cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ƴancin sabis
Tushen Shari'a
Sabis, duk da haka, bisa ga dokar shari'ar da aka daidaita, suna buƙatar samun tushen tattalin arziki, cewa shi, lada ga abin da mai karɓa ke bayarwa. An gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a cikin Grogan (C-159/90) inda kotu ta yanke hukunci akan "yanayin tattalin arziki" na samar da ayyuka. Shari'ar ta shafi wani kamfani da ke ba da bayanai kyauta ga mata a Ireland da ke son zubar da ciki a Burtaniya. Kuma Kotun ta gano cewa kamfanin ba shi da hakkin ya nemi ‘yancinsa na samar da ayyuka kamar yadda ake yi a wannan shari’ar, saboda lamarin zai shafi ‘yancin bayar da bayanai. Sannan Wannan yana da alaƙa a zahiri da rashin biyan kuɗi don haka hanyar haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki.
Ayyukan da gwamnatoci ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a ke bayarwa ana kiran su "Services of General Interest". KumaA aikace, wannan yana nufin ayyuka waɗanda ake ɗaukar su "masu mahimmanci" don haka ƙarƙashin takamaiman wajibai na sabis na jama'a. Ana iya raba irin wannan nau'in sabis zuwa rukuni uku:
A cikin yarjejeniyoyin, musamman yerjejeniya kan Aiki na Tarayyar Turai (TFEU), 'yancin ba da sabis ya dogara ne akan Mataki na 49-66. Babban abubuwan da suka shafi duka biyu 2, 'yancin doka da na halitta don kafa kansu a wata ƙasa ta EU kuma a can suna ba da sabis ('yancin kafawa), da haƙƙin samar da sabis na kan iyaka ba tare da buƙatar kafa ofishi ba ('yanci). don samar da ayyuka) za a iya samu a:
Ayyuka
"'Yancin samar da ayyuka" a ƙarƙashin labarin TFEU 56 ya shafi mutanen da ke ba da sabis "don biyan kuɗi", musamman na kasuwanci ko sana'a. Alal misali, a cikin Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid wani lauya dan kasar Holland ya koma Belgium a lokacin da yake ba abokin ciniki shawara a kan batun tsaro, kuma an gaya masa ba zai iya ci gaba ba saboda dokar Holland ta ce mutanen da aka kafa a Netherlands ne kawai za su iya ba da doka. Kuma shawara. Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa 'yancin ba da sabis da aka yi amfani da shi, yana da tasiri kai tsaye, kuma dokar ba ta da tushe: samun adireshi a cikin ƙasa memba zai isa ya bi sahihiyar manufar gudanar da adalci. Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ilimin sakandare ya fadi a kan iyakokin labarin 56 saboda yawanci jihohi ne ke ba da shi, amma ilimi mafi girma ba ya yi. Kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya ana ƙididdige shi azaman sabis. A cikin Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds Misis Geraets-Smits ta yi iƙirarin cewa inshorar zamantakewar jama'a na Holland ya biya mata kuɗin da ake yi na karbar magani a Jamus. Hukumomin lafiya na Holland sun ɗauki maganin ba dole ba ne, don haka ta ce wannan ya hana ’yancin (na asibitin kiwon lafiyar Jamus) don ba da sabis. Gwamnatoci da yawa sun gabatar da cewa bai kamata a dauki ayyukan asibiti a matsayin tattalin arziki ba, Sannna kuma kada su fada cikin labarin 56. Amma Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar da kiwon lafiya "sabis" duk da cewa gwamnati (maimakon mai karɓar sabis) ya biya sabis ɗin. Hukumomin ƙasa na iya samun hujjar ƙin biyan majiyyata ayyukan kiwon lafiya a ƙasashen waje idan kulawar lafiyar da ake samu a gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma hakan ya biyo bayan “kimiyyar likitancin ƙasa da ƙasa” wanda aka ƙidaya jiyya a matsayin na yau da kullun kuma ya zama dole. Kotun na buƙatar cewa yanayin mutum ɗaya na majiyyaci ya ba da hujjar lissafin jira, kuma wannan ma gaskiya ne a cikin mahallin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya. Baya ga ayyukan jama'a, wani fage na ayyuka masu mahimmanci sune waɗanda aka keɓe a matsayin haramun. Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin Netherlands na amfani da cannabis, gami da haramcin da wasu gundumomi suka yi kan masu yawon bude ido (amma ba ƴan ƙasar Holland ba) zuwa shagunan kofi, ya faɗi a waje da labarin 56 gabaɗaya. Kotun shari’a ta yi nuni da cewa ana sarrafa magungunan narcotic a duk ƙasashe mambobi, shiyasa don haka wannan ya bambanta da sauran shari’o’in da aka hana karuwanci ko wasu ayyukan da ba su dace ba.
Nadja Obrist
Nadja Obrist 'yar Austriya ce mai tsalle-tsalle mai tsalle-tsalle. Ta wakilci Ostiriya a gasar tseren motsa jiki na nakasassu a wasannin sanyi na nakasassu na 1994 a Lillehammer da 1998 na nakasassu a Nagano. Ta samu lambobin yabo biyar: azurfa uku da tagulla biyu.
Lyceum na Waƙa na Kyiv Mykola Lysenko
Lyceum na Jihar Kyiv mai suna Mykola Vitaliyovych Lysenko wani bangare ne na Kwalejin Waƙa na National Pyotr Tchaikovsky dake Ukraine.
Ƴancin sabis
Ayyuka
Idan wani aiki ya faɗo a cikin labarin 56, za a iya tabbatar da ƙuntatawa a ƙarƙashin labarin 52, ko kuma ta hanyar wuce gona da iri da Kotun Shari'a ta samar. A cikin Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën kasuwancin da ke siyar da kayayyaki na gaba (tare da Merrill Lynch da wasu kamfanonin banki) sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar dokar Holland wacce ta hana abokan ciniki kira sanyi. Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar da haramcin Dutch ya bi hanyar da ta dace don hana "ci gaban da ba a so a cikin kasuwancin tsaro" ciki har da kare mabukaci daga dabarun tallace-tallace, Kuma don haka tabbatar da amincewa a kasuwannin Dutch. A cikin Omega Spielhallen GmbH v Bonn Majalisar Bonn ta dakatar da kasuwancin "laserdrome". Ta sayi sabis na bindigogin Laser na bogi daga wani kamfani na Burtaniya mai suna Pulsar Ltd, amma mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da "wasa wajen kisa". Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa darajar tsarin mulkin Jamus na mutunta ɗan adam, duk wanda ya kafa haramcin, ya ƙidaya a matsayin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ba da sabis. A La Liga Portuguesa de Futebol da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa Kotun Shari'a ta kuma gudanar da cewa, ikon mallakar jihar kan caca, da kuma hukunci ga wani kamfani na Gibraltar wanda ya sayar da ayyukan caca na intanet, ya dace don hana zamba da caca inda ra'ayoyin mutane ya kasance. sosai bambancin. Haramcin ya yi daidai domin wannan hanya ce da ta dace kuma ta dace don magance manyan matsalolin damfara da ke tasowa ta hanyar intanet. Kuma A cikin Umarnin Sabis an ƙirƙira ƙungiyar hujja a cikin labarin 16, wanda shari'ar ta haɓaka.
Lyceum na Waƙa na Kyiv Mykola Lysenko
Makarantar kwanan ta ƙware a fannin koyarda kaɗe-kaɗe a matakin sakandare a Kyiv. kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantu huɗu da ke da ma nufa iri ɗaya a Ukraine. Babban manufar makarantar ita ce horar da kwararrun mawaka.
Dalibanta suna samun ilimin waƙa na musamman tare da karatunsu na gabaɗaya.
Line Sigvardsen Jensen
Line Sigvardsen Jensen (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Fortuna Hjørring a cikin 3F-Ligaem kuma ga ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Danish.
Aikin kulob
Sigvardsen Jensen, asalin ɗan baya ne, ya buga wa Fortuna Hjørring tun watan Oktoba shekarar 2008. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tana da shekara 9 a cikin mahaifarta Himmerland. Kungiyar NWSL Washington Ruhu ta sanya mata hannu a cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2016. A kakar wasanta na farko da kungiyar, ta buga wasanni uku, sau biyu aka fara, jimilla 141 mintuna. Sigvardsen Jensen ta ci burinta na farko na aikin NWSL ranar 22 Afrilu shekarar 2017 tana ba ƙungiyar tata nasarar ci 1-0 akan Orlando Pride.
Ƴancin sabis
Ayyuka
Wasu muhimman al'amura masu alaƙa da takamaiman batutuwa sune:
Inganchin ruwa
Categories
Ana ƙayyade sigogi don ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da aka yi niyya. Aiki a fannin ingancin ruwa yakan mayar da hankali ne akan ruwan da ake bi da shi don yuwuwa, masana'antu/amfani da gida, ko maidowa (na muhalli/tsarin muhalli, gabaɗaya don lafiyar ɗan adam/rayuwar ruwa).
Ƴancin sabis
Kafa
Kazalika samar da haƙƙi ga “ma’aikata” waɗanda gabaɗaya ba su da ikon yin ciniki a kasuwa, Yarjejeniyar Aiki na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma ba da kariya ga “yancin kafawa” a cikin labarin na 49, da “’yancin ba da sabis” Labari na 56. A cikin Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano Kotun Shari'a ta yanke shawarar cewa "kafa" yana nufin shiga cikin rayuwar tattalin arziki "a kan kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba", yayin samar da "sabis" yana nufin neman aiki. ƙari "akan wucin gadi". Kuma Wannan yana nufin cewa lauya daga Stuttgart, wanda ya kafa ɗakuna a Milan kuma Majalisar Bar Milan ta zargi shi don rashin yin rajista, ya kamata ya yi ikirarin keta 'yancin kafa, maimakon 'yancin hidima. Koyaya, buƙatun da za a yi rajista a Milan kafin samun damar yin aiki za a ba su izini idan ba nuna bambanci ba ne, “waɗanda suka dace da buƙatu masu mahimmanci a cikin buƙatun gabaɗaya” kuma an yi amfani da su daidai gwargwado. Duk mutane ko ƙungiyoyin da ke gudanar da harkokin tattalin arziki, musamman masu zaman kansu, ko "ayyukan" kamar kamfanoni ko kamfanoni, suna da haƙƙin kafa kamfani ba tare da hani mara tushe ba. Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa duka gwamnatin memba da kuma jam'iyya mai zaman kanta na iya hana 'yancin kafawa, don haka labarin 49 yana da duka "a tsaye" da "tsaye" tasiri kai tsaye. A Reyners v Belgium Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin kin shigar da lauya a mashawarcin Belgian saboda rashin dan kasar Belgian bai dace ba. Labari na 49 na TFEU ya ce ba a keɓance jihohi daga keta ‘yancin kafa wasu a lokacin da suke amfani da “hukunce-hukuncen hukuma”. Kuma Amma tsarin aikin mai ba da shawara (saɓanin na kotu) ba na hukuma bane. Ya bambanta a Hukumar v Italiya Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin cewa buƙatun lauyoyi a Italiya su bi matsakaicin kuɗin fito sai dai idan akwai yarjejeniya tare da abokin ciniki ba ta da iyaka. Babban Kotun na Kotun ta ce hukumar ba ta tabbatar da cewa wannan yana da wani abu ko wani tasiri na hana masu sana'a shiga kasuwar ba. Don haka, Kuma babu wani babban ƙetaren yancin kafawa wanda ke buƙatar barata.
Dangane da kamfanoni, Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar a cikin R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury cewa kasashe membobin za su iya takura wa kamfani motsi wurin kasuwancinsa, ba tare da keta labarin TFEU na 49 Hakan na nufin uwar gidan jaridar Daily Mail ba za ta iya kaucewa biyan haraji ta hanyar mayar da wurin zama zuwa Netherlands ba tare da fara daidaita kudaden harajin da yake bi a Burtaniya ba. SannanBurtaniya ba ta buƙatar tabbatar da matakin nata, saboda har yanzu ba a daidaita ka'idojin kujerun kamfanoni ba. Akasin haka, a cikin Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen Kotun Shari'a ta gano cewa ba za a buƙaci wani kamfani mai iyaka na Burtaniya da ke aiki a Denmark ya bi ƙa'idodin hannun jari mafi ƙarancin Denmark ba. Kuma Dokar Burtaniya ta buƙaci kawai £ 1 na babban kamfani don fara kamfani, yayin da majalisar dokokin Denmark ta ɗauki ra'ayin cewa yakamata a fara kamfanoni idan suna da 200,000 Danish krone (kusan € 27,000) don kare masu lamuni idan kamfanin ya gaza kuma ya yi rashin nasara. Kotun shari'a ta ce mafi karancin dokar babban birnin Denmark ta keta 'yancin kafa na Centros Ltd kuma ba za a iya samun hujja ba, saboda wani kamfani a Burtaniya na iya amincewa da bayar da sabis a Denmark ba tare da an kafa shi a can ba, kuma akwai karancin hanyoyin da za a bi don cimma manufar. kariya daga bashi. Wannan tsarin da aka soki a matsayin mai yiwuwa bude EU zuwa ga rashin adalci tsari gasa, Sannan da kuma tseren zuwa kasa a cikin shari'a matsayin, kamar Amurka jihar Delaware, wanda aka yi jayayya don jawo hankalin kamfanoni da mafi munin matsayin lissafi, da rashin ma'ana low haraji haraji. Da yake bayyana don saduwa da damuwa, a cikin Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kotu a Jamus ba za ta iya hana wani kamfanin gine-gine na Holland 'yancin aiwatar da kwangila a Jamus ba, saboda kawai ba a shigar da shi cikin Jamus ba. Ƙuntatawa kan yancin kafawa na iya zama barata ta hanyar kariyar masu bin bashi, kuma haƙƙin ƙwadago don shiga aiki, ko sha'awar jama'a don karɓar haraji. Amma a wannan yanayin ƙin yarda da iya aiki ya wuce gona da iri: ya kasance "cikakke kai tsaye" na haƙƙin kafawa. Ƙaddamar da ƙarin iyaka, a cikin Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar da cewa saboda hukumomi an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar doka, dole ne su kasance ƙarƙashin duk wasu ka'idoji don samuwar da jihar haɗin gwiwa ke son sanyawa. Wannan yana nufin hukumomin Hungarian na iya hana wani kamfani canza tsarin mulkinsa zuwa Italiya, yayin da yake aiki kuma yana cikin Hungary. Don haka, kotu ta zana bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin kafa kamfanoni na ƙasashen waje (inda dole ne a tabbatar da hane-hane), da kuma wasu haƙƙin jihar don ƙayyade yanayin kamfanonin da aka haɗa a cikin yankinta, ko da yake ba a bayyana cikakken dalilin ba.
Nadja Obrist
Aiki
A wasannin nakasassu na shekarar, 1994 a Lillehammer, Norway, Obrist ta lashe lambobin yabo uku: lambobin azurfa biyu, a cikin LW6/8 na ƙasa, da super-G LW6/8, da tagulla a cikin ƙaton slalom LW6/8. Ta sanya na hudu a cikin slalom LW6/8.
Ƴancin sabis
Kafa
Wasu muhimman al’amura da za a yi la’akari da su su ne:
Bayanin
Tun bayan kaddamar da Kasuwar Guda daya, wanda ya maye gurbin da ake kira “Kasuwar gama-gari” a wancan lokaci, hukumar ta himmatu wajen kaddamar da tsare-tsaren da abin ya shafa. Tebu mai zuwa yana nuna wasu ci gaban da aka samu daga shekarata 1985 zuwa 2016.
Umarnin Ayyuka
Bayan haka, umarnin yana da alhakin kafa:
An jinkirta aiwatar da umarnin a yawancin Membobin ƙasa dangane da ainihin ranar ƙarshe (28 Disamba 2009). A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2010 Hukumar ta fara aiwatar da cin zarafi ga wasu ƙasashe membobin - wato Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Faransa, Jamus, Girka, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia da Ingila - waɗanda ba su bayyana matakan da suka ɗauka ba. domin aiwatar da umarnin.
Sainte Anne Marine National Park
Sainte Anne Marine National Park yana kusa da 5 kilomita daga,Victoria, babban,birnin Seychelles, kuma ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai takwas.
Ƴancin sabis
Ayyukan Kuɗi
The rights to provide cross-border services in the field of finance is also guaranteed within the Union's legislative framework and it constitutes one of the pillars of the European single market. Since the implementation of free movement of capitals after the Single European Act (SEA), the subsequent Financial Services Action Plan (1999) and the recent launch of the Capital Markets Union under the Junker administration, several directives and regulations were proposed and adopted by the institutions in order to facilitate the process of cross-border provision of financial services. The most relevant of them are:
Sauran ka'idoji/umarni da za a yi la'akari dasu sune:
Ƙungiyar Banki
Ƙungiyar Banki tana da alhakin kula da tsarin banki a Turai ta hanyar kafa dokoki masu jituwa. Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a yankin na Yuro da masu biyan haraji da kuma tattalin arzikin haqiqanin hatsarin faduwar banki. Kuma Ya ƙunshi duk ƙasashen yankin Yuro da waɗanda ke son shiga. Ƙungiyar Banki tana aiki ta hanyar:
Sainte Anne Marine National Park
Tarihi
An kirkiro wurin shakatawa na Marine Park ,a cikin sheikara ta 1973 don adana namun daji, irinsa na farko a cikin Tekun Indiya. An haramta kamun kifi da gudun kan ruwa a cikin yankin Marine Park. a cikin 2005 da aka yi amfani da su azaman tsibiran fikinik ga jama'ar gida yana da tsada sosai kuma an amince da buɗe su zuwa otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa.
Yawon shakatawa
A yau an san tsibiran a matsayin ɗaya daga,cikin fitattun wuraren yawon buɗe ido a cikin Tekun Indiya don nutsewar ruwa, balaguron jirgin ruwa mai gilashin ƙasa da ,shaƙatawa a tsakanin raƙuman murjani. Duniyar ruwan karkashin ruwa mai ban sha'awa tana jan hankalin 'yan yawon bude ido daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda ke kallo a nan kyawawan lambunan murjani, sharks na ruwa da kifayen wurare masu ban sha'awa. Babban tsibirin,Ste Anne wani wurin shakatawa ne mai hawa 87 yayin da tsibirin Cerf da Round Island suna da gidajen cin abinci irin na Creole. Har ila yau, tana da ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren " ciyawa mai ciyawa " a cikin Seychelles. Yana da kyau sosai. Ma'aikatan yawon shakatawa na gida suna ba da tafiye-tafiye na rana zuwa Marine Park.
Line Sigvardsen Jensen
Aikin kulob
A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2017, Jensen ya yi watsi da Ruhu.
Sainte Anne Marine National Park
Geography
Gidan shakatawa na kasa ya ƙunshi tsibirai masu zuwa, tare da yankuna a cikin km²:
Matsakaicin yanki na tsibirin tsibirin marine National Park shine 3.887 km². Jimillar gandun dajin na ruwa ya kai 14.43 km².
Gudanarwa
Duk tsibiran na gundumar Mont Fleuri ne. Saboda ƙananan yawan jama'a, babu gine-gine ko ayyuka na gwamnati, don haka mutanen da ke zaune a tsibirin dole ne su je Victoria.
Line Sigvardsen Jensen
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Nasarar da ci 15-0 akan Georgia a watan Oktoban shekarar 2009 shine babban Sigvardsen Jensen na farko na kasa da kasa. An kira ta don kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa don gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA Euro shekarar 2013.
Inganchin ruwa
shan mutane
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana iyakance adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwan famfo ta tsarin ruwan jama'a na Amurka. Dokar Ruwa mai Aminci ta ba da izini ga EPA don fitar da ma'auni guda biyu:
Ƴancin sabis
Ƙungiyar Kasuwan Jari
An dauki CMU a matsayin "Sabon iyaka na kasuwar guda ɗaya ta Turai" ta Hukumar da ke da nufin magance matsalolin daban-daban da ke kewaye da kasuwannin babban birnin Turai kamar: rage rarrabuwar kasuwanni, rarraba hanyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi, babban birnin kan iyaka da ke gudana tare da na musamman. Sannan Kuma Hankali ga kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMEs). Ana kuma kallon aikin a matsayin matakin karshe na kammala kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki da Lamuni domin ya kasance mai dacewa ga kungiyar bankunan da ta kasance fagen aiwatar da ayyukan majalisa mai tsanani tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2012. Aikin CMU yana nufin daidaitawa da wakilai na iko a matakin sama da ƙasa tare da fannin gudanarwar tattalin arziki da kula da banki shine abin ya fi shafa.
Inganchin ruwa
shan mutane
A cikin biranen duniya, ana amfani da fasahar tsabtace ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushen ruwa (ruwa ko ruwan ƙasa ) kafin a raba shi ga gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu da sauran masu karɓa. Ruwan da aka ɗora kai tsaye daga rafi, tabki, ko magudanar ruwa wanda ba shi da magani ba zai kasance da ingancin rashin tabbas dangane da yuwuwar yuwuwa.
Nauyin gurɓataccen ruwan sha yana haifar da ƙarancin wakilci da yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin da ba su da waɗannan tsaftataccen sabis na ruwan sha suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar Cholera, gudawa, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, da polio. Wadannan al'ummomi galibi suna cikin wuraren da ba su da kudin shiga, inda ake zubar da ruwan dattin dan adam zuwa wata tashar magudanar ruwa da ke kusa ko magudanar ruwa ba tare da isasshen magani ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su wajen ban ruwa.
Amfani na masana'antu da na gida
Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally satisfy their recommended amounts through food.
ingancin ruwan muhalli
Ingancin ruwan muhalli, wanda kuma ake kira ingancin ruwa na yanayi, yana da alaƙa da jikunan ruwa kamar tafkuna, koguna, da tekuna. Matsayin ingancin ruwa don ruwan saman ya bambanta sosai saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban, yanayin muhalli, da amfanin ɗan adam. Abubuwa masu guba da yawan jama'a na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da haɗari don dalilai marasa sha kamar ban ruwa, iyo, kamun kifi, rafting, jirgin ruwa, da amfanin masana'antu. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya shafar namun daji, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan don sha ko a matsayin wurin zama. A cewar EPA, dokokin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya sun fayyace kariyar kamun kifi da amfani da nishaɗi kuma suna buƙatar, aƙalla, riƙe ma'auni masu inganci na yanzu.
Akwai wasu sha'awar a tsakanin jama'a na mayar da ruwan ruwa zuwa tsaftataccen yanayi, ko yanayin masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Yawancin dokokin muhalli na yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali kan zayyana takamaiman amfani da jikin ruwa. A wasu ƙasashe waɗannan sunaye suna ba da izinin wasu gurɓataccen ruwa muddin nau'in gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani ga abubuwan da aka keɓe. Idan aka yi la’akari da sauye-sauyen yanayi (misali, ci gaban ƙasa, ƙauyuka, ɓallewa a wuraren dazuzzuka) a cikin magudanar ruwa na ruwa mai yawa da yawa, komawa zuwa yanayin da ba a sani ba zai zama babban ƙalubale. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun fi mayar da hankali kan cimma burin kiyaye yanayin muhalli masu kyau kuma suna iya mai da hankali kan kare al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari da kuma kare lafiyar ɗan adam.
Taro samfurin
Matsalolin ingancin ruwa a matsayin batun yana nunawa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni na ingancin ruwa. Wasu ma'auni na ingancin ruwa an fi yin su daidai a kan wurin, saboda ruwa yana wanzuwa cikin daidaito da kewayensa. Ma'auni da aka saba yi akan rukunin yanar gizon kuma a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da tushen ruwa da ake tambaya sun haɗa da zafin jiki, pH, narkar da iskar oxygen, haɓakawa, yuwuwar rage iskar oxygen (ORP), turbidity, da zurfin diski na Secchi.
Yawancin al'amuran gurɓatawa ana iyakance su sosai cikin lokaci, galibi dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama. Don haka, samfuran "ɗauka" galibi ba su isa don ƙididdige matakan gurɓataccen abu ba. Masana kimiyya suna tattara irin wannan nau'in bayanan galibi suna amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa kansa waɗanda ke fitar da ƙarin ruwa a kowane lokaci ko tazarar fitarwa.
Yawancin ma'auni masu rikitarwa ana yin su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke buƙatar samfurin ruwa don tattarawa, adanawa, jigilar su, da tantancewa a wani wuri. Tsarin samfurin ruwa yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda biyu:
Line Sigvardsen Jensen
Girmamawa
Fortuna Hjørring
Inganchin ruwa
Taro samfurin
Ajiye samfurin na iya warware matsala ta biyu a wani yanki. Hanya ta gama gari ita ce sanya samfuran sanyi don rage ƙimar halayen sinadarai da canjin lokaci, da kuma nazarin samfurin da wuri-wuri; amma wannan yana rage sauye-sauye ne kawai maimakon hana su. Hanya mai amfani don ƙayyade tasiri na kwantena samfurin lokacin jinkiri tsakanin tarin samfurin da bincike ya haɗa da shirye-shirye don samfurori na wucin gadi guda biyu a gaba na samfurin samfurin. Akwatin samfurin ɗaya yana cike da ruwa wanda aka sani daga binciken da ya gabata don ƙunshe da adadin da za a iya ganowa na sinadaran sha'awa. Wannan samfurin, wanda ake kira "blank", ana buɗe shi don fallasa sararin samaniya lokacin da aka tattara samfurin sha'awa, sannan a sake rufe shi kuma a kai shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da samfurin don bincike don sanin ko tarin samfurin ko hanyoyin riƙewa ya gabatar da kowane adadin da za a iya aunawa. sinadaran sha'awa. Ana tattara samfurin wucin gadi na biyu tare da samfurin sha'awa, amma sai a "spiked" tare da ƙarin adadin adadin sinadarai na sha'awa a lokacin tattarawa. Ana ɗaukar blank ( mara kyau iko ) da samfurin spiked ( kyakkyawan kulawa ) tare da samfurin sha'awa kuma ana nazarin su ta hanyoyi guda ɗaya a lokaci guda don ƙayyade duk wani canje-canje da ke nuna riba ko asara a lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin tarin da bincike.
Gwaji don mayar da martani ga bala'o'i da sauran abubuwan gaggawa
Bayan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar kasa da tsunami, akwai martani nan da nan daga hukumomin agaji yayin da ayyukan agaji ke ci gaba da kokarin dawo da ababen more rayuwa da samar da muhimman abubuwan da suka wajaba don rayuwa da murmurewa daga baya. Barazanar cututtuka yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ɗimbin mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kuma ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba.
Bayan bala'i na dabi'a, dangane da gwajin ingancin ruwa, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da mafi kyawun matakin da za a ɗauka kuma ana iya amfani da hanyoyi iri-iri. Maɓalli na asali na ingancin ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a cikin gaggawa sune alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na gurɓataccen fecal, ragowar chlorine kyauta, pH, turbidity da yuwuwar haɓakawa / jimlar narkar da daskararru. Akwai hanyoyin lalata da yawa.
Bayan manyan bala'o'i, dogon lokaci mai tsawo na iya wucewa kafin ingancin ruwa ya dawo matakan kafin bala'i. Alal misali, bayan tsunami na Tekun Indiya a shekara ta 2004 Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya da ke Colombo (IWMI) ta lura da illolin ruwan gishiri kuma ta kammala cewa rijiyoyin sun farfaɗo zuwa ruwan sha kafin tsunami mai inganci shekaru ɗaya da rabi bayan taron. IWMI ta samar da ka'idoji don tsaftace rijiyoyin da ruwan gishiri ya gurbata; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da waɗannan a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ƙa'idodinta na gaggawa.
Binciken sunadarai
Mafi sauƙaƙan hanyoyin bincike na sinadarai su ne waɗanda ke auna abubuwan sinadarai ba tare da mutunta nau'insu ba. Binciken abubuwa don oxygen, a matsayin misali, zai nuna nauyin 890 g / L ( gram a kowace lita ) na samfurin ruwa saboda oxygen (O) yana da kashi 89% na kwayoyin ruwa (H 2 O). Hanyar da aka zaɓa don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ya kamata ta bambanta tsakanin diatomic oxygen da oxygen hade da wasu abubuwa. Sauƙaƙan kwatancen bincike na asali ya samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan samfuri da ƙimar ingancin ruwa don abubuwan wasu lokuta ana gano su azaman ƙarfe masu nauyi. Binciken ruwa don ƙananan karafa dole ne yayi la'akari da barbashin ƙasa da aka dakatar a cikin samfurin ruwa. Waɗannan ɓangarorin ƙasa da aka dakatar suna iya ƙunsar ƙarfe da za a iya aunawa. Ko da yake ba a narkar da barbashi a cikin ruwan, mutane na iya cinye su ta hanyar shan ruwan. Ƙara acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don hana asarar narkar da karafa a kan kwandon samfurin na iya narkar da ƙarin karafa daga barbashi ƙasa da aka dakatar. Tace barbashi na ƙasa daga samfurin ruwa kafin ƙara acid, duk da haka, na iya haifar da asarar narkar da karafa akan tacewa. Matsalolin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya sun fi ƙalubale.
Yin waɗannan ma'auni masu rikitarwa na iya zama tsada. Saboda ma'auni kai tsaye na ingancin ruwa na iya yin tsada, ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa ido na yau da kullun kuma ana fitar da sakamakon daga hukumomin gwamnati. Koyaya, akwai shirye-shiryen sa kai na gida da albarkatun da ake da su don wasu ƙima na gaba ɗaya. Kayayyakin da ake samu ga jama'a sun haɗa da na'urorin gwaji a wurin, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don tankunan kifi na gida, da hanyoyin tantance halittu.
Sa ido na ainihi
Ko da yake galibi ana ƙididdige ingancin ruwa tare da yin nazari a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20 an sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a game da ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin birni ke samarwa. Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa sun ƙirƙira tsarin tattara bayanai na ainihin lokacin game da ingancin ruwan tushen. A farkon karni na 21st, an tura nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da tsarin kulawa na nesa don auna pH na ruwa, turbidity, narkar da iskar oxygen da sauran sigogi. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri wasu na'urori masu nisa don lura da ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, estuarine da gaɓar ruwa.
Ƴancin sabis
Ƙungiyar Kasuwan Jari
Shirin Farko na Farko na Kungiyoyin Kasuwan Jari da hukumar ta gabatar a shekarar 2015 ya kunshi:
Inganchin ruwa
Alamun halittu
Mutanen da ke da sha'awar lura da ingancin ruwa waɗanda ba za su iya ba ko sarrafa nazarin sikelin lab ba kuma za su iya amfani da alamun ilimin halitta don samun cikakken karatun ingancin ruwa. Misali ɗaya shine shirin sa ido na ruwa na IOWATER na Iowa, wanda ya haɗa da maɓallin alamar EPT.
Bivalve molluscs ana amfani da su sosai azaman masu nunin halitta don lura da lafiyar mahallin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai daɗi da mahallin marine. Matsayin yawan jama'a ko tsarin su, ilimin halittar jiki, hali ko matakin gurɓatawa tare da abubuwa ko mahadi na iya nuna yanayin gurɓataccen yanayin yanayin. Suna da amfani musamman tun lokacin da suke da ƙarfi don su zama wakilai na yanayin da aka zana su ko sanya su. Wani aiki na yau da kullun shine US Mussel Watch Program, amma a yau ana amfani da su a duk duniya.
Hanyar Ƙimar Ƙididdiga ta Kudancin Afirka (SASS) ita ce tsarin kula da ingancin ruwa na halitta bisa ga kasancewar benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). An tace kayan aikin kula da ruwa na SASS a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana kan sigar ta biyar (SASS5) wacce aka gyara ta musamman daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, watau ISO/IEC 17025 yarjejeniya. Hanyar SASS5 da Sashen Harkokin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da shi a matsayin daidaitacciyar hanya don Kimar Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin, wanda ke ciyar da Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin na ƙasa da kuma Database na Kogin Kogin.
Ka'idoji da rahotanni
Wani ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da ingancin ruwa shine na dukiya mai sauƙi wanda ke nuna ko ruwa ya ƙazantu ko a'a. A haƙiƙa, ingancin ruwa batu ne mai rikitarwa, a wani ɓangare saboda ruwa wani matsakaicin matsakaici ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, ilimin ƙasa, da ayyukan ɗan adam na yanki. Ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci (misali masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, sufuri ) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa kamar yadda kwararar ruwa daga wuraren noma, zubar da ruwa a birane da fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba.
Tarayyar Turai
Tsarin ruwa na Tarayyar Turai an tsara shi da farko cikin umarni guda uku:
Afirka ta Kudu
An haɗa jagororin ingancin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu bisa ga yuwuwar nau'ikan masu amfani (misali na gida, masana'antu) a cikin Jagororin ingancin Ruwa na 1996. Ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANS) 241 Ƙayyadaddun Ruwan Sha.
Ƙasar Ingila
A Ingila da Wales matakan da aka yarda da su don samar da ruwan sha an jera su a cikin "Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) 2000."
Amurka
A cikin Amurka, Hukumomin Jiha sun ayyana Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa don ƙungiyoyin ruwa daban-daban, waɗanda ake buƙata don amfanin ruwan (misali, mazaunin kifi, samar da ruwan sha, amfani da nishaɗi). Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (CWA) tana buƙatar kowane ikon mulki (jihohi, yankuna, da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci) su gabatar da jeri na rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ingancin ruwa a yankinsu. Waɗannan rahotannin ana san su da rahoton 303(d) da 305(b) waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don tanadin CWA nasu, kuma an ƙaddamar da su, kuma sun amince da su, EPA. Ana kammala waɗannan rahotanni ta ikon hukuma, yawanci hukumar kula da muhalli ta jiha. EPA ta ba da shawarar kowace jiha ta gabatar da "Rahoton Haɗe-haɗe" guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi jerin gurɓatattun ruwa da kuma matsayin duk wuraren ruwa a jihar. Rahoton Ingantattun Ingantattun Ruwa na Ƙasa ga Majalisa babban rahoto ne kan ingancin ruwa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da adadin mil na koguna da koguna da jimillar yanayin su. CWA na buƙatar jihohi su ɗauki ƙa'idodi don kowane yuwuwar amfani da aka keɓance da suka sanya wa ruwansu. Idan shaidu sun nuna ko rubuta cewa rafi, kogi ko tabki sun gaza cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da aka keɓance shi, an sanya shi cikin jerin gurɓatattun ruwa. Da zarar wata jiha ta sanya jikin ruwa a cikin wannan jerin, dole ne ta samar da tsarin gudanarwa wanda zai kafa Jimlar Matsakaicin Loads na yau da kullun (TMDLs) don masu gurɓatawar ruwa da ke lalata amfani da ruwa. Waɗannan TMDLs sun kafa ragi da ake buƙata don cikakken goyan bayan abubuwan da aka keɓance.
Ma'aunin ruwan sha, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan jama'a, EPA ne ke bayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha.
Ƴancin sabis
Digital Single Market
Harkokin sufurin kaya shine mafi haɗin kai har zuwa yau bayan juyin halitta na tarihi saboda wani "fifi" da aka ba wannan sashin a cikin tsarin hukumomi a farkon matakan aikin Turai. Sannna a Yanzu wannan sabis ɗin yana da fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na tattalin arzikin Turai, amma duk da haka Kasuwar Single ta koma baya a cikin haɗin gwiwar sabis na dijital. A cewar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, hadaddiyar kasuwar dijital guda ɗaya na iya haɓaka babban GDP na EU da fiye da Yuro biliyan 400 a shekara. Dangane da wannan, Hukumar Turai ta ƙaddamar da aikin Kasuwar Single na Dijital a cikin Mayu shekarata 2015 tare da manyan ginshiƙai uku:
Kwanan nan Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a karkashin Ursula Von der Leyen ta ba da shawarar gabatar da Dokar Sabis na Dijital a matsayin wata hanya ta sake fasalin "Umarnin eCommerce". Dangane da jagororin za mu iya cewa a sabuwar Umarnin za ta kasance bisa ginshiƙai biyu:
Zama da Maɗaukin Ƙanwa Zumunci
Zama Da Maɗaukin Kanwa; Zumunci
Wannan muƙala cigaban zango na farko ne akan Al'adar zumunci a wajen Bahaushe.
A inda   suturarsu  da harshensu  ba su  ɗauke su da muhimmanci ba.Kai har  da  addini, al’ada da  tunani, babu wani abu muhimmi, sai wanda Bature ya yi, ko ya faɗ. Ga masu irin wannan tunani na  Nasara, maganarsu, rayuwarsu da tunaninsu duk na Bature  ne. Farko dai, matarsu 1, Ƴaƴa 2-3. Ga baƙar rowa  kamar yaro  ɗan yaye, ƙin zumunci kamar ɗan tsako. Kare yafi  ɗan uwa, Farkarsa tafi  matar  aure. Ya san tarihin turai, bai san danginsa ba ko na ƙasarsa.
Ƙyale dala’ ilu ka ɗauki  jarida. Jikinka na Kano zuciyarka a London, Shi da maƙwabcinsa kuwa  ba ruwan wani da wani(mahaukaci ya  yi baƙo),  Jikinka  baƙi  zuciya ta Nasara. To wannan shi ne baƙin Bature, ɗan boko ne, ko ba ɗan boko ba. Waɗanan hujjoji tare da wasu da bamu kawo su ba, su ne suka gurgunta al’adun Bahaushe musamman ta fuskar zumunci.
Matakin Farko Na Lalata Zumunci
1- Bai Kirani ba, bazan kira shi ba. 2- Bai neme ni ba, saboda me zan nemeshi. 3- Bai yi mani magana ba, don me zanyi masa magana. 4- Bai zuwa wurina, saboda me zanje wurinsa ba
Jama'a rayuwa bata da tabbas, sai da uzuri da ƙaunar juna na zahiri da kuma ɓoye.
ILMIN BOKO
Zuwan ilmin boko ƙasar Hausa ya yi tasiri a kan rayuwar Bahaushe ta yau da kullum ta fuskoki da yawa. Ilmin boko ya zo tare da wasu sababbin al’amura da ada basu a al’adun Bahaushe.To amma saboda rungumar da Bahaushe ya yiwa ilmin boko, sai aka samu wasu al’adun da Bahaushe ya gada kaka da kakanni ko dai sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, ko kuma sun samu gurɓata.
Da farko dai ilmin boko, Nasara ya zo da shi a in da shi dai mai bin addinin kirista ne. Watau almasihu wanda ba ya wuce mace ɗaya, watau a tsarin iyalansa ba ya wuce namiji ya auri mata ɗaya da ƴan ƴaƴansu.
Wannan kuwa ya saɓa da tsarin iyalin Bahaushe don a gida zaka samu kaka namiji da mace, sannan za ka samu uba da uwa da ƴaƴansu. A wani lokaci ma akan samu ƴaƴan ƴan uwa da ƙanne da barori da dai sauransu. Rungumar da wasu Hausawa masu iƙirari ilimin boko suka yi wa tsarin iyali Turawa shi ya sa suka nesanta da ƴan uwansu. Wanda yake shi ma wani reshe ne da ke raunana lamarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa.
Bayan ga wannan, ilimin boko ya haifar da aikin gwamnati a inda wannan aiki kan Sanƴa mutum zuwa wani gari na daban daga na haihuwarsa, sannan kuma wanda ya samu aikin gwamnati zai iya kasancewa ya koma unguwar Turawa da ake kira (GRA) nan ma ya sanya ya yinisa da ƴan uwansa sai dai in wani sha’ani ya samu, sannan ya je ko kuma ƴan uwa su zo.
Wannan rayuwa ta ilmin boko ta sauya abubuwa masu tarin yawa, musamman wajen ziyara ko halartar wani sha’ani da ya shafi ‘yan uwa, kamar gaisuwar rasuwa ta’aziyya ko suna ko bikin aure. Domin ko dai ya yi wa ƴan uwa nisa, ko kuma ba shi da lokaci. Bisa dalilin cewa duk wani ma’aikacin gwamnati ba shi da wata rana ta shi ta kansa in ban da Asabar da Lahadi.Wannan ya sanya gudanar da harkar zumunci ta yi matuƙar wuya. Bugu da ƙari wannan rayuwa ta Turawa da mafi yawan masu ilmin boko suka ɗauka ta ƙara durƙusar da harkar zumunci. Don kuwa shi Bature ya na da wata al’ada,da a ke cewa “ daga ni, sai ɗa na”, wanda ya yi kama da wata karin magana mai cewa: “daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa”. Wannan ɗabi’a kuwa ta saɓa da ta Bahaushe nesa ba kusa ba, saboda shi Bahaushe ya gaji rungumar juna da tallafawa. Duk wanda ya gaji rungumar juna da tallafawa, duk wanda ya shiga wani hali, shin na kusa ne, ko na nesa? (ɗan uwa ko bare).
Tabbas rayuwar Bahaushe ta sauya ƙwarai, saboda ta ɗauki wani sabon salo ta sanadiyyar yawaitar Hausawa masu ilmin boko, ko kuma masu ra’ayin boko. Ma’ana waɗanda suka rungumi al’adun Bature suka manta da al’adun Bahaushe. Misali idan aka dubi haƙƙin maƙwabtaka da aka san Hausawa na tsarawa a da, a yanzu ya yi rauni.
Gudun zumunci da ƙyamar dangi; Duk wanda ya faɗa irin wannan  rayuwa,  yakan koma  baƙin Bature. Haka kuma yakan koma yana ƙyamar wani ya kusance shi, daga shi sai matarsa da ƴaƴansa, ko karensa, idan ma har akwai ƴaƴan ke nan. Wannan ne ya haifar  da ƙin  riƙon ƴaƴan ƴan uwa ko ziyartar dangi watau zumunta.
Tsarin muhalli a yanzu ya ɗauki wa tashi na rayuwa Turawa. Wato ba akan haɗa katanga. Kowa gidansa a kulle, sai a shekara maƙwabci bai sa maƙwabcinsa a ido ba. Ballantana a yi zumunci yawa ta sanadiyyar yin watsi da al’adun da aka gada iyaye da kakanin. A da Bahauhse ya na da hanyoyin ƙara ƙulla zumunci da yawan gaske, kamar auren zumunci, halartar sha’anin ƴan uwa kamar bikin suna, da bikin aure,da zaman makoki na mutuwa, sa rana. Kai har in an zo yiwa yaro kaciya, sai an taro ƴan uwa dangin uwa da na uba. Sannan kuma shi kansa wannan taron na kaciya ya na ƙara ƙulla zumunci, ba kawai a tsakanin ƴan’ uwan yaron ba, hatta a tsakanin tsararrakin yaron, waɗanda aka yiwa kaciya tare. Don kuwa wannan zumunci kan ɗore har girma, har a wasu lokuta ma akan yi misali da cewa ai wane amini na ne, saboda kuwa tare aka yi mana kaciya, yanzu kuwa sai a asibiti,ake yiwa yara kaciya sha-ka-tafi.
To amma fa yanzu da aka samu watsuwar ilmin boko a ƙasar Hausa, to sai fa kawai wayewar kai ta nuna wa Ƴar boko cewar ai auren zumunci auren takura ne. Don kuwa ba a bani yarinya ta zaɓi wanda take so sannan kuma ƴaƴan sai suka nuna suna da Ƴanci, don haka ba dole ne iyaye su zaɓar masu abokan aure ba. Haka sai a bar su su zaɓi wanda suka ga dama wai kawai don ƴanci.
Wannan ya samu goyan baya ne ta sanadin yawaita ƴan boko da kuma yawaita karance- karancen littaffan Turawa, da kallace -kallacen majigi. Haka kuma ana samun ƙungiyoyi sa- kai da ke samun tallafi daga ƙasashen Turai don cusa wa jama’a ra’ayi da su yi watsi da ala’adunsu. Su kuma dage wurin kare ƴancinsu daga juna mai kare yancin yara. Domin har wani parfaganda (progaganda) ake yi da ake cewa, wai a daina yiwa yara  aure da wuri don yana kawo ciwon yankan gishiri.
Ko kuma su ce auren dole shi kuma yana kawo karuwanci, wannan kuwa duk ya faru ne, saboda watsuwar ilmin boko da kuma al’adun Bature. Bugu da ƙari duk wanɗannan abubuwa da sun yi wa harkar zumunci dabaibayi don gaba ɗaya zumunci Bahaushe ya sanya guru ba kamar yadda aka san shi da farko ba.
Duk da irin sababbin al’adu, sannan kuma baƙi game da harkar zumunci, akwai masu kyau da kuma marasa kyau. Idan muka tsaya muka yi nazarin wasu kyawawan sababbin al’adu kuma baƙi,waɗanda ilmin boko ya zo da su, sai mu ce lallai sun taimaka matuƙa da gaske wajen ƙara ƙulla zumunta ta wata fuskar. Kamar haɗa abota sanadiyar zaman aji tare zaman ma’aikata, yi wa ƙasa hidima (bautar ƙasa NYSC) tare da zuwan ilmin boko ne ya kawo haɗa abota ka mu ce zumunci, saboda yin makaranta ɗaya ko kuma aji ɗaya kamar ƴan gari ɗaya a firamare, sai kuma ƴan gari daban- daban, ko kuma wata jiha watau a sakandare, ko kwaleji, ko jami’a. Wannan zumunci kan ɗore har girma kuma har Ƴaƴa da jikoki.
To a irin wannan haɗuwa ma akan ƙulla zumunci mai ƙarfin gaske, saboda ko da an gama, watau an rabu sai ka samu wannan zumunci ya ɗore har Ƴaƴa da jikoki.
YANAYIN TATTALIN ARZIKI(TALAUCI)
Harkar zumunci ta samu naƙasu a sanadiyyar yanayin tattalin arziki, da ya koma baya, don kuma ya kawo ƙarancin kyaututtuka, da rage  ziyarce-ziyarce, da ɗaukar  nauyi. Bisa ga yadda yanayin tattalin arziki ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwa ta yau da kullum. Zumunci ya samu tasarin haka ne, musamman in muka duba yadda al’umma suka takura ta sadiyyar haka. Bisa wannan,sai aka samu faruwar rowa, ko maƙe hannu, ma’ana an samu ƙarancin kyaututtuka da sukan wakana a tsakanin ƴan uwa. Waɗannan suka haɗa da gudunmowar sha’ani, kamar bikin aure, ko suna, ko kuma kyauta ta ƙara ƙulla zumunci da dai Sauransu.
Wannan kuwa ya faru ne, saboda ko da mutum na son ya yi alherin to abin bai isa a ce ya bayar ba. Bayan wannan kuma,sai wani tasirin da ake samu,ta fuskar yanayin tattalin arziki ta yadda zumunci ya naƙasa.
A sanadin yanke shi, saboda rage ziyarce-ziyarcen ƴan’uwa kusa  ko na nesa. wannan kuma ya faru ne saboda tsawaltar  kuɗin mota. Ko kuma ɗan abin da akan riƙe don a yiwa ƴan uwa tsaraba. Haka kuma su waɗanda za’a ziyarta ɗin su ma suna fama da kansu. Don haka sai ka samu ƴan uwa sun daɗe ba su ga juna ba, amma kuma babu mai laifi, don kuwa ya zama dole ne, sannan kuma gidan kowa da shi. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani sashi da yanayin tattalin arziki ya yiwa zumunci cikas,shi ne, kuma wajen da ƴan’uwa kan ɗauki yara, ko ƴaƴan juna, don riƙo ko goyo, a da, sai dai ka samu  wa, ko ƙani ya ɗauki ɗan Ɗan’uwa da nufin  riƙe shi tun ƙuruciya  har girma,  ya aurar da shi,ga ciyarwa, da shayarwa,  da tufatarwa, kai da duk abi da uban yakan yiwa ɗan cikin sa, sai yayi masa ba tare  da nuna  damuwa  ba. Amma yanzu abun ya fuskara sai ɗai-ɗai, saboda haka  halin da ake ciki.
A ƙarshe in muka duba irin durƙushewar  da zumunci ya yi, babu ko tambaba ya auku ne, saboda karayar tattalin arziki da ya shafi dukkan wani mahaluki.To ashe kuwa dole ne ya shafi zumunci kai har ma al’ada gaba ɗaya,wasu.abubuwan bisa tilas akan haƙura.
INA MAFITA?
Matuƙar aka rutsa mage a cikin ɗaki, to dole ta nemi mafita inda zata gudu, don ta tsira da ranta, ta samu ta kuɓuta. Bisa wannan dalili, ina mai ba da shawarwara tare da yin kira ga dukkan Bahaushe da Bahaushiya, da cewa mu farka daga barcin da muke yi, mu san kanmu, mu kula da kanmu, da mu tsare kanmu. Mu kama zumunci da kyau, kuma da gaske, kar a yi mana sakiyar da ba ruwa. Dukkan mai hankali ya kamata ya dawo cikin hayyancinsa ya tsaya ya yi wa rayuwarsa kallon natsuwa. Watau kallo irin na sayen goron tsohuwa. Wajibi ne mu sanya kishin harshenmu, da al’adunmu da addininmu, saboda su ne rayuwar mutum  gaba ɗaya. Matuƙar aka ce mutum ya rasa su, to zai yi ballagazar rayuwa mara manufa da amfani. Domin ya yi ɗigirgire, ko kan-tafi  da rayuwarsa,an kuwa ce “kan-tafi masomin   asara”.
KAMMALAWA
A ƙarshe wannan muƙala ta ɗan taɓo, wasu daga cikin al’amura da suka shafi zumunci tun daga ma’anarsa,da matsayinsa,da nau’o’insa,da kuma dalilan dakan samar da shi. Yanayinsa a zamanin da kuma matsayinsa a wannan zamani, tare da matsalolin da yake fuskanta.
Tabbas su waɗannan matsaloli su ne suka Sanƴa harkar zumuncin  Bahaushe ya taɓarɓare  ta fuskoki da dama. Idan aka dube su ta mahanga al’ada,da addinin musulunci, da kuma a hankalce sun saɓa wa al’adu, da addinin Bahaushe.
Idan kuma muka kalli waɗannan ɗabi’u, sai muce sun saɓa wa hankali. Wannan muƙala ta fito da wasu kaɗan daga cikin fa’idojin zumunci ta fuskar al’ada da kuma addini. An bayyana baƙin ɗabi’un waɗanda Bahaushe ya ara daga wasu baƙin al’ummu, tare da nuna irin muninsu,da nauyinsu, da matsayinsu a mizanin al’adar Bahaushe. Bisa dalilin aibinsu da illolin da suka haifar wa Bahaushe yasa ake ƙyamarsu. Domin a zamanin da ba a san Bahaushe da su ba,shi yasa na kawo shawarwari ta yadda za a magance matsalolin.
Mun riga mun ji irin illolin da waɗannan baƙin ɗabi’un suka yi, ko suke yi,ko kuma zasu yi mana. Ta fuskoki marasa iyaka, kuma ta kusurwoyi daban daban. Domin haka,ina fatan wannan muƙala, ta zama kamar matashiya ce ga masu hankali daga cikinmu maza da mata. Allah Ya tsare mu Ya bamu ikon gyarawa  amin. Assalamu alaikum.
Manzarta
Askalani I. H(1988) Bulugul Marami. Darul Fikr Beirut Lebanon.
Dakta. Mu'azu Muhammad Sa'adu Kudan Kan Yaro Kundi (Dutse) Shugaban Sashen Harsunan Najeriya Sule Lamiɗo University Kafin Hausa.
Annawawi I.(2005)Riyadus Salihin. Darul Fikr Beirut Lebanon Bargery, G. F. (1993) A Hausa-English Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
Adam M. T(1997)Asalin Hausawa da Harshen su, Kano Nigeria.
Harin cocin Owo
A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2022, wani harin bam da aka kai a cocin Katolika da ke garin Owo a jihar Ondo a Najeriya. Akalla mutane 40 ne aka kashe,bayan faruwar harin anyi ƙiyasin kusan sun kai 80 waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu. Wasu daga cikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya na zargin ƙungiyar IS da ke yammacin Afirka da aikata kisan kiyashi.
Bayan fage
Jihar Ondo jiha ce mai zaman lafiya a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Yawancin sassann ƙasar nan suna fama da rikice-rikice marasa ƙarfi, ciki har da tada kayar bayan Boko Haramm mafi yawa a arewa maso gabas, da kuma rikici da 'yan fashi a arewa maso yamma, dukansu sun cigaba fiye da shekaru goma. A shekarar 2021 ne aka fara wani tashin hankali na daban a yankin kudu maso gabas ƙarƙashinn jagorancin masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. An samu ƙaruwar tashe-tashen hankula aa tsakanin manoma da makiyaya a Ondo kafin kisan kiyashin, kuma a kwanakin baya gwamnatin jihar ta sanya dokar hana kiwo.
Harin
An kai harin ne a cocinn St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church da ke karamar hukumar Owo kuma an fara kai harin ne da misalinn karfe 11:30 na safe (GMT+1) a daidai lokacin da masu ibada a cikin cocin ke halartar Masallatai da bukukuwan Fentikos. Wasu gungunn ‘yan bindiga ne suka shiga cocin a cikin kamannin ’yan taro, ɗauke da jakunkuna daa ke ɗauke da bindigogi. Wasu gungun ƴan bindigar sun tsayaa a wajen cocin. An tayar da wasu bama-bamai a wajen cocin inda ƙungiyoyin biyu suka fara harbe-harbe kann masu ibada. Waɗanda ke wajen cocin suna ta harbi kai tsaye a cikin cocin yayin da saurann gungun yan bindigar na cikin cocin suma sukai ta harbi daga ciki, inda suka harbe wani yaro da ke sayar da alewa a kofar shiga da masu ibadar da ke ƙoƙarin isa kofofi biyu na cocin dake buɗe. An kulle babbar hanyar shiga kuma 'yan bindigar da ke ciki suna harbin duk wanda ya motsa. Hotunan bidiyo naa cikin cocin sun nuna gawarwakin wadanda abin ya shafa kwance cikin jini male-male a ƙasa. Bayan harin 'yan bindigar sun gudu cikin motaa kirar Nissan Sunny da suka sata.