cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil
Ƙungiya tare da Siaka Stevens
Jamil ya zama mai cin gajiyar kleptocracy da Shugaba Siaka Stevens ya kafa. Gudanar da harkokin kudi na shugaban kasa ya sa ya zama mutum na biyu mafi karfin iko a Saliyo. Tare suka jefa tattalin arzikin al'ummar kasa mai tasowa cikin rudanin tattalin arziki. Jamil ya ƙarfafa Stevens ya haɗa kansa da al'ummar 'yan kasuwa na Lebanon waɗanda ke sarrafa wani yanki na cinikin lu'u-lu'u na hukuma kuma suna gudanar da yawancin cinikin lu'u-lu'u da ba na hukuma ba. Stevens ya goyi bayan safarar lu'u-lu'u ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta yadda a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1969, darajar dala miliyan 3.4 da gwamnatin Saliyo ke samar da lu'u-lu'u a kowane wata ya ɓace, bisa ga umarnin Stevens da Jamil.
Shugaban ya bai wa Kamfanin Kasuwancin Jamil na kasa ikon shigo da kayayyaki sama da tamanin da bakwai. ya kau da kai yayin da Jamil ya zama na gaba-gaba wajen safarar kayan masarufi da ma’adanai na kasar nan, inda ya tara sama da dala miliyan 300. An yi wa Jamil baftisma da "Diamond King".
A shekara ta 1971 shugaban ya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na De Beers bisa bukatar Jamil, wanda ya riga ya sami nasarar samun kashi 12% na rangwamen. A shekara ta 1984 Jamil ya sayi ragowar hannun jari daga De Beers. Wannan shi ne karon farko da De Beers ya taba yin rashin nasara a Afirka.
Tommy Taylor-Morgan, Ministan Kudi, ya yi gargadin cewa Saliyo na yin asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 160 na kudaden shigar lu'u-lu'u a duk shekara saboda safarar lu'u-lu'u. Cin hanci da rashawa da fasa kwauri sun kai matsayin da samar da lu'u-lu'u a hukumance ya ragu sosai.
A shekara ta 1985 kudin kasar, Leone ya ragu da kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 kuma kudin waje ya yi karanci. Tsakanin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1985 Stevens da Jamil sun yi nasarar kashe kudaden Saliyo har sai da suka mayar da daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da zinare a matsayin kasa mafi talauci a duniya.
A cikin bayanin Jamil, C. Magbaily Fyle a cikin littafinsa "Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone," ya rubuta cewa "A karshen shekarun 1970, Jamil ya kasance yana rinjayar gwamnati da nadin ministoci, kuma yana jin tsoro, tsoro ko sha'awar, ya danganta da haka. hasashe na mai kallo."
A shekara ta 1978, Kamfanin gine-gine na kasa da kasa, wani kamfani na gine-gine mallakin Jamil ya ba da kwangilar gina gidan shugaban kasa ta Shugaba Stevens Wanda yake a saman tsaunin Juba a Freetown kuma ya yi sama da kadada 25, ginin Kabasa Lodge ya dauki watanni biyu kafin a fara ginin. cikakke. An gamada lokacin taron OAU na shekarar 1980.
A cikin watan Disamba 1987 Stevens yana London yana murmurewa daga bugun jini. Daga baya ya samu labarin cewa Jamil bai ajiye bangarensa na cinikin ba a tsawon shekarun da suka yi. A gaskiya gidan da Stevens yake zaune, a yammacin London ya kamata Jamil Said ne ya siya masa. Sai ya zama ba haka lamarin yake ba. An ruwaito cewa ya gaya wa Stevens, bai sanya sunansa [Stevens] a gidan don kare shi ba. Stevens ya tunatar da shi cewa shekaru biyu kenan bayan ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. An ruwaito Stevens ya ba da labarin jikansa da ke zaune tare da shi a gidan kamar haka: "Wannan mutumin ya yi amfani da ni". "Allah ya biya shi"
Gudun hijira ta biyu
Jamil ya tsere daga Saliyo a lokacin da 'yan tawayen RUF suka mamaye Freetown a shekarar 1999. Daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan nasa ya mutu ne sakamakon ta’asar da ‘yan tawayen suka yi, inda aka harbe Jamil a gaban sa, lokacin da ‘yan tawayen suka kai hari a gidansa da ke Freetown. An ce dan ya kai wa mahaifinsa harsashin. Tsohon abokinsa, Kakakin Majalisar Labanon, Nabih Berri ya shirya shi ya tsere zuwa Lebanon a kan fasfo na diflomasiyya. Majalisar dokokin Lebanon.
Jamil ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun jini a kasar Lebanon.
Ambroise Oyongo
Ambroise Oyongo Bitolo (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kamaru. Yana karkashin kwangila tare da Faransa a kulob ɗin Montpellier.
William Legge, Shugaban Dartmouth na goma
William Legge, shugaban Dartmouth na goma FCA (an haife shi 23 Satumba 1949), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Viscount Lewisham daga 1962 zuwa 1997, ɗan siyasan Biritaniya ne kuma abokin gado, wanda akafi sani da William Dartmouth.
Ambroise Oyongo
Coton Sport
Ambroise Oyongo ya fara aikinsa da Moussango FC na Yaoundé a cikin shekarar, 2008. Wasansa da Moussango ya jawo sha'awar babban kulob din Coton Sport FC wanda ya sanya hannu a cikin watan Yulin shekara ta, 2010. Ya yi sauri ya kafa kansa a kulob din ya lashe kofin gasar a shekararsa ta farko tare da Coton Sport. A cikin Shekarar, 2011, ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa gasar lig da kofin sau biyu. A cikin shekarar, 2013, ya ci wani taken gasar kuma ya taimaka ya jagoranci Coton Sport zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar, 2013 CAF Champions League.
William Legge, Shugaban Dartmouth na goma
Tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2019, Dartmouth ya rike matsayi a Majalisar Turai a matsayin memba na Majalisar Turai (MEP) na Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila. An zabe shi don Jam'iyyar Independence Party (UKIP) kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun kasa kan kasuwanci daga 2010 zuwa 2018. Ya yi murabus daga UKIP a 2018 saboda rashin gamsuwa da yadda jam’iyyar ke sauya sheka.
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh Mahabadi ( Persian: محسن فخری‌زاده مهابادی Fa-Kh-Ree-Zadeh 1958 – 27 November 2020) Cikakken dan kasar Iran ne masanin ilimin kimiyya da Physics. Ana masa inkiya da shugaban masana ilimin gudanar Nukiliya na kasar iran.
Ambroise Oyongo
Montreal Impact
A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2015, Oyongo an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Montreal Impact tare da Eric Alexander, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa da rabon kuɗi don Felipe kuma zaɓi na 1 a cikin ƙimar rabon MLS.
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
An haifeshi a birnin Qom a shekarar 1958, Fakhrizadeh ya shiga Rundunar kare juyin juya hali na musulunci na iran ( Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps) bayan an tabbatar da tsarin Gwamatin Musulunci a 1979. Yayi karatu a Jami'ar Shahid Beheshti daga bisani kuma ya kammala karatunsa na Doktora a Jami'ar Isfahan. A farkon shekarar 1991 ya zama furofessa na physics a Jami'ar Imam Hossein. Fakhrizadeh ya jagoranci kungiyar kariya tare da bincike wato Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research tare da wani aiki mai suna  Green Salt Project domin inganta ma'adanan uranuyum, kaya masu fashewa da kuma kirkirar sabbin makamai da inganta su. Saboda nasarorin da fakhrizadeh ya samu a ayyukan da ake bashi, hakan yasa ya samu kyakykywan alaka da ayyukan gudanar da makamashin Nukiliya, a dalilin hakan kungiyar UN (United Nation), Kungiyoyin tsaro (Security Council) da kuma gamayyar Amurka suka daskarar da Kadarorin kasar iran a wurin shekarun 2000. A farkon shekarar 2010 ya fara wanzar da ayyukan daya ayyana zai gabatar na kungiyar da yake jagoranta wato kungiyar kariya tare da bincike Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research wanda su kuma Amurka sun kalli wannan yunkuri a matsayin Gudanar da makamashin Nukiliya tare da samar da makaman Nukiliya. Amma su kasar iran a gwamnatan ce ta musanta hakan. Shi kuma prime Minista na Isra'ela cewa yayi fakhrizadeh yaci gaba da aikin da kungiyar IAEA ta haramta wato na samarda makamashin Nukiliya wato AMAD Project. Bayan mutuwar Fakhrizadeh kasar ta girmama Fakhrizadeh inda ta bayyana irin gudunmuwwar daya bada wajen samar da rigakafi na Annobar korona tare da hanyotin magance ta.
A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamban 2020, kasar Isra'el ta kashe Mohsen Fajhrizadeh ta hanyar amfani da bindiga mai sarrafa kanta. A watab Yunin 2021 tsohon shugaban kungiyar leken Asiri ta Isra'el watao Mossad ya bayyana cewa sune suka kashe Fakhrizadeh. Gwamnatin Kasar ta bayyana kisan Fahkrizadeh a matsayin mafi munin Ta'addanci, wannan kisan ya tada hankula sosai a yankuna kuma Zauren Dadtawa masu zartarwa a kasar sun tura takarda rufe wani bincike daga kungiyar IAEA akan gudanar da makamashin Nukiliya.
Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Fakhrizadeh a garin Qom a shekarar 1958, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin dakaraun kare juyin juya hali na gwamnatin musulunci ta iran a shekarar 1979.
Aikin daya sa gaba
A shekarar 1987 Fakhrizadeh yayi digiri na farko akan Bsc Nuclear Physics a Jami'ar Shahid Beheshti. kuma anan ne ya kammala doktora dinshi a fannin nuclear radiation and cosmic rays
A ruwayar gidan yana labarai na Alireza Jafarzadeh, Fakhrizadeh na daya daga membobi na Jami'ar imam Hussaitun farkonn 1991, yana koya karatun Physics. A Rahoton da CIA suka bada na shekarar 2007 sun bayyana cewa Matsayi/mukayin fakhrizadeh abune wanda yake a boye
A farkon shekarun 2000, Fakhrizadeh ya jagoranci wani yunkuri/cigaba na samar da Biological Study Centre an siffanta wannan aikin da wata da za'a fadada bincike a ilimin Kimiyya na Physics. kuma wannan bincike anyi shi a wani wuri kusa da Tehran da ake cema Lavizan-Shian. A shekarar 2020, bayan mutuwar shi Gwamnatin Iran ta ayyana shi a matsayin jigo ta fannin yaki da cutar korona wanda Annobar tayi mummunar barna a kasar ta Iran. A cewar Majid Takht-Ravanchi,
München
Munich babban birnin kasar Bavaria (jiha), kudancin Jamus. Birni ne mafi girma a Bavaria kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Jamus (bayan Berlin da Hamburg). Munich, birni mafi girma a kudancin Jamus, yana da nisan mil 30 (kilomita 50) arewa da ƙarshen tsaunin Alps da kuma gefen kogin Isar, wanda ke ratsa tsakiyar birnin. Pop. (2011) 1,348,335; (2015 mai zuwa) 1,450,381.
Tarihi
Munich, ko München ("Gidan Sufaye"), ya samo asali ne daga gidan sufi na Benedictine da ke Tegernsee, wanda an kafa shi a cikin 750 CE. A cikin 1157 Henry the Lion, Sarkin Bavaria, ya ba sufaye 'yancin kafa kasuwa inda hanyar Salzburg ta haɗu da Kogin Isar. An gina gada a Isar Saboda a Kara bunk as a kasuwar, kuma kasuwar ta kasance tana da ƙarfi.
William Legge, Shugaban Dartmouth na goma
Kuru iya da ilimi
Dartmouth shine ɗa na fari ga Earl na 9 a Dartmouth da Raine McCorquodale, 'yar marubuciyar marubuci Dame Barbara Cartland. Ya zama ɗan'uwan Lady Diana Spencer lokacin da a cikin 1976 mahaifiyarsa ta yi aure ta biyu Earl Spencer.
Dartmouth ya yi karatu a Eton tare da Christ Church, Oxford, inda aka zabe shi jami'in kungiyar Conservative ta Jami'ar Oxford da na Oxford Union Society. Ya kammala karatunsa na BA, daga baya ya koma don MA, kuma ya wuce Harvard Business School, inda ya kammala MBA.
Rayuwa da aiki
Dartmouth ya zama ƙwararrun ma'aji, wanda kuma shine aikin mahaifinsa Gerald Legge, 9th Earl na Dartmouth.
A babban zaben Fabrairu 1974, a matsayin sa na Viscount Lewisham, Dartmouth bai yi nasara takara Leigh, Lancashire, ga Conservatives, kuma a zaben Oktoba 1974 ya yi yaƙi Stockport South a gare su.
A cikin 1975, ya zama daya daga cikin Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants. A shekara t 1997, ya gaji mahaifinsa, kuma kamar yadda Shugaban Dartmouth ya zauna a matsayin ɗan ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin House of Lords har zuwa 1999, lokacin da Dokar House of Lords ta farko ta ma'aikatar Blair ta 1999 ta cire duka takwarorinsu na gado 92 daga Majalisar. A cikin Janairu 2007, Dartmouth ya sanar da cewa ya bar Conservatives don goyon bayan UK Independence Party (UKIP), yana nuna damuwa game da manufofin David Cameron, sa'an nan kuma Jagoran adawa na HM.
A zaben Majalisar Turai na 2009, An zabi Dartmouth a matsayin MEP na UKIP na biyu a yankin Kudu maso yammacin Ingila kuma an sake zabar shi a shekara ta 2014, lokacin da ya kasance MEP na farko na UKIP a jerin yanki. A Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ya zauna tare da kungiyar Turai of Freedom and Democracy (daga baya Turai na 'yanci da dimokiradiyya kai tsaye ) kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. A shekarar 2010, ya zama kakakin UKIP na kasa akan harkokin kasuwanci da masana’antu kuma a cikin watan Fabrairun 2016 an nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mataimakan shugabannin jam’iyya guda biyu na kasa. Ya kasance marubucin littattagi da dama kamar UKIP, EFD, da EFDD da yawa. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2018, biyo bayan zaben kwamitin zartarwa na UKIP na rashin amincewa da shugaba Henry Bolton a ranar da ta gabata, Dartmouth ya tsaya tsayin daka a matsayin mai magana da yawun kasuwanci da masana'antu, inda ya kara matsa lamba ga Bolton ya yi murabus.
A watan Satumban 2018, Dartmouth ya ajiye aiki daga Jam'iyyar Independence ta Birtaniya, yana nuna damuwa game da halin sabon Jagora, Gerard Batten, kuma ya yi gunaguni cewa jam'iyyar "an san shi sosai a matsayin duka masu son luwadi da kuma Musulunci". Dartmouth ya yi Allah wadai da Batten saboda jagorantar jam'iyyar zuwa wani sashi kuma ya yi tir da amincewarsa da goyon bayansa ga kungiyoyi masu ra'ayin ra'ayi da "jama'a". Dartmouth ya ce ba zai koma wata jam'iyyar siyasa ba kuma zai yi sauran wa'adinsa a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a matsayin mai zaman kansa, yana ci gaba da wakiltar Kudu maso Yamma na Ingila da Gibraltar.
Iyali da rayuwar sirri
Dartmouth yana da ɗa, Gerald Glen Kavanagh-Legge (an haife shi 2005), ya hada dangantaka da mai gabatar da talabijin Claire Kavanagh.
Magajin mukamin na yanzu wanda ake tsammani a matsayin Dartmouth, da sauran takwarorinsu, shine kanin Earl na yanzu, Hon. Rupert Legge.
Aysha Hidayatullah
Aysha Hidayatullah mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci a sashin ilimin tauhidi da na addini a jami'ar San Francisco. An fi saninta da aikinta na saukar fassarar Kur'ani na mata, ɓangaren Kur'ani na mata.
Ambroise Oyongo
Montpellier
Kwantiragin Oyongo ya kare ne a karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2017, kuma ya zabi komawa Turai maimakon sabunta kwantiraginsa da Montreal. Ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Faransa Montpellier HSC a watan Disamba shekara ta, 2017.
A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021, ya koma kan aro zuwa Krasnodar a gasar Premier ta Rasha har zuwa karshen kakar shekara ta, 2020 zuwa 2021. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Krasnodar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021 a wasan Premier na Rasha da FC Ural Yekaterinburg, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Yevgeni Chernov da ya ji rauni a cikin minti na 33. Sai dai kuma da aka tafi hutun rabin lokaci ne aka sauya Oyongo saboda raunin da ya samu. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2021, wakilinsa ya sanar da cewa dole ne a yi masa aiki a Spain kuma ba zai iya buga wasa a Krasnodar na tsawon lokacin aro ba kuma ba zai koma kulob din ba. Krasnodar ya biya duk albashin da ya kamata a gaba a lokacin.
Ayyukan kasa
Oyongo ya buga wa Kamaru wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekarar, 2011. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2013 ya fara buga wasansa na farko tare da babban tawagar Kamaru, inda ya fara wasan da nasara da ci 1-0 a Gabon a Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo.
A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2015, Oyongo ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Mali a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2015. An sanya sunan shi cikin tawagar Kamaru a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar, 2017 amma daga baya aka cire shi daga gasar bayan da ya yi fama da rauni a wasan da suka doke Morocco da ci 1-0 a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni.
Girmamawa
Coton Sport
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kamaru
Adabi A 1935
Wannan Mukalar ta ƙunshi bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a Adabi da wallafe-wallafen Shekarar 1935.
Hassan Tuhami
Dr. Hassan Tuhami (an haife shi a shekara ta 1924 – ya mutu a cikin shekara ta 2009) ya kasance Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Kasar Masar a lokacin shugabancin Anwar Sadat.
Adabi A 1935
Haihuwa
thumb|360x360px| OGidan jana'izar Panait Istrati .  [[Bukarest|Bucharest, Afrilu 1935]]
Hassan Tuhami
Tuhami da Dayan sun sake haduwa a ranar 2 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta 1977, a kasar Morocco.
Tarukan Tuhami da Dayan wani bangare ne na tsarin da ya jagoranci yarjejeniyar Camp David a shekara ta (1978) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Masar da Isra’ila (1979).
Tutar Sin
Tutar Sin ko China, a hukumance Tutar ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin kuma galibi ana kiranta jar Tutar mai tauraro biyar ko (a cikin Sinanci)  '五星 红旗' ,  jajaye ne na Ƙasar Sin da aka caji canton (kusurwar sama mafi kusa da tutar) tare da taurari na zinari biyar. Tsarin ya ƙunshi babban tauraro ɗaya, tare da ƙaramin taurari huɗu a cikin da'irar da'irar da aka tashi zuwa kwari (gefen da ya fi nisa da sandar tutar). Ta kasance tutar kasar Sin tun kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1949. Ja yana wakiltar juyin juya halin Kwaminis na ƙasar Sin da taurari biyar kuma alakar su da juna tana wakiltar haɗin kan jama'ar Sinawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin (CPC). Rundunar 'Yancin Jama'a (PLA) ta kafa tutar farko a kan gungumen da ke kallon dandalin Tiananmen na Beijing a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949, a wani bikin sanar da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.
Tutocin farko
Tutar China ta baya ita ce " Tutar Zinare mai launin rawaya " da daular Qing ta yi amfani da ita - daular sarauta ta ƙarshe a tarihin China - daga 1862 har zuwa kifar da masarautar a lokacin juyin juya halin Xinhai. Tutar da aka karɓa a 1862 tana da kusurwa uku, amma daular ta karɓi sigar murabba'i na tutar Jegare a cikin 1889.
Jamhuriyar China
Canton (kusurwar sama a gefen hawan) ya samo asali ne daga " Shuɗin samaniya tare da farar rana " (青天白日旗; ) wanda Lu Haodong, shahidan Juyin Juya Halin Xinhai ya tsara. Ya gabatar da zanensa don wakiltar sojojin juyin-juya hali a bikin kaddamar da kungiyar sake fasalin kasar Sin, wata al'umma mai adawa da Qing a Hong Kong, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1895. Daga baya an karɓi wannan ƙirar azaman tutar jam'iyyar KMT da Rigunan Makamai na Jamhuriyar China. Sun Yat-sen ya ƙara sashin "ja Duniya" a cikin hunturu na 1906, yana kawo tutar zuwa tsarin zamani. A cewar George Yeo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Singapore na wancan lokacin a shekarar 2011, a wancan zamanin, an dinka Shudin Samaniya tare da tutar Farar Rana a zauren tunawa da Sun Yat Sen Nanyang (wanda a da ake kira "Sun Yat Sen Villa") a Singapore ta Teo Eng Hock da matarsa. Tsarin da aka zana yana da ratsi goma tare da tutar Kuomintang a cikin gundumar da tayi kama da tutocin Amurka, Malaysia da Liberia.
A lokacin Tashin hankali na Wuchang a cikin 1911 wanda ya yi shelar Jamhuriya, rundunonin juyin juya hali daban -daban suna da tutoci daban -daban. An yi amfani da tutar "Blue Sky tare da Farin Rana" ta Lu Hao-tung a lardunan Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, da Guizhou. A Wuhan, an yi amfani da tutar mai taurarin rawaya 18 don wakiltar sassan gudanarwa 18 a lokacin. A Shanghai da arewacin China, an yi amfani da " 五色 mai launi biyar" (五色 旗; ) ( Race biyar a ƙarƙashin tutar Tarayyar )aya) na ratsi biyar a kwance waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan ƙasashe biyar na China : Han (ja), Manchu (rawaya), Mongol (shuɗi), Hui (fari), da Tibet (baƙi).
Lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sin a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1912, majalisar dattijai ta zabi "Tutar mai kala biyar" a matsayin tutar kasa. Sojojin sun karɓi "Tutar Tauraruwar 18" kuma an karɓi tutar zamani azaman tutar sojan ruwa. Sun Yat-sen, duk da haka, bai ɗauki tutar mai launi biyar daidai ba, yana tunanin cewa tsarin kwance yana nufin matsayi ko aji kamar abin da ya wanzu a lokutan dynastic.
Bayan Shugaba Yuan Shikai ya karɓi ikon mulkin kama-karya a cikin 1913 ta hanyar rushe Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa da hana KMT, Sun Yat-sen ya kafa gwamnatin-gudun hijira a Tokyo kuma ya yi aiki da tutar zamani a matsayin tutar ROC ta ƙasa. Ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan ƙirar lokacin da KMT ta kafa gwamnatin kishiya a Guangzhou a 1917. An sanya tutar ta zamani a matsayin tutar kasa a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1928 bayan nasarar da aka samu a Yakin Arewacin da ya kifar da gwamnatin Beijing, duk da cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da Tutar mai launi biyar ba tare da izini ba. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan wannan banbancin da ake amfani da shi shine raunin son rai na yanki wanda jami'ai da 'yan arewacin China ke yi, waɗanda suka fifita Tutar mai launi biyar, a kan mutanen kudu kamar Cantonese /Hakka Sun Yat-sen.
A lokacin Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu, Jafananci masu mamayewa sun kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban na tsana ta amfani da ƙirar tutoci da yawa. " Gwamnatin Gyaran Gwiwa ," wacce aka kafa a cikin Maris 1938 a Nanjing don haɓaka gwamnatoci daban-daban na 'yan tsana suna amfani da Tutar mai launi biyar. Lokacin da aka tsara Wang Jingwei ya karɓi gwamnatin da aka girka ta Japan a Nanjing a 1940, ya nemi ya yi amfani da tutar zamani a matsayin wata hanya don ƙalubalantar ikon Gwamnatin Ƙasa a Chongqing ƙarƙashin Chiang Kai-shek kuma ya sanya kansa a matsayin wanda ya cancanci maye gurbin. ga Sun Yat-sen. Koyaya, Jafananci sun fi son tutar mai launi biyar. A matsayin sulhu, Jafananci sun ba da shawarar ƙara alƙawarin rawaya mai kusurwa uku a saman tare da taken "Zaman Lafiya, Adawa da kwaminis Ginin ƙasa" (和平反共建國; ) a baki, amma Wang ya ƙi wannan. A ƙarshe, Wang da Jafananci sun yarda cewa za a yi amfani da tutar rawaya a waje har zuwa 1943, lokacin da aka yi watsi da tutar, ta bar gwamnatoci biyu masu hamayya da tuta ɗaya, kowannensu yana ikirarin cewa shi ne halattacciyar gwamnatin ƙasar China.
Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin
A ranar 4 ga Yuli 1949, ƙungiyar aiki ta shida na Kwamitin Shirye 新政治協商會議籌備會, PCNPCC) ya ƙirƙiri sanarwa don ƙaddamar da ƙira don tutar ƙasa. Bayan bita na gaba, an buga sanarwar a cikin Jaridun People Daily, Beiping Liberation News, Xinmin News, Dazhong Daily, Guangming Daily, Jinbu Daily da Tianjin Daily a tsakanin 15 - 26 Yuli. An kuma sanya jerin buƙatun tutar ƙasa a cikin sanarwar:
A ranar 20 ga Agusta, tsakanin 2,992 zuwa 3,012 an aika kayayyaki zuwa kwamitin tutar,  gami da shigar da membobin kwamitin da kansu kamar Guo Moruo da Tan Kah Kee. Daga ranar 16 zuwa 20 ga watan Agusta, an duba zane -zanen a otal din Beijing kuma an jera su zuwa jerin 38. An tattara waɗannan ƙirar cikin littafin mai suna A Reference of National Flag Designs (國旗圖案參考資料). Daga nan aka mika wannan littafin ga sabuwar taron ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na jama'ar kasar Sin (CPPCC) don ci gaba da tattaunawa. Koyaya, ba a haɗa ƙirar Zeng ba har sai Tian Han ya sake zaɓar ta. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Satumba, wakilan CPPCC sun tattauna tutocin ƙasar, amma ba su kai ga cimma matsaya ba. Wasu ba sa son alamar da Zeng ya haɗe da ƙananan taurari huɗu, kuma sun ce bai kamata ya haɗa da bourgeoisie ba. Zane Mao da sauran waɗanda suke so yana da katuwar tauraruwar zinare a kusurwa akan jan tuta wanda aka caje shi da sandar a kwance na zinariya. Amma Zhang Zhizhong ya yi adawa da wannan ƙirar sosai, wanda ya ga sandar zinare tana nuna alamar an raba China gida biyu. A wannan daren, Peng Guanghan (彭光涵) ya ba da shawarar ƙirar Zeng zuwa Zhou Enlai. Zhou ya gamsu da hakan kuma ya nemi a samar da kwafin mafi girma na zane. Tan Kah Kee ya kuma ba da shawara ga Mao da Zhou cewa halayen ikon suna fifiko kan halayen yanayin ƙasa na Sinawa, don haka babu buƙatar dagewa kan sandar zinariya da ke alamar Kogin Yellow. Bayan kwana biyu, Mao ya yi taro a ofishinsa game da tutar. Ya lallashe kowa da kowa ya yi amfani da ƙirar Zeng, tare da wasu canje -canje kaɗan. Dangane da tattaunawar da aka yi a baya a otal ɗin Beijing, an cire guduma da sila daga ƙirar Zeng tun da yayi kama da Tutar Tarayyar Soviet. A ranar 27 ga Satumban 1949, Zen ya canza fasalin Zeng gaba ɗaya ta Babban Taron CPPCC, wanda ya canza sunan tutar zuwa "Tuta mai tauraro biyar".
A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an buga sabon tutar a cikin Jaridar Jama'a, don haka wasu ƙananan hukumomi za su iya kwafin ƙirar. Mao Zedong ya buɗe tutar a hukumance kuma ya ɗaga shi a karon farko a dandalin Tiananmen na Beijing a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1949, a lokacin sanarwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Zhao Wenrui (赵文瑞), mai dinkin ruwa wanda ya gama aikin kusan 1a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Zeng ya sha wahalar gaskata cewa an zaɓi ƙirar sa, saboda ɓacewar guduma da sila daga babban tauraron. Duk da haka, a hukumance Babban Ofishin Gwamnatin Tsakiya ya taya shi murna a matsayin wanda ya zana tutar sannan ya karɓi yuan miliyan 5 saboda aikinsa.
Alama
Dangane da fassarar gwamnatin a hukumance na tutar, ja ja yana nuna juyin juya halin Kwaminis na China. Taurari biyar da alakar su tana wakiltar hadin kan mutanen Sinawa karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China. Gabatarwar taurari yana nuna cewa haɗin kai ya kamata ya mamaye cibiyar. A cikin ainihin bayanin tutar da Zeng ya yi, babban tauraron yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kuma ƙaramin taurari huɗu da ke kewaye da babban tauraron suna alamta azuzuwan zamantakewa huɗu na Sabuwar Dimokraɗiyya ta China da aka ambata a cikin Mao " A kan Mulkin Demokraɗiya na Jama'a": ajin masu aiki, manoma, kananan bourgeoisie, da bourgeoisie na kasa. A wasu lokuta ana bayyana cewa taurari biyar na tutar suna wakiltar manyan kabilu biyar: Han Chinese, Zhuangs, Hui Chinese, Manchus da Uyghurs. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ɓarna mai ɓarna tare da tutar "Ƙungiyoyi Biyar a Ƙungiya Daya", wanda gwamnatin Beiyang ta Jamhuriyar China ta yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1912-28, wanda ratsin launi daban-daban ya wakilci Han Sin, Hui Chinese, Manchus, Mongols da Tibet. .
Tutocin Tarihi
<Gallery> Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1862-1889).svg| Tutar Daular Qing (1862-1889) Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Tutar Daular Qing (1889-1928) Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg|Tutar Jamhuriyar Sun (1912–1928) Flag of the Empire of China (1915–1916) - variant.svg|Tutar Ƙasa (1915–16) Flag of the Empire of China (1916).svg|Tutar Daular Sin Flag of the Republic of China.svg|Tutar Jamhuriyar Sin (1928-zuwa yau) </Gallery>
Cynthia Aku
Cynthia Onyedikachi Aku (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1999) ƙwararriyar ’yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Nijeriya, wacce ke buga wa ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Rivers Angels a gasar Firimiyar Mata ta Najeriya. Aku ta wakilci Najeriya a matakin matasa, kafin ta fara buga wasa a wata babbar kungiyar.
Kariyan ta
A gasar cin kofin mata na WAFU Zone B na 2019, an zabe ta a matsayin yar wasan kwallon kafa a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Niger da ci 15-0.
Köln
Cathedral na Cologne na Katolika na tsakiyar birni (Kölner Dom) shine coci na uku mafi tsayi kuma babban coci a duniya. An gina shi ne don ya zauna a cikin shrine na Sarakuna Uku kuma alama ce ta duniya da aka sani kuma ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi ziyarta da wuraren ziyarar hajji a Turai. Majami'u goma sha biyu na Romanesque na Cologne sun kara fasalin fasalin birni, kuma Cologne sananne ne ga Eau de Cologne, wanda aka samar a cikin birni tun 1709, kuma "cologne" ya zama kalma na yau da kullun.
Shire Haji Farah
Shire Haji Farah Yusuf ( Somali, شيري حاجي فرح ) ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Somaliya ne. Shi ne ministan tsare-tsare da huldar kasa da kasa na Puntland.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Farah ya fito ne daga yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Shi dan kabilar Cali Saleebaan ne na Majeerteen Harti Darod.
Ta hanyar sana'a, Farah ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa ne mai nasara. Shi memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Kasuwancin Somaliya mai hedkwata a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
A shekara ta 2013, Farah ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Puntland na shekarar 2014, wanda ya faru a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2014 a Garowe. An fitar da shi ne a zagayen farko na zaben, inda tsohon Firaministan Somaliya Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya bayyana wanda ya yi nasara.
Naɗi
a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 2015 shugaba Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya nada Farah a matsayin ministan tsare-tsare da huldar kasa da kasa.
Gyaran harajin yanki
A watan Afrilun 2014, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Farah ta sanar da cewa gwamnatin Puntland za ta fara biyan haraji ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki a Puntland. A cewar shugaban sashin haraji na jihar ta Nugal Abdiwahab Farah Ali, wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka fara gudanar da irin wannan aiki a yankin, kuma ana sa ran za a samar da kudaden shiga ga ayyukan raya kasa da sabbin hukumomin Puntland za su yi. Matakin na daga cikin alkawarin da shugaban Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya yi na kara yawan kudaden raya kasa da gwamnati ke samu ta hanyar karin haraji. A karshen wannan, gwamnatin Puntland ta riga ta kara haraji kan kamfanonin kasuwanci da ke aiki a jihar domin cimma ma'auni na kudade na yanki.
Rundunar soji
A watan Disamba 2016, Farah ya jagoranci farmakin da Dakarun Tsaron Puntland suka kai wa garin Qandala da ISS ta mamaye a lokacin yakin Qandala. Sojojinsa sun yi nasarar kwato Qandala a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2016. Daga nan Farah ya bukaci 'yan gudun hijira da su dawo garin, su zo; muna so mu gaya musu cewa garin na da zaman lafiya, za mu taimaka musu su sake tsugunar da su.
Blood and Henna
Blood and Henna fim ne na Najeriya a shekarar 2012 wanda Kenneth Gyang ya bayar da umarni, tare da Ali Nuhu, Sadiq Sani Sadiq da Nafisat Abdullahi suka fito a cikin shirin film din. Fim ɗin yayi ƙoƙarin ba da labarin bala'in gwaji na Clinical Pfizer na shekarar 1996 a Kano, Nigeria. Ta samu naɗi 6 a karo na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, kuma a ƙarshe ta samu lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Kayan Kaya.
Labari
Musa wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1996 a Najeriya, mai shago a Legas, ya koma mahaifarsa a Arewacin Najeriya bayan da aka ƙona shagonsa a Legas saboda tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa a jihar daga ɓangaren ƴan adawa. Musa yana samun kyakkyawar tarba a ƙauyensu kowa da kowa musamman na abokansa guda biyu. Daya daga cikin abokansa, Shehu, dan jarida mai sukar gwamnatin mulkin soja ta yanzu ya bar aikin koyarwa a makarantar al'umma. Baban Saude shi ne mai arzikin manomi a kauyen. Ya aurar da Sude da Musa bayan ya fadada sana’ar mahaifinsa da kwarewarsa ta noma. Ma'auratan suna da cikakkiyar aure har sai da ta fara zubar da ciki. Wata cuta mai saurin kisa ta yadu a kauyen wanda ke barazana ga rayuwar al'umma.
Fita
An fitar da tirelar fim ɗin a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2011.
Habiba Sarābi
Dr. Habiba Sarābi ( Dari ) (an haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da shida1956).masaniniyar kimiyyar jini ce, ƴar siyasa, kuma mai gyara ga bayan sake gina Taliban a Afghanistan. A shekarar dubu biyu da biyar 2005, Shugaba Hamid Karzai ya nada ta a matsayin Gwamnan Lardin Bamyan, wanda ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko ‘yar Afghanistan da ta zama gwamnan kowane lardi a kasar. Ta taba rike mukamin ministar harkokin mata ta Afghanistan da kuma Ministan Al'adu da Ilimi. Sarabi ta kasance mai bayar da gudummawa wajen inganta haƙƙin mata da wakilci da lamuran muhalli. Ita 'yar kabilar Hazara ce ta Afghanistan. Sunan mahaifinta wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da Sarobi.
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Sarābi a cikin Sarāb, Lardin Ghazni kuma ta yi ƙuruciya ta zagaya ƙasar tare da mahaifinta. Daga baya ta koma Kabul don halartar makarantar sakandare da karatun likitanci a jami'a. Bayan ta kammala a shekara ta 1987, sai Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba ta kawance sannan ta koma Indiya don kammala karatunta a fannin kimiyyar jini. A lokacin mulkin Taliban a Afghanistan, Dr. Sarabi da ‘ya’yanta sun gudu zuwa Peshawar, Pakistan, amma sun dawo akai-akai a boye. Mijinta ya tsaya a Kabul don kula da iyalinsa. Ta kuma yi aiki a karkashin kasa a matsayin malama ga ‘yan mata, duk a boye a Afghanistan da kuma sansanonin‘ yan gudun hijira a Pakistan don ‘yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan. A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga Cibiyar Ilmantarwa ta Afghanistan kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Babban Manajan ɗaukacin ƙungiyar. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa na Taimakawa Mata da Yara na Afghanistan.
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Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta N-Peace a cikin shekara ta 2016 saboda aikin da take yi ba tare da gajiyawa ba don samar da zaman lafiya a Afghanistan da kuma mayar da hankali kan daidaiton jinsi da karfafa mata.
DJ Coublon
Akwuba Charles Ugochukwu wanda aka fi sani da DJ Coublon (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 1989). fitaccen mai shirya wakoki ne a Najeriya kuma injiniyan sauti. Ya shahara wajen shirya waƙoƙin duma tare da fitattun mawaƙa na masana'antar kade-kade na Najeriya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Kiss Daniel, Iyanya, Yemi Alade, Tekno Miles, Patoranking, Seyi Shay, da sauran su.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, A shekara ta 1989, ya fara sha’awar waƙa tun yana ɗan shekara (7). Ya yi karatun Physics tare da Lantarki daga Jami'ar Veritas da ke Abuja, Najeriya. DJ Coublon ya fara harkar waka a Onitsha, Jihar Anambra, kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta (2013) ya koma Legas inda ya sadu da sauran masu fasaha kamar Iyanya da Kiss Daniel, ya rattaba hannu a kan Kungiyar Mawakan Made Men tsakanin Satumba shekara ta (2014 )zuwa (2016).
Ajuma Ameh-Otache
Ajuma Ameh-Otache (1 Disamba 1984 – 10 Nuwamba 2018) ta kasance yar wasan kwallon kafa  Tana daga cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa ta Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 A matakin kulob din ta buga wa Pelican Stars wasa. tana buga ma Najeriya tsakiya a wasanni kwallan kafa.
Ameh-Otache ta mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2018 tana da shekara 33, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da musababbin mutuwarta ba.
Samuel Ramoseu
Samuel Thabo Ramosoeu ( né Maposa; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 1982) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, kwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Botswana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Liga de Elite Hang Sai.
Nation Under Siege
Takaitaccen bayani
Shirin fim ɗin ya biyo bayan ƙwararre ne na yaƙi da ta'addanci da ke ƙoƙarin hana ƙungiyar ta'addancin Musulunci da ke ta'addanci da kashe ƴan Najeriya.
liyafa
Fim ɗin ya sami wasu cece-kuce game da Majid Michel, ɗan wasan Ghana, wanda ke nuna ɗan ta'addar Najeriya, da kuma nuna ta'addancin Musulunci, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da fim ɗin a Ghana. Su ma gidajen kallon fina-finai a Najeriya sun ƙi nuna fim din saboda irin waɗannan dalilai kuma sai Amanfo ta canza sunan fim ɗin daga Boko Haram zuwa Nation Under Siege kafin ta fitar da shi a Najeriya.
HBM Iqbal
HBM Iqbal (an haife shi a shekarar 1950). ɗan Bangladesh kuma ɗan siyasa Awami Leaguersohon dan majalisa daga Ramna- Tejgaon, Dhaka.
Rikice-rikice
Iqbal yahaudu da suka ra'ayi saboda harba bindiga a lokacin da 'yan adawa ke motsa jamiyya,Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Anyi karar sa amma koto ta kori kara a 2009. Dan kawun sa mai shekaru 16 ya daumotarsa yayi hatsari a garin Gulshan, Dahaka a 2016. A dallin shan giya wanda mutum hudu suka sami rauni. An kama yaron amma 'yansanda suka kaishi killataccen wuri. A 2007 hukumar yaki da rashawa ta Bangladesh ta kama shi.
Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman
Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman kyauta ce da ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga masu rajin kare muhalli, daya daga kowane yanki na yankuna shida na duniya: Afirka, Asiya, Turai, Tsibiran da Kasashen Tsibiri, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Kyautar an bayar da ita ne daga Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Goldman da ke da hedikwata a San Francisco, California. Ana kuma kiransa Green Nobel.
Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman an ƙirƙira ta ne a cikin Shekara ta 1989 ta shugabannin ƙasa da masu hannu da shuni Richard N. Goldman da Rhoda H. Goldman. , adadin lambar yabo shine $ 200,000.
Masu zaɓaɓɓu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda ke karɓar zaɓin sirri daga cikin ƙungiyar yanar gizo na ƙungiyoyi da ɗaiɗaikun mutane da kuma mutane. Masu lashe lambobin yabo sun shiga yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 10 a San Francisco da Washington, DC, don bikin karramawa da gabatarwa, taron labarai, tattaunawa da manema labarai da kuma ganawa da siyasa, manufofin jama'a, shugabannin kudi da muhalli. Bikin karramawar yana dauke da gajerun shirye-shiryen bidiyo kan kowane mai nasara, wanda Robert Redford ya rawaito.
Bikin ba da kyautar muhalli na Shekara ta 2019 Goldman wanda ke bikin cika shekaru 30 ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilun, shekara ta 2019 a Gidan Tunawa da Opera House a San Francisco. Anyi bikin karramawa karo na biyu a ranar 1 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2019 a Washington, DC
An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan muhalli na Shekara ta 2020 na Goldman ta yanar gizo (saboda annobar COVID-19 ) a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban, Shekara ta 2020.
Rose Kabuye
Rose Kabuye (an haife ta Rose Kanyange a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1961 a Muvumba, Rwanda) Laftanar Kanal ce mai murabus a cikin Sojojin Ruwanda kuma ta kasance mace mafi girma da ta taba yin aiki a rundunar sojojin kasarta. A halin yanzu tana aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na Virunga Logistics da Startech Limited amma an fi saninta da aikinta na gwagwarmayar Rwandan Patriotic Front a lokacin yakin basasar Rwanda. Daga baya ta zama Magajin Garin Kigali, Shugaban Yarjejeniya Ta Ruwanda, kuma mamba a majalisar dokokin Rwanda. Saboda irin rawar da ta taka a fafutukar ‘yantar da jama’a, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ‘yantar da kasa ta Ruwanda da kuma kamfen yaki da kisan kare dangi. Ta kasance shugabar yarjejeniya na shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame a watan Nuwamba 2008 lokacin da aka kama ta a Frankfurt, Jamus bisa tuhumar da aka ɗaga a cikin Maris 2009.
Yakin basasar Ruwanda
Rose Kabuye wadda ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Uganda, ta fara horon aikin soji a can a shekarar 1986 bayan ta kammala digiri a Jami'ar Makerere da digiri a kan Kimiyyar Siyasa da Gudanar da Zamantakewa. Ta shiga jam'iyyar Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a farkon shekarun 1980. A matsayin babba, ta shiga cikin mamayewar 1990 na Arewacin Ruwanda daga Uganda don samun 'yan gudun hijira 'yancin komawa ƙasarsu ta asali.A shekara ta 1993, ta zama Darakta mai kula da jin dadin jama'a ta RPF kuma an sanya ta mai kula da kula da marasa lafiya da nakasassu wadanda yakin ya shafa. Ta zama jagorar mayakan mata na RPF kuma ta shirya tarurruka na yau da kullun don haɗa su a matsayin ƙungiya tare da ba da goyon baya mai mahimmanci na tunani. Kwarewarta a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ta fara bayyana a lokacin da ta shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya a shekarar 1992 tsakanin RPF da tsohuwar gwamnatin Rwanda.
Magajin Garin Ruwanda: Kigali
A cikin 1994, nan da nan bayan yakin, an nada Rose Kabuye a matsayin magajin garin Kigali babban birnin kasar. Inda ta yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen ayyukan jin kai da kuma gyara muhimman ababen more rayuwa da suka hada da ruwa da wutar lantarki. A matsayinta na magajin gari a shekarar 1998, ta mai da hankali kan magance matsalolin gidaje a birninta ta hanyar gina matsugunan wucin gadi ga talakawa da wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Rwanda. An yaba mata da sake tsarawa da kuma gyara harkokin kasuwancin Kigali a lokacin da take mulki. Ta kafa gidan caca na Kigali kuma ta ba da umarnin biyan kudin karatun marayu 100 na kisan kare dangi.
Shugaban Yarjejeniyar Jiha a karkashin Shugaba Kagame
A cikin 2003, Rose Kabuye ta fara aiki na shekaru 7 a matsayin Shugabar Yarjejeniyar Jiha a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Ruwanda Paul Kagame. A cikin wannan rawar, ta shawarci manyan shugabannin gwamnatin Rwanda kan batutuwan da suka shafi ka'idojin kasa da na kasa da kasa; tare da shugaban kasar a dukkan tafiye-tafiyen aiki; da kuma shiryawa tare da gudanar da bukukuwa da dama ga shuwagabannin kasashe masu ziyara da sauran manyan baki masu ziyara. Ta tsara tare da daidaitawa, a tsakanin sauran manyan al'amuran, Sabuwar Haɗin kai don Ci gaban Afirka (2000) da COMESA - Kasuwa ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka. Ta kuma shirya ziyarar jaha zuwa Rwanda ciki har da na shugaban Amurka da Mrs. George W. Bush da shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy. Ta raka shugaba Kagame a ziyarar da ya kai zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York.
Sauran Matsayin Jagorancin Sa-kai
Rose Kabuye ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin yaki da cutar kanjamau na birnin Kigali inda ta kaddamar da shirye-shirye na ilimantar da 'yan Rwanda game da cutar kanjamau da yadda za a hana yaduwarsa. Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Ndabaga—wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Matan Sojoji da aka kora. Ita mamba ce mai zartarwa ta Forum for African Women Educationlists (FAWE Rwanda Chapter) kuma jigon memba na Women Waging Peace.
Rikici kan Crash Jirgin Sama na 1994
A cikin 1994, an harbo wani jirgin sama dauke da shugaban Rwanda (Juvenal Habyarimana) da shugaban Burundi (Cyprien Ntaryamira), kusa da filin jirgin saman Kigali, inda aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Wannan lamari dai shi ne sanadin kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi wanda a tsawon wasu kwanaki 100 ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane tsakanin 800,000 zuwa miliyan daya.
A watan Nuwamban 2006, alkalin Faransa Jean-Louis Bruguière ya bayar da sammacin kama mutane tara, ciki har da Rose Kabuye, bisa zargin hannu a harin. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an kama ta a Jamus yayin da take tafiya kan kasuwanci. Bayan kama ta, shugaban Rwanda Kagame ya kori jakadan Jamus tare da umurci wakilinsa a Berlin da ya koma Kigali "domin tuntuba." Masu zanga-zangar sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a gaban ofishin jakadancin Jamus da ke Kigali dauke da alamomin da ke dauke da cewa: “Ku kunyata ku Jamus! Shekaru saba'in bayan kisan kiyashi, kun kama wata mace da ta dakatar da kisan kiyashi."
An dage tuhumar da ake yi wa Rose Kabuye a watan Maris 2009.
Frankfurt
Frankfurt [lafazi : /franekefurt/] birni ce, da ke a ƙasar Jamus. A cikin birnin Frankfurt akwai mutane 732,688 a kidayar shekarar 2015. An gina birnin Frankfurt a karni na ɗaya bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Peter Feldmann, shi ne shugaban birnin Frankfurt. Mazaunanta 791,000 a shekarar 2022 sun mai da shi birni na biyar mafi yawan jama'a a Jamus, kuma shine birni ɗaya tilo a cikin ƙasar da aka ƙima a matsayin "birnin duniya na alpha" a cewar GaWC. Kasancewa a cikin yankin Taunus akan sunansa Main River, yana samar da ci gaba mai zaman kansa tare da makwabcin garin Offenbach am Main kuma yankinsa na birni yana da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 2.3. Birnin shine tsakiyar babban babban yankin Rhine-Main, wanda ke da yawan jama'a fiye da miliyan 5.8 kuma shi ne yanki na biyu mafi girma a Jamus bayan yankin Rhine-Ruhr. Gundumar kasuwancin tsakiyar Frankfurt tana tazarar kilomita 90 (mita 56) arewa maso yamma da cibiyar yanki ta EU a Gadheim a Lower Franconia. Kamar Faransa da Franconia, ana kiran birnin da sunan Franks. Frankfurt ita ce birni mafi girma a yankin yaren Faransanci na Rhenish.
Robert Bilot
Robert Bilott (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965) lauyan muhalli ne na Amurka daga Cincinnati, Ohio. Anfi sanin Bilott da ƙarar da aka yi wa DuPont a madadin masu shigar da kara da suka ji rauni ta hanyar sharar da aka zubar a yankunan karkara a West Virginia. Bilott ya shafe sama da shekaru ashirin yana yin shari'ar zubar da sinadarai na perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) da perfluoroectanesulfonic acid (PFOS).
Shari'ar Bilott ita ce tushe ga wani abin tunawa mai taken Exposure: Ruwa mai guba, Kayan Kasuwanci, da Yaƙin Shekaru ashirin na Lauyan Ɗaya da DuPont. Ya zama mai ƙaruwar hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarshen shekarun 2010 kuma ya zama mafi ganuwa ta hanyar fim ɗin 2019 Dark Waters (fim na 2019) da kuma shirin fim na 2018 The Devil We Know wanda ya rubuta yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a tare da Dupont. Wannan kulawar jama'a ta haifar da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa.
Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bilott a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1965, a Albany, New York. Mahaifin Bilott ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka, kuma Bilott ya kasance yaro a sansanonin sojan sama da yawa. Saboda iyalin sa suna ƙaura akai-akai, Bilott ta halarci makarantu daban-daban guda takwas kafin ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Fairborn a Fairborn, Ohio. Daga nan ya sami digirin sa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da nazarin birane daga Kwajelin New College of Florida. Daga nan ya sami Juris Doctor daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio Moritz College of Law a shekarar 1990.
Ayyuka
An shigar da Bilott a cikin mashaya a cikin 1990 kuma ya fara aikin lauya a Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP a Cincinnati, Ohio Shekaru takwas ya yi aiki kusan kawai ga manyan abokan ciniki na kamfanoni kuma ƙwarewarsa tana kare kamfanonin sinadarai. Ya zama abokin haɗaka a kamfanin a shekarar 1998.
Ayyuka na farko akan DuPont
Bilott ya wakilci Wilbur Tennant na Parkersburg, West Virginia wanda shanu ke mutuwa. Ginin ya kasance a ƙasa daga wani wuri inda DuPont ke zubar da ɗaruruwan tan na perfluorooctanoic acid. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1999, Bilott ya shigar da ƙarar tarayya a kan DuPont a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Kudancin Yammacin Virginia. A mayar da martani, DuPont ya ba da shawarar cewa DuPont da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka za su ba da umarnin nazarin dukiyar manomi, wanda likitocin dabbobi uku da DuPont suka zaɓa da uku da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta zaba. Lokacin da aka saki rahoton, ya zargi Tennants da shanu masu mutuwa suna da'awar cewa rashin kiwon dabbobi ne ke da alhakin: "rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin isasshen kula da dabbobi da rashin kula da tsuntsaye".
Bayan Bilott ya gano cewa dubban tan-tan na PFOA na DuPont an zubar da su a cikin shara kusa da dukiyar Tennants kuma cewa PFOA ta DuPont tana gurɓata ruwan da ke kewaye da al'umma, DuPont ya warware batun Tennants. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2001, Bilott ya shigar da ƙarar da aka shigar a kan DuPont a madadin kimanin mutane 70,000 a Yammacin Virginia da Ohio tare da ruwan sha mai gurbataccen PFOA, wanda aka daidaita a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, tare da fa'idodin aji da suka kai sama da dala miliyan 300, gami da DuPont sun amince da shigar da tsire-tsire masu tacewa a cikin gundumomin ruwa guda shida da suka shafi da yawa masu zaman kansu masu tasiri, kyautar kuɗi na dala miliyan 70, da kuma tanadi domin kula da lafiyar lafiyar mutum ta biya har zuwa dala miliyan 235, idan kwamitin shan ruwa mai zaman kansa ya tabbatar da cutar PFO mai yiwuwa.￼
Bayan kwamitin kimiyya mai zaman kansa da jam'iyyun suka zaɓa tare (amma ana buƙatar a ƙarƙashin sulhu da DuPont zai biya) ya gano cewa akwai yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin shan PFOA da ciwon daji na ƙoda, cutar daji, cutar thyroid, babban cholesterol, pre-eclampsia, da cututtukan cututtukani, Bilott ya fara buɗe ƙarar mutum-mutumi na mutum a madadin masu amfani da ruwa na Ohio da Yammacin Virginia, wanda a shekarar 2015 ya kai sama da 3,500. Bayan ya rasa uku na farko don dala miliyan 19.7, a cikin 2017 DuPont ya amince da daidaita sauran shari'o'in da ke jiran lokacin domin dala miliyan 671.7. Yawancin ƙarin shari'o'in da aka gabatar bayan sasantawar 2017 an warware su a cikin 2021 don ƙarin dala miliyan 83 (an sanar tare da sasantawar dala biliyan 4 tsakanin DuPont da ta, Chemours, akan nauyin PFAS), wanda ya kawo jimlar ƙimar sasantawa a cikin shari'oʼin rauni ko kasawar mutum ga waɗanda suka fallasa PFOA a cikin ruwan sha zuwa sama da dala miliyan 753.￼
Ayyuka na gaba
A cikin 2018, Bilott ya gabatar da sabon shari'ar neman sabbin karatu da gwaji na babbar ƙungiyar sunadarai na PFAS a madadin wani aji na ƙasa da aka tsara na kowa a Amurka wanda ke da sunadarai da PFAS a cikin jinin su, a kan masana'antun PFAS da yawa, gami da 3M, DuPont, da Chemours. Wannan sabon shari'ar yana gudana tun daga Mayu 2020. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kotun tarayya da ke kula da shari'ar ta tabbatar da shari'in don ci gaba a matsayin mataki na aji a madadin miliyoyin mutane da ke da PFAS a cikin jinin su.