cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
FESTAC 77
Colloquium
Taron ya kasance a tsakiyar bikin, kuma ana gudanar da shi kowace rana a cikin makonni biyu na farkon ayyukan. Marubuta, masu fasaha da masana kusan 700 ne suka halarci darussan. Taken lakcocin ya yi iyaka ne da rashin ‘yancin tunani da kuma tawayar da kasashen duniya ta uku ke fuskanta wadanda a wasu lokuta sukan koma ga ‘ yan mulkin mallaka don neman kwarewa a yayin da suke kokarin kafa hoton amincewa da ‘yancin kai ga kansu da ma sauran kasashen duniya. Manufar da aka ayyana taron shine don neman amsoshin tambayoyin yadda za a farfaɗo da inganta baƙar fata da masu fasaha na Afirka da kuma yadda za a sauƙaƙe karɓuwa na duniya da samun dama ga kantuna.
Daga cikin masu magana a taron akwai Clarival do Prado Valladares, Lazarus Ekwueme, Babs Fafunwa da Eileen Southern.
Bikin Durbar da Regatta
Kwamitin bikin ya sayi motocin alfarma guda 2,003 (dubu biyu da uku) masu kujeru 45 da motocin bas masu kujeru 91 (casa’in da daya) 26 bisa dalilai na dabaru. Wani dalili shi ne bikin Durbar da aka gudanar a Kaduna, birni mai nisan sama da kilomita 700 daga Legas. Taron ya gudana daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 8 ga Fabrairu 1977. Asalinsu, durbar a Nijeriya an gudanar da liyafar karrama sarakuna; Tun daga 1911, an gudanar da durbar hudu a Najeriya kafin 1977. Duk da haka, Festac durbar wata fage ce da ta samu sarakuna da ke hawa tare da tawagarsu na dawakai da rakuma da masu nishadi a matsayin alamar hadin kai. Durbar ta kasance baje kolin mahayan dawakai da masu nishadantarwa kamar mawaka da kakaki, kakaki, tambari da ganguna, daga cikin tawagar akwai Fulani, Bori da Bida. Bikin na Festac durbar ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin al’adun Hausawa, Songhay da Kanembu irin su Hawan Dawaki, wanda aka fi sani da hawan dawaki, da kuma wani biki na sojoji na Bornu mai suna Tewur, taron da sojojin dawakai suka gudanar kafin wani gagarumin yakin neman zabe. Wani abin tarihi da aka gabatar shi ne taron shekara-shekara da sarakunan Fulani suka yi a daidai lokacin da halifofin Sakkwato a Kaura Namoda suka yi domin tattaro runduna zuwa balaguro a kan jihohin da ke gaba da juna.
Jirgin regatta wani taron ne da aka gudanar a nesa da wuraren taron jama'a amma ba kamar na durbar ba, an yi regatta a Legas. Regatta taron ne na kwanaki uku da aka yi a Queen's Drive foreshore a Ikoyi, Legas. Mahalarta taron sun fito ne daga Najeriya musamman jihohin Edo, Cross River, Imo, Kwara, Ogun, Ondo da kuma jihar Legas. Kowane jirgin ruwa yana da taron mawaƙa, acrobats ko masquerades da raye-raye. Fiye da jiragen ruwa 200 ne suka halarci taron.
Kayayyakin gani da wasan kwaikwayo
Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da na gani kamar fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo, kade-kade da raye-raye, galibi ana yin su ne da maraice da maraice a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, duk da haka, an yi wasu wasannin kwaikwayo da kade-kade a dandalin Tafawa Balewa, inda aka saba shirya wasan kwaikwayo na zamani da na kade-kade. da rana kuma ana yin wasannin kwaikwayo da kade-kade na gargajiya da yamma. A cikin jimlar kusan wasan kwaikwayo 50, kide-kide da raye-raye 150, fina-finai 80, nune-nunen zane-zane 40 da kuma wasannin wake-wake da raye-raye 200. A jajibirin bikin rantsar da marigayi Sory Kandia Kouyaté, kwararre Mande Griot, ya yiwa shugabannin kasa da na gwamnati rawar murya da rawar kora, abin tunawa. Saitunan sun yi kama da kotunan daular Afirka ta Tsakiya da na sarauta.
Sauran mawakan da suka yi waka sun hada da Osibisa, Les Amazones, Bembeya Jazz da Les Ballets Africains daga Guinea; Franco Luambo daga Congo; Miriam Makeba, Louis Moholo, Dudu Pukwana daga Afirka ta Kudu; Mahara Karfe daga Guyana, da Bazara mai ƙarfi daga Grenada;; Gilberto Gil daga Brazil, da masu fasaha na Amurka ciki har da Donald Byrd, Randy Weston, Stevie Wonder da Sun Ra.
Baya ga yawan kide-kide, an gudanar da taron waka a ranar 29 ga Janairun 1977 karkashin jagorancin mawaki Akin Euba. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da Mwesa Isaiah Mapoma, Kwabena Nketia da Mosunmola Omibiyi. Sauran wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da mawaka, mawaka, malaman makarantun gwamnati da daliban da suka kammala karatun kida. Sama da sa'o'i biyu, mahalarta taron sun tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi juna tare da nazarin hanyoyin inganta ayyukan waka a tsakanin 'yan Afirka, a nahiyar da kuma kasashen waje.
Ƙungiyar raye-rayen 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aboriginal Islander Dance, da kuma Eleo Pomare Dance Company daga Birnin New York.
An gudanar da nune-nunen zane-zane da dama a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Najeriya da kuma kewayen dandalin Tafawa Balewa. A dandalin, an bai wa kowace kasa da ta wakilci wurin bikin, rumfar da za ta baje kolin zane-zane, kayan kade-kade, zane-zane, litattafai da kayayyakin fasaha. Wasu fitattun nune-nunen da suka gudana sun hada da Afirka da Asalin Dan Adam, wanda aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, da kuma Ekpo Eyo 's 2000 Years of Nigerian Art, wanda ya hada da Nok terracottas, Benin court art, Igbo Ukwu, Ife da Tsoede bronzes. da kayan fasaha. Wani baje kolin Najeriya na zamani wanda ya nuna ayyuka daga Bruce Onobrakpeya, Ben Enwonwu, Yusuf Grillo, Uche Okeke da Kolade Oshinowo suma sun kasance cikin taron. An kuma gudanar da wani baje kolin fasahohin gine-gine na Afirka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, nunin ya hada da zane-zane, zane-zane, da kuma samfura da ke nuna jigogi daban-daban na gine-gine kamar gine-ginen banco, tsarin dunkulewa da filin Berber na Matmata.
Bayansa da gado
Bayan kammala wannan biki cikin nasara, Najeriya, mai masaukin baki, ta ajiye kayayyakin tarihi na kasashe da al'ummomi 59. Wannan ya sa aka kafa Cibiyar Baƙar fata da Baƙar fata da Wayewa ta Afirka (CBAAC), ƙungiyar tarayya da ke da ofisoshi a Marina, Legas da FCT, Abuja. A halin yanzu ana adana abubuwan tarihi na bikin a wani gidan kayan tarihi da ke Cibiyar.
Mai daukar hoto Marilyn Nance, mai daukar hoto Marilyn Nance, mai daukar hoto ce ta mallaki kuma tana kula da tarihin shigar da tawagar Amurka. 'Yar takarar karshe sau biyu don lambar yabo ta W. Eugene Smith a cikin Hotunan Dan Adam, tabbas Nance ta fi shahara da cikakkun takardunta na FESTAC 77, Bikin Duniya na Biyu na Fasaha da Al'adun Baƙar fata da na Afirka da aka gudanar a Legas, Najeriya.
Wani nune-nunen da Theaster Gates da Romi Crawford suka shirya ya ƙunshi hotuna masu tarin yawa, waɗanda ba a taɓa ganin wasu a bainar jama'a ba, daga mai ɗaukar hoto na Chicago Karega Kofi Moyo. Nunin, K. Kofi Moyo da FESTAC '77: Kunna Taskar Baƙar fata, yana kan kallo a Cibiyar Logan ta Jami'ar Chicago 's Logan for Arts gallery Fabrairu 12 - Maris 21, 2021. Nunin ya girma daga binciken da aka gudanar a lokacin Richard da Mary L. Grey Center Mellon Fellowship ta Gates da Crawford.
Ijora, Lagos
Tattalin Arziki
Cummins West Africa/Cummins Nigeria, reshen Cummins Diesel, yana da hedikwata a Ijora.
Gerson
Gershon Guimarães Ferreira Junior (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Janairu 1992), fiye da aka sani a matsayin Gershon, shi ne a Brazil kwallon da suka taka a matsayin cibiyar baya ga Japan kulob Kagoshima United.
Sana'a
Ya fara aikin ƙwararru tare da Botafogo a 2010. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2011, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar matasa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta PSV Eindhoven a kan aro. Bayan watanni shida tare da matasan PSV, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro tare da Segunda División B na Atlético Madrid B a watan Yuli. Gerson ya koma kungiyar Kapfenberg ta Austriya a shekarar 2012, inda aka fara ba da aron Rapid Wien sannan kuma ga Ferencváros. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2014, an canza shi zuwa Petrolul Ploiești.
Ojuelegba, Lagos
Ojuelegba yanki ne da ke cikin karamar hukumar Surulere a jihar Legas. Wanda aka san shi da cunkoson jama'a kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundin ruɗani na Fela na 1975, Ojuelegba ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi yawan jama'a a Legas.
Garin Ouattagouna
Ouattagouna ko Ouatagouna ƙaramin gari ne kuma cibiyar sadarwa a cikin Cercle of Ansongo a yankin Gao a kudu maso gabashin Ƙasar Mali.
Ojuelegba, Lagos
Tsarin tsari
Ojuelegba yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin sufuri na Legas, wanda ke haɗa babban yankin birni da tsibirin. Har ila yau, ya zama hanyar haɗin kai ga mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa gundumomi uku da ke kewaye da Yaba, Mushin da Surulere.
Garin Ouattagouna
Hasashe da yanayi
Located a cikin matsananci kudancin Ansongo Cercle da yankin, da commune of Ouattagouna an kafa ta Doka Lamba 096-059, a kan 4 Nuwamba shekarata 1996. Ta yi iyaka da arewa da kananan hukumomin Boura da Tin-Hama, kudu da lardin Tilabery na Nijar, daga gabas da garin Tin-Hama da Menaka sai kuma karamar hukumar Tessit ta yamma. Tana da fadin kasa kilomita murabba'i kimanin 4093. Adadin yawan jama'ar yana cikin ajiyar dabbobin Ansongo-Ménaka, musamman gabashin babban garin. Zababbun wakilai 23 ne ke tafiyar da ita da suka hada da mace daya, uku a cencle daya kuma a majalisar yankin karkashin jagorancin mai unguwa, mataimaka uku, babban sakatare, manaja da mai gadi.
Ojuelegba, Lagos
Tsarin tsari
An nuna rayuwa a Ojuelegba a cikin ayyukan kiɗa da dama, da suka hada da Kundin Rudani na Fela, Wizkid 's " Ojuelegba " single da Oritse Femi 's "Double Wahala".
Garin Ouattagouna
Hasashe da yanayi
Taimakon Ouattagouna yana da matuƙar ƙarfi tare da ƴan tsaunuka da ke kusa da Ankoum Migno da El Mack (Bintia a ƙasar Hausa). Duwatsu da dama a gefen kwarin da ke gefen kogin Niger. Yanayin Sahelian ne kuma yana da yanayi daban-daban guda uku (3), bushe da sanyi daga Oktoba zuwa Maris; lokacin zafi daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu; da damina daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin jama'a da ke mamaye busassun iskar harmattan da ke kadawa na tsawon watanni takwas zuwa tara sai damina wadda ita ce iska mai danshi da ke kadawa daga Yuli zuwa Satumba.
Ojuelegba, Lagos
Rayuwar dare
A cikin shekarun 80s zuwa 90s, Ojuelebga ya shahara da tashin hankali na dare, yana haɗa masu biki zuwa wurin Moshalashi na Fela Kuti da ke kan titin Agege da kuma gundumar redlight da ta fara a titin Ayilara zuwa sassan titin Clegg.
Manazarta
"Gbajabiamila condoles families of victims of
Garin Ouattagouna
Hasashe da yanayi
Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya tashi daga 250 zuwa 300 mm a kowace shekara kuma yanayin zafi yana canzawa tsakanin 10 °C da 30 °C. Duk da haka ruwan sama na iya canzawa, misali daga 1997 zuwa 2002, jimlar ta tashi daga 129.5. mm a cikin kwanaki 10 a cikin shekarar 1997 da 429.2 mm a shekarar 1999. A cikin shekarata 2002 ya kasance 208.4 mm a cikin kwanaki 18 akan 307 mm a cikin kwanaki 23 a cikin shekarar 2001 da 383.3 mm a cikin kwanaki 24 a cikin 2004 shekarata da dai sauransu Kogin Neja ya ratsa ta cikin kwaminonin kusan kilomita 50. Wadi da dama sun shiga cikin kogin da suka hada da Kamgala, Soror, Bolilam a kasar Hausa, sai na Imminan a cikin Gourma.
Ƙungiyar Ouattagouna ta ƙunshi ƙananan tafkuna da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine Afrag, Barguvi, Tamakazène, Soror Koutou, Tirrazir, Tikoubaradène, Tangouba, Tin Chiguéren, Tinibit, Petan Tibanguir, Gardabani, Tabakatt, Darous Bangou da sauransu. Sauyin yanayi ya fi rinjayar ciyayi kuma ya ƙunshi ciyayi na savannah. Ƙasar tana da yumɓu mai zurfi sosai da ƙasa mai yashi, wanda ya dace da aikin noma da shuka kayan lambu a gefen kogin Neja, kuma ƙasa na iya ba da launin ja-launin ruwan kasa a cikin yankunan da ba su da iska.
Dabbobin daji
"Tsarin yanayi na Ansongo-Ménaka", wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1956-1960, yana ɗaukar yawancin ƙasar a cikin gundumar Ouattagouna. An kirkiro wurin ne don kare namun daji iri-iri da suka hada da giwaye, rakumi, barewa, panthers, zakuna, damisa, kuraye, orya, jiminai, kunkuru, boas, naman dawa, hippos, agwagi, kaji, goggo, diwa, birai, hyenas, manatees ., kada, da kadangaru. Haka zalika, kasancewar masu hannu da shuni ya kai ga gina sansanin 'yan yawon bude ido na Fafa amma farauta da gobarar daji na barazana ga kiyayewa a yankin. Garin yana da kifaye masu yawa kuma garin yana da yawan noman kifi. Sai dai kuma, fari da aka saba yi lokaci bayan lokaci, da ambaliya, da kuma yin amfani da kifin fiye da kifaye, sun ga kamun ya ragu matuka da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Kauyuka
Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka kamar haka:
Abdul-Aziz Ayaba Musah
Abdul-Aziz Ayaba Musah ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Mion. An zabe shi a lokacin dan majalisa na 2020, inda ya zama dan majalisa na farko da ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party a mazabar Mion.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1986 kuma ya fito ne daga garin Sang a yankin Arewacin Ghana. Ya yi SSSCE a shekarar 2005. A shekarar 2017 ya samu takardar shaidar kammala digiri a fannin aikin gwamnati sannan a shekarar 2010 ya kara samun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki.
Aiki
Ya kasance ma’aikacin bautar kasa a Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, sannan kuma mai kula da ma’aikatan kananan hukumomi. Shi ne Babban Manaja na Kamfanin Alhaj Musah.
Aikin siyasa
Dan jam'iyyar NPP ne kuma a halin yanzu dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Mion. Ya lashe zaben ne da kuri'u 21,552 yayin da Mohammed Abdul Aziz na jam'iyyar NDC ya samu kuri'u 14,158. Kwace kujerar da Abdul Aziz ya yi ya kafa tarihi domin shi ne karon farko da jam'iyyar NPP ta lashe mazabar Mion cikin shekaru 28.
A shekarar 2021, an rantsar da Abdul-Aziz tare da Alexander Kwamena Afenyo-Markin, Johnson Kwaku Adu, Laadi Ayii Ayamba da Emmanuel Kwasi Bedzrah a lokacin babban zama na 2021 na Majalisar ECOWAS wanda ya faru a Freetown na kasar Saliyo.
Kwamitoci
Shi mamba ne na Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Musamman sannan kuma memba ne a Kwamitin Samar da Ayyuka, Jin Dadin Jama'a da Kamfanonin Jiha.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Abdul Aziz musulmi ne.
Tallafawa
A shekarar 2020, ya ba da kyautar babur ga Sarkin Jagrido a yankin Arewacin Ghana.
Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Yaba
Asibitin kula da tabin hankali na Federal Neuro, wanda aka fi sani da Yaba Psychiatric Hospital ko Yaba Left, asibitin kula da tabin hankali ne na Tarayyar Najeriya da ke Yaba, a wajen birnin Legas.
Tarihi
An kafa asibitin mahaukata na Yaba a Legas a shekarar 1907 a matsayin mafakar Yaba. Jami’an kiwon lafiya ne suka ba da kulawar lafiyar hankali kafin bullar kwararrun masu tabin hankali; masu ilimin hauka da masu ilimin halin dan Adam a cikin ayyukan tsarewa.
Abdallah Wali
An haifi Wali a karamar hukumar Tambuwal, jihar Sokoto. Ya sami B.Sc. Ya kuma karanta management a Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto and MBA from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaira.
Bayan ya hau kujerarsa a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Yunin shekarar 1999, an nada shi a kwamitocin Zabe, Sabis na Majalisar Dattawa, Asusun Jama’a, Tsaro da kula da Halin birnin Tarayya Abuja. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa daga Yunin shekarata 1999 zuwa Nuwamba 1999, kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki daga 2000 zuwa 2003. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamnan jihar Sokoto a jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar 2003. A watan Janairun shekarar 2007 ne Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya nada Wali a matsayin ministan tsare-tsare na kasa, kuma mataimakin shugaban hukumar. Daga baya aka nada shi jakadan kasar Morocco.
Anna Schaffelhuber
Anna Katharina Schaffelhuber (an haife ta 26 ga Janairu 1993) yar wasan para-alpine ski ta ƙasar Jamus ce. A wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2014 ta lashe lambobin zinare biyar, inda ta zama 'yar wasa ta biyu da ta share wasannin tseren tsalle-tsalle.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Schaffelhuber a Regensburg, Bavaria, Jamus. An haife ta ne da kashin baya da ba ta cika ba kuma a sakamakon haka tana da paraplegia kuma tana amfani da keken guragu. Ta fara monoskiing tun tana da shekaru biyar kuma tana da shekaru goma sha huɗu ta sami gurbin karatu don shiga cikin shirin wasan kankara na ƙasa.
Aiki
Schaffelhuber ta yi gasa a cikin LW10 para-alpine skiing classification ta yin amfani da mono-ski da outriggers.
An zabe ta a tawagar Jamus a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi na 2010 da aka gudanar a Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada inda ta fafata a wasanni hudu. Ta samu lambar tagulla a gasar super-G ta kare bayan Claudia Lösch ta Ostiriya da Ba’amurke Alana Nichols a cikin mintuna 1 da dakika 38.25. Ta kuma kare na hudu a cikin abubuwa biyu, super hade da slalom, kuma ta bakwai a cikin giant slalom. A yayin bikin rufe wasannin ta dauki tutar Jamus.
Ta yi gudun hijira a gasar 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship, da aka gudanar a Sestriere, Italiya. Ta lashe lambobin zinare guda uku, a cikin mata masu zama super-combined, slalom da giant slalom, azurfa a cikin taron kungiyar, da kuma kammala na hudu a duka kasa da kuma super-G.
A gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya ta IPC na shekarar 2013 da aka gudanar a birnin La Molina na kasar Spain, ta yi nasarar kare kambunta a gasar slalom, inda ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin dakika 2 da dakika 26.18. Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo guda hudu; lambobin azurfa a cikin giant slalom da super-G; da lambobin tagulla a cikin super hade da kasa.
Ta shiga gasar wasannin nakasassu ta biyu a wasannin lokacin sanyi na 2014 a Sochi, Rasha. Ta samu lambar zinare ta farko a gasar Paralympic ta hanyar samun nasarar zama kasa a cikin mintuna 1 da dakika 35.55. Ta ci lambar zinare ta biyu a gasar super-G, inda ta zo ta farko a cikin mintuna 1 da dakika 29.11. Gasa a slalom da farko an kore ta saboda rashin samun 'yan wasanta a wani matsayi a farkon guduwarta ta farko kuma 'yar kasarta Anna-Lena Forster an gano ta a matsayin wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin sanarwar manema labarai. Bayan daukaka kara an maido da Schaffelhuber tare da ba ta lambar zinare ta uku a gasar tare da Forster ta lashe lambar azurfa. Schaffelhuber ta lashe lambar zinare ta hudu a hade, tare da Forster ta sake karbar azurfa yayin da 'yan wasan Jamus guda biyu ne kawai 'yan wasa da suka kammala tseren. Ta ci lambar zinare ta biyar, inda ta kammala share tsafta a cikin wasannin zama, ta hanyar lashe katon slalom a cikin jimlar mintuna 2 da dakika 51.26. Ta zama 'yar wasa ta biyu da ta share al'amuran tseren tsalle bayan Lauren Woolstencroft a 2010. Don rawar da ta yi a wasannin, an ba Schaffelhuber kyautar mafi kyawun mata a lambar yabo ta Wasannin Paralympic.
Kyaututtuka
A watan Nuwamba 2010 Schaffelhuber an zabe ta a matsayin mafi kyawun 'yar wasa na kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na duniya a watan, inda ta samu kashi 45% na kuri'un jama'a. A watan Nuwamba 2011 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Ƙwararrun Mata ta Jamus ta 2013.
Gudanar da muhalli
Ƙungiyar muhalli (wani lokaci ana kiranta gudanar da halittu), har ila yau ciki har da kiyayewa da siyasar kore, ƙungiya ce ta falsafa zamantakewa, da siyasa daban-daban don magance matsalolin muhalli .Masana muhalli suna ba da shawarar gudanar da adalci mai ɗorewa na albarkatu da kula da muhalli ta hanyar sauye-sauye a manufofin jama'a da halayen mutum.A cikin amincewa da ɗan adam a matsayin mai shiga cikin (ba makiyin) muhallin halittu ba, ƙungiyar ta dogara ne akan ilimin halitta, lafiya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.
Yunkurin muhalli wani yunkuri ne na ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ƙungiyoyi da dama ke wakilta, daga masana'antu zuwa tushe kuma ya bambanta daga kasa zuwa kasa.Saboda yawan membobinsa, bambance-bambancen imani da ƙarfi, da kuma yanayin hasashe lokaci-lokaci, gudanar da muhalli ba koyaushe yake haɗuwa cikin manufofinsa ba.Har ila yau, motsi ya ƙunshi wasu ƙungiyoyi tare da ƙarin takamaiman mayar da hankali, kamar a gudanar da yanayi.A mafi girmansa, gudanarwar ya haɗa da ƴan ƙasa masu zaman kansu, ƙwararru, mabiya addinai, ƴan siyasa, masana kimiyya, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da masu ba da shawara.
Momoka Muraoka
Momoka Muraoka (村岡桃佳, Muraoka Momoka, an haife shi 3 ga Maris 1997) mace ce mai tseren tseren tsalle-tsalle, wacce ta lashe lambobin yabo biyar ga Japan a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai riƙe da tutarsu a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.
Ta ci lambar zinare a gasar mata ta kasa, Super-G na mata, da babbar mata ta slalom a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2022.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Dokokin samun Shiga da ƙafa asibiti Clinic ( FACE ko Dokar Samun damar, Pub. L. Lamba 103-259, 108 ƙididdiga. 694) (Mayu 26, 1994, 18 USC § 248 ) wata doka ce ta Amurka wacce Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a watan Mayu shekarata 1994, wacce ta haramta abubuwa uku masu zuwa: (1) amfani da karfin jiki, barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don cutar da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙari na raunata, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da kowane mutumin da ke samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa ko samar da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (wannan ɓangaren doka yawanci yana nufin asibitocin zubar da ciki), (2) amfani da karfin jiki, Kuma barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don raunata da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin raunata, Sannna tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da duk wani mutumin da ke aiwatar da ko ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hakkinsu na Farko na 'yancin addini a wurin bautar addini, (3) lalata ko lalata da gangan. na wurin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko wurin ibada.
Fage
Tsakanin shekarun 1978 zuwa 1993, yawan laifuffukan tashin hankali da ake aikatawa a kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa da asibitocin zubar da ciki na karuwa akai-akai. Sannan Dangane da kididdigar da National Abortion Federation (NAF), kungiyar masu ba da zubar da ciki ta tattara, tun shekarata 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, an sami akalla kisan kai 9, yunƙurin kisan kai 17, barazanar mutuwa 406, al'amura 179 na hari ko baturi., da kuma yin garkuwa da mutane 5 akan masu zubar da ciki. Bugu da kari, tun a shekarar 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, laifukan kadarori da aka aikata kan masu samar da zubar da ciki sun hada da harin bama-bamai 41, kone-kone 175, yunkurin tayar da bama-bamai ko konewa 96, barazanar bam 692, aukuwar kutsawa cikin shekarata 1993, al’amuran barna 1400, da kuma hare-hare 100 da suka hada da harin bam. butyric acid ("bama-bamai masu wari"). A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1992, dubban “jaruman addu’a” da masu zanga-zangar goyon bayan rayuwa sun hadu a mashigar asibitocin Buffalo a zubar da ciki na tsawon wata daya da aka tsara na tsinkewa da toshewa, suna kokarin hana mata kawo karshen ciki. Bayan kwanaki bakwai na zanga-zangar da ta hada da Operation Rescue, an kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 400.
Wata kungiya mai yaki da zubar da ciki da aka fi sani da Sojojin Allah ta taka rawar gani musamman wajen aikata wadannan munanan laifuka. Wannan kungiyar ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tayar da bama-bamai tare da kona asibitoci sama da dari kafin shekarata 1994. Sun kuma mamaye asibitoci sama da dari uku tare da lalata sama da dari hudu A cikin 1993, jami’ai sun gano littafin Sojojin Allah, jagorar dabara don kone kone-kone, hare-haren sinadarai, mamayewa da tashin bamabamai,  aka binne a bayan gidan Sojoji. gidan dan gwagwarmayar Allah Shelley Shannon. Kuma Ba da jimawa ba aka samu Shelley Shannon da laifin yunkurin kisan Dokta George Tiller a wannan shekarar.
Baya ga aikata ta'addanci, an san wasu masu fafutukar hana zubar da ciki da bin ma'aikatan lafiya tare da yin amfani da hotunansu a allunan "Ana son Kisa". Wannan tashin hankalin da ke faruwa ya kai kololuwar a cikin Maris a shekarata 1993 lokacin da Dr. David Gunn, likita wanda aikin likitancinsa ya haɗa da hanyoyin zubar da ciki, Michael F. Griffin ya harbe shi kuma ya kashe shi a wajen asibitin mata na Pensacola da ke Pensacola, Florida. Wannan karuwar tashe-tashen hankula ya zama nauyi sosai ga jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, kuma a cewar wasu, aikin 'yan sanda na cikin gida ya kasance mai sauki. Wasu 'yan majalisar dattawa da wakilai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan haramtacciyar hanya tana yin katsalandan ga 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba mata na samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (musamman zubar da ciki), wanda aka ba da tabbacin tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin Roe v. Wade a shekarar 1973.
Tarihin majalisa
An zartar da dokar ne ta hanyar mayar da martani kai tsaye ga karuwar dabarun tashin hankali da masu fafutukar zubar da ciki suka yi amfani da su wanda ya kai ga "Spring of Life" a Buffalo Abortion Clinics, a cikin Afrilu shekarata 1992 da kuma kisan Dr. Gunn a cikin Maris shekarar 1993.
Prampram
Prampram birni ne na bakin teku a Yankin Greater Accra na Ghana. Garin yana cikin Ningo Prampram.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Tarihin majalisa
An fara gabatar da Dokar FACE a cikin Janairu shekarata 1993 kuma Babban Wakilin Chuck Schumer (D--NY) ya dauki nauyinsa,  tare da Wakilin Constance Morella (R--MD) a matsayin babban mai ba da tallafi. An gabatar da sigar lissafin a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Maris shekarar 1993, wannan wanda Sanata Edward Kennedy (D-MA) ya dauki nauyinsa. Majalisa da Majalisar Dattawa duka sun amince da kudirin a watan Nuwamba shekarata 1993. Majalisar ta zartar da dokar ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, kuma majalisar dattijai ta zartar da shi 69-30, tare da fitattun 'yan Republican 17 sun kada kuri'a don kudirin. Wani kwamitin hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisar dattijai ya hada kudirin biyu jim kadan, sannan kuma shugaban kasa Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar da ta fara aiki a watan Mayun shekarata 1994.
Prampram
Prampram (Gbugbla) babban birni ne na gundumar Ningo-Prampram, tafiyar mintina 15 daga tashar Tema mai tashar jiragen ruwa da mintuna 45 daga Accra, babban birnin ƙasar, shine cibiyar ayyukan masana'antu.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Ma'anoni
Yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rubutun hukuma na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic suna ƙarƙashin fassarori daban-daban. Don haka ne Sashen Haƙƙin Bil Adama na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da ma'anoni na yau da kullun ga waɗannan sharuɗɗan:
Prampram
Wuraren sha'awa
An shirya garin ya zama cibiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa yayin da gwamnati ta mallaki kadada sama da hekta 60 don gina Aerotropolis na farko na ƙasar.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
An haramta
§ 248.  'Yancin samun damar shiga asibitin: (a) Ayyukan da aka haramta. ''Duk wanda -- (1) ta hanyar karfi ko barazanar karfi ko ta hanyar toshe jiki, da gangan ya ji rauni, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki ko yunkurin cutar da wani mutum, ko tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da wani mutum saboda wannan mutumin yana ko ya kasance, ko don tsoratarwa. Kuma irin wannan mutum ko wani mutum ko kowane nau'in mutane daga, samun ko ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa''
Prampram
Wuraren sha'awa
Prampram yana da wasu rairayin bakin rairayin bakin rairayi mafi tsabta a cikin ƙasar, cike da wuraren nishaɗi da yawa ga masu yawon buɗe ido da masu hutu.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
An haramta
Wadannan halaye suna da alaƙa musamman da asibitocin kula da lafiyar haihuwa amma kuma ana iya amfani da su a wuraren ibada:
Prampram
Wuraren sha'awa
Ƙaramin kasuwanci na Ingilishi, Sansanin Vernon da aka gina a 1742 yana cikin Prampram.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafi
Hukunce-hukuncen masu laifi na keta FACE sun bambanta dangane da girman laifin da wanda ake tuhuma a baya na laifin cin zarafi iri ɗaya. Ana iya yanke wa mai laifin farko hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 100,000. Don cin zarafi na biyu, ana iya daure mai laifin har na tsawon shekaru uku a ci tararsa a kalla $250,000. Duk da haka, babban laifin da ba na tashin hankali ba yana da hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 10,000 na laifin farko, da kuma daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 25,000 na laifukan da suka biyo baya. Idan laifin ya jawo wa mutum rauni, hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 ne, ba tare da la’akari da laifin farko ko a’a ba, kuma duk laifin da ya kai ga kisa yana da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai. Waɗannan su ne matsakaicin jimloli; ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen suna halatta bisa ga shawarar alkali.
Tasiri
Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Ciki ta Kasa (NAF) ta tattara, al'amuran da suka fi muni na tashe-tashen hankula (kamar kisan kai, yunƙurin kisan kai, tashin bama-bamai da konewa) sun ragu sosai tun daga shekarata 1994, shekarar da Dokar 'Yancin Samun Shiga Clinical ta kasance. zartarwa. Gwamnatin Clinton ta gurfanar da mutane 17 da ake tuhuma bisa laifin keta dokar FACE a 1997 kadai kuma ta gurfanar da kusan mutane 10 da ake tuhuma a duk shekara tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar. Gwamnatin George W. Bush, duk da haka, tana tuhumar mutane kusan biyu ne kawai a kowace shekara saboda keta dokar FACE. A cewar Cathleen Mahoney, Mataimakiyar Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Zubar da Zubar da Zubar da Ciki ta Kasa kuma tsohon lauya na Ma’aikatar Shari’a, “Yawancin ayyukan [tashin hankali] ya ragu sosai bayan an aiwatar da FACE kuma an fara aiwatar da shi”.
Prampram
Wuraren sha'awa
Bidiyon da ke nuna masu raye -raye suna ɗauke da akwati da rawa don tunawa da rayuwar marigayin ba da daɗewa ba ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri.
Sanannen 'Yan ƙasar
Sanannun 'yan asalin ƙasar da mazauna sun haɗa da:
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Binciken shari'a
A cikin shekarar 1995, Ƙungiyar Rayuwa ta Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar Dokar FACE a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Gabashin Virginia a cikin shari'ar da ake kira American Life League, Inc. v. Reno. Ƙungiyar Life League ta Amirka ta yi muhawarar cewa Dokar ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, domin dokar ba ta hana yin addu’a ko wani ibada ba, sai dai toshewa, barazana, da Kuma tashin hankali. Masu shigar da karar sun kuma bayar da hujja guda uku inda suka ce dokar ta FACE ta keta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Na farko shi ne dokar ta haramta cutar da mata da masu bayarwa, wanda zai iya haɗa da cutar da hankali. Domin 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu na iya haifar da illa ga tunani, masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa dokar ta FACE ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sai dai kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, inda ta ce illar da kawai aka haramta ta haifar da tashe-tashen hankula, da barazanar tashin hankali, da kuma toshe asibitoci. Hujja ta biyu ta masu shigar da kara ita ce, dokar ba ta da tushe balle makama, wanda kotun kuma ta yi watsi da shi saboda akwai misalai da dama na ayyukan kundin tsarin mulkin da ke da irin yare. Kuma A karshe dai masu shigar da kara sun ce dokar ta shafi masu zanga-zangar hana zubar da ciki ne musamman kuma ba ta tsaka-tsaki, inda kotun ta ce za a yi amfani da dokar kan duk wanda ya karya ta, don haka ta kasance tsaka tsaki. Don haka, kotu ta amince da dokar FACE.
Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka
Dangantakar dake tsakanin Tarayyar Najeriya da kasar Amurka ta kasance a hukumance lokacin da Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai daga ƙasar Birtaniya a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin ƙarni na 21st, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan huldar Amurka a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan.
Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Binciken shari'a
Bayan an zartar da dokar 'Yancin Samun shiga Clinic, jihohi da yawa sun zartar da wasu dokoki. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Haihuwa, wadda aka ƙalubalanci a Kotun Tarayya kuma a ƙarshe ta rushe a McCullen v. Coakley. Duk da haka, an tsara shawarar da ƙwaƙƙwaran don kada a yi watsi da dokar FACE da sauran dokokin matakin jiha.
Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka
Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da Amurka ta yi matukar taɓarɓarewa sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a Afirka. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga Amurka bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973. Ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.
A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na take hakkin dan Adam a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993. Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo, huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a yammacin Afirka, musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun Guinea da ISIS da Boko Haram. A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya, wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya.
Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai. Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya. Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna.
Dangane da kuri'ar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka.
1960–1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya
An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga Nelson Rockefeller, Gwamnan New York. A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta - wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin. Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin 1960, Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma. Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma". Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida. Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci".
Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu. Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma. Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki. A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi. A cikin 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta girma da ci gaba, a cikin ƴancin Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka." Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya.
1967–1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya
A watan Yulin shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa", ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Jack Gowon sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya. Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici". A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba. Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" - ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba. Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet. Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta - wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya Bolshevik ". Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin, aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba.
A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka - mai yiyuwa ne saboda Henry Kissinger da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya, kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Harold Wilson ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon. Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba". A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington, ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra. Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba. Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra. Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini - har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai - yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.
1970–1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka
Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, William Rogers, ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon. Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba. Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970, kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford (1974-1977). Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata.
Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed - wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 - Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU. Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu. A Angola – kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 – wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Janairu 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ( Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola. Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka". Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: Daily Times (Nigeria) ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya Nigerian Herald ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar.
Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia. Kuma a cikin Fabrairun 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya - sanye da tankokin yaki - sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas. Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin Fabrairu 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka. An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa. Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Sau biyu a cikin 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas, jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa Accra. A cikin Oktoba 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian, kuma, a cikin Maris 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar New York Times na Afirka ta Yamma, John Darnton a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka.