cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Carcinogenesis
Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor
Tumor suppressor genes code for anti-proliferation signals and proteins da ke hana mitosis da ci gaban cell. Gabaɗaya, masu hana ƙari abubuwan rubutu ne waɗanda ke kunna su ta hanyar damuwa ta salula ko lalata DNA. Sau da yawa lalacewar DNA zai haifar da kasancewar kayan kwayoyin halitta masu kyauta da sauran alamu, kuma zai haifar da enzymes da hanyoyin da ke haifar da kunna kwayoyin cutar ciwon tumo. Ayyukan irin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta shine kama ci gaban tsarin tantanin halitta don gudanar da gyaran DNA, ya kasan ce yana hana maye gurbi daga shiga cikin sel diya mace. Sunan furotin p53, ɗayan mahimman binciken ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani abu ne na rubutu wanda yawancin matsalolin salon salula ke kunna ciki har da hypoxia da lalacewar radiation ultraviolet.
Duk da kusan rabin duk cututtukan daji mai yuwuwa sun haɗa da gyare-gyare a cikin p53, aikin hana ƙwayar cuta ba a fahimta sosai ba. p53 a fili yana da ayyuka guda biyu: ɗaya rawar nukiliya a matsayin nau'in rubutu, ɗayan kuma rawar cytoplasmic wajen daidaita tsarin tantanin halitta, rabon tantanin halitta, da apoptosis.
Hasashen Warburg shine fifikon amfani da glycolysis don kuzari don ci gaban cutar kansa. An nuna p53 don daidaita motsi daga numfashi zuwa hanyar glycolytic.
Duk da haka, maye gurbi na iya lalata kwayar cutar ƙwayar cuta da kanta, ko kuma hanyar siginar da ke kunna ta, "canza shi". Sakamakon da ba za a iya canzawa ba shine cewa gyaran DNA yana hanawa ko hanawa: lalacewar DNA ta taru ba tare da gyara ba, babu makawa yana haifar da ciwon daji.
Maye gurbi na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta suna wucewa zuwa zuriya, kuma suna ƙara yuwuwar gano cutar kansa a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. Membobin waɗannan iyalai sun ƙaru kuma sun rage jinkirin ciwace-ciwace da yawa. Nau'in ciwon daji sun kasance na yau da kullun ga kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, tare da wasu maye gurbi suna haifar da cututtukan daji na musamman, da sauran maye gurbi suna haifar da wasu. Yanayin gado na mutant tumor suppressors shi ne cewa memba da abin ya shafa ya gaji nakasar kwafi daga iyaye ɗaya, da kwafi na yau da kullun daga ɗayan. Misali, mutanen da suka gaji mutant p53 allele (saboda haka heterozygous don maye gurbin p53 ) na iya haifar da melanoma da ciwon daji na pancreatic, wanda aka sani da cutar Li-Fraumeni. Sauran cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta da aka gada sun haɗa da maye gurbi na Rb, wanda ke da alaƙa da retinoblastoma, da maye gurbi na APC, wanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji na adenopolyposis. Adenopolyposis ciwon daji na hanji yana da alaƙa da dubban polyps a cikin hanji yayin ƙanana, wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji a hanji tun yana ƙanana. A ƙarshe, maye gurbi da aka gada a cikin BRCA1 da BRCA2 suna haifar da farkon farkon ciwon nono.
An kuma ba da shawarar haɓaka ciwon daji a cikin 1971 don dogara da aƙalla abubuwan maye gurbi guda biyu. A cikin abin da aka fi sani da Knudson na biyu-buga hasashe, gadon, maye gurbi a cikin kwayar cutar da ke kawar da ƙari zai haifar da ciwon daji kawai idan wani yanayin maye gurbi ya faru daga baya a cikin rayuwar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ba ya kunna sauran allele na wannan kwayar cutar ciwon daji.
Yawancin lokaci, oncogenes ya kasan ce suna da rinjaye, kamar yadda suke dauke da maye gurbi, yayin da rikitattun ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa, ya kasan ce kuma kamar yadda suka ƙunshi maye gurbi na asarar aiki. Kowane tantanin halitta yana da kwafi guda biyu na kwayar halitta iri ɗaya, ɗaya daga kowane iyaye, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta samun sauye-sauyen aiki a cikin kwafin guda ɗaya na takamaiman proto-oncogene ya kuma isa ya sanya wannan kwayar halitta ta zama oncogene na gaske. A gefe guda, asarar maye gurbi na aiki yana buƙatar faruwa a cikin kwafi biyu na kwayar cutar da ke hana ƙari don mayar da wannan ƙwayar gaba ɗaya baya aiki. Koyaya, akwai lokuta waɗanda ɗayan mutatattun kwafin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai hana ƙari zai iya sanya ɗayan, kwafin nau'in daji mara aiki. Ana kuma kiran wannan al'amari babban tasiri mara kyau kuma ana lura dashi a yawancin maye gurbi na p53.
Ya kasan ce kwanan nan masu bincike damara kyau kuma ana lura dashi a yawancin maye gurbi na p53. yawa sun ƙalubalanci samfurin Knudson guda biyu. ya kasan ce Rashin kunna allele guda ɗaya na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari ya wadatar don haifar da ciwace-ciwace. Ana kiran wannan al'amari haploinsufficiency kuma an nuna shi ta hanyoyi da yawa na gwaji. Ciwon daji da ke haifar da haploinsufficiency yawanci suna da shekaru masu zuwa na farawa idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ta hanyar bugu biyu.
Maye gurbi da yawa
Gabaɗaya, maye gurbi a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu ana buƙatar don cutar kansa. Misali, maye gurbi da aka iyakance ga oncogene guda ɗaya za a kashe shi ta hanyar sarrafa mitosis na al'ada da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda aka fara hasashe ta hasashen Knudson Canje-canje ga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya kawai ba zai haifar da ciwon daji ba, saboda kasancewar “kwayoyin halitta” da yawa waɗanda ke yin kwafin ayyukansa. Sai kawai lokacin da isassun proto-oncogenes suka rikide zuwa cikin oncogenes, kuma isassun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari suka lalace ko suka lalace, siginonin haɓakar tantanin halitta ya mamaye sigina don daidaita shi, haɓakar tantanin halitta da sauri ya karkace daga sarrafawa. Sau da yawa, saboda waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna tsara hanyoyin da ke hana yawancin lalacewa ga kwayoyin halitta da kansu, adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa yayin da mutum ya tsufa, saboda lalacewar DNA ta haifar da madauki na amsawa.
Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa
2019 ambaliya
Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara.
Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse.
A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa.
Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo.
Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga kananan hukumomi guda 66.
Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe.
A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986.
A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan.
A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. Shugaba Trump ya amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida.
Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba.
Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe.
A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas.
A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita.
Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata.
Ragewa da kariya
Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.
Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya.
Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet. Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana.
a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane 2,650 ft2  na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa.
Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5 cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa.
Gane ci gaba
A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa.
FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3.
Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha."
Ci gaba da karatu
Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a. "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."  Mayu, 1994.  An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017.
"Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi." Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014.
Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli. "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma." [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017.
Cadbury Nigeria Plc
Tarihi
Tarihin Cadbury Schweppes a Najeriya ya samo asali ne tun a shekarun 1950 lokacin da ya fara aikin noman koko da kuma shigo da kayayyaki masu yawa tare da kuma mayar da shi cikin daloli domin sayarwa a kasar. Daga baya samun karuwar damar kasuwa a cikin kasar, kungiyar ta kafa masana'anta a watan Janairu 1965.
Kamfanin ya zama kamfani da aka ambata a fili a shekarar 1976 lokacin da Cadbury Schweppes ya sayar da kashi 20% na sha'awar kamfanin. Zuba hannun jarin da kamfanin ya yi wajen haɗa sarkar samar da kayayyaki ya kai ga kafa masana'antar sarrafa dawa da masana'antun Stanmark a Ondo, masana'antar sarrafa koko. Stanmark yana ba da albarkatun ƙasa don babban samfurin sa, Bournvita kuma shine tushen kuɗin waje ta hanyar fitar da samfuran koko. A shekara ta 2006, reshen ya sarrafa tan 15,000 na wake dana koko a cikin man koko, barasa koko da kuma foda koko.
Alamomi
Manyan samfuran kamfanin sune Bournvita da Tom Tom. An gabatar da na farko a kasar a shekarar 1960 sannan kuma a shekarar 1970. Bayan kafa masana'antar masana'antu a 1965, kamfanin ya kashe kuɗi don tallata Bournvita, kuma a cikin wannan tsari ya haɓaka kason kasuwa na alamar. Daga baya Bournvita ya zama jagorar kasuwa a rukuninta. Don haɓaka buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki, a cikin 1994, kamfanin ya haɗa da mahimman bitamin da ma'adanai a cikin Bournvita.
Ndani TV
Ndani TV tashar yanar gizo ce ta GTBank.
Tarihi
An kafa Ndani TV a shekarar 2012 ta GTBank don ba da nishaɗi da abun ciki mai ba da labari don jawo hankalin matashin abokin ciniki. Ita ce motar farko da wani bankin Najeriya ya kaddamar da abun ciki na bidiyo ta yanar gizo kuma ta zama kamfanin yada labarai. Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, Ndani TV ta sami karbuwa tare da samarwa irin su Frank Donga's The Interview, <i id="mwHQ">Skinny Girl in Transit</i> da kuma Ndani TGIF show.
Tana da ra'ayoyin YouTube sama da miliyan 107 da sama da masu biyan kuɗi 443,000 a Janairu 2021.
Ndani TV tana ba wa masu sauraron sa kallon nahiyoyin Afirka, Don haka sunan 'Ndani' wanda kalmar Swahili ce ta 'Ciki'.
Le Père Goriot
A lokacin bazara na shekara1834 Balzac ya fara aiki akan wani mummunan labari game da mahaifin da 'ya'yansa mata suka ƙi. Littafinsa ya yi rikodin layuka da yawa waɗanda ba a ƙare ba game da makircin: "Maganar Tsohon Goriot - Mutumin kirki -gidan masaukin masu matsakaicin matsayi - 600 fr. samun kudin shiga - bayan ya tube wa kansa tsirara ga 'ya'yansa mata wadanda duka suna da frdububiyar 50,000. samun kudin shiga - mutuwa kamar kare. ” Ya rubuta daftarin farko na Le Père Goriot a cikin kwanaki kaka arba'in; an buga shi azaman serial a cikin Revue de Paris tsakanin Disamba da Fabrairu. An sake shi a matsayin labari a cikin Maris shekara 1835 ta gidan wallafe -wallafen Werdet, wanda shi ma ya buga bugun na biyu a watan Mayu. An buga bugu na uku da aka bita sosai a cikin shekara 1839 ta Charpentier. Kamar yadda al'adar sa ta kasance, Balzac ya yi rubuce -rubuce masu yawa da canje -canje kan hujjojin da ya karɓa daga masu bugawa, ta yadda bugu na baya na litattafan sa galibi sun sha bamban da na farkon. Dangane da Le Père Goriot, ya canza wasu haruffa zuwa mutane daga wasu litattafan da ya rubuta, kuma ya ƙara sabbin sakin layi cike da cikakkun bayanai.
Ndani TV
Ganewa
Kyautar Kyautar Mahaliccin YouTube don Nishaɗi a cikin 2016.
Kungiyar kare hakkin yara
Ra'ayoyi sun fara canzawa a lokacin haskakawa, lokacin da al'ada ta ƙara ƙalubalanci kuma an fara tabbatar da ƙimar yancin kai da haƙƙin ɗan adam.
An kafa Asibitin Kafa da ke Landan a shekara ta 1741 a matsayin gidan yara don "ilimi da kula da yara ƙanana da batattu". Thomas Spence, dan siyasa na Ingilishi ya rubuta kariyar farko ta zamani game da haƙƙin haƙƙin yara a cikin Haƙƙin Jarirai, wanda aka buga a 1796.
Bayanan kula
aure. Jaridar New York Times. An dawo daga https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/27/world/asia/calls-to-end-child-marriages-in-malaysia-after-12-year-old-weds.html? _r=0
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/index.php
Dole ne a sami haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka? Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Yara a matsayin Tsarin Magana don Ayyukan Ilimi. Jaridar Falsafar Ilimi, 41 (3), 431-443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00568.x
Bambanci. Jarida ta Duniya na Haƙƙin Yara, 19(4), 595–612. doi:10.1163/157181811X547263
Gidan kayan tarihi na Noma
Tarihi
An zaɓi Fadar Gimbiya Fatima, 'yar Khedive Ismail, don a gyara ta da gina gidan kayan tarihi, kuma an fara gina gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin watan Nuwamba 1930.A lokacin shirin gidan darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Agricultural Museum na Hungary ya jagoranci aikin. Wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary, Ivan Nagy, shi ne darekta na farko na gidan kayan gargajiyar wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1938. Ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya ta farko na aikin gona a duniya (bayan gidan kayan tarihi na Hungary).
Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana kunshe da gidajen tarihi daban-daban: gidan kayan gargajiya na noma na tsohuwar Masar; gidan kayan gargajiya na kimiyya model; gidan kayan gargajiya na albarkatun shuka; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Syria; gidan kayan gargajiya na Girka, Roman, Coptic, da na Musulunci; da gidan kayan gargajiya na auduga. Baya ga gine-ginen gidan kayan gargajiyar akwai kuma lambuna masu bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba.
Khalid bin Muhammad Al-Attiyah
[[File:Secretary Kerry Chats With Qatari Foreign Minister Al Attiyah Before Paris Meeting Focused on Gaza Cease-Fire (14749012965).jpg|left|thumb|Sakatare Kerry ya tattauna da ministan harkokin wajen Qatar Al Attiyah kafin taron Paris ya mai da hankali kan tsagaita wuta a Gaza
]] Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1967) ɗan siyasan Qatar ne wanda ya kasance ministan harkokin waje daga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013 zuwa Janairun shekara ta 2016. Ya kasance ministan tsaro tun watan Janairun 2016.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Al Attiyah a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1967. Iyalinsa na kabilar Banu Tamim ne wanda dangin Qatar masu mulki, gidan Thani, ma sun kasance. Mahaifinsa shine wanda ya kafa Sojojin Qatar. Ya sami digiri na farko a kimiyyar iska daga King Faisal Air Academy a 1987 kuma, digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Larabawa ta Beirut a 1993. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar jama'a (1991) da kuma PhD a fannin doka (2006), dukansu biyu ya samu daga Jami'ar Alkahira.
Ayyuka
Al Attiyah ya fara aikinsa a matsayin matukin jirgi kuma ya shiga rundunar sojan sama ta Qatar inda ya yi aiki daga 1987 zuwa 1995. Ya bar rundunar sojan sama kuma ya kafa kamfanin lauya a shekarar 1995. Daga 2003 zuwa 2008, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa. A wannan lokacin ya kuma mallaki kamfanin lauya. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Jiha na hadin kan kasa da kasa daga 2008 zuwa 2011. A lokacin mulkinsa ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin ministan kasuwanci da kasuwanci. A shekara ta 2009, ya zama memba na kwamitin amintattu na Silatech. Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin daraktoci kuma shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanin Diar, kuma memba ne na kwamiti na daraktoci na kamfanin wutar lantarki da ruwa na Qatar.
A cikin sake fasalin majalisa a watan Satumbar 2011, an nada Al Attiyah a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a cikin majalisa karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, an nada Al Attiyah a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a cikin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci. Ya maye gurbin Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani a mukamin. Firayim Minista Abdullah bin Nasser Al Thani ne ke jagorantar majalisar.
A cikin sake fasalin majalisa a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2016, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani ya maye gurbin Al Attiyah a matsayin ministan harkokin waje. A cikin wannan sake fasalin an nada Al Attiyah a matsayin ministan tsaro.
Israel Yinon
Israel Yinon (11 Janairu 1956 – 29 Janairu 2015) jagoran Isra'ila ne. Ya kasance babban baƙo mai jagoranci tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa da yawa a duniya, gami da Royal Philharmonic da Vienna Symphony. Ya kware wajen farfado da ayyukan mawakan Jamus da aka manta wadanda aka haramta a karkashin Adolf Hitler.
Mutuwa
Yinon ya mutu bayan ya fado a kan fage a wani wasan kwaikwayo na matasa a Jami'ar Lucerne na Kimiyya da Fasaha a Switzerland. Ya kasance 59.
Cocin Deeper Christian Life Ministry
Deeper Life Ministry wanda aka fi sani da Cocin Deeper Life Bible Church kungiya ce ta Pentecostal ta Kirista wacce ke da hedikwata ta kasa da kasa, Deeper Life Bible Church wacce take da reshe a jihar Legas a Najeriya, a Gbagada. Janar Supretanda Fasto William Folorunso Kumuyi ne ke kula da cocin.
Tarihi
A cikin shekara ta 1973, sa’adda yake koyar da ilimin lissafi a Jami’ar Legas, WF Kumuyi ya soma ƙungiyar nazarin Littafi Bible da ɗaliban jami’a guda 15 waɗanda suka zo wurinsa suna neman horo a Nassosin littafin. Cocin ya fara ne a matsayin Deeper Christian Life Ministry a sa'ilin da WF Kumuyi tsohon mabiyin Anglican ne wanda ya shiga Cocin Apostolic Faith bayan an yi masa baftisma. A shekara ta 1975, an kore shi daga coci don ya yi wa’azi ba tare daya cancanta ba. Ya ci gaba da hidimominsa da kansa, wanda a 1982 ya zamo Cocin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Deeper Life. A farkon shekarun 1980 wannan ƙaramin rukunin ya ƙaru zuwa dubu da yawa, a lokacin da aka kafa Cocin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Deeper Life. Cocin ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin kudu da hamadar sahara sannan ya zuwa kasar Ingila, daga nan ne aka samar da rassa a yammacin Turai, Rasha, Indiya, da Arewacin Amirka.
A cikin watan Afrilun 2018, Cocin Deeper Christian Life Ministry ta sami sabon hedikwatar a Gbagada tare da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya Yemi Osinbajo da sauran manyan baki
A shekarar 2020, cocin Legas na da mutane 65,000.
Manazarta
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Romney Literary Society
Al'umma sun yi muhawara kan batutuwa da yawa na kimiyya da zamantakewa, galibi suna keta dokokinta wanda ya hana batutuwan addini da siyasa. Kodayake membobinta ba su da yawa, ana yawan tattauna muhawara da ayyukan ta a duk yankin Potomac Highlands, kuma ƙungiyar ta yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin tunani a cikin yankin Romney da kewayenta.
Laburaren al’umma ya fara ne a shekarar na 1819 tare da sayen littattafai guda biyu; ta shekara1861, ta girma ta ƙunshi kusan kundin dubu uku 3,000 akan batutuwa kamar adabi, kimiyya, tarihi, da fasaha. Kungiyar ta kuma nemi kafa wata cibiya don "babban ilimin matasan al'umma." A cikinshekara 1820, sakamakon wannan yunƙurin, an gabatar da koyar da litattafan a cikin tsarin karatun Romney Academy, don haka ya sanya makarantar ta zama makarantar farko ta babban ilimi a Gabashin Panhandle. A cikinshekara 1846, jama'a sun gina ginin wanda ke da Cibiyar Tarihi ta Romney da ɗakin karatu, duka biyun sun faɗi ƙarƙashin kulawar al'umma. An gudanar da cibiyar ta sanannen Reverend William Henry Foote. Bayan jayayya da al'umma, Foote ya kafa makarantar kishiya a Romney, wanda aka sani da Potomac Seminary, a 1850.
Gidan kayan tarihi na Noma na ƙasar Masar
Gidan kayan tarihi na Noma gidan tarihi ne a Alkahira, Masar.
Tarihi
An zaɓi Fadar Gimbiya Fatima, 'yar Khedive Ismail, don a gyara ta da gina gidan kayan tarihi, kuma an fara gina gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin watan Nuwamba 1930.A lokacin shirin gidan darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Agricultural Museum na Hungary ya jagoranci aikin. Wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary, Ivan Nagy, shi ne darekta na farko na gidan kayan gargajiyar wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1938. Ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya ta farko na aikin gona a duniya (bayan gidan kayan tarihi na Hungary).
Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana kunshe da gidajen tarihi daban-daban: gidan kayan gargajiya na noma na tsohuwar Masar; gidan kayan gargajiya na kimiyya model; gidan kayan gargajiya na albarkatun shuka; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Syria; gidan kayan gargajiya na Girka, Roman, Coptic, da na Musulunci; da gidan kayan gargajiya na auduga. Baya ga gine-ginen gidan kayan gargajiyar akwai kuma lambuna masu bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba.
Manazarta
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Elizabeth Akua Ohene
Elizabeth Akua Ohene (an haife ta 24 ga Janairu 1945) yar jarida ce ƴar Ghana kuma ƴar siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin karamar ministar ilimin manyan makarantu a Ghana a karkashin Shugaba John Kufuor. Ta taba zama Editan Jaridar Daily Graphic, mace ta farko a cikin rawar.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Elizabeth Ohene a ranar 24 ga Janairun 1945 a Ho a yankin Volta na Ghana.
Ta halarci Makarantar Mawuli kuma ta sami admission a Jami'ar Ghana a 1964, inda ta kammala digiri na BA (Hon.) a Turanci a 1967. Ta kuma halarci Jami'ar Indiana, da ke Bloomington, Indiana, Amurka, inda ta sami takardar shaidar sadarwa ta Mass Communication. . Ta kasance 'yar jarida daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 1983 a Kwalejin Wolfson, Jami'ar Cambridge, a Burtaniya.
Aiki
Ohene ta yi aikin jarida a jaridar Daily Graphic kuma a shekarar 1979 ta zama mace ta farko a Afirka da ta fara gyara wata babbar jarida ta kasa. Ta tafi gudun hijira bayan ta soki gwamnatin Jerry Rawlings. Tsohuwar Minista ce a ma’aikatar ilimi, kimiya da wasanni. Har ila yau, tana cikin tawagar BBC Focus on Africa da ta lashe lambar yabo. Ohene ya kasance mai magana da yawun gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa John Kufuor.
A lokacin da Ohene ta fara aikin jarida da jaridar Daily Graphic da ke Ghana, a lokacin ne aka yi tashe-tashen hankula a siyasance. Ta koma Landan don ci gaba da aikinta na jarida a matsayin mawallafi da editan wata mujallar labarai ta mako-mako mai suna Talking Drums. Daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar editan shirye-shiryen yau da kullun a sashin Sashen Afirka na BBC World Service. Ohene ya zauna a Landan na tsawon shekaru 19, bayan ya bar Ghana da bukatar mafaka. Ta tuna da Landan sosai, ko da a yanzu Ghana ta kasance ƙasa mai aminci da kwanciyar hankali.
Yanzu ana kallon Ghana a matsayin kasa mafi aminci ga 'yan jarida a Afirka, kuma an ce 'yancin aikin jarida na samun ci gaba. Ranar ‘Yancin ‘Yan Jaridu ta Duniya, wadda Hukumar Ilimi da Kimiyya da Al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyin shiryawa a kasar Ghana a watan Mayun 2018. Wannan wani muhimmin al’amari ne, domin a zamanin gwamnatin Jerry John Rawlings an sanya ‘yan jarida a matsayin makiyan jihar, kuma ana daukar su a matsayin makiyan gwamnati. galibi ana azabtarwa da kashe su. Ohene tana aiki a matsayin editan jaridar Daily Graphic a Ghana yayin da Rawlings ke rike da kasar. Ta buga wani edita mai tambaya game da mulkin Rawlings, kuma dole ne ta bar ƙasar don tserewa daga fushinsa. Ta je Landan, ta kafa mujallar Talking Drums, tare da abokan aikinta guda biyu da suka tsere tare da ita. Manufar Drums na Talking Drums ita ce a samar da wata kafa da za ta tona asirin cin zarafin bil'adama da ke faruwa a Ghana.
Siyasa
Ohene na adawa da cin hanci da rashawa a Ghana; ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a san cin hanci da rashawa da "sata" kuma ta nuna cewa wannan annoba ce ga ci gaban kowace kasa.
Ohene na goyon bayan takaita karuwar al’umma a Ghana, a matsayin wani mataki na rage radadin talauci. Ta goyi bayan aikin Dr Leticia Adelaide Appiah, babbar daraktar hukumar kula da yawan jama'a ta kasa, da kuma shawarar Appiah na cewa a takaita mata a Ghana ga yara uku ko kuma su rasa damar yin ayyukan gwamnati kyauta.
Kungiyar matasan Volta ta caccaki Ohene saboda rashin goyon bayanta ga sarakunan gargajiya, musamman saboda kakkausan kalamai da ta yi kan Togbe Afede na 14, Babban Hakimin Jihar Asorgli kuma Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Kasa a 2018.
Barin ciki
Zubar da ciki, wanda kuma aka sani a fannin likitanci a matsayin bari, shine mutuwa da korar jinjirin ciki ko tayin kafin ya fara rayuwa ba tare da dogaro da wani ba. Kalmar bari wani lokaci ana amfani da ita don komawa ga kowane nau'i na asarar ciki ciki kafin makonni 20 na samun ciki.
Eugene Boakye Antwi
Eugene Boakye Antwi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Ghana ne kuma memba na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai na jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Subin a yankin Ashanti akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1970 a Baman, Kwabre a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya sami PGDIP ɗin sa daga Binciken Kasuwar Takaddun Shaida. Ya samu Diploma na kasa daga Kwalejin Westminster, UK. Ya kuma sami BA a Business Administration a Jami'ar Westminster.
Aiki
Ma'aikacin banki ne a bankin Barclays yanzu ABSA daga 1999 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance Administrator of Lord Chancellor Department daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ya kasance Daraktan EUGASS Limited daga 2006 zuwa 2016.
Siyasa
Dan sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ne. Haka kuma, shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Subin a yankin Ashanti.
Uzi Yairi
Yairi ya zama shugaban Sayeret Matkal a lokacin yana da shekaru 31 kuma cikakken Kanar yana da shekaru 35 kacal a rayuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan brigade a lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, amma ya bar soja sakamakon raunin da ya sha a lokacin yakin. Domin tunawa da shi, an sa masa suna moshav Ro'i. Sunan ne gajarta ce ga Ramat Uzi Yairi.
Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti
Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti abu ne mai tsanani Kuma mai rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa rashin fahimtar matsalar muhalli. Mutanen Haiti suna noma kuma suna amfani da gawayi a matsayin tushen makamashi na gida.
Dynamics da tasiri
An fara saran gandun daji na Haiti cikin sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka samu ta hanyar bautar da ’yan Afirka da aka yi garkuwa da su, kuma ya tsananta lokacin da aka fara amfani da kofi a shekara ta 1730. An share dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kuma bayan shekaru hamsin, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasar mallaka na ƙarƙashin kofi. Kuma Tsarin shuka monoculture da tsabtace-namo tsakanin layuka na kofi, indigo, taba, da kuma rake sun cinye ƙasa mai gina jiki kuma ya haifar da zazzagewa cikin sauri.
Bayan juyin juya halin Haiti, an tilasta wa gwamnati fitar da katako a cikin karni na 19 don biyan lamunin faranc miliyan 90 ga Faransa saboda ikirarin Faransa na asarar kadarorin, gami da yawan mutanen da aka yi bauta a da. Kuma Dole ne a yi kashi-kashi na katako sama da ƙarni don cika ainihin adadin da kuma riba. ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ba, ƙasar ta kasance ba daidai ba a rarraba, kuma yawancin mutane an ba su damar zuwa gangaren gefe kawai tsakanin 200 da 600m sama da filayen albarkatu da kuma ƙasa da yankunan samar da kofi. Waɗannan ƙasan da ke gefen tuddai sun kasance masu saurin lalacewa musamman idan an share su don noma.
Sararin dazuzzukan ya ta'azzara bayan guguwar Hazel ta nutsar da bishiyoyi a ko'ina cikin tsibirin a shekarar 1954. Tun daga kusan shekara ta 1954, masu ba da rancen kuɗi sun ƙara haɓaka aikinsu na katako don amsa buƙatun da Port-au-Prince ta ƙara na gawayi. Sake sare itatuwa ya kara tsananta, wanda ya riga ya zama matsala saboda ayyukan noma marasa inganci, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Kuma karuwar gasa a kan filaye. Ba a yi amfani da dabarun da za su iya sa gandun daji ya yi amfani da man fetur kamar coppiing da pollaring ba.
Zaizayar kasa
Mafi girman tasirin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar kasa. Kimanin 15000 acre  na saman kasa ana wankewa a kowace shekara, tare da zaizayar kasa kuma yana lalata sauran ababen more rayuwa kamar madatsun ruwa, tsarin ban ruwa, hanyoyi, da muhallin ruwa na gabar teku. Har ila yau, zaizayar kasa na rage yawan amfanin kasa, yana kara tabarbarewar fari, sannan kuma a karshe ya kai ga kwararowar hamada, wanda duk yana kara matsin lamba kan sauran filayen da bishiyoyi.
Kiyasin asarar gandun daji
An ba da rahoto da yawa cewa a cikin shekarata 1923 sama da kashi 60% na ƙasar Haiti an yi dazuzzuka; Har yanzu ba a san tushen wannan ikirari ba amma ana iya danganta shi da mamayar ruwan Amurka a Haiti. A cikin shekarar 2006, an yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasar tana da ƙasa da kashi 2% na gandun daji. Ko da yake an yi saran gandun daji sosai, an ƙalubalanci wannan ƙiyasin da cewa ba daidai ba ne saboda bincike mara tushe. Duk da haka, ƙiyasin kashi 2% da ba a tabbatar da shi ba an yaɗa shi sosai a kafafen yada labarai da kuma maganganun da suka shafi ƙasar. Bincike mai zurfi na baya-bayan nan game da hotunan tauraron dan adam da nazarin muhalli game da rabe-raben gandun daji sun kammala cewa Haiti tana da kusan 30% murfin bishiyar.
Jonathan Bolingi
Jonathan Bolingi Mpangi Merikani (an haife shi a shekara ta 30 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kwango wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Buriram United ta Thai League 1 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta DR Congo.
Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti
Kiyasin asarar gandun daji
Tsarin muhalli da aka yi a cikin shekarata 2018 yana nuna cewa a cikin yanayin 'kasuwa-kamar yadda aka saba' na lalacewar itace, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, biomass na itace a saman ƙasa a Haiti zai ragu da kusan 4% na hannun jari na yanzu,. Bincike na baya-bayan nan game da samar da gawayi da sha a Haiti yana ba da sabbin bayanai a matakin ƙasa.
Jonathan Bolingi
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2019, ya koma Eupen akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2021, Bolingi ya koma Lausanne-Sport ta Super League ta Switzerland a matsayin aro na sauran kakar tare da zaɓi don sanya yarjejeniyar ta dindindin. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 2021, Bolingi ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob ɗin Buriram United a Thailand.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Bolingi ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Mpangi Merikani.
Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti
Ƙoƙarin muhalli
Yawancin gwamnatocin Haiti sun biya aikin lebe ne kawai ga wajibcin sake dazuzzuka. Babban yunƙurin yin aiki ya fito ne daga ƙasashen waje. Shirin Bayar da Aikin Noma na USAID, Pwojè Pyebwa, shi ne babban shirin sake dazuzzukan Haiti a shekarun 1980. Ƙauye sun dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 25 a ƙarƙashin Projè Pyebwa a cikin halittar farko.
Daga baya kokarin ceto itatuwan Haiti ya mayar da hankali ne kan kara habaka shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka, da rage sharar da ake samu wajen hakar gawayi, da samar da ingantattun murhu, da shigo da itace a karkashin shirin samar da zaman lafiya na USAID. Domin yawancin mutanen Haiti sun dogara da itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko, ana buƙatar hanyoyin makamashi don ceton dazuzzuka. Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli na shekaru 15, wanda aka ba shi izini a cikin shekarata 1999, ya ba da shawarar dakatar da sare dazuzzuka ta hanyar haɓaka madadin hanyoyin mai. Rikicin siyasa da rashin kudade sun takaita tasirin wannan yunƙurin na sake fasalin.
Hukumomi da kamfanoni da dama da ke kera injinan girki mai amfani da hasken rana a matsayin madadin yin amfani da itace da gawayi sun yi aiki a Haiti don samar da hanyoyin magance fatara da man fetur, duk da cewa tasirinsu da matakin da ake amfani da su na da shakku.
Ketu, Nigeria
Ketu birni ne, da ke a jihar Lagos, a ƙasar Najeriya. Yana kusa da Mile 12. Wurin yana da reshe na Foursquare Gospel Church.
Ƙaramar hukumar Agboyi-Ketu (LCDA) tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi na jihar Legas, Najeriya. Hedkwatarta tana cikin Alapere.
Tarihi
Tsohuwar gwamnatin jihar Legas, ta Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, wanda ya yi mulki daga 29 ga watan Mayu, 1999 zuwa 29 ga watan Mayu, 2007 ne ya kafa ƙaramar hukumar.
Tana da iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar Ikosi-Isheri (LCDA), karamar hukumar Kosofe da ƙaramar hukumar Ikorodu ta Yamma (LCDA).
Magudanar muhalli
Magudanar muhalli suna bayyana adadi, lokaci, da ingancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don dorewar ruwa mai kyau da tsabta da muhallin halittu da rayuwar ɗan adam da jin daɗin rayuwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin. A cikin mahallin Indiya kogin da ake buƙata don buƙatun al'adu da na ruhaniya yana ɗaukar mahimmanci. Ta hanyar aiwatar da kwararar muhalli, masu kula da ruwa suna ƙoƙari don cimma tsarin gudana, ko tsari, wanda ke ba da amfanin ɗan adam da kiyaye mahimman hanyoyin da ake buƙata don tallafawa yanayin yanayin kogin lafiya. Magudanar muhalli ba lallai ba ne ace ya buƙaci maido da dabi'un dabi'un da za su iya faruwa ba tare da ci gaban ɗan adam ba, amfani, da karkatar da su amma, a maimakon haka, an yi niyya ne don samar da fa'ida mai fa'ida da fa'ida daga koguna fiye da kulawa da aka mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa. makamashi, nishaɗi, ko sarrafa ambaliya.
Koguna sassa ne na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da suka haɗa da filayen ambaliya da magudanan ruwa. Gaba ɗaya waɗannan tsarin suna ba da babban fa'idodi. Duk da haka, ana ƙara samun canjin kogunan duniya ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, karkatar da ruwa, da magudanan ruwa. Fiye da rabin manyan koguna na duniya ne aka datse su, adadi da ke ci gaba da karuwa. Kusan madatsun ruwa kimanin 1,000 ne ake shirin ginawa ko kuma ana gina su a Kudancin Amurka, kuma ana shirin gina sabbin madatsun ruwa guda 50 a kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin kadai. Dams da sauran gine-ginen kogin suna canza yanayin kwararowar ruwa kuma saboda haka suna shafar ingancin ruwa, zafin jiki, motsin ruwa da jibgewa, kifaye da namun daji, da kuma rayuwar mutanen da suka dogara da ingantaccen yanayin kogin. Magudanar muhalli na neman kula da waɗannan ayyukan kogin yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da fa'idodin gargajiya na waje.
Juyin Halittu na kwararar muhalli da kuma ganewa
Tun daga farkon karni na 20 zuwa shekarata 1960, kula da ruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fi mayar da hankali kan kara yawan kariyar ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ruwa, da samar da wutar lantarki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin waɗannan ayyukan ya sa masana kimiyya su nemi hanyoyin da za a gyara ayyukan dam don kula da wasu nau'in kifin. Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tantance mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don adana nau'in ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai, kamar kifi, a cikin kogi. Wasu daga cikin Matsalolin muhalli sun samo asali ne daga wannan ra'ayi na "mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa" da kuma, daga baya, "gudanar ruwa", wanda ya jaddada buƙatar kiyaye ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.
A wani bincike na duniya na kwararru kan ruwa da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2003 don auna hasashen kwararar muhalli, kashi 88% na 272 da suka amsa sun amince da cewa manufar tana da matukar muhimmanci ga dorewar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma biyan bukatun mutane na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekarata 2007, sama da ma'aikata 750 daga ƙasashe sama da 50 ne suka amince da sanarwar Brisbane akan kwararar muhalli. Sanarwar ta sanar da yin alkawarin yin aiki tare don kare da dawo da koguna da tafkunan duniya. A shekara ta 2010, manyan ƙasashe da yawa a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da manufofin kwararar muhalli, kodayake aiwatar da su ya kasance ƙalubale.
Misalai
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin da ake yi a halin yanzu don maido da kwararar mahalli shine Tsarin Ruwa mai Dorewa, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Nature Conservancy (TNC) da US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), wanda shi ne babban manajan ruwa a Amurka. Tun daga shekarata 2002, TNC da USACE suna aiki don ayyana da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli ta hanyar canza ayyukan madatsun ruwa na USACE a cikin koguna 8 a cikin jihohi 12. Sake aikin madatsar ruwa don sakin matsugunan muhalli, tare da dawo da ambaliya, a wasu lokutan ya kara yawan ruwan da ake samu don samar da wutar lantarki tare da rage hadarin ambaliya.
Kogin Bill Williams na Arizona, wanda ke gudana daga kogin Alamo Dam, ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan da aka nuna a cikin Aikin koguna masu dorewa. Bayan tattaunawa game da gyara ayyukan madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekarun 1990, masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida sun fara aiki tare da TNC da USACE a cikin shekarata 2005 bisa bincike don gano takamaiman dabaru don inganta lafiyar muhalli da nau'ikan halittu na rafin rafi daga madatsar ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun tattara mafi kyawun bayanan da ake samu kuma sun yi aiki tare don ayyana kwararar muhalli don kogin Bill Williams. Duk da yake ba za a iya aiwatar da duk abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar kwararar muhalli nan da nan ba, USACE ta canza ayyukanta na Dam na Alamo don haɗa ƙarin ƙananan kwararar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Ci gaba da sa ido yana ɗaukar sakamakon sakamakon muhalli kamar sake sabunta gandun daji na willow-cottonwood, murkushe tamarisk masu cin zarafi da waɗanda ba na asali ba, maido da ƙarin yawan halittu na madatsun ruwa na beaver da wuraren zama masu alaƙa, canje-canje a cikin yawan kwari na ruwa, da haɓaka ruwan ƙasa. yi caji. Manya Daga cikin Injiniyoyin USACE na ci gaba da tuntubar masana kimiyya akai-akai kuma suna amfani da sakamakon sa ido don kara inganta ayyukan dam.
Hanyoyi, kayan aiki, da samfura
Fiye da hanyoyi guda 200 ana amfani da su a duk duniya don tsara magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da koguna masu lafiya. Koyaya, kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan suna da cikakkun bayanai kuma cikakke, suna lissafin yanayin yanayi da bambancin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara da ake buƙata don tallafawa duk sabis na tsarin halittu waɗanda koguna masu lafiya suke bayarwa. Irin waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin sun haɗa da DRIFT (Amsa na ƙasa don Canjin Canjin Ruwa), BBM (Tsarin Tsarin Ginin Ginin), da "Tsarin Savannah" don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin muhalli, da ELOHA (Iyakokin Muhalli na Canjin Hydrologic) don tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na yanki. Hanyar "mafi kyau", ko mafi kusantar, hanyoyin, don yanayin da aka ba da shi ya dogara da adadin albarkatun da bayanai da ake samuwa, batutuwa mafi mahimmanci, da matakin tabbacin da ake bukata. Don sauƙaƙe takaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli, ƙira da kayan aikin kwamfuta da yawa sun ƙirƙira ta ƙungiyoyi kamar USACE's Hydrologic Engineering Center Archived   don kama buƙatun kwarara da aka ayyana a cikin saitin bita (misali, HEC-RPT  ) ko don kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli (misali, HEC-ResSim, HEC-RAS , da HEC-EFM  ). Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙira ƙirar 2D daga ƙirar tashin hankali na 3D dangane da Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy zuwa mafi dacewa da ƙira babban sikelin muhalli. Wannan samfurin ya dogara ne akan jinkirin ɗimbin ɗabi'a na rikice-rikice na Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy maimakon ace matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin kwarara.
Sauran hanyoyin tantance kwararar muhalli da aka gwada da kuma gwadawa sun haɗa da DRIFT (King et al. A shekarata 2003), kuma wanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi a rikicin Kishenganga HPP tsakanin Pakistan da Indiya a Kotun Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Duniya.
A Indiya
A Indiya, bukatuwar kwararar muhalli ta samo asali daga daruruwan manyan madatsun ruwa da ake shiryawa a cikin kogin Himalayan don samar da wutar lantarki. Rikicin madatsun ruwa da aka tsara a fadin Lohit, Kogin Dibang a cikin kogin Brahmaputra, kogin Alaknanda da kogin Bhagirathi a cikin Ganga basin da Teesta a Sikkim alal misali, za su ƙare a cikin kogunan da ke gudana ta hanyar ramuka da hannun jari na alkalami maimakon kogin. tashoshi. Akwai wasu shawarwarin da hukumomi daban-daban suka bayar (Kotu, Kotuna, Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka (Indiya) ) game da sakin hanyoyin lantarki daga madatsun ruwa. Koyaya, waɗannan shawarwarin ba su taɓa samun goyan baya daga maƙasudai masu ƙarfi ba game da dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar wasu sakin e-flow.
Michal Yannai
Michal Yannai (ko Yanai, מיכל ינאי  ; an haife ta 18 Yuni, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972a.c) yar wasan Isra'ila ce.