cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Judy Blume
Sana'ar ta
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida, Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka ta ba wa marubuciyar kyautar lambar yabo ta Margaret A. Edwards don Gudunmawa ga Adabi ga Matasa Ita ma ta karba a Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu daga "Library of Congress" lambar yabo don babbar gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'adun gargajiya na Amurka. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, Judy Blume ta sami Medal don Babban Gudunmawa ga Adabin Amurka daga Gidauniyar Littattafai ta Kasa ». Littattafanta 25 sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa [ Ref. so ].
Darini
Darini kauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar Batsari a jihar Katsina, Najeriya.
Roseline Emma Rasolovoahangy
Roseline Emma Rasolovoahangy ƙwararriyar shugabar kasuwanci ce, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati mai kwazo, kuma 'yar takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Madagascar na shekarun 2013 da 2018. Emma 'yar kasuwa ce tana mai da hankali kan taimakawa wajen gina sabuwar Madagascar da kuma buɗe damar manyan albarkatu na ƙasarta-mutanenta. Tana mayar da hankali kan inganta tsaron jama'a, samar da ayyukan yi, bunkasa makarantun aji na farko, da gina cibiyoyin jama'a da ke aiki don amfanin kowane dan kasa.
Sake Haɓaka Tsarin Muhalli na Madagascar
Emma Rasolovoahangy a halin yanzu tana binciko manyan ayyuka na sake fasalin ƙasa da teku don maido da yanayin muhalli da samar da ayyukan yi da juriyar abinci a Madagascar. Wannan kokarin zai taimaka wajen yaki da sauyin yanayi.
Kwarewar Siyasa da Jama'a
Emma Rasolovoahangy ta fara tsayawa takarar shugaban kasar Madagascar a zaben 2013. A wancan lokacin, jigogin yakin neman zabenta sun hada da jagoranci, wadata, da 'yancin kai na gaskiya a cikin sabuwar Madagascar, kuma ta mai da hankali musamman kan rage talauci, bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, jawo jarin kasashen ketare, da kara kuzarin ayyukan yi. Rasolovoahangy ta zagaya kasar Madagascar, inda ta gana da mazauna kauyen a wani kamfen da ake kira Shirin Ziyarar Sauraron Emma.
Ta sake tsayawa takara karo na biyu a shekarar 2018, kuma ta samu goyon baya daga jam’iyyun siyasa da kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi da dama.
A halin yanzu tana matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Ezaka Mampandroso Antsika (EMA), kuma shugabar kungiyar Ezaka Marina Mampandroso Antsika (EMMA), tare da ofisoshi 420 da mambobi 117,000 a duk fadin kasar Madagascar.
Sana'a
Emma Rasolovoahangy ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na ASE PPP sarl, haɗin gwiwar "mutane masu zaman kansu" na samar da damar tattalin arziki don maido da kamun kifi, samar da siminti, gine-gine, da ayyukan ruwa a Madagascar.
Ita ce kuma ta kafa kuma shugaban MinMad SRAL, wani kamfani da yake mayar da hankali kan hakar ma'adinai, makamashi, aikin gona, da ayyukan more rayuwa a Madagascar.
Emma tana da shekaru 25 na gwaninta tana aiki a masana'antar mai da iskar gas tare da Shell International E&P, Anadarko Petroleum, VRMT International, a Houston, TX, Amurka.
Haruna Shaibu
Haruna Shaibu (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban 1998) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Ghana wanda a yanzu yake buga wa ƙungiyar Penn FC wasa a cikin USL.
Roseline Emma Rasolovoahangy
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Emma Rasolovoahangy a cikin garin Fianarantsoa, Madagascar a shekara ta 1967. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara takwas; duk iyayenta malamai ne. Ta yi aure da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Haruna Shaibu
Wasanni da Kulob
A ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2018, Shaibu ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Penn FC ta Soccer League a matsayin aro daga kungiya kwallon kafa ta Inter Allies.
Zaje zaje
Zaje zaje wannan qauye ne a cikin qaramar hukumar sabuwa a jihar katsina
DDD (EXID song)
" DDD " ( Korean   ) Ne a song rubuce ta Kudu Korean yarinya kungiyar EXID domin su na hudu Extended play, Full Moon (2017). Wakar Banana ta fitar da waƙar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, a cikin shekara ta 2017, a matsayin taken EP.
Waƙar ta kai lamba 9 a Translations Gaon Digital Chart. Ya sayar da abubuwan saukarwa sama da 494,267 tun daga watan Disamba na cikin shekara ta 2017.
Abun da ke ciki
Shinsadong Tiger, LE da V! VE ne suka rubuta kuma suka samar da waƙar. Yana samfurin waƙar Acikin shekara ta 2015 " WTF (Inda Suka Daga) " ta Missy Elliott wanda ke nuna Pharrell Williams. A song aka bayyana ta Allon tallace-tallace ' Tamar Herman matsayin electro-pop song, "(k) icking kashe tare da wani iko da bass kidan da kuka synths". Ta kuma ƙara da cewa waƙar "ta fara ne a matsayin waƙar ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin pre-chorus mai ƙarfi ya gina cikin mawaƙin yanayi wanda ke cike da kayan kida kuma yana inganta ta LE ta ƙaƙƙarfan waƙar waƙa". A cikin waƙa, waƙar "ta faɗi [s] labarin wata mace da ke neman gaskiya daga ƙaunatacciya wacce ke yaudarar ta lokaci da lokaci amma tana rawar jiki cikin fargaba a gabanta, yayin da take canzawa tsakanin halayen da suka fara daga nadama zuwa fushi zuwa zargi. "
Ayyukan Chart
Hakanan an yi muhawara a lamba 34 akan Billboard Koriya ta Kpop Hot 100. A cikin sati na biyu, waƙar ta haura zuwa lamba 21 kuma ta hau lamba 13 a mako guda. Waƙar kuma ta yi murabus a lamba 6 akan ginshiƙi Sales Digital Song Sales na Billboard, ta zama rukuni na uku mafi girma na uku.
Bidiyon kiɗa
An saki teaser bidiyon kiɗa a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, A cikin shekara ta 2017. An saki bidiyon kiɗan a hukumance a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba ta hanyar tashar YouTube ta ƙungiyar. Memba Solji ba ta cikin bidiyon kiɗan saboda lamuran lafiya, amma ana iya jin sautin muryarta a cikin waƙar.
Wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa
Ƙungiyar ta yi waƙar sau biyu kafin sakin hukuma, a karon farko akan Wasan Mafarki A cikin shekara ta 2017 a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba kuma a karo na biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da aka inganta akan titin Seoul a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. Kungiyar ta gudanar da matakin dawowa na farko a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, a kan Mnet M Countdown. Sun ci gaba a kan KBS 's <i id="mwSw">Music Bank</i> a kan Nuwamba 10, SBS ' s Inkigayo a kan Nuwamba 12, kuma SBS MTV 's <i id="mwUQ">The Nuna</i> a kan Nuwamba 14. A karshen, an zaɓi ƙungiyar don matsayi na farko, amma ta ƙare ta biyu da maki 6,865 amma ta ci nasara a mako mai zuwa da maki 7,388.
Antonie Adamberger
Antonie "Toni" Adamberger (31 ga watan Disamba 1790 - 25 Disamba 1867) an Austria mataki actress.
Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ne a gidan mai suna Valentin Adamberger da 'yar fim Maria Anna Jacquet, an tashe ta bayan mutuwar iyayenta da mawaƙi Heinrich Joseph von Collin. Da aka fara a lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha shida a ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1807 a Burgtheater, nan take ta zama yar wasan Kotu kuma “kai tsaye ta sami babban yabo a matsayin ingénue, a cikin yanayi na jin dadi da kuma wasu bangarori masu ban tsoro.” Antonie Adamberger da sauri ta zama ƙaunatacciyar jama'ar Viennese, tare da nuna iyawarta kamar Beatrice a cikin Bride of Messina da kuma Desdemona da Emilia Galotti.
Beethoven ya tsara waƙoƙin Klärchen " Die Trommel gerühret " ("Kidan yana da birgewa ") da "Freudvoll und leidvoll" ("Murna da wahala") (wanda aka fara gabatarwa a Burgtheater a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1810) a cikin waƙarsa ta musika don Goethe  Egmont'' tare da Adamberger musamman a hankali. Daga baya zata sake maimaitawa da farinciki ta tuna haɗin gwiwar da tayi da shi. A cikin 1812 Theodor Körner ya kasance aiki a matsayin babban marubuci na Burgtheater. Adamberger ya ganshi a karon farko a maimatawar wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci, Der grüne Domino ("The Green Domino "). A wannan shekarar aka ɗaura aure ita da mawaki. A watan Fabrairun 1812, Körner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo Toni, inda daga baya budurwarsa ta jagoranci jagoranci. Antonie Adamberger ta kasance daga ɗayan marubutan marubutan Austriya Karoline Pichler, wanda daga baya ta yi rubutu game da bayyanarta a Toni :
Har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1813 Körner ya rubuta mata baitoci da yawa, musamman yana mai nuna mata abin da ya faru da ita Zriny bayan nasararta a Toni.
A cikin 1817, wasu shekaru bayan mutuwar mawaƙin, Adamberger ya yi watsi da matakin kuma ya auri masanin tarihin tarihi da lissafi Joseph Calasanza von Arneth. Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka haifi ɗansu Alfred von Arneth. A cikin 1820 Antonie ya zama Mai karatu ga Sarauniya Caroline Augusta. A cikin 1832 Adamberger mai suna Directress na Karolinestift, cibiyar koyar da 'ya'yan mata sojoji. Antonie Adamberger ya mutu a Vienna a 1867. Jikinta yana cikin “fitaccen kabari” ( Ehrengrab ) a cikin babban makabartar Vienna (Rukuni na 14 A, Lamba 49).
Circa 1805 Joseph Hickel fentin wani hoto na Adamberger, daga abin da Johann Maria Monsomo samar da dada da ita.
A cikin 1894 wani titi a cikin Vienna a cikin gundumar Leopoldstadt (Gundumar 2) an sanya masa suna Adambergergasse bayan ita. Arnethgasse a cikin gundumar Ottakring (Gundumar 16) an sanya mata sunan mijinta.
Joseph Adamy
Joseph Adamy (An haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai 1778A.c) a Oberwesel. ya Mutu 24 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 1849 a Hadamar ) ya Nassauian mine mai shi da kuma siyasa . Daga shekarar 1828 zuwa ta 1832, Adamy ya kasance memba na Second Chamber na Kadarorin Duchy na Nassau.
Harkar siyasa
Bayan mutuwar Jacob Preuss a cikin Disamba 1826, an zabi Adamy a matsayin wakilin kungiyar masu mallakar filaye a yankin zaben na Dillenburg a cikin Rukuni na Biyu na Kadarorin Duchy na Nassau. Adamy yayi aiki a majalisa na biyu tsawon shekaru hudu. A 1832, Adamy ya bar aikinsa lokacin da yake daya daga cikin wakilai 15 da suka kaurace wa zanga-zangar adawa da Pairsschub na 1831 a matsayin wani bangare na Rikicin yankin Nassau na 1832. Pairsschub kayan aiki ne wanda William, Duke na Nassau yayi amfani dashi don haɓaka memba a cikin Chamberungiyar Farko ta toasa don amfanin gwamnatinsa ta hanyar raunana theungiyar ta Biyu.
A cikin 1849, Adamy memba ne na "Societyungiyar don aiwatar da tsarin mulki da mutunta haƙƙin mutane" ( German  ).
Iyali
Joseph Adamy ɗa ne ga likita (Franz) Joseph Adamy (an haife shi a 1744/45, ya mutu 6 Maris 1784 a Oberwesel ) da matarsa Catharina née Herbrand (bikin aure a 25 Nuwamba 1772). Joseph Adamy yayi aure a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1801 a Hadamar matar sa ta farko, Christina, née Scheibel (11 Yuni 1765 - 12 February 1818). Bayan mutuwar Christina, ya yi aure a ranar 24 Maris 1819 a Mainz, a cikin aure na biyu matarsa Therese née Leyden (8 Agusta 1877).
Addini
Joseph Adamy dan Katolika ne.
Fashewar Volkeno a kasar New Zealand
Duk da yake ƙasar ta volcanism kwanakin baya to kafin Zealandia microcontinent rifted daga Gondwana 60-130 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, aikin ci gaba a yau tare da qananan eruptions faruwa a kowace 'yan shekaru.
Wannan aikin na baya-bayan nan ya samo asali ne saboda matsayin ƙasar a kan iyaka tsakanin Indo-Ostiraliya da faranti -Pacific, wani ɓangare na Wutar Wutar Pacific, musamman murƙushe Plate Plate a ƙarƙashin Tekun Indo-Australiya.
Dutsen New Zealand ya yi rikodin misalai na kusan kowane irin dutsen mai fitad da wuta da aka gani a Duniya, gami da wasu manyan fashewar abubuwa a duniya a lokutan  ƙasa.irin dutsen mai  fitad da wuta da aka gani a Duniya, gami da wasu manyan fashewar abubuwa a duniya a lokutan ƙasa.
Manyan Fashewa
New Zealand ta kasance wurin fashewar abubuwa masu fashewa da yawa a cikin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, gami da yawancin girman dutsen. Waɗannan sun haɗa da fashewa daga Tsibirin Macauley da Taupo, Whakamaru, Mangakino, Reporoa, Rotorua, da Haroharo calderas.
Abubuwa biyu na baya-bayan nan da suka fito daga dutsen dutsen Taupo wataƙila sune mafi sani. Fashewar Oruanui ita ce mafi girma da aka sani a duniya a cikin shekaru 70,000 da suka gabata, tare da Index Volcanoic Index (VEI) na 8. Ya faru kusan shekaru 26,500 da suka gabata kuma ya ajiye kusan 1,200 km³ na kayan.Tephra daga fashewar ya rufe yawancin tsibirin Arewacin Arewa tare da ƙonewa har zuwa mita 200 (650 ƙafa) mai zurfi, kuma galibin New Zealand sun lalace sakamakon toka, har ma da 18 cm (7 ku inch) Layen tokar da aka bari a Tsibirin Chatham, 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) tafi. Raguwar ƙasa da gurɓataccen iska yana da tasiri na dindindin a kan shimfidar wuri, wanda ya sa Kogin Waikato ya canza daga Filin Hauraki zuwa tafarkinsa na yanzu ta Waikato zuwa Tekun Tasman. Babban tafkin New Zealand, Taupo, ya cika tudun da  aka kafa a cikin wannan fashewar.
David Cameron
David Cameron ɗan siyasan Birtaniya ne. (An haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da shida 1956A.C) a Marylebone, London, Birtaniya. David Cameron Firayim Ministan Birtaniya ne daga watan Mayun shekarar 2010 zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2016 (bayan Gordon Brown - kafin Theresa May).
Shuka da ke shekara biyu
Shuka da ke shekara Biyu itace tsiro na fure wanda ke ɗaukar shekaru biyu, gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayin yanayi, don kammala tsarin rayuwar rayuwar sa. A shekara ta farko, tsiron yana samun cigaban farko, inda ganyensa, mai tushe, da tushen sa (tsarin tsirrai) ke bunƙasa. Yawancin lokaci, tsiron tsiron ya rage kuma ganye suna ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, suna yin rosette. Bayan shekara ta farko, shuka yana shiga lokacin bacci don watanni masu sanyi. Yawancin biennials suna buƙatar magani mai sanyi, ko ɓarna, kafin su yi fure. A lokacin bazara ko bazara mai zuwa, tushen tsiron biennial yana ƙaruwa sosai, ko "kusoshi". Sai shuka yayi fure, yana ba da 'ya'yan itatuwa da iri kafin daga bisani ya mutu. Akwai ƙarancin biennials fiye da na shuke -shuken perennial ko na shekara -shekara.
Shuka mai Shekaru Biyu ba koyaushe ke bin tsayayyen rayuwa na shekaru biyu ba kuma yawancin tsirrai a cikin daji na iya ɗaukar shekaru 3 ko fiye don balaga. An gano girman ganyen Rosette don yin hasashen lokacin da shuka zai iya shiga mataki na biyu na fure da samar da iri. Madadin haka, a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayin yanayi, shuka na shekara -shekara na iya kammala tsarin rayuwarsa cikin sauri (misali, cikin watanni uku maimakon shekaru biyu). Wannan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin kayan lambu ko tsirrai na fure waɗanda aka saba da su kafin a dasa su a ƙasa. Wannan halayen yana haifar da yawancin tsire -tsire na biennial da ake bi da su a matsayin shekara -shekara a wasu yankuna. Sabanin haka, shekara -shekara da aka girma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai fa'ida na iya samun yaɗuwar iri mai nasara, yana ba shi damar zama biennial ko perennial. Wasu tsirrai na ɗan gajeren lokaci na iya zama kamar biennial maimakon na shekara-shekara. Biennials na gaskiya suna yin fure sau ɗaya kawai, yayin da perennials da yawa za su yi fure kowace shekara da zarar sun girma. Shuka me shekara Biyu da aka shuka don furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, ko tsaba suna buƙatar girma na shekaru biyu. Biennials waɗanda aka girma don ganyayyun ganye ko tushen ana girma su ne kawai na shekara guda (kuma ba a girma a shekara ta biyu don gudu zuwa iri).
Misalan shuke-shuken da ke shekaru biyu sune membobin dangin albasa ciki har da leek, wasu membobin dangin kabeji mullein na gama gari, faski, fennel, Lunaria, silverbeet, Susan mai ido, Sweet William, ciyawar colic, karas, da wasu hollyhocks. Masu shayarwa na shuka sun samar da nau'ikan shekara -shekara na biennials da yawa waɗanda za su yi fure a shekarar farko daga iri, misali, foxglove da stock.
Dogoru
Dogoru ƙauye ne da ke karamar hukumar Mashi, a Jihar Katsina.
Baboucarr Gaye
Baboucarr Gaye (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1998) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida/raga na FC Rot-Weiß Koblenz. An haife shi a Jamus, yana wakiltar tawagar ƙasar Gambia.
Aikin kulob/Kungiya
Bayan da ya yi amfani/aiki a matsayin sa na matashi tare da kulob ɗin Arminia Bielefeld, an sanar da cewa Gaye zai bar kulob din a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 2019, bai taba bayyana a cikin tawagar farko ba. A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2019, daga baya ya shiga SG Wattenscheid 09. Bayan wasanni tara kacal, an tilasta wa Gaye ya nemo wani sabon kulob bayan Wattenscheid ya shigar da kara kan fatarar kudi a tsakiyar watan Oktoban 2019, inda suka rasa sauran kakar wasan su. A cikin Janairu 2020, matashin mai tsaron gida ya shiga VfB Stuttgart II.
A cikin watan Yuli 2020, Gaye ya koma TuS Rot-Weiß Koblenz.
Ayyukan kasa
Gaye ya yi karo/haɗu da tawagar kasar Gambia a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Congo da ci 1-0 a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020.
Karl Addicks
Karl Addicks (An haife shi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1950 a Amberg, Bavaria ) likita ne ɗan Jamusawa kuma ya kasan ce ɗan siyasa na Free Democratic Party (FDP).
Harkar siyasa
Addicks ya kasance memba na majalisar Bundestag ta Jamus daga 2004 har zuwa 2009. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gabanta. Baya ga ayyukan kwamitin sa, Addicks ya kasance memba na Yankin Majalisa na Yankin Yankin Berlin-Taipei.
Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)
Gold Coast yanki ne na mulkin mallakan Birtaniya da ke Gulf na Guinea a Afirka ta Yamma daga shekarar 1821 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a matsayin wani bangare na al'ummar Ghana a shekara ta 1957. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar Gold Coast galibi don bayyana duk ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen guda huɗu waɗanda suke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Gwamna na Gold Coast. Waɗannan su ne Yankin Gold Coast da kanta, Ashanti, Protearfafa Yankin Arewacin da kuma yankin amintaccen Burtaniya Togoland.
Farkon masu binciken Turai da suka isa bakin tekun su ne Fotigal a cikin shekarar 1471. Sun gamu da masarautun Afirka iri-iri, wasu daga cikinsu suna sarrafa tarin zinare a cikin ƙasa. A shekarar 1483, Turawan Fotigal sun zo nahiyar don karuwar kasuwanci. Sun gina Castle of Elmina, matsuguni na farko na Turai akan Gold Coast. Daga nan suka sami bayi da zinariya a cikin cinikin kayan Turai, kamar su wukake na ƙarfe, beads, madubai, rum, da bindigogi. Labarin cinikin nasara ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya, Dutch, Danish, da Sweden suma sun zo. 'Yan kasuwar Turai sun gina kagarai da yawa a gefen bakin teku. Kogin Gold ya daɗe yana suna ga yankin da Turawa ke amfani da shi saboda albarkatun zinare da ake samu a yankin. Kasuwancin bayi shine babban musayar kuma babban ɓangare na tattalin arziƙin shekaru. A wannan lokacin, ƙasashen Turai sun fara bincika da mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Ba da daɗewa ba Fotigal da Sifen suka fara fitar da bayin Afirka zuwa ƙasashen Caribbean, da Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. Dutch da Ingilishi suma sun shiga cinikin bayi, da farko suna ba da kasuwanni a cikin Caribbean da kuma gabar tekun Caribbean na Kudancin Amurka.
Kamfanin Royal Trading ya kafa ta a cikin shekarata 1752 don jagorantar kasuwancin ta a Afirka. Kamfanin Afirka na hanan Kasuwa ne ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya jagoranci yunƙurin kasuwancin Biritaniya zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19. A cikin 1821 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta janye yarjejeniyarsu kuma ta ƙwace ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a bakin tekun. A cikin 1821, gwamnati ta kafa mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Kogin Gold, bayan da ta karɓi ragowar bukatun sauran ƙasashen Turai. Sun sayi kuma sun sanya kasar Kogin Zinariya a cikin 1850 da Dutch Kogin Zinariya, gami da Fort Elmina, a cikin shekarar 1872. Burtaniya ta fadada mulkin mallaka a hankali ta hanyar mamayewa da yin biyayya ga masarautun cikin gida har ila yau, musamman ma ƙungiyar Ashanti da Fante.
Mutanen Ashanti sun mallaki yawancin yankuna na Ghana kafin zuwan Turawa kuma galibi suna rikici dasu. A cikin karni na 21 sun ci gaba da kasancewa mafi yawan al'ummomin kabilu a Ghana. Yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu, yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti, an yi su ne tsakanin Ashanti (Asante) da Birtaniyya, waɗanda a wasu lokutan suke ƙawance da Fante.
A lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Farko (1822-24), ƙungiyoyin biyu sun yi faɗa saboda rashin jituwa a kan shugaban Ashanti da bautar. Turawan ingila sun soke cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika amma suka ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yankunanta har zuwa 1834. Tashin hankali ya karu a 1874 yayin Yakin Ashanti na Biyu (1873-74) lokacin da Birtaniyya ta kori Ashanti babban birnin Kumasi. Yakin Ashanti na Uku (1893–94) ya faru ne saboda sabon mai mulkin Ashanti Asantehene yana son yin amfani da sabon taken nasa. Daga shekarar 1895–96 Turawan Burtaniya da Ashanti suka fafata a Yakin Ashanti na hudu kuma na karshe, inda Ashanti suka yi gwagwarmaya kuma suka rasa ‘yancinsu. A cikin 1900 tashin Ashanti ya faru. Turawan ingila sun murkushe tashin hankali kuma suka kame garin Kumasi. A karshen wannan makon Ashanti War, karkarar da Ashanti mutanen da suka zama a Birtaniya protectorate a 1 ga watan Janairun shekarata 1902.
Zuwa shekarar 1901, Birtaniyya ta kafa mulkin mallaka wanda ya hada dukkan Zinariya, tare da masarautun ta da kabilun da suke dauke da rukuni daya. Turawan sun yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri kamar su zinariya, karafan ƙarfe, lu'ulu'u, hauren giwa, barkono, katako, hatsi da koko. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun gina hanyoyin jirgin kasa da hadaddun hanyoyin sufuri don tallafawa jigilar irin wadannan kayan masarufi. Wannan ya kafa tushe ga kayayyakin sufuri a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta zamani. Sun kuma gina asibitoci da makarantu irin na Yamma don samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga mutanen masarautar. Alkawarin Ashanti da Fante samari galibi sun kammala karatun su a Biritaniya a wasu manyan jami'o'in ta.
Zuwa 1945, a sakamakon babban rawar mulkin mallaka a yakin duniya na biyu, masu kishin kasa a Kogin Zinariya sun dauki matsayin jagoranci wajen neman karin ikon cin gashin kai. A shekarar 1951-55 sun raba mulki tare da Birtaniyya. Zuwa 1956, Burtaniya Togoland, Ashanti protectorate, da Fante protectorate sun hade da Kogin Zinariya don kirkirar yanki daya, wanda ya zama sananne da Kogin Zinariya. Dokar 'Yancin Gana ta 1957 ta zama masarautar masarautar Kogin Zinariya a matsayin wani bangare na sabuwar mamayar Ghana.
Mulkin Burtaniya
A ƙarshen karni na 19, Turawan Birtaniyya, ta hanyar mamaya ko sayayya, sun mamaye yawancin katangar bakin tekun. Manyan dalilai guda biyu sun aza harsashin mulkin Burtaniya da kuma kafa mulkin mallaka a kan Kogin Zinariya: Abin da Birtaniyya ta yi game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Asante da sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali da rikice-rikice na kasuwanci, da ƙwarewar Birtaniyya tare da danniya da kawar da cinikin bayi.
A lokacin mafi yawan karni na 19, Asante, mafi karfin iko na cikin gidan Akan, ya nemi fadada mulkin sa da inganta da kuma kare kasuwancin sa. Yaƙin Asante na farko na yankunan bakin teku ya faru ne a cikin 1807; ‘yan Asante sun sake komawa kudu a yakin Ga-Fante na shekara ta 1811 da kuma a yakin Ashanti – Akim – Akwapim na 1814-16. Waɗannan hare-haren, duk da cewa ba su yanke hukunci ba, sun katse fatauci a cikin kayayyakin irin su fuka-fukai, hauren giwa, roba da man dabino, kuma sun yi barazanar tsaron ƙauyukan Turai. Hukumomin Birtaniyya, Dutch, da na Danish duk an tilasta musu su sasanta da Asante. A cikin 1817 Kamfanin Afirka na Mercan Kasuwa suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota wacce ta amince da iƙirarin Asante ga ikon mallakar manyan yankuna na gabar teku da jama'arta. Kadarorin Kamfanin 'Yan Kasuwa na Afirka sun ƙunshi manyan wuraren kasuwanci tara ko masana'antu: Fort William, Fort James, Fort Sekondi, Fort Winneba, Fort Apollonia, Fort Tantumquery, Fort Metal Cross, Fort Komenda, da Cape Coast Castle, na ƙarshe na wacce ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa.
Mutanen da ke bakin teku, musamman wasu daga cikin Fante da mazauna sabon garin Accra, wadanda suka kasance manyan Ga, sun dogara ne da kariyar Burtaniya daga mamayar Asante. Amma kamfanonin kasuwanci suna da iyakantaccen ƙarfin samar da irin wannan tsaro. Masarautar Burtaniya ta rusa kamfanin a shekarar 1821, tare da ba da iko kan masarautar Burtaniya a kan Gold Coast ga Charles MacCarthy, gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Saliyo. Kungiyoyin Birtaniyya da Saliyo sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin gama gari don rabin farkon karni. Umurnin MacCarthy shine gabatar da zaman lafiya da kuma kawo karshen cinikin bayi. Ya nemi yin hakan ta hanyar ƙarfafa mutanen bakin teku su yi adawa da mulkin Kumasi da kuma rufe manyan hanyoyi zuwa bakin tekun. Abubuwa da yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci sun ci gaba, duk da haka. A cikin 1824 an kashe MacCarthy kuma an shafe yawancin ƙarfinsa a cikin yaƙi tare da sojojin Asante. Turawan sun sami nasarar fatattakar mamayar Asante na bakin tekun a cikin shekarata 1826 tare da haɗin gwiwa na sojojin Burtaniya da na cikin gida, gami da Fante da mutanen Accra. Lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da izinin kula da matsugunan Gold Coast don komawa ga Kamfanin Kasuwancin Afirka na Burtaniya a ƙarshen 1820s, dangantaka da Asante har yanzu tana da matsala. Daga ra'ayin Asante, Birtaniyyawa sun kasa sarrafa ayyukan ƙawayen yankinsu na bakin teku. Idan aka yi haka, da Asante ba ta ga ya zama dole ba don yunƙurin sanya zaman lafiya a kan mutanen bakin teku. Arfafawar MacCarthy ga adawa da bakin teku ga Asante da harin soja na Biritaniya na 1824 wanda ya biyo baya ya ƙara nuna wa shugabannin Asante cewa Turawa, musamman ma Burtaniya, ba su girmama Asante ba.
A cikin shekarar 1830 wani kwamiti na 'yan kasuwa na London ya zaɓi Kyaftin George Maclean ya zama shugaban ƙaramar hukumar' yan kasuwa. Kodayake ikon ikonsa na yau da kullun yana da iyaka, nasarorin Maclean na da yawa; misali, ya shirya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Asante a 1831. Maclean ya kuma kula da mutanen bakin teku ta hanyar rike kotu na yau da kullun a Cape Coast, inda ya yanke hukunci tare da hukunta wadanda aka samu da laifin tayar da zaman lafiya. Tsakanin 1830 da 1843, yayin da Maclean ke kula da lamura a kan Gold Coast, babu wani rikici da ya faru da Asante. Reportedlyarar kasuwancin ta ba da rahoton sau uku. Aikin Maclean na iyakance ikon shari'a a bakin ruwa yayi tasiri sosai har wani kwamiti na majalisar dokoki ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gudanar da ayyukanta na dindindin tare da tattauna yarjejeniyoyi tare da shuwagabannin gabar teku don ayyana alakar Biritaniya da su. Gwamnatin ta yi haka a cikin shekarata 1843, a wannan shekarar aka sake dawo da gwamnatin ta kambi. An nada kwamanda Henry Worsley Hill gwamnan farko na Gold Coast. A karkashin gwamnatin Maclean, yawancin kabilun bakin teku sun mika wuya don kariyar Burtaniya. Hill ya ci gaba da ayyana yanayi da nauyi na ikon sa a kan yankunan da aka kiyaye. Ya yi yarjejeniya da wata yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da wasu Fante da sauran shugabannin gargajiya waɗanda aka sansu da suna Jond na 1844. Wannan takaddar ta tilasta wa shugabannin yankin gabatar da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai da fashi, zuwa ikon Burtaniya; ta aza harsashin doka don mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na gaba na yankin bakin teku.
Karin jihohin bakin teku da kuma sauran jihohin da ke nesa daga baya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, kuma an karɓi tasirin Burtaniya, an ƙarfafa shi, an faɗaɗa shi. A karkashin sharuddan tsarin 1844, Burtaniya ta bayyana don samar da tsaro ga yankunan bakin teku; don haka, tsarin kare jama'a ya kasance. Kamar yadda nauyin kare kawancen cikin gida da kula da lamuran tsaron gabar teku ya karu, an raba gudanar da Gold Coast da Saliyo a 1850.
A kusan lokaci guda, karɓar karɓar fa'idodin da kasancewar Burtaniya ta haifar da ƙaddamar da wani muhimmin mataki. A watan Afrilu na 1852, manyan sarakuna da dattawa sun hadu a Cape Coast don tuntubar gwamnan kan hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga. Tare da amincewar gwamnan, majalisar sarakuna ta kafa kanta a matsayin majalisar dokoki. A yayin amincewa da kudurorin nata, gwamnan ya nuna cewa taron shugabannin ya kamata ya zama kayan aiki na dindindin na kayan kare kundin tsarin mulki, amma ba a ba wa majalisar takamaiman ikon tsarin mulki ta zartar da dokoki ko karbar haraji ba tare da yardar mutane ba. A cikin 1872 tasirin Birtaniyya akan Gold Coast ya ƙara haɓaka lokacin da Birtaniyya ta sayi theasar Zinariya ta Dutch. Asante, wanda ya kwashe shekaru yana ɗaukar Yaren mutanen Holland a Elmina a matsayin ƙawayensu, saboda haka ya rasa hanyar kasuwanci ta ƙarshe zuwa cikin teku. Don hana wannan asara kuma don tabbatar da cewa kudaden shiga da aka samu daga wannan mukamin sun ci gaba, Asante sun yi mamayar su ta ƙarshe a bakin tekun a cikin 1873. Bayan nasarorin da suka samu da wuri, daga ƙarshe suka yi yaƙi da sojojin Burtaniya da suka sami horo sosai waɗanda suka tilasta su koma baya hayin Kogin Pra. Daga baya ƙoƙarin sasantawa da Birtaniyya ya ƙi amincewa da komandan sojojinsu, Manjo Janar Sir Garnet Wolseley. Don daidaita matsalar Asante har abada, Birtaniyyawa sun mamaye Asante tare da manyan sojoji. Harin, wanda sojojin Birtaniyya 2500 da dimbin mataimakan Afirka suka kaddamar a watan Janairun 1874, ya haifar da mamaya da kone Kumasi, babban birnin Asante.
Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya ta buƙaci Asante ta yi watsi da duk wata da'awar zuwa yankuna da yawa na kudu. Hakanan Asante dole ne ta buɗe hanyar zuwa Kumasi a buɗe don kasuwanci. Daga wannan lokaci zuwa gaba, ƙarfin Asante ya ci gaba da raguwa. Kungiyar a hankali ta wargaje yayin da yankuna da ke ƙarƙashin suka balle kuma yayin da yankuna da ke da kariya suka koma mulkin Burtaniya. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ya haifar da matsaloli da rikice-rikice. A cikin 1896 Burtaniya ta sake tura wani balaguro wanda ya mamaye Kumasi kuma ya tilasta Asante ta zama kariyar Masarautar Burtaniya. Burtaniya ta soke matsayin asantehene kuma ta kori mai ci daga mulkin mallaka.
Babban jigon tarayyar Asante ya karɓi waɗannan sharuɗɗan da gangan. A cikin 1900 Asante sun yi tawaye a Yakin Zinari na Zinare amma an ci su a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 1902 Burtaniya ta shelanta Asante a matsayin mallaka a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan Gold Coast. An sanya rakiyar tare da rashi tunani da tunani a bangarorin biyu. Tare da fatattakar Asante da haɗe shi, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na yankin ya zama gaskiya.
Mulkin mallaka
Rikicin soja tsakanin Asante da Fante ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar tasirin Birtaniyya a kan Gold Coast. Damuwa ce game da ayyukan Asante a gabar tekun wanda ya tilastawa jihohin Fante sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta 1844. A ka'ida, jingina ta bai wa Birtaniyya iyakantattun ikon shari'a-kokarin kisan kai da kuma karar fashi kawai. Hakanan, Turawan ba za su iya samun ƙarin haƙƙoƙin shari'a ba tare da yardar sarakuna, da sarakuna, da kuma mutanen da ke cikin kariya ba. A zahiri, duk da haka, ƙoƙarin Burtaniya don ƙwace ikon mallakar shari'a da yawa ya ci nasara ƙwarai da gaske cewa a cikin 1850s sun yi tunanin kafa kotunan Turai maimakon na gargajiya na Afirka.
Jammu da Kashmir
Jammu da Kashmir tsohuwar jiha ce, yau yanki ne a ɓangaren Arewa mai nisa ta kasar Indiya. Jihar ta mamaye faɗin kasa adadin sukwaya mil 39,179 (wato kilomita 101,473.1) kuma mafi yawanci a yankin tsaunukan Himalaya. Idan aka kwatanta da faɗin kasa to jihar Jammu da Kashmir tafi Masarautar Bhutan amma batakai kasar Suwizalan ba. Jammu da Kashmir ta fada mulkin mallaka a 1947. Jammu da Kashmir tayi iyaka Jan jahohin Himachal Pradesh da ta Punjab a ƙasar Indiya daga kudu da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga daga arewa da gabas sai kuma daga yammaci inda tayi iyaka da kasar Pakistan. Akwai rikici akan yankuna a jihar Jammu da Kashmir tsakanin kasashen Sin, Pakistan da Indiya.
Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)
Mulkin mallaka
Sakamakon motsa jiki na kara fadada ikon shari'a a bakin teku da kuma tabbatar da cewa mutanen bakin teku sun kasance cikin karfin iko, Turawan Burtaniya, bayan kayen da suka yi da Asante a 1874, ya yi shelar tsohuwar masarautar bakin teku mai mulkin mallaka. Yankin Yankin Gold Coast, wanda aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1874, ya ƙunshi yankunan bakin teku kuma ya faɗaɗa har zuwa kan iyakokin mara iyaka na Asante.
Jammu da Kashmir
Addini
Addinai a Jihar Jammu da Kashmir . Addinin Musulunci na mafi girma a jihar Jammu da Kashmir inda kaso 67% na mutanen jihar Musulmai na, sannan kuma mutanen yankin Kashmir adadin mabiya Musulunci yakai 97%.
Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)
Mulkin mallaka
Mutanen da ke bakin teku ba su yi maraba da wannan motsi da farin ciki ba. Ba a shawarce su ba game da wannan haɗakar, wanda ya ba da izinin ware Jond na 1844 ba tare da izini ba kuma ya ɗauki masu sanya hannun sa kamar yankunan da aka ci da yaƙi. Birtaniyyawa, duk da haka, ba ta da'awar kowane haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa, yanayin da wataƙila ke bayyana rashin jituwa tsakanin jama'a. Jim kaɗan bayan ayyana yankin bakin teku a matsayin mallaka, Turawan ingila suka ƙaura da babban birnin mulkin mallaka daga Cape Coast zuwa tsohuwar gidan Danish a Christianborg da ke Accra.
Jammu da Kashmir
Yankuna
Jammu da Kashmir ta kunshi yankuna uku sune, Jammu, Kashmir da kuma Ladakh].
Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)
Mulkin mallaka
Kasar Biritaniya ta sami tasiri daga ƙarshe har ya haɗa da Asante. Bayan kayen Asante a cikin 1896, Turawan Burtaniya sun yi shelar kariyar mulkin mallaka. Da zarar an kori mutanen asantehene da majalisarsa, sai Birtaniyya ta nada wani kwamishina a garin Asante, wanda aka ba shi ikon yin farar hula da na aikata laifi a kan yankunan. Ana gudanar da kowace jihar Asante daga Kumasi a matsayin wani keɓaɓɓen mahaluƙi kuma yana da matuƙar alhakin gwamnan Kogin Zinariya. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Asante ta zama mulkin mallaka bayan shan kayen ta na karshe a shekarar 1901.
A halin yanzu, Turawan Burtaniya sun sami sha'awar manyan yankuna a arewacin Asante, wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Arewa. Wannan buƙata ta samo asali ne ta hanyar buƙatar hana Faransawa da Jamusawa, waɗanda ke samun ci gaba cikin sauri a yankunan kewayen. Jami'an Burtaniya sun fara kutsawa yankin a cikin 1880s, kuma bayan 1896 an ba da kariya ga yankunan arewacin da Asante ke kula da kasuwancinsu da gabar teku. A cikin 1898 da 1899, ikon Turawan mulkin mallaka ya shata kan iyakokin tsakanin Terasashen Arewacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da Faransa da Jamusawa. An ayyana Yankin Arewacin a matsayin mai mulkin mallakar Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1902.
Kamar Asante protectorate, Yankin Arewa an sanya shi ƙarƙashin ikon kwamishina mazaunin wanda ke da alhakin gwamnan Gold Coast. Gwamnan ya mulki Asante da yankunan Arewacin ta hanyar sanarwa har zuwa 1946.
Tare da arewa karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, yankuna uku na Gold Coast - Yankin mallaka (yankuna na gabar teku), Asante, da Yankin Arewacin — sun zama, ga dukkan dalilai masu amfani, rukunin siyasa daya, ko mulkin mallaka, wanda aka fi sani da "dogaro" ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kogin Zinariya. Iyakokin ƙasar Ghana ta yau sun farga ne a watan Mayu 1956 lokacin da mutanen yankin Volta, waɗanda aka fi sani da British Mandated Togoland, suka jefa ƙuri'a cikin yardar rai don zama ɓangare na Ghana ta zamani.
Farawa a cikin 1850, yankuna na bakin teku suna ƙara ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan masarautun Birtaniyya, wanda Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar dokoki suka taimaka masa. Majalisar Zartarwa karamar kungiya ce ta shawarwari ta jami'an Turai da ke ba da shawarar dokoki da jefa kuri'a, gwargwadon amincewar gwamna. Majalisar Dokokin ta hada membobin Majalisar Zartarwa da mambobin da ba na hukuma ba wadanda aka zaba da farko daga bukatun kasuwancin Burtaniya. Bayan 1900 an kara shugabannin uku da wasu 'yan Afirka uku a cikin Majalisar Dokokin, an zaba wadannan daga al'ummomin Turai da suka hada da Accra, Cape Coast, da Sekondi. Cire 'yan Afirka daga Asante da Yankin Arewa bai faru ba sai daga baya. Kafin shekara ta 1925, duk mambobin majalisar dokoki da gwamna ya nada. Membobin hukuma koyaushe suna da yawa fiye da membobin hukuma.
Samuwar sannu-sannu game da mulkin mallakar mulkin mallaka ya kawo ikon dunkulewa kan ayyukan gida, kodayake har yanzu ana ba da ainihin ayyukan waɗannan ayyukan ga ƙananan hukumomi. An bayyana takamaiman ayyuka da nauyi a fili, kuma an bayyana rawar da gwamnatocin gargajiya ke takawa a harkokin cikin gida.
Tsarin kananan hukumomi ya samo asali ne daga tsarin mulkin gargajiya. Kungiyoyin shugabannin gari da dattawa kusan ke da alhakin biyan bukatun kowane yanki, ciki har da doka da oda da kuma jin daɗin jama'a. Kansiloli, duk da haka, ana mulkinsu da yardar rai maimakon ta hanyar dama. Ajin masu mulkin al'umma ne suka zabi shuwagabanni; wani shugaban gargajiya ya ci gaba da mulki ba wai kawai don shi ne zabin abin da za a iya kira mai martaba ba, amma kuma saboda mutanensa sun yarda da shi. Batun kwance sarauta ko ɓata sunan da dattawan ƙabila suka yi ya zama al'ada gama gari idan sarki ya gaza biyan buƙatu ko tsammanin jama'a. Sarakunan gargajiya sun yi fice sosai a tsarin mulkin kai tsaye da hukumomin Burtaniya suka amince da shi don gudanar da mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cewar Frederick Lugard, mai tsara manufofin, dokar kai-tsaye ba ta da tsada saboda ta rage yawan jami'an Turai a fagen. Ta hanyar barin sarakunan cikin gida suyi amfani da ikon gudanarwa kai tsaye akan mutanen su, za a rage masu adawa da mulkin Turawa daga yawan jama'ar yankin. Manyan, duk da haka, yakamata su karɓi umarni daga shuwagabanninsu na Turai. Tsarin, a cewar Lugard, yana da ƙarin fa'idar wayewa da 'yan ƙasar, saboda ya fallasa sarakunan gargajiya ga fa'idodin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Turai da ɗabi'u. Wannan tsarin "wayewa" duk da cewa, dokar kai tsaye tana da babbar fa'ida ta tabbatar da kiyaye doka da oda.
Amfani da mulkin kai tsaye a cikin Kogin Zinariya ya zama mai mahimmanci, musamman bayan an kawo Asante da Yankin Arewa ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya. Kafin ingantaccen mulkin mallaka na waɗannan yankuna, niyyar Burtaniya ta yi amfani da ƙarfi da yarjejeniyoyi don sarrafa sarakunan Asante da arewa. Da zarar an aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye, sarakunan sun zama masu alhakin hukumomin mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka goyi bayan su. Ta fuskoki da yawa, sabili da haka, an haɓaka ƙarfin kowane sarki sosai. Kodayake Lugard ya nuna tasirin wayewar kai na mulkin kai tsaye, masu sukar manufofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an cire asalin shigar jama'a daga tsarin siyasa na gargajiya. Duk da takaddun ka'idoji na nuna bangaranci, mulkin kai tsaye a aikace ya sa shuwagabanni neman izini zuwa Accra (babban birni) maimakon neman shawarar mutanensu ga mutanensu. Shugabanni da dattawa da yawa sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka. Gabaɗaya kwamishinonin gwamnati ne ke jagorantar majalisunsu, waɗanda galibi suke ba wa sarakuna girmamawa, ado, da kuma kwarjini. Dokar kai tsaye ta kasance tana adana hanyoyin gargajiya da hanyoyin samun iko, amma, kuma ya kasa samar da dama mai ma'ana ga karuwar samari masu ilimi da ke hankoron samun wani ci gaba a cikin kasarsu. Sauran kungiyoyin ba su gamsu ba saboda babu wadataccen hadin kai tsakanin majalisun da gwamnatin tsakiya kuma saboda wasu na ganin cewa shugabannin yankin sun fi karfin kwamishinonin gundumar Burtaniya
A cikin 1925 majalisun larduna na sarakuna an kafa su a duk yankuna uku na mulkin mallaka, wani ɓangare don bawa sarakunan cikakken aikin mallaka. An bi wannan motsawar ne a cikin 1927 ta hanyar gabatar da Dokar Gudanar da Nan ƙasar, wanda ya maye gurbin tsari na 1883 wanda ya sanya sarakuna a cikin Coastasar Gold Coast a ƙarƙashin kulawar Burtaniya. Manufar ita ce a bayyana tare da tsara iko da yankunan ikon sarakuna da kansiloli. An bai wa majalisu takamaiman ayyuka a kan rikice-rikicen zaɓe da kuma rashin kujerun sarakuna; an bayyana yadda ake zaben shugabanni; kuma an ayyana ikon alkalai kuma an ba da su. An damka wa kansiloli matsayin ayyana dokar gargajiya a yankunansu (dole ne gwamnati ta amince da shawarar da suka yanke), kuma an baiwa majalisun larduna ikon zama kotunan yanke hukunci game da al'amuran dokar al'ada lokacin da takaddama ta kaure tsakanin sarakuna a wasu mukamai daban-daban. Har zuwa 1939, lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Baitul Malin 'Yan ƙasar, kodayake, babu tanadi don kasafin kuɗin gida. A cikin 1935 Dokar Hukumomin Nan ƙasar ta haɗu da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tsakiya da ƙananan hukumomi zuwa tsarin mulki ɗaya. Sabbin hukumomi na asali, waɗanda gwamnan ya nada, an ba su iko na ƙananan hukumomi a ƙarƙashin kulawar kwamishinonin lardunan gwamnatin tsakiya, waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa manufofinsu za su kasance na gwamnatin tsakiya.
A shekarar 1948 yan asalin kasar Ghana sun yanke shawarar yin gwagwarmayar neman yanci.
Majalisun larduna da motsawa don ƙarfafa su ba sanannen abu ba ne. Ko da ta ma'aunin Burtaniya, ba a ba wa sarakuna isasshen ƙarfi don zama ingantattun kayan aiki na mulkin kai tsaye ba. Wasu 'yan Ghana sun yi imanin cewa sake fasalin, ta hanyar ƙaruwa da ikon sarakuna ta hanyar yunƙurin gida, ya ba da izinin mulkin mallaka ya guji motsi zuwa kowane nau'i na shahararren mashahuran gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya
Shekarun mulkin Burtaniya na Gold Coast a cikin ƙarni na 20 wani zamani ne na ci gaba mai mahimmancin ci gaban zamantakewar jama'a, tattalin arziki, da ci gaban ilimi. An inganta sadarwa sosai. Misali, layin dogo na Sekondi-Tarkwa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1898, an tsawaita shi har sai ya hade yawancin mahimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci na kudu, kuma zuwa 1937, akwai tituna na kilomita 9,700. An kuma fara ayyukan sadarwa da gidan waya.
Sabbin amfanin gona suma an gabatar dasu kuma sun sami karbuwa sosai. Bishiyoyin Cacao, waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin 1878, sun kawo amfanin gona na farko ga manoman cikin gida; ya zama babban ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1920 lokacin da cuta ta shafe bishiyoyin Brazil. Noman koko ya kasance mafi yawa a hannun 'yan Afirka. An kirkiro Hukumar Tallace-tallace koko a cikin 1947 don taimakawa manoma da kuma daidaita samar da sayar da amfanin gonar su. A karshen wannan shekarun, Gold Coast na ta fitar da fiye da rabin koko na duniya.
Abubuwan da mulkin mallaka suka samu ya karu daga fitowar katako da zinariya. Zinare, wanda da farko ya kawo Turawa zuwa Gold Coast, ya kasance a hannun 'yan Afirka har zuwa 1890s. Dabarun gargajiya na yin fankoki da hakar ma'adinai, amma, ba da wadataccen fitarwa ba. Ci gaban zamani na hakar ma'adanai ya sanya hakar gwal ya zama wani kamfani ne na ƙetare na ƙasashen waje. Misali, Kamfanin Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, wanda aka shirya shi a shekarar 1897, ya sami rangwamen kusan kilomita murabba'i 160 wanda a ciki za a iya samun kasuwancin zinariya. Kodayake wasu hukumomin kabilun sun ci riba sosai daga ba da gudummawar haƙar ma'adinai, amma kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai na Turai da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ne suka tara yawancin arzikin. Kudin shiga daga fitarwa na albarkatun kasa na mulkin mallaka ya inganta kudaden cikin gida a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan zamantakewa. Tushen tsarin ilimin da ya ci gaba fiye da kowane irin sa a Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya samo asali ne daga kudaden fitarwa na ma'adinai.
Yawancin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓaka a cikin Gold Coast a farkon ɓangaren wannan ƙarni na yanzu an danganta su ne ga Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, gwamna daga 1919 zuwa 1927. Guggisberg an haife shi a Galt (kusa da Toronto), Kanada, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Burtaniya a 1889. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, yayi aiki a matsayin mai safiyo a cikin kasashen masarautar Burtaniya na Kogin Zinariya da Najeriya, sannan daga baya, a lokacin yakin duniya na daya, yayi aiki a Faransa.
A farkon gwamnan sa na Gold Coast, Guggisberg ya gabatar da wani shiri na cigaban shekaru 10 ga majalisar dokoki. Ya ba da shawarar farko game da inganta harkokin sufuri. Bayan haka, saboda fifikon, inganta abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da samar da ruwa, magudanan ruwa, ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, gine-ginen jama'a, inganta gari, makarantu, asibitoci, gidajen yari, layukan sadarwa, da sauran ayyuka. Guggisberg ya kuma kafa burin cika rabin matsayin mulkin mallaka da yan Afirka da zaran sun samu horo. An bayyana shirin nasa a matsayin mafi girman burin da aka gabatar a Afirka ta Yamma har zuwa wannan lokacin. Wani shiri na gwamnan ya haifar da kirkirar tashar jiragen ruwa a Takoradi, wanda daga baya ya zama tashar jirgin ruwa ta farko a Ghana. Kwalejin Achimota, wacce ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan mafi kyaun makarantun sakandare na ƙasar, ita ma ra'ayin Guggisberg ne. Lokacin auna tasirin tasirin rayuwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙuntataccen bayyananniyar hangen nesa shine iyakantaccen adadin bayanai masu dacewa da daidaitaccen ma'aunin lafiyar ɗan adam. Hanyoyin ilimin lissafi suna ba da wata hanya don shawo kan iyakoki, kuma suna bayyana canjin lokaci mai tsawo. Baten ya zana abin da ya dade yana gudana wanda ya hada da kwarewar zamanin mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun 'yanci. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ga Ghana, lokacin mulkin mallaka na karni na 20 bai kasance mara kyau ba musamman. Don zama mafi daidaitaccen tsarin rayuwa ya inganta cikin sauri a farkon shekaru goma na karni na 20 lokacin da noman koko ya tashi. Gabaɗaya, aiwatar da tattalin arziƙi da tsarin rayuwa na lokacin mulkin mallaka yana nuna kyakkyawan tarihi fiye da lokacin bayan yancin kai. Ta hanyar ilimantarwa irin ta Biritaniya ne wani sabon mashahurin dan Ghana ya sami dukiya da sha'awar yin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. A lokacin shekarun mulkin mallaka, cibiyoyin ilimin kasar sun bunkasa sosai. Tun daga farko a makarantun mishan, a farkon karni na 20 an sami ci gaba sosai a fannoni da dama, kuma, kodayake ayyukan sun ci gaba da shiga, amma gwamnatin ta ci gaba da kara kauna da tallafi. A cikin 1909 gwamnati ta kafa makarantar fasaha da kwalejin horar da malamai a Accra; Ofishin jakadancin ya kafa wasu makarantun sakandare da yawa. Gwamnati a hankali ta kara tallafawa ta kudi don karuwar adadin makarantun jihohi da na mishan. A shekarar 1948 kasar ta bude cibiyar farko ta manyan makarantu, kwalejin jami'a.
Mulkin mallaka ya taimaki Birtaniyya a duka Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Daga 1914 zuwa 1918, ,ungiyar Kogin Zinariya ta yi aiki da bambanci a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Jamusawa a Kamaru da cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Gabashin Afirka. A Yaƙin Duniya na II, dakaru daga yankin Kogin Zinariya sun sami babban daraja bayan manyan ayyuka a wurare kamar Habasha da Burma. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, duk da haka, matsalolin bayan tashin hankali na hauhawar farashi da rashin kwanciyar hankali ya yi matukar kawo cikas ga gyara ga tsoffin sojoji, wadanda ke kan gaba cikin rashin jin dadi da tashin hankali. Yakinsu na yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji sun faɗaɗa tunaninsu, wanda ya sanya ya zama da wuya a gare su su koma ga ƙasƙantar da kai da matsayin da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka ware wa Afirka.