cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Alƙalin Alƙalin Jihar Legas
Tarihi
A ranar 27 ga watan Mayun 1967, a daidai wannan shekarar ne aka kafa Jihar Legas, aka hade Babbar Kotun Tarayya da Kotun Majistare ta Tarayya, aka kafa Hukumar Shari’a ta Jihar Legas karkashin Jagorancin John Taylor, Babban Alkalin Jihar Legas. Wa'adin Taylor ya cika ne a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1973 kuma mai shari'a Joseph Adefarasin ya gaje shi bayan nadinsa wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1974. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 9 har zuwa 24 ga Afrilu 1985 lokacin da wa'adin mulkinsa ya ƙare. Mai shari’a Candide Ademola Johnson ne ya gaje shi a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun 1985, kwana guda bayan mai shari’a Joseph ya bar ofis. Ya yi shekaru 4 a ofis kuma Justice Ligali Ayorinde ya gaje shi a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1989. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin na shekaru 6 watau tsakanin Yuli 1989 zuwa Afrilu 1995. Mace ta farko da aka nada ita ce Rosaline Omotosho, wacce ta yi aiki daga 12 Afrilu 1995 zuwa 27 ga Fabrairu 1996.
A ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban 2017 ne gwamnan jihar Legas Mista Akinwunmi Ambode ya nada Hon Justice Opeyemi Oke a matsayin sabon alkalin alkalan jihar Legas. Hakan ya biyo bayan tsohon alkali Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade ya cika shekaru 65 na ritayar dole.
A ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2019, Mai Girma Gwamna Babajide Sanwo-Olu ya nada Honourable Justice Kazeem Alogba a matsayin Alkalin Alkalan Jihar Legas. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2019 aka tabbatar da shi kuma aka rantsar da shi a matsayin babban alkalin jihar Legas na 17.
Tankade
Tankade:wani aikine daakeyi idan anbarzo hatsi daga inji,tayarda zaa banbance tsakanin garin hatsin da dusa.
Alƙalin Alƙalin Jihar Legas
Jerin manyan alkalai
Source: Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Jihar Legas
Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu
Tawagar kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu da ake yi wa lakabi da SPAR Proteas, tana wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar kwallon ragar mata ta kasa da kasa. Dorette Badenhorst ne ke horar da SPAR Proteas, kuma Bongiwe Msomi ne ke jagorantar kungiyar. Ƙungiyar Netball Afirka ta Kudu ce ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar kuma SPAR ne ke daukar nauyin ta. A halin yanzu Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ta biyar a cikin jerin INF na duniya.
Tarihi
Afirka ta Kudu ta dade tana cikin jerin kasashe biyar da ke kan gaba a fagen wasan kwallon kafa, bayan da ta lashe lambobin yabo sau biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya, sau daya ta kare a matsayi na uku a shekarar 1967 sannan kuma ta samu matsayi na biyu a Australia a shekarar 1995. An hana tawagar kasar shiga wasannin gwaji na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1969 saboda manufofin wariyar launin fata a kasar kuma ba a sake shigar da su ba sai a shekarar 1995. Ficewar da suka yi cikin mamaki a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 1995 ya zo ne bayan nasarar tarihi a kan New Zealand a farkon gasar kuma ya ga kungiyar ta karbi lambar yabo daga Shugaba Nelson Mandela da kansa. Kungiyar SPAR Proteas ta kasa samun lambar yabo a gasar Commonwealth.
Kazalika fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma a gasar Commonwealth, Proteas kuma suna taka rawa akai-akai a gasar Quad Series da Australia, New Zealand da Ingila, kodayake kungiyar bata taba gamawa sama da matsayi na hudu a gasar ba. Har ila yau, Proteas sun fito a gasar ta Diamond Challenge ta Afirka mafi yawan shekaru, wanda suka yi nasara a kowane lokaci ya zuwa yanzu.
Ƙungiyar ta yanzu
An zaɓi tawagar yanzu don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Netball na 2019.
Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2001
Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2001 ya gudana daga ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba zuwa 10 ga watan Nuwambar 2001, a Marrakech, Morocco. Taron ya haɗa da taron ƙasashe karo na 7 (COP7) ga yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNFCCC). Masu sasantawar sun kammala aikin na Buenos Aires Plan of Action, tare da kammala mafi yawan cikakkun bayanai na aiki tare da kafa matakin ga ƙasashe don amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Ƙunshi yanke shawara da aka kammala ana san shi da Yarjejeniyar Marrakech. Tawagar Amurka ta kiyaye matsayinta na masu sa ido, inda ta ƙi shiga tsaka mai wuya a tattaunawar. Sauran jam'iyyun sun ci gaba da bayyana fatan cewa Amurka za ta sake shiga cikin wannan tsari a wani lokaci kuma ta yi aiki don cimma amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto da adadin da ake buƙata na ƙasashe don aiwatar da shi (ƙasashe 55 na buƙatar amincewa da shi, ciki har da waɗanda ya kai kashi 55% na fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a cikin shekarar 1990). An gabatar da ranar taron ƙoli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa (Agusta-Satumbar 2002) a matsayin manufa don kawo karshen yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Za a gudanar da taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa (WSSD) a birnin Johannesburg na Afirka ta Kudu.
Babban yanke shawara a COP 7 sun haɗa da:
Dzelukope
Dzelukope birni ne da ke kusa da Keta a Yankin Volta na Ghana.
Amfani da Ƙasa
Amfani da ƙasa ya haɗa da gudanarwa da gyare-gyaren yanayi ko jeji zuwa ginanniyar muhalli kamar ƙauyuka da wuraren zama na dabi'a kamar filayen noma, wuraren kiwo, da dazuzzuka masu sarrafawa. Amfani da ƙasa da ɗan adam yana da dogon tarihi, wanda ya fara bayyana sama da shekaru dubu 10 da suka wuce. An bayyana shi a matsayin "manufa da ayyukan ta hanyar da mutane ke hulɗa da yanayin ƙasa da na ƙasa" da kuma "jimilar tsare-tsare, ayyuka, da abubuwan da mutane ke aiwatarwa a cikin wani nau'in ƙasa ." Amfani da ƙasa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin muhalli a duniya.
Dzelukope
Victoria Agbotui, mahaifiyar Jerry John Rawlings, an haife ta a Dzelukope a 1919.
Ilimi
Wasu sanannun cibiyoyin ilimi da ke Dzelukope:
Amfani da Ƙasa
Ka'ida
Hanyoyin amfani da ƙasa sun bambanta sosai a duk faɗin duniya. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sashin Raya Ruwa ta bayyana cewa “Amfanin da ƙasa ya shafi kayayyaki da/ko amfanin da aka samu daga amfani da ƙasa da kuma ayyukan sarrafa filaye (ayyukan) da mutane ke aiwatarwa don samar da wadannan kayayyaki da fa’idojin. " Ya zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, kusan kashi 13% na duniya ana la'akari da ƙasar noma, tare da kashi 26% a wurin kiwo, 32% gandun daji da gandun daji, da kuma 1.5% yankunan birane. Za a iya amfani da ƙirar canjin ƙasa don tsinkaya da kuma tantance canje-canje na gaba a cikin amfanin ƙasa.
Kamar yadda Albert Guttenberg (1959) ya rubuta shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, "'Amfani da ƙasa' wani mahimmin kalma ne a cikin harshen tsara birni ." Galibi, hukunce-hukuncen siyasa za su gudanar da shirin yin amfani da filaye da tsara yadda ake amfani da filaye a yunƙurin gujewa rigingimun amfani da ƙasa. Ana aiwatar da tsare-tsaren amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar rarraba ƙasa da amfani da ka'idoji kamar ƙa'idodin yanki. Kamfanonin tuntuɓar gudanarwa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su nemi yin tasiri akai-akai akan waɗannan ƙa'idodin kafin a tsara su.
Amurka
A cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, an fara aiwatar da ƴan ƙa'idodi game da amfani da ƙasa. Yayin da al’umma suke ƙaura daga karkara zuwa birane, tsarin mallakar filaye na jama’a ya zama muhimmi, musamman ga gwamnatocin birane na kokarin sarrafa masana’antu, kasuwanci, da gidaje a cikin iyakokinsu. An zartar da dokar yanki ta farko a cikin birnin New York a cikin shekara ta 1916,
A yau, gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi suna tsara ci gaba ta hanyar doka. Yawancin sarrafawa akan ƙasa, duk da haka, sun samo asali ne daga ayyukan masu haɓaka masu zaman kansu da ɗaiɗaikun mutane. Abubuwa uku na al'ada da ke kawo irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu cikin tsarin shari'a sune: ƙarar da wani maƙwabci ya kawo wa wani; kara da wani jami'in gwamnati ya kawo wa wani mai mallakar fili da ke makwabtaka da shi a madadin jama'a; da kuma dacewa da ya haɗa da daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke raba mallakar wani yanki na musamman. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen amfani da ƙasa masu zaman kansu na iya ƙarfafa tsarin jama'a, da cimma nau'o'i da matakan sarrafawa waɗanda tsarin yanki ba zai iya ba. Ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa ƙa'idodin amfani da ƙasa shine ke haifar da rarrabuwar gidaje a Amurka a yau.
An zartar da manyan dokokin tarayya guda biyu a cikin rabin karnin da ya gabata wadanda suka takaita amfani da filaye sosai. Waɗannan su ne: Dokar Kiyaye Tarihi ta Ƙasa ta 1966 (a yau tana cikin 16 USC 461 et seq.) da Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa na 1969 (42 USC 4321 et seq. ).
Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta gano manyan nau'ikan amfani da filaye guda shida a cikin Amurka. Kididdigar yawan kowane nau'in amfani da filaye a cikin jihohi 48 masu zuwa a cikin shekara ta 2017 sune kamar haka:
Muhalli
Hanyoyin amfani da ƙasa da tsarin kula da ƙasa suna da babban tasiri ga albarkatun ƙasa da suka haɗa da ruwa, ƙasa, abinci mai gina jiki, tsirrai da dabbobi. Ana iya amfani da bayanan amfani da ƙasa don haɓaka hanyoyin magance matsalolin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa kamar salinity da ingancin ruwa. Alal misali, rafukan ruwa a yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka ko kuma ya zazzage za su sami ingancin ruwan dabam fiye da na wuraren da ke dazuzzuka. Aikin lambun daji, tsarin samar da abinci na tushen tsire-tsire, an yi imanin shine mafi tsufa nau'in amfani da ƙasa a duniya.
Babban tasirin amfani da filaye a kan rufin ƙasa tun daga shekara ta 1750 shine sare dazuzzuka na yankuna masu zafi. Babban illolin amfani da ƙasa na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da bazuwar birane, zaizayar ƙasa, gurɓacewar ƙasa, ɗimin ruwa, da kwararowar hamada. Canjin amfani da ƙasa, tare da amfani da burbushin mai, su ne manyan tushen ɗan adam na carbon dioxide, babban iskar gas.
A cewar wani rahoto da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar, gurbacewar kasa ya ta’azzara inda ba a yi wani shiri na amfani da filaye ba, ko aiwatar da shi cikin tsari, ko kuma akwai wasu kuɗaɗe na doka da suka haifar da hakan. yanke shawarar amfani da ƙasa ba daidai ba, ko shirin tsakiya na gefe ɗaya wanda ke haifar da yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa - alal misali don samarwa nan da nan ta kowane farashi. A sakamakon haka sau da yawa ya zama zullumi ga ɓangarorin yankin da lalatar muhalli masu mahimmanci.
Iyakokin girma na birni
Iyakar ci gaban birane wani nau'i ne na ƙa'idojin amfani da ƙasa. Misali, Portland, Oregon ana buƙatar samun iyakar haɓakar birni wanda ya ƙunshi aƙalla 20000 acre  na fili. Bugu da ƙari, Oregon yana ƙuntata haɓakar filayen noma. Dokokin suna da jayayya, amma wani bincike na tattalin arziki ya tabbatar da cewa filin noma yana daraja irin wannan ƙasa.
Bakace
Bakace: Bakace na nufin rege hatsi daga datti, ana zuba hatsin ne a tire domin a banbance tsakanin hatsin da tsakuwa.
HSS Hire
HSS Hire Group plc (LSE: HSS ) mai samar da kayan aiki da hayar kayan aiki ne a cikin Burtaniya da Ireland, haka kuma kasancewa abokin aikin dabaru da fasaha ga kamfanoni masu girma dabam. Yin aiki a ƙarƙashin tutar HSS Hire, ƙungiyar tana da hanyar sadarwa na kantuna sama da ɗari uku. HSS Hire ya samo asali ne a Kensington, yammacin London a cikin 1957. A yau, tana daukar ma’aikata sama da 2,900, kuma tana da ayarin motoci sama da dari takwas.
Tarihi
An kafa kamfanin ne a cikin 1957, a Bert Taylor akan Titin Kotun Baron, Kensington, a Landan. Da farko ansan "Kamfanin Sabis ne na Hire", shagon ya mai da hankali kan kayan aiki da hayar kayan aiki.
Bert Taylor ya bude wasu rassa guda biyar a cikin shekarun 1960 a fadin yankin West Central London, kuma zuwa karshen shekarun 1960, Kamfanin Sabis na Hire daga baya SGB ya mallaki shagunan kayan aiki guda takwas a karkashin sunan "Hire Shops. Ltd". An haɗa waɗannan sunayen kamfanoni don ƙirƙirar " H ire S ervice S hops Limited" ko "HSS Hire" a takaice.
A cikin Nuwamba 2012, HSS Hire ya sayi kamfanin hayar janareta dizal ABIRD. A cikin Afrilu 2014, HSS Hire ya sayi kamfanin hayar janareta na diesel daga Scotland, Apex Generators.
A cikin Fabrairu 2015, ya taka rawan gani a kasuwar hannun jari ta London a matsayin HSS Hire Group plc. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya rasa babban jami'insa, kuma ya ba da sanarwar gargadin riba; Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2017, darajar kamfanin ta ragu da sama da kashi biyu bisa uku daga darajarta ta fam miliyan 332, zuwa fam miliyan 96. A kan 11 Mayu 2015, sun sayi kamfanin haya mai zafi / sanyaya, All Seasons Hire.
Kamfanin yana riƙe 4* lambar yabo ta Tsaro ta Burtaniya Bugu da kari, HSS sune ISO9000:20, ISO 14001, Safe Hire da aka yarda da masu saka hannun jari a matsayin mutane. HSS Hire kuma yana aiki tare da Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (ROSPA) da Hukumar Lafiya & Tsaro ta gwamnati don haɓaka aminci a cikin masana'antar haya. Har ila yau, HSS Hire ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin tallafawa al'umma, tare da tsarin horar da matasa da aka kafa don matasa marasa galihu a London.
Arthur Bauchet
Arthur Bauchet (an haife shi 10 Oktoba 2000) ɗan wasan para-alpine skier ne na Faransanci.
HSS Hire
Cibiyar sadarwa
Kasuwar hayar kayan aiki ta ƙunshi sassan abokan ciniki tun daga mai amfani da DIY na lokaci-lokaci zuwa manyan kamfanonin gine-gine na ƙasa. A tsakanin faɗuwar rana kusan kowane rukunin masana'antu, ƙungiyar jama'a da ƙwararrun ɗan kwangilar kasuwanci.
Arthur Bauchet
Aiki
Ya wakilci Faransa a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya lashe lambobin azurfa hudu.
HSS Hire
Cibiyar sadarwa
HSS abokin haɗin gwiwa ne na dabaru da fasaha ga kamfanoni masu girma dabam. Yana da cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi 250 na Supercentres, cibiyoyin hayar da hukumomi. A cikin Agusta 2005, HSS Hire ya sayi ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan aiki mai zaman kansa na Ireland da kasuwancin manyan injina Sun haɓaka kuma sun buɗe rassa da yawa tun lokacin.
Arthur Bauchet
Aiki
A cikin 2022, ya ci lambar zinare a cikin babban taron maza na babban abin da aka haɗa a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Para Snow na Duniya na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.
HSS Hire
Karancin zargin albashi
A cikin watan Yuni 2014, HSS haya Service Group Ltd. "mai suna kuma karami" na Department for Business, Innovation da Skills for biyan dama ma'aikata da ke ƙasa da shari'a albashi.
Arthur Bauchet
Aiki
Ya wakilci Faransa a gasar wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2022 da aka gudanar a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare uku da lambar tagulla.
Haƙƙin Ilimin fikihun falsafa
Ilimin fikihu falsafa falsafa ce ta shari'a da mulkin dan'adam wanda ya ginu a kan cewa dan'adam yanki daya ne kawai na al'ummar duniya baki daya kuma jin dadin kowane dan wannan al'umma ya dogara ne akan jin dadin duniya baki daya. Ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin bil'adama za su kasance masu wanzuwa da bunƙasa ne kawai idan sun tsara kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan al'ummar duniya mai faɗi kuma suka yi hakan ta hanyar da ta dace da dokoki ko ka'idodin da suka dace da yadda duniya ke aiki, wanda shine 'Babban Fikihu. '.
Za a iya bambanta fikihu na duniya da babban fikihu, amma kuma ana iya fahimtar cewa an cusa cikinta. Ganin cewa Ana iya ganin fikihun duniya a matsayin wani lamari na musamman na Babban Fikihu, yana amfani da ka'idodin duniya ga tsarin gwamnati, al'umma da nazarin halittu na Duniya.
Ilimin fikihu na duniya yana neman fadada fahimtarmu game da dacewar mulki fiye da bil'adama ga daukacin al'ummar Duniya, abin da ya shafi duniya ne maimakon anthropocentric. Ya shafi kiyayewa da daidaita dangantaka tsakanin dukkanin al'ummar Duniya ba kawai tsakanin 'yan adam ba. An yi nufin ilimin fikihu a duniya don samar da tushen falsafa don haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulkin ɗan adam, wanda zai iya haɗa da ɗa'a, dokoki, cibiyoyi, manufofi da ayyuka. Har ila yau, yana ba da mahimmanci ga shigar da waɗannan abubuwan da aka fahimta da kuma a kan aikin mutum, a cikin rayuwa daidai da fikihu na duniya a matsayin hanyar rayuwa Ko hanzar Zaman lafiya a rayuwa.
Ilimin fikihu ya kamata ya nuna fahimtar wata al'umma ta musamman game da yadda za a dai-daita kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ummar Duniya kuma ya kamata ya bayyana halaye na Babban Fikihu wanda ya zama sashi nasa. Takamaiman aikace-aikacen fikihu na Duniya za su bambanta daga al'umma zuwa al'umma, yayin da ake raba abubuwan gama gari. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da:
Tarihi
Thomas Berry masani ne ya fara gano buƙatun sabon fikihu wanda ya gano ɓarna anthropocentrism wanda tsarin shari'a da na siyasa suka ginu a kai a matsayin babban cikas ga canjin da ya wajaba zuwa yanayin yanayin muhalli wanda ɗan adam zai nemi sabon kusanci tare da aiki mai mahimmanci. na duniyar halitta.
An tattauna yuwuwar haɓaka wannan fikihu (wanda ake kira na ɗan lokaci a matsayin 'Fikihun Duniya') a taron da Berry ya halarta a watan Afrilu shekarata 2001, wanda Gidauniyar Gaia a London ta shirya a Cibiyar Taro na Airlie a wajen Washington. Ƙungiyar mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin dokar kuma tare da ƴan asali sun taru daga Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Colombia, Kanada da Amurka. (Dubi 'Thomas Berry da Shari'a ta Duniya: Maƙalar Bincike', na Mike Bell, The ƙaho, Vol. 19, na 1 shekarata (2003)).
Dalla-dalla na farko na binciken fikihu na Duniya a cikin bugawa da gabatar da kalmar 'Babban Shari'a' ya faru tare da bugu na farko na <i id="mwJw">Dokar daji</i> ta Cormac Cullinan, wanda aka ƙaddamar a taron koli na Duniya don Ci gaba mai dorewa a Cape Town a shekarata 2002.
2004 taron
Afrilun shekarar 2004, taron bita na farko da aka gudanar a Burtaniya don tattaunawa da haɓaka ƙa'idodin shari'a na Duniya, mai taken 'Bita na Wilderness Workshop: Taron Tafiya akan Shari'ar Duniya'. Donald Reid (tsohon shugaban UKELA, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Muhalli ta Birtaniya) da Cormac Cullinan (mawallafin <i id="mwLg">Dokar Wild</i> ) sun jagoranci taron bitar a cikin Knoydart Peninsula (ɗaya daga cikin yankunan jeji na ƙarshe a cikin Scotland).
An tattauna yuwuwar haɓaka sabon nau'i na shari'a a wani taro a Washington wanda Thomas Berry ya halarta a Afrilun shekarar 2001, wanda Gidauniyar Gaia ta shirya. Ƙungiyar mutanen da ke da hannu da doka da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun halarci daga Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Colombia, Kanada da Amurka.
A cikin shekarata 2006 Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya ta farko da aka kafa a Florida. Manufar Cibiyar, wadda ke da haɗin gwiwar Jami'o'in Barry da St. Thomas, Florida, ita ce sake tsara dokoki da gudanar da mulki ta hanyoyin da za su tallafa wa rayuwar al'ummar Duniya gaba ɗaya. Wannan ya ƙunshi haɓaka alaƙar haɓaka juna tsakanin mutane da yanayi da kuma sanin haƙƙoƙin yanayi.
An gudanar da taron bitar shari'a na duniya, 'Tafiya a gefen daji: Canja Dokar Muhalli' a watan Nuwamba. An kuma gudanar da wani taron shari'a na duniya, magana da tattaunawa kan 'Doka da Mulki daga Mahangar Duniya Mai Tsakiyar Kasa', a watan Nuwamba.
2007 abubuwan da suka faru
"Hukuncin Duniya: Ma'anar Filin da Da'awar Alkawari", taron kwana uku akan ka'idoji da abubuwan da ke fitowa na filin Fikihu na Duniya. Cormac Cullinan na EnAct International, Afirka ta Kudu, Thomas Linzey da Richard Grossman dukkansu na Asusun kare hakkin muhalli na Community Environmental Legal Defence, Pennsylvania, da Liz Hosken na Gidauniyar Gaia, London, suna cikin masu magana a sabuwar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya a Florida, Amurka, Afrilu. Shekarata 2007.
Taron Burtaniya da taron bita, Satumban shekarar 2007, mai taken, "Maradin 'Dokar daji' ga Canjin Yanayi". Taron shiga don haɓaka hanya mai amfani don amfani da ƙa'idodin Dokokin daji waɗanda tuni ke taimakawa tafiyar matakai na doka a cikin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙungiyar Dokar Muhalli ta Burtaniya ta shirya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Dokar Muhalli da Gidauniyar Gaia, tare da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Shagon Jiki. Shahararrun masu magana a duniya za su hada da Andrew Kimbrell, Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Tsaron Abinci, Pennsylvania, wanda ya taimaka wajen lashe Kotun Koli a Amurka game da sauyin yanayi; Cormac Cullinan, lauya na Afirka ta Kudu kuma marubucin Dokar daji ; da Peter Roderick, Darakta na Shirin Adalci na Yanayi na Burtaniya, Barista mai gogewar shekaru ashirin a sana'o'i masu zaman kansu, masana'antar mai, ilimi da fannin muhalli, kuma shi ne lauyan Friends of the Earth a Landan daga shekarata 1996. An gudanar da shi a cibiyar taro a Derbyshire, UK.
Bayani: UKELA abubuwan da suka faru na gaba.
Taron Shari'a na Duniya da aka gudanar a Amurka a cikin Fabrairu 2008, tare da haɗin gwiwar sabuwar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya, da kuma ɗalibai daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Barry (Orlando, FL) da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar St. Thomas (Miami, FL).
Ostiraliya tana da ƙwaƙƙwaran ikon shari'a na duniya da motsi 'dokokin daji'. An gudanar da taron dokokin daji na farko a Ostiraliya a Adelaide, South Australia a cikin 2009 kuma an gudanar da taro na biyu a Wollongong, New South Wales, a cikin shekarata 2010. An shirya taron shari'ar daji na uku a cikin 2011 a Brisbane, Queensland kuma a wancan lokacin babbar ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Duniya ta kafa Ƙungiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Australiya (www.earthlaws.org.au). Ƙungiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Australiya ita ce babbar ƙungiya a Ostiraliya da ke inganta dokokin Duniya da dokokin daji. Don bayani game da ayyukan su, membobinsu, taro da abubuwan da suka faru, da fatan za a ziyarci gidan yanar gizon su.
Zaben Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2001
An gudanar da zaɓen Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2001 a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoban 2001 a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York a lokacin taro na 56 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zaɓi wakilai biyar waɗanda ba na dindindin ba a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na wa'adin shekaru biyu wanda ya fara a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2002.
'Yan takara biyar da aka zaɓa su ne Bulgaria, Kamaru, Guinea, Mexico, da kuma Syria.
Rarraba yanki
Dangane da ƙa'idojin babban taron na rabon ƙasa da ƙasa na mambobin kwamitin sulhun da ba na dindindin ba, da aiwatar da aiki, an zaɓi mambobin kamar haka: biyu daga Afirka, daya daga Asiya, daya daga Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Rukuni (GRULAC), kuma daya daga rukunin Gabashin Turai.
Sakamako
An ci gaba da kaɗa kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce. Ga kowace ƙungiya ta yanki, kowace ƙasa memba za ta iya zaɓar yawan 'yan takara waɗanda za a zaɓa. An samu ƙuri'u 178 a kowane zaɓuka uku.
Rukuni na B - Jihohin Latin Amurka da Caribbean (wanda za a zaba)
Zagaye Na Biyu
Rukuni C — Rukunin Gabashin Turai (wanda za a zaɓa)
Yayin da Bulgaria ta doke Belarus, sannan Mexico ta doke Jamhuriyar Dominican a zagaye na biyu, sakamakon ƙarshe ya kasance kamar haka: An zabi Bulgaria, Kamaru, Guinea, Mexico, da Syria a kwamitin sulhu na shekaru biyu da ya fara daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 2002.
Lafa (Exclosure)
Lafa wani yanki ne da ke yankin Dogu'a Tembien na yankin Tigray a ƙasar Habasha. An kiyaye yankin tun a shekarar 1988 ta al'ummar yankin.
Gudanarwa
A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, ba a ba da izinin jeri shanu da girbin itace ba. Ana girbe ciyawa sau ɗaya a shekara kuma a kai su gidajen ƙauyen don ciyar da dabbobi. Akwai masu gadi guda biyu don kare abin da ke faruwa. Binciken da aka yi a filin ya nuna cewa duk da haka an samu wasu kiwo ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin shekarar 2018.
Amfani ga al'umma
Keɓe irin waɗannan wuraren da suka dace da dogon hangen nesa na al'ummomin sun kasance an ware filayen hiza'iti don amfani da na gaba na gaba. Hakanan yana da fa'idodi kai tsaye ga al'umma:
Bambancin halittu
Tare da haɓakar ciyayi, bambancin halittu a cikin wannan ƙetare ya inganta sosai: akwai ƙarin ciyayi iri-iri da namun daji.
Tsutsar ganye
Doratogonus a harshen turanci wacce ake kiran ta da shi. wacce ake kira da tsutsar Ganye ita tsutsa ce da take cikin jinsin millipedes  wacce take da dangantaka da dangin Spirostreptidae. tana da girma, a kiya si girman ta ya kan kai 80-200 tsawo kuwa ya kan kai 3-8 na milimeta. tsayin ta an gwada da kowa, kuma akan same ta a Kudancin Afirka. Yawancin nau'ikan an jera su akan Jerin Jajayen IUCN saboda halakar wurin zama.
Hyacinthe Deleplace
Hyacinthe Deleplace (an haife shi 25 ga Yuni 1989) ɗan wasan nakasassu ne mai nakasa da gani daga Faransa wanda ke fafatawa musamman a rukunin T12 na tsaka-tsaki da abubuwan tsere. Ya kuma lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a cikin tseren kankara mai tsayi a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Dusar ƙanƙara ta Duniya na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway. Valentin Giraud Moine da Maxime Jourdan sun fafata a matsayin jagorar gani.
Ya lashe lambar yabo ta tagulla a gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta maza a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2022 da aka gudanar a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin. Ya kuma yi gasa a cikin kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ke da nakasu na tsalle-tsalle a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2022.
Kungiyar ZA Roller Derby
Kungiyar ZA Roller Derby tana wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a wasan nadi na kasa da kasa na mata, a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar gasar cin kofin duniya ta Roller Derby.
Tarihi
An fara kafa kungiyar ne domin fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Roller Derby na shekarar 2014, inda aka fi sani da Team Afirka ta Kudu Roller Derby. Ya buga wasan fafatawa da Texas Rollergirls, amma ya rasa duk wasannin matakin rukuni kuma ya fice daga gasar.
A gasar cin kofin duniya na Roller Derby na 2018, a ranar farko, tawagar ta yi rashin nasara a Girka, sannan ta 283 zuwa nil zuwa Ingila. Duk da haka, ta doke Romania da Costa Rica, inda ta yi rikodin nasarar ta na farko a gasar. Ya kammala gasar a matsayi na 35 cikin 38.
Pascale Casanova (skier)
Pascale Casanova 'yar Faransa ce ta lashe lambar zinare ta Paralympic. Ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu, da azurfa a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2006 a Turin.
Ta samu lambobin yabo goma sha daya a aikinta.
Shibiri
Shibiri ko Shibiri Ekunpa birni ne, da ke a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Ojo a Jihar Legas, Nijeriya. Basaraken gargajiya ke mulki, lambar sa ta ZIP code ta Shibiri ita ce 102111.
Laburaren Jama'a Na Windhoek
Laburaren Jama'a na Windhoek ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a a cikin garin Windhoek, Namibiya. An gina shi a cikin shekarar 1925, yana cikin titin Lüderitz, ya raba gini tare da layin Owela na Gidan Tarihi na Namibiya. Daga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2009 zuwa watan Agusta shekara ta 2012  ɗakin karatu ya yi gyare-gyaren da ya kai adadin kudi N$ 700,000, wanda ya haɗa da maye gurbin kafet da tayal yumbura, ƙara kwandishan, ƙara haske, da ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizon jama'a.
Dawn Austwick
Dawn Jacquelyn Austwick, (an haife shi a watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin1960A.c)  shine babban jami'in gudanarwa (Shugaba) na Babban Asusun Lottery daga Oktoba 2014 zuwa 2020.
Gasar Guinea don Kariyar Muhalli
Tarihi
An kafa jam'iyyar a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 1991 ta Bubácar Rachid Djaló, kuma an halatta ta a ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar 1993. A shekarar 1994 ta shiga jam'iyyar Union for Change, kawancen da aka kafa don tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen 1994. Djaló shi ne dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na ƙungiyar, amma ya samu kashi 3% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Sai dai jam'iyyar UM ta samu kujeru shida a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa.
Zaben 1999-2000 ya sa UM ta rasa kujeru uku. Djaló ya ci gaba da zama dan takarar shugaban kasa na kawance, amma ya sake samun kashi 3% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Bayan goyon bayan da ƙungiyar ta baiwa Kumba Ialá mai nasara a zaɓen fidda gwani, Djaló ya zama Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci.
A shekara ta 2002 LIPE ya bar jam’iyyar UM ya koma jam’iyyar Electoral Union (UE), wadda ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaɓen ‘yan majalisa na 2004. An rushe EU kafin zabukan 'yan majalisa na 2008 kuma LIPE ya tsaya takara ita kadai, inda ya samu kuri'u 233 (0.05%) kawai. Kotun koli ta ki amincewa da bukatar da jam’iyyar ta gabatar na tsayawa takara a zaben 2014.
Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu
Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce Softball Afirka ta Kudu ke gudanarwa. Tawagar ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ISF a shekarar 1998 a birnin Fujinomiya na kasar Japan inda ta kare a mataki na goma sha biyar. Tawagar ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ISF a shekara ta 2002 a Saskatoon, Saskatchewan inda suka kare a mataki na sha hudu. Tawagar ta fafata ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ISF a shekarar 2006 da aka yi a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, inda ta zo ta goma sha biyar. Tawagar ta fafata ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ISF a shekarar 2010 a Caracas, Venezuela inda ta kare a mataki na goma sha biyar.
Mowo, Badagry
Mowo birni ne, da ke a yankin Badagry, Jihar Legas, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Garin yana da 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga iyakar Seme mai yawan jama'a kusan 78,897. Mazauna garin ‘yan kasuwa ne da galibi ke yin kasuwanci a kan iyakar Seme. A watan Disambar 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa, ‘yan sandan Najeriya sun rusa gine-gine 600 da aka gina a kan fili mai fadin hekta 65.
George Andah
George Nenyi Kojo Andah (an haife shi 27 Afrilu 1970) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilai na mazabar Awutu Senya ta yamma a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Shi memba ne na New Patriotic Party kuma Mataimakin Ministan Sadarwa a Ghana.
A watan Yuni 2021, an nada shi a matsayin Akyempim Odefey (Babban) na yankin gargajiya na Senya Beraku kuma ana kiransa da sunan stool, Nenyi Kobena Andakwei VI.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi George ne a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1970 kuma ya fito ne daga Senya Beraku a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Ya yi karatun sakandire a makarantar Achimota sannan ya wuce KNUST inda ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin Biochemistry. George kuma yana da digiri na MBA a cikin talla daga Jami'ar Kasuwancin Ghana.
Aiki
George ya yi aiki ga kamfanoni masu daraja da yawa; daga kasancewa darektan tallace-tallace na Guinness Ghana Breweries Ltd zuwa kasancewarsa Babban Jami'in Kasuwanci na Scancom Limited. Ya kasance memba na MTN Group ya zama Babban Jami'in Talla na Bharti Airtel Nigeria, memba na Bharti Group zuwa Babban Jami'in Aiki (Country Manager) na Glo Mobile Ghana zuwa Babban Daraktan Yanki, Tallan Kasuwanci, Globacom (Nigeria, Ghana da Benin). Daga nan ya ci gaba da kafa nasa kamfani mai suna, RUDDER Solutions, sabis na tuntuɓar masana'antu na ci gaban kasuwa na ƙasar Ghana wanda ke ba da cikakkiyar sabis na ƙwararrun ƙwararru don haɓaka kasuwanci / kasuwa, sadarwar kamfani / alama, sarrafa suna, tallace-tallace kai tsaye. ci gaban tashar da horar da jagoranci. Ya kuma yi aiki a babban reshen SG-SSB na Accra daga Maris 2001 zuwa Afrilu 2002. Ya kuma kasance dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Awutu Senya ta Yamma a majalisar dokoki ta 7 ta jamhuriya ta 4 sannan kuma mataimakin ministan sadarwa.
Siyasa
George shi ne memba na Occupy Ghana kungiyar matsin lamba na siyasa. Ya kuma kasance dan majalisar New Patriotic Party na mazabar Awutu-Senya ta Yamma.
Ojuwoye, Mushin
Mushin wata unguwa ce da ke cikin birnin Legas, tana cikin jihar Legas ta Najeriya, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin kananan hukumomin Najeriya 774. Tana nan 10 kilomita arewa da tsakiyar birnin Legas, kusa da babban titin zuwa Ikeja, kuma yanki cee mai cike da cunkoso da gidaje marasa inganci. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006 tana da mazauna 633,009. Cibiyar Mushin tana kusa da Garin Ojuwoye.
George Andah
Siyasa
A cikin Afrilu 2022, ya ƙaddamar da littafinsa mai suna  'Determined to do more'.
Tawagar kwallon raga Afirka ta Kudu
Tawagar kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu da ake yi wa lakabi da SPAR Proteas, tana wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar kwallon ragar mata ta kasa da kasa. Dorette Badenhorst ne ke horar da SPAR Proteas, kuma Bongiwe Msomi ne ke jagorantar kungiyar. Ƙungiyar Netball Afirka ta Kudu ce ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar kuma SPAR ne ke daukar nauyin ta. A halin yanzu Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ta biyar a cikin jerin INF na duniya.
Ojuwoye, Mushin
Kalmar Mushin a yammacin Najeriya, ta samo asali ne daga zabar 'ya'yan itacen Ishin  wanda ke nuna nau'in 'ya'yan itace guda biyu: "mu", ma'ana "zabi" da "Ishin", wanda shine 'ya'yan itace. The Great King of Mushin is Oba Fatai Ayinla Aileru II (JP), Permanent Member of the Council of Obas in Lagos State.
George Andah
Tallafawa
A cikin Afrilu 2019, George ya gabatar da kusan kujeru 12 na zartarwa ga Sashen Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Ghana.
Ruwan famfo na Jaison a India
Ruwan Jaison Water Tap ko Jayson Water Tap (wanda kuma aka sani da Waste Ba Ruwa Tap ) famfo ce ta rufewa da kanta wacce JP Subramony Iyer ta kirkira a farkon karni na 20 a Travancore, Kudancin Indiya. Wadannan famfo sun kasance abin da aka saba gani a kan tituna a zamanin da Travancore, wani yanki na jihar Kerala na zamani a Kudancin Indiya. Kuma Suna da shahara sosai a ko'ina cikin yankin Indiya kuma har yanzu ana iya samun su a yawancin tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na gargajiya da Layin Jirgin Indiya ke sarrafawa.
Fam ɗin ruwan Jaison kyakkyawan misali ne na ƙirƙira tushen ciyawa na kasuwanci daga Indiya ta zamani, wanda ya wuce abin da ake kira Jugaad ko kuma hack life. Samuwarta wani aiki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya samar da wadata kuma ya taimaka wajen magance matsalar barnatar da ruwa a cikin famfunan ruwan jama'a wanda hakan ya kawo fa'ida ga al'ummar ƙasar Indiya.
Tarihi
JP Subramony Iyer, wanda ya ƙirƙira famfo, ya kasance mai ƙirƙira tushen ciyawa, jarumin farawa, ɗan kasuwan fasaha na duniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in inshora a cikin tsohuwar jihar Travancore-Cochin. Da ya lura da barnatar ruwa daga famfunan ruwa na gefen hanya da aka bar su cikin sakaci a bude, sai ya fahimci bukatar samar da famfon rufewa ta atomatik. Tare da taimakon ƴan abokai da suka kasance injiniyoyi irin su Sri Rajangam (wanda shi ne Mataimakin Babban Injiniyan Injiniya na Kudancin Indiyan Railway aka SIR) da SLNarayanan, ya haɓaka irin wannan famfo. Ya ba da izinin ƙirƙira, ya inganta shi kuma ya ba da izinin ingantaccen sigar fam ɗin ma. To Amman Kuma Duk da haka, ba a bayyana ko akwai irin wannan danyen ruwan famfo na rufe kansa ba kafin a kirkiro famfunan ruwan Jaison.
Domin sauƙaƙe samarwa da yawa, Subramony Iyer ya kafa masana'anta a Karamana .Dan haka Sakamakon gwagwarmayar kungiyar kwadagon da ta mamaye yankin, masana'antar ta rufe shago ta koma Coimbatore.
Amfani na duniya
An yi amfani da Jayson Tap a ƙasashe da yawa kamar Nepal, Sri Lanka   da Bhutan  musamman a yankunan karkara.
HydroPlan, Kamfanin Jamus, ya sayi haƙƙin samarwa, sayarwa da rarraba famfo a duniya sai dai a Indiya da Sri Lanka. Kuma Daga baya, fam ɗin ya bazu zuwa Turai, Ingila da Japan.
turawa na yanzu
Abin ban mamaki, shahararren wannan famfo na ruwa ya yi ƙasa sosai a cikin birnin Trivandrum a yau. To Amman Manufofin ruwa na jama'a a kan tituna suna fuskantar bacewa a Kerala, saboda karuwar wadatar mutanen da ke kamuwa da ruwan kwalba.
Har yanzu layukan dogo na Indiya suna amfani da famfo ruwan Jaison yadda ya kamata kuma a ko'ina cikin Indiya, duka a cikin jiragen kasa da kuma a tashoshin. Ana amfani da duka nau'ikan tushen ƙarfe da filastik.
Tawagar kwallon raga Afirka ta Kudu
Tarihi
Afirka ta Kudu ta dade tana cikin jerin kasashe biyar da ke kan gaba a fagen wasan kwallon kafa, bayan da ta lashe lambobin yabo sau biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya, sau daya ta kare a matsayi na uku a shekarar 1967 sannan kuma ta samu matsayi na biyu a Australia a 1995. An hana tawagar kasar shiga wasannin gwaji na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1969 saboda manufofin wariyar launin fata a kasar kuma ba a sake shigar da su ba sai a shekarar 1995. Ficewar da suka yi cikin mamaki a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 1995 ya zo ne bayan nasarar tarihi a kan New Zealand a farkon gasar kuma ya ga kungiyar ta karbi lambar yabo daga Shugaba Nelson Mandela da kansa. Kungiyar SPAR Proteas ta kasa samun lambar yabo a gasar Commonwealth.
Kazalika fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma a gasar Commonwealth, Proteas kuma suna taka rawa akai-akai a gasar Quad Series da Australia, New Zealand da Ingila, kodayake kungiyar bata taba gamawa sama da matsayi na hudu a gasar ba. Har ila yau, Proteas sun fito a gasar ta Diamond Challenge ta Afirka mafi yawan shekaru, wanda suka yi nasara a kowane lokaci ya zuwa yanzu.
Ƙungiyar ta yanzu
An zaɓi tawagar yanzu don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Netball na 2019.
2022 Ambaliyar Kinshasa
Daga ranar 12 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2022, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya bar tituna, ababen more rayuwa da kuma unguwanni da dama a ƙarƙashin ruwa ko kuma sun lalace a Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.
Tasiri
Hanyoyi da dama a tsakiyar birnin Kinshasa sun nutse yayin da aka shafe sa'o'i ana sheƙa ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya tare da rushewar gidaje da dama. A ƙalla mutane 169 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin waɗanda suka mutun dai na faruwa ne sakamakon zaftarewar ƙasa sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya. A ƙalla gidaje 280 ne suka ruguje yayin da wasu sama da 38,000 ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. Mutane miliyan 12 da suka ƙunshi galibin mutanen birnin ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa.
Ƴancin bauta ko ibada
'Yancin Bauta ko  'Yancin Ibada shi ne na biyu na Haƙƙin mai  'Yanci Hudu da ɗan wasan Amurka Norman Rockwell ya yi. Jerin ya dogara ne akan manufofin da aka fi sani da 'Yanci Hudu wanda Shugaban Amurka na 32, Franklin D. Roosevelt ya bayyana a cikin Jawabinsa na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar da aka gabatar a ranar 6 ga Janairu, shekarata 1941. Rockwell ya ɗauki wannan zanen da  'Yancin Magana a matsayin mafi nasara a cikin jerin. An buga  'Yancin Bauta a cikin fitowar Fabrairu 27, shekarar 1943 na The Saturday Evening Post tare da wani muqala na masanin falsafa Will Durant.
Fage
'Yancin Bauta shi ne na biyu na jerin zanen mai guda hudu na Norman Rockwell mai suna Hudu 'Yanci. Jawabin Shugaban kasa Franklin D. Roosevelt na Tarayyar ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Majalisar Amurka ta 77 a ranar 6 ga Janairu, shekarata 1941, wanda aka sani da 'Yanci Hudu. Daga cikin 'Yanci huɗu, biyu kawai da aka kwatanta a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka su ne 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin addini. Daga baya an shigar da taken 'Yanci Hudu a cikin sanarwar manufofin Allies ' Yaƙin Duniya na II, Yarjejeniyar Atlantika,  kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Jerin zane-zane ya gudana a kan makonni hudu a jere a cikin Asabar Maraice Post, tare da rubutun daga marubuta masu mahimmanci:  'Yancin Magana (Fabrairu 20),  'Yancin Bauta (Fabrairu 27),  'Yanci daga So (Maris 6) da  'Yanci daga Tsoro (Maris 6). Maris 13). Don rubutun da ke tare da  'Yancin Bauta, Editan Post Ben Hibbs ya zaɓi Durant, wanda ya kasance marubuci mafi kyawun sayar da shi a kololuwar shahararsa. Kuma A lokacin, Durant ya kasance a tsakiyar yin aiki a kan juzu'insa guda goma Labarin Wayewa, wanda aka ba da labarin tare da matarsa, Ariel Durant . Will Durant kuma yayi lacca akan tarihi da falsafa. Daga ƙarshe, jerin zane-zanen ya zama yaɗuwa a cikin fosta kuma ya zama kayan aiki a Tushen Yakin Gwamnatin Amurka.
Bayani
Zanen yana nuna bayanan martaba na kawuna takwas a cikin ƙaramin sarari. Adadin mabambantan suna wakiltar mutanen addinai daban-daban a lokacin addu'a. Kuma Musamman ma, adadi uku a jere na ƙasa (dama zuwa hagu): wani mutum da kansa a rufe yana ɗauke da wani littafi na addini wanda Bayahude ne, wata tsohuwar mace mai Furotesta, da wata ƙaramar mace da fuskarta mai haske tana riƙe da beads na rosary wanda yake Katolika. A cikin shekarata 1966, Rockwell ya yi amfani da  'Yancin Bauta don nuna sha'awarsa ga John F. Kennedy a cikin wani hoto mai suna JFK's Bold Legacy. Aikin yana kwatanta Kennedy a cikin bayanin martaba a cikin wani abu mai kama da  'Yancin Bauta tare da masu sa kai na Peace Corps.
Production
Asalin sigar zanen an saita shi ne a wani shagon aski tare da ma'abota addinai daban-daban da kabilanci duk suna jiran lokacinsu a kan kujerar aski. Ayyukansa na farko shine 41 × mai a kan zane mai nuna juriya a matsayin "tushen bambancin addini na dimokuradiyya". Ya hada da wani Bayahude da wani wanzami na Furotesta ke yi masa hidima a matsayin bakar fata da wani limamin cocin Roman Katolika yana jiran hidimar wanzami. Matsalar ita ce zana hotunan addinai da kabilanci da za a iya gane su cikin sauƙi domin an yi yarjejeniya kaɗan a kan yadda ya kamata mai wani addini ya kasance. Duk da haka kuma, yayin da yake ƙoƙari ya fayyace hotunan haruffan ya sami kansa yana yin amfani da wuce gona da iri, musamman ma wadanda ba malamai ba. Sanya mutumin Bayahude ya zama kamar Semitic, yin farar fata abokin ciniki da kuma mayar da baƙar fata zuwa rigar ma'aikacin gona ya rushe aikin ba tare da yin magana a madadin gwamnati ba kamar yadda ya kamata. Taken da Rockwell ya nufa shine juriyar addini, amma yana jin ainihin abin da aka tsara bai yi nasarar yin wannan batu ba.
A cikin Yuni Shekarata 1942, Editan Post Ben Hibbs ya zama mai goyan bayan Rockwell's Four Freedom sketches, kuma ya ba Rockwell watanni biyu don kammala ayyukan. A watan Oktoba, Post ɗin ya damu game da ci gaban Rockwell akan  'Yanci huɗu kuma ya aika editan fasahar su zuwa Arlington don kimantawa. A wannan lokacin Rockwell yana aiki akan  'Yancin Bauta, zanensa na biyu a cikin jerin. Rockwell ya shafe watanni biyu (Oktoba da mafi yawan Nuwamba shekarata 1942) akan wannan aikin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kalmar "Kowane bisa ga lamirinsa." Maƙwabtansa Arlington, Vermont sun yi aiki a matsayin samfuransa: Watanni uku masu ciki tare da gashinta da aka soke, Rose Hoyt ta fito a matsayin Katolika tare da rosary, ko da yake ta kasance ainihin Furotesta na Cocin Episcopal. Sauran samfuran sun kasance Mrs. Harrington, maƙerin Rockwell Walter Squires, matar Squire Clara Squires (a gefen dama), Winfield Secoy, da Jim Martin (tsakiya). Sigarsa ta ƙarshe ta dogara da wasu alamu na gani, gami da rosary da littafin addini. Kuma Aikin ya kasance masu bautar baƙi masu launin fata sun juye a gefuna. Wannan jeri bai girgiza kwale-kwalen da The Post ba wanda har yanzu bai fito da bakar fata a shafukansa ba. Rockwell ya ce ya sanya wa annan kabilun dadi ta hanyar "fasa zanta" fuskar bakar fata a saman; mutumin da ke kasa, tare da fez dinsa, ya kasance bakon baki da zai iya yin laifi." Hoton yana yawan haɓakawa kuma galibi yana yin duhu a cikin haifuwa saboda yana amfani da haɗin launi na launin toka mai laushi, beige da launin ruwan kasa. An yi amfani da fenti a hankali, wanda ke ba da damar saƙa na zane don ba da gudummawa ga hoton.
Mahimman bita
Editan bugawa Ben Hibbs ya ce game da Magana da Bauta, "A gare ni su ne manyan takardun ɗan adam a cikin nau'i na fenti da zane. Kyakkyawan hoto, sannan ina tsammanin shine wanda ke motsawa kuma yana ƙarfafa miliyoyin mutane. Hudu 'Yanci yayi - kuma ku yi." Walt Disney ya rubuta, "Na yi tunanin [Rockwell's] 'Yanci hudu suna da kyau. Na fi son ‘Yancin Ibada da abin da aka rubuta da kuma alamar da aka bayyana a cikinsa.” Rockwell ya yi imanin cewa  'Yancin Bauta da  'Yancin Magana sune mafi kyawun sakamakonsa a cikin jerin. Laura Claridge ya rubuta cewa kalmar zurfafawa "Kowane bisa ga lamirinsa" shine "launi ne wanda ke nuna yawancin tunanin Rockwell game da addini: mai yiwuwa tushen sa jumla ce da aka haɗa a cikin Sharuɗɗan bangaskiya goma sha uku na Joseph Smith. ." A gaskiya ma, Rockwell ya tambayi abokan aiki akai-akai game da yiwuwar hanyoyin da aka ambata kuma ba a fada ba game da rubuce-rubucen Smith sai bayan an buga jerin. An yi amfani da furcin “bisa ga ra’ayin lamirinsa” (ko kuma makamancin haka) a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihohin Amurka da yawa a ƙarni na sha takwas.
Nazari mai mahimmanci na zanen ya nuna cewa wasu masu yin wasu addinai na musamman sun ji takaici saboda karbuwar dukan addinai da aka bayyana a cikin  'Yancin Addini. Claridge yana jin haka"matse fuska ... har ma da crepey fata a kan tsofaffi hannuwa, wanda ya zama abubuwan ibada, tura jigo a kan gefen daga manufa haƙuri cikin gooey jin, inda bambance-bambancen mutum ze fyauce a cikin wani lokacin sihiri na dispensation daga Haske. Ƙuntataccen da ake buƙata ta fasaha wanda ke hulɗa da haɓakar motsin rai ya rasa."Claridge ya bayyana cewa sigar da ta gabata ta kasance "tsabtace, mai ban sha'awa ba ta da kyau, ba tare da la'akari da babban abun ciki ba. Kuma An yi fenti mai kyau har ma a matakin zanen mai na farko." Murray da McCabe sun lura cewa aikin ya bambanta daga "salon labarun" wanda aka san Rockwell da shi.
Deborah Sulemanu ta ɗauki zanen a matsayin mafi ƙarancin gamsarwa a cikin jerin saboda tana jin yana cike da cunkoso kuma yana ɗan “dawafi”. Maureen Hart Hennessey, sannan babban mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Norman Rockwell, da mai kula da Anne Knutson sunyi la'akari da sikelin hoton wanda kawai ke nuna kawunansu da hannayensu a cikin addu'a a matsayin mai rushewa. Bruce Cole na Jaridar Wall Street Journal ya lura cewa “hoton da Rockwell ya yi na fuskokin kusa-kusa da hannaye da aka ɗaga cikin addu’a ba laifi ba ne, ba tare da wani saƙo na gaske game da ’yancin addini ba—kuma, ba zato ba tsammani. Domin kuwa imani, sannan kamar rashin tsoro da rashin buqata, shi ne ainihin sirri, wani abu ne na sirri, wanda ba shi da ma’ana kuma maras misali.”
Sauran
A cikin 2018 Sharon Brous, da sauransu, ya kasance a kan murfin Lokaci ; murfin ya dogara ne akan wannan zanen.
Maimul Ahsan Khan
Maimul Ahsan Khan (Bengali: মাইমুল আহসান খান; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1954) masanin ilimin shari'a ne na Bangladesh kuma tsohon farfesa ne na shari'a a Kwalejin Shari'a, Jami'ar Dhaka. Kwarewarsa ta kunshi shari'a, dokar Islama, Islama da al'adun Musulmi, kimiyyar siyasa, haƙƙin ɗan adam, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya da Nazarin Gaba. An ba shi kyautar IIE-SRF saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin ilimi daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya (IIE). A cikin shekara ta 2012, Asusun Ceto na Masanin IIE ya nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin malaman da aka tsananta a duniya. Khan a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Dean na Faculty of Social Science a Jami'ar Leading.
Asalin da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1954, a Chandpur, Bangladesh, Khan ya yi karatu a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya sami LLM tare da girmamawa a 1981 da PhD a shari'a a 1985 daga Jami'ar Jihar Tashkent. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar kasuwanci ta duniya daga Jami'ar California, Davis.
Ayyuka
Khan ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin mai bincike a Gidauniyar Musulunci ta Burtaniya a Markfield, Leicestershire a 1986 kuma an nada shi mataimakin farfesa na shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka a 1990. Ya zama cikakken farfesa a wannan jami'a a 2007. Khan ya koyar a Jami'ar Illinois-UIUC daga 1998 zuwa 2002, Jami'ar California-Davis da Berkeley daga 2002 zuwa 2006, da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jamhuriyar Liberec-Czech. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Fulbright Fellow a Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Illinois-UC kuma a matsayin ƙwararren ƙasa a kan Afghanistan a Amnesty International (2001-2006).