cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sampson Kwaku Boafo
Zabe
An fara zaben Boafo a matsayin dan majalisa a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party na mazabar Subin a yankin Ashanti na Ghana a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996. Ya samu kuri'u 38,412 daga cikin 53,344 da aka kada masu inganci wanda ke wakiltar kashi 55.70 cikin 100 inda Sarkodie Josephj A. Tuffour dan jam'iyyar NDC ya samu kuri'u 11,280 wanda ya wakilci kashi 16.40%, Asamoah Comfort dan IND wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,837 Alin PNC da Aminu Hussien 2.NC. wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,815 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 2.60%. Ya ci zabe da kuri'u 44,907 daga cikin kuri'u 56,898 da aka kada wanda ya nuna kashi 78.90 cikin 100 yayin da Kwame Adu Bofour dan jam'iyyar NDC ya samu kuri'u 9.077 da ke wakiltar kashi 16.00 cikin 100, Huseni Aminu Ali ne dan jam'iyyar PNC. kuri'u 1,541 da Serwaa Kyeretwie dan jam'iyyar CPP wanda shi ma ya samu kuri'u 1,373.
An zabi Boafo a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabar Subin na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 42,712 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 61,133 da aka jefa. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 69.9% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Huseni Aminu Ali na babban taron jama’a, Abraham Kwesi Mensah na National Democratic Congress, Kwame Appiah Boateng na jam’iyyar Convention People’s Party da Charles Hagan Kofi dan takara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 849, 11,098, 1,611 da 4,863 bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 1.4%, 18.2%, 2.6% da 8% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Boafo Kirista ne.
Festus Aguebor
Festus dan asalin garin Benin ne a jihar Edo. Aguebor haziqin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya biya haƙƙin sa kuma ana yaba wa ƙa'idodinsa masu sauƙi. Yawancin masu suka sun yarda cewa yanada babban matsayi a cikin wasu manyan ginshikai a Nollywood. "Kawu Festus" kamar yadda matasa suke kiransa ya saka fiye da shekaru 35 na hidima mai inganci a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin da kuma bidiyo na gida. Duk da shekarunsa da kuma rashin kyawunsa, ya kasance mai taka rawar gani matuqa a wannan fanni. Ya rasu a watan faburairu shekarar 2016 yana mai shekara 70 daidai.
Karatu da Aiki
Ya yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Holy Cross, Mission road Benin City da kuma babbar kwalejin Immaculate Conception da ke birnin Benin. Aguebor ya sami aiki a matsayin malami da zarar ya kammala karatunsa na farko. Ya yi koyarwa na ’yan shekaru a Makarantar Zamani ta Uzama kafin ya nemi aiki kuma a karshe ya canza masa aiki a shekarar 1963 zuwa sashen tantancewa na rusasshiyar yankin Mid-Western.
Amma Aguebor har yanzu ya ci gaba, wannan lokacin zuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ya sami wurin yin aiki, bayan shekaru biyu, daidai a 1965 a Kamfanin United African Company (UAC). Daga UAC ne Aguebor ya jefar da ginshiƙi 'kan kowane nau'i na aikin biya' kuma ya yanke shawarar wannan lokacin ya kasance da kansa. Aguebor yana da isasshen lokaci don yada sauran abubuwan da yake so na aiki. Amma yin wasan kwaikwayo ne ya kasance kan gaba a jerin buƙatun aikinsa. Sai dai ya bukaci wani dandali da zai kaddamar da shi, dalilin da ya sa ya shiga sashen wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Najeriya (NTA) inda ya kasance a cikin manyan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.
Tauraron jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na dogon hutu mai suna 'For Better for Worst' da kuma 'Kauye Headmaster', Oguebor ya shiga Nollywood lokacin da shirya fim ya haskaka talabijin. Kamar yadda aka sani a fuska, Aguebor ba shi da wata matsala ta shiga. Sun nemi matsayinsa a gare shi kuma kamar yadda suka yi, jarumin da ya fito a cikin fina-finai sama da 100 kuma ya shahara da su sosai.
Julius Umeadi
ARINZE, Julius Umeadi an haife shi a 13 ga watan Mayu 1943, a Umunze, Nigeria.
Iyali
Yana da mata da ya mace daya da maza biyu.
Karatu da aiki
Arinze Primary School, Benin City, Ibo Union School, Kano, 1950, Church Missionary Society Central School, Umunze, 1951-56, Anglican Grammar School, Ubulu-Ukwu, 1957-61,Southwest London College,England,1963-67, accountant, Tanzania High Commission, London, 1968-71, babban accountant, Indeco Industrial Holdings Limited, 1972-74, group general manager, Africa Journal Limited, 1975-78, director, na Africa Journal Limited, 1977, director, Aviation Publishing Services Limited, dan  kungiya na Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, British Institute of Taxation; 1969..
RD
Rd na iya nufin to:
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki a Amurka
A cikin Amurka, ana iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da lokaci, wuri da kuma hanya - ko da yake in ba haka ba an kiyaye shi sosai daga ƙuntatawa na gwamnati ta Kwaskwarimar Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, yawancin kundin tsarin mulkin jihohi, da dokokin jihohi da na tarayya. ‘Yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa, wanda kuma ake kira ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yana nufin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa a bainar jama’a ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba. Kalmar “’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki” da ke cikin Ƙaddamarwa ta Farko ta ƙunshi yanke shawarar abin da za a faɗa da kuma abin da ba za a faɗa ba. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da nau'ikan maganganu da yawa waɗanda aka ba su ƙasa ko babu kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko kuma ta gane cewa gwamnatoci na iya sanya takunkumin lokaci, wuri, ko hanya masu dacewa kan magana. Haƙƙin 'yancin magana na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko, wanda ya dace da jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi a ƙarƙashin rukunan haɗin gwiwa, ya hana ƙuntatawa na gwamnati akan magana, ba ƙuntatawa da mutane masu zaman kansu ko kasuwanci suka sanya ba sai dai idan suna aiki a madadin gwamnati. Duk da haka, dokoki na iya ƙuntata ikon kasuwanci masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane daga ƙuntata maganganun wasu, kamar dokokin aiki waɗanda ke hana ma'aikata ikon hana ma'aikata bayyana albashinsu ga abokan aiki ko ƙoƙarin tsara ƙungiyar ƙwadago.
'yancin fadar albarkacin baki na Farko ba wai kawai ya haramta mafi yawan takunkumin gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke cikin magana da ikon yin magana ba, har ma yana kare haƙƙin karɓar bayanai, ya hana mafi yawan ƙuntatawa ko nauyi na gwamnati da ke nuna bambanci tsakanin masu magana, takurawa. alhakin azabtarwa na mutane game da wasu maganganu, da kuma hana gwamnati buƙatar mutane da kamfanoni don yin magana ko ba da kuɗin wasu nau'ikan maganganun da ba su yarda da su ba.
Rukunin maganganun da aka ba ƙarami ko ba kariya ta Ƙimar Farko sun haɗa da batsa (kamar yadda gwajin Miller ya ƙaddara ), zamba, batsa na yara, maganganun da ke da alaka da halayen da ba bisa ka'ida ba, magana da ke haifar da rashin bin doka da oda, da kuma tsarin kasuwanci. magana kamar talla. A cikin waɗannan iyakantattun wurare, wasu iyakoki kan daidaita ma'auni na faɗin albarkacin baki da sauran haƙƙoƙin, kamar haƙƙoƙin marubuta kan ayyukansu ( haƙƙin mallaka ), kariya daga gabatowa ko yuwuwar cin zarafi akan wasu mutane, hani kan amfani da ƙarya don cutar da wasu. ( zage -zage da zage- zage ), da kuma sadarwa yayin da mutum yake kurkuku. Lokacin da aka kalubalanci dokar hana magana a kotu, ana zaton ba ta da inganci kuma gwamnati ta dauki nauyin shawo kan kotu cewa wannan takunkumin ya dace da tsarin mulki.
Ingila
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙa'idodin magana na Ingilishi sun kasance masu takurawa sosai. Dokar gama-gari ta Ingilishi ta masu tayar da kayar baya ta sanya sukar gwamnati laifi. Babban Alkalin Alkalai John Holt, ya rubuta a cikin 1704-1705, ya bayyana dalilin haramcin: "Domin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga dukkan gwamnatoci cewa mutane su sami ra'ayi mai kyau game da shi." Haƙiƙanin gaskiyar magana da ta saba wa dokar batanci ba tsaro ba ce.
Mallaka
Tun da farko dai yankunan suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Ingila a Amurka, an sami ƙaramar ƙarar ƙararraki na cin zarafi fiye da Ingila, amma akwai wasu iko akan maganganun ƙin yarda.
Mafi tsauraran matakan sarrafa magana a lokacin mulkin mallaka sun kasance iko da suka haramta ko akasin haka da aka yi la'akari da saɓo ta hanyar addini. Dokar Massachusetts ta 1646, alal misali, ta azabtar da mutanen da suka musanta rai dawwama. A shekara ta 1612, wani gwamnan Virginia ya bayyana hukuncin kisa ga mutumin da ya ƙaryata Triniti a ƙarƙashin Dokokin Virginia na Divine, Moral and Martial, wanda kuma ya haramta saɓo, yana yin mummunar magana game da ministoci da sarauta, da "kalmomi masu banƙyama".
Ƙwararrun ilimi na baya-bayan nan, mai da hankali kan maganganu masu tayar da hankali a cikin karni na 17 (lokacin da babu jarida), ya nuna cewa daga shekara ta 1607 zuwa 1700 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki 'yan mulkin mallaka ya fadada sosai, yana kafa harsashi ga rashin amincewar siyasa da ya kunno kai tsakanin 'yan juyin juya halin Musulunci. tsara.
Shari'ar John Peter Zenger a shekara ta 1735 ta kasance ƙararraki mai tayar da hankali ga littafin Zenger na sukar Gwamnan New York, William Cosby. Andrew Hamilton ya wakilci Zenger kuma ya yi jayayya cewa gaskiya ya kamata ta zama kariya ga laifin cin zarafi, amma kotu ta yi watsi da wannan hujja. Hamilton ya rinjayi alkalan kotun, duk da haka, su yi watsi da doka kuma su wanke Zenger. Ana ɗaukar shari'ar a matsayin nasara ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma babban misali na soke juri. Lamarin ya nuna mafarin samun karbuwa da kuma juriya ga ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki.
Amincewar Gyaran Farko
A cikin 1780s bayan yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, muhawara kan amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin 'yan Tarayyar Tarayya, irin su Alexander Hamilton wanda ya yarda da gwamnatin tarayya mai karfi, da masu adawa da Tarayyar Tarayya, irin su Thomas Jefferson da Patrick Henry wanda ya yarda da gwamnatin tarayya mai rauni.
A lokacin tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki da kuma bayan aiwatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, masu adawa da gwamnatin tarayya da ‘yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya mayar da hankali sosai kan ikon gwamnatin tarayya. Mai gabatar da lissafin lissafin Lissafin Lissafi, gami da gyara na farko, ya kasance, a cikin babban bangare, kamar yadda lamarin ya cancanci karfin gwamnatin tarayya.
Ayyukan Manzanni
A cikin 1798, Majalisa, wanda ya ƙunshi da yawa daga cikin masu amincewa da Gyaran Farko a lokacin, sun ɗauki Ayyukan Alien da Sedition. Dokokin sun haramta buga “rubutun karya, abin kunya, da qeta ga gwamnatin Amurka, ko dai majalisar dokokin Amurka, ko shugaban Amurka, da nufin bata suna… kawo su ... cikin raini ko rashin kunya, ko don tada musu hankali ... ƙiyayya da mutanen kirki na Amurka, ko tada fitina a cikin Amurka, ko tayar da duk wani haramtacciyar haɗuwa a cikinta, don adawa ko adawa. kowace doka ta Amurka, ko duk wani aiki na shugaban Amurka".
Doka ta ba da izinin gaskiya a matsayin kariya kuma tana buƙatar shaidar mugun nufi. Dokar ta 1798 duk da haka ta ba da tabbacin manufar masu tsarawa game da Gyaran Farko da ɗan wahala, kamar yadda wasu daga cikin membobin Majalisar da suka goyi bayan amincewa da Kwaskwarimar Farko suma suka zaɓi ɗaukar Dokar 1798. ’Yan Tarayyar Tarayya a ƙarƙashin Shugaba John Adams sun yi amfani da doka da ƙarfi a kan abokan hamayyarsu, Democratic-Republican. Ayyukan Alien da Sedition sune babban batun siyasa a zaben 1800, kuma bayan an zabe shi Shugaban kasa, Thomas Jefferson ya gafarta wa wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci a karkashin Dokar. Dokar ta kare kuma Kotun Koli ba ta taba yanke hukunci a kan kundin tsarin mulkin ta ba.
A cikin New York Times v. Sullivan, Kotun ta ayyana "Ko da yake ba a taɓa gwada Dokar tada hankali a wannan Kotun ba, harin da aka kai a kan ingancinta ya ɗauki ranar a kotun tarihin." 376 US 254, 276 (1964).
Zamanin tantancewa
Daga ƙarshen 1800s zuwa tsakiyar 1900, dokoki daban-daban sun taƙaita magana ta hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su a yau ba, musamman saboda ƙa'idodin al'umma. Mai yiyuwa ne ta hanyar munanan kalamai da kuma hotunan batsa da ya ci karo da su a lokacin yakin basasa na Amurka, Anthony Comstock ya ba da shawarar hana gwamnati magana da ya ɓata ɗabi'ar Victoria. Ya shawo kan gwamnatin Jihar New York don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar New York don Kashe Mataimakin, a cikin 1873, kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙirƙirar Watch and Ward Society a Boston a 1878. Hukumomin birni da na jihohi sun sanya ido a jaridu, littattafai, wasan kwaikwayo, ayyukan ban dariya, da fina-finai don abubuwan da ba su dace ba, kuma suna tilasta doka tare da kamawa, kama kayan aiki, da tara. Dokokin Comstock da Majalisa ta zartar (da kuma dokokin jihohi) sun hana aikawa da kayan ta hanyar wasikun Amurka da suka hada da hotunan batsa; bayanai game da rigakafin hana haihuwa, zubar da ciki, da kayan wasan jima'i; da haruffa na sirri da ke ambaton ayyukan jima'i. Ƙa'idar fim ɗin Amurka ta jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi an ƙara su ta hanyar Code Production Hoto daga 1930 zuwa 1968, a ƙoƙarin masana'antu don ƙaddamar da tsarin tarayya. Irin wannan Hukumar Comics Code ta masana'antu ta kasance daga 1954 zuwa 2011.
Wasu dokokin ba su kasance da ɗabi'a ba, amma damuwa game da tsaron ƙasa. Ofishin Tace Bayanin ya hana sadarwar bayanan mahimmancin soja a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, gami da 'yan jarida da duk wasikun da ke shiga ko wajen Amurka. McCarthyism daga 1940s zuwa 1950s ya haifar da danne shawarar kwaminisanci, da baƙar fata na Hollywood. Wannan ya haɗa da wasu kararraki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Smith na 1940.
Ra'ayi na zamani
Sakamakon hukumcin kotun Warren a tsakiyar ƙarni zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, Kotun ta koma kan tsarin da aka saba da shi wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ake zaton ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki zai kare, sai dai in wani kebantaccen kebe. Don haka, baya ga wasu ƴan ƴan ƴancin keɓanta, gwamnati ba za ta iya daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin magana ba. A cikin shekara ta 1971, a cikin Cohen v. California, Justice John Marshall Harlan II, yana ambaton Whitney v. California, ya jaddada cewa Kwaskwarimar Farko tana aiki ne don kare rashin daidaituwar " kasuwa ta ra'ayoyin ", yayin da Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall ya yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin 1972 cewa:
Babban magana siyasa
Wannan shi ne mafi girman tsare-tsaren magana saboda yanayin bayyanarsa da mahimmancinsa ga jamhuriya mai aiki. Ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan ainihin maganganun siyasa dole ne a yi nazarin binciken sosai ko za a soke su. Babban abin da ke gaban wannan zai kasance a cikin yanayin tsarin zaɓe, wanda Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa zaɓe ko tsayawa takara a matsayin ɗan takara ba magana ce ta siyasa ba don haka za a iya aiwatar da ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci; Irin waɗannan hane-hane an kiyaye su a cikin Buckley v. Valeo.
Maganar kasuwanci
Ba gaba ɗaya a waje da kariyar Ƙimar Farko ba magana ce ta kasuwanci, wacce ita ce magana da “ba da shawarar yin ciniki”, kamar yadda Ohralik v. Jihar Ohio Bar Assn. shekara ta 1978. Irin wannan magana har yanzu tana da fa'ida ko da yake ana yin ta a kasuwa wadda gwamnati ke tsarawa. A cikin shekara ta 1980, Central Hudson Gas &amp; Electric Corp. v. Hukumar Sabis ta Jama'a ta yi imanin cewa hane-hane na maganganun kasuwanci yana ƙarƙashin binciken tsaka-tsakin abubuwa huɗu. Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. girma (2011) ya sanya shakku kan ko har yanzu maganar kasuwanci ta wanzu a matsayin nau'in magana.
Hali na bayyanawa
Halin bayyanawa, wanda kuma ake kira " magana ta alama " ko " ayyukan magana ," hali ne na rashin magana wanda ke nufin sadar da sako. Misalai sun haɗa da ƙirƙira ko lalata abu lokacin da aka yi shi azaman sanarwa (kamar tuta da ke ƙonewa a cikin zanga-zangar siyasa), zanga-zangar shiru da faretin da aka yi niyya don isar da sako, suturar da ke ɗauke da alamomi masu ma'ana (kamar rigar yaƙi), harshen jiki, saƙonni rubuta cikin lamba, ra'ayoyi da tsarin da ke kunshe a matsayin lambar kwamfuta (" software "), dabarun lissafi da kimiyya, da ayyukan yaudara waɗanda ke isar da ta hanyar nuna hali, buƙata, ko ra'ayi.
Hukunce-hukuncen kotunan tarayya sun amince da ɗabi'a mai faɗi kamar yadda ake kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko a matsayin nau'in magana, kodayake ba a rubuta wannan sarai a cikin takaddar ba.
Arteh Ghalib Omar
Arteh Ghalib Omar (an haifeshi a shekara ta 1930) a garin Hargeysa dake a Somalia ya kasan ce kuma ɗan siyasar Somaliya.
Tarihi
Yayi Makaranta a Intermediate Sheikh, Kwalejin St Paul, Cheltenham, Ingila; malami, 1946-49, headmaster, 1949-54, mataimakin shugaban makaranta, Sheikh Intermediate School, 1954-56, shugaban makaranta, Intermediate School, Gabileh, 1958, manya ilimi jami'in 1959, District Commissioner of Public Administration, 1960-61, farko. Sakatare, Ofishin Jakadancin Somaliya, Moscow, 1961-62, Mai ba da rahoto, Kwamitin Musamman kan Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1962-63, mai ba da shawara, Ofishin Jakadancin Somaliya na dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1964, jakada a Habasha, 1965-68, Sakataren harkokin waje Al'amura, 1969-76, ministan al'adu da ilimi mai zurfi, 1976-78, ministan kasa, ofishin shugaban kasa, 1978-80, mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko, majalisar jama'ar kasa har zuwa Yuni 1982, aka tsare, Yuni 1982;  tsohon memba, Jam'iyyar Socialist Revolutionary Party;  shugaban kwamitin 'yanci na OAU, 1973-74, tsohon shugaban kasa, kungiyar malamai ta Somaliya.
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki a Amurka
Bata da ma'ana
Wasu maganganu suna da ma'ana marar fahimta, mai wuyar fa'ida, mara niyya, ko ma'anar da ba za a iya gane su ba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kiɗan kayan aiki, zane-zane na zane-zane, da kuma maganar banza. Ana haɗa waɗannan gabaɗaya cikin “magana” masu kariya, amma wasu dalilan yin hakan ba sa aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1995 yanke shawara Hurley v. Gay Ba'amurke ɗan Irish, Madigo, da Ƙungiyar Bisexual na Boston, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa fasahar Jackson Pollock, kiɗan furci na Arnold Schoenberg, da waƙar jabberwocky ana kiyaye su. Wannan ya bambanta da, alal misali, Nazi Jamus, wanda ya haramta abin da ya kira " fasahar fasaha " da " lalacewar kiɗa ".
A cikin yanayin Morse v. Frederick, wanda ake tuhuma ya yi ikirarin taken "BONG HiTS 4 YESU" yana nufin ya haifar da sha'awa ko kyama amma ba a ba da shawarar wani abu ba, amma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya hukunta shi a karkashin koyarwar magana ta makaranta saboda mutum mai hankali zai iya fassara shi a matsayin bayar da shawarar yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. (wanda ya sabawa manufofin makaranta).
Nau'in hana magana
Kotun koli ta amince da nau'o'in dokoki daban-daban waɗanda ke hana magana, kuma suna ba da kowane nau'in doka zuwa matakin bincike daban-daban.
Ƙuntataccen tushen abun ciki
Hane-hane da ke tushen abun ciki "sun sabawa kundin tsarin mulki ba tare da la'akari da kyakkyawar muradi na gwamnati, ba tare da tsangwama ba, ko rashin ra'ayin da ke ƙunshe a cikin jawabin da aka tsara." Ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke buƙatar bincika abubuwan da ke cikin magana da za a yi amfani da su dole ne su wuce cikakken bincike.
Ƙuntataccen tushen abun ciki na iya ko dai nuna bambanci bisa ra'ayi ko batun batun. Misalin dokar da ta tsara abin da ya shafi magana shi ne dokar birnin da ta hana duk wani zagon kasa a gaban makaranta in ban da zabar aiki. Wannan doka za ta zama tamkar nuna wariya ga batun domin ta fifita wani batu fiye da wani wajen yanke shawarar wanda za ta ba da damar yin magana. Misalin dokar da ke daidaita ra'ayin mai magana zai kasance manufar wani jami'in gwamnati wanda ya ba da izinin masu goyon bayan  masu ra'ayin rai  su yi magana a kan kadarorin gwamnati amma an haramta masu  pro-choice  saboda ra'ayoyinsu za a shiga. a cikin '' ra'ayi bambance-bambance. Ƙuntatawa waɗanda suka shafi wasu ra'ayoyi amma ba wasu suna fuskantar mafi girman matakin bincike ba, kuma yawanci ana soke su, sai dai idan sun fada cikin ɗayan keɓancewar kotu. Ana samun misalin wannan a cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a cikin Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez a cikin 2001. A wannan yanayin, Kotun ta ce ba za a iya amfani da tallafin gwamnati ba don nuna bambanci ga wani takamaiman misali na bayar da ra'ayi.
Kotun ta nuna a cikin Snyder v. Phelps (2011) cewa hanya ɗaya don tabbatar da ko ƙuntatawa ta dogara ne akan abun ciki tare da tsaka-tsakin abun ciki shine a yi la'akari da idan mai magana ya isar da saƙo na dabam a daidai wannan yanayi: "Ƙungiyar Ikklesiya da ke tsaye a daidai wurin da Westboro ta tsaya., riƙe alamun da ke cewa 'Allah Ya Albarkaci Amurka' da 'Allah Yana Ƙaunar ku,' da ba za a yi musu hukunci ba. Abin da Westboro ya ce shi ne ya fallasa shi ga gallazawa . "
Ƙayyadaddun lokaci, wuri, da hanyoyi
Grayned v. Birnin Rockford (1972) ya taƙaita lokaci, wuri, ra'ayi: "Tambaya mai mahimmanci ita ce ko hanyar magana ba ta dace da aikin al'ada na wani wuri a wani lokaci ba." Dole ne ƙayyadaddun lokaci, wuri, da hanyoyi su yi tsayayya da tsaka-tsakin bincike. Lura cewa duk ka'idojin da za su tilasta masu magana su canza yadda ko abin da suke fada ba su shiga cikin wannan nau'in ba (don haka gwamnati ba za ta iya takurawa wata hanya ba ko da ta bar wani). Ward v. Rock Against wariyar launin fata (1989) yana riƙe cewa ƙuntatawa lokaci, wuri, ko hanya dole ne:
Maganar Intanet, dandalin kan layi
Samun Intanet ya canza yadda mutane ke sadarwa a duk faɗin duniya kuma ya buɗe sabbin dama ga Amurkawa don bayyana haƙƙoƙin Gyaran Farko. Maganar Intanet tana faruwa ne a cikin yanayin dijital inda duka masu magana da masu sauraro za su iya shiga ta hanyar kwamfuta, wayoyi masu wayo, da sauran na'urorin lantarki kuma suna iya sadarwa da sadarwa tare da kowa a kowane lokaci. Gwamnatoci sun ba da shawarwari da yawa ga dandamali na kan layi masu zaman kansu don ƙa'idodin tsari waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na masu amfani akan Intanet. Idan waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun keta doka, dandamali yana da haƙƙin cire abun ciki wanda ke haƙƙin mallaka ko abin banƙyama. Dokokin da ke daidaita cin zarafi akan layi, bata suna, da dai sauransu suna fuskantar ƙaƙƙarfan aikin daidaitawa. Yawancin abun ciki na kan layi, kamar haka, yana iyakance haɗari ta hanyar murkushe maganganun manya kuma. Dole ne a rubuta su ƙunƙunƙun don guje wa shiga cikin magana da Ƙaddamarwa ta Farko ta karewa yayin da har yanzu ke taƙaita halayen da ba a so a aikace.
A cikin yanke shawara na 9-0, Kotun Koli ta ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga Gyaran Farko ga Intanet a cikin Reno v. ACLU, yanke shawara wanda ya rushe sassan 1996 Communications Decency Act, dokar da ta haramta "lalata" sadarwar kan layi. Hukuncin kotun ya tsawaita kariyar da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba wa littattafai, mujallu, fina-finai, da maganganun magana ga abubuwan da aka buga a Intanet. Majalisa ta yi ƙoƙari a karo na biyu don daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin Intanet tare da Dokar Kare Kan Kan Yara (COPA). A cikin 2002, Kotun Koli ta sake yin hukunci a Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amurka v. Ashcroft cewa duk wani iyakancewa akan Intanet ya sabawa tsarin mulki.
A Amurka v. Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka (2003), Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisa na da ikon buƙatar makarantun jama'a da ɗakunan karatu da ke karɓar rangwamen kuɗi don shigar da software na sarrafa abun ciki a matsayin sharadi na karɓar kudade na tarayya. Alkalan sun ce duk wata damuwa ta Farko an magance ta ta tanadin da ke cikin Dokar Kariyar Intanet ta Yara wanda ke ba manya damar tambayar ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu da su kashe matattara ko buɗe rukunin yanar gizo.
A cikin Facebook v. Sullivan, mai goyon bayan wani gangami na Neo-Nazi a Charlottesville, VA, ya gudu ya kashe wani mai zanga-zangar lumana a kan zanga-zangar kuma daga bisani ya rubuta a kan Facebook game da harin da ya kai da girman kai. Dandalin sada zumunta ya sauke bayanansa da duk wani rubutu da ke da alaka da wannan harin da ke nuna shi ta kowace hanya banda ban tausayi. Ko da yake Facebook ba a ɗaure shi da Kwaskwarimar Farko, dandamali yana da ka'idoji na kansa dangane da kiyaye 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki amma kuma yana barin maganganun cutarwa.
Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Matan Afirka ta Kudu Na Yammacin Indiya a 2012-13
Kungiyarwasan kurket ta mata na Afirka ta Kudu sun zagaya yammacin Indiya a watan Janairun 2013. Sun buga West Indies a cikin 5 One Day Internationals da 2 Twenty20 Internationals, suna zana jerin ODI 2 – 2 kuma sun rasa jerin T20I 2 – 0. Jerin ya gabaci halartar kungiyoyin biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2013, da aka gudanar a Indiya.
Gidan kayan tarihi na Gidan Karamanly
Gidan kayan tarihi na Gidan Karamanly (wanda kuma aka sani da Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Qaramanli, Gidan Karamanly da Nunin Tarihi na Tripoli) wani gida ne na tarihi da gidan kayan gargajiya da ke tsohon birni a Tripoli, Libya. Yana da alaƙa da daular Karamanli.
An gina gidan a rabi na biyu na karni na 18. Bayan maidowa a cikin 1990s, ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya.
Gine-gine
Gidan Qaramanli na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan gidajen gargajiya da aka kiyaye da kuma gyara su a cikin Tsohon birni. An siffanta shi da kyakkyawan tsarin gine-ginen addinin musulunci. Ya ƙunshi benaye biyu, kowannen su yana da faffadan 472 m2.
Filin sararin sama, wani abu na gama-gari a gidajen Islama, yana kewaye da wani kyakkyawan marmaro. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da gidan dole ne ya zama arches, wanda ke aiki da kayan ado da kuma maƙasudin ɗaukar nauyi. Mosaic alamu kuma ƙawata ganuwar gidan-gidajen kayan gargajiya.
Gidan ya kunshi dakuna da dama, da suka hada da: dakin kwana (Dar An-Namousiyyah), Dar Alqabou (mai dauke da kayan Qaramanli da kayan daki), dakin zama (Dar Al Juloos), dakin tufafi (Dar Al-Albisah), kicin da kuma dakin girki, da yawa.
Jijjiga
Girgiza
SABAP2
SABAP2 ita ce gajarta ta Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2, wanda shi ne bibiyar shirin Atlas na Tsuntsaye na Kudancin Afirka (wanda acronym ɗin SABAP, wanda yanzu ake kira SABAP1). Aikin atlas na farko ya faru ne daga shekarar 1987 zuwa ta 1991. Aikin na yanzu ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Sashen Demography na Dabbobi a Jami'ar Cape Town, BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu, da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANBI). Bayan rufe sashin ilimin ƙididdiga na dabbobi, yanzu Cibiyar FitzPatrick ta Afirka ta Jami'ar Cape Town ce ke gudanar da aikin. Aikin yana da nufin taswirar rarrabawa da yalwar tsuntsaye a kudancin Afirka, kuma yankin atlas na asali ya haɗa da Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, da Eswatini, ko da yake tun a shekarar 2012 aikin ya faɗaɗa zuwa Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe da Mozambique. An ƙaddamar da SABAP2 a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2007. Fiye da masu aikin sa kai na 1700 ne ke gudanar da aikin filin don wannan aikin, waɗanda aka sani da masana kimiyya na ɗan ƙasa – suna tattara bayanan a cikin filin a farashin kansu kuma a cikin nasu lokacin. Don haka suna bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen kiyaye tsuntsaye da wuraren zama.
A cikin watan Yunin 2015, bayanan SABAP2 sun ƙunshi fiye da jerin bayanai 128,000, kuma jimillar 7.4 miliyoyin bayanan rarraba tsuntsaye a cikin bayanan aikin. A watan Yunin 2015, adadin SABAP2 ya zarce na SABAP1 a karon farko. Fiye da 72% na ainihin yankin SABAP2 atlas (watau Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho da Eswatini) suna da a ƙalla jeri guda ɗaya a wancan lokacin. Ana ci gaba da sabunta wannan bayanin akan gidan yanar gizon aikin; duba §Haɗin kai na waje a ƙasa.
Yawancin ayyukan bincike na karatun digiri na biyu sun dogara ne a kan bayanan SABAP, ko dai daga SABAP1 kawai, SABAP2 kawai, ko kwatanta canje-canje a cikin rarraba tsuntsaye da rahotanni daga SABAP1 zuwa SABAP2; sannan kuma an buga ƙasidun binciken kimiyya da dama a kan waɗannan da sauran nazarce-nazarce.
Makarantun yanci
Makarantun 'Yanci sun kasance na wucin gadi, a madadi na makarantun kyauta ga Amurkawa, Afirka galibi a Kudu. Asalinsu wani bangare ne na wani yunƙuri na ƙasa baki ɗaya a lokacin Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Bil'adama don tsara Amurkawa na Afirka don cimma daidaiton zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki a cikin Amurka. Babban misali na Makarantun 'Yanci shine a Mississippi a lokacin bazara na 1964.
SABAP2
Atlassing yarjejeniya
A cikin SABAP1, an tattara jerin sunayen tsuntsaye don ƙwayoyin grid digiri na kwata, wanda shi ne mintuna 15, ko kusan 27 km da 25 km a girman. A cikin SABAP2, ƙudurin ya fi girma: sashin tattara bayanai shi ne pentad – minti biyar na latitude da minti biyar na tsayi – watau murabba'ai tare da ɓangarorin kusan 9. km, kashi ɗaya na tara girman kwata-kwata grid sel. Akwai pentads 17,000 a ainihin yankin atlas na Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho da Eswatini, da kuma ƙarin 10,000 a Namibiya.
SABAP2 tana karɓar bayanan da aka ƙaddamar ko dai a zaman bayanan ad-hoc, ko katunan "cikakken yarjejeniya". Don cikakken katin ƙa'ida, ana iya ciyar da mafi ƙarancin sa'o'i 2 da iyakar kwanaki 5 don ƙara tsuntsaye zuwa jerin bayanai (kati) don pentad. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don ziyartar duk wuraren zama. Bayanan ad-hoc ba su cika ƙa'idojin lokacin da aka kashe ko ɗaukar hoto ba. Ana ƙarfafa masu ba da gudummawa su ƙaddamar da katunan 'cikakkiyar yarjejeniya', kamar yadda ake amfani da bayanin don ƙididdige ma'auni na yawan dangi, misali ƙimar rahoto. Adadin bayar da rahoto shi ne sau nawa ake yin rikodin ɗin nau'in a cikin jerin cikakkun katunan yarjejeniya, yawanci ana bayyana su a zaman kashi. Misali, idan an gabatar da Pentad yana da katunan 10, kuma an rubuta jinsin ga 4 daga cikin waɗannan, sannan adadin rahoton shi ne 40%. Rubutun ad-hoc da cikakkun katunan yarjejeniya suna taimakawa rarraba taswira, yayin da cikakkun katunan yarjejeniya kawai za a iya amfani da su don auna yawa, da canje-canje a yawa.
Makarantun yanci
Asalin
Duk da hukuncin Kotun Koli na shekarata 1954 a cikin Brown v. Shari'ar Hukumar Ilimi ta lalata tsarin makarantun keɓe, a tsakiyar shekarar 1960s Mississippi har yanzu tana kiyaye tsarin makarantar farare da "launi mara daidaituwa. A matsakaita, jihar ta kashe $81.66 don ilimantar da dalibi farar fata idan aka kwatanta da $21.77 kawai ga dalibi bakar fata. Mississippi ta kasance daya daga cikin jihohi biyu kacal a cikin kungiyar da ba su da dokar ilimi ta tilas kuma yara da yawa a yankunan karkara an tura su aiki a fagen kuma basu sami karancin ilimi kwata-kwata. Hatta manhajar karatu ta banbanta na fari da baki. A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, hukumar makarantar farar fata ta Bolivar County ta ba da umarnin cewa "Ba za a koyar da harsunan waje ko al'ada a makarantun Negro ba. Kuma ba za a koyar da tarihin Amurka daga shekarata 1860 zuwa 1875 ba."
SABAP2
Atlassing yarjejeniya
Tun daga shekarar 2015, yawancin bayanai ga aikin ana bada gudummawa ta amfani da BirdLasser app, wanda Lejint ya haɓaka.
Manazarta
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Makarantun yanci
Asalin
A ƙarshen shekarata 1963, Charles Cobb, mai fafutuka na Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), ya ba da shawarar ƙungiyar ta ɗauki nauyin hanyar sadarwa na Makarantun 'Yanci, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar misalan ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da su a baya a wasu garuruwa. A lokacin bazara na shekarata 1963, hukumar ilimi ta gundumar Prince Edward County, Virginia ta rufe makarantun jama'a maimakon haɗa su bayan an gurfanar da su a shari'ar da ta biyo bayan Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi, don haka Makarantun 'Yanci suka bullo a madadinsu. A cikin Satumba, shekarar 1963, kimanin ɗalibai 3,000 ne suka halarci zanga-zangar Stay Out for Freedom a Boston, maimakon su halarci Makarantun 'Yanci na al'umma. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, shekarata 1963, wanda aka fi sani da Ranar 'Yanci, sama da ɗalibai 200,000 suka ƙauracewa Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago don nuna adawa da wariya da ƙarancin yanayin makaranta, tare da wasu suna halartar Makarantun 'Yanci maimakon. Daga baya, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, shekarar 1964 a wata zanga-zangar ranar 'Yanci makamanciyar wannan, sama da ɗalibai 450,000 suka halarci ƙauracewa makarantun jama'a na birnin New York a cikin abin da ya kasance mafi girman zanga-zangar 'yancin ɗan adam na shekarata 1960s, kuma har zuwa ɗalibai 100,000 sun halarci madadin. Makarantun 'Yanci.
Etowa Eyong
ARIKPO, Alƙali Etowa Eyong, an haife shi a shekara 1931, a Ugep, Cross River State, Nigeria, shahararran masani a fannin rubuta doka.
Makarantun yanci
Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi
An haɓaka Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shekarata 1964 Freedom Summer yancin aikin, wani gagarumin ƙoƙari wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yin rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a da ilmantar da ɗaliban Mississippi don canjin zamantakewa. Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (COFO) — ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a na masu fafutuka da kudade da aka samo daga SNCC, CORE, NAACP, da SCLC — a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyi, haɗin gwiwar Freedom Summer.
Ainihin aikin ya kasance yakin neman rajistar masu kada kuri’a a duk fadin jihar, kuma masu shirya zaben sun bukaci masu sa kai dubu daya su taimaka wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. Kuma Masu fafutuka sun yi shirin gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya mai kama da juna, saboda baƙar fata masu jefa ƙuri'a cikin tsari ya haifar da wakilai masu farar fata zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun ƙare a ƙirƙirar Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party. Duka wakilan hukuma da Jam'iyyar Democratic Democratic Party ta Mississippi sun tafi taron a shekarata1964 na Democratic Democratic a Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Etowa Eyong
Iyali
Yana da mata da yaya, yayanshi  mata uku da kuma Maza uku.
Makarantun yanci
Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi
A cikin Disamba Shekarata 1963, a lokacin shirye-shiryen shirin bazara na 'Yanci mai zuwa, Charles Cobb ya ba da shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta "Makarantar 'Yanci" wacce za ta haɓaka shiga siyasa tsakanin ɗaliban firamare da sakandare na Mississippi, baya ga bayar da darussan ilimi da tattaunawa. Masu fafutuka da ke shirya aikin bazara na 'Yanci sun yarda da shawarar Cobb kuma a cikin Maris 1964 sun shirya taron tsara tsarin karatu a New York a ƙarƙashin tallafin Majalisar Ikklisiya ta ƙasa. Farfesan tarihi na Kwalejin Spelman Staughton Lynd an nada shi Daraktan shirin Makarantar 'Yanci.
Jiri
Jiri ko Juwa
Etowa Eyong
Karatu da aiki
Presbyterian Primary School, Ugep, Shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas zuwa da arbain da biyar (1938-45),Hope Waddell Training Institution, Calabar, 1946-49, University of London, England,1960-62, Middle Temple Inns of Court, London,1961-63, Nigeria Law School, Lagos, January-April 1964, yayi alkali a high Court of Justice, Calabar, July 1976; clerk, Government of Eastern Nigeria, 1964-66, state counsel, Government of Eastern Nigeria, 1951-59, state counsel, Government of South Eastern State, 1967-70, Dan Kungiyar Customary Courts Reform..
Makarantun yanci
Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi
A tsawon lokacin bazarar 'Yanci, an kafa Makarantun 'Yanci sama da 40 a cikin al'ummomin baƙi a duk faɗin Mississippi. Manufar ita ce a yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen ƙaura na siyasa na Amurkawa na Afirka ta hanyar ƙarfafa ɗalibai su zama ƴan ƙasa masu himma da shiga cikin al'umma a cikin al'umma. Sama da ɗaliban Amurkawa 3,000 na Afirka sun halarci waɗannan makarantu a lokacin rani na shekarata 1964. Dalibai sun kasance tun daga kanana yara zuwa manya masu matsakaicin shekaru 15. Malamai sun kasance masu aikin sa kai, yawancin su daliban koleji ne da kansu.
Manufar siyasa da ilimi
An tsara Makarantun 'Yanci tare da manufofin siyasa da na ilimi. Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci za su ilimantar da daliban firamare da sakandare don zama wakilan canjin zamantakewa da za su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a da ke gudana, galibi a kokarin rajistar masu zabe. Kuma An raba tsarin karatun da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa sassa bakwai na asali waɗanda suka yi nazarin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziƙin dangantakar ƙabilanci da kuma Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama. An ƙarfafa haɓakar jagoranci, ban da ƙarin ƙwarewar ilimi na gargajiya. Ilimin a Makarantun 'Yanci ya shafi ɗalibai ne kuma ya dace da al'ada. Sannan An gina manhajar karatu da koyarwa bisa bukatun daliban, an karfafa tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da malamai (maimakon lacca) sannan masu tsara manhajoji sun karfafa wa malamai kwarin gwiwar yin koyarwa bisa kwarewar dalibansu.
Tsarin karatu
Bunkasa manhajar karatu ya ta’allaka ne da taron manhajar karatu, wanda ya kunshi malamai da daraktoci suna tattaunawa kan irin ilimin da za a koyar a makarantun ‘yanci. Dole ne malamai su rubuta jita-jita don tsara tsarin karatun su. An gaya musu su tuna yadda rayuwa take a Mississippi da ɗan gajeren lokacin da suke da shi don koyar da kayan. Dole ne tsarin karatun ya kasance mai son malamai kuma ya zama mai amfani ga ɗalibai nan da nan, tare da dogara kan tambayoyi da ayyuka. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tambayoyi da tattaunawa maimakon haddar gaskiya da kwanan wata. Kuma Umarnin ga malamai sun haɗa da:
Tun da taron manhajar ya tattaro ƴan ƙasa na asali da asali daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun tsarin koyarwa na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi abubuwa daga asali daban-daban kuma ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban guda uku.
Bangarorin uku na manhajar Makarantun ‘Yanci su ne manhajar Ilimi, manhajar zama dan kasa, da Kuma manhajar nishadi. Manufar waɗannan sassan shine don koya wa ɗalibai canjin zamantakewa a cikin makarantar; tarihin yanki; tarihin baƙar fata; yadda ake amsa budaddiyar tambayoyi; da bunkasa fasahar ilimi. Manhajar Ilimi ta ƙunshi karatu, rubutu, da ayyukan baki waɗanda suka dogara kan abubuwan da ɗalibin ya samu. Tsarin karatun zama ɗan ƙasa shine don ƙarfafa ɗalibai su yi tambayoyi game da al'umma. Tsarin Nishaɗi ya buƙaci ɗalibin ya kasance mai motsa jiki.
A yawancin makarantu, Manhajar zama ɗan ƙasa ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan tambayoyi biyu masu alaƙa don tattaunawar aji:
Shekara ta farko
An buɗe Makarantun 'Yanci a makon farko na Yuli shekarata 1964, bayan kusan malaman sa kai na Makarantar 'Yanci 250 sun halarci zaman horo na mako guda a Kwalejin Mata ta Yamma a Oxford, Ohio. Shirye-shiryen na asali sun yi tsammanin Makarantun 'Yanci 25 da ɗalibai 1,000; a karshen bazara, an bude makarantu 41 ga dalibai sama da 2,500.
An kafa Makarantun 'Yanci tare da taimako da jajircewar al'ummomin yankin, wadanda suka samar da gine-gine daban-daban na makarantu da gidaje ga malaman sa kai. Yayin da ake gudanar da wasu makarantun a wuraren shakatawa, dakunan girki, da gidajen zama, da kuma ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi, yawancin azuzuwan ana gudanar da su ne a cikin majami'u ko ginshiƙan coci. Halartar ta bambanta a duk lokacin bazara. Wasu makarantu sun sami daidaiton halarta, amma banda wannan. Saboda halartan taron bai zama tilas ba, daukar ma'aikata da kuma kula da zuwan kila shine kalubalen firamare da makarantun suka fuskanta. Kuma A Clarksdale, Mississippi, alal misali, matsakaicin yawan halartar ɗalibai a cikin makon farko ya kasance goma sha biyar, mako na biyu kuma takwas ne, amma a kowane lokaci a lokacin bazara, makarantar na iya samun halartar ɗalibai kusan talatin da biyar. Ba kasafai ba ne manya su rika zuwa aji akai-akai.
An canza umarni bisa yanayin gida. A yankunan karkara da ake sa ran dalibai za su yi aiki a lokacin makaranta, yawanci ana yin karatu da daddare. A makarantun da ke kula da lokutan makaranta na al'ada, yawanci a cikin birane, ana ba da tsarin karatun zama ɗan ƙasa da kwasa-kwasan ilimi na gargajiya da safe kuma ana ba da azuzuwan na musamman kamar kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, Kuma da buga rubutu da rana. A yawancin lokuta, za a keɓe duk kwanakin makaranta don ƙoƙarin yin rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a. Ya zama wajibi ga masu fafutuka na SNCC cewa za a saka hannun jari ga ɗalibai a ayyukan haƙƙin jama'a saboda ana sa ran wannan ɗalibi zai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jihar don aiwatar da canjin zamantakewa.
A ƙarshen lokacin Makarantar 'Yanci, masu fafutuka da ɗalibai sun shirya taron jagorancin ɗalibai a ranar 8 ga Agusta, shekarata 1964, ranar bayan jana'izar James Chaney, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a kisan Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner. An gudanar da taron a Meridian, Mississippi, a tsohuwar Makarantar Baptist ta Meridian. An bayyana makarantar a matsayin "fadar da'irar Makarantar 'Yanci." Kowace Makarantar 'Yanci ta aika wakilai uku zuwa taron don samar da dandalin matasa don Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party. Wakilan daliban sun tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi ayyuka, makarantu, harkokin kasashen waje, da matsugunan jama'a tare da ba da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar jihar. A karshen taron, dalibai sun shirya wata sanarwa da ta bukaci samun masaukin jama'a, Kuma ka'idojin gine-gine na kowane gida, hadaddiyar makarantu, tsarin ayyukan jama'a, da kuma nada ƙwararrun baƙi zuwa mukaman jihohi.
Makarantar Ranar Makarantar Freedom, Philadelphia
John E. Churchville ne ya kafa Laburaren 'Yanci na Philadelphia a shekarata 1964. A cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa ya fara ba da azuzuwan yamma kuma daga ƙarshe ya mai da ɗakin karatu zuwa makaranta. Bayan kafuwar wannan makaranta, ya shirya gajerun kasidu da aka buga a cikin littafin, What Black Educators Are Saying, wanda Nathan Wright Jr. ya shirya kuma aka buga a shekarata 1970. Wannan maƙala ta ƙunshi yawancin tunanin Churchville game da yanayin motsi na Black Power da kuma ra'ayoyinsa na koyarwa na sabuwar Makarantar 'Yanci. Ya raina ra'ayoyin duka ƙungiyoyin al'adu da masu ci gaban ƙasa a matsayin facade kuma ba haƙora ba. A gare shi, Harkar kishin kasa ta juyin juya hali wacce ta yi kira ga cikakken juyin juya hali a nan da kuma ko'ina a doron kasa, ita ce mafi inganci da gaskiya ga ka'idojinta. Sun gano batutuwan cikin rukuni da na ɗaiɗaikun mutane da ke fuskantar baƙar fata a Amurka kuma hanya ɗaya tilo ta zama ɗan juyin juya hali da gaske ita ce ta sake haihuwa; wani iko na waje ya yi aiki wanda ya fara kawar da ku daga waɗannan gazawar. Makarantun da kansu sun dogara ne akan tsari mai sauƙi na fifiko. Idan ilimi shine shigar matasa cikin tsarin akida, to dole ne Makarantar 'Yanci ta sake ilmantar da yaran bakaken fata su yi watsi da babbar akida tare da gina sabon tsari. Don yin wannan, kashi na farko na koyarwa da za a kafa dole ne ya zama sabuwar akidar makarantar. Bayan haka, Kuma dole ne a nemo malaman da za su iya dinke barakar da ke tsakanin asali da kuma ketare, kasancewar su darasi ne ga dalibansu na ciki da wajen aji. A ƙarshe, an tsara tsarin karatun don bayyana ainihin halin da baƙar fata ke ciki da kuma koyar da kayan aiki da ƙwarewa don magance wannan gaskiyar. Tsarin karatun kamar yadda Churchville ya bayyana abin hawa ne kawai don koyar da gaskiyar juyin juya hali; abubuwan da ke ciki galibi basu da mahimmanci kamar yadda bincike ne wanda zai nuna gaskiyar. Hukumar FBI ta kai farmaki makarantar ne a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 1966, bisa zargin tanada kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda. Bayan farmakin, Churchville ya daina fafutuka.
Gado
Za a iya ganin wani ɓangare na gadon Makarantar 'Yanci a cikin makarantun da ke riƙe da suna a yau: Akwesasne Freedom School a kan Mohawk Indian ajiyar ; Makarantun 'Yanci a St. Louis, Missouri da Chicago, Illinois, Tyree Scott Freedom School a Seattle, Washington, da Makarantar 'Yanci ta Paulo Freire a Tucson, Arizona.
A Michigan kungiyar Black Radical Congress a Detroit ta kaddamar da kamfen don ƙirƙirar samfuri bisa ga Makarantun 'Yanci.
Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia yunƙuri ne na ilimin al'umma mai zaman kansa wanda ke aiki da sigar zamani na tsarin karatun Mississippi tare da mai da hankali kan tallafin karatu, Kuma aikin zamantakewa da jagoranci tsakanin tsararraki. Ana shirya Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia ta hanyar hukumar jagora, Al'umma A Makarantu.
Jami'ar 'Yanci ta Atlanta, makarantar 'yanci ta zamani kuma makaranta ce kawai a cikin duniya inda duk ɗalibai ba su da takardar izinin shiga ba tare da izini ba, suna ba da kyauta na koyarwa, sannan tsarin karatun koleji na 'yanci wanda ke taimakawa matasa marasa izini su sami ilimi mafi girma.
Arouna Mama
Arouna Mama an haifeta a shekara ta 1925 a Parakou dake a Benin ta kasan ce yar siyasar Benin
Tarihi
An zabe ta mataimakiyar Territorial Assembly, 1957, mataimakin shugaban kasa, Territorial Assembly, 1959, mataimakin, Council, Afrique Occidentale Française, Dakar, 1957-59, zaba senator, Communauté Française, 1959, ministan Interi-or, 2959, ministan tsaro, 1962-63, dauri, ministan cikin gida da tsaro, 1970-72, kurkuku, 1972-73, ritaya daga siyasa;  tsohon memba, Rassemblement Democratique Dahoméen.
Kolawole Ajisafe
AROYEWUN, Mai shari’a Kolawole Ajisafe, LLB, (An haifeshi ranar 10 ga watan Maris 1938) a garin Offa dake Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, ya kasan ce masanin shari’a na Najeriya
Tarihi
Yayi karatun shi ne a St Mark's School, Offa, 1947-52, Offa Grammar School, 1953-57, Ínns of Court School of Law, London, 1961-65, da ake kira Bar, Inner Temple, London, Jami'ar London, Ingila, 1962 -65,Nigerian Law School,Lagos,Satumba-Disamba 1965;  majistare, 1966-72, babban majistare, 1972-74, shugaban majistare, 1974-75, shugaban magatakarda, 1975, alkalin riko, babban kotun shari’a, 1977, ya nada alkalin babbar kotun shari’a, Kaduna, 1979
Aure
Yayi auren shi ne a shekaran 1968 san nan kuma yaran shi biyar maza uku san nan sai mata biyu.
Anthony Bright Boadi-Mensah
Anthony Bright Boadi-Mensah ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Ghana. Ya wakilci mazabar Obuasi a yankin Ashanti a majalisa ta 2 da ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu a matsayin dan majalisa.
Siyasa
Anthony Bright Boadi-Mensah dan majalisa ne na 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana da aka zaba a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta dubu biyu 2000. Ya kuma kasance dan majalisa na 2 da aka zaba a shekarar 1996 da kashi 47.70% na kason. A shekara ta 2004 ya rasa kujerarsa a hannun Edward Michael Ennin na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic.
Zabe
An fara zaben Mensah a matsayin dan majalisa a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na watan Disamba 1996 na mazabar Obuasi a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya samu kuri'u 44,721 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 76,429 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 47.70%.