cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Almakashi
Tarihi
An ci gaba da amfani da almakashi na bazara a Turai har zuwa ƙarni na 16. Duk da haka, pivoted almakashi na tagulla ko baƙin ƙarfe, a cikin abin da ruwan wuƙaƙe da aka pivoted a wani batu tsakanin tukwici da iyawa, kai tsaye kakan almakashi na zamani, aka ƙirƙira da Romawa a kusa da 100 AD. Sun shiga amfani gama gari ba kawai tsohuwar Roma ba, har ma da Sin, Japan, da Koriya, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ra'ayin a kusan dukkanin almakashi na zamani.
Ƙerawa da wuri
A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani da Renaissance, an yi almakashi na bazara ta hanyar ɗumama sandar ƙarfe ko ƙarfe, sa'an nan kuma daidaitawa da daidaita ƙarshensa zuwa ruwan wuƙaƙe a kan magudanar ruwa. An zafi tsakiyar mashaya, lanƙwasa don samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, sa'an nan kuma a sanyaya kuma a sake yin zafi don yin sauƙi.
Kamfanin Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoquan da ke Hangzhou, ƙasar Sin, yana ƙera almakashi tun 1663.
William Whiteley & Sons (Sheffield) Ltd. yana samar da almakashi ta 1760, kodayake an yi imanin kasuwancin ya fara ciniki tun da farko. Alamar kasuwanci ta farko, 332, an ba da ita a cikin 1791. Kamfanin har yanzu yana ƙera almakashi a yau, kuma shi ne kamfani mafi daɗewa a ƙasashen Yamma da ya yi hakan.
Ba a ƙera almakashi masu yawa da yawa ba har sai a shekara ta 1761, lokacin da Robert Hinchliffe na Sheffield ya samar da almakashi na farko na zamani da aka yi da ƙarfe mai tsauri da goge goge. Babban ƙalubalensa shi ne samar da bakuna; na farko, ya yi su da ƙarfi, sa'an nan ya huda rami, sa'an nan kuma ya ba da ƙarafa don yin girman da zai iya shigar da yatsun mai amfani. Wannan tsari ya kasance mai wahala, kuma a fili Hinchliffe ya inganta akansa don haɓaka samarwa. Hinchliffe ya zauna a Cheney Square (yanzu wurin Sheffield Town Hall ), kuma ya kafa wata alama da ke nuna kansa a matsayin "masana almakashi mai kyau". Ya samu tallace-tallace mai ƙarfi a London da sauran wurare.
A cikin ƙarni na 19, an yi almakashi da hannu tare da ƙawayen hannaye. An yi su ne ta hanyar dunƙule ƙarfe a kan filaye da aka fi sani da 'shugabanni' don samar da ruwan wuƙaƙe. An yi zoben da ke cikin hannaye, waɗanda aka fi sani da bakuna, ta hanyar buga rami a cikin ƙarfen da kuma faɗaɗa shi tare da ƙarshen anvil.
A cikin 1649, a cikin Finland da ke mulkin Sweden, an kafa aikin ƙarfe a ƙauyen Fiskars tsakanin Helsinki da Turku. A cikin 1830, wani sabon mai shi ya fara aikin yankan farko a Finland, yana yin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, almakashi tare da alamar kasuwanci ta Fiskars.
Faransa
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 14 an fara amfani da kalmar Ingilishi "almakashi". An samo shi daga tsohuwar kalmar Faransanci, "cisoires" wanda ke nufin shears.
Akwai yankuna da yawa masu samar da almakashi na tarihi a Faransa: Haute-Marne a cikin Nogent-en Bassigny, Châtellereault, Thiers da Rouen. Waɗannan garuruwa, kamar sauran al'ummomi masu samar da almakashi, sun fara ne da samar da sabre, takobi da bayonet, waɗanda suka rikiɗe zuwa almakashi da sauran ruwan wuƙaƙe a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon 19th.
Thiers, a cikin Puy-de-Dôme na Auvergne, ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar almakashi da samar da kayan yanka. Gida ce ga duka Musée de la Coutellerie, wanda ke nuna tarihin shekaru 800 na garin na yin ruwan wuƙaƙe, da kuma Coutellia, nunin kasuwanci na masana'antu wanda ke tallata kanta a matsayin ɗayan manyan taron shekara-shekara na masu sana'ar hannu. duniya.
Jamus
Jamus ce ke da alhakin ƙera ƙasa da kashi 7% na fitar da almakashi na duniya a cikin 2019. Sau da yawa ana kiranta "Birnin Blades", Solingen, a North Rhine Westphalia, ta kasance cibiyar ƙera almakashi tun zamanin da. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 an ƙiyasta cewa akwai sama da almakashi 300 a Solingen.
Italiya
Premana, a Lardin Lecco, ya samo asali ne daga aikin ƙarfe da ƙera wuƙa tun daga ƙarni na 16. A cikin 1900 akwai bitar masana'anta guda goma, 20 a cikin 1952 da 48 ta 1960. A yau, Consorzio Premax, haɗin gwiwar masana'antu, yana tsara kamfanoni sama da 60 na cikin gida waɗanda ke da hannu a ƙera almakashi don kasuwannin duniya. A cikin 2019 Italiya ta fitar da kashi 3.5% na almakashi da aka ƙera a duniya.
Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin masana'antun almakashi na Premanese har yanzu suna aiki shine Sanelli Ambrogio, wanda aka kafa a 1869.
Japan
Scissor making a Japan ya samo asali ne daga yin takobi a ƙarni na 14. Seki, a yankin Gifu, sanannen cibiyar yin takobi ne tun daga shekarun 1200. Lokacin da aka daina ba 'yan ƙasa izinin ɗaukar katana, maƙeran birni sun juya zuwa yin almakashi da wuƙaƙe. Akwai nau'ikan almakashi na Japan da yawa, amma Commodore Matthew Perry na Amurka ya gabatar da almakashi a 1854.
Yasuhiro Hirakawa, almakashi na ƙarni na 5 ne ke gudanar da taron bitar Sasuke a birnin Sakai a kudancin Osaka. Kamfanin yana aiki tun 1867. Yasuhiro Hirakawa shi ne mai yin almakashi na ƙarshe a Japan, yana yin almakashi a cikin salon gargajiya inda aka yi imanin cewa ruwan wuƙaƙe ya fi sirara, haske da kaifi fiye da almakashi na Turai. A cikin 2018 an ba da labarinsa a cikin wani shirin gaskiya wanda ke nuna wasu ɓangarori guda biyu na bonsai waɗanda ke siyar da dala $35,000.
Spain
A Solsona, Spain, an fara ƙera almakashi a ƙarni na 16. A ƙololuwar masana'antar a cikin ƙarni na 18 akwai tarurrukan bita 24, wanda aka shirya a matsayin Guild of Saint Eligius, majiɓincin masu yin wuƙa. Ya zuwa tsakiyar 1980s biyu ne kawai, kuma zuwa 2021, Pallarès Solsona, wanda Lluìs da Carles Pallarès Canal suka kafa a cikin 1917, kuma har yanzu suna aiki da dangi, shine kaɗai wanda ya rage sauran masana'antar almakashi.
Ƙasar Ingila
Sauran masana'antun Sheffield almakashi ne William Whiteley, wanda aka kafa a 1760, da Ernest Wright, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1902. Dukansu yanzu suna mayar da hankali kan manyan ƙira / ƙira na "kayayyakin don rayuwa" maimakon samar da taro. Tsakanin wasu kamfanonin biyu an ƙiyasta cewa babu su fiye da goma "Putter-togetereors" waɗanda ke ƙirar masu horar da ƙwararru masu horar da babban taro na Sheffall. A cikin 2020, an karɓe Ernest Wright tare da Kyautar Sana'o'i Masu Kashewa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Biritaniya.
Bayani da aiki
Almakashi guda biyu sun ƙunshi ruwan wuƙaƙe biyu. A cikin ƙananan ƙananan almakashi, ƙananan gefuna ba su da kaifi musamman; da farko aikin sassasƙe ne tsakanin ruwan wuƙaƙe biyu ne ke yanke kayan. A cikin almakashi masu inganci, ruwan wuƙaƙe na iya zama duka biyu masu kaifi sosai, kuma tashin hankali ya tashi - don ƙara yanke wa da juzu'i kawai a daidai wurin da ruwan wuƙaƙe ya hadu. Motsin hannu (turawa da babban yatsa, ja da yatsu) na iya ƙara wannan tashin hankali. Kyakkyawan misali shine a cikin almakashi ko shears na tela masu inganci, waɗanda ke buƙatar samun damar yanke daidai (ba kawai yaga ba) kyawawan yadudduka irin su chiffon da siliki.
Almakashi na yara yawanci ba su da kaifi musamman, kuma ƙwanƙolin ruwan wuƙaƙe galibi suna lumshewa ko kuma 'zagaye' don aminci.
A kan inji, almakashi na farko ne mai lefi biyu tare da pivot yana aiki azaman fulcrum. Don yankan abu mai kauri ko nauyi, ana iya amfani da fa'idar inji na lefa ta wurin sanya kayan da za a yanke a kusa da fulcrum gwargwadon yiwuwa. Misali, idan ƙarfin da aka yi amfani da shi (a hannaye) ya ninka nisa daga fulcrum kamar wurin yanke (watau wurin tuntuɓar ruwan wuƙaƙe), ƙarfin da ke wurin yankan ya ninka na ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi a. masu riƙe wa. Almakashi yanke abu ta amfani a wurin yankan danniya na yanki wanda ya wuce ƙarfin juzu'in kayan.
Wasu almakashi suna da abin ƙara, wanda ake kira takalmin gyaran ƙafar yatsa ko tang ɗin yatsa, a ƙasan ramin yatsan yatsa don yatsa na tsakiya ya tsaya a kai don samar da ingantaccen sarrafawa da ƙarin ƙarfi cikin yanke daidai. Ana iya samun tang ɗin yatsa akan almakashi masu inganci da yawa (ciki har da masu rahusa) musamman akan almakashi don yanke gashi (duba almakashin gashi wanda ke hoton ƙasa). A cikin aske gashi, wasu na da'awar an saka yatsan zobe ne inda wasu ke sanya yatsan hannunsu, sannan ɗan yatsansa yana kan tang din yatsa.
Ga mutanen da ba su da amfani da hannayensu, akwai ƙirar almakashi na musamman na ƙafa. Wasu quadriplegics na iya amfani da salon almakashi mai sarrafa baki.
Almakashi na hannun dama da na hagu
Yawancin almakashi sun fi dacewa don amfani da hannun dama, amma an tsara almakashi na hagu don amfani da hannun hagu. Saboda almakashi suna da ruwan wuƙaƙe masu ruɓa, ba su da siffa. Wannan asymmetry gaskiya ne ba tare da la'akari da daidaitawa da siffar hannaye ba: ruwan da ke saman ko yaushe yana yin diagonal iri ɗaya ba tare da la'akari da fuskantarwa ba. Hannun ɗan adam ma ba su da daidaituwa, kuma lokacin rufewa, babban yatsan hannu da yatsun su ba sa rufewa a tsaye, amma suna da ɓangaren gefe zuwa motsi. Musamman, babban yatsan yana fitowa daga dabino sannan yatsun su suna ja ciki. Don almakashi na hannun dama da ke riƙe da hannun dama, babban yatsan yatsa ya fi kusa da jikin mai amfani, ta yadda ɗabi'ar hannun dama ita ce tilasta yanke igiya tare. Akasin haka, idan an riƙe almakashi na hannun dama a hannun hagu, ɗabi'ar hannun hagu ita ce tilasta yanke yankan a gefe. Bugu da ƙari kuma, da almakashi na hannun dama da hannun dama, ana iya ganin gefuna na yanke, amma idan aka yi amfani da su da hannun hagu, yankan almakashi yana bayan saman, kuma ba za a iya ganin abin da ake yanke ba.
Ana siyar da wasu almakashi a matsayin ambidextrous. Waɗannan suna da hannaye masu ma'ana don haka babu bambanci tsakanin hannun yatsa da yatsa, kuma suna da fitillu masu ƙarfi sosai ta yadda ruwan wuƙaƙe kawai ke juyawa kuma ba su da wani bayarwa na gefe. Duk da haka, yawancin almakashi na "ambidextrous" a haƙiƙanin gaskiya har yanzu na hannun dama ne a cikin cewa ruwan sama yana hannun dama, don haka yana waje idan an riƙe shi a hannun dama. Ko da sun yanke cikin nasara, daidaitawar ruwan wuƙa zai toshe ra'ayin yankan ga mai hannun hagu. Haƙiƙa almakashi na ambidextrous yana yiwuwa idan ruwan wuƙaƙe suna da kaifi biyu kuma ana jujjuya hannun guda ɗaya zuwa kusan digiri 360 ta yadda bayan ruwan wuƙaƙe ya zama sabon gefuna. An ba da lambar yabo ta U.S. Patent 3,978,584 don almakashi na gaske na ambidextrous.
Almakashi na musamman
Daga cikin ƙwararrun almakashi da shears da ake amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban akwai:
Adabi
Littafin yara na Heinrich Hoffmann na 1845 Struwwelpeter ya haɗa da Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher ("Labarin Babban Thumb-Sucker") wanda yaro ya ci gaba da tsotse babban yatsa duk da gargaɗin mahaifiyarsa game da Babban Tall Scissorman.
Augusten Burroughs ' 2002 memoir Gudu tare da almakashi ya shafe makonni takwas a kan mafi kyawun masu siyar da <i id="mwAmI">New York Times</i>. Daga baya an canza littafin zuwa fim.
Wasanni
Ana iya samun kalmar 'almakashi' a wasanni da yawa, gami da:
1993
1993 ita ce shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara ta tisa'in da uku a ƙirgar Miladiyya.
Almakashi
camfi
Almakashi suna da yaɗuwar wuri a cikin camfin al'adu. A yawancin lokuta, bayanan camfin na iya kasancewa na musamman ga wata ƙasa, yanki, ƙabila, addini ko ma halin da ake ciki.
Kimiyya
An yi amfani da almakashi a cikin ilimin kimiyya don dalilai daban-daban, gami da kwatancen dabbobi ko siffofi na halitta.
Yanayi
Dabbobi masu suna almakashi sun haɗa da:
Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore
Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore, GCON (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1937) ne a Nijeriya masani da kuma tsohon alkalin alkalan Najeriya.
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Alfa Belgore a ranar 17 ga Janairun, shekara ta1937, ga dangin Fulani a Ilorin, babban birnin jihar Kwara da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Okesuna da ta Middle a Ilorin kafin ya zarce zuwa makarantar Ilesa Grammar inda ya sami takardar shedar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1956. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a shekara ta 1963 sannan kuma ya samu horo a Inner Temple tsawon shekara daya kafin ya dawo Najeriya a shekara ta 1964 kuma ya yi alkalanci a Arewacin Najeriya. A shekara ta 1986, an nada shi a kujerar babban kotun kolin Najeriya a matsayin Mai Shari'a. Ya rike mukamai da dama a bangaren shari'a kafin a nada shi a matsayin Babban Jojin Najeriya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 lokacin da ya yi ritaya.
Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya
Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke jagorantar jami’an tsaro a Nijeriya tare da kimanin ma’aikata kusan 371,800. A yanzu haka akwai shirye-shiryen ƙara rundunar zuwa 650,000, tare da ƙara sabbin mayaka 280,000 zuwa 370,000 na yanzu. NPF kungiya ce mai girman gaske wacce ta kunshi daukacin jihohi 36 wadanda aka hada su zuwa shiyyoyi 12 da gabobin gudanarwa 7. IGP Alkali Usman Baba ne ke jagorantar hukumar a halin yanzu.. An bude police academy a wudil dake jahar kano nijeriya don Inganta tsaro a Nijeriya kaba daya.
Dubai (birni)
Dubai, da Larabci دبي‎, birni ne dake a masarautar Dubai, A ƙasar Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa. Shi ne babban birnin masarautar Dubai, kuma da babban birnin tattalin arziƙin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2018, akwai jimillar mutane 3,137,463.An gina birnin Dubai a ƙarni na sha takwas bayan haihuwar annabi Isah.
Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya
Tarihin Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya
An kafa rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a shekarar 1820. A cikin shekarar 1879, aka kafa wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai 1,200. A shekarar 1896 an kafa 'yan sanda na Legas. An kafa makamancin wannan rundunar, mai suna Niger Coast Constabulary, wanda aka kafa a Kalabar a shekarar 1894 a karkashin sabon sanarwar da aka bayar na kare yankin na tekun Niger. A arewa, Kamfanin Royal Niger Company ya kafa Royal Niger Company Constabulary a cikin shekarar 1888 tare da hedkwata a Lokoja.
Dubai (birni)
Hotuna
Dubai na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu kyan gine-gine da dogayan benaku, suna yawan yin gasan gine-gine.
Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya
Tarihin Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya
Lokacin da aka ayyana masu kare Arewacin da Kudancin Najeriya a farkon shekarun 1900, wani ɓangare na Royal Niger Company Constabulary ya zama ƴan sandan Arewacin Najeriya, kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Neja ta Kudu ta zama ƴan sandan Kudancin Najeriya. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, yawancin 'yan sanda suna da alaƙa da ƙananan hukumomi (ƙananan hukumomi). A cikin shekarun 1960, a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Farko, waɗannan rundunonin an fara sanya su a yanki sannan kuma suka zama ƙasashe. NPF ta yi aikin 'yan sanda na al'ada kuma tana da alhakin tsaron cikin gida gaba ɗaya; don tallafawa gidan yarin, shige da fice, da kuma ayyukan kwastan; da kuma yin aikin soja a ciki ko wajen Najeriya kamar yadda aka umurta. An sanar da shirye-shirye a tsakiyar shekarar 1980 don fadada rundunar zuwa 200,000.
Zuwa shekara ta 1983, bisa ga kasafin kuɗin tarayya, karfin NPF ya kusan 152,000, amma wasu kafofin sun kiyasta tsakanin 20,000 zuwa 80,000. Ba da rahoto, akwai fiye da ofisoshin 'yan sanda 1,300 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Jami'an 'yan sanda galibi ba su da makamai amma ana ba su makamai lokacin da ake buƙata don takamaiman manufa ko yanayi. Sau da yawa ana tura su ko'ina cikin ƙasar, amma a cikin shekarar 1989 shugaban ƙasa a lokacin Babangida ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tura manyan jami’ai zuwa yan kunansu don sauƙaƙa dangantakar ‘yan sanda da jama’ar gari.
Gudanarwa
Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya tana kula da tsarin gudanarwa na sassa uku, na shiyya da na jihohi. Sassa Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya tana ƙarƙashin babban aiki da kulawa na Sufeto Janar (IGP) wanda shugaban ƙasa ya nada kuma ke da alhakin kiyaye doka da oda. Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) ne ya tallafa masa a hedkwata a Legas kuma a kowace jiha daga kwamishinonin ’yan sanda. Tsarin mulki na shekarar  1979 ya tanadar wa Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda wacce ke da alhakin manufofin NPF, tsarawa, gudanarwa, da harkokin kudi (ban da fansho).
Kabewa
Kabewa ko Kabushi (Cucurbita pepo), kabewa dai wata aba ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa abubuwan gargajiya. Musamman ma wajen yin miya. Kuma akan yi amfani da ita ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman ɓangaren fate. Sannan ana amfani da ita wajen yin miyar taushe. Tana da sinadarai masu matukar mahimmanci da kuma amfani a jikin ɗan'adam musamman ma ta ɓangaren da ya shafi lafiya a duniya gaba daya. Masana sun tabbatar da cewa tana da nau'o'i kala-kala kusan guda 18,.
Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya
Gudanarwa
A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1989, Babangida ya soke Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ƴan Sanda kuma ya kafa Hukumar Ƴan sandan Nijeriya a madadin ta, karkashin ikon shugaban kasa kai tsaye. Sabon majalisar ya shugabanci shugaban; shugaban hafsan hafsoshin soja, ministan harkokin cikin gida, da babban sifeton ‘yan sanda mambobi ne. A wani bangare na sake tsarin gwamnati a watan Satumbar shekarar 1990, Alhajji Sumaila Gwarzo, tsohon daraktan SSS, ya zama sabon mukamin karamin minista, harkokin ‘yan sanda.
A ƙarshen shekarar 1986, an sake tsara NPF a duk faɗin ƙasar zuwa cikin yankuna yanki bakwai, waɗanda ke maye gurbin tsarin kwamanda daidai da kowane Jihohin Najeriya. Kowace kwamanda tana karkashin wani kwamishina ne na ‘yan sanda kuma an kara raba ta zuwa lardunan‘ yan sanda da rarrabuwa a karkashin jami’an gida. Hedikwatar NPF, wacce kuma ta kasance kwamandan yanki, tana kulawa tare da daidaita sauran umarnin yankin. Daga baya wadannan Area Dokokin aka harhada a karkashin Zone Dokokin kamar haka: Zone 1, cibiyarsa Kano, tare da Kano, Kastina, da kuma Jigawa Dokokin Zone 2, wanda cibiyarsa ke Legas, tare da Lagos, kuma Ogun umurtar Zone 3, cibiyarsa Yola, tare da Adamawa, da Gombe Dokokin
Sake fasalin NPF na shekarar 1986 ya kasance sakamakon fitowar jama'a cikin rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda da sojoji. An dakatar da wani Sufeto na wani lokaci saboda gurnani cewa sojoji sun kwace ayyukan ‘yan sanda kuma sun sa‘ yan sanda ba su biyan albashi, sannan an yi fada tsakanin ‘yan sanda da jami’an soja kan ikon sintiri a kan iyaka. Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin ya sanar da sake tsarin NPF cikin sabbin kwamandojin yankuna bakwai da kuma shugabanni biyar (binciken laifuka, dabaru, kayayyaki, horo, da ayyuka) a karkashin mataimakin sufeto janar. Kimanin 'yan sanda 2,000 da manyan jami'an' yan sanda 400 ne aka kora daga tsakiyar shekarar 1987, suka bar manyan jami'an 'yan sanda cikin jin haushi.
Ƴan Sandan tafi da gidan ka
An kafa rundunar 'yan sanda tafi da gidan ka a matsayin yajin aiki ko kuma Anti-tarzoma a karkashin kulawar Sufeto-Janar na' yan sanda don magance rikice-rikicen jama'a. An keɓance shi don karɓar ayyukan babban rikici inda sassan 'yan sanda na al'ada ba za su iya jurewa ba. A yanzu haka akwai Dokokin MOPOL 12, MOPOLs 1 zuwa 12, suna kula da 'yan sanda 52' yan sanda wadanda suka yadu tsakanin Manyan Jihohi 36 da Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT).
Kulawar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya
Manyan Hukumomin Gwamnati guda uku suna kulawa da kulawa da kulawar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya; ƴan sanda Service Commission, Najeriya' yan sanda Council da kuma ma'aikatar ciki.
PSC ita ce ƙungiyar sa ido ta farar hula akan ƴan sanda. Tana da alhakin nadin, ci gaba, da ladabtar da dukkan jami'an ƴan sanda ban da Sufeto Janar na ƴan sanda. Ta hada hannu, aiki tare da aiki tare da duk masu ruwa da tsaki, watau majalisar 'yan sanda tare da Shugaban Najeriya a matsayin Shugaba, da dukkan gwamnonin Jihohin Tarayyar Najeriya, Ministan Cikin Gida da Sufeto-Janar na' yan sanda a matsayin mambobi don juyawa 'yan sanda a kusa da kuma ba ta damar fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙarni na 21.
Kuɗaɗe
Kasafin kudin NPF tsakanin shekarar 1984 shekara ta 1988 ya kasance a cikin N360 miliyan zuwa N380 miliyan, kuma a shekarar 1988 ya karu zuwa N521 miliyan. Babban sanannen shine babban jarin kashe kudi na N206 miliyan a shekarar 1986 da N260.3 miliyan a 1988, wanda ya wakilci 3.5 da kashi 2.5 na jimlar kashe babban kuɗin tarayya a waɗannan shekarun. Anyi amfani da wadannan karin ne domin mallakar sabbin kayan aikin sadarwa, sufuri, da makamai domin yaki da karuwar aikata laifuka, kamar su motocin British British Leyland DAF Comet da aka kawo a shekara ta 1990 Duk da wadannan sayayya, wani binciken NPF a karshen shekara ta 1990 ya kammala cewa kasafin kudin rundunar dole ne ya ninka zuwa biyan bukatunta.
Tsarin albashi
Biyo bayan karin albashin na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jagorancin Goodluck Jonathan ta fadada kunshin albashi da alawus din ga rundunar sojoji, sojoji masu kama-karya, ‘yan sanda da kungiyoyin leken asiri, wadanda ba a cika biyansu irin wannan albashin a baya ba. Tsawaita karin jumbo ga sauran ma'aikatan gwamnati sabanin manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati, ya harzuka dukkan kudin albashin zuwa N267. Biliyan 4 a shekara ta 2010. Dangane da wannan tsarin albashin da ke ƙasa akwai cikakkun bayanai na albashi a kowane matsayi ko darajar jami'an 'yan sanda na Najeriya. Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba M. Buhari a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2018 ta amince da sabon tsarin albashi , sai dai har yanzu ba a bayyana bayanan ba saboda haka ba a saka shi ko sabunta shi teburin da ke ƙasa.
Batutuwa
Kodayake ana ɗauka ɗaukakar aiki ne mai ban sha'awa, amma NPF ta fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa game da daukar ma'aikata, horo, rashin iya aiki, da rashin da'a, kuma ba ta da ƙwarewa a fannoni na musamman. Cin hanci da rashawa da rashin gaskiya sun yadu, suna haifar da ƙaramar amincewa da jama'a, rashin ba da rahoton laifuka, da sha'awar neman taimakon kai da kai. 'Yan sanda sun fi kwarewa a ayyukan tsaro da motsa jiki fiye da ayyukan sabis na al'umma ko rigakafin aikata laifuka, ganowa, da bincike.
A lokacin mulkin tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, an yi kokarin fadada NPF ta hanyar rage shekarun daukar ma’aikata daga goma sha tara zuwa goma sha bakwai da kuma yin rajistar sojoji, amma abin ya faskara. A tsakiyar shekara ta 1980 Ministan ‘yan sanda na tarayya na wancan lokacin ya yarda cewa‘ yan sanda sun kwato kaso 14 cikin 100 na dala miliyan 900 na kadarorin da aka ruwaito sun sace a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata, kuma kashi 20 cikin 100 ne kawai daga cikin mutane 103,000 da aka kama aka same su da laifi, a rikodin aiki game da irin wanda aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 1960s. Amfani da tashin hankali da ya wuce kima wajen kawar da rikice-rikicen ɗalibai ya haifar da AFRC a watan Yunin shekara ta 1986 don umartar 'yan sanda da yin amfani da harsasai na roba kawai a cikin tarzomar ɗalibai.
Rahotannin hadin gwiwar 'yan sanda da masu aikata laifuka sun zama gama gari, kamar yadda kuma roko a hukumance ga jami'an' yan sanda su canza halayensu game da jama'a, su kasance masu gaskiya da gaskiya, kuma su guji ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa. A kokarin rage cin hanci da rashawa da kuma saukaka masu gano wadanda suka aikata laifin, an hana jami’an ‘yan sanda bugun daga kai-komo da wuraren binciken ababen hawa dauke da fiye da N5 a kan mutumin nasu. A watan Satumbar 2005, Najeriya ta janye jami'an 'yan sanda 120 da ke aiki a ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Congo saboda zargin da ake musu na aikata lalata.
Ana zargin NPF da bin wata manufa ta "Wuta don Wuta" inda yawancin wadanda aka kama suka mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda ko kuma“ a harbe su yayin da suke kokarin tserewa ” Shekaru da yawa na 'yan sanda da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da ci gaba da gazawar horar da jami'an' yan sanda yadda ya kamata ya haifar da wani yanayi inda kisan gilla ya zama karbabben hanyar mu'amala da mutanen da 'yan sanda suka yi imanin masu laifi ne. Wanda aka kashe kwanan nan shi ne Yusuf Mohamed, shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram a Najeriya, yana raye lokacin da sojoji suka kama shi.
HTun kafin tashin hankalin da ya dabaibaye rikicin Boko Haram a arewacin Najeriya, an yi tambayoyi kan yadda jami'an tsaron ke tafiyar da al'amuransu. A yanzu haka gwamnati na kokarin yiwa ‘yan sanda garambawul. Sun samar da farar Takarda mai dauke da shawarwari guda 79 domin inganta rundunar ‘yan sanda, wanda ya kamata majalisar kasa tayi la’akari da shi ya kuma zama Dokar garambawul ga‘ yan sanda. Babban sake fasali kamar: Ana biyan jami'an 'yan sanda kadan kamar $ 40 (£ 26) a wata, wannan ya kamata ya tashi zuwa $ 100 ga' yan sanda na 'yan sanda, A yi ma'amala da kimanin jami'ai 10,000 tare da bayanan aikata laifuka da aka yi hayar su tsakanin shekarar 2001 da shekara ta 2004, Kafa tsarin abin dogaro Jama'a su koka game da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka fi kowa daukar aiki ya kamata su sami wani matakin cancanta kafin a yi la’akari da su, ya kamata a gudanar da aikace-aikacen a bayyane, ‘yan sanda bai kamata su sayi na su ba,‘ yan sanda na cikin matukar bukatar wani aiki sadarwar sadarwar zamani, kuma yakamata a baiwa betteran sanda ingantattun kayan bincike da horo don amfani da su An sanya Thean sandan Najeriya a matsayin cibiyar da ake kallo a matsayin mafi rashawa a Najeriya, bisa ga binciken da aka yi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello.
A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an bayar da rahoton cewa, jami'an 'yan sandan Nijeriya, na yawan samun karin ku] a] en, ta hanyar kar ~ ar mazauna garin. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara 2019, an cafke wasu Jami’an ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya uku daga Jihar Anambra bisa zargin su da karban mutane uku daga cikin su. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2019, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta fitar da sanarwa inda ta bayyana cewa an kama jami’in’ Yan Sintiri na Safer Highways Onuh Makedomu bayan an yi fim dinsa yana karbar cin hanci daga wani mai mota a Legas. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2020, an cafke wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijeriya biyu daga Legas, Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na’ yan sanda (ASP) Adebayo Ojo da Sajan Adeleke Mojisola dukkan su a kan zargin karbar wata mata. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020 an sake kama wani jami’in ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya daga Legas, Sufeto Taloju Martins, bayan an kama shi a kyamara yana yi wa wani mai mota nasiha. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2020, rundunar ‘yan sanda ta jihar Adamawa ta sanar da cewa an cafke wani jami’inta da laifin kisan wani mai babur da ya ki ba shi cin hanci.
A watan Oktoba shekarar 2018, an cafke wasu ‘yan sanda Boipatong su takwas saboda azabtarwa sannan suka kashe wani dan Najeriya a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2017. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, wasu jami'ai biyu na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Anti-Cultism Squad, Insp. Ogunyemi Olalekan da Sgt. Godwin Orji, an cafke shi tare da tuhumar sa da laifin kisan wani mutum a yayin wani samame a Legas. A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019, an cafke wasu jami'ai hudu na sanannen rundunar 'yan sanda ta musamman da ke yaki da fashi da makami (SARS) tare da tuhumar aikata kisan kai bayan an kama su a yayin shirya fim sannan kuma suka harbe wasu mutum biyu da ake zargi barayin waya da rana tsaka. An harbe mutanen biyu da ake zargi barayin waya ne bayan an kama su.
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, an kame wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijeriya uku bayan sun lakada wa fasinjan fasinja duka, wanda shi ma ya zama Alkalin Kotun Kolin Najeriya, Obasi, bayan ya ki bude wayar tasa. A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, an cafke wani jami’in ‘yan sanda na Najeriya saboda cin zarafin wani ma’aikacin tashar jirgin ruwa. A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta ce an kame jami’anta biyu bayan an kama su a fim suna dukan wata mata a kasuwar Odo Ori da ke Iwo, Osun.
A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa, Rundunar ’Yan sandan Jihar Ribas ta’ Yan Sandan Najeriya ta gurfanar da tsohon Sajan Bitrus Osaiah a kotu saboda harbe matar abokin aikinta, Lavender Elekwachi, har lahira, a yayin wani samame da ta kai kan cinikin tituna da wuraren shakatawa na motoci ba bisa doka ba a makon da ya gabata. A ranar da ta gabata ne aka kori Osaiah a matsayin dan sanda saboda kashe Elekwachi, wanda shi ma ya rike mukamin Sajan. An ruwaito cewa da gaske Osaiah ya kame kisan. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, Yahaha Adeshina, Babban Jami’in ’Yan sanda na Sashen Hausa na Ilemba, an kame shi saboda taimaka wa Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph a kisan da aka yi wa sajan Onalaja Onajide a ranar 10 ga watan,Mayu, shejarar 2020. An bukaci Adeshina da sauran masu harbin saboda "laifukan ta'addanci." A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, an cafke wasu ’yan sanda biyu na Legas da harbe wata yarinya’ yar shekara 16 har lahira.
Ƙididdigar 2008
Kwatancen nazarin Laifuka na shekarar 2008 da shekara ta 2009 ' Bayanai da ke ƙasa suna nuna ƙididdigar aikata laifuka game da laifuffukan da aka yi wa Mutane, laifuka a kan Kadarorin ƙasa, laifukan da ke kan Authorityan doka da kuma laifukan da ke kan Ayyukan Localasa, na shekarar 2009 a duk Dokokin Jihohi Wani gidan yanar sadarwar mu'amala, kungiyar 'yan sanda ta' yan sanda ta Najeriya ta samar da rahoton aikata laifi da kuma yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan 'yan sanda cikin sauki ga jama'ar Najeriya ta hanyar kayan aiki daban-daban. Mujallar D + Z, wacce ta maida hankali kan ci gaba, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Freedom Radio, shiri ne da ake gabatarwa shekara uku na radiyo, shi ma yana taimakawa wajen dakile cin hanci da rashawa a jihohin Kano, Dutse, da Jigawa ta hanyar baiwa ‘yan kasa damar tofa albarkacin bakinsu da gogewarsu. Hakanan tana da wakili daga policean sanda a can don magance waɗannan ƙorafe-ƙorafe da magana game da sabbin ayyuka da ayyukan yau da kullun na policean sanda. Kodayake yawan cin hanci da rashawa da rahotannin take hakkin bil adama sun ragu, wannan alama ce mai kyau domin tana nuna cewa shirin yana da tasiri.
Horarwa
Mataimakin sufeto janar da aka nada a matsayin kwamanda ne ya jagoranci horon 'yan sanda daga hedkwatar. An horar da masu daukar aiki a kwalejojin ‘yan sanda da ke Oji River, Maiduguri, Kaduna, da Ikeja, wadanda su ma suka ba da horo ga sauran jami’an tsaro, kamar jami’an shige da fice na dauke da makamai. Kwalejin ‘yan sanda da ke Ikeja ta horar da mataimakan daraktocin mataimaka da masu kula da kananan yara. Har ila yau, akwai makarantun horo na cikin-aiki, ciki har da Makarantar Horar da Forcean sanda ta Waya da ke Guzuo, kudu maso yammacin Abuja, makarantar horas da 'yan ta'adda (CTU), Nonwa Tai, Jihar Ribas, Kwalejin' yan sanda masu bincike a Enugu, da Horon Sabis na Karnuka 'Yan Sanda Cibiyar, da Cibiyar Horar da Dutsen.
A watan Agusta 1989, Tsohon shugaban kasa, Janar Ibrahim Babangida (RTD) ya aza harsashin ginin makarantar horar da ‘yan sanda ta Najeriya (NPA) a jihar Kano. NPA ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Bayero har sai an sami wadatattun kayan more rayuwa don gudanar da ayyukan kansu. Ya kamata a tsara izinin shiga ta hanyar cancanta, ta tsarin kidaya, da kuma halin tarayya. Kwamandan ya kasance aƙalla AIG kuma an taimaka masa tare da mai kula da shirin ilimi.
NPA wacce aka tsara bayan kwalejin tsaron Najeriya a Kaduna, NPA zata gabatar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar na ilimi da kuma digiri na kwararru don sabbin masu kwaleji da kuma kwas na tsawon watanni goma sha takwas ga daliban da suka kammala kwaleji da ke burin aikin dan sanda. Babangida ya kuma bayyana shirye-shiryen samun taimakon fasaha daga Burtaniya don kafa wani babban shiri na tsarawa da horarwa don zamanantar da inganta horon ‘yan sanda.
Rikicin addini a Najeriya na 2009
Rikicin addini ya haifar da mutuwar a kalla 150 cikin kwanaki biyu bayan jerin hare-hare a ranar 26 ga Yulin 2009 a wasu biranen Najeriya. Bauchi a jihar Bauchi, Maiduguri a jihar Borno, Potiskum a jihar Yobe da Wudil duk an kai musu hari. Shaidu yanzu sunce sama da mutane 250 sun mutu. Najeriya ta ce galibin wadanda suka mutu ‘yan bindiga ne. An fara yakin ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli lokacin da kungiyar Boko Haram, kungiyar masu kaifin kishin Islama, ta kai hari kan ofishin ‘yan sanda domin daukar fansar kame shugabanninsu. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani tare da ramuwar gayya kuma dokar hana yawo ta fadi a yankin.
Hare-haren sun bazu kuma washegari akwai gawarwaki a ofisoshin ‘yan sanda, mutane suna ta tserewa daga gidajensu wasu kuma ana jan wasu daga motocinsu don a harbe su yayin da‘ yan sanda suka kone kurmus. Daga nan ne sojojin Najeriya suka kewaye gidan Mohammed Yusuf da ke Maiduguri a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli bayan mabiyansa sun killace ciki. Wannan shi ne rikici mafi muni na addini da kasar ta fuskanta tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008. An ba da shawarar cewa siyasa, ba addini ba, ce ta haifar da rikicin.
Alamar take haƙƙin dan adam
Akwai rahotanni game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma take hakkin bil adama da ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya suka yi. Publishedayan rahoto mafi lahani an buga shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2010 ta Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama (HRW). Wani rahoton na Amnesty International USA ya zargi NPF da cin zarafin ‘Yan Jarida, korar su da karfi, da sauran take hakkin dan adam.
A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2020, jaridar This Day ta kawo rahoto a kan mummunan cin zarafi da take hakkin bil adama da Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta yi yayin kulle-kullen annobar COVID-19. Rahoton jaridar ya zargi rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da aikata karin kashe-kashe ba tare da izini ba da sauran take hakkin dan adam a lokacin tsawaita kulle-kullen a kasar, tana mai bayyana cewa wannan ya samar da kashi 59.6 cikin 100 na yawan laifukan.
Duba kuma
Dokokin Najeriya:
Manazarta
54. ^ " Lokacin da Sarkin Ned Nwoko Humilated, ya Nemi 'Yan Sanda Su tono Fadar sa ". legitloaded.com. 15 Agusta 2020. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2020.
Hamad Al-Montashari
Hamad Al-Montashari ( حمد المُنتشري , Hamad al-Muntasharī ) (An haife shi ne a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, 1982), ya kasan ce ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Arabiya ga ƙungiyar Al-Ittihad. Al-Montashari, mai tsaron baya na tsakiya, an ayyana shi a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Asiya na 2005, inda ya doke Uzbekistan da FC Dynamo Kyiv dan wasan Maksim Shatskikh. Tare da Al-Ittihad, Al-Montashari ya lashe 2004 da kuma 2005 AFC Champions Turai. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2007 a wasan karshe na gasar Premier ta Saudiyya da suka buga tsakanin 2006 - 2007, Al-Montashari ya ci wa Al-Ittihad kwallon da ta ba su nasara a minti na karshe wanda hakan ya ba su damar lashe gasar karo na 7. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan ɗayan playersan wasa mafi tsayi na Ittihad.
Jaha's Promise
Jaha's Promise, fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasashen Amurka - Gambiyan wanda aka yi a shekarar 2017 wanda Patrick Farrelly da Kate O'Callaghan suka shirya kuma suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan rayuwa da gwagwarmayar Jaha Dukureh, mai fafutukar yaƙi da kaciyar mata na Gambiya akan mafi girman nau'in kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda ake kira infibulation ko Nau'in FGM na 3 ya mamaye al'ummar Gambia.
Fim ɗin ya yi fice a ranar 16 ga Maris 2017 a Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival. Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan sharhi daga masu suka kuma an nuna shi a yawancin bukukuwan fina-finai. A CPH: DOX 2017, an zaɓi fim ɗin don lambar yabo ta F: ACT sannan aka zaɓi shi don lambar yabo ta Sheffield Youth Jury Award a Sheffield International Documentary Festival. A cikin 2018, an nuna fim ɗin a ranar kare hakkin bil adama ta duniya. Fim din ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta masu sauraro a Globe Docs Boston.
Alton Stanley Tobey
Alton Stanley Tobey (Nuwamba 5, 1914 - Janairu 4, 2005) Ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, mai zanen tarihi, mai zane-zane, mai hoto, kuma malamin fasaha.
Tarihi
An haifi Alton Tobey a Amurka a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu 1914. Yana da shekaru 20 ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Yale; Makarantar Fine Arts. Bayan ya yi aikin soja, ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a Yale, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Farfesa. Ya zauna tsawon rayuwarsa a ƙauyen Larchmont, wani ɗan yanki na wani gari a Mamaroneck, gundumar Westchester, New York. Ya auri Roslyn Tobey, mai koyar da piano kuma mawaƙiya. Ɗansu, David Tobey, mai zane ne kuma mawaƙi. Tobey ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Janairu, shekarar dubu biyu da biyar dai-dai 2005, a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Mamaroneck, New York.
New York Times ta bayyana Tobey a matsayin "mai zane-zane, mai hoto kuma mai zane wanda fitattun abubuwan da suka faru da fuskoki suka rataye a gidajen tarihi, dakunan karatu, gine-ginen jama'a, ofisoshin kamfanoni da tarin masu zaman kansu". Tobey yana cikin ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Mawaƙa ta ƙasar Rasha a cikin mafi kyawun masu fasaha a duniya na ƙarni huɗu da suka gabata.
Manazarta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Tobey
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
Tsohon birnin Aleppo - wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon birni a cikin ganuwar da kuma tsohon yanki mai kama da tantanin halitta a wajen bangon - yana da kusan yanki mai girman hekta 350 (acres 860; 3.5 km2), yana da gidaje fiye da 120,000.
Idiris Muse Elmi
Idiris Muse Elmi (ya mutu a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010) ɗan siyasar Somaliya ne, da ya taba riki ɗan majalisar dokoki na riƙon ƙwarya. Yana daga cikin mutanen da kungiyar al-Shabaab ta kashe a Otel a Mogadishu kamar yadda sauran 'yan majalisu Mohamed Hassan M. Nur, Geddi Abdi Gadid, da Bulle Hassan Mo'allim Idiris ya fito daga yankuna na arewa musamman Lughaya Awdal Region (Badaraxaan ).
Public participation
Shiga cikin jama'a, wanda kuma aka sani da sa hannun ɗan ƙasa, shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama, to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
An siffanta shi da manyan gidajenta, kunkuntar lunguna, rufaffiyar souqs da tsohowar ayari, Tsohuwar birnin Aleppo ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta alif 1986.
Public participation
Gabaɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni ko duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ƙa'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi sunada 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
An ruguje da rugujewa ko kona bangarori da dama a Al-Madina Souq da wasu gine-gine na zamanin da na tsohon birnin, sakamakon arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Larabawa na Siriya da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Jabhat al-Nusra, a wani abin da ake kira yakin Aleppo. , da 'yan adawar JN suka kaddamar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2012. A cikin watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2014, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Islamic Front sun dauki alhakin lalata wasu manyan gine-ginen tarihi da sojojin Siriya ke amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin kagara a tsohon birnin ciki har da adalci. fadar, otal din Carlton da tsohon ginin majalisar birnin.
Public participation
Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokraɗiyya.
Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar hada kai da kuma hada harin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
An lalata kashi 30% na tsohon birnin Aleppo a fadan.
Public participation
Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara akan cigaba da humanist na ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa.
An sanya rawar da jama'a za su taka a ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban dan'adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekara alib 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
Asalin da kafuwar
Kwance yake a gefen hagu na Kogin Queiq tsohon birnin yana kewaye da da'irar tsaunuka takwas da ke kewaye da wani fitaccen tsauni na tsakiya wanda aka gina katangar (asali haikalin da ya yi daidai da karni na 2 BC) a cikin siffar acropolis. Rajin da'irar yana da kusan kilomita 10 (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmin (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. Tare da kusan kadada 160 (kadada 400; 1.6 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 5 (3 mi) a zagaye wanda Mamlukes suka sake ginawa a ƙarshe. Katangar ta bace tun daga lokacin. Tana da kofofi tara (5 daga cikinsu an kiyaye su sosai) kuma an kewaye shi da wani babban rami mai zurfi.
Public participation
A cikin shekarata alib 1990 masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma kungiyar kasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya.
Kasafin Kudi
Kasafin kudin sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin dimokiradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kudin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na mahimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kudi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun kananan hukumomi da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kudi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, Brazil, sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga Shekara ta alib 1989.
Ci gaba
A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar ci gaba da hadin kai. Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaimai hanyoyin, matrices, koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aikin bincike.
Gado
Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya.
An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da mahimmanci don bayyana mahimmancin wuri / rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta ICOMOS Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin GCI ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon.
Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin.
Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu mahimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar musayar ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari.
Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, Syria suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu.
Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, ya yi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci.
A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
Tsarin lokaci na tarihi
A cikin tarihinta, Aleppo na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:
Public participation
Manufofin jama'a
Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da mahimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
Prehistoric da pre-classical zamanin
Da kyar masu binciken kayan tarihi suka taba Aleppo, tun da birni na zamani ya mamaye tsohon wurinsa.
Public participation
Manufofin jama'a
A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ka'idoji ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin.
Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
Shekarun Farkon Bronze
Aleppo ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin muhimmin birni da ya wuce Damascus. Rikodin farko na Aleppo na iya kasancewa daga karni na uku BC idan an bayyana Aleppo a matsayin Armi, jihar birni mai alaƙa da Ebla daidai. An kuma gano Armi da Tell Bazi na zamani. Giovanni Pettinato ya kwatanta Armi a matsayin canjin Ebla. Naram-Sin na Akkad (ko kakansa Sargon) ya halaka Ebla da Arman a karni na 23 BC.
Public participation
Amincewar jama'a
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa.
Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shi ne, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokiradiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a.