cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tunde Idiagbon
Tunde Abdulbaki Idiagbon an haifeshi 14 Satumba 1943 a Iloriin, jihar Kwara. Janar ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma’aikata na shida, Babban Hedikwatar Koli (Na Biyu) Karkashin Shugaban Kasa na Soja Janar Muhammadu Buhari daga 1983 zuwa 1985. Ya kuma kasance jigo a gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya a tsakanin shekarun 1966 zuwa 1979, inda ya kasance mai kula da harkokin soja na jihar Borno a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Olusegun Obasanjo.
Karatu
Idiagbon Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta United, Ilorin daga 1950 zuwa 1952 kuma  Okesuna Senior Primary School, Ilorin, 1953–57. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, Zariya tsakanin 1958 zuwa 62. ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NMTC). A watan Fabrairun 1964, kwalejin ta koma makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NDA). Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, Idiagbon ya halarci Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul (PMA Kakul), Abbottabad, Pakistan, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki.
Aikin soja
A shekarar 1962, Idiagbon ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya inda  Bayan isowarsa Najeriya daga Pakistan aka bashi mukamin Laftanar na biyu a watan Afrilun 1965. Ya kasance kwamandan kamfani, bataliya ta hudu daga watan Agusta 1965 zuwa Fabrairu 1966. A 1966 yayi kwas na junior Commander a jami’a. Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna. Daga 1966 zuwa 1967 ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami'in leken asiri, Bataliya ta 4 da Janar Hafsan Soja, Leken Asiri na 3, a rukunin farko. Ya samu mukamin Laftanar a shekarar 1966. Ya yi yakin basasar Najeriya, sannan aka nada shi Kwamanda na Bataliya ta 20 daga Oktoba 1967 zuwa Fabrairu 1968. A 1968 ya samu mukamin kyaftin. Shi ne kwamandan Bataliya ta 125, daga 1968 zuwa 1970 - wani rukunin fada mai ban tsoro. <https://dailypost.ng/2019/01/21/tunde-idiagbon-overthrown-1985-buhari//ref> A cikin 1970, an ba shi mukamin manyan jami'ai. An nada shi Brigade Major kuma mataimakin kwamanda, 33 Brigade daga Maris 1970 zuwa Maris 1971 da kuma kwamanda, 29 Brigade daga Maris 1971 zuwa Disamba 1972. A Janairu 1973 ya zama babban hafsan hafsoshi, Grade 1 kuma daga kuma, shugaban ma'aikata Babban Hedikwatar Sojoji. An kara masa girma zuwa Laftanar Kanar a shekarar 1974. An nada shi kwamandan birgediya 31 da 15 daga Agusta 1975 zuwa Agusta 1978. A 1976 Idiagbon ya wuce Kwalejin Command and Staff College da ke Quetta, Pakistan, don ci gaba da horar da sojoji. A watan Yuli 1978 ya samu mukamin Kanal. An nada shi a matsayin darektan ma’aikata da tsare-tsare, hedkwatar sojoji a watan Oktoba 1979. A watan Mayun 1980 ya samu mukamin birgediya-janar. A 1981, ya halarci National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, Jos, a jihar Plateau, sannan a 1982 ya halarci International Defence Management Course, Naval Postgraduate School, US. Ya kasance sakataren soji na sojojin Najeriya daga 1981 zuwa 1983
Gwamnan jihar Borno
Daga watan Agusta 1978 zuwa Oktoba 1979, Shugaban mulkin soja, Janar Obasanjo ya nada Idiagbon a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja (mukamin da ake kira gwamna) na jihar Borno, Najeriya. Shugaban Ma'aikata, Babban Hedikwatar Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Idiagbon a matsayin shugaban ma’aikatan fadar gwamnatin tarayya daga 31 ga Disamba 1983 zuwa 27 ga watan Agusta 1985. An bayyana shi a matsayin kwararren soja, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin abin da gwamnatin Buhari ta kafa a mulkin soja. Idiagbon ya samu mukamin Major-General a shekarar 1985.
Kungiyar Consolidated Media Associates
Kungiyar CMA (gajeren don Consolidated Media Associates Limited ) kamfani ne na watsa labarai na duniya da ke Najeriya wanda ke da ra'ayoyin watsa shirye-shirye, wallafe wallafe da sarrafa abubuwan da suka faru. Babban kamfani ne na watsa shirye-shirye da kamfanin kebur a yammacin Afirka ta fuskar tallace-tallace da haɗin kai da sarrafa tambarin kan iska. Consolidated Media Associates yana da Alphavision Multimedia a matsayin reshe da Babban Kayayyakin Watsa Labarai da Gidan Talabijin tare da sawun sawun Tauraron Dan Adam, Cable, Digital and Terrestrial Television. CMA Group shine kamfani na iyaye don tashoshin TV Soundcity TV, Trybe TV, Televista TV, Spice TV, ONTV Nigeria, ONMAX, VillageSquare TV, Urban96 Radio Network, Samun 24 da Televise TV  da tashoshin rediyo Soundcity Radio Network, Samun damar 24 da Urban96 Radio Network. Cibiyoyin sadarwar CMA sun kai kusan 100 miliyan masu kallo a cikin kasashe 70.
A cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, CMA ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin dangane ka'idojin gidajen talabijin a fadin Najeriya da nahiyar Afirka. A baya-bayan nan, ta samar da jigogi na talabijin don biyan gidajen talabijin a Najeriya tare da fadada hanyar rarraba ta zuwa hada tashoshin tauraron dan adam fiye da Najeriya. CMA ita ce mafi bayyananniya mai zaman kanta a Najeriya media media media.
Ofishin kamfanin nan a Lekki Peninsula, Legas.
Faisal F. Alibrahim
]] Faisal bin Fadhil Alibrahim (Arabic) shi ne Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Shirye-shiryen Saudi Arabia. Alibrahim a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Shirye-shiryen (6 ga watan Fabrairu 2018-3 ga watan Mayu 2021), Mai Kula da Sakatariyar Majalisar Tattalin Ruwa da Ci Gaban, da Sakataren kwamitin daraktocin Asusun Ci Gaban Kasa, da kuma shugaban Hukumar Janar na Kididdiga. A halin yanzu ana ba shi aiki tare da jagorantar bambancin tattalin arzikin Saudi Arabia.
Alibrahim memba ne na majalisun kasa da kwamitoci da yawa.
Ilimi
Alibrahim ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania tare da BS a Tattalin Arziki da kuma wani a Accounting. Daga baya ya kammala MBA a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.
Ayyuka
Kafin nadin sa a matsayin Minista, Alibrahim ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Shirye-shirye na tsawon shekaru uku (2018-2021). Ya fara aiki a ma'aikatar a matsayin mai ba da shawara a shekarar 2016.
A baya, ya rike mukamai da yawa a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Saudi Arabiya (Saudi Aramco), gami da Mataimakin Shugaban Ci gaban Aramco (2013-2015), Shugaban Haɗuwa da Kasuwanci a Sabon Ci gaban Kasuwanci (2012-2014), Daraktan Kasuwanci na Ras Al-Khair Maritime Yard Project, da Daraktan Shirin Vela-Bahri Transaction. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Aiki don Haɗakar da Ayyuka da Ayyuka na Kamfanin Villa da Bahri, ban da yin aiki a matsayin manajan Aiki na King Salman International Complex for Services and Maritime Industries a Ras Al-Khair don Kasuwanci da Harkokin Kudi (2014-2015).
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Chemtou
Chemtou Museum sanannen wajen yawon shakatawa ne, na daya daga cikin gidan kayan tarihi ne a cikin Chemtou, Tunisia. Masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi tare da Cibiyar Tarihi ta Tunusiya da Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Jamus da ke da ofisoshi a Rome, Italiya ne suka tsara gidan kayan gargajiyan. Tana da bambancin kasancewarta a yankin tsohon birnin Roman na Simmith, kusa da dutsen marmara na entrepot a cikin tsohuwar masarautar Berber ta Numidia.
Marble quarries
An kuma gano jerin tseren niƙa na Romawa zuwa injin turbin ruwa a kwance. Wannan yana nuna cewa ta hanyar fasaha, an sarrafa wani ɓangare na ayyukan a wurin.
Isaac Yaw Opoku
Isaac Yaw Opoku dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Offinso ta kudu a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1957 kuma ya fito daga Offinso a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya yi digiri na uku a Mycology a shekarar 1993.
Aiki
Ya kasance babban darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Ghana a karkashin Cocobod.
Aikin siyasa
Dan jam’iyyar NPP ne kuma a halin yanzu dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Offinso ta kudu. A babban zaben shekarar 2020, ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai da kuri'u 39,971 yayin da Yussif Haruna ya samu kuri'u 19,952.
Kwamitoci
Shi memba ne na membobin kwamitin riko da ofisoshin riba sannan kuma memba na kwamitin ciniki, masana'antu da yawon shakatawa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Opoku Kirista ne.
Ablade Glover
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a yankin La na Accra a lokacin Gold Coast (Ghana ta yanzu), Emmanuel Ablade Glover ya yi karatun farko a makarantun mishan na Presbyterian. Ya yi karatun horar da malamansa a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, Kumasi (1957-58), kafin ya samu gurbin karatu don karantar zanen yadi a Makarantar Tsakiyar Fasaha da Zane ta London (1959-62).
Glover ya koma Ghana don koyarwa na ɗan lokaci, kafin wani tallafin karatu, wanda Kwame Nkrumah ya ba shi, ya ba Glover damar yin karatun ilimin fasaha a Jami'ar Newcastle a kan Tyne (1964-65), inda ya fara amfani da kayan aikin da ya siffata dabararsa lokacin malaminsa ya ba da shawarar wukar palette don shafa fenti, maimakon gogewa. Glover ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Amurka, na farko a Jami'ar Jihar Kent, inda ya sami digiri na biyu, sannan a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio inda aka ba shi digiri na uku a 1974.
Ilimi
Da ya koma Ghana bayan ya sami digiri na uku, Glover ya koyar da shekaru ashirin masu zuwa a Kwalejin Fasaha a Jami'ar Kumasi, ya zama Shugaban Sashen da Kwalejin Kwalejin. Ya kai matsayin abokin farfesa a cikin wannan lokacin.
Artists Alliance Gallery
Ya kafa Gallery na Artists Alliance Gallery na tushen Accra, wanda ke da tushe a cikin hoton da ya kafa a cikin 1960s kuma a cikin sabon shigar da Kofi Annan ya buɗe a cikin 2008. Kazalika kasancewar mashigar aikin Glover, wannan hoton yana nuna ayyukan wasu manyan masu fasaha irin su Owusu-Ankomah da George O. Hughes, tare da tarin kayan tarihi na gida.
Salo
An kwatanta salon Glover a matsayin "matsala tsakanin tsatsauran ra'ayi da gaskiya", kuma batun batunsa ya fi son manyan shimfidar wurare na birane, wuraren shakatawa, wuraren zama, manyan kasuwanni da kuma nazarin matan Ghana. Da aka tambaye shi kan tasirinsa, sai ya ce: “...idan ka lura za ka ga mata da yawa a cikin aikina kuma mutane suna tambayata, me ya sa kake yawan fentin mata? Ban yi tunani ba, sai kawai na bude baki na ce saboda sun fi maza kyau, wannan ba wata babbar amsa ba ce, daga baya ina tunanin hakan ya ba ni karfin gwiwa. wasu jarumtaka sai su nuna, idan sun yi tafiya a titi sai su kasance masu kyau, masu jarumtaka, masu jaruntaka, idan za su yi tafiya sai su nuna, maza ba sa yin haka? .
Daraja da karramawa
A cikin 1998, Glover ya sami lambar yabo ta Flagstar ta ACRAG (Ƙungiyar Masu Zartarwa da Masu Bita na Gana), kuma an karrama shi da fitaccen lambar yabo ta tsofaffin ɗalibai daga Cibiyar Ba-Amurke da ke birnin New York. Ya sami lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da Order of Volta a Ghana a cikin 2007, lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award a 2010 kuma abokin rayuwa ne na Royal Society of Arts, London. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwa ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Peru
A cikin Peru, ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya jaddada muhimmancin jihar don kiyaye mutuncin dukkan bil'adama. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunshi batutuwa waɗanda ke haɓaka 'yancin yancin kai, daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci, da rayuwa. Tun daga ƙarshen rikicin cikin gida a Peru wanda ya faru daga shekara ta 1980-2000, ƙasar ta yi aiki don haɗa ƙa'idodin jin kai da matsayi cikin dokar ƙasa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai wasu lokuta na musamman na haƙƙoƙin da aka ƙalubalanci. Rahoton Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na shekara ta 2014 na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana yadda ko da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kare waɗannan ‘yancin ɗan Adam, ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da yawa duk da waɗannan dokoki. Duk da ci gaban da ƙasar ta samu tun bayan 'yan tawayen Maoist, har yanzu ana ganin matsaloli da dama da ke nuna yadda ake ci gaba da zama saniyar ware da matsugunin waɗanda suka sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na rikicin ƙasar ta Peru. A shekara ta 2001, an kafa kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu don magance cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin wannan rikici.
Fage
A cikin shekara ta 1980s, shekaru goma na cin zarafi na tsare-tsare na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya faru a cikin Peru a cikin yaƙi da ta'addanci, wanda ƙungiyoyin ƴan daba irin su Shining Path da Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Army ke adawa da gwamnatin Peruvian. Sama da mutane 600,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon rikicin na kai tsaye, yayin da wasu da dama suka bace. Dangane da sake fasalin ƙasa da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi, rikici a maimakon haka ya haifar da ƙarin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayin da adawa ke karuwa ga gwamnatin Fujimori, haka tashe-tashen hankula. Duk da haka, duka jami'an tsaro na Peruvian da kuma 'yan tawaye ne ke da alhakin karuwar take hakkin bil'adama a tsawon lokacin tashin hankali. An kiyasta cewa fiye da mutanen Peru 27,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon wannan cin zarafi na cin zarafin bil adama a bangarorin biyu na rikici. Dubban tashe-tashen hankula da kashe-kashe da azabtarwa an yi su ne a kan jami'an gwamnati, da kuma fararen hula, a tsawon lokacin da ake tada kayar baya. Hanyar Shining ta kasance sananne ne da kai hari ga shugabannin gwamnati, shugabannin al'umma, 'yan ƙungiyar kwadago, tsirarun kabilu, ma'aikatan addini, masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama, da masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasashen waje. Mafi yawan waɗanda suka jikkata fararen hula ne, lamarin da ya sa rikicin cikin gida na Peru ya kasance mafi muni a tarihinsa.
A farkon ƙarni, Alberto Fujimori ya yi murabus daga Fadar Shugaban ƙasa, kuma tashin hankalin ya tsaya. Yayin da ƙasar ta fara farfaɗo wa daga rikice-rikice na shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shirye kamar Hukumar Gaskiya da sasantawa sun fito, suna ba da shawarar matakan biyan diyya ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane da al'ummomi a fannoni kamar "lafiyar tunani da ta jiki, ilimi, tallafin tattalin arziki da kuma samar da takaddun shaida., ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru na kudi ba. Hukumar ta yi aiki don duba gurfanar da tsoffin jami'an tsaron kasar ta Peru saboda aikata wadannan laifukan take hakkin dan adam shekaru da dama.  Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan motsi don inganta yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Peru da kuma yarda da sakamakon rikice-rikice na cikin gida a kan takamaiman al'ummomi, waɗannan al'ummomi suna ci gaba da yin hijira, suna tabbatar da cewa matakan aiwatarwa ba su faruwa a daidai lokacin da za a iya samun nasara mai dorewa.
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana magana akan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam daga labarinsa na farko. Ya bayyana a cikin talifi biyu na farko cewa kowane ɗan adam yana da hakkin a mutunta shi da mutuncinsa, da rayuwarsa, daidaitonsa, da ’yancinsa dabam-dabam da suka shafi ra’ayi da tsaro. Waɗannan “babban haƙƙoƙin mutum” an keɓe su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kuma suna aiki azaman hanyar doka don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, duk da wannan takarda ta doka da kuma ci gaban rikice-rikice na cikin gida, ƙasar na ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, Peru tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniya ta Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya sa ta kasance ƙarƙashin Hukumar Inter-Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka.
Girmama mutunci
Labari na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da 'yancin "rayuwa, asalinsa na tunaninsa na yau da kullun, da amincinsa na zahiri, da ci gabansa da jin daɗinsa kyauta." Martha Nussbaum ta tattauna mahimmancin mutuncin jiki a cikin littafinta na Ƙirƙirar Ƙira. A hanyoyi da yawa, wannan ya haɗa da 'yancin sarrafa jikinka, da 'yancin kasancewa amintacce cikin koshin lafiya. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dangane da haƙƙin ma'aikata da na kiwon lafiya, Tsarin Mulki ya tattauna batun daidaitaccen dama ba tare da nuna bambanci ga duk 'yan ƙasar Peruvian ba.
A cikin Yarjejeniyar Ci Gaban Ciniki tsakanin Amurka da Peru, " Dokar aiki " an ayyana shi azaman waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata waɗanda aka amince da su a duniya. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da "'yancin yin tarayya, amincewa da ingantaccen haƙƙin ciniki na gama gari, kawar da duk wani nau'i na tilastawa aiki, kawar da aikin yara masu tasiri, haramcin mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara, da sauran kariyar aiki. ga yara da yara ƙanana, kawar da nuna bambanci game da aiki da sana'a; da sharuɗɗan aiki masu dacewa dangane da mafi ƙarancin albashi, sa'o'i na aiki, da lafiyar sana'a da lafiya."
A Peru, an shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata cikin 'yanci. Koyaya, dole ne su bi wasu ƙa'idodi da buƙatun da aka tsara a cikin dokar. Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta samo asali ne tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata na Peruvian a shekara ta 1964. Ayyukan ƙungiyar sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun soja, suna gabatar da Dokar Gyaran Masana'antu, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan yi na yau da kullum. Sakamakon rikicin makami da aka yi a kasar Peru a farkon shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya karu, tare da kawar da iko daga kungiyoyin kwadago. Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, yajin aiki da yawa sun faru a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da 'yan adawa na adawa da sake zaɓen Fujimori. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan zanga-zangar na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya da suka yi nasara a Peru.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Peruvian ta ba da taken mallakar gidaje na birni kusan miliyan 1.2. Waɗannan taken ƙasar sun yi tasiri ga sakamakon tattalin arziki ga mutanen Peru. Shirin ba da taken gwamnati, ba kamar sauran shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a ba, ya taimaka wajen haɓaka guraben aikin yi a Peru, wanda ya kawo ƙarin mutane cikin ma'aikata.
Game da aikin yara, yaran Peruvian suna ci gaba da tsunduma cikin masana'antu. Gwamnatin Peruvian ta kafa dokoki don aikin yara. Matsakaicin shekarun aiki a Peru yana da shekaru 14, da kuma shekaru 18 lokacin shiga cikin ayyukan haɗari. A cikin shekara t 2014, kusan kashi 68% na ma'aikatan yara a ƙarƙashin shekarun aiki na doka suna aiki a yankunan karkara akan gonaki, yayin da 31% na ma'aikatan yara suka yi aiki a sashin sabis na birni a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari da yawa. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan yaran da ke cikin wuraren aiki suna rayuwa ne a cikin matalauta, al'ummomin ƴan asalin waɗanda ke dogaro da aikin yara don tsira. Yaran da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci sun fi yin karatu da aiki lokaci guda sau huɗu fiye da yaran da ba su da talauci. Dukansu hukumomin tilasta bin doka da oda a Peru sun yi aiki don yaƙar aikin yara ta hanyar ba da shawarar nau'ikan ayyukan gwamnati don kawar da shi gaba ɗaya, kamar faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa.
Haƙƙoƙin lafiya
Yankuna daban-daban na Peru suna da mazauna waɗanda ke fuskantar bambance-bambancen matakan wariya da talauci. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna haɓaka bambance-bambance a cikin cututtukan cututtuka da adadin mace-mace, da cututtukan da za a iya rigakafin su, a tsakanin matalauta, ƴan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, Peru tana da adadin mace-macen jarirai a kashi 17 cikin 1,000 da aka haihu, kuma adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 98 cikin 100,000 masu rai. Kodayake yawancin ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiya sun faru a cikin Peru tun lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da ta'addanci, tsarin kiwon lafiya bai karbi cikakkun haƙƙoƙi daidai ba ga dukan 'yan kasar Peru. Dangane da ƙabilanci, kabilanci, da jinsi, har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Duk da cewa shirin kiwon lafiya na kasar Peru ya bayyana kudurinsa na samar da damammaki ga duniya, har yanzu kasar na shan wahala wajen samar da ingantacciyar hanyar kula da lafiya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 2002, an ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwar jama'a mai suna ForoSalud don aiki azaman sarari don yin tattaunawa game da lafiya. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin membobi 80 a duk faɗin Peru, shirin yana da nufin haɓaka sabbin manufofin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka shafi inganci da haɓaka ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Manufar hanyar sadarwar ita ce ta samar da cikakkiyar lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin duniya ga mazauna Peru. Domin a cim ma hakan, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki don haɓaka ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya don isa ga waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci da keɓewa daga al'ummar Peruvian mafi girma. An kiyasta cewa 40% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian ba su da damar yin amfani da kiwon lafiya da kuma manyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya. ForoSalud ya ba da fifikon shiga harkar lafiya tsakanin ƴan ƙasa don yin tasiri ga manyan yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya a matakin ƙasa da na yanki. Shawarwarinsu yana haɓaka ƙarin "hanyar ƙasa don shiga," suna ƙoƙari don " haɓaka lissafin jami'an gwamnati don duka nasarori da gazawar manufofin kiwon lafiya."
Wani rukuni na ƙungiyoyi, CARE -Peru da Likitoci don 'Yancin Ɗan Adam, duk sun goyi bayan kulawa da kulawa da kiyaye haƙƙin lafiya da samun dama a cikin Peru. A yau, CARE tana aiki don tsara shirye-shiryen su a kusa da jama'a masu wariya da marasa galihu kamar mata, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da mazauna karkara, don taimaka musu su aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin su a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Peru. A Peru, CARE ta mai da hankali kan lafiyar mata, yin aiki don rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da abinci mai gina jiki, inganta samar da abinci da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa don inganta lafiya da jin daɗin jama'ar Peru masu rauni. Duk haɗin gwiwar da ke cikin Peru suna aiki don taimakawa waɗannan al'ummomi masu rauni su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi don ba da shawara ga canje-canje a cikin al'ummominsu a cikin ƙarin yanayin sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙasa.
A ranar 19 ga Yuni na shekara ta, 2020, asusun fansho na jama'a na Sweden AP7 ya sanya sunayen kamfanoni uku da suka haɗa da kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu SK Holdings, Kamfanin Cannabinoid na Kanada Cronos Group da kuma kamfanin lantarki na Masar Elsewedy Electric bisa zargin cin zarafin ɗan adam a Peru.
'Yancin jama'a
Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare yancin walwala daban-daban, wanda ke ba da ƴancin kai. Ilimi da yancin addini su ne muhimman yancin da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peru. Ilimi shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma a cikin Peru, kowane mutum yana da damar samun ilimi ba tare da wariya ba. Hakazalika, 'yancin yin addini haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda Peru ta amince da shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkinsu, yana hana nuna wariya ga bambance-bambancen addini.
Haƙƙoƙin ilimi
Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya bayyana cewa makarantun firamare da sakandare na duniya ne ga wadanda ke tsakanin shekaru 6-16, kuma kyauta ta hanyar matakin sakandare. Duk da haka, a aikace, ilimi kyauta ba ya samuwa a Peru sakamakon kudade na ƙungiyoyi na iyaye, gudanarwa, da kuma yawancin kayan ilimi, yana da wuya ga jama'a masu rauni su sami damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. Talakawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasar Peru sun yi ƙoƙarin samun ingantaccen ilimi, sakamakon samun dama da harshe. Ta hanyar samfura kamar Ilimin Al'adu Bi-lingual, Peru ta yi aiki don haɓaka ilimi a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar. Koyaya, jinsi, ƙabila, wurin zama, da na yare duk suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan halarta, suna ƙarfafa buƙatar ƙarin shirye-shiryen kula da yara da ilimi.
Akwai iyakoki da yawa a cikin sashin ilimi a cikin Peru waɗanda ba sa daidaita tsarin a duk duniya. A yankunan karkara, gaba daya daliban sun kasance manyan shekaru a shirye-shiryen yara na yara, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa daliban karkara ba sa samun kwakkwaran tsarin ilimi da takwarorinsu ke yi a birane. Ko da yake ci gaban shigar mata cikin makarantu ya sami ci gaba sosai sakamakon ma'aikatar ilimi, ci gaban shigar 'yan asalin ƙasar ta Peru a fannin ilimi ya ragu. Ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar sun yi imanin cewa tsarin ilimi da ake da su a ƙasar Peru ya tilasta musu su "haɗu da al'adu masu rinjaye," saboda an ƙarfafa su su watsar da tufafin gargajiya da yare na gida. A cikin shekara ta 1972, Manufofin Ilimi na Ƙasa na Ilimin Bilingual sun yi aiki don haɓaka aiwatar da ilimin harsuna biyu a cikin yankunan Peru inda ba a jin Mutanen Espanya. Ko da yake ilimin harsuna biyu ya fara haɗawa da ɗalibai daga yankuna daban-daban kuma daga harsuna daban-daban, iya karatu da iya magana a cikin Mutanen Espanya har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don shiga cikin al'ummar Peruvian.
Haƙƙoƙin addini
Kundin tsarin mulki, tare da dokoki da manufofi masu yawa, suna kare yancin yin addini. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin da ba na Katolika ba sun ci gaba da kokawa don samun yanci iri ɗaya da aka ba wa waɗanda suke Katolika. Ƙungiyoyin addinan da ba na Katolika ba sun kasa samun wasu fa'idodin da aka bayar ga waɗanda ke cikin Cocin Katolika, kuma akai-akai suna fuskantar cin zarafi na al'umma sakamakon alaƙar addininsu da imaninsu. A cikin Mataki na ashirin da 50 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ya ce jihar "tana ba da gudummawar ta" ga Cocin Katolika da kuma "mai" ga sauran addinai.
Kusan kashi 81% na al'ummar Peruvian Roman Katolika ne, 13% na Furotesta, da 3% na sauran addinai. Ƙungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye sun soki dokokin 'yancin addini, suna masu ikirarin cewa ba su magance matsalar rashin daidaito ba, kuma suna iya zama masu wariya da kuma saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. Yawancin mutanen Peruvian suna ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli tare da ƙungiyoyin addinan Kirista waɗanda ke dora al'adunsu ga waɗanda suke da bangaskiya da salon rayuwa daban-daban. Koyaya, Peru ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don kafa ƙarin haƙƙoƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa. Ta hanyar ci gaban Ofishin Harkokin Addini, Peru ta yi aiki don magance matsalolin da ke da alaka da addini. Ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye da yawa sun ce sun ji daɗin gyare-gyaren da gwamnati ta yi a shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2016 don rage son kai ga Cocin Katolika da kuma sassauta buƙatun rajistar ƙungiyoyi. Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai rashin daidaito da za a magance idan ana batun 'yancin addini,
Cin zarafi
Domin kare wariya daga faruwa a cikin Peru, akwai batutuwa da yawa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan mata da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙarfafa daidaito ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, harshe, asali, ko launin fata ba. Hakanan ya fayyace cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance waɗanda abin ya shafa na ɗabi'a, na hankali, ko ta jiki ba. Ana kiyaye iyaye mata a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki don yancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ɗan da ba a haifa ba abu ne mai haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka (Sashe na 2.1).
Mata da haƙƙin haifuwa
Peru babbar ƙasa ce ta Katolika, tana ba da batutuwan jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa musamman mahimmanci. A Peru, uwa ita ce "ginshiƙan rukunin iyali" kuma "Ƙungiyar iyali ita ce ginshiƙin al'umma." Duk da haka, ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi, mata a Peru ba su da damar samun daidaitattun albarkatu ko iko. A duk lokacin mulkin Fujimori, an tilasta wa mata yin biyayya ga manufofin yawan jama'a, yana iyakance 'yancin haihuwa na mace. Kididdigar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Peru suna cikin mafi muni yayin la'akari da daidaito ta fuskar jinsi da mazauni. Ko da yake yawancin cin zarafi sun faru a ƙarƙashin Fujimori, lokacin da Alejandro Toledo ya karbi mulki, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta hana yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma ƙara yawan sakamakon zubar da ciki. An gano manufofi da yawa don nuna wariya ga mata kan batutuwan haihuwa, ɗaukar mata (musamman matalauta, matan karkara) a matsayin "abubuwan manufa maimakon a matsayin mutanen da ke da hakki kuma suna da damar shiga cikin yanke shawara, shirye-shirye, da manufofin da suka shafi lafiyarsu duk darajar."
Sakamakon wariyar da al'umma ke nunawa da fassarar al'ada game da rawar mata a gida, mata suna yaki da talauci da rashin aikin yi a Peru. A tsawon mulkin Fujimori, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta tabbatar da kauracewa da kuma matsayin mata na gargajiya a matsayin mata masu biyayya da uwaye. A fannin ilimi, mata a yankunan karkara ba su da ilimi (33.7%) idan aka kwatanta da maza (10.9%). Yawancin matan da ke cikin waɗannan al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar zirga-zirga, wanda hakan ya sa tafiya ta zama hanya daya tilo don isa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan wuraren yawanci ba su isa ba kuma ba sa samar da ayyuka masu dacewa na al'ada ga waɗanda ba Mutanen Espanya ba, suna sa sababbi ko mata masu ciki ba sa son neman kulawar gaggawa ta haihuwa. Tushen don Haɓaka Gudanar da Gaggawa na Gaggawa na Mata (FEMME) wani aiki ne da CARE ta kafa don mai da hankali kan kulawar gaggawa ta gaggawa ta gaggawa da ta rasa a Peru. Ta hanyar ba da kulawa mai mahimmanci ga yawan jama'a, wannan tsarin ya taimaka canza tsarin kiwon lafiya zuwa cibiyoyin aiki don ba da kulawar gaggawa.
Batutuwan jima'i da haifuwa sun kasance batutuwan siyasa shekaru da yawa a Peru. Manufofin da aka ƙirƙira akan jikin mata, jima'i, da iya haifuwa sun yi daidai da muradun ƙasa da sauran hukumomi masu ƙarfi, kamar Cocin Katolika da ƙungiyoyin mazan jiya. Ta hanyar sauye-sauyen iko tsakanin jiga-jigan siyasa, Cocin Katolika, da masu ra'ayin mata, an yi muhawara kan batutuwan hana haihuwa da haifuwa. A cikin 2004, tare da fitowar ForoSalud, Ƙungiyar Sa ido kan Haƙƙin Jima'i da Haihuwa ta buɗe hanya don zaɓi na kyauta a Peru. Ko da yake an sami ci gaba da yawa bayan mulkin Fujimori, muhawara kan 'yancin jima'i da haihuwa ba su da mahimmanci ga jam'iyyun siyasa,
Haƙƙoƙin jima'i
Ko da yake an kare haƙƙin jima'i a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulki, zamantakewa, an cire mutane da yawa lokacin da suka bayyana a matsayin jinsi daban. An halatta luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara ta 1924 Penal Code a Peru, amma har yanzu ana kyamar zamantakewa. Fassarar liwadi sun bambanta a tsakanin sassa daban-daban a Peru. A cikin sassan zamani, ayyukan jima'i ne tsakanin mutane biyu masu jinsi ɗaya; a cikin sassan gargajiya, yana wakiltar ɗaukar ka'idodin jima'i na sabanin jinsi; a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, liwadi ya haɗa da masu wucewa da "mata" maza; kuma a kafafen yada labarai, ana ɗaukar luwaɗi da madigo ba daidai ba ne kuma ana danganta shi da munanan halaye kamar shan muggan ƙwayoyi. Sai da aka gabatar da Movimiento Homosexual de Lima (MHOL) a farkon shekara ta 1980s aka fara gwagwarmayar LGBT a Peru. Tare da bullar cutar HIV/AIDS, yunƙurin LGBT ya ƙara fitowa fili, wanda ya ƙaru da kuɗaɗe na duniya don cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin al'ummomin gay. An hukunta luwadi da madigo a cikin Peru, kuma a shekara ta 2011, an yi amfani da dokokin nuna wariyar jinsi.
Lokacin da cutar kanjamau ta bulla a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kafofin watsa labarai sun yada firgita game da cutar da asalinta a cikin "fasikancin jima'i" a cikin al'ummomin gay. An danganta kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Peru da ɗan luwaɗi ko ɗabi'a. A Peru a yau, kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin yawancin mazan Peru marasa galihu waɗanda suka yi jima'i da jima'i. An gano cewa a cikin wannan yawan jama'a, akwai ƙarancin ilimi kuma ko da mutanen Peruvian sun san haɗarin su na kamuwa da cutar HIV, ba za su iya gwadawa da samun maganin hana haihuwa ba. Koyaya, haɓaka amintaccen jima'i da rigakafin hana haihuwa a cikin cutar HIV/AIDS da haɓaka jigogi masu kyau na LGBT ya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da daidaita ra'ayin bambancin jima'i a cikin Peru.
Haqqoqin ‘yan qasar
Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙayyadad da daidaito ga ƙabilanci, ƴan asalin ƙasar Peru na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 45% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian. Waɗanda ’yan asali ke magana da Quechua, Aymara, ko kuma wasu yarukan ’yan asali. A cikin Peru, "dala na zamantakewa" yana sanya 'ya'yan Turai masu jin Mutanen Espanya a saman, sannan mesitizos (mafi yawancin Mutanen Espanya), cholos ('yan asalin Mutanen Espanya), kuma a ƙarshe, masu magana da harshe guda ɗaya. Sakamakon yaƙi da ta'addanci, an tumɓuke ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yawa, an ware su, an kuma kashe su, aka kawar da su daga al'ummar Peruvian.
Ana gane duk harsuna a cikin Peru, amma ana fahimtar harsunan ƴan asalin a matsayin ƙananan matsayi. Domin Peru galibi ƙasa ce ta Mutanen Espanya, don zama mai ba da shawara a cikin al'umma da shiga, dole ne mutum ya fahimta da jin Mutanen Espanya. Dangane da ilimi, ɗaliban ƴan asalin harshe ɗaya kokawa a cikin shirye-shiryen koyarwa na Mutanen Espanya. Hakazalika, yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, wanda hakan ya sa samun albarkatu ya zama babbar matsala ga ɗaiɗaikun al'ummomin. Sabili da haka, a cikin Peru, 'yan asalin ƙasar suna cikin matsala idan aka zo ga ma'aikata, ilimi, da samun lafiya, suna sanya su ƙasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a a cikin Peru.
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Morocco
Maroko ta sami ci gaba sosai tun lokacin mulkin danniya na shekarun jagoranci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Hassan II (1961-99). Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai korafe-korafe game da cin zarafi na mulki a ƙarƙashin ɗansa na zamani, Mohammed VI. An sami ƙarin ɗaukaka na zamani, kuma an ba da ƙarin haƙƙi ga jama'a gabaɗaya, musamman mata da yara. A zamanin mulkin Hassan na biyu, Maroko ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin tarihin Haƙƙin dan Adam a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya, musamman a lokacin shekarun jagoranci, wanda ya kasance daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa karshen 1980, wanda ya kasance lokaci ne tarihin kasar da ya shahara wajen danne ‘yan adawa da adawa, wanda ya hada da kamawa, tsarewa, dauri, da kuma kashe abokan hamayyar siyasa. A halin yanzu, Maroko na ci gaba da fuskantar akalla wasu matsalolin kare hakkin bil adama, kamar rashin kyawun yanayin gidan yari, da cin zarafin mata da al'ummar LGBT, da kuma azabtar da 'yan sanda. Duk da sauye-sauye da aka samu a karkashin jagorancin Sarki Mohamed VI, har yanzu ana zaman ruwan dare a ƙasar ta Maroko a yau din nan.
Wannan labarin yana magana ne da Maroko ba yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama akai ba. Dubi Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara dangane da haka. Maroko ce ke gudanar da kashi 80% na yankin, don haka dokar Morocco ta shafi " Lardunan Kudancin ".
'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki
'Yancin aikin jarida ba ya nan kuma ana tunanin 'yan jarida da yawa suna yin aikin tantance kansu. Tambayoyi game da sahihancin sarauta ko ayyukan Sarki haramun ne da kuma nuna shakku kan “ madaidaicin yankin ” masarautar (watau kama da yammacin sahara ) haramun ne. A shekara ta 2005 an dakatar da fitaccen dan jaridan nan dan kasar Morocco Ali Lmrabet daga aikin jarida na tsawon shekaru 10 da kuma ci tarar Dirhami 50,000 (kimanin Yuro 4,500) saboda ya bayar da rahoto game da rikici a yankin yammacin Sahara, in ji kungiyar Reporters Without Borders. Tun daga shekara ta 2007 har yanzu an hana Lmrabet aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida. Yawancin manyan 'yan jarida na Moroccan, irin su Aboubakr Jamai, Ali Anouzla, Ahmed Benchemsi da Rachid Niny, an rage su zuwa shiru ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku, tara tara mai yawa, kauracewa tallace-tallace da rarrabawa / hana kudaden gwamnati. An yankewa wasu da yawa daga cikin ‘yan jaridun yanar gizo hukuncin dauri saboda sukar Sarkin ko kuma suka yi zargin cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnonin da Sarki ya nada ke yi. Ba a bayyana shari’arsu ba a duniya saboda galibi matasa ne ‘yan jarida kan yi rubuce-rubuce da kananan wallafe-wallafe ko yada labaran yankin (kamar Mohammed Erraji daga Agadir wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari a shekara ta 2010 saboda sukar jawabin Sarki).
Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2007, tare da bayyanar a wurin wasu mujallu masu zaman kansu na francophone, irin su Tel Quel da Le Journal Hebdomadaire da ƴan uwansu na Larabci (misali. Assahifa Al Ousbouia ), ikon gwamnati a kan kafofin watsa labarai ya dan koma daga shiga tsakani kai tsaye zuwa karin matsi na dabara, kamar amfani da kararraki da kararraki.
A ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2007 kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan jarida ta CPJ mai hedkwata a birnin New York ta fitar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara kan "kasashe 10 da 'yancin 'yan jarida ya fi tabarbarewa" inda ta bayyana cewa a cewar babban daraktan CPJ Joel Simon; "Tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka ba shi da zurfi idan ana batun 'yancin 'yan jarida" kuma Maroko na cikin "manyan masu koma baya 10" a shekara ta 2007 bayan da "an dauke shi a matsayin jagora a yankinta". A cikin rahoton, an dauki Maroko, tare da Tunisiya, a matsayin kasar da ke "yanke mafi yawan 'yan jarida a gidan yari a kasashen Larabawa".
A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, hukumomin Morocco sun tauye haƙƙin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyi da taro ta hanyar dokoki da yawa. Hukumomin kasar na ci gaba da gurfanar da kafafen yada labarai na jaridu da na intanet a gaban kuliya idan suka soki gwamnati, da kuma sarki. Bugu da kari, hukumomi sun sanya wa gwamnati cikas don takaita ayyukan 'yan jarida. A Rabat, 'yan sanda sun kori wasu 'yan jaridar Faransa biyu tare da kwace kaset dinsu suna masu cewa ba su da izinin daukar fim. Rahoton ya ce gidan talabijin na Moroko ya ba da damar yin muhawara da suka. Duk da haka, irin wannan muhawarar ba ta magance muhimman batutuwa ba.
A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2020, wani bincike da Amnesty International ta yi zargin cewa an yi wa ɗan jaridar Moroko Omar Radi, hari ta hanyar amfani da Pegasus na leƙen asiri na Isra'ila. Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam ta yi ikirarin cewa an kai wa 'yan jaridar hari sau uku tare da leken asiri bayan na'urar sa ta kamu da kayan aikin NSO. A halin da ake ciki, Amnesty ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa harin ya zo ne bayan kungiyar NSO ta sabunta manufofinsu a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019.
Zaluntar siyasa
Har ila yau, ana ci gaba da zarge-zargen cin zarafi ga masu zanga-zangar neman 'yancin Sahrawi da masu zanga-zangar Polisario a yammacin Sahara, wanda Maroko ke la'akari da shi a matsayin Lardunan Kudancin, kuma ana zargin Maroko da tsare 'yan Sahrawi masu zaman kansu a matsayin fursunonin lamiri.
A watan Mayun shekara ta 2006 wata tawaga daga ofishin hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ziyarci yankin yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, kuma rahoton da ya bayar na ziyarar ya yi kakkausar suka kan rashin hakkin dan Adam a yankin musamman ma yankin Saharawi. yawan jama'a. An fitar da rahoton sirrin kuma ana iya samun shi a misali ARSO.org.
Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Oktoba, Maroko ta dakatar da ziyarar da tawaga daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta shirya kuma aka amince da ita a baya. Matakin dai ya zo ne kasa da sa'o'i 48 kafin tawagar ta tashi zuwa Rabat da yammacin Sahara. Manufar ita ce ta yi nazarin zargin take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Polisario da hukumomin Morocco. (rubutu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci).
Maroko ta yi ikirarin cewa galibin mambobin tawagar sanann magoya bayan kungiyar Polisario ne, don haka ba a tabbatar da tsaka-tsakin tawagar ba. Shugaban tawagar, Mista Ioannis Kasoulides, ya yi adawa da wadannan zarge-zargen yana mai cewa ba a kafa kungiyar ba ta Morocco ce za ta yanke shawara, kuma baya ga Morocco tun da farko ta amince da kafa kungiyar kuma an ba ta damar yin tasiri a shirinta na ziyarar.
'Yancin addini
Gaba ɗaya ana kiyaye 'yancin yin addini, tare da iyakancewa. A cewar mai magana da yawun gwamnatin Moroko, “Mulkin ya ba da tabbacin ba wai ’yancin yin ibada kawai ba, har ma da gina wuraren ibada ga Kiristoci da Yahudawa da kuma gudanar da al’adunsu cikin yanci da girmamawa. .
Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa addinan da ba Musulunci ba (shashi na 220 na kundin laifuffuka, ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari).
Har yanzu akwai al'ummar Yahudawan Moroko, kodayake yawancin Yahudawa sun yi hijira a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙirƙirar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.
Yara
A Maroko, dubban yara - galibi 'yan mata da wasu 'yan kasa da shekaru takwas - suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, inda sukan ci karo da tashin hankali na zahiri da na baki, keɓewa, da aikin kwana bakwai a mako wanda ke farawa da wayewar gari. yana ci gaba har zuwa dare. Ba a biya su da kyau kuma kusan babu wanda ke zuwa makaranta. Ma'aikatan cikin gida, ciki har da yara, ba a cire su daga dokar aiki ta Maroko, saboda haka ba sa jin daɗin haƙƙin da aka bai wa sauran ma'aikata, gami da mafi ƙarancin albashi ko iyakance ga sa'o'in aikinsu.
Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali ta Moroccan (2004 mudawana) da Tsarin Mulkinta (2012), ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne samun ƙananan ma'aikatan gida.
Mata da iyali
A cikin shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokokin Morocco ta ɗauki matakai don inganta matsayin mata da yara, kuma ta zartas da sabuwar dokar iyali, Mudawanat al Usra (Laddin Iyali na Turanci), wanda a ko'ina ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ci gaba sosai ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yanki. Misali, yanzu an halatta mazan mata daya kawai sai dai idan matar ta sa hannu a yarjejeniya. Baya ga kasancewa 'yan takara a jerin sunayen zabuka masu gauraya, mata suna da jerin sunayen kasa a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin da ke ba su damar samun akalla kashi 10% na kujeru.
Hakazalika, kuma a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2006, an kafa wata kungiyar sa ido ta kasa don yaki da cin zarafin mata. Ma’aikatun jihohi da dama da gwamnatoci da jami’o’i da kuma kungiyoyin mata na kasa ana neman su hada kai tare.
A shekara ta 2006, an canja matsayin ɗan ƙasar Moroccan ga yara ta hanyar uba. Soumya Naâmane Guessous, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Moroccan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen don watsa ƴan ƙasar Moroko ta uwa zuwa ga 'ya'yanta. Iyawar uwa ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga 'ya'yansu baya bayyana a cikin kundin Mudawana amma an ba shi ta hanyar yanke shawara a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2006.
Asalin Berber
Masu fafutuka na Berber a kai a kai suna jayayya cewa a ƙarƙashin tutar Larabawa, ana murƙushe yarensu da al'adunsu na musamman don neman na Larabawa. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin wariya da kuma hanyar mayar da hankali. Koyaya, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, na shekara ta 2001 an kafa Cibiyar Sarauta ta Al'adun Amazigh don kulawa da haɓaka harsuna da al'adun Amazigh.
L'Yan sanda da sojoji sake fasalin
A shekara ta 2006 Maroko ta fara aiwatar da ƴan gyare-gyare da suka shafi 'yan sanda da sojoji. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar an wargaza ƙungiyar 'yan sanda da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Urbains de sécurité ( GUS ) (Ƙungiyoyin Tsaro na Birane).
Yayin da yawancin 'yan Moroccan suka ɗauki kasancewar GUS a matsayin taimako, wasu da yawa sun ɗauka a matsayin mataki na komawa ga mulkin Makhzen.
Rushewar ya biyo bayan suka da yawa game da wuce gona da iri ko cin zarafi na mulki. Wasu ayyukan rashin da'a na wasu membobin kungiyar sun juya ra'ayin jama'a wanda ya zama abin kunya.
An kuma zargi GUS da cin hanci da rashawa. A lokuta da yawa, masu laifin farar hula sun kasance suna bayar da cin hanci (tsakanin dirhami 10 zuwa 20) wanda ya haifar da bayyanar sanannen laƙabi; "10 guda".
Hukuncin kisa da ɗauri
Yayin da hukuncin kisa ya kasance hukuncin kisa na shari'a a Maroko, ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba tun shekara ta 1993, lokacin da aka kashe Mohamed Tabet bayan dakatar da shekaru 10. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa ne bisa manyan laifuka daban-daban da suka hada da fyade, garkuwa da mutane, garkuwa da mutane da kuma ayyukan dabbanci. An bayyana cewa ya yi fyade tare da lalata da mata har 1,500 a tsawon shekaru 13. Tsakanin shekara ta 1956 zuwa 1993, an yanke wa mutane 198 hukuncin kisaHukumar da sasantawa ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane 528 a zamanin mulkin Hassan II a wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na shari'a da na wuce gona da iri.
Tattaunawa kan lamarin a Maroko ya kasance haramun shekaru da dama. Sai dai kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da wasu kafafen yada labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da jam'iyyun siyasa masu ra'ayin rikau a karkashin jam'iyyar Front of Democratic Forces sun yi ta yunkurin fara muhawarar hukuncin kisa. Dangane da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na jama'a, shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan intanet sun riga sun fara muhawara kan batun. Babban da sabuwar kafa (2003) ƙungiyoyin farar hula Coalition nationale pour l'abolition de la peine de mort au Maroc ( CNAPM ) (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Maroko) wanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu dauke da taken Ensemble pour l' abolition de la peine de mort (Tare kan hukuncin kisa) shi ma ya jagoranci muhawarar.
A matakin siyasa lamarin yana da ban mamaki. A hukumance, halin da gwamnati mai ci ke ciki shi ne na kawar da “de facto”. Sai dai kuma ma'aikatar shari'a ta kasar ta bayyana cewa har yanzu ta'addanci na kawo cikas wajen kawar da "de jure" kuma har yanzu ana yanke hukuncin kisa musamman kan 'yan ta'adda. Kwamitin IER Equity and Reconciliation Commission ya ba da shawarar batun kawar da shi.
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, an sanar da cewa an shirya gabatar da batun ga majalisar dokoki domin kada kuri’a a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2007. Yakin siyasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Islama masu matsakaicin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Adalci da Ci Gaba (wadanda ke ba da shawarar yanke hukuncin kisa kamar yadda ya dace da dokokin Sharia ) kuma ana sa ran bangarorin biyu zasu yi wahala.
A cikin Afrilu 2015, Ministan Shari'a da 'Yanci (gwamnatin PJD) ya ba da sanarwar jama'a game da wani kudiri dangane da hukuncin kisa, da sauran batutuwa. Manufar ita ce a rage yawan laifukan da za a yanke hukuncin kisa, daga 31 zuwa 11.
Ba kamar sauran ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, da sauran sassa na duniya, ciki har da Amurka, daurin rai da rai a Maroko ne in ba haka ba da aka sani da "har abada tsare", don haka ma'anar cewa rai da rai a cikin ƙasar yana da sauran na halitta rayuwa. wanda aka yanke wa hukunci kuma a koyaushe ana sanya shi ba tare da yiwuwar sakin layi ba. Haka kuma, ana ganin yanayin gidan yari a matsayin mara inganci bisa ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa, saboda manyan damuwa game da cunkoson jama'a, amfani da azabtarwa, rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa, da tsauraran ka'idojin gidan yari. Har ila yau an ba da rahoton cewa Maroko na iya samun fursunonin siyasa.
Matar Abdelqader Belliraj, 'yar kasar Maroko da Belgium, ta shaida wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a watan Janairun 2020 game da cin zarafin mijinta da ake yi a gidan yari tun 2016. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Belliraj yana tsare a gidan yari na tsawon sa’o’i 23 a rana tun bayan da aka daure shi da kuma hana shi hulda da fursunonin. Dokar ta saba wa ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yadda ake kula da fursunoni. An yankewa Belliraj hukuncin daurin rai da rai bisa zarginsa da shirya ta'addanci. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma tare da Belliraj sun yi ikirarin cewa an sace su ne kuma aka sanya su shafe makonni ba tare da sadarwa ba, yayin da ake yi musu tambayoyi da azabtarwa a ofisoshin 'yan sanda.