cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi
Aiki
Ta dawo gida Najeriya kuma ta zama likitar mata da karamar likita a Asibitin Massey Street na Legas. Daga baya ta zama babban mashawarci kuma Daraktar Likita a waccan asibitin, tana rike da mukamin daga 1960 zuwa 1969. Hakanan, Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya a Najeriya ta nada ta a matsayin babbar kwararriyar likitar mata da haihuwa a shekarar 1962.
Wasu daga cikin kyaututtukan nata sune: Memba na Mafi Kyawun Umarni na Masarautar Birtaniyya (MBE), Iya Abiye na Lagos, Iyalaje na masarautar Oyo, da kuma girmamawa ta kasa ta Najeriya - Jami'in hukumar Tarayyar (OFR).
Labarin Return to Life, wanda ɗanta Tunji Awoliyi, ya sadaukar domin ita.
Ali Yusuf Ali
Ali Yusuf Ali dan siyasan Indiya ne kuma memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta 16 ta Uttar Pradesh ta Kasar Indiya. Yana wakiltar mazabar Chamraua na Uttar Pradesh kuma memba ne na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Bahujan Samaj.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ali Yusuf Ali a cikin gundumar Rampur.Ya halarci Choudary Jamuna Das Inter College kuma ya sami digiri na goma sha biyu.
Harkar siyasa
Ali Yusuf Ali ya kasance MLA na wa’adi daya. Ya wakilci mazabar Chamraua kuma memba ne na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Bahujan Samaj.
Ya rasa kujerarsa a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh na shekara ta 2017 a hannun Naseer Ahmed Khan na Samajwadi Party.
Steve Barnes
Steve Barnes (an haife shi a ƙasar Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na ƙwallon ƙafa daga ƙasar Ingila.
Ifeanyi Chiejine
Ifeanyichukwu Stephanie Chiejine (An haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu 1983 - mutuwa 21 Augusta 2019) yar wasan kwallon kafa ce a Najeiya. Ta buga wasan karshe a kungiyar SSVSM-Kairat Almaty a kasar Kazakhstani. Ta kuma taka leda a FC Indiana a Amurka q gasar wasa mai suna W-League, ta kuma buga kungiyar kwallan kafa ta KMF Kuopio da PK-35 Vantaa a Finland da Zvezda Perm a Rasha.
Ayyukan duniya
Ta kasance babbar yar wasa ta kasa da kasa, ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1999, 2003 da 2007,sannan kuma ta buga wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2000 da 2008. izuwa shekarar 2007 ta ci wa Najeriya kwallaye 15 a wasa 61.
Mutuwa
Ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekaran 2019 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya.
Abdurrahman Bello Dambazau
Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau (an haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da hudu1954) a Jihar Kano, Nijeriya. tsohon janar din sojin Sojan Nijeriya ne, wanda ayanzu shine minista na ma'aikatar cikin kasa wato ministry of Interior. Dambazau yarike mukamin Shugaban hafsan soji (COAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2010, inda yamaye gurbin Lieutenant General Luka Yusuf.
Taj Mahal
Ginin Taj Mahal ma'ana "Tambarin Waje", wani sanannen wajen yawon ɓude ido ne a ƙasar Indiya wanda yake a birnin Agra wato kudu da bakin gabar kogin Yamuna na kasar Indiya. Daular Mughal ta sarki Shah jahan ce ta fara gina shi a shekara 1632, saboda da tunawa da abarkaunar sa wato matarsa Mumtaz Mahal. Ginin anyishi ne da tsawon murabba'in hekta 17 (ginin mai baya daya kunshi gine gine masu yawa kamar Masallaci da masukin baki da manyan dakunan kwana masu yawa.
An kammala ginin Taj Mahal ne bakidaya a shekarar 1643 amma an cigaba da aiwatar da wasu bangarori na ginin har ya zuwa karin shekaru 10. Anyi amannar cewa ginin na Taj Mahal an kammalashi ne bakidaya a shekarar 1652 akan adadin kidin da yakai Rupee na kasar Indiya na lokacin miliyar 32 wanda aka kiyasta da darajar Rupee na kasar Indiya na yanzu daidai da Rupee biliyan 52.8 (daidai da dalar Amurika $miliyan 827). Masu zanen gini guda 20,000 ne suka gwada basirar su ta zana ginin karkashin jagorancin babban mai zane wato Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.
Tsari da zana gini
Tsarin ginin Taj Mahal yana nuna irun tsarin gine gine ne na mutanen Parisa da kuma na tsohuwar daular Mughal da akayi a baya.
Hasumaya
Hasumayar ginin itace tsakiyar ginin Taj Mahal. Wani babban farin hasumaya ce mai ado da zane zane mai daukar hankali.
Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
Shari'ar canjin yanayi, wanda kuma aka sani da shari'ar yanayi, wata ƙungiya ce mai tasowa ta dokar muhalli ta yin amfani da aikin shari'a da kuma abin da ya faru don cigaba da ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi daga cibiyoyin jama'a, kamar gwamnatoci da kamfanoni. A cikin yanayin jinkirin siyasa na sauyin yanayi na jinkirta jinkirin sauyin yanayi, masu fafutuka da lauyoyi sun kara yunƙurin yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da na duniya don ci gaba da ƙoƙarin. Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga cikin ɗayan nau'ikan da'awar shari'a guda biyar: Dokokin tsarin mulki (wanda aka mayar da hankali kan keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ta jiha), dokar gudanarwa (ƙalubalantar cancantar yanke shawara na gudanarwa), doka masu zaman kansu (ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi). don sakaci, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu, zamba ko kariya ga mabukaci (kalubalanci kamfanoni don yada bayanai game da tasirin yanayi), 'yancin ɗan adam (da'awar cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam)
Tun daga farkon 2000s, tsarin shari'a don yaƙar sauyin yanayi yana ƙara samun samuwa ta hanyar dokoki, kuma ƙararrakin shari'o'in kotuna sun ɓullo da wata ƙungiya ta duniya da ke haɗa ayyukan sauyin yanayi zuwa ƙalubalen shari'a, masu alaka da dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, doka mai zaman kanta., Dokar kariyar mabukaci ko haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin shari'o'i da hanyoyin da suka yi nasara sun mayar da hankali kan inganta bukatun adalci na yanayi da motsin yanayi na matasa.
Ana samun karuwar shari'o'in masu fafutuka cikin nasara a kotunan duniya. Rahoton shari'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017 ya gano kararraki 884 a cikin kasashe 24, ciki har da kararraki 654 a Amurka da kuma kararraki 230 a duk sauran kasashe. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, adadin kararrakin ya kusan ninki biyu zuwa akalla 1,550 kararrakin sauyin yanayi da aka shigar a kasashe 38 (39 ciki har da kotunan Tarayyar Turai), tare da kusan kararraki 1,200 da aka shigar a Amurka kuma sama da 350 sun gabatar da gaba daya. sauran kasashen hade.
Nau'in ayyuka
Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da'awar doka guda biyar:
Tsakanin gwamnatoci da kamfanoni
A Amurka, Abokan Duniya, GreenPeace tare da biranen Boulder, Arcata da Oakland sun yi nasara a kan Bankin shigo da shigo da kaya na Amurka da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ketare ( kamfanonin mallakar gwamnatin Amurka ). wadanda aka zarge su da bayar da kudaden ayyukan burbushin mai da ke da illa ga kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya saba wa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (da aka shigar a shekara ta 2002 kuma ta zauna a 2009).
A cikin 2016, wata ƙungiyar gwamnati ta Philippines (Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan adam) ta ƙaddamar da bincike a hukumance game da sauyin yanayi a kan 47 na manyan masu samar da carbon a duniya. An gano cewa a cikin 2019 kamfanonin mai suna da alhakin doka don magance sauyin yanayi kuma ana iya ɗaukar alhakin lalacewa.
A cikin 2017, Saul Luciano Lliuya ya kai karar RWE don kare garinsa na Huaraz daga wani tafkin da ke kumbura a cikin hadarin ambaliya.
A cikin 2017, San Francisco, Oakland da sauran al'ummomin bakin teku na California sun kai ƙarar kamfanonin man fetur da yawa don haɓaka matakan teku.
A cikin 2018, birnin New York ya sanar da cewa yana ɗaukar kamfanonin man fetur guda biyar ( BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips da Shell ) zuwa kotun tarayya saboda gudunmawar da suka bayar ga sauyin yanayi (wanda birnin ya riga ya sha wahala).
Ostiraliya
Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, Ostiraliya ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan adadin kararraki a duniya, tare da kusan shari'o'i 200.
Jamhuriyar Ireland
A cikin Yuli 2020, Abokan Muhalli na Irish sun yi nasara a kan gwamnatin Irish saboda gazawar daukar isassun matakai don magance yanayin yanayi da rikicin muhalli. Kotun kolin Ireland ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bai isa ba, tare da ƙayyadad da cewa ba ta ba da cikakkun bayanai kan yadda za ta rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ba.
Netherlands
Netherlands ta kuduri aniyar rage fitar da iskar carbon dioxide daga matakan 1990 da kashi 49 cikin 100 nan da 2030 tare da maƙasudan tsaka-tsaki daban-daban. Koyaya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Holland ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙasar za ta rasa manufofinta na 2020.
A cikin 2012, lauyan Dutch Roger Cox ya ba da ra'ayin sa baki na shari'a don tilasta aiwatar da sauyin yanayi   A cikin 2013, Gidauniyar Urgenda, tare da masu shigar da kara na 900, sun shigar da kara a kan Gwamnatin Netherlands "don rashin daukar matakan da suka dace don rage yawan iskar gas da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi mai haɗari."
A shekara ta 2015, Kotun Lardi na Hague ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnatin Netherlands ta ƙara yin ƙoƙari don rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi don kare 'yan ƙasa daga sauyin yanayi (Urgenda weather case). An kwatanta shi a matsayin "hukunce-hukuncen da aka riga aka kafa" kuma a matsayin "kwatun abin alhaki na farko a duniya."
A cewar James Thornton, babban jami'in Client Earth, "Mafi mahimmanci, yana dogara ne akan mahimmancin kimiyya da aka kafa da kuma tsohuwar ka'idar aikin kulawa na gwamnati. Wannan dalili yana aiki a kowane tsarin doka kuma tabbas kotuna za su yi amfani da su a wasu ƙasashe." A shekara ta 2018, wata kotun daukaka kara a birnin Hague ta amince da hukuncin da aka kafa wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin kasar Holland kara kaimi wajen dakile fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar ta Netherlands.
A watan Disamba 2019, Kotun Koli ta Netherlands ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke kan daukaka kara. Don haka, ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne gwamnati ta rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 25% daga matakan 1990 zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, bisa la'akari da cewa sauyin yanayi na haifar da hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam.
A cikin Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell, yanke hukunci a watan Mayu 2021, kotun gundumar Hague ta umarci Royal Dutch Shell da ta yanke iskar carbon da take fitarwa da kashi 45% a ƙarshen 2030 idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2019, kuma ta tabbatar da alhakin. na kamfanin don iyakokin 3 hayaki, misali, hayaki daga masu kaya da abokan cinikin samfuransa.
Belgium
A watan Yunin 2021, bayan shafe shekaru 6 ana gwabza shari'a, Kotun matakin farko ta yanke hukuncin cewa yanayin da gwamnatin Belgium ke hari ba su da yawa don haka "sun keta haƙƙin rayuwa (Mataki na 2) da haƙƙin mutunta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu. rayuwar iyali (tashi na 8)" na Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam.
Ƙasar Ingila
A watan Disamba na 2020, wasu 'yan Burtaniya uku, Marina Tricks, Adetola Onamade, Jerry Amokwandoh, da kungiyar agaji ta sauyin yanayi, Plan B, sun sanar da cewa suna daukar matakin shari'a a kan gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda gaza daukar kwararan matakai don magance matsalar yanayi da muhalli. Masu shigar da kara sun sanar da cewa za su yi zargin cewa ci gaba da bayar da tallafin da gwamnati ke yi na samar da albarkatun mai a Burtaniya da sauran kasashe ya zama take hakkinsu na rayuwa da na rayuwar iyali, da kuma keta yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma dokar sauyin yanayi ta Burtaniya ta 2008.
Stewart Barrowclough
Stewart Barrowclough (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
Amurka
Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2020, Amurka tana da mafi yawan shari'o'in da ake jira tare da sama da 1000 a tsarin kotuna. Misalai sun haɗa da girma da Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli. A cikin kasar Amurka, shari'ar canjin yanayi tana magance manyan dokokin da ake da su don yin da'awarsu, yawancinsu suna mai da hankali kan masu zaman kansu da dokokin gudanarwa. Shahararrun manyan dokokin da ake amfani da su su ne NEPA (Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa), inda aka shigar da kararraki 322 a karkashin ikonta, Dokar Tsabtace Jiragen Sama, tare da kararraki 215 a karkashinta, Dokar Kare Kare Kare, tare da kara 163 a karkashin ikonta.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Nau'in Daban Daban
A cikin shari'ar Dokar Kare Haruffa (ESA), Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee v. Hill, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa ESA ta umurci hukumomin tarayya don tabbatar da ayyukansu kada su lalata kowane nau'in da aka jera a cikin hadari a cikin ESA. Kamar yadda sauyin yanayi babbar barazana ce ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, masu fafutukar yanayi sun sami damar amfani da ESA don kai hari ga waɗanda ke hanzarta canjin yanayi. canjin yanayi waɗanda ke amfani da ESA da farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan labarai na 7 da 9 na mutum-mutumi. Mataki na 7 ya bayyana cewa duk ayyukan da hukumomin tarayya ke aiwatarwa dole ne su kasance da wuya su kawo cikas ga ci gaba da wanzuwa ko haifar da lalata nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Mataki na 9 ya mayar da hankali ba kawai ga hukumomin tarayya ba amma kowa da kowa, yana hana ɗaukar kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na kowane bangare, na tarayya, jiha, ko masu zaman kansu. Ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar canjin yanayi suka ɗauka suna yin barazana ga dabbobin da aka jera a cikin ESA, masu fafutukar yanayi suna iya amfani da ESA don dakatar da ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.
Mataki na farko ga masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi shine tabbatar da cewa an jera nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi a cikin ESA ta Hukumar Kifi da namun daji (FWS). Yawancin lokaci wannan kadai na iya zama tsari mai tsayi. A cikin Disamba 2005 Cibiyar Diversity na Halittu ta haɗu tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu na Amurka (Greenpeace da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa) don neman a jera Arctic Polar Bear akan ESA. FWS a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Bush ta shimfiɗa tsarin tsawon shekaru, ta ɓace maɓalli masu mahimmanci da yawa da kuma jera nau'in a matsayin "barazana" maimakon haɗari yayin da kimiyya ta kasance a fili don goyon bayan jerin abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari. Fuskantar matsin lamba na jama'a da haɗin gwiwar kimiyya FWS a hukumance ta jera nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Mayu 2008.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa, ko NEPA, ta gane cewa ayyukan da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na iya yin tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna buƙatar duk hukumomin tarayya su yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli lokacin yin "manyan ayyukan tarayya". Ana iya yin wannan ko dai ta hanyar kimanta muhalli (EA) ko kuma ingantaccen bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS), yadda cikakken nazarin ya dogara da yanayin aikin da aka tsara. NEPA ba ta buƙatar canjin yanayi ko iskar gas a duk faɗin EA da EIS, amma yawancin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi za su kai kara a ƙarƙashin NEPA suna masu cewa tasirin da ya shafi sauyin yanayi ya isa ya kamata a haɗa su.
Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana
Ghana tana samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin lantarki, burbushin mai (makamashin thermal), da kuma hanyoyin samarda makamashi. Samar da wutar lantarki na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar ta Ghana, tare da haɓaka da haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri; Yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na kasar ta Ghana ya kai awanni 265 a kowace kwata a cikin shekarar 2009.
Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Tsabtace Iska
A cikin 2009 jihar California ta sami damar yin amfani da CAA don ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin hayaƙin abin hawa fiye da daidaitattun ƙasa, wanda da sauri ya haifar da gwamnatin Obama ta ɗauki waɗannan tsauraran ƙa'idodin hayaƙi a matakin ƙasa. An kira waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Man Fetur (CAFE) kuma sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin GHGs.
Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana
Ghana na fitar da wasu makamashin da ta samu zuwa wasu kasashen. Bayar da wutar lantarki yana karkashin ayyukan Kamfanin Grid na Ghana. Rabon wutar yana karkashin Kamfanin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki na Arewa da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ghana.
Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
Massachusetts v. EPA
Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na shari'ar canjin yanayi shine Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a cikin 2007. Jihohin Amurka da dama ne suka kawo karar a gaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) bayan EPA ta ki daidaita carbon dioxide da sauran hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a matsayin wani bangare na aikinsu a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (CAA) a 2003. Hukumar ta EPA ta yi jayayya cewa ikonsu a karkashin dokar tsaftar iska ita ce ta tsara “masu gurɓata iska”, wanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas ba su faɗo a ƙarƙashinsa ba, don haka ba za a iya amfani da ƙa'idodi ba. Jihohi, kamar Massachusetts, sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan hayaƙi na iya haifar da lahani da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ga jihohinsu, kamar ta hanyar haɓakar matakan teku, don haka ya kamata a kalli fitar da hayakin a matsayin mai cutarwa a ƙarƙashin CAA kuma cikin ikon EPA na daidaitawa. Yayin da EPA da farko ta yi nasara a Kotun Daukaka Kara, Kotun Koli, a kan yanke shawara na 5-4, ta amince da jihohin cewa an nuna carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas na cutarwa, kuma ya buƙaci EPA ta tsara su.
Juliana v. Amurka
A cikin 2015, da dama daga cikin matasan Amirka, da Ƙungiyarmu ta Yara ta wakilta, sun shigar da ƙarar gwamnatin Amurka a cikin 2015, suna masu cewa za a cutar da rayuwarsu a nan gaba saboda gazawar gwamnati don rage sauyin yanayi. Duk da yake an shigar da kararraki iri ɗaya kuma kotuna ta kore su saboda dalilai da yawa, Juliana v. Amurka ta samu karbuwa lokacin da wata alƙali Ann Aiken ta yanke hukuncin cewa shari'ar tana da cancantar ta ci gaba, kuma "tsarin yanayi da zai iya dorewar rayuwar ɗan adam" wani hakki ne na asali a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Tuni dai gwamnatin Amurka ta yi yunƙurin yin watsi da shari'ar ta hanyar ƙalubalen kalubale daban-daban ga binciken Aiken, amma har yanzu ana jiran matakin da kotu ta ɗauka.
Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam
A cikin Satumba 2019, gungun yara shida da matasa daga Portugal sun shigar da kara a Kotun Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam. Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Biritaniya Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) ta goyi bayansu, suna jayayya cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar tsauraran matakan sauyin yanayi don kiyaye lafiyar jikinsu da tunaninsu na gaba. Kotun ta bukaci gwamnatocin kasashen Turai 33 da su yi bayani nan da watan Fabrairun 2021 ko gazawarsu na magance dumamar yanayi ya saba wa Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.
Wasu kasashe
Bayan gagarumin hukuncin da Netherlands ta yanke a shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyoyi a wasu ƙasashe sun gwada irin wannan tsarin shari'a.   Misali, kungiyoyi sun je kotu domin kare mutane daga sauyin yanayi a Brazil,  Belgium,  India,  New Zealand, Norway,  Afirka ta Kudu,  Switzerland  da kuma Amurka
A Pakistan a cikin 2015 Babban Kotun Lahore ta yanke hukunci a Asghar Leghari vs. Tarayyar Pakistan cewa gwamnati na keta manufofin sauyin yanayi na ƙasa na 2012 da Tsarin Aiwatar da Manufofin Canjin Yanayi (2014-2030) ta hanyar gaza cimma manufofin da manufofin suka tsara. Dangane da haka, an bukaci kafa hukumar sauyin yanayi domin taimakawa Pakistan cimma burinta na yanayi.
Wasu gungun yara a Colombia sun kai karar gwamnati don kare dazuzzukan Amazon daga sare dazuzzukan saboda gudunmuwar sarewar da ake yi wajen sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa dajin Colombian "batun hakki ne" da ke buƙatar kariya da maidowa.
Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana
Tarihi
Tashar wutar lantarki ta gaba da za a kafa ita ce Cape Coast a cikin 1932. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Ghana ta karɓi wannan a cikin 1947. An ba da tashar samarda wutar lantarki ta Ghana a Swedru a 1948 kuma wannan ya biyo bayan girka shuke-shuke a Akim Oda, Dunkwa-on-Offin da Bolgatanga a 1948. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1949, an samar da wutar lantarki a Nsawam ta hanyar gina layin watsa daga sama daga Accra. Rashin wutar lantarki na Keta wanda aka sanya shi cikin shirin ya sami jinkiri saboda matsalolin ma'aikata kuma ba a ƙaddamar da shi ba har zuwa 1955.
Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi
Wasu kasashe
A cikin 2020, wata shari'ar kotun gudanarwa a Faransa, ta buƙaci gwamnatin Macron da ta sake duba manufofinsu don magance sauyin yanayi don tabbatar da cewa suna da mahimmanci don cika alkawuran yarjejeniyar Paris.
Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana
Tarihi
An ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema a cikin 1956 tare da samfurin kilowatts 3 x 650 (870 hp) na samar da dizal. Tashar wutar Ho ta biyo baya a 1957 kuma daga 1961-64. An faɗaɗa tashar wutar Tema zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfin kilowatts 35,298 (47,335 hp), saboda haka, yana mai yiwuwa ya zama babbar tashar samar da mai ta diesel a Afirka.
A shekarar 1994, karfin samarda Ghana ya kai kimanin 1,187GW, kuma yawan abin da ake samarwa a shekara ya kai kimanin 4.49GW. Babban tushen wadatar shine Hukumar Volta River tare da injinan lantarki 127MW shida da aka girka a Akosombo Hydroelectric Project. A wannan lokacin, wannan aikin ya samar da yawancin wutar lantarki da aka cinye a Ghana, kusan kashi 60 cikin ɗari wanda Kungiyar Aluminium ta Volta (Valco) ta saya don ƙarata. Fitar da tashar wutar lantarki ta kai kimanin tan 180,000 na mai a cikin 1991.
Ididdigar wutar lantarkin ta Ghana an samar da ita ne ta injunan dizal mallakar Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana, na kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai, kuma ta wata tashar samar da ruwa mai karfin 160MW a Kpong, kimanin kilomita 40 ta gangara daga Akosombo. An yi nazarin madatsar ruwa ta uku a Bui a kan Kogin Black Volta kuma an kammala ta a cikin 2013.
Sauran rukunin yanar gizon da ke da karfin samar da lantarki, a kan Kogin Pra (Ghana), da Kogin Tano, da White Volta River, da Kogin Ankobra, suma zasu buƙaci saka hannun jari mai yawa.
Ghana ta yi yunƙurin ƙara rarraba wutar lantarkin ta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da Ghana ta ƙaddamar zai samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki a cikin birane da kudancin ƙasar. Bugu da kari, an ba da aikin fadada layin sadarwar kasa zuwa yankin Arewa a shekarar 1989. Fadada aikin ya danganta arewacin Ghana da ikon da aka samu daga Madatsar ruwan Akosombo. Kashi na biyu na fadada aikin zai hade manyan garuruwa a yankin Upper East da Bolgatanga babban birnin yankin, kan kudi dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Mataki na karshe zai ga fitar da lantarki daga iyakar Ghana zuwa Burkina-Faso. A farkon 1991 Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana ya fara fadada hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Accra kuma kamfanin na Ghana na da niyyar fadada samar da wutar zuwa dukkan cibiyoyin da ke kebe a Ghana inda man dizel shi ne babban tushen samar da wuta. An kuma shirya wani shiri na kara samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da makamashin zafin sannan kuma ana sa ran ginawa a karshen shekarar 1994 a kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na farko a kusa da Sekondi-Takoradi kuma an shirya kammala shi a shekarar 1997, kamfanin ya ba da gudummawar wutar lantarki 300MW ga Ghana tsarin kasa.
Tun daga 2007, Ghana ta zama mai fitar da wutar lantarki kuma tun daga 2011 ta kasance mai fitar da danyen mai, da iskar gas, da kuma janareta na lantarki ta hanyar makamashin zafi, da wutar lantarki, da hasken rana da kuma kuzarin sabuntawa tun daga 2012.
Danyen mai da kuma iskar gas
Ghana na samar da gas mai nauyin cubic miliyan 140-200 a kowace rana kuma a cikin ta an hana samar da iskar gas a Ghana daga cikakken damar samarwa tun daga watan Disambar 2012, saboda jinkirin gina matatar iskar gas ta Ghana a Sekondi-Takoradi wanda aka tsara za a kammala shi a watan Disambar 2012 kuma yanzu an shirya kammala shi a watan Disambar 2013, kuma saboda hakan ne ya haifar da barkewar iskar gas kuma Ghana ta yi asarar daruruwan miliyoyi a rana tun Disambar 2012 a cikin kudaden shiga daga samar da iskar gas. Tun watan Disambar 2012 biliyoyin daloli a shekara suka yi asara daga GDP na Ghana saboda jinkirin da ake yi na gina matatar iskar gas a Sekondi-Takoradi.
An gano wani filin mai na Ghana wanda aka ruwaito yana dauke da gangar mai biliyan 3 (480,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a 2007, kuma a cewar gwamnatin Ghana, kasar za ta iya fadada yawan mai da ya kai ganga biliyan 5 (790,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a cikin yan shekaru kadan.
Ghana na fitar da gangar danyen mai 200,000 a kowace rana a kan matsakaita daga ganga miliyan 1-2 na danyen mai a kowace rana, da kuma kudin shigar da ake hako danyen mai na dala biliyan 30 a shekara; kamar yadda yake tare da Angola, ita ma mai samar da danyen mai, tana da ganga miliyan 2 na danyen mai a kowace rana kuma tana samun dala biliyan 33.7 da ake tsammani a duk shekara a kudaden shigar danyen mai.
Babban tasirin tattalin arziki daga burbushin halittu a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana ya fara ne daga rubu'in farko na shekarar 2011 lokacin da Ghana ta fara samar da danyen mai da iskar gas a yawan kasuwanci kuma masana'antar danyen mai ta Ghana tana da kashi 6% na kudin shigar Ghana na 2011. Ana ci gaba da binciken Mai da Gas a ƙasar Ghana kuma adadin ɗanyen mai da iskar gas a Gana yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.
Makamashin rana
Babban hoto (PV) da kuma babbar tashar samar da hasken rana a Afirka, aikin Nzema, wanda yake a Ghana, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000. Kamfanin 155MW zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 6%.
Aikin gini a kan GH ¢ 740 miliyan (GB£ 248 million) da kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana na 4 a duniya, ana bunkasa shi ne ta kamfanin Blue Energy, wani kamfani ne mai sabunta makamashi na samar da makamashi, wanda mambobi ne na, Stadium Group, babban kamfani mai zaman kansa na Turai da kamfanin ci gaba tare da fam biliyan £ 2.5 karkashin kulawa. Daraktan aikin shine Douglas Coleman, daga Mere Power Nzema Ltd, Ghana.
Sabanin sauran ayyukan samar da hasken rana a Afirka wadanda ke amfani da karfin hasken rana, tsirrai masu amfani da hasken rana za su yi amfani da fasahar daukar hoto (PV) don sauya hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa lantarki. Girkawar fiye da 630,000 masu amfani da hasken rana na PV za ta fara a ƙarshen 2017.
Tun daga watan Agusta 2015, aikin yana ci gaba.
Makamashin iska
Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki da kuma amfani da hasken rana, kasar ta Ghana tana kuma samar da wasu makamashi masu yawa, sauran nau'ikan makamashi da ke samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana sune makamashin iska, da na geothermal da kuma na biomass. Manufa ce ta masana'antar makamashi ta Ghana a samu kashi 10% na curin makamashin na Ghana ya fito ne daga kafofin da za a iya sabuntawa (ba tare da kidaya wutar lantarki mai karfi ba) a shekarar 2015, ko kuma a karshen shekarar 2020.
Ghana tana da albarkatun iska na aji 4-6 da wuraren da iska mai karfi take - kamar Nkwanta, da Accra Plains, da Kwahu da Gambaga. Matsakaicin ƙarfin da za'a samu daga albarkatun iska na Ghana don wutar lantarki an kiyasta ya kai kimanin 500 - 600 GWh / shekara. Don bayar da hangen nesa - A cikin 2011, daga wannan Hukumar Makamashi, babbar madatsar ruwa ta Akosombo a cikin Gana kawai ta samar da GWhrs 6,495 na wutar lantarki kuma, ana kirga dukkan albarkatun da ke samar da makamashi a Ghana gaba daya, duka makamashin da aka samar ya kai GWhrs 11,200 a wannan shekarar.
Waɗannan ƙididdigar ba sa la'akari da ƙarin iyakance abubuwan kamar ƙuntatawa-amfani da ƙasa, grid ɗin da ake ciki (ko yadda nisan albarkatun iska zai iya kasancewa daga layin wutar) da kuma isa. Karfin iska yana da damar bayar da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar makamashin ƙasar - tabbas za a iya samun kashi 10 cikin 100 dangane da ƙarfin shigar da shi, kuma kusan 5% na ƙarfin samar da lantarki daga iska kawai.
Bio makamashi
Ghana ta tsara wasu dabaru don jawo hankalin masu saka jari a bangarorin ta na zamani da kuma makamashi domin karfafa ci gaban karkara, samar da ayyukan yi da kuma adana kudaden kasashen waje.
Kasar da ake nomawa da taɓarɓarewar ƙasar ta Ghana na da damar noman albarkatun gona da tsire-tsire waɗanda za a iya canza su zuwa nau'ikan makamashi masu ƙarfi da ruwa, kamar yadda haɓakar wasu hanyoyin zirga-zirgar keɓaɓɓu na iya taimaka wa Ghana ta faɗaɗa da kuma tabbatar da ita samar da makamashi na gaba. Babban saka hannun jari a cikin karamin sashin makamashi ya wanzu a fannonin samarwa, sune sufuri, ajiya, rarrabawa, sayarwa, kasuwanci da fitarwa.
Tsarin zai tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu saka jari a fannin noman bio-fuel, hakar mai da kuma tace shi a cikin kayayyakin na biyu, ta haka ne zai samar da hanyoyin da suka dace na kudi da haraji. Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta Ghana ta samar da kwarin gwiwa na kasafin kudi don cigaban makamashi daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sannan kuma yayi bayani dalla-dalla game da sarrafawa da gudanar da aiyukan samar da mai da bishiyoyi a Ghana. Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Ghana (NPA) ta yi aiki da Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta 2011 don ta sanya farashin kayan mai na kasar ta Ghana bisa ga tsarin farashin mai.
Haɗakar tasirin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziƙin duniya, ya haifar da da hanzari tsakanin masu tsara manufofin Ghana, masana'antu da masu neman ci gaba don nemo ɗorewa da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da mai.
A halin yanzu, Brazil, wacce ke samar da ethanol daga masara da dawa, ita ce babbar kasuwar mai a duniya.
Fernando Bob
Fernando Paixão da Silva (an haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1988), wanda aka fi sani da Fernando Bob, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida na Boavista.
Klub din
A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2015, Fernando Bob ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da babban kulob din Internacional. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, bayan da ba a cika amfani da shi ba, ya koma Ponte a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen shekara.
A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Fernando Bob ya shiga Minnesota United FC a Major League Soccer. Minnesota ta saki Bob a ƙarshen ƙarshen 2018 kakar su.
Société Nigérienne de Transports de Voyageurs
Société Nigérienne de Transports de Voyageurs ko SNTV (Hausa: Kamfanin Sufurin Fasinjoji na Najeriya) kamfani ne na bas da kamfanin sufuri na jama'a.
Aiki
SNTV tana aiki da tsarin kocin kasa da kasa mai iyaka, da kuma "Gare Routieres" ko "Autogares": Kocin, mota, kuma tashoshin taksi da aka samu a yawancin biranen Najeriya. A cikin al'umma ba tare da tsarin dogo ba kuma ba su da mallakar mota, SNTV da masu horar da motoci masu zaman kansu, bas, da taksi sune babbar hanyar tafiye-tafiye ga yawancin 'yan Najeriya.
Tarihi
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa SNTV "ba ta fuskanci manyan hatsarori ba tun shekara ce".
Hanyoyi
Hanyoyin sabis na cikin gida:
Owoye Andrew Azazi
Owoye Andrew Azazi Rtr (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekara alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu1952 A.C- 5 ga watan Disamban na shekara ta 2012) ya kasance babban Jami'in tsaron Nijeriya ne, wanda ya riƙe muƙamin National Security Adviser na Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan, yayi Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) na Nigeria, da kuma Chief of Army Staff (COAS). Kafin nadashi a matsayin (COAS), shine General Officer Commanding (GOC) na 1 Division, dake Jihar Kaduna.
Juan José Martín-Bravo
Juan José Martín-Bravo ɗan gwagwarmayar sauyin yanayi ne na ƙasar Chile. Shine shugaban CVerde, Babban sakatare ne na COY15 (Taron Matasan Duniya)
A cikin 2018, an ba Cverde lambar yabo ta Kasa ta Chile. Shi dalibi ne a Pontificia Universidad Católica.
A cikin 2019, ya kasance wakilin matasa na sauyin yanayi zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Shi ɗan takara ne na Majalisar Kasa ta Chile. Shi memba ne na jam'iyyar Independientes No Neutrales.
Assodé
Assodé gari ne a tsaunukan Aïr da ayanzu ke a Arewacin Nijar. An kirkiri garin ne a karni na shadaya, da dadewa shine birni mafi muhimmaci tsakanin Abzinawa dake a yankin. Sakamakon rikicin da akayi na Kaocen a 1917 birnin ya durkushe kuma jama'a suka kaurace ma garin. A yanzu gineginen garin sun zama wani waje na yan yawon bude idanu a Nijar.
Wasanni a Ƙasar Kenya
Wasanni muhimman bangare ne na al'adun Kenya. Wasannin gargajiya iri-iri sun yi galaba a al'adun Kenya tun daga farkon tarihinsu. Wasu daga cikin wasannin gargajiya da aka yi a Kenya tun da daɗewa sun haɗa da kokawa, atisayen tsere, faɗan sanda, farauta (amfani da mashi da kibiyoyi), wasannin allo, fadan bijimi da raye-raye.
Yawancin wasanni na zamani a Kenya suna da bashi ga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Biritaniya da ƴan kwangilar Asiya ne suka shirya su tun a shekarar 1922, kafin a kafa makarantu na yau da kullum. An gabatar da wasanni a makarantu a cikin shekarar 1925. An kuma samar da tsarin koyar da wasanni ta hanyar horar da jiki a makarantu (ayyukan karin karatu) a cikin shekarar 1935. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da wasannin motsa jiki (waƙa da filin wasa) bi da bi su ne wasanni na farko da aka tsara su cikin ƙwarewa.
A yau, wasanni da yawa sun shahara a Kenya, ana buga su a cikin fasaha da kuma ayyukan motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Wasan da ya fi shahara a Kenya shi ne ƙwallon kafa. Wasannin da ake yi a Kenya a yau sun haɗa da wasannin motsa jiki (waƙa & filin sauran abubuwan da suka faru), wasan kurket, wasan hockey filin, wasanni na motsa jiki, Ƙwallon ƙafar, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙungiyar rugby, wasan ƙwallon raga, ƙwallon kwando, ninkaya da ruwa, ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, masu zagaye, ƙwallon baseball, harbi. Softball, Keke, Martial Arts ( dambe, Shotokan karate, Goju Ryu karate, Shorin Ryu karate, kickboxing, judo, Mantis kenPo da taekwondo ), Lawn Tennis, Tebur Tennis, Squash, Badminton, Golf, Canoeing, Goalse, Chess Hawan doki/Dawaki, Polo, Kiwan nauyi, Kokawa, Archery, Wasannin Roller, Ice Hockey da Wasannin Dutse - Kenya. A duniya baki ɗaya, an san Kenya da rinjaye a tseren tsaka-tsaki da na nesa.
Wasannin guje-guje (waƙa & filin wasa da abubuwan gudu)
Wasan motsa jiki (waƙa da filin wasa) na ɗaya daga cikin wasanni na zamani guda biyu (tare da ƙwallon ƙafa) da za a shirya bisa ƙa'ida a Kenya. Kasar Kenya ta saba fitar da zakarun wasannin Olympics da na Commonwealth a wasannin nesa daban-daban, musamman a cikin 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m da marathon. 'Yan wasan Kenya (musamman Kalenjin ) na ci gaba da mamaye duniyar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, duk da cewa gasar daga Maroko da Habasha ta rage wannan matsayi. Shahararrun 'yan wasan Kenya sun hada da 'yar tseren gudun fanfalaki na Boston sau hudu na mata da Catherine Ndereba wacce ta zama zakara a duniya sau biyu, da Paul Tergat mai rike da kambun Marathon na duniya, da John Ngugi. Tambayar dalilin da yasa 'yan Kenya suka mamaye tseren nesa ya haifar da bayanai daban-daban da suka shafi yanayin yanayi, ko tsarin kashi, ko abinci.
Bibiyar abubuwan da suka faru
Zakaran Olympic da na Commonwealth Kipchoge Keino mai ritaya ya taimaka wajen kawo daular nesa ta Kenya a shekarar 1970 sannan kuma zakaran Commonwealth Henry Rono ya biyo bayan jerin wasannin da ya yi a duniya.
Kasar Kenya ta samu lambobin yabo da dama a lokacin gasar Olympics ta Beijing, da zinare 6, da azurfa 4 da tagulla 4, ta zama kasa mafi nasara a Afirka a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2008. Sabbin 'yan wasa sun sami kulawa, irin su Pamela Jelimo, 'yar tseren zinare na mita 800 na mata wanda ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar zinare, da Samuel Wanjiru wanda ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaki na maza.
Ketare kasa
'Yan tseren kasar Kenya sun mamaye gasar cin kofin kasashen duniya ta IAAF a cikin karnin da suka gabata, inda kasar Habasha ta yi kaca-kaca da gasar; daga shekarar 1986 zuwa ta 2011, shekarar da ta wuce ana gudanar da gasar a duk shekara, 'yan wasan Kenya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 24, ciki har da 18 a jere, har Habasha ta lashe gasar a 2004-2005. Tawagar kananan maza ta lashe kofuna 23 tun daga shekarar 1988, kuma kungiyar mata ta samu nasara sau hudu a jere tun shekarar 2009. Kananan matan Kenya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 15. Sau biyar – a shekarar 1991 (Belgium), shekarar 1993 (Spain), shekarar 1995 (United Kingdom), shekarar 1996 (Afirka ta Kudu) da shekarar 2010 (Poland) – Kenya ta kasance zakara a gasar maza da mata na manya da kanana.
Maza uku ne kacal a Kenya suka lashe kambun gasar cin kofin duniya a gasar ta maza, kuma biyu daga cikinsu sun lashe kambi da dama. John Ngugi ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau biyar (1986–1989, 1992). Paul Tergat dan kasar ya zama mutum na farko da ya yi nasara sau biyar a jere (1995–1999). Edith Masai ta lashe gasar gajeriyar tseren mata mai tsawon kilomita 4 sau uku a jere (2003–2004).
Marathon
Masu tsere daga Kenya sun yi gudu bakwai daga cikin 10 mafi sauri na mil 26.2. Har ila yau, sun kasance daga cikin mafi daidaiton nasara a gasar Marathon ta Duniya : Boston, New York, London, Berlin, Chicago da Tokyo. Yawan wadanda suka yi nasara a tseren marathon sune Kalenjin.
Marathon na Boston
Ibrahim Hussein ya lashe gasar gudun Marathon na Boston na farko a karo uku a shekarar 1988, kasa da shekara guda bayan ya lashe tseren gudun hijira na birnin New York. Hussein zai sami nasara baya-baya a Boston a 1991–1992. Mutanen Kenya sun karya kaset a gasar Marathon ta Boston sau 20 tun daga shekarar 1988, ciki har da sau 10 a jere daga shekarar 1991 zuwa ta 2000. Matan Kenya sun samu nasara sau 10 a Boston, hudu daga cikinsu mace daya ce. Fitattun masu nasara:
Manazarta
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Rodny Lopes Cabral
Rodny Lopes Cabral (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a kulob ɗin SVV Scheveningen. An haife shi a Netherlands, Lopes Cabral yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verde.
Aikin kulob
A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2017, Lopes Cabral ya fara zama na farko a cikin Eerste Divisie, a cikin wasan SC Telstar da FC Eindhoven.
A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli 2019, Lopes Cabral ya koma kulob din Politehnica Iași na Liga kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da bangaren Romania.
Nelson Muguku
Nelson Muguku Njoroge ɗan kasuwan Kenya ne, mai saka jari kuma ɗaya daga cikin attajiran ƙasar.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Muguku a shekarar 1932 a kauyen Kanyariri dake yankin Kikuyu a gundumar Kiambu ga mahaifinsa Njoroge da mahaifiyarsa Mama Wambui. Halin kasuwanci na mahaifinsa ya kasance mabuɗin zance ga rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe. Muguku ya zana jarrabawar share fage ta Afirka ta Kenya a Makarantar Intermediate ta Kabete. Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyu da yake yin jarrabawar kuma sakamakon da ya samu ya kai ga zargin magudi da kuma soke sakamakonsa da masu mulkin mallaka suka yi. An umarce shi da shiga azuzuwan aikin kafinta a Thika Technical School daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1953.
Aiki
Muguku ya fara aikin kafinta ne a makarantar Kapenguria Intermediate School kafin daga bisani a mayar da shi Kwalejin koyarwa ta Kabianga (yanzu Kabianga High School). A shekara ta 1957, yana ɗan shekara 24 kuma ba tare da son iyayensa ba, ya daina koyarwa don mayar da hankali kan sana’ar kiwon kaji da ya fara a shekara guda da ta gabata da kaji biyu kacal, da zakara da kuma KShs 2,000. Ya kuma nuna jin haushin yadda ake bukatar karin horo idan yana son samun karin girma a aikin amma hakan bai samu ba lokacin da ya samu karin horo. Ya fara kiwon kajin da taimakon mahaifinsa. Matar Muguku za ta bar aikin koyarwa a makarantar firamare ta Kagaa Githunguri a shekarar 1963 domin ta taimaka masa wajen gudanar da sana’ar.
Muguku Poultry Farm
A shekara ta 1965, Muguku ya sayi gonar Star Ltd mai girman eka 22 daga wani likitan dabbobi akan kudi Kshs 100,000. Ya canza wa gonar suna Muguku Poultry Farm kuma ya fara aikin kyankyashewa da injin kwai 9,000. Kasuwancin da yake girma ya gan shi a lokaci guda yana ba da ƙwai ga Gwamna-Janar Malcolm MacDonald da Firayim Minista na farko Jomo Kenyatta. A yau, gidan gona na iya kyankyashe kaji 500,000 a rana sannan kuma yana karbar shanun kiwo da kuma gonaki.
Kasuwar hannayen jari
Muguku ƙwararren mai saka hannun jari ne a cikin ƙididdiga daban-daban a Musanya Securities na Nairobi. Duk da haka, saboda hannun jarinsa na Bankin Equity ne aka fi saninsa. Ya samu hannun jarin kashi 6.08% kafin a jera bankin kuma ya kasance babban mai hannun jarin bankin tsawon shekaru. A shekarar 2014, dangin Muguku sun rage hannun jarin su a bankin zuwa kashi 0.9% wanda darajarsu ta kai KShs biliyan 1.6 (daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 17 a lokacin).
Gidajen Gidaje
Muguku ya mallaki gini a titin Mfangano a cikin garin Nairobi kuma ya kasance babban mai dukiya a garin Kikuyu. A shekarar 2014, ta hanyar Crossroads Limited, dangin Muguku sun fara aikin ginin kashi na 1 na Karen Waterfront mall a kan farashin Kshs biliyan 2.6 (daidai da dalar Amurka miliyan 28 a lokacin). Iyalin kuma sun mallaki Kasuwar Crossroads a wannan yanki.
Makarantu
Muguku ya kasance mai kula da makarantun firamare guda biyu (Kidfarmaco da Kikuyu Township) da makarantar sakandare daya (Makarantar Tumaini wacce a da ake kira Greenacres School).
Tallafawa
Muguku ya gina Cocin Anglican a Kikuyu ciki har da gidan faston. Ya taimaka wajen gyara yaran da ke kan titi a garin Kikuyu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Muguku ya auri Leah Wanjiku kuma sun haifi ‘ya’ya bakwai. Kihumbu Thairu, mataimakin shugaban jami'a kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Presbyterian ta Gabashin Afirka, ƙanin Muguku ne.
Mutuwa
Muguku ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2010 yana da shekaru 78 a duniya. Ya kasance mai ciwon sukari.
Tsuntsu
Tsuntsu (namiji), Tsuntsuwa (mace), Tsuntsaye (jam'i), amma Bahaushe kan yi amfani da kalmar Tsuntsu ne akasari wajen yin ishara da jam'i na kowanne kala na tsintsaye. Tsuntsu na daga rukuni na Dabbobi masu kashin baya wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar dabbar nan wato Jegare. Suna da fuka-fukai hakan suna da gashi sannan kuma suna tashi sama. Akasarin tsuntsaye na wannan karnin basu da hakora hakanan kuma sunayin kwai, kuma a sama bisa kan bishiyoyi suke yin rayuwar su. Girman jiki na tsuntsaye ya kama ne daga santimita 5 zuwa muta 2.70.
Nau'ikan tsuntaye
Akwai nau'ika na tsuntsaye daban-daban a sassan duniya, kama daga manya zuwa kanana.
Wanna teburin ya kawo sunayen tsuntsaye ne da kuma yadda ake furta sunan, dama yadda sun an tsuntsun yake cikin harshen Latanci da kuma sunan sa a kimiyance.
Abubakar Habu Hashidu
Abubakar Habu Hashidu (10 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1944 - 27 ga watan July shekarar 2018) ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne kuma tsohon gwamnan jihar Gombe, Nijeriya daga watan Mayu shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Mayu shekarar 2003.
Hashidu ya kasance ministan Albarkatun Ruwa sannan kuma ya kasance Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin hangen nesa na shekarar 2010 wanda Janar Sani Abacha ya kafa don tsara taswirar ci gaban kasa
Siyasa
Hashidu shi ne kuma zababben gwamnan jihar Gombe na farko, da ya hau mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar All People Party (APP). Mataimakinsa shine Joshua Lidani.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2003 All Nigeria Peoples Party ta amince da Hashidu a matsayin dan takararta na gwamna a zaben watan Afrilun shekarar 2003. Ba a sake zabarsa ba kuma ya yarda da yabo ga Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa. Ya kuma sake zama dan takarar gwamnan jihar Gombe a shekarar 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar DPP. An kama shi a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2007 kuma aka gabatar da shi a gaban kotu kan rikicin da ake zargin ya barke bayan ya fara kamfen din siyasa. Magoya bayan da ke dauke da makamai sun kutsa kai a kotun majistare, inda suka ‘yanta Hashidu tare da raunata alkalin da ke shari’ar tasa.
Mutuwa
Hashidu ya mutu a gidansa a safiyar ranar 27 ga watan Yulin na shekarar 2018, bayan fama da rashin lafiya.
Stuart Barfoot
Stuart Barfoot (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Sahih Muslim
Wanda aka tara Sahih Muslim, Muslim bn al-Hajjaj, an haife shi a 204 AH (817/18 CE) a Nishapur (a cikin Iran ta zamani) kuma ya mutu a 261 AH (874/75 CE) a garin haihuwarsa. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa don tattara tarin ahadith (jam'in hadisi), gami da zuwa yankuna yanzu a Iraki, Larabawan Larabawa, Syria da Misira.
Daga cikin hadisai 300,000 da ya tantance, kimanin 12,000 aka ciro don shigar da su cikin tarin larurar karɓa mai ƙarfi. An kuma bincika kowane rahoto a cikin tarinsa kuma an tabbatar da gaskiyar jerin labaran. Sunni Musulmi la'akari da shi na biyu mafi ingantaccen hadisi tarin, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih Muslim ya kuma kasu zuwa littattafai 43, wadanda suka kunshi jimlar ruwayoyi 9200. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa Muslim bn al-Hajjaj bai taba da'awar tattara dukkanin hadisai ingantattu ba kamar yadda hadafinsa shi ne tara hadisai kawai da ya kamata dukkan musulmai su yarda dashi akan daidaito.
A cewar Munthiri, akwai adadin hadisai 2,200 (ba tare da maimaitawa) a cikin Sahih Muslim ba. A cewar Muhammad Amin, akwai ingantattun hadisai 1,400 da aka ruwaito a cikin wasu litattafai, galibi manyan tarin hadisai shida.
Ra'ayoyi
Musulmai da yawa suna daukar wannan tarin a matsayin na biyu mafi inganci daga cikin manyan hadisai shida, wanda ke kunshe da hadisin sahih kawai, girmamawar da ta kebanta da Sahih al-Bukhari kawai, duka ana kiransu Sahihai Biyu. Musulmin Shia suna yin watsi da wasu abubuwan da ke ciki a matsayin kage ko kuma ba za a amince da su ba saboda amincin wasu maruwaitan.
Duk da girman littafin, da kuma ijma'in malamai a kan cewa shi ne na biyu mafi inganci ingantaccen littafin Hadisi, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari, an yarda cewa wannan ba ya nufin cewa kowane abu a ciki gaskiya ne, a kwatanta da sauran littattafan Hadisi, amma yana nufin littafin baki daya ya inganta. Kamar fifikon Sahih al-Bukhari a kan Sahih Muslim, wanda ba ya nuna cewa kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih Muslim inganci, amma cewa jimlar abin da ke cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi inganci. fiye da jimillar abin da ke cikin Sahih Muslim, haka kuma, ingancin wani Hadisi shi ne littattafan Hadisi biyu, a kan Hadisi daga wasu littattafan Sahih, ba za a iya gabatar da su ba sai bayan an nuna daidaiton wancan Hadisin na musamman.
Siffofin rarrabe
Amin Ahsan Islahi, mashahurin malamin addinin Islama, ya taƙaita wasu siffofin Musamman na Sahih Muslim :
Abubuwan da ke ciki
Littafin ya kasu kashi 43 ne.
Sharhi da fassara
Akwai fassarar tafsirin Musulman Sahih a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Ingilishi, Urdu, Bangla, Tamil, da Bosniya.