cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Dokar Komawa
Gyaran zuriyar Yahudawa
Rabbinate na Isra'ila wata ƙungiya ce ta Orthodox zalla wacce ta fi tsauri wajen ayyana 'wane Bayahude'. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin da dubban baƙi waɗanda suka cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin Dokar Koma, ba su cancanci auren Yahudawa daga Rabin Isra'ila ba.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Yahudawa guda 3,340,000 ne suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1948. Dubban daruruwan mutanen da ba su da matsayin Bayahude a karkashin fassarar Yahudawan Orthodox na Halacha sun sami zama dan kasar Isra'ila, kamar yadda dokar ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk zuriyar Bayahude (ciki har da jikoki) da matansu.
Kin zama ɗan ƙasa
Sashi na 2 (b) na Dokar Komawa yana baiwa Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ikon hana zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa bisa wasu dalilai. Misali, ana iya hana mai neman zama dan kasa idan ana ganin shi ko ita a matsayin barazana ga tsaron kasar Isra’ila (misali cin amanar kasar Yahudu), ko kuma wanda ya taba aikata laifin da ya shafi babban laifi, kamar kisa. kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga jin daɗin ƙasar Isra'ila; ko, alal misali, yana iya zama mai gudun hijira a wata ƙasa don kowane laifi (sai dai idan an tsananta musu); ko kuma irin waɗannan mutanen waɗanda, ta dalilin rashin lafiyarsu, na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ga mutanen Isra'ila; kamar yadda kuma duk mutumin da ke da himma a duk wani kamfen da ke yin furuci da yahudawa tare da lalata manufarsu (kamar lalata).
Anyi amfani da wannan tanadin don ware masu neman sau kaɗan tun kafa Isra'ila. Abubuwan da suka shahara sun hada da Robert Soblen, Ba’amurke ɗan gurguzu wanda ya yi wa Tarayyar Soviet leken asiri kuma ya gudu zuwa Isra’ila a ƙoƙarin tserewa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai; Meyer Lansky, wani ɗan boren Ba'amurke ne wanda aka fara ba shi izinin shiga Isra'ila amma bayan shekaru biyu an kore shi; da kuma Victor Vancier, dan gwagwarmayar Kahanist dan ƙasar Amurka da aka samu da hannu a jerin hare-haren bama-bamai.
A shekara ta 1962 shari’ar Oswald Rufeisen, wanda aka haife shi Bayahude dan kasar Poland ne kuma daga baya ya koma Katolika, ya zo gaban Kotun Kolin Isra’ila. Kotun kolin ta yanke hukuncin cewa "babu wanda zai iya daukar ridda a matsayin na Yahudawa".
Mabiya addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu
Kotun Koli ta Isra’ila ta yanke hukunci a cikin shekara ta 1989 cewa addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu ya ƙunshi wani addini, kuma mutanen da suka zama Yahudawan Almasihu ba su cancanci Aliyah ba a ƙarƙashin doka.
A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a shari’ar da wasu mutane da kakanni da kakanni Yahudawa suka kai da aka ƙi amincewa da neman zama ’yan ƙasa domin su Yahudawa ne na Almasihu. Masu neman sun yi gardamar cewa ba su taɓa zama Yahudawa ba bisa ga halakha, don haka ba a cire su da maganar musulunta ba. An tabbatar da wannan hujja a cikin hukuncin,  kuma gwamnati ta amince da sake sake aikace-aikacen su. Duk da wannan, ana ɗaukar Yahudawan Almasihu a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci doka idan za su iya da'awar zuriyar Yahudawa (suna da uba ko kakan Bayahude).
Da'awar nuna wariya dangane da 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu
Masu suka sun yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar Komawa ta ci karo da iƙirarin ƙasar dimokuradiyya.
Falasdinawa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu sun soki Dokar Komawa, wadda suke kwatanta da'awar Falasdinawa na 'yancin komawar Falasdinu. Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi la'akari da Dokar, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙin 'yancin dawowa, zalunci da nuna bambancin kabilanci.
Wani rahoto da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Yammacin Asiya (ESCWA) ta fitar ya yi kakkausar suka ga Dokar Komawa, “tana ba Yahudawa a duk duniya ’yancin shiga Isra’ila da samun ƴan ƙasar Isra’ila ba tare da la’akari da ƙasashensu na asali ba da kuma ko za su iya nuna alaƙa ko a’a. Isra'ila-Falasdinu, yayin da take hana duk wani haƙƙin mai kama da Falasdinawa, ciki har da wadanda ke da bayanan gidajen kakanni a cikin kasar," a matsayin manufar "injin injiniyan al'umma" na nufin daukaka matsayin Isra'ila a matsayin " Yahudawa ". Daga baya an janye rahoton sakamakon takaddama.
Dangantakar jinsi daya
A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2011, an gwada Dokar Komawa sa’ad da ma’aurata maza masu luwaɗi, Bayahude ɗaya da Katolika ɗaya suka yi Aliyah zuwa Isra’ila. Wannan ma'auratan sun kasance farkon jinsi ɗaya, ma'auratan addini daban-daban don neman matsayin Aliyah na haɗin gwiwa, kodayake ma'auratan ma'aurata na addinai daban-daban suna samun haɗin gwiwa a matsayin Aliyah. Bayahuden nan da nan ya samu takardar zama dan kasa amma ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta jinkirta yanke shawarar zama dan kasa ga mijin nasa duk kuwa da furucin da ke cikin dokar cewa dole ne a bai wa matar da Bayahude da ya koma zama dan kasa. A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2011, Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ta ba wa mijin da ba Bayahude ba zama ɗan ƙasa kamar yadda Dokar Komawa ta tanadar.
A shekara ta 2014, Ministan cikin gida Gideon Sa’ar ya sanar da cewa Yahudawan da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya da suka yi aure a ƙasashen waje amma suna son yin hijira zuwa Isra’ila an ba su izinin yin hakan a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa, har ma da ma’auratan da ba Bayahude ba. zai sami ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila.
Taimakawa ga Dokar Komawa
Magoya bayan dokar sun ce ta yi kama da na yawancin jihohin Turai, wadanda kuma ke amfani da bangaren kabilanci.
Magoya bayansa suna jayayya cewa:
Muhawara a Isra'ila
Goyon bayan doka tsakanin Larabawa Isra'ila ya ragu sosai. A cewar wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na jami'ar Haifa Sammy Smooha tsakanin Yahudawa 700 da Larabawa 700 da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2017 kashi 25.2% ne kawai suka "karbi" dokar komowa, ƙasa daga 39% a shekara ta 2015.
A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2007, gano wani tashin hankali cell Neo-Nazi Isra'ila ( Patrol 35 ) a cikin Petah Tikva, kunshi matasa baƙi daga tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, ya haifar da sabunta kira tsakanin 'yan siyasa don gyara Dokar Komawa. Effi Eitam na Jam'iyyar Addini ta Kasa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na addini kuma a baya sun yi ƙoƙari su gabatar da kudirin yin kwaskwarima ga Dokar Komawa, ya bayyana cewa Isra'ila ta zama "mafari ga mutanen da suke ƙin Isra'ila, masu ƙin Yahudawa, da kuma Yahudawa. ku yi amfani da Dokar Komawa don yin aiki da wannan ƙiyayya." A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, MK Ahmed Tibi na United Arab List da Ta’al sun soki tsarin da tsarin ya bi sau biyu, yana mai cewa, “mutane sun yi hijira zuwa Isra’ila kuma sun samu takardar zama ‘yan kasa ta atomatik a karkashin dokar komowa, yayin da ‘yan Nazarat da Tayibe ke zama ‘yan kasar. ba a yarda su ziyarci 'yan'uwansu kawai saboda kasancewarsu Larabawa ."
Kashi 37 cikin 100 na 'yan Isra'ila da aka yi musu ra'ayi sun ce zurfafa bincike kan sabbin baƙin haure zai kai ga nuna wariyar launin fata ga Yahudawan da suka fito daga kasashen Rasha.
Aiwatar da doka
Daga cikin wadanda ke goyon bayan ci gaba da rike Doka, akwai sabani game da yadda ta bayyana. Ma'anar Dokar ta "Yahudawa" da "Yahudawa" tana cikin muhawara. Yahudawan Isra'ila da na Ƙasashen waje sun bambanta da juna a matsayin ƙungiya kuma a tsakanin juna game da abin da wannan ma'anar ya kamata ya kasance don dalilan Dokar Komawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai muhawara mai zafi a kan ma'anar kalmomin "Ƙasar Yahudawa" da "Jihar Yahudawa".
Ba wai kawai Knesset ba, duk da haka, an wajabta ta akai-akai don magance waɗannan batutuwa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. A cikin shekaru da yawa, ministocin cikin gida da yawa na Isra’ila sun bincika batun Dokar Komawa kuma sun yi watsi da yadda za su yi amfani da ita. An kuma yi kira ga bangaren shari’a da su bayyana ra’ayi kan al’amuran da suka shafi Doka. Wannan tambaya mai zafi da maimaita ta a tattaunawar siyasar kasar ba kawai ta bayyana ba, har ma da kara bambance-bambancen ra'ayi tsakanin Isra'ilawa.
Batu ɗaya ta tsakiya ita ce wacce ke da ikon tantance ingancin tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci don dalilai na shige da fice da zama ɗan ƙasa. Don dalilai na tarihi, Babban Malamin Isra’ila, a ƙarƙashin Ma’aikatar Al’amuran Addini ta Isra’ila, ya yanke wannan shawarar, amma wannan tsari yana cikin tambaya. Wannan al'ada ta fuskanci adawa a tsakanin shugabannin addini da ba na Orthodox ba a cikin Isra'ila da kuma na kasashen waje. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don warware matsalar, na baya-bayan nan shi ne Hukumar Ne'eman, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da samun cikas.
A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2005, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta yanke hukunci 7–4 cewa duk juzu'an da aka yi a wajen Isra'ila za su gane da hukuma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa, duk da ra'ayin Hukumar Ne'eman cewa ƙungiya ɗaya ta kamata ta ƙayyade cancantar shige da fice. Kotun ta riga ta yanke hukunci a shekara ta 1989 cewa jujjuyawar da aka yi a wajen Isra’ila tana da amfani ga Dokar Komawa (ko da kuwa sun kasance Orthodox, Conservative, ko Reform). Hukumcin shekara ta 2005 ya tsawaita wannan, yana gano cewa tuba a ƙasashen waje har yanzu yana da inganci ko da mutane sun yi aikin shirye-shiryen tuba yayin da suke zaune a Isra'ila.
Azume Adams
Azuma Adams (an haifeta ranar 28 ga watan Disamba, 1997) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana ce da ke wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ta fito a wasanni biyu na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa da shekara 17 ta Ghana. Ta kasance a cikin Squad a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na 2012 FIFA U-17, 2014 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup da 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
Ernestina Abambila
Ernestina Abambila (an haife ta 30 Disamba 1998) ita 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana ce, wacce ke taka leda a matsayin yar wasan tsakkiya da kuma mai tsaron gida na UKS SMS Łódź a cikin Ekstraliga na Poland. Abambila ita ce 'yar kasar Ghana ta farko da ta zira kwallaye a gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA. Ta yi fice a karon farko ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Ghana da Faransa a shekarar 2017 tana yar shekara 18.
Wasan kwaikwayon kulob
A cikin 2016, Abambila ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Youngstown State. Abambila ta fara sana'ar ta na kwararru bayan ta kammala jami'a. Ta sanya hannu a kulob din Minsk na Belarushiyanci (mata). Ta zama 'yar Ghana ta farko da ta zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA lokacin da FC Minsk ta doke Ljubljana a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA ta 2017-18.
Aikin Kasa da kasa
Abambila ta fara halarta a karon farko a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta 2014 da Costa Rica ta dauki bakunci a 2014. Wasan farko da ta fara yi da Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kawo karshen Ghana da ci 2-0.
Kulob
FC Minsk
Morgan Poaty
Morgan Poaty (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1997) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar Seraing ta farko ta Belgium. An kuma haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa tawagar kasar Kongo wasa.
Sana'a/Aiki
A cikin watan Yuli 2021, Poaty ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Seraing na Belgium kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da zabi na shekara ta uku.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An haifi Poaty a Faransa ga mahaifin Kongo da mahaifiyar Faransa. Shi matashi ne na duniya dan Faransa. Ya yi karo da tawagar kasar Kongo a 1-1 2022 na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da Togo a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2021.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da haɓaka tsarin muhalli shi ne tasirin abubuwa masu guba daban-daban daga muhalli akan haɓaka tayin. Kuma Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da yiwuwar illar abubuwan maye na muhalli akan haɓakar mahaifa ko tayin, da kuma matsalolin ciki Muhallin. Dan Adam yana da ɗan saukin kamuwa da tasiri daga mummunan yanayi a cikin muhallin. Marasa ingantattun yanayin tayi yakan haifar da jinkiri iri-iri na cigaba, na zahiri da na badini, ga jariri mai girma. Ko da yake wasu sauye-sauye na faruwa ne a sakamakon yanayin kwayoyin halittar da suka shafi uba, da yawa ana kawo su kai tsaye daga gubar muhalli da uwa ke kamuwa da su.
Dabbobi daban-daban suna haifar da babban haɗari ga tayin yayin haɓakawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan mata masu juna biyu a ƙasar Amurka suna dauke da sinadarai masu yawa, ciki har da wasu da aka haramta tun shekarun 1970, a jikinsu. Masu bincike sun gano biphenyls polychlorinated, magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine, mahaɗan perfluorinated, phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perchlorate PBDEs, mahadi amfani da matsayin harshen retardants, da kuma dichlorochlorine intriphen. jikin kashi 99 zuwa 100 na mata masu juna biyu da suka gwada. Daga cikin sauran estrogens muhalli, an gano Bisphenol A (BPA) a cikin kashi 96 na matan da aka bincika. Yawancin sinadarai sun kasance a cikin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri a cikin yara daga wasu nazarin kuma ana tunanin cewa bayyanar da sinadarai masu yawa na iya yin tasiri fiye da bayyanar da abu ɗaya kawai.
Tasiri
Ana iya siffanta abubuwan da ke damun muhalli daban-daban ta irin tasirin da Kuma suke da shi, kamar rashin daidaituwa na tsari, canjin girma, gazawar aiki, neoplasia na haihuwa, ko ma mutuwa ga tayin.
Ryan Bidounga
Ryan Bidounga (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League Lokomotiv Plovdiv. An haife shi a Faransa, Bidounga yana taka leda a tawagar kasar Kongo.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Halin yanayin haihuwa na tsarin
Abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke da ikon haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin haihuwa ana iya kiran su da teratogen s. Su ne wakilai na waje zuwa amfrayo ko tayin da ke haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda zai haifar da haɗarin rashin lafiya, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, canza aiki, ƙarancin girma ko zubar ciki. An rarraba Teratogens zuwa manyan rukunai hudu:
Ryan Bidounga
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Bidounga ya fara wasansa na farko tare da kuma Nancy a wasan Coupe de la Ligue da ci 1-0 akan Caen a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Halin yanayin haihuwa na tsarin
Teratogens suna shafar tayin ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da:
Ryan Bidounga
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, Bidounga ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob din Lokomotiv Plovdiv na farko na Bulgaria.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Ciwon ci gaban Neuro
Sakamakon Neuroplastic na gurɓatawa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar neurodevelopment.
Yawancin lokuta na Autism suna da alaƙa da takamaiman wurare na yanki, yana nuna cewa wani abu a cikin mahallin yana haɓaka nau'in genotype mai haɗari don haifar da Autism a cikin mutane masu rauni. Sannan kuma Wadannan binciken game da autism suna da rigima, duk da haka, tare da masu bincike da yawa sun gaskanta cewa karuwar ƙididdiga a wasu yankuna shine sakamakon ƙarin ingantaccen bincike da hanyoyin bincike, kuma ba saboda kowane nau'i na muhalli ba.
Ryan Bidounga
Ayyukan kasa
An haife shi a Faransa, Bidounga dan asalin Kongo ne. Shi matashi ne na duniya don Faransa. An kira shi don ya wakilci tawagar 'yan wasan Kongo don wasan sada zumunci a cikin Maris 2022. Ya yi wasa da Congo a wasan sada zumunci da Zambia da ci 3-1 a ranar 25 ga Maris 2022.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Magunguna masu guba da tasirin su
Abubuwan da aka gano suna da cutarwa musamman sun haɗa da gubar (wanda ake ajiyewa a cikin ƙasusuwan uwa), hayakin sigari, barasa, mercury (mai guba na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake cinyewa ta hanyar kifi), carbon dioxide, da ionizing radiation.
Durel Avounou
Bel Durel Avounou (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kwango wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga Le Mans.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Barasa
Shan barasa a cikin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice daban-daban da aka sani da rikice-rikicen barasa na tayin. Mafi tsanani daga cikinsu shine ciwon barasa na tayin.
Shan taba
Bayyanar tayin ga hayaƙin taba mai ciki na iya fuskantar ɗimbin wasu matsalolin ɗabi'a, jijiya, da ta jiki. Mummunan illolin sun haɗa da haihuwa, rushewar wuri, rashin haihuwa, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na jiki (lalacewa da dai sauransu), raguwar aikin huhu, ƙara haɗarin mutuwar jarirai.
Durel Avounou
Sana'a/Aiki
A ƙarshen kwantiraginsa na Caen, Avounou ya shiga Le Mans, yana sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara a cikin Yuni 2020.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Mercury
Elemental Mercury da methylmercury nau'i ne na mercury guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya haifar da haɗarin guba na mercury a cikin ciki. Methylmercury, gurɓataccen abincin teku a duniya da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, Kuma an san shi yana haifar da mummunan tasirin tsarin juyayi, musamman yayin haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwa. Cin kifi shine babban tushen bayyanar mercury a cikin mutane kuma wasu kifaye na iya ƙunsar isassun mercury don cutar da haɓakar tsarin juyayi na tayi ko tayi, wani lokaci yana haifar da nakasar ilmantarwa. Mercury yana cikin nau'ikan kifi da yawa, amma galibi ana samunsa a cikin wasu manyan kifin. Ɗayan da aka rubuta da kyau game da shigar da sinadarin mercury mai yaɗuwa da rikice-rikicen ci gaban tayin ya faru a cikin shekarata 1950s a Minamata Bay, Japan. Wani kamfanin masana'antu da ke kusa da shi ke amfani da shi wajen kera robobi, an fitar da methyl mercury a cikin ruwan Minamata Bay, inda jama'ar kauyen suka ci gaba da sha a kai a kai da suka yi amfani da kifin da ke zaune a bakin tekun a matsayin abincin abinci. Sannan Ba da daɗewa ba, yawancin mazaunan da ke cin naman da ke ɗauke da mercury sun fara fuskantar mummunan sakamako daga shan guba; duk da haka, mercury ya shafi mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayin, wanda ya haifar da yawan zubar da ciki. Jarirai da suka tsira da suka kamu da cutar mercury a cikin utero suna da matsanancin nakasu na jiki da na hankali, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki daga fallasa cikin mahaifa a lokacin mahimman matakai na ci gaban jiki na tayi. Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun shawarci mata masu juna biyu kada su ci takobi, shark, mackerel da tilefish da iyakance cin tuna tuna zuwa oza 6 ko ƙasa da mako guda.
Durel Avounou
Sana'a/Aiki
Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Jamhuriyar Congo a shekarar 2015.
Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Mercury
Matsakaicin matakin mercury a jarirai a Gaza ana hasashen cewa ya samo asali ne daga makamin yaki.
Bayyanar Mercury a cikin ciki na iya haifar da lahani ga gaɓoɓi.
Jagoranci
Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness,
Tsarin jijiyoyi masu tasowa na tayin yana da haɗari musamman ga gubar gubar. Kuma Ana lura da cutar cututtukan jijiyoyi a cikin yara na mata da aka fallasa sakamakon ikon gubar don ketare shingen mahaifa. Wani abin damuwa na musamman ga mata masu juna biyu shi ne yadda wasu daga cikin tarin dalmar kasusuwa ke fitowa a cikin jini yayin da suke da juna biyu. Yawancin karatu sun ba da shaida cewa ko da ƙarancin bayyanar da uwaye don jagoranci yana haifar da gazawar hankali da halayya a cikin yara.
Dioxin
Dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi suna dawwama a cikin muhalli na dogon lokaci kuma suna da yawa, don haka duk mutane suna da adadin dioxins a cikin jiki. An danganta bayyanar da intrauterine zuwa dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi tare da sauye-sauye na ci gaba da dabara akan tayin. Sannan kuma Abubuwan da ke haifar da yaro daga baya a rayuwa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin aikin hanta, matakan hormone thyroid, matakan farin jini, da rage yawan aiki a cikin gwaje-gwajen koyo da hankali.
Gurbacewar iska
Gurbacewar iska na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga ciki wanda ke haifar da ɗimbin ƙima na haifuwa da wuri, ƙuntatawa girma, da matsalolin zuciya da huhu a cikin jariri.
Haɗaɗɗen abubuwa kamar carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide da nitrogen dioxide duk suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar lalacewa lokacin da uwa mai jiran gado ta shaka. Ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa kafin haihuwa, rashin girma a cikin mahaifa, da rashin haihuwa duk an gano suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da tayin ga gurɓataccen iska. Ko da yake ana iya samun gurɓatacciyar ƙasa a ko'ina, akwai takamaiman hanyoyin da aka san su don sakin abubuwa masu guba kuma waɗanda ke son su kasance marasa guba idan ya yiwu su guje su. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kuma masana'antar ƙarfe, masana'antar sarrafa sharar ruwa, injina na gurɓata ruwa, masana'antar kera motoci, matatun mai, da masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai.
Sarrafa gurbatar iska na iya zama da wahala. Alal misali, a Los Angeles, an kafa dokoki don sarrafa ƙazanta ta hanyar sanya ƙa'idodi game da hayaƙin masana'antu da abubuwan hawa. Kuma An yi gyare-gyare don biyan waɗannan ka'idoji. Duk da wannan cigaba, har yanzu yankin bai cika ka'idojin tarayya na ozone da particulate kwayoyin halitta ba. Kimanin haihuwa 150,000 na faruwa kowace shekara a Los Angeles. Don haka, duk wani tasiri da gurbatacciyar iska ke haifarwa ga ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin mahaifa yana da matukar damuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune a wannan yanki.
Maganin kashe qwari
An ƙirƙiri magungunan kashe qwari don takamaiman dalilin haifar da lahani (ga kwari, rodents, da sauran kwari), magungunan kashe qwari suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar illa ga ɗan tayi mai tasowa, idan an shigar da su cikin yanayin tayin. Kuma Nazarin ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari, musamman magungunan kashe qwari, sun nuna a cikin nazarin jinin igiyar jarirai, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske ana shigar da irin wannan guba a cikin jikin jariri. Gabaɗaya, magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu da aka fi sani da su a cikin jinin igiya sune diethyltoluamide (DEET) da vinclozolin (maganin fungicides). Ko da yake ba a yawan ambaton gubar magungunan kashe qwari kamar yadda wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na gurɓataccen muhalli, kamar gurɓatacciyar iska, ƙazanta na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci daga shiga ayyukan yau da kullun kamar tafiya a kan hanya kusa da gurɓataccen yanki, ko cin abinci wanda zai iya faruwa a kowane lokaci. ba a yi wanka da kyau ba. A cikin shekarata 2007 kadai, an sami fam biliyan 1.1 na magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari don samun sananne a matsayin sabon dalilin taka tsantsan ga masu son kiyaye lafiyarsu.
Wani bita na shekarata 2013 na nazarin 27 akan abubuwan haihuwa da farkon yara zuwa ga magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate ya sami duka amma ɗayan ya nuna sakamako mara kyau na neurodevelopmental. Kuma A cikin binciken guda goma da aka tantance bayyanar da haihuwa, "an sami raunin fahimi (wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki) a cikin yara a cikin shekaru 7, ƙarancin hali (wanda ke da alaƙa da hankali) ana gani galibi a cikin yara, da ƙarancin motsi (masu haɓakawa), wanda aka gani galibi a cikin neonates."
An yi bita na yau da kullun game da tasirin ci gaban neurodevelopment na prenatal da postnatal organophosphate fallasa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin shekarata 2014. Binciken ya gano cewa "Yawancin binciken da ke kimanta bayyanar da haihuwa ya lura da mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban tunani da kuma karuwar matsalolin kulawa a makarantun gaba da sakandare da yara."
A cikin shakarar 2017, wani bincike ya duba yiwuwar illar magungunan kashe qwari na noma a cikin haifuwa sama da 500,000 a yankin noma na California kuma ya kwatanta bincikensu da sakamakon haihuwa a wasu yankunan California da ba su da ƙarancin noma. Gabaɗaya, sun gano cewa fallasa magungunan kashe qwari ya karu da sakamakon haihuwa da kashi 5-9%, amma a cikin waɗancan iyaye mata ne kawai aka fallasa ga mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari.
Benzenes
An danganta bayyanar da benzene a cikin iyaye mata da lahani na kwakwalwar tayin musamman nakasar bututun jijiya. A cikin binciken daya, bayyanar BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) a lokacin farkon watanni uku na ciki yana nuna karara mara kyau tare da diamita na kwakwalwar biparietal tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 32 na ciki. Sannan kumaMata masu yawan kamuwa da toluene sun ninka sau uku zuwa biyar na yawan zubar da ciki na wadanda ba su da yawa, kuma matan da ke fama da cutar benzene na sana'a an nuna suna da karuwar zubar da ciki. An danganta bayyanar da sana'ar uba ga toluene da formaldehyde da zubar da ciki a cikin abokan aikinsu. Ci gaban al'ada yana da iko sosai ta hanyar hormones, kuma rushewar sinadarai na mutum zai iya canza yanayin ci gaba na dindindin. Ambient ozone yana da alaƙa da mummunan haɗuwa da ƙwayar maniyyi a cikin maza, sinadarai masu alaƙa da ayyukan UOG (misali, benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol da ozone) suna da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri akan ingancin maniyyi, musamman rage yawan adadin maniyyi.
Wani bincike na shekarata 2011 ya sami dangantaka tsakanin Neural Tube Defects da kuma bayyanar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar benzene, wani fili da ke hade da hakar iskar gas. Kuma Binciken ya gano cewa iyaye mata da ke zaune a wuraren kidayar jama'a na Texas tare da matakan benzene mafi girma sun fi samun 'ya'ya masu lahani na jijiyoyi, irin su spina bifida, fiye da iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ƙananan matakan benzene.
Gujewa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki
Kwalejin Nurse-Ungozoma ta Amurka tana ba da shawarar matakan kiyayewa masu zuwa don rage girman kamuwa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki:
Haɓaka iskar gas
A cikin nazarin yankunan karkara na Colorado na ci gaban iskar gas, wurin zama na uwa a cikin radius mai nisan mil 10 na rijiyoyin iskar gas an gano yana da alaƙa mai kyau ga yaduwar cututtukan zuciya (CHDs) da lahani na jijiyoyi (NTDs). Tare da wannan binciken, an sami ƙaramin ƙungiya tsakanin matsakaicin nauyin haihuwa da yawa da kusanci ga rijiyoyin iskar gas. Kuma Fitar da mahaifa ta hanyar rijiyoyin iskar gas na iya zuwa ta hanyar benzene, kaushi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), da sauran gurɓataccen iska kamar toluene, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide.
A Pennsylvania, rijiyoyin da ke samar da iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba sun ƙaru daga sifili a shekarata 2005 zuwa 3689 a 2013. Wani bincike na shekarar 2016 na iyaye mata 9384 da 10946 neonates a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Geisinger a Pennsylvania ya gano bayyanar da yanayin zama na haihuwa zuwa ayyukan haɓakar iskar gas wanda ba a saba da shi ba yana da alaƙa da haihuwa da haihuwa da likita mai rikodin ciki mai haɗari. A kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania, an gano kusancin uwaye da hako iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba yana da alaƙa da rage nauyin haihuwa. Kuma Ba a san ko wace hanya za a bi ta ba: iska, ƙasa ko ruwa za a iya danganta ga ƙungiyar. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da manyan karatu akan wannan batu.
Endocrine disruptors sune mahadi waɗanda zasu iya rushe ci gaban al'ada da matakan hormone na al'ada a cikin mutane. Magungunan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan mahaifa (EDCs) na iya yin hulɗa tare da masu karɓar hormone, da kuma canza yawan adadin hormone a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da amsawar hormone ba daidai ba a cikin jiki da kuma rushe aikin enzyme na yau da kullun. An san hakar mai da iskar gas don ba da gudummawa ga EDCs a cikin mahalli, galibi saboda yawan haɗarin ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa da ke zuwa tare da waɗannan hakar. Kuma Baya ga gurɓataccen ruwa, hakar mai da iskar gas kuma yana haifar da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska, ƙirƙirar wata hanyar fallasa ga waɗannan masu rushewar endocrine. Wannan matsala sau da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba, sabili da haka, ana la'akari da girman tasirin gaske. A cikin 2016, an gudanar da bincike don tantance buƙatar sashin endocrin zuwa kimantawar kiwon lafiya don hakowa da hako mai da iskar gas a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a. Tare da babban yuwuwar sakin sinadarai na mai da iskar gas tare da hakar, musamman sinadarai waɗanda aka nuna don tarwatsa samar da hormone na al'ada da aiki, marubutan sun jaddada buƙatar wani ɓangaren da ke tattare da aikin endocrin da lafiya gabaɗaya tare da kima na kiwon lafiya, da kuma yadda wannan kuma yana tasiri ga muhalli.
Matsayin mahaifa
Matsayin lafiyayyen mahaifa wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta ne wanda ke haifar da shinge ga yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu abubuwan xenobiotic. Koyaya, ta hanyar ƙira shamaki mara kyau tunda dole ne ya jigilar abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Jirgin wuri na iya zama ta hanyar rarrabawa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da narkewar lipid ko ta jigilar abubuwa waɗanda suka fi girma da/ko cajin lantarki. Ana iya jigilar wasu sinadarai masu guba da gaske. Matsakaicin adadin abin da tayin ya karɓa yana ƙayyade yawan adadin abin da aka ɗauka a cikin mahaifa da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da kuma kawar da abu. Kamar yadda tayin yana da rashin girma metabolism, ba zai iya lalata abubuwa da kyau sosai; kuma yayin da mahaifar mahaifa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen musayar abubuwa tsakanin uwa da tayin, ba tare da an ce duk wani abu mai guba da mahaifiyar ta kamu da shi ba ana kai wa tayin, inda za su iya shafar ci gaba. Carbon-dioxide, gubar, ethanol (giya), da hayakin sigari musamman duk abubuwa ne da ke da yuwuwar canja wurin wuri.
Gano yuwuwar haɗari don haɓaka tayi yana buƙatar tushen bayanan kimiyya. A cikin 2004, Brent ya ba da shawarar saitin ma'auni don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa wanda kuma ya shafi gubar haɓakawa gabaɗaya. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune:
Haƙƙoƙin Mata a Koriya ta Arewa
Haƙƙoƙin mata a Koriya ta Arewa sun bambanta a tarihi. A cikin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, manyan abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarni na 20, irin su Rarraban Koriya da kuma daga baya na shekara ta 1990s yunwar Koriya ta Arewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita dangantakar jima'i.
Mahallin tarihi
Kafin shekara ta 1945, a Koriya ta Arewa, mata suna da 'yanci kaɗan. Ana sa ran za su haifi magada maza su raya su; don tabbatar da ci gaba da layin iyali. Mata ba su da damar shiga cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ta al'umma. A cikin al'ummar Koriya ta gargajiya, ba a la'akari da ilimin ilimi da mahimmanci ga mata, kuma kaɗan ne kawai suka sami ilimi na yau da kullun. A ƙarni na 19, Kiristoci masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka kafa makarantun ’yan mata, don haka suka ba wa ’yan Koriya mata damar samun ilimin zamani. Akwai 'yan keɓantawa ga waɗannan iyakoki. Misali, an yi kira ga ’yan shaman mata su yi maganin cututtuka ta wajen korar aljanu, su yi addu’a don ruwan sama a lokacin fari, ko kuma su yi duba da duba.
Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin mata ya canza sosai bayan shekara ta 1945. Ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1946, hukumomi a arewacin layi na talatin da takwas sun zartar da Dokar Daidaiton Jima'i. Kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 1972 ya tabbatar da cewa "matansu suna da matsayi daidai da zamantakewa da 'yancin maza." Kundin tsarin mulki na 1990 ya tanadi cewa jihar ta samar da yanayi daban-daban domin ci gaban mata a cikin al’umma. Bisa ka'ida, dokar Koriya ta Arewa ta goyi bayan daidaiton jima'i.
Akwai ƙalubale da yawa duk da haka. Ko da yake sabon tsarin ya sa mata su kasance daidai gwargwado a cikin ma'aikata a wajen gida da kuma samun damar samun ilimi, an ci gaba da daukar mata a matsayin kasa da maza. Misali shi ne fifikon da namiji mai karfi, da nauyin da ke kan mata don yin mafi yawan ayyukan gida, da kuma bambancin jinsin da aka tabbatar ta hanyar yadda ake raba maza da mata a matakin firamare da manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare. Wasu fannonin manhajojin karatu na yara maza da mata su ma sun bambanta, tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin motsa jiki ga yara maza da kuma tattalin arzikin gida ga 'yan mata. Koyaya, a cikin tsarin jami'a na shekaru huɗu, matan da suka shahara a fannin likitanci, ilmin halitta, da harsunan waje da adabi suna da yawa musamman.
Koriya ta Arewa ta kasance wata al'umma mai kishin addini, kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a fannin iyali da na jama'a ya canza sau da yawa daga karshen yakin duniya na biyu zuwa yau. Bayan yakin, mata sun shiga cikin tattalin arzikin gurguzu da yawa, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake gina kasar. Amma yayin da tattalin arzikin ya inganta a cikin shekarun baya, mata ba su da buƙatuwa a cikin ma'aikata, kuma an sami yunƙurin yin wasu ayyuka na gargajiya.
An bai wa ma’aikatan jihar abinci kuma yawancin iyalai za su iya rayuwa a kan hakan. Amma a lokacin yunwar Koriya ta Arewa na shekarun 1990, waɗannan rarrabuwa, waɗanda aka fi sani da Tsarin Rarraba Jama'a, sun bushe kuma iyalai sun nemi wani wuri don tallafin kuɗi. Maza, duk da cewa ba a biya su, har yanzu ana bukatar su halarci ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnatin da ke fama da kuɗaɗen kuɗi ta dogara kacokan akan aikin ƴancin da suke samu daga mazaje kuma da wuya ta daina wannan al'ada nan ba da jimawa ba.
Domin maza su sami ’yanci daga aiki, a zahiri dole ne su biya ma’aikacin su albashin su sau 20 zuwa 30 na wata-wata, a basu damar yin wasu ayyuka masu fa’ida, kamar aikin gyara. Ana buƙatar wannan biyan kuɗi ko da mutum ba zai iya cin abincin da zai ci ba, idan ba haka ba za a yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Shigar da mata ke yi a kasuwannin ƙwadago a halin yanzu ba shi da tabbas, saboda tsarin tattalin arziƙin launin toka mara ka'ida wanda ya karu tun bayan yunwar. A cewar ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, mata ‘yan kasuwa a sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba suna da rauni ga cin zarafi da cin zarafi, kuma "aiwatar da ƙa'idoji da ƙa'idoji game da ayyukan kasuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma jami'an gwamnati na iya neman cin hanci da cin zarafi da kuma tilasta mata ba tare da wani hukunci ba."
Cin zarafin mata
Ko da a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci na tsarin songbun, tsarin ƙabilanci na Koriya ta Arewa, mata suna fuskantar tashin hankali na musamman. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu fama da talauci su koma karuwanci da shan muggan kwayoyi, har ma wadanda suka yi nasarar tserewa daga ƙasar ta China suna fuskantar cin zarafi ko fataucinsu.
Karuwanci a Koriya ta Arewa
Yunwar da aka yi a shekarun 1990 ta canza al'ummar Koriya ta Arewa sosai cewa har yanzu duniya tana ƙoƙarin fahimtar fa'ida da zurfin wannan canji. Lokacin da bayan yunwar, miliyoyin mutanen Koriya ta Arewa sun fahimci duk wata dabarar rayuwa da ta dace don ciyar da kansu. Wadanda ba su canza ba, kuma jihar ba ta ciyar da su ba, sun mutu. Ga dubban matan Koriya ta Arewa, karuwanci ita ce dabarar rayuwa ta hanya ta ƙarshe don ciyar da kansu, kuma galibi, 'ya'yansu.
A Koriya ta Arewa Kim Il Sung, cinikin jima'i bai ganuwa ga duniyar waje. Hakan ya fara canzawa lokacin da masu safarar Sinawa da johns suka tilastawa dubban mata 'yan gudun hijira shiga cikin cinikin jima'i. A ƙarshen babban yunwa, karuwanci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Koriya ta Arewa. Haka kuma ya zama mai tsari da farauta, inda jami’an jahohin ke taka rawar gani wajen ganin an ba su kariya da kariya.
A Hamheung a shekara ta 2008, an zargi wasu manyan jami'an jam'iyyar da laifin kula da wani gidan shayi da kuma sayar da jima'i, da kuma kare shi daga tsoma bakin 'yan sanda. A cikin Hyesan a shekara ta 2009, an kama manajan wani masaukin gwamnati da jami’an jam’iyyar tsakiya ke yi wa jama’a hidima da laifin yin lalata da mata da ‘yan mata, wasu a tsakiyar shekarun su. Kuɗin Koriya ta Arewa na shekara ta 2009 “sake fasalin” ya kori ƙarin mata cikin cinikin jima'i. A shekara ta 2010, "manjoji ma'aurata" sun shirya karuwanci a Chongjin wadanda suka dace da abokan ciniki, galibi sojoji, da masu yin jima'i, yawancin daliban jami'a mata, da kuma wasu lokuta matan da suka dogara da kwayoyi. A shekara ta 2014, an zargi manajan wata masana'anta ta Koriya ta Arewa da ke China da laifin korar mata ma'aikatan masana'anta.
Rahotannin ba su nuna cewa jihar da sane ta zaɓi yin haƙuri ko riba daga cinikin jima'i a matsayin al'amari na siyasa. Jami’an tsaro lokaci-lokaci suna murkushe sana’ar jima’i, amma babu makawa, lokacin da hukumomi masu cin hanci da rashawa suka yi yunkurin ‘yan sanda wani ciniki mai fa’ida, hukumomi sukan fara ganin wannan sana’ar wata hanya ce ta kara musu albashi. Mafi mahimmanci, a cikin al'ummar da jami'ai ke zama doka, inda ake aiwatar da doka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma inda jihar ke samun riba daga kasuwanci a kalla a fakaice, zai yi wuya a iya bambanta tsakanin cin hanci da rashawa da manufofin jihohi. A yau, jaridar Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa, ’yan kasuwa masu alaka da su na karuwa da karuwanci da jami’an da ke da alaka da su.
"Idan [mu] ya dogara da lissafin lissafi mai sauƙi kuma muka sanya yawan mutanen Koriya ta Arewa a matsayin miliyan 20, za mu iya ɗauka cewa ya kamata a sami karuwai kusan 25,000 a Koriya ta Arewa," Ha ya gaya wa Sieff..
Makarantar horse da gandun daji ta Yale (YSE)
Makarantar Yale ta Muhalli (YSE) ƙwararriyar makarantar ce ta Jami'ar Yale. An kafa ta ne don horar da gandun daji, kuma yanzu tana horar da shugabannin muhalli ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na hudu na shekaru 2 ( Mai Jagora na Gudanar da Muhalli, Jagora na Kimiyyar Muhalli, Jagora na Forestry, da Jagora na Kimiyyar daji) da kuma shirye-shiryen tsakiyar watanni 10 na tsakiyar aiki. YSE yayi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar sabon ilimin da zai ci gaba da dawo da lafiyar biosphere kuma ya jaddada yiwuwar haifar da sake farfadowa a tsakanin mutane da rayuwar da ba na ɗan adam ba da sauran duniya ta halitta. Kuma Har yanzu tana ba da koyarwar gandun daji, makarantar tana da mafi tsufa shirin karatun gandun daji a Amurka.
Zaizayar ƘasarGundumar Kasese ta 2022
A daren 6 da 7 ga watan Satumbar 2022, mutane 15 ne suka mutu lokacin da ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya ya haddasa zabtarewar ƙasa da dama a gundumar Kasese na Uganda.
Makarantar horse da gandun daji ta Yale (YSE)
Tarihi
An kafa makarantar a cikin shekarar 1900 a matsayin Makarantar Yale Forest, don ba da horon gandun daji na matakin da ya dace da yanayin Amurka. A roƙon Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, iyayensa sun ba da shirin karatun digiri na shekaru biyu. A lokacin Pinchot yana aiki a matsayin magajin Bernhard Fernow a matsayin shugaban sashen gandun daji (wanda ya gabace ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka, USFS). Pinchot ya fito da gandun daji guda biyu daga sashin don fara makarantar: abokin karatun Yale Henry Solon Graves da James Toumey. Graves ya zama shugaban makarantar na farko kuma Toumey na biyu.
Zaizayar ƘasarGundumar Kasese ta 2022
Ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya ne ya haddasa zaftarewar ƙasa. Wurin da ke tudu yana da nisa kuma musamman yana da rauni ga zabtarewar ƙasa.
Ƙungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Uganda ta tabbatar da cewa akasarin waɗanda suka mutu mata ne da yara. A ƙalla mutane 18 ne aka bayyana bacewarsu sannan a kalla 7 sun jikkata kuma an kai su asibiti.
Makarantar horse da gandun daji ta Yale (YSE)
Tarihi
Lokacin da aka buɗe makarantar, wasu wurare a Amurka sun ba da horon gandun daji, amma babu wanda ya sami shirin kammala karatun digiri. (Dukkanin Pinchot da Graves sun tafi Turai don nazarin gandun daji bayan kammala karatunsu daga Yale.) A cikin kaka na shekarata 1900, New York State College of Forestry a Cornell yana da dalibai 24, Biltmore Forest School 9, da Yale 7. Duk da ƙananan girmansa, tun daga farkonsa makarantar ta yi tasiri ga gandun daji na Amurka. Shugabannin biyu na farko na USFS sune Pinchot da Graves; ukun da suka biyo baya sun kammala shekaru goma na farko na makarantar. Aldo Leopold mai ba da shawara kan kiyaye daji da ƙasa ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin aji na shekarar 1908.
A cikin shekarata 1915, shugaban makarantar Yale na Forestry na biyu, James Toumey, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin "mambobin yarjejeniya", tare da William L. Bray na Kwalejin gandun daji na Jihar New York, sannan aka sake kafa su a Jami'ar Syracuse, da Raphael Zon., na Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Amirka (Ecological Society of America). A cikin shekarata 1950, "reshe mai fafutuka" na wannan al'umma ya kafa The Nature Conservancy.
Bayan dazuzzuka na makarantar, Yale ya yi amfani da wasu wurare da dama a gabashin Amurka don ilimin fage tsawon shekaru. Daga shekarar 1904 zuwa 1926, an gudanar da zaman bazara wanda ya kai ga digiri na biyu a fannin gandun daji a Grey Towers da Forester's Hall a Milford, Pennsylvania. Tun daga shekarata 1912, azuzuwan Yale sun ɗauki balaguron balaguro na lokaci-lokaci zuwa ƙasar Kamfanin Crossett Lumber a Arkansas. Tsawon shekaru 20 daga 1946 zuwa 1966, kamfanin ya samar wa makarantar "sansanin," ciki har da ɗakunan gidaje da ɗakin dakuna, da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin aikin bazara a kan kula da gandun daji da samar da kayan itace. Daliban Yale kuma sun yi amfani da sansanin filin a Great Mountain Forest a arewa maso yammacin Connecticut tun shekarar 1941.
Zaizayar ƘasarGundumar Kasese ta 2022
Bayan afkuwar lamarin, a ranar da yamma aka fara shirin miƙa gawarwakin zuwa makarantar firamare ta Kasika domin yi mata rasuwa da kuma shirye-shiryen binne gawa.
Taron ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jerin ambaliyar ruwa na baya-bayan nan a Yammacin Uganda kuma ɗaya daga cikin da yawa a Afirka a cikin shekarar 2022.
Makarantar horse da gandun daji ta Yale (YSE)
Tarihi
Dangane da faɗaɗa nau'ikan buƙatun muhalli, makarantar ta canza suna zuwa Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji & Nazarin Muhalli a cikin shekarar 1972. A yau, YSE ita ce jagora a dorewar duniya, tana karbar bakuncin taron Dorewar Muhalli na Yale na shekara biyu don tara shugabannin tunani daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Shugaban makarantar na 16 da na yanzu shine Ingrid "Indy" Burke, wanda ya maye gurbin Sir Peter Crane a watan Oktoba, shekarata 2016. Makarantar ta canza sunanta zuwa Makarantar Yale na Muhalli a cikin Yuli 2020 kuma, a cikin makarantar, ta ƙirƙiri wata takamaiman Makarantar daji tare da kwazo da digiri. Hakanan tana koyar da darussan karatun digiri na Kwalejin Yale da ake buƙata don manyan Nazarin Muhalli.
Gine-ginen makaranta
Makarantar tana ba da darussa a Kroon Hall, Sage Hall, Greeley Labs, Marsh Hall, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Muhalli, da kuma gidajen da ke 301 Prospect St. da 380 Edwards St. Kroon Hall, babban ginin makarantar, mai suna Richard Kroon mai ba da taimako. (Yale Class na 1964). Ginin yana 50000 sqft  sarari. Yana da "baje kolin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a fasahar gine-ginen kore, yanayi mai lafiya da tallafi don aiki da karatu, da kyakkyawan ginin da ke haɗa kai da ɗalibai, malamai, ma'aikata, da baƙi tare da duniyar halitta."" Ginin ya sami ƙimar Platinum a ƙarƙashin tsarin takaddun shaida na LEED. Hopkins Architects na London ne ya tsara shi tare da Architect of Record Centerbrook Architects &amp; Planners . Goodfellow Inc daga Delson, Quebec, ya ba da tsarin rufin glulam don wannan aikin.
Dajin makaranta
Makarantar ta mallaki kuma tana sarrafa 10880 acre na gandun daji a cikin Connecticut, New Hampshire, da Vermont. Dajin Yale Myers, a cikin Union, Connecticut, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Yale a cikin 1930 ta tsohuwar tsohuwar George Hewitt Myers, makarantar tana sarrafa shi azaman gandun daji mai amfani da yawa. Yale-Toumey Forest, kusa da Keene, New Hampshire, James W. Toumey (tsohon shugaban makarantar) ne ya kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1913. Sauran gandun daji na Yale sun hada da Goss Woods, dajin Crowell, Cross Woods, Bowen Forest, da Crowell Ravine. Wata gobara mai ƙararrawa uku ta kona gine-gine da dama a cikin sansanin dajin Yale Myers a ranar 28 ga Mayu, shekarata 2016. An sake gina gine-ginen sansanin da aka lalata da kuma sabuwar cibiyar bincike a cikin shekarar 2017.
Dokar Gyara Inshora ta 1977
Sashe na 4 da 5 sun haramta duk wani da'awar inshora da aka ƙi saboda duk wani kuskuren da mai nema ya yi wanda bai yi kuskure sosai ba kamar yadda ba shi da mahimmanci.
Sashi na 7 ya hana duk wata manufar rayuwa da aka ƙi saboda kowane kuskuren shekaru, kuma inda irin waɗannan abubuwan suka faru, yana buƙatar kamfanin inshora ya dai-daita manufofin kamar an ba da shekarun da suka dace.
Sashi na 8 ya haramta duk wata magana ta sulhu ta tilas a cikin kwangilar inshora.
Bikin Odambea
Bikin Odambea biki ne na shekara -shekara wanda sarakuna da mutanen yankin gargajiya na Nkusukum ke yi a Saltpond a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Yawanci ana yin bikin ne a cikin watan Agusta. Hakanan mutanen Anomabo suna yin bikin. 'Odambea' na nufin Haɗin Haɓaka gwiwa a cikin yaren gida.
Bukukuwa
Yayin bikin, ana maraba da baƙi don raba abinci da abin sha. Mutanen sun sanya tufafin gargajiya kuma akwai durbar sarakuna. Akwai kuma raye -raye da kade -kade.
Makarantar horar da gandun daji ta Yale (YSE)
Makarantar Yale ta Muhalli (YSE) ƙwararriyar makarantar ce ta Jami'ar Yale. An kafa ta ne don horar da gandun daji, kuma yanzu tana horar da shugabannin muhalli ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na hudu na shekaru 2 ( Mai Jagora na Gudanar da Muhalli, Jagora na Kimiyyar Muhalli, Jagora na Forestry, da Jagora na Kimiyyar daji) da kuma shirye-shiryen tsakiyar watanni 10 na tsakiyar aiki. YSE yayi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar sabon ilimin da zai ci gaba da dawo da lafiyar biosphere kuma ya jaddada yiwuwar haifar da sake farfadowa a tsakanin mutane da rayuwar da ba na ɗan adam ba da sauran duniya ta halitta. Kuma Har yanzu tana ba da koyarwar gandun daji, makarantar tana da mafi tsufa shirin karatun gandun daji a Amurka.
Makarantar ta canza suna zuwa Makarantar Yale na Muhalli a cikin Yuli q shekarata 2020. Ya kasance a baya Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji & Nazarin Muhalli.
Tarihi
An kafa makarantar a cikin shekarar 1900 a matsayin Makarantar Yale Forest, don ba da horon gandun daji na matakin da ya dace da yanayin Amurka. A roƙon Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, iyayensa sun ba da shirin karatun digiri na shekaru biyu. A lokacin Pinchot yana aiki a matsayin magajin Bernhard Fernow a matsayin shugaban sashen gandun daji (wanda ya gabace ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka, USFS). Pinchot ya fito da gandun daji guda biyu daga sashin don fara makarantar: abokin karatun Yale Henry Solon Graves da James Toumey. Graves ya zama shugaban makarantar na farko kuma Toumey na biyu.
Lokacin da aka buɗe makarantar, wasu wurare a Amurka sun ba da horon gandun daji, amma babu wanda ya sami shirin kammala karatun digiri. (Dukkanin Pinchot da Graves sun tafi Turai don nazarin gandun daji bayan kammala karatunsu daga Yale. ) A cikin kaka na shekarata 1900, New York State College of Forestry a Cornell yana da dalibai 24, Biltmore Forest School 9, da Yale 7. Duk da ƙananan girmansa, tun daga farkonsa makarantar ta yi tasiri ga gandun daji na Amurka. Shugabannin biyu na farko na USFS sune Pinchot da Graves; ukun da suka biyo baya sun kammala shekaru goma na farko na makarantar. Aldo Leopold mai ba da shawara kan kiyaye daji da ƙasa ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin aji na shekarar 1908.