cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ciwon Huhun Daji
Metastasis
Metastasis Napsin-A da TTF-1 Immunostaining a Primary huhu Carcinoma[1] Nau'in Histological Napsin-A TTF-1 Squamous-cell carcinoma mara kyau Adenocarcinoma Kyawun Kyawun-cell carcinoma mara kyau. ciwace-ciwace daga sauran sassan jiki. Wadannan ciwace-ciwace ana kiransu metastases ko ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace. Mafi yawan bayyanar da x-ray na ƙirji shine kasancewar nodules da yawa a cikin ƙananan lobes.[76] Ciwon daji na huhu na farko kuma yakan yi ƙaura zuwa kwakwalwa, ƙasusuwa, hanta, da glandar adrenal.[3] Immunostination na biopsy yawanci yana taimakawa wajen tantance asalin asalin.[77] Kasancewar Napsin-A, TTF-1, CK7, da CK20 suna taimakawa tabbatar da nau'in ciwon daji na huhu. SCLC wanda ya samo asali daga ƙwayoyin neuroendocrine na iya bayyana CD56, kwayoyin adhesion cell cell, synaptophysin, ko chromogranin.[1].
Staging
Matsayin kansar huhu Matsayin kansar huhu shine kimanta girman yaduwar cutar kansa daga asalinsa.[3] Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi duka tsinkaye da yuwuwar maganin kansar huhu.[1][3] Ƙimar matakan NSCLC tana amfani da rarrabuwar TNM (tumor, node, metastasis). Wannan ya dogara ne akan girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko, shigar kumburin lymph, da metastasis mai nisa.[1] Rarraba TNM a cikin ciwon huhu na huhu[78][79] T: Tumor Primary TX Duk wani daga cikin: Tumor na farko ba za a iya tantance ƙwayoyin Tumor da ke cikin sputum ko wankewar buroshi ba, amma ƙari ba a gani tare da hoto ko bronchoscopy T0 Babu wata shaida ta farko Tis Carcinoma a ciki Situ T1 Tumor kasa da ko daidai da 3 cm a fadin, kewaye da huhu ko visceral pleura, ba tare da mamayewa kusa da lobar bronchus T1mi Karamin invasive adenocarcinoma T1a Tumor kasa da ko daidai 1 cm a fadin T1b Tumor Girman fiye da 1 cm amma kasa da ko daidai da 2 cm a fadin T1c Girman Tumor fiye da 2 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 3 cm a fadin T2 Duk wani na: Girman Tumor fiye da 3 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 5 cm a fadin Sa hannun babban bronchus amma a'a. Ciwon huhu na visceral pleura Atelectasis / obstructive pneumonitis wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa girman T2a Tumor fiye da 3 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 4 cm a fadin T2b Tumor girma fiye da 4 cm amma kasa ko daidai da 5 cm a fadin T3 Duk wani: Girman Tumor fiye da 5 cm amma kasa da ko daidai da 7 cm a fadin mamayewa a cikin bangon kirji, jijiyar phrenic, ko parietal pericardium Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin lobe guda T4 Duk wani: Girman Tumor fiye da 7 cm mamaye diaphragm, mediastinum, zuciya, manyan tasoshin. , trachea, carina, jijiyar laryngeal na yau da kullum, esophagus, ko vertebral jiki Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin wani nau'i daban-daban na huhu guda N: Lymph nodes NX Ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki ba za a iya tantance su ba hilar lymph nodes N1a Metastasis zuwa guda N1 nodal tashar N1b Metastasis zuwa biyu ko fiye N1 nodal tashoshi N2 Metastasis zuwa ipsilateral mediastinal da / ko subcarinal lymph nodes N2a1 Metastasis zuwa daya N2 nodal tashar ba tare da shigar da N1 nodes N2a2 Metastasis zuwa N2 nodes daya N2a2. Tasha kuma aƙalla tashar nodal N1 N2b Metastasis zuwa biyu ko fiye N2 nodal tashoshi N3 Kowane na: Metastasis zuwa sikelin ko supraclavicular lymph nodes Metastasis zuwa contralateral hilar o r mediastinal lymph nodes M: Metastasis MX Metastasis mai nisa ba za a iya tantancewa ba M0 Babu metastasis mai nisa M1a Kowanne daga cikin: Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin sauran huhu Tumor tare da pleural ko pericardial nodules M Pleural ko pericardial effusion M1b A guda metastasis wajen kirji M1c Biyu ko fiye. metastases a waje da ƙirji Ta amfani da bayanan TNM, an ba da rukuni, kama daga ciwon daji na asiri, ta matakai 0, IA (daya-A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, da IV (hudu). Wannan rukunin matakin yana taimakawa tare da zaɓin jiyya da ƙiyasin tsinkaya.[80] Rukunin mataki bisa ga TNM
Rikakafi Sashin Huhu Na Dan Adam
Rigakafi Sashin huhu na ɗan adam: Farin wurin da ke saman lobe shine ciwon daji; wuraren baƙar fata suna canzawa saboda shan taba. Rigakafin shan taba da daina shan sigari hanyoyi ne masu tasiri na rage haɗarin cutar kansar huhu.
Haramcin shan taba
Haramcin shan taba Yayin da a yawancin ƙasashe an gano cutar sankarau da na cikin gida kuma an hana su, shan taba yana yaɗuwa. Kawar da shan taba sigari shine manufa ta farko a cikin rigakafin cutar kansar huhu, kuma daina shan taba wani muhimmin kayan kariya ne a cikin wannan tsari.[81] Harkokin siyasa don rage shan taba a wuraren jama'a kamar gidajen abinci da wuraren aiki ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin kasashen yammacin Turai.[82]. Bhutan ta sami cikakkiyar dokar hana shan taba tun 2005[83] yayin da Indiya ta gabatar da dokar hana shan taba a bainar jama'a a cikin Oktoba 2008.[84] Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatoci da su kafa dokar hana tallar taba domin hana matasa shan taba.[85] Sun kiyasta cewa irin wannan haramcin ya rage shan taba da kashi 16% a inda aka kafa.[85]
Sauran Dabarun Rigakafi
Sauran dabarun rigakafi Amfani da dogon lokaci na ƙarin bitamin A, [94] bitamin B, [94] bitamin D[94] ko bitamin E[94] baya rage haɗarin ciwon huhu. Kariyar bitamin C na iya rage haɗarin cutar kansar huhu.[95][96] Wasu binciken sun gano bitamin A, B, da E na iya kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu ga waɗanda ke da tarihin shan taba.[94] Wasu nazarin sun ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke cin abinci tare da mafi yawan kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace suna da ƙarancin haɗari, [30][97] amma wannan yana iya zama saboda rikicewa - tare da ƙananan haɗari a zahiri saboda haɗin 'ya'yan itace mai girma. da abincin kayan lambu tare da rage shan taba[98]. Yawancin bincike da yawa ba su nuna cikakkiyar alaƙa tsakanin abinci da haɗarin cutar kansar huhu ba, [1] [97] ko da yake meta-bincike wanda ke lissafin matsayin shan taba na iya nuna fa'ida daga abinci mai kyau.
Gabatarwa
Gudanarwa: Maganin cutar kansar huhu Jiyya ga kansar huhu ya dogara da takamaiman nau'in tantanin halitta na kansa, yadda ya yaɗu, da matsayin aikin mutum. Jiyya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da kulawar jin daɗi, [100] tiyata, chemotherapy, da maganin radiation.[1] Maganin da aka yi niyya na kansar huhu yana girma cikin mahimmanci ga ci gaban kansar huhu.[101] Bugu da kari, ana ba da shawarar daina shan taba da motsa jiki.[102][103]
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy Brachytherapy (na cikin gida radiotherapy) don ciwon huhu da aka bayar ta hanyar iska Ana ba da Radiotherapy sau da yawa tare da chemotherapy, kuma ana iya amfani da shi da nufin warkarwa a cikin mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda ba su cancanci yin tiyata ba.[112]. Wannan nau'i na babban aikin rediyo mai ƙarfi ana kiransa radical radiotherapy.[45] Gyaran wannan dabarar ita ce ci gaba da haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar rediyo (CHART), wanda ake ba da babban adadin maganin rediyo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.[113]. Yin aikin rediyo yana nufin dabarar maganin rediyo na ba da madaidaicin adadin maganin rediyo wanda kwamfuta ke jagoranta.[114] Bayan tiyata (adjuvant) thoracic radiotherapy gabaɗaya ba a yi amfani da shi bayan tiyata-nufin tiyata don NSCLC.[115] Wasu mutanen da ke da kumburin kumburin lymph na mediastinal N2 na iya amfana daga aikin rediyo bayan tiyata.[116] Don abubuwan da za a iya warkewa na SCLC da aka yi da tiyata, ana ba da shawarar maganin rediyon ƙirji bayan tiyata.[3] Ba a san lokacin da ya dace na waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba (mafi kyawun lokacin da za a ba da maganin rediyo da chemotherapy don inganta rayuwa)[117]. Idan ciwon daji ya toshe wani ɗan gajeren sashe na bronchus, ana iya ba da brachytherapy (radiyo na gida) kai tsaye a cikin hanyar iska don buɗe hanyar. Idan aka kwatanta da rediyon katako na waje, brachytherapy yana ba da damar rage lokacin jiyya da rage tasirin radiation ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.[118] Shaida don maganin brachytherapy, duk da haka, bai kai na na waje ba don maganin rediyo na waje.[119] Prophylactic cranial irradiation wani nau'i ne na radiotherapy zuwa kwakwalwa, wanda ake amfani dashi don rage haɗarin metastasis. Ana amfani da PCI a cikin SCLC.[45] A cikin ƙayyadaddun cututtuka, PCI yana ƙaruwa tsawon shekaru uku daga 15% zuwa 20%; A cikin manyan cututtuka, rayuwa na shekara guda yana ƙaruwa daga 13% zuwa 27% [120]. Ga mutanen da ke da NSCLC da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya, ba a bayyana ba idan tiyata ya fi tasiri fiye da aikin rediyo.[114] Ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin niyya da hoto sun haifar da haɓakar stereotactic radiation a cikin maganin ciwon huhu na farko. A cikin wannan nau'i na maganin rediyo, ana isar da allurai masu yawa a kan lokuta da yawa ta amfani da dabaru na niyya. Amfani da shi shine da farko a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba masu neman aikin tiyata ba saboda cututtukan cututtuka.[121] Ga duka NSCLC da marasa lafiya na SCLC, ana iya amfani da ƙananan allurai na radiation zuwa ƙirji don sarrafa alamun (palliative radiotherapy).[122][123] Ba a nuna amfani da mafi girman allurai na rediyo don kula da jin daɗi don tsawaita rayuwa na.
Niyya Da Rigakafi
An yi niyya da rigakafin rigakafi Akwai magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cutar kansar huhu, musamman don maganin cututtukan da suka ci gaba. Erlotinib, gefitinib, da afatinib sun hana tyrosine kinase a mai karɓar haɓakar girma na epidermal (EGFR). Wadannan masu hana EGFR na iya taimakawa wajen jinkirta yaduwar kwayoyin cutar kansa ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu na EGFR M+ kuma suna iya inganta rayuwar mutum.[146] Ba a nuna masu hana EGFR don taimakawa mutane su rayu tsawon lokaci ba.[146] Ga mutanen da ke da maye gurbi na EGFR, jiyya tare da gefitinib na iya haifar da ingantacciyar rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da jiyya tare da chemotherapy.[147] Denosumab, maganin rigakafi na monoclonal wanda aka yi wa mai karɓar mai kunnawa na kappa-B ligand, na iya zama da amfani wajen maganin metastases na kashi.[148] https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Monoclonal antibodies amfani da maganin NSCLC da tsarin aikin su https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Immunotherapy za a iya amfani da su duka biyu SCLC da NSCLC.[149][150] ] Kwayoyin NSCLC da ke bayyana tsarin mutuwa-ligand 1 (PD-L1) na iya yin hulɗa tare da shirin mai karɓar mai karɓar mutuwa 1 (PD-1) wanda aka bayyana a saman kwayoyin T, kuma yana haifar da raguwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi.[151]. Atezolizumab shine maganin rigakafi na monoclonal na PD-L1. Nivolumab da Pembrolizumab su ne antibodies na PD-1 monoclonal. Ipilimumab wani maganin rigakafi ne na monoclonal wanda ke da alhakin gina jiki mai haɗin gwiwar Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte 4 (CTLA-4) akan saman ƙwayoyin T. Bevacizumab wani maganin rigakafi ne na monoclonal wanda ke da alhakin haɓakar haɓakar jijiyoyi a cikin wurare dabam dabam, kuma yana aiki azaman mai hana angiogenesis.[151]. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na 3 da ke amfani da immunotherapy a cikin layi na farko don maganin NSCLC an buga su, ciki har da Pembrolizumab a cikin KEYNOTE-024, KEYNOTE-042, KEYNOTE-189 da KEYNOTE-407; Nivolumab da Ipilimumab a cikin CHECKMATE-227 da CHECKMATE 9LA; da Atezolizumab a cikin IMpower110, IMpower130 da IMpower150.[151] https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Babban makamai na magani na lokaci 3 gwaji na asibiti da ke ba da rigakafi a cikin layi na farko ga marasa lafiya tare da NSCLC bazai haifar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga mutanen da ke da matakan I-III NSCLC ba.
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy Ana iya ba da jiyya da yawa ta hanyar bronchoscopy don kula da toshewar iska ko zubar jini. Idan ci gaban ciwon daji ya toshe hanyar iska, zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da m bronchoscopy, balloon bronchoplasty, stenting, da microdebridement.[153] Hoto na Laser ya ƙunshi isar da hasken laser a cikin hanyar iska ta hanyar bronchoscope don cire ƙwayar cuta mai toshewa.[154]
Kulawa D Jin Daɗi
Kulawar jin daɗi idan aka ƙara zuwa maganin kansa na yau da kullun yana amfanar mutane ko da har yanzu suna samun ilimin chemotherapy.[155] Waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da damar ƙarin tattaunawa game da zaɓuɓɓukan magani kuma suna ba da damar isa ga yanke shawara da aka yi la'akari sosai[156][157]. Kulawa da jin daɗi na iya guje wa rashin amfani amma kulawa mai tsada ba kawai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba, har ma a duk tsawon lokacin rashin lafiya. Ga mutanen da ke da cututtukan da suka ci gaba, kulawar asibiti kuma na iya dacewa.
Hanyoyi Daba Na Cin Zarafi
Hanyoyin da ba na cin zarafi
Flora Suya
Flora Suya 'yar wasan Malawi ce. An zabe ta a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwaiyo a bukukuwan bada kyaututtuka na Afirka na 6 da 9 na African Movie Academy Awards.
Ciwon Huhun Daji
Epidemiology
Epidemiology Trachea, Bronchus, da huhu na ciwon daji na mutuwar mutum miliyan a cikin 2012 0-7 8-12 13-32 33-53 54-81 82-125 126-286 287-398 399-527 528-889 kamuwa da cutar kansa. , da kuma tsira, Ingila 1971-2011 A duk duniya, ciwon huhu shine mafi yawan ciwon daji a tsakanin maza don cututtuka da mace-mace, kuma a cikin mata suna da na uku mafi girma (bayan ciwon nono da launin fata) da mace-mace na biyu (bayan ciwon nono). ). A cikin 2020, an sami sabbin maganganu miliyan 2.2 a duk duniya, kuma miliyan 1.8 sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansar huhu, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 18.0% na duk mutuwar daga cutar kansa. Mafi girman farashi shine a Micronesia, Polynesia, Turai, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Ƙididdiga a Afirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya sun yi ƙasa sosai.[6] Mutanen da ke da tarihin shan taba suna da haɗari mafi girma na kamuwa da cutar sankarar huhu, tare da haɗarin karuwa tare da tsawon lokacin shan taba. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin maza sun tashi har zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kuma sun ragu tun lokacin. A cikin mata, lamarin ya karu har zuwa karshen shekarun 1990, kuma tun daga lokacin ya tsaya tsayin daka.[3] Ga kowane sigari miliyan 3-4 da aka sha, cutar kansar huhu ɗaya na iya faruwa.[173] Tasirin "Babban Taba" yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shan taba.[174] Matasan da ba sa shan taba suna ganin tallace-tallacen taba sun fi shan taba.[175] Ana ƙara gane rawar da shan taba sigari ke haifarwa a matsayin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu, [33] wanda ke haifar da sa baki na siyasa don rage bayyanar da marasa shan taba ga hayaƙin taba.[176] Daga shekarun 1960, adadin adenocarcinoma na huhu ya fara karuwa dangane da wasu nau'in kansar huhu, wani bangare saboda shigar da sigari mai tacewa. Amfani da tacewa yana cire manyan barbashi daga hayakin taba, don haka rage ajiya a manyan hanyoyin iska. Duk da haka, mai shan sigari dole ne ya zurfafa zurfi don karɓar adadin nicotine iri ɗaya, yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin iska inda adenocarcinoma ke tasowa.[177]. Yawan adenocarcinoma na huhu yana ci gaba da karuwa.
Flora Suya
Ayyuka
A gefen Tapiwa Gwaza, Suya ta taka rawar gani a cikin shirin Seasons of a Life (2010), wanda ke ba da labarin wahalar wata baiwa daga Afirka da maigidanta ya ci zarafin ta ta hanyar lalata, wanda kuma ya hana ta kula da ɗanta. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Africa Movie Academy a matsayin fitacciyar ‘yar wasa a matsayinta na jagora a matsayinta na fim din. A cikin 2013, ta yi fice a Shemu Joyah, Jirgin Ruwa na Karshe, inda ta kasance mai sha'awar yawon bude ido da matar wani mutum da ya auri mata fiye da daya, rawar ce ta sa aka tsayar da ita a matsayin fitacciyar jaruma a lambobin AMAA. A shekarar 2014, an ba da rahoton cewa za ta fito a fim din Zambiya, Chenda, wanda ke ba da labari game da matsalolin matan da ba su haihu ba da kuma mummunan halin da mazajen Afirka ke ciki game da halin. An ƙaddamar da fim ɗin a gidan sinima a cikin watan Disambar 2014, kuma aka sake shi a shekara ta 2015. A shekarar 2016, an sanar da fim dinta, Labari na Mahaifiyata a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finan bude a Bikin Fina-Finan Afirka na Silicon Valley a Amurka. fim din ya ba da labari game da wahalhalun da mata ke sha don tabbatar da gidansu ba tare da taimakon miji ba. A cikin fim din, tana wasa da Tadala, uwa daya tilo a tsarin jinsi da al'adun Afirka.
Ciwon Huhun Daji
Amurka
Amurka A cikin Amurka, baƙar fata maza da mata baƙar fata suna da babban abin da ya faru.[179][180] Hadarin rayuwa na kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu shine kashi 8% a cikin maza da kashi 6% a cikin mata.[1] Har ila yau, a cikin Amurka, tsofaffin soja suna da kashi 25-50% mafi girma na ciwon huhu na huhu da farko saboda yawan shan taba.[181] A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da yakin Koriya, asbestos ma ya taka rawa, kuma Agent Orange na iya haifar da wasu matsaloli a lokacin yakin Vietnam.[182]
Birtaniya
Ciwon daji na huhu na United Kingdom shine ciwon daji na uku mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Burtaniya (47,968 mutane sun kamu da cutar a cikin 2017), [183] ​​kuma shine mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji (kusan mutane 34,600 sun mutu a cikin 2018).
Sauran Kasashe
Sauran kasashe a halin yanzu adadin kansar huhu ya ragu a kasashe masu tasowa.[185] Tare da karuwar shan taba a kasashe masu tasowa, ana sa ran adadin zai karu a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, musamman a China[186] da Indiya.
Tarihi
Tarihi Ciwon daji na huhu ya kasance ba a sani ba kafin zuwan shan taba; Ba a ma gane ta a matsayin cuta dabam ba sai 1761.[188] An kara yin bayanin fannoni daban-daban na kansar huhu a cikin 1810.[189]. Ciwon daji na huhu yana da kashi 1 cikin 100 ne kawai na duk cututtukan da aka gani a lokacin autopsy a 1878, amma sun haura zuwa 10-15% a farkon shekarun 1900.[190]. Rahoton shari'a a cikin littattafan likitanci ya ƙidaya 374 kawai a duniya a cikin 1912, [191] amma nazarin binciken gawarwakin ya nuna cewa cutar sankarar huhu ta karu daga 0.3% a cikin 1852 zuwa 5.66% a 1952.[192]. A cikin Jamus a cikin 1929, likita Fritz Lickint ya gane alaƙar da ke tsakanin shan taba da kansar huhu, [190] wanda ya haifar da yaƙin yaƙi da shan taba.[193] Nazarin Likitoci na Biritaniya, wanda aka buga a cikin 1950s, shine tabbataccen shaidar annoba ta farko ta alaƙa tsakanin ciwon huhu da shan taba.[194] Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1964, babban Likitan Amurka ya ba da shawarar masu shan taba su daina shan taba[195]. An fara gane alaƙa da iskar radon tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai a tsaunin Ore kusa da Schneeberg, Saxony. Ana hakar azurfa a can tun shekara ta 1470, kuma wadannan ma'adinan suna da wadatar Uranium, tare da radium da radon gas.[196] Masu hakar ma'adinai sun sami rashin daidaituwar adadin cututtukan huhu, daga ƙarshe an gane su da kansar huhu a cikin 1870s.[197]. Duk da wannan binciken, an ci gaba da hakar ma'adinan har zuwa shekarun 1950, saboda bukatar USSR ta neman uranium.[196] An tabbatar da Radon a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar huhu a cikin shekarun 1960.[198]. An yi nasarar farko na pneumonectomy na ciwon huhu a cikin 1933.[199]. An yi amfani da maganin radiyo mai cutarwa tun daga shekarun 1940.[200]. Radical radiotherapy, da farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1950s, ƙoƙari ne na yin amfani da allurai masu girma na radiation a cikin marasa lafiya masu ciwon huhu na farko, amma waɗanda ba su dace da tiyata ba.[201] A cikin 1997, ana ganin CHART azaman haɓakawa akan tsarin rediyo na al'ada.[202] Tare da SCLC, yunƙurin farko a cikin 1960s a resection [203] da radical radiotherapy [204] ba su yi nasara ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an sami nasarar samar da tsarin maganin chemotherapy.
Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi
Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi (I.P.C.C), ƙungiya ce ta gwamnatocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda aka keɓe don samar wa duniya da haƙiƙanin, bayanan kimiyya masu dacewa don fahimtar tushen kimiyya na haɗarin ɗan adam canjin yanayi, tasirinsa na dabi'a, siyasa, da tattalin arziki da kasada, da yiwuwar hanyoyin amsawa.
IPCC an kafa ta ne a 1988 ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi. Mamba a bude yake ga dukkan mambobi na WMO da UN. IPCC tana samar da rahotanni wadanda ke taimakawa aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC), babbar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan canjin yanayi. Manufar UNFCCC ita ce "daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin iskar gas a sararin samaniya a matakin da zai hana tsangwama na yanayin halittar mutum (mai saurin haifar da mutum) da tsarin yanayi". Rahoton bincike na biyar na IPCC ya kasance muhimmiyar shigar da kimiyya cikin yarjejeniyar Paris ta UNFCCC a cikin 2015. Rahoton IPCC ya shafi "bayanan kimiyya, fasaha da zamantakewar tattalin arziki da suka dace da fahimtar tushen ilimin kimiyya na hatsarin canjin yanayi da dan adam ya jawo, tasirin da take da shi da zaɓuɓɓuka don daidaitawa da raguwa." IPCC ba ta yin bincike na asali, kuma ba ta kula da yanayi ko al'amuran da suka shafi kanta ba. Maimakon haka, tana tantance wallafe-wallafen da aka wallafa, gami da mahimman bayanai game da matasa. Ko yaya, ana iya faɗin IPCC don haɓaka bincike a cikin kimiyyar yanayi. Sassan rahotanni na IPCC galibi suna rufewa tare da sassan kan iyakancewa da ilimi ko ratayen bincike, kuma sanarwar rahoton IPCC na musamman na iya haɓaka ayyukan bincike a wannan yankin.
Dubunnan masana kimiyya da sauran masana suna bada gudummawa bisa son rai wajen rubutawa da yin bita, sannan gwamnatoci su kan duba su. Rahoton IPCC na dauke da "Takaitawa ga masu tsara manufofin siyasa", wanda ke karkashin amincewar layi-layi daga wakilan daga dukkan gwamnatocin da ke halarta. Yawanci, wannan ya shafi gwamnatocin sama da ƙasashe 120.
IPCC tana ba da izini mai karbuwa a duniya kan canjin yanayi, samar da rahotanni waɗanda ke da yarjejeniyar jagorancin masana kimiyyar yanayi da yarjejeniya daga gwamnatocin da ke halartar taron. An raba kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2007 tsakanin IPCC da Al Gore.
Bayan zaben sabon Ofishin a 2015, IPCC ta hau kan zagaye na shida na tantancewa. Bayan rahoton bincike na shida, wanda za a kammala a 2022, IPCC ta fitar da rahoto na Musamman kan canjin yanayi na 1.5 ° C a watan Oktoba 2018, fitar da sabuntawa ga Shawarwarin ta na 2006 na National Green-house Gas Inventories - Tacewar 2019 - a watan Mayu 2019, kuma sun gabatar da wasu rahotanni na musamman guda biyu a cikin 2019: Rahoton Musamman kan canjin yanayi da an dasa (SRCCL), wanda aka sake shi a ranar 25 Satumba 2019. Wannan ya sanya sake zagayowar kimantawa ta shida mafi girman buri a cikin tarihin IPCC na shekaru 32. IPCC ta kuma yanke shawarar shirya rahoto na musamman kan birane da canjin yanayi a zagayen tantancewa karo na bakwai kuma ta gudanar da taro a watan Maris din 2018 don zaburar da bincike a wannan yankin.
Margie Adam
Margie Adam (an haife ta a shekarata alif 1947 a Lompoc, California, Amurka ) mawaƙiyar Amurka ce kuma marubuciyar waka.
Kuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Margie Adam a shekarar 1947 a Lompoc, California. Mahaifinta mawallafin jarida ne wanda ke tsara kida a gefen hanya, mahaifiyarta kuma 'yar wasan piano ce na gargajiya. Adam ta fara wasan piano tun tana yarinya. Adam ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1971.
A cikin shekarar 1973, yayin da take halartar bikin kiɗan mata na Sacramento, ta yi wasa a lokacin buɗe taron mic kuma ta daga nan ta fara aikinta a matsayin ƙwararriyar mawaƙiya. A shekara mai zuwa, an gudanar da bikin kida na mata na farko a Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. Adam ne ya jagoranci bikin, tare da Meg Christian da Cris Williamson. An yaba wa waccan taron a matsayin wanda ya taimaka wajen samar da kungiyar kida ta mata, inda Adamu ke kan gaba.
Sana'ar waka
Kundin ta na farko, Margie Adam, an inganta shi tare da wasanni a birane 50 wanda ya ƙare tare da wasan kwaikwayon waƙarta, "We Shall Go Forth" a Taron National Women's Conference in Houston. Da wuri waƙar ta zamo taken ƙungiyoyin 'yan madigo kuma yanzu tana cikin ɗakunan tarihin Siyasa a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian. A cikin 1978, ta zama abokiyar Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen mai zaman kanta ce a Amurka. Kungiyar tana aiki don haɓaka sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata. Adam A farkon shekarun 1980s, Adam ta yi wasanni a taruka daban-daban kuma tattara kudade ga kungiyar kare hakkin mata da sauransu, ciki har da wakilan kungiyar <a href="./Equal%20Rights%20Amendment" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Equal Rights Amendment" class="cx-link" data-linkid="61">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, wanda ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa birane 20.
Adam ta rera waƙar, "Best Friend (The Unicorn Song)", wanda Bitrus, Bulus da Maryamu suka rufe. Daga 1975 zuwa 1984, Adam tayi aiki tare da manaja kuma mai shirya wakoki Barbara Price, mai tallata wakokin mata tare da fitar da kundinta a Pleiades Records. Adam ta ƙalubalanci ayyukan gudanarwa na al'ada ta hanyar samun ma'aikatan mata duka yayin wasan kwaikwayo da yawon shakatawa. Bayan kasancewa a kan "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi," tun daga 1984, Adam ta koma rubuta waƙa a 1991 kuma ta tafi yawon wasanni na ƙasa a 1992 don tallafawa sabon kundinta, Another Place. A cikin 1996 ta cigaba da yawon wasanni na Three Hearts tare da ƴan wasan piano Liz Story da kuma Barbara Higbie. A cikin 1998, ta gudanar da wani wasa don wayar da kan jama'a kan hidimar shagunan litattafai na mata da ake yi wa al'ummar mata.
Margie Adam ta ci gaba da yi da kuma tsara wasanni a wurare daban-daban a fadin Amurka da Canada. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun haɗa da The Best of Margie Adam (1990), Avalon (2001), da Portal 2005.
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya Kotun Duniya ( ICJ ; French: Cour internationale de justice ; CIJ ), wani lokacin da ake kira Kotun Duniya,  tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan gabobi shida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN).
Tapiwa Gwaza
Tapiwa Sylvia Gwaza 'yar fim ce ta Malawi da ta shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin lauya a fim din Malawi, Seasons of a Life.
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya
Warware Rikici
Kotun tana warware takaddama tsakanin kasashe daidai da dokar kasa da kasa kuma tana ba da shawarwari kan batutuwan shari'a na duniya.
Tapiwa Gwaza
Ayyuka
Gwaza tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar jirgin ruwa ce na kamfanin Air Malawi Ltd. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin jirki na tsawon shekaru 13 kafin fara aikin ta na riko. Bayan ta yi murabus daga aikinta a Air Malawi, ta yanke shawarar fara wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara taka rawa a Zamanin Rayuwa.
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya
Warware Rikici
ICJ ita ce kawai kotun duniya da ke yanke hukunci kan gaba-gaba tsakanin ƙasashe, tare da hukunce-hukuncen ta da ra'ayoyin da ke zama tushen dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.
Tapiwa Gwaza
Kyauta
Bestan wasan kwaikwayon mafi kokartawa na wasan kwaikwayo suka taka a Matsayin Tallafawa - 2010 Africa Movie Academy Awards (AAMA) 2010, Nigeria
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya
Tarihi
Cibiyar farko ta dindin da aka kafa da nufin sasanta rigingimun ƙasa da ƙasa ita ce Kotun Dindin ta Arbitration (PCA), wacce Taron Hague Peace na 1899 ya ƙirƙira.
Harshe (gaɓa)
Harshe ko Halshe wata gaba ce ta tsoka wadda take a cikin bakin yawan cin vertebrates wanda ke saita abinci domin taunawa, kuma ana amfani dashi a wurin yin hadiya. Yana da muhimmanci a digestive system kuma shine muhimmin gabar dandano a cikin gustatory system. Sashen harshe na sama wato (dorsum), taste buds suka lullube shi a cikin lingual papillae. sensitive ne sosai kuma yana da damshi na miyau a koda yaushe, kuma yakan samu nerves da blood vessels. Harshe kuma shine asalin abunda ke wanke hakora da tsaftace su. Babban aikin harshe shine taimakawa wurin maganan dan'adam da vocalization a wasu dabbobi.
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya
Tarihi
Czar Nicholas II na Rasha ne ya fara, taron ya shafi dukkan manyan ƙasashe na duniya, da kuma ƙananan jihohi da yawa, kuma ya haifar da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashe da yawa da suka shafi yadda ake yaƙi.
Daga cikin waɗannan akwai Yarjejeniyar Yankin Pacific na Jayayya na Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda ya ba da tsarin hukumomi da tsarin aiwatar da shari'ar, wanda zai gudana a Hague, Netherlands.
Harshe (gaɓa)
Harshen dan'adam ya kasu gida biyu, nangaren oral dake gaba da kuman bangaren pharyngeal a baya.
Babban Kotun koli na Duniya
Tarihi
Kodayake za a tallafa wa shari'ar ta ofishin dindindin -wanda ayyukansa za su yi daidai da na sakatariya ko rajistar kotu - jahohin da ke jayayya za su nada masu sasantawa daga babban tafkin da kowane memba na taron ya bayar. An kafa (PCA) a cikin 1900 kuma ta fara aiki a 1902.
Manazarta
Nations, United. "International Court of Justice". United Nations. Retrieved 29 August 2020 Koh, Steven Arrigg. "4 Things You Should Know About The Hague". Retrieved 9 August 2021.
Adamu Waziri
Rayuwar farko da Karatu
An haifi Waziri a jihar Yobe a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba 1952. Ya yi karatun BSc da MBA a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zaria. Ya zama malami a jami'ar Maiduguri a shekarar 1979.
Ayyuka
Mukamai a masana'antu masu zaman kansu sun hada da Babban Darakta, Hydro Quest Nigeria da Babban Jami'in Bogaru International. A gwamnati ya yi aiki a Hukumar Bayar da Lamuni ta Dalibai, Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya, sannan ya kasance mataimaki na musamman ga Ministan Noma, Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaban Kasa, Ko’odinetan shirin kawar da talauci na kasa da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hatsari. Ya kasance Babban Sakatare, Asusun Haɓaka Fasahar Man Fetur tsakanin shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2006.
Huzaima bint Nasser
Huzaima bint Nasser shekarar (1884–zuwa shekarar 1935) Ta kasan ce gimbiyan larabawa ce, WatoSharifa ta Makka. Ta kasance kuma Sarauniyar Siriya Syria sannan kuma Sarauniyar Iraki Iraƙi ta hanyar auren Faisal I na Iraki, Iraƙi kuma uwar sarauniya a lokacin ɗanta.
Tarihin rayuwa
San nan Mahaifinta shine Amir Nasser Pasha. Mahaifiyarta kuma ita ce Dilber Khanum. Ita ce kanwarsa tagwaye na Musbah.
A shekarar alif 1904, a Istanbul, Ta kasan ce kuma ta auri yarima Faisal dan Sharif na Makka. Farkon haihuwar su shine Azza (1906-1960), sai Rajiha (1907-1959) da Raifi'a (1910-1934), kuma daga karshe Ghazi (1912-1939), sarkin Iraq na gaba.
Sarauniyar Syria
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, tsoffin mulkokin Daular Ottoman sun rarrabu tsakanin ƙasashen Turai, ko kuma sun yi shelar samun 'yanci. A cikin shekarar alif 1920, Sannan kuma aka ayyana Faisal a matsayin sarkin Syria, don haka Hazima ya zama sarauniyar Syria. Don isa ga mijinta, ta ƙaura tare da yaranta zuwa cikin sabon gidan sarauta da aka kafa a Dimashƙu. Bayan watanni hudu kacal na mulkin, masarautar Syria ta rusa bayan yakin Franco-Syria, don haka duka Faisal da Hazima sun rasa taken su.
Sarauniyar Iraq
A cikin shekarar alif 1921, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta yanke shawarar sanya Faisal a matsayin sarkin sabuwar Masarautar Iraki, wanda suke da hurumin kasashen duniya. Sannan Ya yarda kuma aka shelanta shi sarkin Iraq. Hazima ta zama sarauniya, kuma an mayar da dangin masarauta zuwa Baghdad babban birnin sabuwar masarautar.
Ya kasan ce Bayan isowar sarauniya a Bagdad a shekara ta alif 1924, Gertrude Bell shine farkon wanda aka baiwa masu sauraron. Sarki ne ya danƙa Bell ya gudanar da lamuran gidan danginsa, kuma ya shirya wa Circassian Madame Jaudet Beg sunan mai jiran gado ko kuma uwargidan bikin ga sarauniya, da na Miss Fairley, da Gudanar da mulkin Ingilishi ga yarima mai jiran gado, don koya wa sarakuna ƙa'idodin Turai.
Gertrude Bell ta sami kyakkyawar fahimta daga sarauniyar sanan kuma ta bayyana ɗayanta da asa daughtersanta mata kyawawa, masu hankali da kunya. Koyaya, sarauniyar ba ta ji daɗin tasirin da sarki ya ba Gertrude Bell a cikin gidan ba. Ta ƙi jinin shirye-shiryen da Bell ya yi don ilimin yarima mai jiran gado, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1925, ta kori Maryam Safwat daga fada saboda tana zargin Bell da yunƙurin shirya aure tsakanin Safwat da sarki.
Ta nuna sha'awar kungiyar matan Iraki. A cikin shekara ta alif 1924, ita da sarki sun ba da wata kungiya ga kungiyar mata ta farko a Iraki, Kungiyar farkawar mata, wacce suka nuna mata goyon baya. A shekarar alif 1932, sarauniya Huzaima ta halarci taron mata na Gabas ta Uku, wanda aka gudanar a Bagadaza a shekarar alif 1932, kuma ta gabatar da jawabin maraba da maraba.
Ta mutu a Baghdad bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekarar alif 1935.
Samira Ahmed
Samira Ahmed (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1968) 'Yar Jarida ce, Marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye a BBC, inda ta gabatar da Radio 3's Night Waves da PM 4's PM, Labaran Duniya, Lahadi da kuma Front Row kuma sun gabatar da alkawuran BBC Radio 4.
Rubutunta ya bayyana a cikin The Guardian, The Independent da kuma ga Spectator na mujallar Arts Blog. Ta kasance mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai gabatarwa daga annel 4 News daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2011. Ta gabatar da Lahadi Morning Live, babban shirin tattaunawa kan BBC One dazuwa shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarata 2013.
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi samira Ahmed ne a Wandsworth zuwa Athar da Lalita (née Chatterjee, an haife ta a 1939, LuVE ). Mahaifiyar Samira ita ma m
Ahmed ta karanta Turanci a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, wanda ya sanya ta zama mai daraja a shekara ta 2019. Yayinda take karatun digiri ta rubutu a Isis da mujallu na Union, duka wallafe-wallafen daliban Jami'ar Oxford ne, kuma ta sami kyautar Philip Geddes Journalism Prize a kan aikinta na jaridun dalibai. Bayan kammala karatun ta sai ta kammala Digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida a Jami’ar City, Londan. Ta tuna cewa Lucy Mathen, 'itace farko ta' yar Asiya data zama mai rehoto na gidan talabijin ta BBC, wacce ta yi aiki a John Craven's Newsround, abin alfaharin mata ce, kamar yadda itama mai watsa shirye-shirye Shyama Perera, wacce ke aiki a Fleet Street a wannan lokaci guda. .
Gwen Alford
Gwen Alford (wanda aka fi sani da Gwen Alford-Pean ) 'yar Nijeriya ce da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka. Marubuciya ce kuma marubuciya wacce ayyukanta ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa daban-daban kamar: neman na kai ga gogewar addini; gida da ainihi; kabila da uwa; da kuma gwagwarmaya. Tafiya A Ciki ita ce farkon tarin waƙoƙin ta.
Samira Ahmed
Aikin jarida
Ahmed ta zama mai horar da labarai na BBC ce a 1990. Bayan shekaru biyu amatsayin wacce aka kara, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da rediyo na cibiyar sadarwa a 1992 akan shirye-shiryen kamar Yau, Tsoron takaitacciyar kwantiraginta na BBC ba za ta sabunta ba bayan rashin jituwa a cikin mawuyacin hali,  Ahmed ta nemi, kuma ta ci gaba, ta BBC World don gabatar da mai gabatarwa, wanda ya sa ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga Newsnight. Ita ce wakilin BBC a Los Angeles a tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1994 kuma ta gabatar da rahoto game da shari’ar OJ Simpson.. Ahmed a takaice ta yi aiki da Deutsche Welle a Berlin a matsayin marubuciya kuma marubuciyar siyasa, amma daga baya ta dawo dan gajeriyar zam tare da BBC World amatsayin mai gabatarwa da dare a shirin BBC News 24 kafin ta tafi hutu.
Ahmed ta koma Channel 4 News a watan Afrilun na shekara ta 2000, kuma ta zama mai gabatarwa a watan Yulin 2002. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2011 Ahmed ta bar Channel 4, ta tafi aikin zaman kai (freelance).
A shekara ta 2009 ta ci nasarar samun kyautar Broadcaster of the Year a yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo na Stonewall Awards shekara-shekara saboda rahotonta na musamman game da "gyara" fyade da matan 'yan madigo a Afirka ta Kudu. An yi wannan rahoton ne bayan ActionAid ya tuntube ta game da kamfen dinsu na aikata laifukan wariyar launin fata. Ta ci lambar yabo ta BBC ce a cikin Celebrity Mastermind, tare da wani kwararre kan batun Laura Ingalls Wilder, marubucin Little House kan littattafan Prairie, a cikin Disamba 2010. Bugu da kari, a shekarar 2019 Ahmed ta lashe zakaran gwajin dafi na Celebrity Mastermind, ta sanya suttura ta Space 1999.
Ita Farfesa mai ziyara na ilimin aikin Jarida a Jami'ar Kingston kuma mai ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga The Big Issue.
Sauraron Dai-daita biya
Ahmed ta shigar da karar a kan BBC a karkashin dokar Equal Pay Act a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. Kotun Ma'aikata na Tsakiyar Landan ta tabbatar da goyon bayan karar ta a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2020. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2020 an sanar da cewa an cimma matsaya tare da BBC, amma ba a fitar da adadi game da hakan ba.
Rayuwar mutum
Ahmed ta auri Brian Millar. Kuma ma'auratan na zaune ne a London suna da yaro daya da yarinya.
Kubau
Karamar hukumar Kubau tana daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi 23 dake jihar Kaduna a Najeriya. Tana da hedkwatarta a garin Anchau. Majalisar karamar hukumar na karkashin jagorancin Bashir Zuntu. Chaiman Hon Sabo Aminu Anchau.
An kirkiro ta ne a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha, a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1995, daga karamar hukumar Ikara ta yanzu.
Mutane
Manyan kabilun galibinsu Hausawa ne da Fulani. Ko da yake akwai ƙabilun baƙi kamar Sayawa, Kurama, da sauransu amma kaɗan ne.
Al’ummar Kubau LG dai galibinsu Musulmi ne a addinance, duk da cewa akwai wasu Kiristoci a wasu sassan karamar hukumar.
Gwamnati
Hon. Hamisu Ibrahim Kubau PhD shine mamba mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ikara/Kubau, jihar Kaduna.
Tattalin Arziki
Karamar hukumar Kubau tana da shahararriyar Kasuwar Anchau ta mako-mako (Talata) domin sayar da shanu da sauran kayan amfanin gona da dama kamar masara, masara, wake waken soya da dai sauransu. Wata babbar kasuwa tana cikin garin Pambegua mai junction don siyar da kayan amfanin gona da yawa a ranar Juma'a. Sauran Kasuwan kuma su ne Kasuwar Tumatir ta Dutsenwai kasuwa ce ta zamani don siyar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da ake noma ruwa kamar Tumatir, kasuwar tumatur na Kogi wata kasuwa ce ta zamani da ke kan titin Anchau Dutsenwai a ƙauyen Kogi a Kuzuntu.
Tana da albarkatun kasa da yawa wadanda suka hada da karafa, tin. Babban yanki ne da ake noman noma a jihar Kaduna, babban abin da ake nomawa shi ne rake.
Ilimi
Karamar hukumar Kubau tana da makarantun firamare da sakandire da dama a dukkan unguwanni 11. Duk da haka, babu manyan cibiyoyi a yankin.
Yanki da Yawan Jama'a
Yana da yanki 2,505 km2 da yawan jama'a 2 a ƙidayar 2006.
Yemi Adesanya
Yemi Adesanya wata akawuntan Najeriya ce (Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria ), mai kirkiro, kuma marubuci mai kirkira. Rukunan wakokinta na farko mai taken Musings of a Tangled Tongue. .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Haihuwar Jolaoyemi Doyinsola Olatubosun ga dangi takwas, Adesanya ta halarci makarantu a Ibadan, jihar Oyo, da Akungba, Ondo na Nige. .
Tarin waka
Adesanya ta fara tattara waƙoƙin waƙa mai taken Musings of a Tangled Tongue an buga shi a cikin 2016 ta Kiibaati Resources Limited don yin ra'ayoyi. Tana dauke da wakoki 54 sama da shafuka sittin.
An bayyana tarin a matsayin "littafin da aka fara gabatarwa wanda ke gayyatar masu karatu a tafiya ta waka wanda aka kirkira tare da son rai, ma'amala ta soyayya da mawuyacin hali, tarbiyyar yara da yarinta, roko, raye-rayen da ake da su, rikice-rikicen kamfanoni, barna da munanan abubuwa, da kuma fitina kai tsaye." kuma kuma a matsayin "wayayye, ba abin girmamawa bane, yana iya sakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, yana wartsakarwa."
Harsunan Ibibio-Efik
Efik-Ibibio shine babban rukunin yaren ƙungiyar Cross River reshen Benue-Congo. Ingancin Efik daidai yana da matsayin ƙasa a Najeriya kuma shine ma'aunin adabi na yarukan Efik, kodayake Ibibio mai dacewa yana da masu magana da yawa.
Yemi Adesanya
Kirkirar wasan kati
A cikin 2014, Yemi ta ƙirƙira wasannin kati biyu. Daya ana kiran shi Game of Refayawa, an tsara shi "don koyar da tarihi cikin nishadi da ma'amala"
Harsunan Ibibio-Efik
Iri-iri
Efik-Ibibio yanki ne na yare wanda kusan mutane miliyan 9.5 na jihar Akwa Ibom da Jihohin Kuros Riba na Najeriya ke magana dashi, hakan yasa ya zama rukuni na shida mafi girma a Najeriya bayan harsunan Hausa, Yarbawa, Igbo, Fulani da Kanuri.
Yemi Adesanya
Kirkirar wasan kati
Ta ya ma shawara sabon na yau da kullum holidays a Najeriya.
Harsunan Ibibio-Efik
Iri-iri
Manyan harsunan Efik-Ibibio sune:
Ƙanan iri, a cewar Williamson da Blench, sune:
Waɗannan ana iya jayayyarsu da yare ɗaya, kodayake Ethnologue yana ɗaukar su daban.
Ƙungiyar aikin muhalli
Ƙungiyar aikin Muhalli (ENFORAC) haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli guda 16, ƙungiyoyin al'umma da cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda suka taru a matsayin murya ɗaya don karewa da bayar da shawarwari ga albarkatun kasa na Ƙasar Saliyo. An kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2004, ba a ƙaddamar da ita a hukumance ba sai Afrilun shekarar 2006.
An yi rajistar ENFORAC tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci a matsayin Kamfanin Ba Don Riba ba, Limited Garanti: 24 ga Agusta shekarata 2020.
Tambarin ENFORAC yana wakiltar Picathartes biyu masu Farin Necked suna fuskantar juna a cikin tattaunawa a bakin kogi a ƙarƙashin bishiya.
Picathartes gymnocephalus shi ma kuma yana cikin dajin Upper Guinea kuma an zaɓi shi don wakiltar raguwar ɗan adam na wannan yanayin.
Abdou Alassane Dji Bo
Abdou Alassane Dji Bo (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni 1979) ɗan wasan Judoka ɗan Nijar ne. Shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo sau uku a gasar Judo ta Afirka.
Ya halarci gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi a shekarar 2004, kuma shi ne dan wasan Judoka na farko a Nijar, bayan da ya koyi wasan da samun gurbin karatu na Olympics.
Jamie Geller
Jamie Geller ( ג'יימי גלר , an haifi Mayu 29, 1978) ita ce Babban Jami'ar Harkokin Watsa Labarai da Kasuwanci a Aish. Ita kuma marubuciyar littafin dafa abinci mafi siyar, mashahuriyar  shugaba,mai shirya talabijin kuma ƴar kasuwa. Ita marubuciya ce ta littattafan dafa abinci guda 8 kuma wacce ta kafa Kosher Media Network (yanzu ana kiranta Kosher Network International). A cikin 2010,cibiyar sadarwar ta ƙaddamar da Joy of Kosher tare da Jamie Geller wasan dafa abinci kan layi, mujallar buga da PBS Chanukah na musamman. An kira ta "The Kosher Rachael Ray " ta Miami Herald. da Sarauniyar Kosher :  Geller ta sayar da littattafan dafa abinci kusan 100,000.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Geller a Philadelphia kuma ta girma a gidan Yahudawa a Abington, Pennsylvania. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Akiba Hebrew Academy.A Jami'ar New York Geller ta yi karatun aikin jarida da yaren Ibrananci da adabi kuma ta kammala karatun magna cum laude,Phi Beta Kappa a watan Mayu 1999.Geller baalat teshuva ce, ta rungumi addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox da al'adun gargajiya na Yahudawa a farkon shekarunta 20.
Babatunde Jose
Alhaji Ismail Babatunde Jose OFR (an haife shi a Legas a kuma ranar 13 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1925, ya mutu ne a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekarata 2008) ɗan jaridar Nijeriya ne kuma editan jarida. Jaridar The Guardian ce ta bayyana shi a matsayin "fitaccen jajiratate doyen aikin jarida a Najeriya" kuma a matsayin "daya daga cikin fitattun ƴan jaridar Najeriya"; na jaridar Independent a matsayin "editan jaridar da ya mamaye aikin jarida a Najeriya tsawon shekaru talatin" kuma a matsayin "babbar bishiyar da tsironta ya tsiro da sauran titan na aikin";  kuma ta Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya a matsayin "kakan aikin jarida na Najeriya".
Jamie Geller
Aiki
Kafin rubuta littafin dafa abinci na farko,Geller marubuciya ce kuma mai gabatar da talabijin don CNN,Labaran Nishaɗi, Cibiyar Abinci, da kuma babban marubuciya / mai samarwa da tallace-tallace na HBO.
A cikin 2007, Geller ta buga Quick da Kosher Recipes daga Amarya wanda bai san kome ba (  ) (Feldheim Publishers). Littafin ta ba da labarin kwarewarta na zabar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox, aurenta da koyon girki.A cikin 2010 Geller ta buga Quick & Kosher: Abinci a cikin Mintuna (Feldheim Publishers). Bata san girki ba kafin tayi aure amma ta koya saboda larura.A cikin fiye da shekaru 15 na gwaninta,ta buga littattafai 8, gidan yanar gizon da ke da girke-girke sama da 10,000 da bidiyo tare da ra'ayoyi sama da biliyan 1.
Babatunde Jose
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Jose ga dangin Hamzat da Hajarat Jose, mahaifinsa dan kasuwa ne, asalinsa Ikare a cikin jihar Ondo, wanda ya koma Lagos, mahaifiyarsa dangin Nupe ce .Kakan sa ya taɓa zama Sarkin Musulmi na Kalaba Kalaba. Babatunde Jose ya yi karatun sa a makarantar Gwamnatin Legas, Yaba, Legas, makarantar Methodist, Yaba da St Saviour's College.
Jamie Geller
Aiki
A cikin 2021, Geller ta ƙaddamar da layin samfur na kayan yaji, zuma,pilaf da makamantansu.
A cikin 2021, Geller ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Aish don ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwar kafofin watsa labarai.An nada Geller a matsayin sabon babban jami'in yada labarai da tallace-tallace na Aish.
Babatunde Jose
Aikin jarida
"[K] een a kan 'yan jarida masu ilimi," Jose "ya fita daga hanyarsa don kafa makarantar horarwa da kuma ɗaukar ma'aikata da suka kammala karatu". A cewar jaridar The Independent, ya tsara wadanda za a horar da shi da waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu "a matsayin masu bayar da rahotanni marasa mutunci da kuma marubuta wadanda za su iya bayyana matsayin manyan 'yan siyasa da manyan sojoji da suka mulki kasar", duk da cewa ya "bijire wa siyasa na bangaranci". Daya daga cikin waɗanda suka samu horo, Segun Osoba, wanda daga baya ya zama Gwamnan Jihar Ogun, ya ce game da shi "yana karfafa ilimin boko a aikin jarida na Najeriya" kuma "ya samar da ɗumbin ƙwararrun 'yan jarida [...] dayawa daga cikinsu kuma sun ci gaba da kafa su mallaki jaridu da kuma samar da wasu 'yan jarida da yawa ".
Jamie Geller
Aiki
Kosher Network International wanda ya hada da JamieGeller.com, @jamiegeller, da @jewlishbyjamie,an nada ta lambar 1 kamfanin watsa labarai na abinci na kosher na duniya da cibiyar sadarwar abinci ta Yahudawa. Alamomin abinci na Yahudawa da salon rayuwa suna da mabiya sama da miliyan 2 a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarun.
Babatunde Jose
Aikin jarida
Bayan wani juyin mulki da Janar Murtala Mohammed ya yi a shekarar 1975, an tilasta wa Daily Times ta sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin ta ga gwamnati, kuma “an saukaka Jose”, ya tashi bayan shekara guda. Jaridar daga baya ta ƙi.
Jamie Geller
Ayyukan da aka buga
Jaridar New York Times ta lura cewa ta "rubuta girke-girke don kosher.com ."
Rayuwa ta sirri
A watan Agustan 2012, Geller ya yi aliyah zuwa Isra'ila kuma ya zauna a Beit Shemesh.
Babatunde Jose
Aikin jarida
Duk da cewa bai taba kammala jami'a ba, Jami'ar Benin ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na shari'a. "Ba yadda za a yi wa Musulmi, shi ma ya karbi kyautar Paparoman Pius saboda ƙarfafa fahimtar addini."
A 1987, ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa, Walking a Tight Rope.
Lujiyar
Lujiyar / Rujiyar shuka ne.
Hanitriniaina Rakotondrabé
Hanitriniaina Rivosoa Rakotondrabé (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 1967) 'yar wasan tseren Malagasy mai ritaya ce wacce ta ƙware a cikin tseren mita 100.
Ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a tseren mita 60 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya a shekarun 1997 da 1999. Ta kuma taka leda a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekarun 1995, 1997 da 1999 da kuma gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2000 ba tare da samun ci gaba daga heats ba.
Rakotondrabé ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Wasan Antananarivo francophone Games a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 1997.
Ambru
Ambru shuka ne.
Bukukuwan Idi
A Musulunci, Eid ne sunan bukukuwan musulunci biyu:
Lere
Lere  ƙaramar hukuma ce dake a Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Tana da hedkwatar ta ne acikin garin Saminaka. Tanada iyakoki da jahohi irinsu Plato, Kano da Bauchi, karamar hukumar Lere ta shahara fannin naoma da kuma kiyo.
Iyakoki
garin lere ya kafune tun a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da saba'in (1870) FAƊIN ƘASA fadin kasar lere yana da 2158km² cunkoso da yawan jama'a kimanin 331161 bisa ga lissafin kidaya na (2006 census)
Ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa
Karamar hukumar Lere ta kunshi kananan hukumomi 11, wato:
Yawan jama'a
An kididdige yawan al'ummar karamar hukumar Lere a matsayin 338,740, bisa ga kididdigar ranar 21 ga Maris, 2006. Hukumar Kididdiga ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta kiyasta yawanta zai kai 458,600 a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2016.
Mutane
Karamar hukumar Lere ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da ƙabilanci da ƙasƙanci waɗanda galibinsu ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin rukunin harsunan Gabas Kainji na harsunan Platoid kamar su: Agbiri, Akurmi, Amala, Amap, Anaseni, Aniragu, Arumaruma, Avono, Avori. Azelle, Dungu, Koonu, Kuzamani (Lere), Tumi. Sauran sun hada da: Fulani (a garin Lere), Hausa, Igbo, Zaar.