Fuskokin IBM na farko suna da tsari a cikin POST wanda zai zazzage wani shiri cikin RAM ta tashar keyboard da gudanar da shi. An tsara wannan fasalin don gwajin masana'anta ko dalilan bincike.
Taya tsari
Bayan an gama zaɓar ROM ɗin kuma duk samfuran ROM da aka gano tare da ingantattun bincike an kira su, ko kuma nan da nan bayan POST a cikin sigar BIOS wanda ba ya bincika zaɓi na ROM, BIOS ya kira INT 19h don fara aikin taya. Post-boot, shirye-shiryen da aka ɗora kuma suna iya kiran INT 19h don sake yin tsarin, amma dole ne su yi taka tsantsan don katse katsewa da sauran matakan kayan aikin kayan aiki waɗanda zasu iya tsoma baki tare da tsarin sake kunnawa na BIOS, ko kuma tsarin na iya rataye ko faɗuwa yayin da yake sakewa.
Lokacin da aka kira INT 19h, BIOS na ƙoƙari don gano software masu ɗora kaya a kan "na'urar ƙirar", kamar su Hard disk, floppy disk, CD, ko DVD. Yana loda kuma yana aiwatar da software na farko da ya samo, yana bashi iko da PC.
BIOS yana amfani da na'urorin taya da aka saita a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar BIOS mai ban tsoro ( CMOS ), ko, a cikin PC na farko, sauya DIP A BIOS jami'in dake duba yawan kowane na'urar domin ganin idan shi ne bootable da yunƙurin load da farko kansu ( taya kansu ). Idan ba za a iya karanta fannin ba, BIOS zai ci gaba zuwa na gaba. Idan aka karanta fannin cikin nasara, wasu BIOS za su kuma bincika sa hannun bangaren taya 0x55 0xAA a baiti biyun karshe na bangaren (wanda ya fi tsawon 512 bytes), kafin su yarda da bangaren taya da kuma la’akari da na’urar da za a iya amfani da ita.
Lokacin da aka samo na'urar da za a iya amfani da ita, BIOS tana canja wurin sarrafawa zuwa ɓangaren da aka ɗora. BIOS ba ta fassara abubuwan da ke cikin takalmin sata ban da yiwuwar bincika sa hannun sashin taya a cikin bytes biyu da suka gabata. Fassarar tsarin data kamar teburin bangare da kuma BIOS Parameter Blocks ana yin ta ne ta hanyar shirin taya a bangaren taya ko kuma ta wasu shirye-shiryen da aka loda ta hanyar aikin taya.
Na'urar da ba diski ba kamar adaftan cibiyar sadarwa tana yunƙurin ɗorawa ta hanyar hanyar da za a bayyana ta zaɓin ta na ROM ko makamancin abin da aka haɗa a cikin mahaɗin BIOS ROM. Kamar wannan, zaɓi ROMs na iya yin tasiri ko maye gurbin tsarin taya wanda aka bayyana ta motherboard BIOS ROM.
Tare da daidaitaccen takalmin talla na kafafen yada labarai na El Torito, togararren faifan a zahiri yana kwaikwayon kamfani mai nauyin 3.5 "mai nauyin gaske zuwa BIOS don manufar taya. Karanta "bangaren farko" na CD-ROM ko DVD-ROM bawai wani aiki bane wanda aka bayyana shi kamar yadda yake a kan floppy disk ko kan diski. Bugu da ƙari, mawuyacin yanayin matsakaici ya sa ya zama da wahala a rubuta shirin taya mai amfani a cikin ɓangare ɗaya. Kayan kwalliyar kwalliyar kwalliya na iya ɗauke da software wanda ke ba da damar zuwa matsakaiciyar hanyar gani a tsarinta na asali.
Boot fifiko
A mafi yawan BIOSes na zamani, mai amfani zai iya saita oda mafi fifiko ta boot. A cikin tsofaffin BIOSes, zaɓuɓɓukan fifikon ƙarancin taku zaɓaɓɓu ne; a cikin BIOS na farko, an aiwatar da wani tsayayyen tsari wanda aka tsara shi, tare da fararen diski na farko, tsayayyen diski (watau mawuyacin diski) na biyu, kuma galibi babu wasu na'urorin taya masu goyan baya, dangane da sauye-sauyen waɗannan ƙa'idodin ta hanyar zaɓin ROM da aka girka. BIOS a cikin PC na farko shima galibi zai iya farawa ne kawai daga farkon disk ɗin diski na farko ko na farkon mashigar diski, koda kuwa an girke mashin biyu.
Rashin nasarar taya
A kan asalin IBM PC da XT, idan ba a sami faifan bootable ba, an fara ROM BASIC ta hanyar kiran INT 18h. Tunda programsan shirye-shirye sunyi amfani da BASIC a cikin ROM, masu yin PC ɗin clone sun bar shi; to, kwamfutar da ta kasa farawa daga faifai za ta nuna "Babu ROM BASIC" kuma ta dakatar (a cikin martani ga INT 18h).
Daga baya kwamfutoci zasu nuna sako kamar "Babu wani bootable disk da aka samo"; wasu za su nemi a saka faifai sannan a danna mabudi don sake gwada aikin taya. BIOS ta zamani na iya nuna komai ko kuma ta atomatik ta iya shigar da mai amfani ta BIOS lokacin da aikin taya ya kasa.
Yanayin taya
Yanayi don shirin taya yana da sauqi: CPU yana cikin yanayi na gaske kuma ba a fayyace mahimman manufa da rajistar yanki, sai dai SS, SP, CS, da DL. CS: IP koyaushe yana nuna adireshin jiki. Abin da ke darajar CS da IP a zahiri basu da ma'ana sosai. Wasu BIOS suna amfani da CS: IP na  yayin da wasu na iya amfani da. Saboda ana ɗora shirye-shiryen taya a koyaushe a wannan tsayayyen adireshin, babu buƙatar shirin kora da za a iya sakewa. DL na iya ƙunsar lambar tuki, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da INT 13h, na na'urar taya. SS: SP yana nuna madaidaicin tari wanda mai yuwuwa babba ne don tallafawa katsewar kayan aiki, amma in ba haka ba SS da SP ba a bayyana su ba. (Dole ne a riga an saita tsayi domin yin katsewa don ayi aiki, kuma dole ne a kunna katsewa domin katsewar tsarin lokaci, wanda BIOS koyaushe ke amfani da aƙalla don kula da ƙididdigar lokaci da kuma abin da yake farawa yayin POST, don yin aiki kuma don maɓallin kewaya suyi aiki. Maballin yana aiki koda ba a kira sabis ɗin keyboard na BIOS ba; Ana karɓar maɓallan maɓalli kuma an sanya su a cikin nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in-nau'in 15 wanda BIOS ke kiyayewa. ) Dole ne shirin taya ya sanya tsintsiya madaurinki daya, saboda ba a san girman adadin da BIOS ya kafa ba kuma wurin da yake yana canzawa; kodayake shirin taya na iya bincikar tsoho ta hanyar nazarin SS: SP, ya fi sauƙi kuma ya fi guntu don kawai kafa ƙa'idodi ba tare da ƙa'idodi ba.
A lokacin taya, ana samun dukkan sabis na BIOS, kuma ƙwaƙwalwar da ke ƙasa adireshin  ƙunshe da teburin katsewa na katsewa. BIOS POST ta ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun tsarin lokaci, dakatar da masu sarrafawa, DMA mai kulawa (s), da sauran kayan aikin katako / kwakwalwan kwamfuta kamar yadda ya kamata don kawo duk sabis ɗin BIOS zuwa matsayi a shirye. DRAM na wartsakewa ga dukkan tsarin DRAM a cikin mahimmin ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, amma ba lallai ba ne faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, an saita ta kuma tana gudana. A katse vectors m ga BIOS interrupts an saita zuwa batu a dace shigarwa maki a cikin BIOS, hardware katse vectors ga na'urorin initialized da BIOS sun kasance sa zuwa nufi da BIOS-bayar ISRs, da kuma wasu sauran interrupts, ciki har da wadanda wanda BIOS ke samarwa don shirye-shirye don yin ƙugiya, an saita su zuwa mummunan ISR wanda ya dawo nan da nan. BIOS tana riƙe da wani toshe na tsarin RAM a adiresoshin  tare da wasu sigogi da aka fara yayin POST. Duk ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a sama da adireshin  iya amfani da shirin taya; yana ma iya sake rubuta kansa.
Fadada (zaɓi ROMS)
Katunan gefe kamar rumbun diski na rudani mai karɓar adaftan bas da katunan bidiyo suna da nasu zaɓi na faɗaɗawa na BIOS, wanda ke ba da ƙarin ayyuka ga BIOS. Code a cikin waɗannan haɓaka yana gudana kafin BIOS ta fara aiki da tsarin aiki daga adana taro. Waɗannan ROMs yawanci suna gwadawa da fara kayan aiki, ƙara sabbin sabis na BIOS, ko maye gurbin sabis na BIOS da suke tare da ayyukansu. Misali, mai kula da SCSI galibi yana da haɓakar BIOS na ROM wanda ke ƙara tallafi don rumbun kwamfutocin da aka haɗa ta wannan mai sarrafawa. Extensionarin ROM zai iya ɗauka bisa tsarin aiki, ko kuma zai iya aiwatar da tsarin taya daban gaba ɗaya kamar haɓaka cibiyar sadarwa. Yin aiki da tsarin komputa mai jituwa da IBM ana iya canza shi gaba ɗaya ta cire ko saka katin adaftan (ko guntu na ROM) wanda ya ƙunshi ƙara girman BIOS.
BIOS ɗin motherboard yawanci yana ƙunshe da lambar don samun damar haɗin kayan aikin kayan aikin da ake buƙata don haɗin haɗin bootstrapping wanda aka haɗa tare da haɗin ajiya. Kari akan haka, katunan adaftan da aka saka kamar su SCSI, RAID, katunan hanyar sadarwa, da katunan bidiyo galibi sun haɗa da nasu BIOS (misali Bidiyo BIOS ), haɓaka ko maye gurbin lambar BIOS na tsarin don ɓangaren da aka bayar. Hatta na'urorin da aka gina a cikin mahadi na iya nuna hali ta wannan hanyar; zaɓi na ROMs na iya zama wani ɓangare na motherboard BIOS.
Katin ƙara-yana buƙatar zaɓi na ROM idan katin na ba ta da goyan bayan BIOS na uwa kuma katin yana buƙatar farawa ko samun dama ta hanyar sabis na BIOS kafin a ɗora tsarin aiki (yawanci wannan yana nufin ana buƙata a cikin tsarin taya ). Koda lokacin da ba'a buƙata ba, zaɓi na ROM zai iya ba da damar amfani da katin adaftan ba tare da loda kayan aikin direba ba daga na'urar ajiya bayan fara farawa – tare da wani zaɓi na ROM, ba a ɗaukar lokaci don ɗora wa direba, direba ba ya ɗaukar sarari a cikin RAM ko a kan faifai, kuma software na direba a kan ROM koyaushe yana tare da na'urar don haka ba za a iya raba su biyu ba da gangan ba. Hakanan, idan ROM ɗin tana kan katin, duka kayan aikin haɗi da software na direba da ROM ke bayarwa an haɗa su tare ba tare da ƙarin ƙoƙari don girka software ba. Advantagearin fa'idar ROM akan wasu farkon tsarin PC (musamman haɗe da IBM PCjr) shine cewa ROM tayi sauri fiye da babban tsarin RAM. (A kan tsarin zamani, lamarin ya kasance baya ga wannan, kuma lambar BIOS ROM galibi ana kwafa ("inuwa") cikin RAM saboda haka zai yi aiki da sauri. )
Boot hanya
Idan fadada ROM yana son canza yadda tsarin takalmi yake (kamar daga na'urar network ko adaftan SCSI) ta hanyar hadin gwiwa, zata iya amfani da BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) API don yin rijistar ikon yin hakan. Da zarar fadada ROMs sun yi rijista ta amfani da API na BBS, mai amfani zai iya zaɓar cikin wadatar zaɓuɓɓukan taya daga cikin ƙirar mai amfani da BIOS. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin aiwatar da BBS PC BIOS ba za su ƙyale mai amfani ya shiga aikin amfani da BIOS ba har sai faɗaɗa ROMs sun gama aiwatarwa da yin rajistar kansu tare da BBS API.
Hakanan, idan fadada ROM yana son canza yadda tsarin takalmi yake ba tare ba, zai iya sanya INT 19h ko wasu tsangwama da aka saba kira wanda ya katse 19h, kamar INT 13h, sabis ɗin diski na BIOS, don katse aikin taya na BIOS. Sannan zai iya maye gurbin aikin boot na BIOS da ɗayan nasa, ko kuma kawai zai iya canza jerin kayan aikin ta hanyar shigar da ayyukanta na taya a ciki, ta hana BIOS gano wasu na'urori azaman bootable, ko duka biyun. Kafin a ƙaddamar da Bayanin Takalma na BIOS, wannan ita ce kawai hanya don faɗakar da ROM don aiwatar da damar taya ga na'urori da ba a tallafawa don farawa ta asalin BIOS na mahaifa.
Farawa
ayan motherboard BIOS ya gama POST din sa, mafi yawan nau'ikan BIOS suna binciken wasu samfuran ROM, wadanda kuma ake kira BIOS extension ROMs, kuma suke aiwatar dasu. BIOS ɗin motherboard na sikanin ƙarin ROMs a cikin wani ɓangare na " yankin ƙwaƙwalwar na sama " (ɓangaren filin adireshin zahiri na x86 a adireshin 0xA0000 na sama da sama) kuma yana gudanar da kowace ROM ɗin da aka samo, cikin tsari. Don gano zaɓi na ISA zaɓi na ROM ɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, aiwatar da BIOS yana bincika sararin adireshin ainihin yanayin daga  zuwa   akan 2 KiB iyaka, neman sa hannun ROM mai lamba biyu: 0x55 mai biye da 0xAA. A cikin ingantaccen faɗaɗa ROM, wannan sa hannun yana biye da baiti ɗaya mai nuna adadin 512-byte toshe faɗakarwar da Roman yake zaune a cikin ainihin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma baiti na gaba shine zaɓin shigar da ROM ɗin (wanda aka fi sani da "shigar da biya"). Calculatedididdigar yawan adadin da aka ƙayyade na ƙididdigar 512-byte ana lasafta shi, kuma idan ROM ɗin tana da rajista mai inganci, BIOS yana canja wurin iko zuwa adireshin shigarwa, wanda a cikin ƙarawar BIOS na yau da kullun ya kamata ya zama farkon tsarin farawa na yau da kullun.
A wannan gaba, lambar ƙara ROM ɗin ta karɓa, yawanci gwaji da ƙaddamar da kayan aikin da yake sarrafawa da yin rijistar vectors masu katsewa don amfani da aikace-aikacen bayan taya. Yana iya amfani da sabis na BIOS (gami da waɗanda aka bayar da su ta hanyar zaɓin farko na ROM) don ba da damar daidaitawar mai amfani, don nuna bayanan bincike, ko yin wani abu da yake buƙata. Zai yiwu cewa zaɓi na ROM ba zai dawo ba ga BIOS, yana ƙaddamar da jerin takalmin BIOS gaba ɗaya.
Sanya jiki
Zaɓin ROMs yakan zauna akan katunan adafta. Koyaya, PC na asali, kuma wataƙila PC XT, suna da maɓallin soket na ROM akan katako ("allon tsarin" a cikin sharuɗɗan IBM) wanda za'a iya shigar da wani zaɓi na ROM, kuma ROMS guda huɗu waɗanda ke ƙunshe da mai fassara BASIC zasu iya. Hakanan za'a cire shi kuma a maye gurbin sa da ROMs na al'ada wanda zai iya zama zaɓi ROMs. IBM PCjr na musamman ne tsakanin PCs wajen samun ramukoki guda biyu na ROM a gaba. Gundura a cikin waɗannan ramuka suna taswira zuwa yanki ɗaya na yankin ƙwaƙwalwar na sama da aka yi amfani da shi don zaɓin ROMs, kuma harsasan na iya ƙunsar zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi na ROM waɗanda BIOS za ta gane. Hakanan ginshiƙan na iya ƙunsar wasu nau'ikan kayan haɗin ROM, kamar su BASIC shirye-shirye, waɗanda ake sarrafa su daban. Daya PCjr harsashi na iya ƙunsar da dama ROM kayayyaki daban-daban, yiwu adana tare a daya ROM guntu.
Ayyukan tsarin aiki
BIOS ROM an keɓance shi zuwa kayan aikin masana'anta na musamman, yana ba da sabis na ƙananan matakai (kamar karanta maɓallin keystroke ko rubuta wani sashin bayanai zuwa diskette) don samar da su ta daidaitacciyar hanyar zuwa shirye-shirye, gami da tsarin aiki. Misali, IBM PC na iya samun ko dai monochrome ko adaftan nuni na launi (ta amfani da adreshin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kayan aiki daban-daban), amma guda ɗaya, daidaitacce, ana kiran kiran tsarin BIOS don nuna hali a takamaiman matsayi akan allo a yanayin rubutu ko yanayin zane.
BIOS tana ba da ƙaramin laburare na ayyukan shigarwa / fitarwa na asali don aiki da kewayen gefe (kamar su keyboard, rubutu mara kyau da ayyukan nuni da sauransu). Lokacin amfani da MS-DOS, ana iya samun damar sabis na BIOS ta hanyar aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen (ko ta MS-DOS) ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin INT 13h wanda ya katse umarni don samun damar ayyukan faifai, ko ta hanyar aiwatar da ɗayan wasu takamaiman bayanan BIOS da aka katse kira don samun damar bidiyo nuni, madanni, kaset, da sauran ayyukan na'urar.
A cikin PCs na zamani da ke aiki da tsarin aiki na zamani (kamar su Windows da Linux ) ana amfani da BIOS na katse kira ne kawai a lokacin da ake farawa da shigar da tsarin aiki na farko. Kafin nunin allon zane na farko na tsarin aiki, ana sarrafa abubuwan shigarwa da fitarwa ta hanyar BIOS. Kayan menu kamar menu na rubutu na Windows, wanda ke bawa masu amfani damar zaɓar tsarin aiki don taya, don shiga cikin yanayin aminci, ko don amfani da kyakkyawan sanannen ƙarshe, an nuna shi ta hanyar BIOS kuma yana karɓar shigarwar keyboard ta hanyar BIOS.
Kwamfutocin zamani da yawa na zamani har yanzu suna iya yin buda da gudanar da tsoffin tsarin aiki kamar su MS-DOS ko DR-DOS waɗanda suka dogara da BIOS sosai don kayan wasan su da I / O na diski, suna ba da cewa tsarin yana da BIOS, ko kuma CSM mai iya yuwuwar UEFI.
Mai sabunta microcode
Masu sarrafa Intel suna da microcode mai sake sabuntawa tun lokacin da micro microitektition na P6. Masu sarrafa AMD suna da microcode mai sabuntawa tun lokacin da K7 microarchitecture. BIOS yana dauke da faci zuwa microcode mai sarrafawa wanda ke gyara kurakurai a cikin microcode na farkon mai sarrafawa; microcode an loda shi a cikin SRAM na mai sarrafawa saboda haka sake tsara shirye-shirye ba ya dagewa, saboda haka ana yin ɗora kwatancen sabunta microcode a duk lokacin da tsarin yayi ƙarfi. Ba tare da lambar microcode da za a iya sabuntawa ba, za a buƙaci musanya mai sarrafawa mai tsada; alal misali, kwaron Pentium FDIV ya zama fiasco mai tsada ga Intel saboda yana buƙatar samin samfurin saboda asalin micro processor mai aiki na Pentium ba za a iya sake tsara shi ba. Tsarin aiki zai iya sabunta babban microcode mai sarrafawa kuma.
Kamfanonin komputa da ke rarraba nau'ikan OEM na Microsoft Windows da software na aikace-aikacen Microsoft na iya amfani da SLIC don tabbatar da lasisi ga OEM Windows Installation disk da system recovery disk mai ɗauke da software na Windows. Tsarin tsari tare da SLIC ana iya yin aiki tare da maɓallin samfurin OEM, kuma suna tabbatar da takardar shaidar OEM da aka tsara ta XML akan SLIC a cikin BIOS azaman hanyar kunna kai (duba Tsarin Kullewa na Tsarin, SLP). Idan mai amfani yayi sabon shigar na Windows, zasu buƙaci mallakin duka maɓallin OEM (ko dai SLP ko COA) da takaddar dijital don SLIC ɗinsu don kewaye kunnawa. Ana iya cimma wannan idan mai amfani yayi aikin dawo da shi ta amfani da wani hoto da aka riga aka tsara wanda aka bayar ta OEM. Masu amfani da wuta zasu iya kwafin fayilolin takaddar takaddama daga hoton OEM, su yanke maɓallin samfurin SLP, sannan suyi SLP kunnawa da hannu. Fashewa don rarar abubuwan Windows da ba gaskiya ba galibi suna gyara SLIC ko yin koyi da shi don ƙetare kunna Windows.
Wasu aiwatarwar BIOS suna ba da izinin overclocking, aikin da aka daidaita CPU zuwa ƙimar agogo mafi girma fiye da ƙirar mai ƙira don ƙarfin tabbaci. Overclocking na iya, duk da haka, ya daidaita tsarin amintacce cikin ƙarancin kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa kuma gabaɗaya ya rage tsawon rayuwar. Cloara kwalliya, lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi ba daidai ba, na iya haifar da haɗuwa da zafi sosai da sauri har su lalata kansu ta hanyar inji.
Amfani da zamani
Wasu tsoffin tsarin aiki, misali MS-DOS, sun dogara da BIOS don aiwatar da mafi yawan ayyukan shigarwa / fitarwa a cikin PC.
Kira ainihin yanayin sabis na BIOS kai tsaye ba shi da tasiri don yanayin kariya (da dogon yanayin ) tsarin aiki. Ba a amfani da kira na katsewa ta BIOS ta tsarin aiki da yawa na zamani bayan sun fara lodawa.
A cikin shekarun 1990s, BIOS sun samar da wasu hanyoyin kariya don Microsoft Windows, Linux da BSD tsarin aiki, kamar Advanced Power Management (APM), Legacy Plug da Play (Legacy PnP), Desktop Management Interface (DMI), PCI BIOS, VESA BIOS Fadada (VBE) da Bayanin MultiProcessor (MPS). Farawa daga 2000s, yawancin BIOS suna ba da ACPI, SMBIOS da musayar hanyoyin VBE don tsarin aiki na zamani. Tsarukan aiki na zamani suna loda taswirar ƙwaƙwalwar e820 a farawa.
Bayan tsarin aiki sun loda, lambar Yanayin Gudanar da Tsarin Tsarin yana aiki a cikin SMRAM. Tun daga 2010, fasahar BIOS tana cikin tsaka-tsakin tsari zuwa UEFI.
Saitin mai amfani
A tarihi, BIOS a cikin IBM PC da XT ba su da haɗin ginin mai amfani. Sigogin BIOS a cikin PCs na baya (XT-class) ba za'a iya daidaita software ba; maimakon haka, masu amfani suna saita zaɓuɓɓuka ta hanyar sauya DIP a kan katako. Kwamfutoci daga baya, gami da duk nau'ikan komputa na IBM tare da 80286 CPUs, suna da ƙwaƙwalwar BIOS mara ƙamshi mai ƙarfi (CMOS RAM chip) mai riƙe saitunan BIOS. Wadannan saitunan, kamar nau'in adaftan bidiyo, girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da sifofin faya-faya, za a iya saita su ta hanyar gudanar da tsarin daidaitawa daga diski, ba a gina shi cikin ROM ba. An saka "diskette mai bayani" na musamman a cikin IBM AT don daidaita saituna kamar girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
jSigogin BIOS na farko basu da kalmomin shiga ko zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi na kayan taya. BIOS ta kasance mai lamba mai kyan gani don taya daga farkon floppy drive, ko, idan hakan ya faskara, disk na farko. Ikon samun damar shiga cikin farkon ajin injunan AT ta hanyar sauya makullin jiki ne (wanda ba shi da wahalar kayarwa idan za'a iya buɗe batun kwamfutar). Duk wanda zai iya kunna kwamfutar zai iya kora ta.
Daga baya, kwamfyutoci masu aji 386 sun fara haɗa haɗin mai amfani na BIOS a cikin ROM ɗin kanta, tare da lambar BIOS; wadannan kwamfutocin galibi suna shiga cikin kayan saitin BIOS idan an danne wani mabudi ko mabuɗin maɓalli, in ba haka ba ana aiwatar da BIOS POST da tsarin taya. Aikace -aikacen saitin BIOS na zamani yana da keɓaɓɓen mai amfani da rubutu (TUI) ko mai amfani da hoto (GUI) wanda ake samun dama ta latsa wani maɓalli akan maballin lokacin da PC ta fara. Yawancin lokaci, ana tallata maɓallin don ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin farkon farawa, misali "Danna DEL don shigar da Saiti". Maɓallin na ainihi ya dogara da takamaiman kayan aiki. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan aikin saitin BIOS yawanci sun haɗa da:
Kula da kayan aiki
Allon saitin BIOS na zamani yana fasalta Matsayin Kiwon Lafiya na PC ko shafin Kula da Kayan aiki, wanda ke hulɗa kai tsaye tare da guntun Kula da Hardware na babban allo. Wannan yana ba da damar saka idanu CPU da zazzabi chassis, ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ƙungiyar samar da wutar lantarki ke bayarwa, gami da saka idanu da sarrafa saurin magoya bayan da aka haɗa da uwa.
Da zarar an ɗora tsarin, saka idanu na kayan masarufi da sarrafa fan na kwamfuta yawanci ana yin ta kai tsaye ta guntun Hardware Monitor kanta, wanda zai iya zama guntu daban, wanda aka haɗa ta I²C ko SMBus, ko ya zo a matsayin wani ɓangare na Super I/O bayani, interfaced Ta hanyar Ƙididdigar Ƙananan Pin (LPC). Wasu tsarin aiki, kamar NetBSD tare da envsys da OpenBSD tare da sysctl hw.sensors, fasali mai haɗawa tare da masu saka idanu na kayan aiki.
Koyaya, a wasu yanayi, BIOS kuma yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da saka idanu na kayan aiki ta hanyar ACPI, a cikin haka, tsarin aiki na iya amfani da ACPI don yin sa ido kan kayan aiki.
Sake tsarawa
A cikin kwamfutocin zamani ana adana BIOS a cikin EEPROM ko ƙwaƙwalwar filashin NOR da za a iya sake rubutawa, yana ba da damar maye gurbin abubuwan da ke ciki. Wannan sake rubuta abun ciki wani lokaci ana kiransa walƙiya. Ana iya yin ta ta wani shiri na musamman, wanda yawanci ke samar da tsarin, ko a POST, tare da hoton BIOS a cikin rumbun kwamfutarka ko kebul na USB. Wani lokaci ana kiran fayil ɗin da ke ɗauke da irin waɗannan abubuwan "hoton BIOS". Ana iya sabunta BIOS don haɓakawa zuwa sabon salo don gyara kwari ko samar da ingantaccen aiki ko don tallafawa sabbin kayan aikin.
Hardware
An adana asalin IBM PC BIOS (da kaset BASIC) akan kwakwalwar da aka tsara ta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai (ROM) a cikin soket akan motherboard. Masu amfani za su iya maye gurbin ROMs, amma ba a canza su ba. Don ba da damar sabuntawa, kwamfutoci masu jituwa da yawa sun yi amfani da na’urorin ƙwaƙwalwar BIOS da za a iya sake tsara su kamar na EPROM, EEPROM da na’urar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (galibi NOR flash ). A cewar Robert Braver, shugaban na BIOS manufacturer Micro Firmware, Flash BIOS kwakwalwan kwamfuta ya zama na kowa a kusa da 1995 saboda electrically erasable rawa (EEPROM) kwakwalwan kwamfuta ne mai rahusa da kuma sauki a shirin fiye da misali ultraviolet erasable rawa ( EPROM ) kwakwalwan kwamfuta. An tsara shirye-shiryen kwakwalwan kwamfuta (kuma an sake tsara su) a cikin kewaye, yayin da ake buƙatar cire kwakwalwan EPROM daga uwa-uba don sake shirye-shirye. Ana haɓaka sigogin BIOS don amfani da sabbin sigogin kayan aiki da gyara kwari a cikin bita na baya na BIOS.
An haɗa kwakwalwan filasha na farko a cikin motar ISA. Farawa a cikin 1998, filashin BIOS ya koma motar LPC, mai maye gurbin aikin ISA, biyo bayan sabon daidaitaccen aiwatarwa da aka sani da "cibiyar firmware" (FWH). A cikin 2006, ƙwaƙwalwar filasha ta BIOS ta koma cikin motar SPI.
Girman BIOS, da ƙarfin ROM, EEPROM, ko wasu kafofin watsa labarai da za a iya adana su, ya ƙaru a kan lokaci yayin da aka ƙara sabbin fasali a cikin lambar; Sigogin BIOS yanzu suna da girma har zuwa megabytes 32. Don bambanta, asalin IBM PC BIOS yana cikin 8 KB mask ROM. Wasu motherboards na zamani sun haɗa har ma da manyan fayilolin NAND flash memory ICs a cikin jirgi waɗanda ke da ikon adana cikakken tsarin aiki, kamar wasu rarraba Linux. Misali, wasu litattafan rubutu na ASUS sun haɗa da Splashtop OS wanda aka saka cikin ICs ɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha ta NAND. Koyaya, ra'ayin haɗa tsarin aiki tare da BIOS a cikin ROM na PC ba sabo bane; a cikin 1980s, Microsoft ya ba da zaɓi na ROM don MS-DOS, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ROMs na wasu clones na PC kamar Tandy 1000 HX.
An sami wani nau'in guntu na firmware akan IBM PC AT da farkon masu jituwa. A cikin AT, microcontroller ke sarrafa kebul ɗin kebul ɗin tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai shirye -shirye. A kan IBM AT, wannan na’ura ce mai rahusa 40, yayin da wasu masana'antun ke amfani da sigar EPROM na wannan guntu wanda yayi kama da EPROM. An kuma sanya wannan mai kula da aikin ƙofar A20 don sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwa sama da iyakar megabyte ɗaya; lokaci -lokaci haɓaka wannan “keyboard BIOS” ya zama dole don cin gajiyar software da za ta iya amfani da babban ƙwaƙwalwa.
BIOS na iya ƙunsar abubuwa kamar Memory Reference Code (MRC), wanda ke da alhakin fara ƙwaƙwalwar (misali. SPD da farkon lokacin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya).
BIOS na zamani ya haɗa da Injin Gudanar da Intel ko AMD Platform Security Processor firmware.
Masu sayarwa da samfurori
IBM ya buga dukkan jerin BIOS ɗin don PC ɗinsa na asali, PC XT, PC AT, da sauran samfuran PC na zamani, a cikin kari na Littafin Jagorar Fasaha na IBM PC ga kowane nau'in injin. Sakamakon buga jerin BIOS shine cewa kowa zai iya ganin ainihin abin da ainihin BIOS ke yi da yadda yake yi. A watan Mayu 1984 Kamfanin Phoenix Software Associates ya fito da ROM-BIOS na farko, wanda ya ba OEM damar gina clone masu jituwa sosai ba tare da sun canza injin IBM PC BIOS da kansu ba, kamar yadda Compaq ya yi wa Fir ɗin, yana taimakawa haɓaka ci gaba a cikin PC- masana'antu masu jituwa da siyar da sigogin DOS ba na IBM ba. Kuma farkon Megatrends na Amurka (AMI) BIOS an sake shi a 1986.
Sabbin ƙa'idodin da aka ɗora akan BIOS galibi ba tare da cikakkun takaddun jama'a ko kowane jerin BIOS ba. Sakamakon haka, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba don koyan cikakkun bayanai game da ƙarin abubuwan da ba na IBM ba ga BIOS kamar game da manyan ayyukan BIOS.
Yawancin masu samar da motherboard na PC suna ba da lasisin BIOS "core" da kayan aiki daga wani ɓangare na kasuwanci, wanda aka sani da "dillalin BIOS mai zaman kansa" ko IBV. Sannan mai kera uwa -uba ya keɓanta wannan BIOS don dacewa da kayan aikin sa. A saboda wannan dalili, sabbin BIOSes ana samun su kai tsaye daga masana'anta na uwa. Manyan dillalan BIOS sun haɗa da Megatrends na Amurka (AMI), Insyde Software, Phoenix Technologies da Byosoft. Tsoffin dillalai sun haɗa da Software Award da Microid Research wanda Phoenix Technologies suka samu a 1998; Daga baya Phoenix ya cire sunan alamar lambar yabo. Janar Software, wanda kuma Phoenix ya samo shi a 2007, ya sayar da BIOS don tsarin da aka saka bisa tsarin Intel.
Al'umman bude-tushen sun haɓaka ƙoƙarin su don haɓaka maye gurbin BIOSes masu mallakar da abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba tare da takwaransa mai buɗe ido ta hanyar libreboot, coreboot da ayyukan OpenBIOS / Open Firmware. AMD ta ba da ƙayyadaddun samfur don wasu kwakwalwan kwamfuta, kuma Google tana ɗaukar nauyin aikin. Tyan mai samar da katako na Tyan yana ba da coreboot kusa da daidaitaccen BIOS tare da layin Opteron na uwa -uba.
Tsaro
EEPROM da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Flash suna da fa'ida saboda mai amfani zai iya sabunta su cikin sauƙi; al'ada ce ga masana'antun kayan aikin don fitar da sabuntawar BIOS don haɓaka samfuran su, haɓaka jituwa da cire kwari. Koyaya, wannan fa'idar tana da haɗarin cewa sabunta BIOS da aka yi ba daidai ba ko gurɓatawa na iya sa kwamfutar ko na'urar ta zama mara amfani. Don guje wa waɗannan yanayi, BIOSes na baya -bayan nan suna amfani da “toshe bututu”; wani ɓangare na BIOS wanda ke fara aiki kuma dole ne a sabunta shi daban. Wannan lambar tana tabbatarwa idan sauran BIOS ba su cika ba (ta amfani da hash checksum ko wasu hanyoyin) kafin canja wurin sarrafawa zuwa gare ta. Idan katangar taya ta gano duk wani cin hanci da rashawa a cikin babban BIOS, yawanci zai gargadi mai amfani cewa dole ne a fara aiwatar da dawo da shi ta hanyar booting daga kafofin watsa labarai masu cirewa (floppy, CD ko kebul na USB) don haka mai amfani zai iya gwada sake kunna BIOS. Wasu motherboards suna da madadin BIOS (wani lokacin ana kiranta da allon DualBIOS) don murmurewa daga cin hanci da rashawa na BIOS.
Cutar ta biyu ta BIOS ita ce CIH, wanda aka fi sani da “Cutar Chernobyl”, wacce ta sami damar goge abin da ke cikin filashin ROM ɗin a kan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu jituwa. CIH ya bayyana a tsakiyar 1998 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Afrilu 1999. Sau da yawa, kwamfutocin da suka kamu da cutar ba za su iya yin taya ba, kuma dole ne mutane su cire filashin ROM IC daga motherboard su sake tsara shi. CIH ta yi niyya ga kwakwalwar kwakwalwar kwakwalwar Intel i430TX na lokacin sannan ta yi amfani da gaskiyar cewa tsarin aiki na Windows 9x, wanda kuma ya yadu a lokacin, ya ba da damar samun kayan aikin kai tsaye zuwa duk shirye-shirye.
A sakamakon haka, kamar na 2008, CIH ya zama mara lahani, a mafi muni yana haifar da haushi ta hanyar cutar da fayilolin aiwatarwa da haifar da software na riga -kafi. Sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na BIOS suna kasancewa, duk da haka; tunda yawancin masu amfani da gidan Windows ba tare da Windows Vista/7 na UAC suna gudanar da duk aikace-aikacen tare da gatan gudanarwa ba, ƙwayar cuta ta CIH ta zamani tana iya samun damar samun kayan aiki ba tare da fara amfani da amfani ba. Tsarin aiki na OpenBSD yana hana duk masu amfani samun wannan damar kuma grsecurity patch don Linux kernel shima yana hana wannan damar kayan aikin kai tsaye ta hanyar tsoho, bambancin kasancewa maharin da ke buƙatar mawuyacin matakin kernel amfani ko sake yin injin.
A cikin tattaunawar Disamba 2013 tare da Minti 60, Deborah Plunkett, Daraktan Bayar da Bayanai na Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin cewa NSA ta bankado tare da dakile yuwuwar harin BIOS da wata kasar wata kasa, ta nufi tsarin hada -hadar kudi na Amurka. Shirin ya ambaci wasu majiyoyin da ba a san su ba suna zargin makircin China ne. Koyaya labarin da ke biye a The Guardian , The Atlantic ,  Wired  da The Register  karyata ikirarin NSA.
Madadin da magada
A shekara ta 2011, legacy PC BIOS an canza shi da Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) a dayawan mashina. UEFI shi wani runtime na legacy BIOS. Tun farko Intel Itanium architecture ne suka kirkiro shi, UEFI yanzu ana samun sa don manhajan x86 da x86-64; kirkiran na musamman ya samo asali ne daga kampanin Unified EFI Forum, kamfanin Special Interest Group. EFI booting ya samo asli ne daga Microsoft Windows versions domin taimakawa GPT, shiko Linux kernel 2.6.1, da macOS a Intel-based Macs a shekara ta 2014, sabon hadwe na comfuta aka samar masu da UEFI firmware. Ma zanin rootkit safeguard yana iya kare komfuta canza wa mmai amfani da ita sobtwe, wanda hakkan na sa UEFI ya shiga ma wuyacin yanayi open hardware.
Sauran madadin ayyukan “Legacy BIOS” a cikin duniyar x86 sun haɗa da coreboot da libreboot.
Wasu sabobin da wuraren aiki suna amfani da Firmware mai zaman kansa na dandamali (IEEE-1275) dangane da yaren shirye-shirye na Forth; an haɗa shi da kwamfutocin SPARC na Sun, layin IBM na RS/6000, da sauran tsarin PowerPC irin su motherboards na CHRP, tare da tushen OL8 XO-1 na x86.
Aƙalla aƙalla 2015, Apple ya cire tallafin BIOS na gado daga kwamfutocin MacBook Pro. Don haka mai amfani da BIOS baya goyan bayan zaɓin gado, kuma yana buga "Yanayin Legacy ba a tallafawa akan wannan tsarin". A cikin 2017, Intel ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai cire tallafin BIOS na gado daga 2020. Tun daga shekarar 2019, sabon dandamali na Intel OEM PCs baya goyan bayan zaɓin gado.
Biodun Stephen
Biodun Stephen darektan fina-finan Najeriya ne, marubuci kuma furodusa, wanda ya kware a wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya da fina-finan barkwanci. An lura da ita don samun ƙwarin gwiwa ga taken fina-finanta, daga manyan sunayen jarumai kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin tare da Bagage na Tiwa, Muryar Ovy, Ehi's Bitters da Sobi's Mystic a matsayin misalai na musamman.
Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi
Biodun Stephen yayi aure. Ita tsohuwar ɗaliba ce a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, inda ta ƙaranci falsafa. Bayan haka, ta sami horo mai amfani na shirya fina-finai a Kwalejin Fina-finai ta London.