cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Wiki
Halaye
Wiki yana bawa al'ummomin editoci da masu ba da gudummawa damar rubuta takardu tare. Duk abin da mutane ke buƙata don ba da gudummawa shi ne kwamfuta, samun Intanet, mashigin yanar gizo, da kuma fahimtar asali ta hanyar sauƙaƙan alama (misali, yaren MediaWiki ). A guda page a wiki website ake matsayin "wiki page", yayin da dukan tarin shafukan, wanda yawanci da kyau-juna ta hyperlinks, shi ne "da wiki". Wiki shine ainihin mahimman bayanai don ƙirƙirar, bincike, da bincike ta hanyar bayanai. Wiki yana ba da izinin layi, mai canzawa, mai rikitarwa, da kuma hanyar sadarwar rubutu, yayin da kuma bayar da damar jayayya ta edita, muhawara, da ma'amala game da abun ciki da tsarawa. Tabbatacciyar halayyar fasaha ta wiki shine sauƙin da za'a iya ƙirƙira da sabunta shafuka. Gabaɗaya, babu bita ta mai gudanarwa ko mai tsaron ƙofa kafin karɓar gyare-gyare kuma don haka ya haifar da canje-canje akan gidan yanar gizon. Yawancin wikis suna buɗewa don canzawa ta yawancin jama'a ba tare da buƙatar rajistar asusun masu amfani ba. Za'a iya yin gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin lokaci na ainihi kuma sun bayyana kusan kai tsaye kan layi, amma wannan fasalin yana sauƙaƙa zagi da tsarin. Sabbin wiki masu zaman kansu suna buƙatar ingantaccen mai amfani don shirya shafuka, kuma wani lokacin ma don karanta su. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba, da Steve Wheeler sun rubuta cewa bude wikis yana samar da tsarin Darwiniyanci na Zamani. "... saboda budewa da hanzari da za a iya gyara shafukan wiki, shafukan suna fuskantar tsarin zabin juyin halitta, ba kamar yadda dabi'a ke mahallin halittu masu rai ba. Jumlolin 'wadanda basu dace ba' da sashe an cika su da juyayi, an shirya su kuma an sauya su idan ba a ɗauke su da 'dacewa' ba, wanda hakan zai haifar da samuwar ingantaccen shafi da kuma dacewa. "
Kewayawa
Wasu wikis suna da maɓallin Shirya ko haɗin kai tsaye a kan shafin da ake kallo idan mai amfani yana da izinin gyara shafin. Wannan zai iya kai wa ga wani rubutu na tushen gyara page inda mahalarta za tsarin da kuma format wiki shafukan da taƙaitaccen aiki na bada harshe, wani lokacin da aka sani da Wikitext, Wiki markup ko Wikicode (shi kuma iya kai wa ga wata WYSIWYG gyara page. Ganin da sakin layi bayan tebur a ƙasa ). Misali, fara layin rubutu tare da taurari na iya ƙirƙirar jerin gwano. Salo da tsari na wikitexts na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin aiwatarwar wiki,  wasu daga cikinsu kuma suna ba da izinin alamun HTML.
Daidaitawa
Wikis sun fi son gyaran rubutu mai sauƙi, tare da ƙananan taro kaɗan da sauƙi fiye da HTML don nuna salo da tsari. Kodayake iyakance damar shiga HTML da Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) na wikis yana iyakance ikon mai amfani don canza tsari da tsara abun cikin wiki, akwai wasu fa'idodi. Iyakantaccen damar zuwa CSS yana haɓaka daidaito a cikin gani da jin, kuma kasancewa da nakasassu na JavaScript yana hana mai amfani aiwatar da lambar da zata iya rage damar wasu masu amfani.
Gyara gani
Wikis na iya samar da gyaran WYSIWYG ga masu amfani, galibi ta hanyar sarrafa JavaScript wanda ke fassara umarnin tsara hoto a cikin zane mai alama HTML ko wikitext. A cikin waɗannan aiwatarwar, alamar kirkirar sabon shafi, wanda aka yiwa alama na shafin ana samar dashi kuma aka ƙaddamar dashi zuwa ga sabar a bayyane, yana kiyaye mai amfani daga wannan ƙwarewar fasahar. Misalin wannan shine VisualEditor akan Wikipedia. WYSIWYG sarrafawa baya, duk da haka, koyaushe yana samar da duk kayan aikin da ke cikin wikitext, kuma wasu masu amfani sun gwammace kada suyi amfani da editan WYSIWYG. Saboda haka, yawancin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna ba da wasu hanyoyi don shirya wikitext kai tsaye.
Tarihin sigar
Wasu wikis suna adana rikodin canje-canje da aka yi wa shafukan wiki; sau da yawa, kowane nau'in shafin yana adana. Wannan yana nufin cewa marubuta na iya komawa zuwa tsohuwar tsohuwar shafin idan ya zama dole saboda an yi kuskure, kamar su abubuwan da aka share ba zato ba tsammani ko kuma an lalata shafin don haɗawa da rubutu mai ɓarna ko cutarwa ko wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba.
Kewayawa
A cikin rubutun mafi yawan shafuka, yawanci akwai hanyoyin haɗin hypertext da yawa zuwa wasu shafuka a cikin wiki. Wannan nau'i na kewayawa ba layi ba ya fi "'yan qasar" zuwa wiki fiye da tsare-tsaren kewayawa da aka tsara. Hakanan masu amfani za su iya ƙirƙirar kowane adadin alamomi ko shafuka na abubuwan ciki, tare da rarrabuwar tsari ko kowane irin ƙungiyar da suke so. Wadannan iya kalubalantar don kula da "da hannu", kamar yadda mahara mawallafa da kuma masu amfani iya haifar da da kuma share pages a wani wucin gadi, unorganized hanya. Wikis na iya samar da hanyoyi ɗaya ko fiye don rarrabasu ko yiwa shafuka alama don tallafawa kula da irin waɗannan shafukan alamomin. Wasu wikis, gami da asali, suna da fasalin backlink, wanda ke nuna duk shafukan da suka danganci shafi da aka bayar. Hakanan yana yiwuwa galibi a cikin wiki don ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi zuwa shafukan da ba su wanzu ba, a matsayin wata hanya don kiran wasu su raba abin da suka sani game da batun sabon wiki. Masu amfani da Wiki galibi suna iya "yiwa alama" shafuka tare da rukuni ko kalmomin shiga, don sauƙaƙa wa sauran masu amfani samun labarin. Misali, mai amfani da ke kirkirar sabon labari kan hawa keke na yanayi mai sanyi zai iya "yiwa" alamar wannan shafin a karkashin rukunin zirga-zirga, wasannin hunturu da keke. Wannan zai sauƙaƙa wa sauran masu amfani samun labarin.
Haɗawa da ƙirƙirar shafuka
An ƙirƙiri hanyoyin haɗi ta amfani da takamaiman bayani, wanda ake kira "hanyar haɗi". Asali, yawancin wikis yi amfani da CamelCase don sunaye shafuka da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin haɗi. Ana samar da waɗannan ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin cikin jumla tare da cire sararin dake tsakaninsu (kalmar "CamelCase" ita kanta misali ce). Duk da yake CamelCase yana sauƙaƙe alaƙar, yana kuma haifar da haɗi a cikin sigar da ta kauce daga daidaitaccen rubutun. Don haɗi zuwa shafi mai taken kalma ɗaya, dole ne mutum ya riƙa cin gajiyar ɗayan haruffa a cikin kalmar (misali "WiKi" maimakon "Wiki"). Wikis na tushen CamelCase ana iya gane su nan take saboda suna da hanyoyi da yawa da sunaye kamar "TableOfContents" da "BeginnerQuestions." wiki na iya sanya alamar da ke bayyane na irin waɗannan hanyoyin "kyakkyawa" ta hanyar sake sanya sarari, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ya koma zuwa ƙaramin harka. Wannan sake haɗin hanyar haɗin don inganta sake karantawa na anga, duk da haka, yana iyakance ne ta hanyar asarar bayanan sirri wanda ya haifar da juyawar CamelCase. Misali, "RichardWagner" ya kamata a fassara shi azaman "Richard Wagner", yayin da ya kamata a sanya "PopularMusic" a matsayin "mashahurin kiɗa". Babu wata hanya mai sauƙi don tantance waɗanne manyan haruffa ya kamata su kasance da manyan bakake. A sakamakon haka, wikis da yawa a yanzu suna da "haɗi kyauta" ta amfani da katako, kuma wasu suna kashe CamelCase ta tsohuwa.
Tarihi
WikiWikiWeb shine wiki na farko. Ward Cunningham ya fara kirkirar WikiWikiWeb a Portland, Oregon, a 1994, kuma ya girka ta a yanar gizo c2.com a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 1995. Cunningham ne ya sanya masa suna, wanda ya tuna wani ma'aikacin ma'aikatar filin jirgin saman Honolulu da yake gaya masa ya dauki "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" motar da ke tafiya tsakanin tashar jirgin. A cewar Cunningham, "Na zabi wiki-wiki a matsayin mai neman hadin kai don 'hanzari' don haka na kauce wa sanya wadannan abubuwan cikin sauri-yanar gizo."
Cunningham, a wani ɓangare, wahayi ne daga Apple HyperCard, wanda yayi amfani dashi. HyperCard, kodayake, mai amfani ne kawai. Apple ya tsara tsarin da zai ba masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar "katunan katunan" kamala masu tallata hanyoyin tsakanin katunan daban. Cunningham ta haɓaka tunanin Vannevar Bush ta hanyar bawa masu amfani damar "yin tsokaci kan kuma sauya rubutun juna." Cunningham ya ce ya raga sun danganta tare da mutane irin abubuwan da ya haifar da wani sabon adabi zuwa daftarin aiki shirye-shirye alamu, da kuma kayan doki mutane ta halitta sha'awar magana da gaya labaru da fasaha da zai ji dadi ga waɗanda ba a yi amfani da "mawallafa".
Wasu ma'anoni
A ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000s, an yi amfani da kalmar "wiki" don koma wa ɗakunan yanar gizo masu daidaitaccen mai amfani da software da ke ba su iko; ma'anar karshen har yanzu ana amfani dashi lokaci-lokaci Mai kirkirar Wiki Ward Cunningham ya rubuta a shekarar 2014 cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da kalmar "wiki" don koma wa shafin yanar gizo daya ba, a maimakon haka ya kasance ga tarin shafuka ko shafukan da ake iya amfani da su ta yadda shafin yanar gizo daya ba "wiki ba" amma "misalin wiki". Ya rubuta cewa batun tarayyar wiki, wanda za'a iya daukar nauyin shi kuma a iya shirya shi a wurare sama da daya ta yadda za a rarraba sigar rarraba sigar, yana nufin cewa "wiki" mai hankali guda daya ba shi da ma'ana.
Aiwatarwa
Wiki software nau'ikan kayan aiki ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin wiki, wanda ke ba da damar kirkirar shafukan yanar gizo da kuma shirya su ta hanyar amfani da burauzar gidan yanar gizo. Ana iya aiwatar dashi azaman jerin rubutun bayan sabar yanar gizo data kasance ko azaman sabar aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan sabar yanar gizo ɗaya ko fiye. Ana adana abubuwan a cikin tsarin fayil, kuma ana adana canje-canje ga abun cikin a cikin tsarin sarrafa bayanai na dangantaka. Babban kayan aikin software shine MediaWiki, wanda ke gudanar da Wikipedia. A madadin, wikis na sirri suna gudana azaman aikace-aikacen keɓaɓɓu a kan kwamfuta ɗaya.
Hakanan za'a iya ƙirƙirar Wikis a kan "gonar wiki", inda mai gonar wiki ke aiwatar da software ta ɓangaren uwar garke. Hakanan wasu gonakin wiki zasu iya yin sirri, wikis mai kariya ta sirri. Gidajen wiki kyauta suna ɗauke da talla akan kowane shafi. Don ƙarin bayani, duba Kwatanta gonakin wiki.
Fred Amugi
Fred Nii Amugi (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1948) fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a Holby City, Beasts of No Nation da The Cursed Ones. Ya yi fice saboda rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na shekarar 1985 "Opinto".
Wiki
Dogara da tsaro
Wikis gabaɗaya an tsara shi tare da falsafar sauƙaƙa gyara kuskuren, maimakon sanya shi wahala yin su. Don haka, yayin da wikis ke buɗe sosai, suna ba da hanya don tabbatar da ingancin ƙarin abubuwan kwanan nan zuwa jikin shafukan. Mafi shahararren, a kusan kowane wiki, shine "Canje-canjen kwanan nan" - takamaiman jerin da ke nuna gyare-gyaren kwanan nan, ko jerin abubuwan gyara da aka yi a cikin lokacin da aka ba su. Wasu wikis na iya tace jerin don cire ƙananan gyare-gyare da gyare-gyaren da aka yi ta rubutun shigo da atomatik (bot). Daga rajistar canji, sauran ayyuka suna da sauki a mafi yawan wikis: tarihin bita yana nuna sigar shafin da ya gabata kuma fasalin ya bambanta canje-canje tsakanin bita biyu. Ta amfani da tarihin bita, edita na iya dubawa da dawo da labarin da ya gabata. Wannan yana ba marubucin babban iko don kawar da gyare-gyare. Za'a iya amfani da fasalin banbanci don yanke hukunci ko wannan ya zama dole. Mai amfani da wiki na yau da kullun na iya duba bambancin gyaran da aka jera a shafin "Canje-canjen Kwanan nan" kuma, idan gyara ne wanda ba za a amince da shi ba, nemi tarihin, ya dawo da bita na baya; wannan tsari ya fi sauƙi ko ƙasa da sauƙi, gwargwadon software na wiki da aka yi amfani da shi. Idan aka rasa yin gyare-gyare marasa karɓa a shafin "canje-canje na kwanan nan", wasu injunan wiki suna ba da ƙarin sarrafa abun ciki. Ana iya sa masa ido don tabbatar da cewa shafi, ko saitin shafuka, suna kiyaye ingancin sa. Mutumin da ke son kula da shafuka za a gargaɗe shi da canje-canje ga shafukan, yana ba su damar tabbatar da ingancin sabbin bugu da sauri. Ana iya ganin wannan azaman babban marubuci ne kuma fasalin adawa edita. Jerin abubuwan kallo shine aiwatarwa gama gari akan wannan. Wasu wikis ma suna aiwatar da "gyare-gyaren da aka sintiri", inda editocin da keɓaɓɓun takardun shaidarka na iya sanya alamar wasu gyare-gyare ba ɓarnata ba. Tsarin "tutar bita da aka buga" na iya hana gyara yin aiki kai tsaye har sai an sake nazarin su.
Fred Amugi
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Fred Amugi a Teshie, Accra, Ghana a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1948. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Broaks Basic da Junior High School. Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Takoradi da Nungua Senior High School bayan haka ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon inda ya yi Certificate a cikin Supplies da Materials Management. Ya shiga aikin farar hula na tsawon shekaru talatin da uku kuma ya zama mukaddashin daraktan samar da kayayyaki a ma'aikatar kudi ta Ghana.
Wiki
Tsaro
Budaddiyar falsafar wiki - bawa kowa damar shirya abun ciki - baya tabbatar da cewa duk manufar edita tana da tarbiya. Misali, lalata abubuwa (sauya abun da wiki ya kunsa zuwa wani abu mai tayar da hankali, kara maganganun banza, cire mugunta abubuwanda ke kunshe cikin kundin bayanai, ko kuma kara wasu bayanan da basu dace ba, kamar bayanan karya) na iya zama babbar matsala. A kan manyan shafukan yanar gizo na wiki, irin su waɗanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ke gudanarwa, ɓarnatar da abubuwa na iya ɓacewa na wani lokaci. Wikis, saboda yanayin buɗewar su, suna da saukin kamuwa da ganganci, da aka sani da "trolling". Wikis sukan ɗauki tsarin tsaro mai laushi ga matsalar ɓarnatar da abubuwa, yana mai sauƙaƙewar lalacewa maimakon yunƙurin hana ɓarna. Manyan wikis galibi suna amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin, kamar bot ɗin da ke gano kai tsaye da kuma juya ɓarna da haɓaka JavaScript waɗanda ke nuna haruffa waɗanda aka ƙara su a cikin kowane gyara. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya iyakance ɓarna ga "ƙaramin ɓarna" ko "ɓarnatar da lalata", inda haruffan da aka ƙara / kawar da su kaɗan ne da cewa bots ba su gano su kuma masu amfani ba sa mai da hankali sosai a kansu. Misali na bot da ke dawo da barna a Wikipedia shine ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG na iya sake gyara, sau da yawa a cikin mintina, idan ba sakan ba. Bot din yana amfani da ilmantarwa na injiniya a madadin abubuwan tarihi.
Adadin lalata abubuwa da wiki ya karɓa ya dogara da yadda wiki yake buɗe. Misali, wasu wikis suna ba wa masu amfani mara rajista, wanda aka gano ta adiresoshin IP ɗin su, don shirya abun ciki, yayin da wasu suka iyakance wannan aikin ga masu amfani da rajista kawai. Yawancin wikis suna ba da izinin gyara ba tare da asusun ba.
Fred Amugi
Aiki
Amugi ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1970 a cikin Drama da Documentaries har zuwa 1985 lokacin da ya fito a fim ɗin sa na farko "Opinto". Jerin talabijin ya kawo shi cikin fitattun mutane.
Wiki
Tsaro
Hakanan shirya yaƙe-yaƙe na iya faruwa yayin da masu amfani suke maimaita wani shafi zuwa sigar da suke so. A wasu lokuta, masu gyara tare da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da abin da abun ciki ya kamata ya bayyana ko kuma wane salon fasali za a yi amfani da shi zai canza kuma ya sake sauya fasalin juna. Wannan yana haifar da cewa shafin ya kasance "maras tabbas" ne daga mahangar masu amfani da gaba ɗaya, saboda duk lokacin da babban mai amfani yazo shafin, zai iya zama daban. Wasu software na wiki suna bawa mai gudanarwa damar dakatar da irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar kulle shafi daga ci gaba da gyara har sai an yanke shawara kan wane nau'in shafin zai fi dacewa. Wasu wikis suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da wasu don sarrafa halaye saboda tsarin mulki da ke akwai a wajen wiki. Misali, malamin kwaleji na iya kirkirar abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga dalibai su nuna halin kansu a wiki aji da suke gudanarwa ta hanyar takaita yin gyara ga masu amfani da shiga da kuma nuna cewa duk gudummawar ana iya gano su ga masu bayar da gudummawar. Hakanan za'a iya magance mummunan hali a ƙarƙashin manufofin jami'a.
Usman Bayero Nafada
Usman Bayero Nafada (An haife shi ne a watan Janairu, shekara ta alif 1961) tsohon mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai ne a Najeriya  kuma ɗan jam'iyyar PDP mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta Dukku/Nafada na jihar Gombe. Shi ne ɗan takarar gwamna a zaɓen gwamna na shekarar 2019 a jihar Gombe.
An haifi usman Bayero Nafada a watan Janairun shekarar 1961 a cikin jihar Gombe.
Fred Amugi
Aiki
Amugi ya fito a cikin rawar fina -finai da yawa, gami da fina -finan Ghana na gida, Shoe Shine Boy (2013), Nyame Bekyere 1 & 2 (2015), Menua Paa Nie (2016), Housekeepers (2016) da sauransu. Matsayinsa na farko na kasa da kasa ya zo ne a 2005 lokacin da ya buga hali Kwame Attakora a wasan kwaikwayon BBC na Holby City. Daga baya ya fito a fim din Netflix 2015, Beasts of No Nation a matsayin "Fasto". Amugi ya buga halin Fasto Uchebo a cikin fim ɗin da ya ci lambar yabo ta Burtaniya ta 2015 "The Cursed Ones".
Fina-finai
Fred Nii Amugi ya yi fina -finai da dama, gami da:
Wiki
Mai yiwuwar ɓarnatarwar malware
Malware kuma na iya zama matsala ga wikis, yayin da masu amfani zasu iya ƙara hanyoyin haɗi zuwa shafukan yanar gizo masu karɓar lambar ƙeta. Misali, an gyara labarin Wikipedia na Jamusanci game da Tsutsa na Blaster don haɗawa da haɗin hyperlink zuwa yanar gizo mai cutarwa. Masu amfani da tsarin Microsoft Windows mai rauni waɗanda suka bi hanyar haɗin yanar gizon za su kamu da cutar. Meauna shine amfani da software wanda ke hana masu amfani adana wani gyara wanda ya ƙunshi hanyar haɗi zuwa shafin da aka lissafa a cikin jerin sunayen shafuka masu ƙeta.
Usman Bayero Nafada
Yana da takardar shedar malanta daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU), dake Zariya, Jihar Kaduna. Yana da digiri a lissafi daga Jami’ar Maiduguri, dake a Maiduguri, Jihar Borno. Nafada memba ne a majalisar wakilai ta Gombe ga jam’iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) daga shekarar 1999 har zuwa shekarar 2003, kuma ya rike mukamin kakakin majalisar a lokacin.
Wiki
Aikace-aikace
Wikipedia na Turanci shine mafi girman tushen masu amfani a tsakanin wikis akan Yanar Gizon Duniya kuma yana kan gaba a cikin manyan 10 a cikin duk shafukan yanar gizo dangane da zirga-zirga. Sauran manyan wikis sun hada da WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, da Susning.nu, tushen ilimin yaren Sweden. Misalai na wiki na likitanci da kiwon lafiya sun hada da Ganfyd, bayanin likitanci na hadin gwiwar kan layi wanda kwararrun likitocin suka shirya kuma aka gayyato masana masana ba likita. Yawancin al'ummomin wiki masu zaman kansu ne, musamman a cikin kamfanoni. Ana amfani dasu sau da yawa azaman takaddun ciki don tsarin gida da aikace-aikace. Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da wikis don bawa abokan ciniki damar taimakawa samar da takaddun software. Wani bincike da aka yi game da masu amfani da wiki na kamfanoni ya gano cewa za a iya raba su zuwa "masu hada abubuwa" da "masu karawa" na abubuwan da ke ciki. Tasirin gudummawar Synthesizers ya fi shafa da tasirin su ga sauran masu amfani da wiki, yayin da yawan adadin masu bayar da gudummawar ya fi shafa ta hanyar samun damar aiwatar da aikin su na gaggawa. Daga nazarin dubunnan tura wiki, Jonathan Grudin ya kammala nazarin masu ruwa da tsaki da ilimantarwa suna da mahimmanci ga tura wiki cikin nasara.
Usman Bayero Nafada
An zabi Nafada ne a majalisar wakilai ta kasa a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin dan takarar ANPP daga Dukku / Nafada, amma ya sauya sheka ya zama memba na PDP lokacin da jiharsa ta fara jefa kuri'ar hakan. Bayan murabus din Babangida Nguroje a tsakanin cin hancin da rashawa na shugabar majalisar Patricia Etteh. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2018, kasa da shekara daya da zabe, Sanata Nafada, tare da wasu mambobi 14 da suka fice daga jam'iyyar APC zuwa PDP.
Wiki
Aikace-aikace
A shekarar 2005, Gartner Group, lura da yadda shaharar wikis ke karuwa, sun kiyasta cewa zasu zama kayan aikin hadin kai a cikin akalla kashi 50% na kamfanoni nan da shekara ta 2009. [ yana bukatar sabuntawa ] Ana iya amfani da Wikis don gudanar da aikin. an kuma yi amfani da Wikis a cikin ƙungiyar ilimi don rarrabawa da watsa labarai a kan iyakokin hukumomi da ƙasashen duniya. A waɗancan saitunan, an same su da amfani ga haɗin kai kan rubutun tallafi, tsarin dabaru, takaddun sassan, da aikin kwamiti. A tsakiyar shekarun 2000s, ci gaban da ake samu tsakanin masana'antu game da haɗin kai ya ɗorawa masu tarbiya nauyi don sa ɗaliban ƙwarewa a aikin haɗin gwiwa, wanda hakan ke ƙara ba da sha'awa ga wikis da ake amfani da shi a aji.
Usman Bayero Nafada
Nafada yayi takarar gwamnan Gombe a shekarar 2019
Wiki
Aikace-aikace
Wikis sun sami ɗan amfani a cikin aikin lauya da cikin gwamnati. Misalan sun hada da Intellipedia na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya, wanda aka tsara don rabawa da tattara bayanan sirri, DKospedia, wanda Civilungiyar Civilancin Yanci ta usedasar ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tare da nazarin takardu game da shigar da fursunoni a cikin Guantánamo Bay; da kuma wiki na Kotun ofaukaka Statesara ta Amurka game da Keɓaɓɓu na Bakwai, sun kasance suna sanya dokokin kotu da ba masu aiki damar yin tsokaci da yin tambayoyi. Ofishin Patent da Trademark Office yana aiki da Peer-to-Patent, wiki don bawa jama'a damar yin haɗin gwiwa akan nemo fasahar da ta dace da gwajin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Queens, New York tayi amfani da wiki don baiwa allowan ƙasa damar haɗa kai akan zane da kuma tsara wurin shakatawa na gida. Makarantar Lawell Law School ta kafa kamus na shari'a na wiki da ake kira Wex, wanda ƙarancin wanda zai iya yin gyare-gyare ya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa.
A cikin yanayin ilimin, anyi amfani da wikis a matsayin haɗin gwiwar aiki da tsarin tallafi na bincike.
City wikis
A birnin wiki (ko gida wiki) ne a wiki amfani da wani ilmi tushe da kuma zamantakewa cibiyar sadarwa don takamaiman Gwargwadon wuri. Kalmar 'birni wiki' ko kuma ta yi daidai da harshen waje (misali Jamusanci 'Stadtwiki') wani lokaci ana amfani dashi don wikis waɗanda ke rufe ba kawai birni ba, amma ƙaramin gari ko kuma duk yanki. Wiki na birni ya ƙunshi bayani game da takamaiman al'amuran abubuwa, ra'ayoyi, mutane da wurare. Mafi yawan waɗannan bayanan bazai dace da encyclopedias kamar Wikipedia ba (misali, labarai akan duk wata hanyar sayar da kayayyaki a cikin gari), amma yana iya dacewa da wiki tare da ƙarin abubuwanda aka sarrafa da masu kallo. Wiki na gari yana iya ƙunsar bayani game da batutuwa masu zuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai dace da ilimin wiki na gaba ɗaya ba, kamar:
WikiNodes
WikiNodes shafuka ne akan wikis waɗanda ke bayyana wikis masu alaƙa. Yawancin lokaci ana tsara su a matsayin maƙwabta da wakilai. Wiki na maƙwabta wiki ne kawai wanda zai iya tattauna abubuwan da ke ciki ko kuma in ba haka ba ya zama mai ban sha'awa. Wiki wakili wiki ne wanda ya yarda a samar da wasu abubuwa da aka wakilta a wiki. Hanya ɗaya ta neman wiki a kan takamaiman batun ita ce bi hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar wiki-node daga wiki zuwa wiki; wani kuma shine ya dauki shafin "yawon bude ido" na Wiki, misali: Wikipedia's Tour Bus Stop.
Mahalarta
Nau'ikan asali huɗu na masu amfani waɗanda ke shiga wikis sune mai karatu, marubuci, mai kula da wiki da mai sarrafa tsarin. Mai kula da tsarin shine ke da alhakin sanyawa da kuma kiyaye injin wiki da kuma uwar garken gidan yanar sadarwar. Mai gudanarwa na wiki yana kula da abubuwan wiki kuma ana samar dashi ƙarin ayyuka game da shafuka (misali kariya ta shafi da sharewa), kuma zai iya daidaita haƙƙin samun masu amfani ta, misali, toshe su daga yin gyara.
Dalilan girma
Nazarin wikis ɗari da yawa ya nuna cewa adadi mai yawa na masu gudanarwa don girman abun ciki da aka ba na iya rage haɓaka; cewa samun damar sarrafa ƙayyade gyara ga masu amfani da ke da riba na rage haɓaka; cewa rashin irin wannan damar sarrafawar yakan haifar da sabon rajistar mai amfani; kuma wannan babban tsarin na gwamnati (watau admins / user) ba su da wani tasiri a kan abubuwan da ke ciki ko karuwar jama'a.
Taruka
Tarurruka masu aiki da tarurruka game da batutuwan da suka shafi wiki sun haɗa da:
Dokoki
Wikis galibi suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin mai amfani. Misali Wikipedia, tana da jerin manufofi da jagororin da aka taƙaita a cikin ginshiƙanta guda biyar: Wikipedia encyclopedia ne; Wikipedia tana da ra'ayin tsaka tsaki; Wikipedia kyauta ne; Ya kamata 'yan Wikipedians suyi ma'amala cikin ladabi da ladabi, kuma Wikipedia ba ta da tsayayyun dokoki. Yawancin wikis sun karɓi jerin dokoki. Wani malami ya kafa doka don wiki na aji, "Wiki ga wasu kamar yadda za ku so wiki a wurinku".
Yanayin doka
Haɗin marubuta na haɗin gwiwa, wanda masu amfani daban-daban ke shiga cikin gyara, gyara, da tattara samfurin da aka gama, na iya haifar da editoci su zama masu haya a cikin abin da ya shafi haƙƙin mallaka, ta yadda ba zai yuwu a sake bugawa ba tare da izinin duk masu mallakar su ba, wasu daga cikinsu ba za a iya sanin asalinsu ba saboda ɓata suna ko kuma gyara suna. Inda mutane suka ba da gudummawa ga aikin gama gari kamar encyclopedia, to amma, babu ikon mallakar haɗin gwiwa idan gudummawar ta bambanta kuma ta bambanta. Duk da yawancin wikis na bin diddigin gudummawar kowane mutum, aikin bayar da gudummawa ga shafin wiki har yanzu ana iya cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin gyara tare, gyare-gyare, ko tattarawa, wanda zai haifar da mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Wasu batutuwan haƙƙin mallaka ana iya ragewa ta hanyar amfani da lasisin buɗe abun ciki. Shafi na 2 na lasisin Rikodin Kyauta na GNU ya haɗa da takamaiman tanadi don sake neman wiki; Hakanan lasisin Creative Commons sanannu ne. Lokacin da ba a kayyade lasisi ba, lasisin lasisi don karantawa da ƙara abun ciki zuwa wiki ana iya ɗauka ya wanzu bisa larurar kasuwanci da yanayin asalin wiki, kodayake tushen doka don irin wannan lasisin ba zai wanzu a cikin duka ba yanayi.
Wikis da masu amfani da su na iya zama abin dogaro ga wasu ayyukan da ke faruwa akan wiki. Idan mai amfani da wiki ya nuna halin ko-in-kula kuma ya yi watsi da sarrafawa (kamar hana masu keta hakkin haƙƙin mallaka) da zai iya yi don dakatar da keta haƙƙin mallaka, za a iya ɗaukarsa yana da ƙeta doka, musamman ma idan ana amfani da wiki ne musamman don keta haƙƙin mallaka ko samun kuɗi kai tsaye fa'ida, kamar kudaden shiga na talla, daga ayyukan keta doka. A Amurka, wikis na iya cin gajiyar Sashe na 230 na Dokar Kwatancen Sadarwa, wanda ke kare shafukan yanar gizo da ke aikin Samaritan Mai Kyau na kayan aiki masu cutarwa, ba tare da wata bukata kan inganci ko yawan irin wannan aikin ' yan sanda ba. Har ila yau, an yi jayayya, cewa aiwatar da wiki na wasu dokoki, irin su nuna wariya, tabbatar da gaskiya, samun abin dogaro, da kuma manufofin bincike-na asali, na iya haifar da haɗarin doka. Lokacin da batanci ya faru a kan wiki, bisa ka'ida, duk masu amfani da wiki za a iya daukar nauyinsu, saboda kowane daga cikinsu yana da ikon cire ko gyara kayan batanci daga "wallafar." Abin jira a gani shi ne ko za a dauki wikis a matsayin mafi kusanci da mai ba da sabis na intanet, wanda galibi ba shi da alhaki saboda rashin ikonsa game da abubuwan da aka buga, fiye da mai bugawa. An ba da shawarar cewa masu alamun kasuwanci su kula da irin bayanin da aka gabatar game da alamun kasuwancin su akan wikis, tunda kotuna na iya amfani da waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin shaidar dangane da fahimtar jama'a. Joshua Jarvis ya ce, "Da zarar an gano bayanan da ba su dace ba, mai alamar kasuwanci zai iya shirya shigarwar kawai."
Sinima a Sudan ta Kudu
Cinema sabuwar masana'anta ce mai tasowa a Sudan ta Kudu.
Bayani
Ya zuwa 2011, babu koda ɗakin kallon Finafinai ɗaya a ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu. ￼As, sannan dukkan ƴan ƙasar sun dogara ne da Gidan talabijin na Sudan ta Kudu wanda ake kira da SSTV. A ta bakin manajan Sudan ta Kudu Elfatih Majok Atem, "Mafi yawan ƴan ƙasar masu shirya Finafinai basu da ƙwarewar harkokin Finafinai. Masu ƙwarewa kuma basu da kayan aiki ingantattu.."
Bayan Fage
Sudan ta Kudu ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 2011; daidai shekaru shida bayan kammala Yaƙin Basasar Sudan na Biyu wanda ya haifar da rugujewar gidan sinima na Capital Juba kawai. A cikin 2011, Daniel Danis ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin farko na Sudan ta Kudu, Jamila.
Bikin fim
A shekarar 2016, Sudan ta Kudu ta shirya bikin fim na farko, bikin fina-finai na Juba. Bikin ya kunshi taron masana’antar shirya fina -finai, kuma na biyu da aka shirya za a yi a Sudan ta Kudu. Simon Bingo ne ya assasa wannan biki, an yi shi ne don rage mummunan hoton Sudan ta Kudu a matsayin ƙasa mai fama da yaƙe-yaƙe tare da haɓaka al'adun Sudan ta Kudu da fasaha.
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin ƙasar suna neman haɓaka harkar fim ta masu yin fim na cikin gida:
Hodgeville
Tarihi
An haɗa Hodgeville azaman ƙauye ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1921.
Alkaluma
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Hodgeville yana da yawan jama'a 147 da ke zaune a cikin 66 daga cikin jimlar gidaje 87 masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -14.5% daga yawanta na 2016 na 172. Tare da yanki na ƙasa na 1.24 km2, tana da yawan yawan jama'a 118.5/km a cikin 2021.
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016, ƙauyen Hodgeville ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 172 da ke zaune a cikin 75 daga cikin 97 jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 0% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 172. Tare da filin ƙasa na 1.35 km2, tana da yawan yawan jama'a 127.4/km a cikin 2016.
Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib
Halifanci
Yayi Halifanci daga shekara ta 656 zuwa 661, amma yan shi'a na ganin shikadai yagaji Manzon Allah. Shine Halifanci na hudu a musulunci, ya mulki daga shekara ta 656 zuwa 661, yagaji Sayyidina Uthman bin Affan wanda yagaje shi dansa Hasan ibn Ali (Na farko daga Imamai din yan' Shia goma sha biyu, akan bin yan'shia Zaydi, da Nizari Ismaili).
Hodgeville
Ilimi
Makarantar Hodgeville tana cikin al'umma. Kafin 2002, akwai makarantar firamare da sakandare. An gyara makarantar firamare sannan makarantar sakandare ta koma ginin makarantar firamare.
Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib
Haihuwa
Dan kabilar (Banu Hashim Bakuraishe) Mahaifinsa; Abu Talib ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib Mahaifiyarsa; Fatimah bint Asad.
Hodgeville
Fitattun mutane
Tutar lardin Saskatchewan asalinta anan ne, ta wani mutum mai suna Anthony Drake, malamin makaranta daga Hodgeville a 1969. Gidan kayan tarihi na Heritage yana nuna tuta, Jajayen Yamma a kan filin kore da zinariya, tare da labarin Anthony.
Marubucin waƙar "Akwai Bluebird akan Windowsill na" shine Elizabeth (née Huber) Clarke. Ta zauna kusa da Hodgeville, ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya, kuma ta auri Dr. Clarke a Hodgeville. Bayan sun koma Vancouver, ta yi jinya a asibitin yara. Yayin da take can, ta yi wannan waƙa don rera wa ƙananan majinyata. "There's a Bluebird on my Windowsill" March of Dimes ne ya dauko shi kuma yayi amfani da shi azaman waƙarsu. Elizabeth ta karɓi sarauta daga waƙar kuma ta ba da su ga Asibitin Yara. Labarinta yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka nuna cikin fahariya a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Heritage a Hodgeville.
Masarautar Dutse
Masarautar Dutse
Dutse Gadawur, shi ne sabon sunan garin Garu wanda ya samu a cikin ƙarni na goma sha uku sakamakon zuwan wani maharbi Babarbare mai suna Duna magu. Tun kafin bayyanar wannan maharbi a wannan waje, akwai mutane da ke zaune a wannan yanki na Garu. Wannan gari na Garu, shi ne matsungunin fadar masarautar Dutse. Tun kusan ƙarni na ɗaya ake zaton jama’a sun zauna a wannan guri wanda ke da albarkar duwatsun da suka dace da farauta da kuma muhallin zama. Bayan wani lokaci an samu cancanje inda wannan gari na Dutse ya tashi daga masarauta ya koma gunduma a ƙarƙashin masarautar Kano, inda kuma daga baya a cikin shekarar 1993 ya sake komawa masarauta kamar yadda yake tun farko.
Asali/Tushe
Akwai maganganu da dama dangane da wannan fadar masarauta ta Dutse. A wata faɗar an ce waɗannan duwatsu da suka kewaye wannan gari na Garu suna alamta samuwar jama’a a wannan gurin tun lokacin da ɗan’adam ke amfani da dutse a matsayin hanyar samar da kayan amfani, lokacin da a Turance ake kira ‘stone age’ (Sanusi, 2009). A wata ruwayar kuma an ce akwai samuwar wani gari da ake kira Birnin Gija wanda ya taɓa zama cibiyar kasuwancin sahara (trans-saharan trade) tun kafin samuwar Birnin Kano. Shi wannan gari, bashi da nisa da ainihin garin Garu a yanzu haka. Haka nan a wannan gari na Birnin Gija akwai sauran alamomin guraren da aka gudanar da sana’ar rini (Sanusi, 2009). Sannan kuma akwai waɗanda suke fara rubuta tarihin na Dutse daga ƙarni na 13 lokacin da wani maharbi mutumin Barno mai suna Duna Magu ya bayyana a wannan yankin. Wannan mutum shi ne ma wanda ya fara kiran wannan guri da sunan Gadawur (Sanusi, 2009), daga baya kuma aka koma ana kiran gurin da Dutse Gadawur. Duna Magu mutum ne maharbi wanda a ƙoƙarinsa na gano guri mafi dacewa da zai gudanar da sana’arsa ta harbi ya zo wannan yanki na Dutse, ya kuma yi sa’a wannan yanki guri ne mai yawan Gada. Da isarsa kan wannan dutse tun kafin ya gama sauke kayansa na harbi, sai ya hangi wata gada tana gudu, kafin ya waiga ya waigo sai gadar nan ta wulga kamar walƙiya ya nemeta ya rasa, cikin mamaki sai ya kada baki ya ce, ‘yanzu na ga gada, wur ta wuce’. To, ance tun daga wannan lokaci wannan suna na Dutse Gadawur ya zauna (Masarautar Dutse, 2015; Ƙwalli, 1996; Sanusi, 2009).
Dangane da jimawa ko samuwar zaman jama’a a wannan yanki na Dutse kuwa, Masarautar Dutse (2015), ta ruwaito cewa, mutane sun zauna a wannan yanki na Dutse tun kafin Bagauda ya zo Kano. Sannan kuma bayan Bayajidda ba da daɗewa ba an samu dangantaka ta yaƙi tsakanin wannan masarauta ta Dutse da kuma masarautar Kano kamar yadda yazo a Northern Nigerian Publishers (1979). Haka nan akwai batu na cewa kundin tarihin nan na Kano mai suna ‘Kano Chronicle’ ya bayyana cewa ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Kano mai suna Abdullahi Barja (1438 – 1452), ya yaƙi masarautar Dutse a zamanin Sarki Tuwai Mai Asarki Babba (1421 – 1463), wanda bayan ya yi galaba ya auri yar sakin na Dutse da kuma ‘yar Galadiman Dutse (Northern Nigerian Publishers, 1979; Sanusi, 2009).
Tun daga ƙarni na goma sha uku zuwa yau (2016), wannan masarauta ta Dutse tana da shugabanni guda 47, 28 kafin jihadi, 19 kuma bayan jihadin shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo. Sai dai cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan shugabanni ba saraku ba ne, a’a, a lokutan da Dutse ta riƙa zama a ƙarƙashin Kano a matsayin garin hakimi, sabohaka wasunsu hakimai ne kenan, wasu kuma sarakuna.
Tsohon Birni (Zamość)
Tsohon Birni osiedle (Yaren mutanen Poland: Osiedle Stare Miasto) ita ce gundumomi mafi tsufa a cikin birnin Zamość. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Rukunan Tarihi na Duniya a Poland (an ƙara a cikin 1992). A cewar UNESCO, wannan kimar abin tunawa ta ta'allaka ne a cikinsa kasancewarsa "fitaccen misali ne na garin da aka tsara na Renaissance a ƙarshen karni na 16, wanda ke riƙe da tsarinsa na asali da kagara da yawancin gine-gine na musamman, yana haɗa al'adun gine-ginen Italiya da tsakiyar Turai." Garin na Medieval yana da yanki mai girman hekta 75 da yankin buffer na ha 200.
An nada gundumar ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da tarihi na ƙasar Poland (Pomnik historii), kamar yadda aka keɓe ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1994. Hukumar Tarihi ta ƙasar Poland ce ke kula da lissafinta.
Tarihi
An gina Zamość a ƙarshen karni na 16 bisa ga ka'idodin Italiyanci na "gari mai kyau." Jan Zamoyski ne ya dauki nauyin gina wannan sabon gari, kuma mai ginin gine-gine Bernardo Morando ne ya yi shi. Garin yana nuna misalan salon Renaissance, yana haɗuwa da "dandano Mannerist [...] tare da wasu al'adun birane na Turai ta Tsakiya, irin su manyan ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda ke kewaye da murabba'i kuma suna haifar da wani wuri mai ɓoye a gaban shaguna".
Labarin ƙasa da abubuwan tunawa
Maɓallin abubuwan tunawa na Zamość sun haɗa da abubuwan tarihi kusan 200, gami da Babban Kasuwar Kasuwa kewaye da kamienice da yawa da Zamość City Hall. Tsohon garin kuma yana wasa da Cathedral na Zamość, majami'ar Zamość, Kwalejin Zamojski, da Fadar Zamojski.
Tsohon Garin yana kewaye da ragowar Kagara Zamość.
Tarihin Gidajen Duniya ta UNESCO
Kwamitin Tarihi na Duniya ya wuce Zamość a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1992 bisa ga ma'auni (iv - "misali fitaccen misali ne na nau'in gini, gine-gine, ko fasahar fasaha ko shimfidar wuri wanda ke nuna wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin ɗan adam"). A cikin wannan yanayin musamman, an gane Zamość a matsayin "fitaccen misali na garin Renaissance da aka tsara a ƙarshen karni na 16, wanda ke riƙe da tsarinsa na asali da kagara da yawancin gine-ginen da ke da sha'awa, haɗakar al'adun gine-ginen Italiyanci da tsakiyar Turai.".
Ramatu Yar'adua
Ramatu Yaradua kwamishiniya ce ta Hannun jari, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na jihar Neja a Najeriya
Rayuwa da Ilimi
Ramatu ta taso ne daga wani ƙauye mai suna Enagi na ƙaramar hukumar Edati a jihar Neja. Ta fara karatun firamari a Adrao International School, Lagos, daganan sai ta cigaba a ƙasar Birtaniya a makarantar Ibstock Place School London. Ta karanta ilimin harkokin kasashen waje (International Relations) da kuma harshen Turanci a jami'ar Coventry University, inda ta gama da sakamakon matakin second class upper.
Aiki
Har wayau, Ramatu tayi aiki a matsayin darakta a ma'akatar Hamble Group ta kasar Burtaniya, sannan a yayin da ta dawo gida nahiyar Afurka, Ramatu ta cigaba da rike matsayin Darakta na Hamble Group (Afurka).
Siyasa
Ta kasance tsohuwar kwamishiniyar kasuwanci da masana'antu da bada jari na jihar Neja.
Rayuwar ta
Ta auri Alh Murtala Shehu Yar’adua, tsohon ministan tsaro na Najeriya.
Yagba ta Yamma
Yagba ta Yamma, na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin dake a jihar Kogi a shiyar tsakiyar ƙasar Najeriya.
Mutanen Efik
Efik ƙabila ce da ke kudu maso kudancin Najeriya, a kudancin jihar Kuros Riba. Efik suna magana da harshen Efik wanda yake yaren Benuwe – Congo ne na dangin Cross River. Tarihin baka na Efik ya ba da labarin ƙaura daga Cross River daga Arochukwuto ya sami ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin yankin Calabar da Creek Town. Galibi ana kiran garin Creek da kewayensa da Calabar, kuma ana kiran mutanensa da mutanen Calabar, bayan sunan Bature mai suna Calabar Kingdom aka ba jihar a cikin Jihar Kuros Riba ta yanzu. Bai kamata Calabar ta rikita batun Masarautar Kalabari ba a cikin jihar Ribas wacce Ijaw ce jihar yamma da ita. Jihar Kuros Riba tare da jihar Akwa Ibom a da tana daga cikin asalin jihohi goma sha biyu na Najeriya da aka fi sani da Jihar Kudu maso Gabas. Mutanen Efik kuma sun mamaye kudu maso yammacin Kamaru ciki har da Bakassi. Wannan yanki, wanda a da can yankin amintacce ne daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru, an gudanar da shi a matsayin wani yanki na Gabashin Najeriya har sai da ya samu cin gashin kai a 1954, don haka ya raba mutanen Efik a siyasance. An kara fadada wannan rabuwa yayin da sakamakon zaben 1961 yankin ya zaɓi ya shiga Jamhuriyar Kamaru. Nan da nan aka sauya yawancin yankin, amma a watan Agustan 2006 - Najeriya ta miƙa yankin Bakassi ga Kamaru.
Tarihi
Ana samun mutanen Efik a yankin kudu maso kudu na yankin siyasa na Najeriya, a cikin "kusurwar kudu maso gabas ta jihar Kuros Riba." Sun mamaye bakin kogin Cross Cross kuma sun gangara zuwa yankin Bakassi, da Kogin Calabar da kuma zuwa garesu - Kogin Kwa, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) da Eniong Creek. ” Sun mamaye Calabar "a karshen ƙarni na goma sha bakwai ko a farkon karni na 18." Efik suna da dangantaka da mutanen Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Biase, Akamkpa, Uruan, da Eket.
Stella Obasanjo
Stella Obasanjo (An haife ta14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1945 - ta mutu 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2005) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga shekara ta alif 1999 har zuwa rasuwarta. ta kasan ce matar tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, duk da cewa ba ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban kasa ba a shekarar 1976, lokacin da Obasanjo ya fara shugabancin mulkin soja. Ta mutu yayin da ake kan yi mata tiyata na zaɓewar liposuction a ƙasar waje.
Mutanen Efik
Tarihi
Kodayake ba a san ainihin asalin mutanen Efik ba, amma hadisai na baka suna ba da labarin yadda suka yi ƙaura daga yankin Igbo da Ibibio (zuwa arewa maso yammacin Calabar) zuwa wurin da ake yanzu. Yawancin su sun bar zuwa Uruan a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom a yanzu, wasu zuwa Eniong da yankunan da ke kewaye. Sun zauna a Uruan kusan shekara ɗari ko makamancin haka sannan suka ƙaura zuwa Ikpa Ene da Ndodihi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin su tsallaka zuwa inda zasu je na ƙarshe a cikin Garin Creek (Esit Edik / Obio Oko). Da alama akwai matakai guda uku masu zuwa a tarihin ƙaura da sasantawa na efik: (a) wani lokaci na Igbo (b) na Ibibio da (c) tafiya zuwa bakin teku. An ce mutanen Uruan sun ba su suna "Efik" wanda ke fitowa daga kalmar aikatau da ke nufin latsawa ko zalunci, tun da ana zargin su da nuna ƙarfi.
Kodayake tattalin arziƙinsu ya samo asali ne daga kamun kifi, yankin da sauri ya zama babban cibiyar kasuwanci kuma ya kasance da kyau sosai a farkon shekarun 1900. Ana sayar da kayayyakin Turawa masu shigowa domin bayi, man dabino da sauran kayan dabino. Sarakunan Efik sun tara harajin kasuwanci da ake kira comey daga jiragen ruwa har zuwa lokacin da turawan ingila suka maye gurbinsu da 'tallafin comey'. Littafin Antera Duke, na Efik, shi ne kawai rikodin da ya rage daga gidan bautar Afirka.
Efik sune manyan mutane tsakanin fararen fatake a bakin ruwa da ƙabilun Kuros Riba da gundumar Calabar. Ofishin Jakadancin Krista suna aiki tsakanin Efiks farawa daga tsakiyar karni na 19. Mary Slessor, wata 'yar mishan daga Presbyterian daga Scotland, ta damu da kawar da al'adar camfi na kashe tagwaye jarirai. Ko da a cikin 1900, yawancin mutanen ƙasar suna da ilimin wayewa game da aƙidun Turai da al'adunsu, suna da'awar Kiristanci kuma suna ado da kayan Turawa.
Stella Obasanjo
Bayan Fage
Stella Obasanjo ta fito ne daga Iruekpen, Esan West, jihar Edo. Mahaifinta, Dr. Christopher Abebe, shi ne shugaban Kamfanin Nahiyar Afirka (UAC) wanda ya zama shugaba daga cikin 'yan asalin Afirka a ( UAC ) na farko na UAC Nigeria. Mahaifiyarta, Therasa, ta kammala karatun ta a Kwalejin Pitman, London. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;" data-ve-ignore="true">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata  ] Stella Abebe ta fara karatunta ne a Uwargidanmu ta Primary School. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin St. Theresa, inda ta samu takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1964 tare da aji na daya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare. An shigar da ita a Jami’ar Ife (yanzu Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo ), Ile-Ife, don yin karatun digiri a harshen Ingilishi, inda ta halarci daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1969. A shekarar 1969, ta koma Burtaniya don kammala karatun ta, a wannan karon, cikin inshora, a London da Edinburgh, Scotland, daga shekarar 1970 zuwa shekarar 1974. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;" data-ve-ignore="true">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata  ] Ta kammala karatun nata tare da takardar sheda a matsayin sakatariyar sirri daga Kwalejin Pitman a shekarar 1976. Ta dawo Najeriya ne a 1976 kuma jim kadan bayan ta auri Janar Obasanjo, wacce ta zama Shugaban Kasa kuma Kwamandan Sojojin Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya bayan kisan Janar Murtala Mohammed. Sa'ad da ta zama Najeriya ta First Lady a shekarar 1999, bayan da zaben mijinta a matsayin shugaban kasa, Obasanjo ya kafa Child Care Trust, domin kula da galihu, kuma / ko naƙasasshe yara. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;" data-ve-ignore="true">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata  ] A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na Najeriya, ta shiga cikin Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Mace, kuma a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2003, ta baiyana a matsayin ranar Tunawa da Yarda da Zaman Juna a Kasa. Masu aiko da rahotanni sun ce Orobosa Omo-Ojo, mai buga littafin nan na Midwest Herald a Legas, an kama shi ne bisa umarnin Stella Obasanjo a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2005 kuma aka kai shi gidan yarin Akure. Labarin wanda aka ba shi ya sa labarin wanda satin da ya gabata game da ita, ya yi taken "Greedy Stella".
Mutuwa
Stella Obasanjo died a few weeks before her 60th birthday from complications of cosmetic surgery at a private health clinic in Puerto Banús, Marbella, Spain, on 23 October 2005. The surgeon, identified only as "AM" in court, was sentenced to one year of imprisonment in September 2009 on a charge of "causing homicide through negligence", disqualified from medicine for a period of three years and ordered to pay €120,000 (approximately US$176,000) in compensation to Stella Obasanjo's son. Prosecutors had requested a two-year jail term and five-year disqualification. A request for compensation for the Nigerian government was also rejected. The physician had misplaced a tube designed for a liposuction procedure into Obasanjo's abdominal cavity. She sustained a punctured colon and lacerated liver and died two days after the surgery. The doctor did not immediately answer his mobile phone when called after performing the operation and reportedly left Obasanjo for four hours. Had she been hospitalised in time, it is thought she might have survived her injuries.
Mutanen Efik
Harshe
Mutanen Efik suna magana da yaren Efik, wanda yake yaren Benuwe-Kongo ne na dangin Cross River.
Yawan jama'a
Ana samun yawan jama'ar Efik a cikin yankunan dake ƙasa:
Kayan abinci
Edikang Ikong miyan kayan lambu ce wacce ta samo asali tsakanin Efik. Miyar Afang wani nau'in sanannen abinci ne na duk tarayyar ƙasa da ma bayanta.
Miya tufafi
Manyan rigunan mata na Efik sune onyonyo da ofod ukod anwang. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dasu azaman kayan amarya. onyonyo doguwar riga ce. An ba da shawarar cewa onyonyo’s Victoria ne sakamakon tasirin mishan Scottish Mary Slessor. ofod ukod anwang ya hada da saman hannu da gajeren siket, dukkansu an sanya su da murjani da ekpa ku kwa — kayan ado na ado da hannu da kafafu. Mai ɗaukar yana da ƙwanƙwasa hannu da ƙafa da abun wuya na murjani na murjani.
Tanko Muhammad
Ibrahim Tanko Muhammad CFR ( an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Disamban 1953) masani ne a Najeriya, Jastis na Kotun Koli na Najeriya da kuma tabbatacce ne Cif Jojin Najeriya. Ya taba zama Mai Shari'a a Kotunan daukaka kara na Najeriya. Kuma ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban alƙalan kotun Najeriya. a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2022 yayi murabus daga muƙamin sa shugaban alƙalan Najeriya, saboda wata rashin lafiya da ba'a bayyana ba.
Rayuwar farko
Mai Shari'a Tanko bafulatani ne, an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1953 a garin Doguwa - Giade, karamar hukumar da ke jihar Bauchi, Arewacin Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar Sakandiren Gwamnati, Azare inda ya samu takardar shedar kammala makarantar sakandaren Afirka ta Yamma a shekara ta 1973 kafin daga baya ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello inda ya samu LL. B. digiri a shari'ar Musulunci a shekara ta 1980. Daga baya ya sami LL. M. digiri da kuma Ph.D. a cikin doka daga jami'a ɗaya a shekara ta 1985 da shekara ta 1998 bi da bi.
Aikin doka
Tanko ya fara aikinsa a shekara ta 1982, bayan an kira shi mashaya a shekara ta 1981, a shekarar da ya kammala makarantar koyan aikin lauya ta Najeriya. A shekarar 1989, an nada shi a matsayin Babban Magistrate na Babbar Kotun Babban Birnin Tarayya, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 1991 lokacin da ya zama Alkali a Kotun daukaka kara ta Shari’ar Musulunci ta Jihar Bauchi. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin a nada shi a kujerar babban kotun kotunan daukaka kara ta Najeriya a matsayin Mai Shari'a a shekara ta 1993. Ya rike wannan mukamin tsawon shekaru goma sha uku kafin a nada shi a kan kujerar babban kotun kolin Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 amma an rantsar da shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007. A ranar Alhamis, 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya zabi Tanko Muhammed a matsayin CJN mai cikakken iko. Hakan ya faru ne kusan awanni 24 bayan da Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa (NJC) ta ba shi shawarar zuwa ga shugaban kasa.
Bernard Scholtz
Bernard Martinus Scholtz (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban 1990), ɗan wasan kurket ne na Namibia. Batsman ne na hannun dama kuma ɗan wasan kwano na hagu a hankali. An haife shi a Keetmanshoop. Ɗan'uwansa, Nicolaas, ɗan shekara huɗu babba, ya buga wasan kurket na aji na farko tun a shekarar 2004.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Scholtz ya buga wa tawagar kasar Namibiya ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 19 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kurket na ƙasa da shekaru 19 a Malaysia a shekarar 2008. Ya buga wasanni biyar a lokacin gasar yadda ya kamata, inda ya ci ƙwallaye shida. Ya zira ƙwallaye biyu kawai, amma bai kasance a kowane lokaci ba. kuma yana auren Lara Scholtz wacce malama ce ta Afirkaans ta biyu a dakin motsa jiki na Windhoek.