cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Glody Likonza
Glody Likonza (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kwango wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Mazembe da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta DR Congo.
Tashar gwajin ruwa
An jera makaman a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasar Amurka a cikin shekarata 2000 a wani ɓangare na gine-ginensa. Jerin ya kasance na 16 acre yanki mai iyaka da Spillway, Durden Creek, Tennessee Rd., da Dam Spillway, a cikin Vicksburg, tare da gine-gine masu ba da gudummawa guda biyar da tsarin bayar da gudummawa uku.
Glody Likonza
Sana'a/Aiki
Likonza ya fara babban aikinsa da kulob din Mazembe na Congo a Linafoot. Ya koma kulob din Belgian Standard Liège a kan aro na shekara guda tare da zaɓi don siye a kan 30 ga Agusta 2021. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, 2022, an dakatar da lamunin da wuri ba tare da ya yi wa Standard ba.
Mohammed bin Hamad Al-Sharqi
'Yancin kai
A ranar 2 ga Disamba 1971, Fujairah, tare da Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman da Umm Al Quwain sun shiga cikin Dokar Tarayya don kafa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Masarautar ta bakwai, Ras Al Khaimah, ta shiga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1972, bayan da Iran ta mamaye tsibirin Tunbs da RAK ta yi ikirarin.
Tashar gwajin ruwa
Tarihi
Babban Ambaliyar Mississippi na 1927 ya sa Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta shekarar 1928, ta ba da izini da yawa Corps na Injiniya ayyukan sarrafa ambaliya tare da kogin Mississippi. A halin yanzu, Freeman ya yi yakin neman dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na kasa, wanda ya haifar da lissafin 1928 wanda Sen. Joseph Ransdell yana ba da shawarar gina dakin gwaje-gwaje a Washington, DC a karkashin kulawar ofishin kula da ka'idoji bayan samun kunnen Sakataren Kasuwanci na lokacin Herbert Hoover. Bayan wucewa Majalisar Dattijai, Babban Injiniya Janar Edgar Jadwin ya ba da shaida a kan wurin da aka tsara a gaban Majalisar Wakilai, yana mai cewa dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kamata ya zama nazarin aiki na kogin Mississippi, don haka, ya kamata a kasance a kan Mississippi kanta. Sakamakon haka, majalisar ta dage yanke shawara kan dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na kasa har zuwa zama mai zuwa. Wakilan Jadwin sun ba da shaida a gaban Majalisa a shekarata 1929 bayan sun ziyarci dakunan gwaje-gwajen ruwa na Turai. Shaidarsu ta nuna bambance-bambancen ma'auni tsakanin kogunan Arewacin Amurka da kogin Turai zai buƙaci samfuri mafi girma da ƙarin sassauci.
Mohammed bin Hamad Al-Sharqi
Rikici na kan iyaka a cikin 1972
Tsawon tarihin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen tsakanin Fujairah da maƙwabcinta sun sake fitowa bayan aikin Union, lokacin da rikicewar ƙasa ta ɓarke cikin fada. A farkon shekara ta 1972, an kira sabuwar rundunar tsaron Tarayyar da aka kafa don karɓar iko da fada wanda, a lokacin da UDF ta shiga, ta kashe 22 kuma ta ji rauni sosai. A ƙarshe an warware rikicin bayan sulhu tsakanin Sheikh Rashid na Dubai da sauran Shugabannin kuma an aika da wata sanarwa da ke sanar da sulhu a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1972.
Tashar gwajin ruwa
Tarihi
Memphis, Tennessee an gabatar da shi a matsayin wurin farko na dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa a watan Yuni shekarata 1929, amma da zarar an tura hedkwatar Hukumar Kogin Mississippi daga St. Louis zuwa Vicksburg a watan Nuwamba, dakin gwaje-gwaje na hydraulic ya biyo baya, tare da sayen ƙasa kusa da Durden Creek a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu. Shekarata 1930.
Mohammed bin Hamad Al-Sharqi
Mutuwa
Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi ya mutu a shekara ta 1974. Ɗansa, Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Sarkin Fujairah na yanzu ya gaje shi.
Tashar gwajin ruwa
Tarihi
Matsayin WES a matsayin cibiyar binciken injinan ruwa ta tarayya ta farko shine don taimakawa Hukumar Kogin Mississippi haɓaka da aiwatar da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na ƙananan kwarin Mississippi. Samfurin kogin farko, samfurin kogin Illinois da aka gina a lokacin rani na shekarar 1930 don kafa iyakacin ruwan baya na Mississippi, an haƙa shi a cikin ƙasa ta halitta tare da wuka na 'ya'yan inabi. Daga waɗancan mafarin mafari, WES ya girma a hankali ya zama wataƙila mafi girma kuma mafi ƙaƙƙarfan wurin bincike irin sa a duniya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">]
Tsarin tsari na tarihi
A cikin shekarata 1968, nazarin hydraulic a WES ya kasu kashi biyar:
Glody Likonza
Ayyukan kasa
Likonza ya fara buga wasansa na farko tare da tawagar kasar DR Congo a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Rwanda da ci 3-2 a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2019.
Tashar gwajin ruwa
Mississippi Basin Model
Model Basin Mississippi shine mafi girman aiki guda ɗaya wanda WES ta gudanar. Shugaban Injiniya Eugene Reybold ne ya fara shi a shekarata 1943. An yi gine-gine daga shekarun 1947 zuwa 1966, kuma iyakarta ta haɗa da mafi yawan kogin Mississippi da magudanan ruwa (ban da babban isa da ƙasa da ƙasa Baton Rouge). An yi amfani da samfurin da aka kammala shi don ƙirƙirar dabarun shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ambaliya ta Afrilu 1952 akan Kogin Missouri.
Manufar yanzu
A yau akwai ma'aikata sama da 1,200, [ bukatar sabuntawa ] ciki har da mambobi na cikakken lokaci na Sojojin Amurka. Sama da 650 daga cikin waɗannan ma'aikata injiniyoyi ne da masana kimiyya waɗanda ke aiki a fannoni kamar na'urorin ruwa, nazarin teku, sunadarai, lantarki, kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, ƙasa, ilimin yanayi, limnology, gandun daji, microbiology.
Ana gudanar da bincike na WES a cikin biyar daban-daban, amma masu alaƙa da juna  dakunan gwaje-gwaje: Laboratory Coastal da Hydraulics Laboratory, Geotechnical Laboratory, Structures Laboratory, Environmental Laboratory, and Information Technology Laboratory."Tarihin injiniya shine labarin maza da mata a cikin ƙoƙarinsu na fahimta, sarrafawa, da kuma daidaita yanayin su. A cikin shekarata 1929 Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun kafa ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje na injinan ruwa a Vicksburg, Mississippi, don sanin ƙarar mahimmancin aikin bincike na kimiyya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin abin da ya dace da tsohuwar aikin lura da hannaye. Gano abubuwan da suka fito daga dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka nada a matsayin Tashar Gwajin Ruwa, sun biya rabo nan da nan kuma sun haifar da sabon kwarin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummar injiniyan kasar don samun ci gaba mai karfin gwiwa da kalubalanci ko tabbatar da dorewar koyarwa. Wannan nasarar ta farko ta faɗaɗa ayyukan tashar Gwajin Ruwa daga gwaje-gwajen na'ura mai ƙarfi don kogin Mississippi zuwa ƙungiyar Injiniya mai faffadan manufa wacce ta ƙunshi fannonin bincike daban-daban."
Ty
Ty wani kamfani ne na ƙasashe da yawa na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Oak Brook, Illinois, wani yanki na Chicago. Ty Warner ne ya kafa ta a shekara ta 1986. Yana ƙerawa, haɓakawa da siyar da samfura zuwa kasuwanni na musamman  a duk duniya.
Ayala Malchan-Katz
Aiki
A gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin bazara ta 1976, ta ci lambar zinare a cikin rukunin novice na mata, da lambar tagulla a cikin Mutumin Kashe Mata 2-3.
Carcinogenesis
Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halittar da aka gada na iya sa mutane su kamu da cutar kansa. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan muhalli kamar su carcinogens da radiation suna haifar da maye gurbi wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji. A ƙarshe kuskuren bazuwar a cikin kwafin DNA na yau da kullun na iya haifar da ciwon daji da ke haifar da maye gurbi. Ana buƙatar jerin maye gurbi da yawa zuwa wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta kafin tantanin halitta ta al'ada ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar kansa. A matsakaita, alal misali, 15 "maye gurbin direba" da "fasinja" 60 ana samun su a cikin ciwon daji na hanji. Maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita rabon tantanin halitta, apoptosis (mutuwar tantanin halitta), da gyaran DNA na iya haifar da yaduwar kwayar halitta da ciwon daji.
Ciwon daji ya kasan ce shi ne asalin cuta na ƙayyadaddun ci gaban nama. Domin tantanin halitta ta al'ada ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar daji, dole ne a canza kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girma da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta. Canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta da na epigenetic na iya faruwa a matakai da yawa, daga riba ko asarar dukkanin chromosomes, zuwa maye gurbin da ya shafi DNA nucleotide guda ɗaya, ko don yin shiru ko kunna microRNA wanda ke sarrafa bayanin kwayoyin 100 zuwa 500. Akwai manyan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda waɗannan canje-canjen suka shafa. Oncogenes na iya zama kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun waɗanda aka bayyana a manyan matakan da ba su dace ba, ko kuma canjin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da sabbin abubuwa. A kowane hali, bayyanar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka mummunan yanayin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke hana rarraba tantanin halitta, rayuwa, ko wasu kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor sau da yawa suna naƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta masu cutar kansa. A ƙarshe Oncovirinae, ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ɗauke da oncogene, an rarraba su azaman oncogenic saboda suna haifar da haɓakar kyallen ƙwayar cuta a cikin gidan. Ana kuma kiran wannan tsari azaman canji na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri.
Lalacewar DNA
Ana ɗaukar lalacewar DNA a matsayin tushen farko na cutar kansa. Fiye da 60,000 sababbin abubuwan da ke faruwa ta dabi'a na lalacewar DNA sun tashi, a matsakaici, kowane tantanin halitta, kowace rana, saboda tsarin tsarin salula na zamani (duba labarin lalacewar DNA (wanda ke faruwa a zahiri) ).
Hakanan ana iya haifar da lalacewar DNA ta abubuwan da aka samar a cikin jiki. Macrophages da neutrophils a cikin epithelium mai kumburi mai kumburi sune tushen nau'in oxygen mai amsawa wanda ke haifar da lalacewar DNA wanda ke haifar da tumorigenesis na colonic, da bile acid, a cikin manyan matakan da ke cikin mazaunin mutane suna cin abinci mai yawa, kuma suna haifar da lalacewar DNA. da kuma taimakawa ga ciwon daji na hanji.
Ayala Malchan-Katz
Aiki
A gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin bazara ta 1988, ta sami lambar tagulla a cikin Ƙungiyar Foil ɗin Mata. Ta yi fafatawa a wasan ƙwallon ƙwando keken hannu ta mata.
Carcinogenesis
Lalacewar DNA
Irin waɗannan ɓangarorin ɓarna da ɓarna na lalacewa na DNA ana nuna su a cikin kwalayen da ke saman adadi a wannan sashe. Matsayin tsakiya na lalacewar DNA a ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji ana nuna shi a mataki na biyu na adadi. Abubuwan tsakiya na lalacewar DNA, sauye-sauye na epigenetic da ƙarancin gyaran DNA a ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji ana nunawa a cikin ja.
Rashin gyare-gyaren DNA zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA don tarawa, kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji. Misali, mutanen da ke da nakasa da aka gada a cikin kowane nau'in halittar DNA guda 34 (duba labarin DNA gyara-rashi cuta ) suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa, tare da wasu lahani suna haifar da damar kusan 100% na ciwon daji (misali p53 maye gurbi). Ana nuna irin waɗannan maye gurbi na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin akwati a gefen hagu na adadi, tare da nunin gudunmawar su ga ƙarancin gyara DNA. Duk da haka, irin wannan maye gurbi (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji mai saurin shiga jiki) sune sanadin kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na cutar kansa.
A cikin ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci, rashi a gyaran DNA yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar gyaran DNA; da yawa akai-akai, raguwa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA shine saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic wanda ke rage ko yin shiru. Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a mataki na 3 daga sama. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic).
Lokacin da aka rage bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA, wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin gyaran DNA. Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a matakin na 4 daga sama. Tare da ƙarancin gyaran DNA, lalacewar DNA ta ci gaba a cikin sel a mafi girma fiye da matakin al'ada (matakin 5 daga sama a cikin adadi); wannan barnar da ta wuce gona da iri tana haifar da karuwar mitar maye gurbi da/ko epimutation (matakin 6 daga saman adadi). Gwaji, ƙimar maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel marasa lahani a cikin gyara rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa na Homologous (HRR). Sabuntawar chromosomal da aneuploidy suma suna ƙaruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da lahani na HRR Yayin gyaran ɓangarorin DNA guda biyu, ko gyara wasu lalacewar DNA, wuraren da ba su cika cikakke ba na iya haifar da tsit na epigenetic.
Maye gurbin somatic da sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke haifar da lalacewa ta DNA da rashi a cikin gyaran DNA sun taru a cikin lahani. Lalacewar filaye sune kyawu masu bayyana al'ada tare da sauye-sauye da yawa (an tattauna a cikin sashin da ke ƙasa), kuma su ne madogarar gama gari don haɓaka ɓarna da haɓakar ƙwayoyin nama a cikin ciwon daji. Irin wannan lahani na filin (mataki na biyu daga kasan adadi) na iya samun sauye-sauye da yawa da kuma sauye-sauye na epigenetic.
Ba shi yiwuwa a tantance dalilin farko na mafi yawan takamaiman cututtukan daji. A kuma wasu ƴan lokuta, dalili ɗaya kawai ya wanzu: alal misali, ƙwayar cuta HHV-8 tana haifar da duk sarcomas na Kaposi. Koyaya, tare da taimakon dabarun cututtukan cututtukan daji da bayanai, yana yiwuwa a samar da ƙididdigewa mai yuwuwar sanadi a cikin ƙarin yanayi. Misali,kuma ciwon huhu na huhu yana da dalilai da yawa, ciki har da shan taba da kuma radon gas. Maza masu shan taba a halin yanzu suna kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu a cikin adadin mazan da ba su taba shan taba ba sau 14: damar cutar kansar huhu a cikin mai shan taba na yanzu da shan taba ke haifar da shi kusan kashi 93% ne; akwai yuwuwar kashi 7% cewa cutar kansar huhu ta mai shan taba ta samo asali ne ta hanyar radon gas ko wani abin da ba na shan taba ba. Waɗannan alaƙar ƙididdiga sun ba da damar masu bincike su fahimci cewa wasu abubuwa ko ɗabi'a na cutar kansa. Hayakin taba yana haifar da karuwar lalacewar DNA na waje, kuma wannan lalacewar DNA shine yuwuwar cutar kansar huhu saboda shan taba. Daga cikin fiye da 5,000 mahadi a cikin taba hayaki, da genotoxic DNA-damaging jamiái da ke faruwa duka biyu a mafi girma yawa, da kuma wanda ke da karfi mutagenic effects ne acrolein, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide da isoprerence. .
Ty
Yanar Gizo na kasuwanci-zuwa-mabukaci
Ty shi ne kasuwanci na farko da ya samar da gidan yanar gizon kai tsaye zuwa mabukaci wanda aka tsara don shiga kasuwancin su. Wannan shine babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga farkon shaharar Beanie Babies. A lokacin da aka buga labarin farko na gidan yanar gizon Ty a ƙarshen shekara ta 1995, kashi 14% na Amurkawa ke amfani da Intanet. Tare da ƙaddamar da Yanar Gizo na Ty, duk Beanie Baby hangtags suna da URL ɗin Yanar Gizon Ty da kira zuwa ga aikin da aka buga a ƙarƙashin waƙoƙi da ranar haihuwar da ta umarci masu sauraro su ziyarci gidan yanar gizon kamfanin tare da rubutun da ke karanta: Ziyarci shafin yanar gizon mu! ! ! Sakamakon haka, masu amfani suna ziyartar gidan yanar gizon Ty ta dubunnan don samun bayanai game da Beanie Babies, wanda ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba a lokacin. Ty shine kasuwanci na farko da yayi amfani da gidan yanar gizon su don haɗawa da yin hulɗa tare da masu amfani da samfuran su. Wannan yunƙurin ya samo asali ne zuwa duniyar Intanet ta farko.
Carcinogenesis
Lalacewar DNA
Layukan sel waɗanda duk waɗannan sauye-sauyen DNA suka taru suna da wahala a gano su, amma layukan shaidu biyu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin sel na yau da kullun na iya zama sel na asali a cikin cututtukan daji. Na farko, akwai ingantacciyar alaƙa mai inganci (Spearman's rho = 0.81; P <3.5 × 10-8) tsakanin haɗarin haɓaka ciwon daji a cikin nama da adadin rarrabuwar sel ta al'ada da ke faruwa a cikin wannan nama. Haɗin gwiwar ya shafi nau'ikan ciwon daji guda 31 kuma ya wuce cikin umarni biyar na girma. Wannan alaƙar tana nufin cewa idan sel masu tushe na yau da kullun daga nama sun raba sau ɗaya, haɗarin kansa a cikin wannan nama yana kusan 1X. Idan sun raba sau 1,000, haɗarin ciwon daji shine 1,000X. Kuma idan sel masu tushe na al'ada daga nama sun raba sau 100,000, haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin wannan nama yana kusan 100,000X. Wannan yana ba da shawara mai ƙarfi cewa babban abin da ke haifar da cutar kansa shine gaskiyar cewa sel masu “al’ada” suna rarrabuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa ciwon daji ya samo asali ne daga al’ada, ƙwayoyin sel masu lafiya.
Ty
Tara kuɗi
Ty ya shiga cikin tarin kuɗi mai yawa. Wasu sun kasance ta hanyar siyar da wasu Beanie Babies, tare da ba da gudummawar kuɗin don dalilai daban -daban. Hakanan ta kasance ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yin zaɓar kuɗi.
Carcinogenesis
Lalacewar DNA
Na biyu, kididdiga ta nuna cewa yawancin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam ana gano su a cikin tsofaffi. Wani bayani mai yiwuwa shi ne cewa ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda sel suna tara lalacewa ta hanyar lokaci. DNA shine kawai bangaren salula wanda zai iya tara lalacewa a tsawon rayuwar gaba daya, kuma sel mai tushe su ne kawai sel wadanda zasu iya watsa DNA daga zygote zuwa sel a ƙarshen rayuwa. Sauran sel, waɗanda aka samo daga sel mai tushe, ba sa kiyaye DNA daga farkon rayuwa har sai yiwuwar ciwon daji ya faru. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawancin ciwon daji suna tasowa ne daga sel masu tushe na yau da kullun.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin Oklahoma sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, musamman a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin Arkansas. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata a wurin. Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su.
Carcinogenesis
Gudunmawar lahani na filin
An fara amfani da kalmar " ciwon daji na filin " a cikin 1953 don bayyana wani yanki ko "filin" na epithelium wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar (a wancan lokacin) mafi yawan hanyoyin da ba a san su ba don ƙaddamar da shi zuwa ci gaban ciwon daji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da kalmomin "ciwon daji na filin" da "lalacewar filin" don kwatanta nama mai cutarwa wanda zai iya haifar da sababbin cututtuka.
Samuel Bastien
Samuel Christopher Bastien Binda (Haihuwa ranar 26 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar farko ta Belgium Standard Liège. An haife shi a Belgium, yana kuma wakiltar tawagar kasar DR Congo.
Carcinogenesis
Gudunmawar lahani na filin
An gano lahani na fili tare da ciwon daji kuma suna da mahimmanci wajen ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji. Duk da haka, Rubin ya nuna cewa "mafi yawancin bincike a cikin binciken ciwon daji an yi su akan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a cikin vivo, ko kuma a kan tsararren neoplastic foci in vitro. Duk da haka akwai shaidar cewa fiye da kashi 80 cikin 100 na maye gurbi da aka samu a cikin mutator phenotype ɗan adam ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na faruwa ne kafin farkon haɓakawar haɓakar clonal na ƙarshen…” Fiye da rabin maye gurbi da aka gano a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace ya faru ne a cikin wani lokaci na pre-neoplastic ( a cikin lahani), yayin haɓakar sel na al'ada. Hakanan ana tsammanin cewa yawancin sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya faruwa a cikin lahani na filin pre-neoplastic.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa.
Ty
Tara kuɗi
Suchaya daga cikin irin wannan tallafin Beanie Baby shine Ariel, wanda aka yi don tara kuɗi don Gidauniyar AIDS ta Elizabeth Glaser. Tallace -tallacen sa ya tara dala miliyan uku 3.4 don kafuwar. Sauran sun hada da Sanarwa da Fadakarwa, wanda aka sayar don tara kuɗi don binciken kansar nono da wayar da kai; da Barbaro, wanda aka kirkira don tunawa da Barbaro Doki, don tara kuɗi don Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania, wanda yayi ƙoƙarin ceton doki.
Carcinogenesis
Gudunmawar lahani na filin
A cikin hanji kuma, mai yiwuwa lahani ya taso ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi na rikidar halitta ko tantanin halitta da aka canza a tsakanin sel mai tushe a gindin ɗaya daga cikin ɓoyayyen hanji a saman ciki na hanji. Mutant ko Epigenetically canza karan tantanin halitta na iya maye gurbin sauran sassan jikin da ke kusa da zabin yanayi. Wannan na iya haifar da facin nama mara kyau ya tashi. Hoton da ke cikin wannan sashe ya haɗa da hoton wani ɓangaren da aka sake gyarawa da tsayin tsayin sashe na hanjin yana nuna ciwon daji na hanji da polyps guda huɗu. A ƙasan hoton akwai zane mai ƙira na yadda babban facin sel ɗin mutant ko epigenetically canza sel, wanda babban yanki ke nunawa a cikin hoton. A cikin wannan babban faci na farko a cikin zane (babban clone na sel), na biyu irin wannan maye gurbi ko sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya faruwa, ta yadda kwayar tantanin halitta da aka ba ta ta sami fa'ida idan aka kwatanta da maƙwabtanta, kuma wannan canjin tantanin halitta na iya faɗaɗa clonally, kafa. facin na biyu, ko ƙaramin clone, a cikin facin na asali. Ana nuna wannan a cikin zane ta ƙananan faci guda huɗu na launuka daban-daban a cikin babban yanki na asali na rawaya. A cikin waɗannan sabbin faci (sub-clones),ya kasan ce ana iya maimaita tsarin sau da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu ƙananan faci ke nunawa a cikin faci na biyu (tare da har yanzu launuka daban-daban a cikin zane) waɗanda ke faɗaɗa gabaɗaya, har sai sel masu tushe sun taso waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarami. polyps ko kuma m neoplasm (ciwon daji). A cikin hoton, wani lahani na fili a cikin wannan ɓangaren hanji ya haifar da polyps guda huɗu (wanda aka lakafta tare da girman polyps, 6mm, 5mm, da biyu na 3mm, da ciwon daji kimanin 3). cm tsayi a cikin mafi tsayinsa). Hakanan ana nuna waɗannan neoplasms (a cikin zanen da ke ƙasa hoto) ta 4 ƙananan tan da'irori (polyps) da yanki mai girma ja (ciwon daji). Ciwon daji a cikin hoton ya faru ne a cikin cecal area na hanji, inda hanji ya haɗu da ƙananan hanji (mai lakabi) da kuma inda abin da ke faruwa (labeled). Kitsen da ke cikin hoton yana waje zuwa bangon waje na hanjin. A cikin ɓangaren hanjin da aka nuna a nan, an yanke hanjin a buɗe tsawon tsayi don fallasa samansa da kuma nuna ciwon daji da polyps da ke faruwa a cikin rufin epithelial na ciki na hanjin.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi.
Samuel Bastien
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2015, an ba da Bastien aro ga Avellino. Ya fara bugawa kungiyar Irpinian wasa a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2015 da Modena, ya maye gurbin Mariano Arini bayan mintuna 53.
Ty
Tara kuɗi
Ty ta kuma tara kuɗi don Balaguron PGA na 2004 tare da beanie mai suna ChariTee; daya, wanda Jack Nicklaus ya sanya wa hannu an yi gwanjon shi akan $ 455.
Ty shi ne mai daukar nauyin rigar Portsmouth FC daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa shekara ta 2005, inda aka daukaka kulob din zuwa Premier League.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
Manyan ambaliyar ruwa
Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar.
Samuel Bastien
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2016, Bastien ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar Serie A AC Chievo Verona, wanda ya biya kuɗin canja wurin € 2.5 zuwa Anderlecht.
A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni shekara ta, 2018, Bastien ya sanya hannu tare da Standard Liège.
Ayyukan kasa
An haife shi a Belgium, Bastien dan asalin Kongo ne. Ya kasance matashi na na Belgium. Duk da haka, ya yanke shawarar wakiltar DR Congo na tawagar kasar. Ya buga wasa a kasarsa a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da ci 2-0 a shekarar, 2022 a kan Madagascar a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2021.
Carcinogenesis
Gudunmawar lahani na filin
A cikin kimantawa na gwaji na ƙayyadaddun ƙarancin gyaran DNA a cikin cututtukan daji, yawancin ƙarancin gyaran DNA na musamman an kuma nuna suna faruwa a cikin lahani na filin da ke kewaye da waɗannan cututtukan. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da misalan waɗanda aka nuna ƙarancin gyaran DNA a cikin ciwon daji da aka nuna ya haifar da sauye-sauyen epigenetic, da ɗan ƙaramin mitoci waɗanda aka sami ƙarancin gyaran DNA na epigenetically wanda ya haifar da lahani a kewayen filin. Wasu ƙananan polyps a cikin lahani da aka nuna a cikin hoton ɓangaren hanji na iya zama ƙananan neoplasms. A cikin nazarin 1996 na polyps ya kasan ce kasa da 10mm a girman da aka samo a lokacin colonoscopy kuma an biyo baya tare da maimaita colonoscopies na shekaru 3, 25% ya kasance ba canzawa cikin girman, 35% ya koma baya ko raguwa a girman kuma 40% ya girma cikin girma.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
1923 ambaliya
A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan 2800 acre  yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa.
Carcinogenesis
Rashin kwanciyar hankali
An san ciwon daji don nuna rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta ko "mutator phenotype". DNA codeing sunadaran da ke cikin tsakiya shine kusan 1.5% na jimillar DNA na kwayoyin halitta. A cikin wannan furotin-coding DNA (wanda ake kira exome ), matsakaicin ciwon daji na nono ko hanji zai iya samun kusan 60 zuwa 70 sunadaran maye gurbi, wanda game da 3 ko 4 na iya zama maye gurbin "direba", sauran kuma na iya zama " fasinja" maye gurbi. Koyaya, matsakaicin adadin maye gurbi na jerin DNA a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta (ciki har da yankunan da ba su da sinadarai ) a cikin samfurin nama na nono kusan 20,000. A cikin matsakaicin samfurin nama na melanoma (melanoma suna da mitar maye gurbi mafi girma), ) jimlar adadin maye gurbi na DNA ya kai kusan 80,000. Waɗannan manyan mitoci na maye gurbi a cikin jimillar jerin nucleotide a cikin cututtukan daji suna ba da shawarar cewa sau da yawa canjin wuri da wuri a lahani da ke haifar da ciwon daji (misali yankin rawaya a cikin zane a sashin da ya gabata) rashi ne a gyaran DNA. Babban lahani na fili da ke kewaye da kansar hanji (wanda ya kai kusan 10 cm a kowane gefe na ciwon daji) ana samun su akai-akai suna da lahani na epigenetic a cikin sunadaran gyaran DNA guda biyu ko uku ( ERCC1, ERCC4 (XPF) da / ko PMS2 ) a cikin dukan yanki na lahani. Lokacin da aka rage bayanin kwayoyin gyaran DNA, lalacewar DNA ta taru a cikin sel fiye da yadda aka saba, kuma wannan lalacewar da ta wuce gona da iri tana haifar da ƙara yawan maye gurbi da/ko epimutation. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel marasa lahani a cikin gyara rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa ( HRR ). Rashin gyare-gyaren DNA, da kansa, na iya ba da damar lalacewa ta DNA ta taru, kuma kuskuren fassarar fassarar wasu wuraren da suka lalace na iya haifar da maye gurbi. Bugu da kari, kuskuren gyara wannan tararrakin lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka. Waɗannan sabbin maye gurbi da/ko ƙwanƙwasa na iya ba da fa'ida mai yaduwa, haifar da lahani na filin. Kodayake maye gurbi/emutation a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA ba su, da kansu, suna ba da fa'ida ta zaɓi, ana iya ɗaukar su tare da fasinjoji a cikin sel lokacin da tantanin halitta ya sami ƙarin maye gurbi / kwaikwaya wanda ke ba da fa'ida ta haɓaka.
Ka'idodin da ba na yau da kullun ba
Akwai adadin ra'ayoyin game da ciwon daji da kuma maganin ciwon daji da suka fadi a waje da babban ra'ayi na kimiyya, saboda rashin dalili na kimiyya, tunani, ko tushe shaida.ya kasan ce ana iya amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin don ba da hujjar madadin maganin cutar kansa. Ya kamata a bambanta su daga waɗancan ka'idodin carcinogenesis waɗanda ke da tushe mai ma'ana a cikin ilimin halittar kansa na yau da kullun, kuma daga cikinsu za a iya yin hasashe na al'ada.
Da yawa madadin ka'idojin carcinogenesis, duk da haka kuma, sun dogara ne akan shaidar kimiyya kuma ana ƙara yarda da su. Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa ciwon daji na iya kasancewa ta hanyar aneuploidy (nakasar ƙididdiga da tsari a cikin chromosomes) maimakon maye gurbi ko epimutation. Har ila yau, an yi la'akari da ciwon daji a matsayin cututtuka na rayuwa, wanda tsarin salula na oxygen ya juya daga hanyar da ke haifar da makamashi ( phosphorylation oxidative ) zuwa hanyar da ke haifar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa. Wannan yana haifar da sauyawar makamashi daga oxidative phosphorylation zuwa aerobic glycolysis ( Warburg's hypothesis ), da kuma tarin nau'in oxygen mai amsawa wanda ke haifar da damuwa na oxidative ("ka'idar danniya na ciwon daji"). Wani ra'ayi na ci gaban ciwon daji ya dogara ne akan fallasa zuwa filayen maganadisu mai rauni da na lantarki da kuma tasirin su akan damuwa na oxidative, wanda aka sani da magnetocarcinogenesis.
Samuel Bastien
Kulob
An sabunta ta 21 Janairu 2022
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
1970 ambaliya
Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowace shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali.
Carcinogenesis
Ka'idodin da ba na yau da kullun ba
Yawancin marubuta sun yi tambaya game da zato cewa ciwon daji ke haifarwa daga sauye-sauye na bazuwar a matsayin wuce gona da iri, suna ba da shawarar cewa ciwon daji yana haifar da gazawar jiki don hana haɓakar dabi'un da aka tsara. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ta nuna cewa kansar cuta ce ta atavism, juyin juyin juya hali zuwa wani nau'i na rayuwa mai yawa a baya. Kwayoyin halittar da ke da alhakin haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel marasa sarrafawa da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna kama da waɗanda suka ba da damar sifofin rayuwa masu yawa na farko don haɗawa tare da bunƙasa. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta har yanzu suna wanzu a cikin kwayoyin halittar metazoans da suka fi hadaddun, kamar mutane, ko da yake kwanan nan kwayoyin halittar da suka samo asali suna kiyaye su. Lokacin da sabbin kwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa su suka kasa ga kowane dalili, tantanin halitta zai iya komawa ga mafi girman shirye-shiryensa kuma ya sake haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba. Ka'idar ita ce madadin ra'ayin cewa ciwon daji yana farawa da ƙwayoyin da ba a so ba waɗanda ke jurewa juyin halitta a cikin jiki. Madadin haka, suna da ƙayyadaddun adadin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko waɗanda ake kunna su gabaɗaya, suna ba su iyakataccen canji. Wani ka'idar juyin halitta ta sanya tushen ciwon daji zuwa asalin kwayar halitta ta eukaryote (nucleated) ta hanyar jigilar kwayar halitta mai girma, lokacin da kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin cuta suka katse (kuma ta haka ne attenuated) ta wurin mai watsa shiri, amma guntuwar su sun hade cikin kwayar halittar kwayoyin halitta. a matsayin kariya ta rigakafi. Ciwon daji ya samo asali ne lokacin da ba kasafai maye gurbi ya sake hada irin wannan gutsuttsura zuwa aikin yaduwan tantanin halitta.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
1974 ambaliya
Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974.
Carcinogenesis
Kwayoyin Halittar Ciwon daji
Sau da yawa, yawancin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na iya ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don tarawa. A wannan lokacin, dabi'ar ilimin halitta na sel pre-malignant sannu a hankali yana canzawa daga kaddarorin sel na al'ada zuwa kaddarorin masu kama da kansa. Naman da ya rigaya ya yi muni na iya samun siffa ta musamman a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Daga cikin halayyar rarrabuwa na masarar pre-mawuyacin hali sune karu adadin sel sel, bambancin nukiliya da sifa, da asarar kwayar halitta, da kuma asarar tsari na al'ada. Dysplasia wani nau'in nau'in cuta ne na ƙwayar cuta. Wadannan canje-canje na farko na neoplastic dole ne a bambanta su daga hyperplasia, karuwa mai canzawa a cikin rarraba tantanin halitta wanda ya haifar da wani abu na waje, irin su rashin daidaituwa na hormonal ko fushi na yau da kullum.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
1984 ambaliya
Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38). cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman.
Ty
Tara kuɗi
An ba da jaririn beanie mai suna "Cito" ga yara 'yan makaranta a Montecito, California don maraba da su zuwa makaranta bayan da yankin kudancin California na shekara ta 2018 ya shafi yankin.
Carcinogenesis
Kwayoyin Halittar Ciwon daji
Mafi tsanani lokuta na dysplasia ana kiransa carcinoma a wurin. A Latin, kalmar a wurin tana nufin "a wurin"; carcinoma a wurin yana nufin haɓakar sel dysplastic wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba wanda ya rage a wurinsa na asali kuma bai nuna mamayewa cikin wasu kyallen takarda ba. Carcinoma a wurin na iya haɓaka zuwa mummunan cutarwa kuma yawanci ana cire shi ta hanyar tiyata idan an gano shi.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
1986 ambaliya
A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61). cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).
Ty
Hanyoyin waje
Ƙari
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
2019 ambaliya
A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama.
Carcinogenesis
Juyin Halitta
Kamar dai yadda yawan dabbobi ke fuskantar juyin halitta, yawan sel wanda ba a tantance shi ba zai iya samun "juyin halitta". Wannan tsarin da ba a so ana kiransa juyin halitta somatic, kuma shine yadda ciwon daji ke tasowa kuma ya zama mafi muni a cikin lokaci.
Yawancin canje-canje a cikin salon salula wanda ke ba da damar sel suyi girma cikin yanayin rashin lafiya suna haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta. Koyaya, da zarar ciwon daji ya fara, ƙwayoyin kansa suna jurewa tsarin zaɓin yanayi : ƴan sel waɗanda ke da sabbin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka rayuwarsu ko haifuwa suna haɓaka da sauri, kuma nan da nan suka mamaye ƙari mai girma yayin da sel waɗanda ke da ƙarancin canji na kwayoyin halitta sun fita gasa. . Wannan ita ce hanyar da nau'ikan cututtuka irin su MRSA za su iya zama masu juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ta hanyar da kwayar cutar HIV za ta iya zama mai juriya da kwayoyi ), kuma ta yadda cututtuka da kwari za su iya zama masu jurewa maganin kwari . Wannan juyin halitta ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa komawar ciwon daji yakan ƙunshi sel waɗanda suka sami juriya-maganin ciwon daji ko juriya ga aikin rediyo ).
Halittu Properties na ciwon daji Kwayoyin
A cikin labarin 2000 na Hanahan da Weinberg, an taƙaita kaddarorin halittu na ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa kamar haka:
Kammala waɗannan matakai da yawa zai zama wani abu mai wuyar gaske ba tare da:
Wadannan canje-canjen halittu sune na gargajiya a cikin carcinomas ; sauran mugayen ciwace-ciwace na iya buƙatar cimma su duka. Misali, da aka ba cewa mamayewar nama da ƙaura zuwa wurare masu nisa sune abubuwan al'ada na leukocytes, waɗannan matakan ba a buƙatar su don haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo. Haka kuma matakan daban-daban ba lallai ba ne suna wakiltar maye gurbin mutum ɗaya. Alal misali, rashin kunna kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, codeing don furotin p53, zai haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, kaucewa apoptosis da karuwar angiogenesis. Bugu da ari, ba duka kwayoyin cutar kansa ke rarraba ba. Maimakon haka, wani yanki na sel a cikin wani ƙari, wanda ake kira ciwon daji mai tushe, suna maimaita kansu yayin da suke haifar da sel daban-daban.
Ciwon daji a matsayin lahani a cikin hulɗar sel
A al'ada, da zarar nama ya ji rauni ko ya kamu da cutar, ƙwayoyin da suka lalace suna haifar da kumburi ta hanyar haɓaka takamaiman tsarin aikin enzyme da kuma bayyanar kwayar halittar cytokine a cikin sel kewaye. An ɓoye gungu masu hankali ("gungu na cytokine") na ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke aiki azaman matsakanci, suna haifar da ayyukan sauye-sauye na biochemical na gaba. Kowane cytokine yana ɗaure ga takamaiman masu karɓa akan nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban, kuma kowane nau'in tantanin halitta yana amsawa bi da bi ta hanyar canza ayyukan hanyoyin jigilar siginar ciki, dangane da masu karɓan da tantanin halitta ke bayyanawa da ƙwayoyin siginar da ke cikin tantanin halitta. Gabaɗaya, wannan tsarin sake tsarawa yana haifar da canji na mataki-mataki a cikin nau'ikan halittun tantanin halitta, wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da maido da aikin nama kuma zuwa ga maido da ingantaccen tsarin tsari. Nama zai iya warke ta haka, ya danganta da ingantaccen sadarwa tsakanin sel da ke wurin lalacewa da tsarin rigakafi. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimmin abu a cikin warkaswa shine ka'idodin maganganun kwayoyin halitta na cytokine, wanda ke ba da damar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na sel don amsawa ga masu shiga tsakani ta hanyar da a hankali ke haifar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin halittar jiki. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da ko dai na dindindin (kwayoyin halitta) ko masu canzawa (epigenetic) canje-canje zuwa kwayoyin halittarsu, wanda wani bangare ya hana sadarwar su tare da ƙwayoyin da ke kewaye da kuma tare da tsarin rigakafi. Kwayoyin ciwon daji ba sa sadarwa tare da microenvironment na nama ta hanyar da ke kare mutuncin nama; a maimakon haka, motsi da tsirar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ya zama mai yiwuwa a wuraren da za su iya lalata aikin nama. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna rayuwa ta hanyar "sakewa" hanyoyin sigina waɗanda yawanci ke kare nama daga tsarin rigakafi. Wannan canji na martanin rigakafi yana bayyana a farkon matakan cutar ma.
Ɗaya daga cikin misalan aikin gyaran nama a cikin ciwon daji shine aikin factor factor NF-κB. NF-κB yana kunna bayyanar da yawancin kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin canji tsakanin kumburi da sabuntawa, wanda ke ɓoye cytokines, abubuwan mannewa, da sauran kwayoyin da zasu iya canza yanayin tantanin halitta. Wannan sake fasalin fasalin salon salula yana ba da damar haɓaka nama maras aiki cikakke. Ayyukan NF-κB ana sarrafa su ta hanyar sunadaran sunadaran da yawa, waɗanda ke tare da tabbatar da cewa NF-κB ne kawai ke haifar da tantanin halitta kuma a lokacin da aka ba da shi. Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar musayar sigina tsakanin sel yana kare nama daga kumburi da yawa, kuma yana tabbatar da cewa nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban a hankali suna samun ƙarin ayyuka da takamaiman matsayi. Rashin wannan ƙa'ida ta juna tsakanin tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da hulɗar tantanin halitta yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin kansa su haifar da metastasis. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna amsawa ga cytokines, kuma suna kunna siginar sigina wanda zai iya kare su daga tsarin rigakafi.
A cikin kifi
Ba a fahimta gaba ɗaya rawar da iodine ke takawa a cikin kifin ruwa (mai arzikin iodine) da kuma kifin ruwa mai tsabta (rashin iodine) ba, amma an ruwaito cewa kifin ruwa ya fi kamuwa da cututtuka kuma, musamman, cututtukan neoplastic da atherosclerotic, fiye da na ruwa. kifi. Kifayen elasmobranch na ruwa kamar su sharks, stingrays da dai sauransu ba su da cutar kansa da yawa fiye da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, don haka sun ƙarfafa binciken likita don ƙarin fahimtar cutar sankara.
Makanikai
Domin sel su fara rarrabuwa ba tare da kamewa ba, dole ne a lalatar da kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girman tantanin halitta. Proto-oncogenes su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar tantanin halitta da mitosis, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari ke hana haɓakar tantanin halitta, ko dakatar da rarraba tantanin halitta na ɗan lokaci don aiwatar da gyaran DNA. Yawanci, ana buƙatar jerin maye gurbi da yawa zuwa waɗannan kwayoyin halitta kafin tantanin halitta ta al'ada ya rikide zuwa kwayar cutar kansa. Wannan ra'ayi wani lokaci ana kiransa "oncoevolution." Maye gurbi ga waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna ba da sigina don ƙwayoyin ƙari don fara rarrabawa ba tare da kulawa ba. Amma sashin sel wanda ba a sarrafa shi wanda ke siffanta kansar kuma yana buƙatar cewa mai rarraba tantanin halitta ya kwafi duk abubuwan da ke cikin salula don ƙirƙirar ƴan mata biyu. Kunna glycolysis anaerobic ( sakamako na Warburg ), wanda ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da maye gurbi a cikin proto-oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, yana ba da mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginin da ake buƙata don kwafi sassan salula na tantanin halitta mai rarraba kuma, saboda haka, Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga carcinogenesis.
Oncogenes
Oncogenes suna haɓaka haɓakar sel ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mutane da yawa za su iya samar da hormones, "manzon sunadarai" tsakanin sel da ke ƙarfafa mitosis, sakamakon abin da ya dogara da siginar siginar nama mai karɓa ko sel. A wasu kalmomi, lokacin da aka kunna mai karɓar hormone a kan tantanin halitta mai karɓa, ana gudanar da siginar daga saman tantanin halitta zuwa kwayar halitta don rinjayar wasu canje-canje a tsarin rubutun kwayoyin halitta a matakin nukiliya. Wasu oncogenes wani ɓangare ne na tsarin watsa siginar kanta, ko kuma masu karɓar siginar a cikin sel da kyallen jikinsu da kansu, don haka suna sarrafa hankalin irin wannan hormones. Oncogenes sau da yawa suna samar da mitogens, ko kuma suna shiga cikin rubutun DNA a cikin haɗin furotin, wanda ke haifar da sunadaran da enzymes da ke da alhakin samar da samfurori da kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da su kuma suna hulɗa da su.
Maye gurbi a cikin proto-oncogenes, waɗanda su ne takwarorinsu na yau da kullun na oncogenes, na iya canza magana da aikin su, ƙara adadin ko ayyukan furotin samfurin. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, proto-oncogenes sun zama oncogenes, kuma wannan canji yana tayar da ma'auni na al'ada na tsarin sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a cikin tantanin halitta, yana sa haɓakar rashin kulawa zai yiwu. Ba za a iya rage damar ciwon daji ta hanyar cire proto-oncogenes daga kwayoyin halitta, koda kuwa hakan zai yiwu, saboda suna da mahimmanci ga girma, gyarawa da homeostasis na kwayoyin halitta. Sai kawai lokacin da suka zama rikida ne alamun girma ya wuce kima.
Ɗaya daga cikin na farko oncogenes da za a bayyana a cikin binciken ciwon daji shine ras oncogene. Maye gurbi a cikin dangin Ras na proto-oncogenes (wanda ya ƙunshi H-Ras, N-Ras da K-Ras) suna da yawa, ana samun su a cikin 20% zuwa 30% na duk ciwace-ciwacen ɗan adam. An gano asalin Ras a cikin kwayar cutar kwayar cutar Harvey sarcoma, kuma masu bincike sun yi mamakin cewa ba wai kawai wannan kwayar halitta ta kasance a cikin kwayoyin halittar dan adam ba amma kuma, idan aka danganta shi da wani nau'in sarrafawa mai motsa rai, yana iya haifar da cutar kansa a cikin al'adun layin salula.
Proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes ya kasan ce suna haɓaka tantanin halitta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mutane da yawa na iya samar da hormones, "manzannin sunadarai" tsakanin sel waɗanda ke ƙarfafa mitosis, sakamakon abin da ya dogara da siginar siginar nama mai karɓa ko sel. Wasu suna da alhakin tsarin siginar sigina da masu karɓar sigina a cikin sel da kyallen jikin su da kansu, don haka suna sarrafa hankalin irin wannan hormones. Sau da yawa suna samar da mitogens, ko kuma suna shiga cikin rubutun DNA a cikin haɗin furotin, wanda ke haifar da sunadaran da enzymes da ke da alhakin samar da samfurori da kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da su kuma suna hulɗa da su.
Maye gurbi a cikin proto-oncogenes na iya canza magana da aikin su, ƙara adadi ko ayyukan furotin samfurin. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, sun zama oncogenes, kuma, don haka, sel suna da damar da za su rarraba fiye da kima kuma ba tare da kulawa ba. Ba za a iya rage damar ciwon daji ta hanyar cire proto-oncogenes daga kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci ga girma, gyarawa da homeostasis na jiki. Sai kawai lokacin da suka zama rikida ne alamun girma ya wuce kima. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kwayar halittar da ke da rawar haɓaka haɓaka na iya ƙara yuwuwar cutar sankara ta tantanin halitta, ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ana kunna duk mahimman hanyoyin salula waɗanda ke ba da izinin haɓakawa. Wannan yanayin kuma ya haɗa da rashin kunna takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari (duba ƙasa). Idan yanayin bai cika ba, tantanin halitta na iya daina girma kuma zai iya ci gaba da mutuwa. Wannan ya sa gano mataki da nau'in kwayar cutar kansa da ke girma a ƙarƙashin kulawar da aka ba wa oncogene mai mahimmanci don haɓaka dabarun jiyya.