cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Anthony Santos
Fim ɗin kide kide da Documentary
A cikin watan in Yuni 2021, Romeo Santos: Utopía Live daga Filin wasa na MetLife an sake shi azaman taron PPV, bisa ga bikin watan Satumba 2019 a New York wanda ya nuna baƙi Cardi B, Daddy Yankee, Emilio Estefan, Marc Anthony, Thalía da ƙari. A lokaci guda, HBO Max ya fitar da wani takardun shaida akan Santos da ake kira Romeo Santos: Sarkin Bachata wanda ya gano tarihin Bachata, kuma ya nuna Santos yana tafiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Dominican tare da Kid Mero. Don inganta takardun shaida, HBO ya gina ingantaccen haɓakawa a cikin Washington Heights, NYC a cikin nau'i na bodega, wanda ake kira House of Bachata, tare da gashin gashi kyauta, Presidente giya, da kuma karaoke jam'iyyun girmama Santos. A tsakiyarta akwai na'urar "hologram" na PORTL wanda Santos ya bayyana cikin rayuwa mai kama da rayuwa, girman 4K don yin hulɗa da magoya baya.
Aiki sana'a
I’m Fitowar fim ɗin sa na farko ya kasance akan fim ɗin Dominican na shekarar 2007 "Sanky Panky" a matsayin kansa tare da abokan aikinsa na ƙungiyar Aventura suna yin kai tsaye a Altos de Chavón a Jamhuriyar Dominican. Romeo Santos ya fara fitowa a Hollywood a cikin fim din Furious 7, wanda aka saki watan Afrilu 2015, tare da Vin Diesel, Dwayne Johnson, da Paul Walker. Ya kasance cikin fargaba game da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Furious 7 amma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo sun sa shi jin maraba.
Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim
Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim wanda aka fi sani da Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman, an haife shi ne a shekarar 1966, Mahaddacin Alqur'ani ne kuma ɗan Najeriya ne, Malamin Addinin Musulunci ne, kuma Shahararren Masamin Alqur'ani mai girma ya samu lambobin yabo da dama a fadin duniya saboda bajintarsa wajen sanin Alqur'ani mai girma. Sheikh Sulaiman ya shahara wajen sarrafa harshe a yayin da yake qira'a, don mutane da dama daga sassan duniya suna son qira'ansa, haka kuma yayin da wasu suke kwaikwayon salon karatunsa. Malam Ahmad Sulaiman yayi Musabaƙa ta duniya har kusan sau 3 yana cin na 1 wannan yasa mutane suke ganin yana daga cikin masana Alqur'ani na duniya ba wai Najeriya kadai ba.
Anthony Santos
Aiki sana'a
Santos kuma shine muryar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo Early Bird a cikin fim din shekara 2016 The Angry Birds Movie.
Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim
Farkon Rayuwar shi
An haifi Ahmad Sulaiman a gidan sulaiman, mahaifinsa ya rasu tun yana ɗan shekara 6, sannan ya koma jihar Kano yana ɗan shekara 9 don neman ilimin Addini da kuma na zamani (Boko), Ahmad Sulaiman ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana ƙarami. Haka yana cewa Dr Kabir Haruna Gombe yana cikin malamansa kuma Alarammansa a lokacin tafsirin Watan Ramadan, duk da cewa kusan duk inda Sheikh Kabir Haruna Gombe zaije wa'azi suna tareda Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman, Ahmad Sulaiman mamba ne a ƙungiyar Jama'atu Izalatil Bid'ah wa Iqamatus Sunnah, babbar ƙungiyar Salafiyyah dake Najeriya.
Garkuwa da Sheikh Ahmad Sulaiman
A watan Maris ɗin shekara ta 2019 ne wasu masu garkuwa da mutane suka yi garkuwa da Sheikh Ahmad Sulaiman a hanyarsa ya fito mahaifarsa zai koma zuwa jihar Kano bayan ziyarar da ya kai a jihar Kebbi. Garkuwa dashi tazo gab da yana shirin aurar da ƴa-ƴansa mata biyu, an yi awon gaba da shi tare da wasu mutane biyar a ƙaramar hukumar Sheme/Ƙanƙara wadda wannan yana cikin yakin jihar Katsina. An sako Sheikh bayan kwanaki 15 da garkuwa dasu.
Kwamishinan Ilimi a Kano
Dr Abdullahi Umar Ganduje gwamnan jihar Kano na yanzu ya naɗa Ahmad Sulaiman a matsayin kwamishinan Ilmi na biyu a jihar Kano.
Ƴancin zaɓi
'Yancin zaɓe ya bayyana damammaki da ƴancin kai na mutum don aiwatar da wani aiki da zaia zaɓa daga aƙalla zaɓuɓɓuka biyu da ake da su, ba tare da takura daga ɓangarorin waje ba.
A siyasa
A cikin muhawarar zubar da ciki alal misali, kalmar ƴancin zaɓi na iya fitowa don kare matsayin da mace ke da haƙƙin ta yanke cewar ko za ta ci gaba da ciki ko kuma ta zubar. Hakazalika, wasu batutuwa irin su euthanasia, (kisa mara raɗaɗi na majiyyaci da ke fama da wata cuta mara waraka da raɗaɗi ko kuma a cikin suma da ba za a iya jurewa ba.) alluran rigakafi, hana haihuwa da auren jinsi  wani lokaci ana tattauna su dangane da wani haƙƙin mutum da aka ɗauka na “yancin zaɓi”. Wasu batutuwan zamantakewa, misali New York "Soda Ban" an kare su duka biyu kuma sun yi adawa dangane da ƴancin zaɓi.
A fannin tattalin arziƙi
A cikin microeconomics, 'yancin zaɓi shine 'yancin wakilan tattalin arziki don rarraba albarkatun su kamar yadda suka ga dama, a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka (kamar kayayyaki, ayyuka, ko dukiya) waɗanda ke samuwa a gare su. Ya haɗa da 'yancin shiga aikin da ake da su.
Ratner et al., A cikin 2008, ya kawo wallafe-wallafen game da 'yancin kai na uban 'yanci wanda ya bayyana cewa masu amfani ba koyaushe suna yin aiki don amfanin kansu ba. Suna danganta wannan al'amari ga abubuwa kamar su motsin rai, gazawar fahimta da son zuciya, da kuma bayanan da ba su cika ba waɗanda suka ce za a iya gyara su ta wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara. Suna tattauna samar da masu amfani da bayanai da kayan aikin yanke shawara, tsarawa da ƙuntata zaɓuɓɓukan kasuwancin su, da kuma bugun motsin rai da sarrafa tsammanin. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan, in ji su, zai iya inganta ikon masu amfani da su don zaɓar.
Koyaya, 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziƙi a ƙarshe ya dogara da gasar kasuwa, tunda akwai zaɓuɓɓukan masu siye galibi sakamakon abubuwa daban-daban ne waɗanda masu siyarwa ke sarrafa su, kamar gabaɗayan ingancin samfur ko sabis da talla. A cikin yanayin da ke akwai, mabukaci ba ya da 'yancin zaɓar siye daga wani furodusa daban. Kamar yadda Friedrich Hayek ya nuna: "ƴancin zaɓe a cikin al'umma mai gasa ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa, idan mutum ɗaya ya ƙi biyan bukatunmu, za mu iya komawa ga wani. Amma idan muka fuskanci mai mulkin mallaka muna cikin cikakkiyar rahamarsa.."
Kamar yadda aka misalta a cikin abin da ke sama, masu tunani masu sassaucin ra'ayi sau da yawa ƙwaƙƙwaran masu ba da shawara ne don haɓaka 'yancin zaɓi. Misali ɗaya na wannan shine littafin Milton Friedman na Kyauta don Zaɓi da jerin talabijin.
Babu yarjejeniya game da ko karuwar 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziki yana haifar da karuwar farin ciki. A cikin binciken daya, Rahoton Gidauniyar Heritage Foundation na 2011 Index na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Ma'anar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da farin ciki a cikin ƙasa.
Auna ƴancin zaɓi
An yi amfani da hanyar axiomatic - deductive hanya don magance batun auna adadin 'yancin zaɓi (FoC) da mutum yake morewa. A cikin takarda da aka wallafa a 1990,  Prasanta K. Pattanaik da Yongsheng Xu sun gabatar da dokoki guda uku waɗanda ma'aunin FoC ya kamata ya gamsar:
Sun tabbatar da cewa ma'auni shine kawai ma'auni wanda ya gamsar da waɗannan dokoki, abin da suka lura ya kasance mai ma'ana kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa a sake fasalin ɗaya ko fiye da haka na dokokin. Sun misalta wannan da misalin zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa" ko "tafiya da mota", wanda ya kamata ya samar da ƙarin FoC fiye da zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya da jan mota" ko "tafiya da mota shuɗi". An ba da wasu shawarwari don magance wannan matsala, ta hanyar sake fasalin dokoki, yawanci ciki har da ra'ayoyin abubuwan da ake so,   ko ƙin doka ta uku. or rejecting the third axiom.
Alaƙa da farin ciki
Wani bincike na 2006 da Simona Botti da Ann L. McGill ya yi ya nuna cewa, lokacin da aka gabatar da batutuwa tare da zaɓuɓɓuka masu bambanta kuma suna da 'yancin zaɓar tsakanin su, zaɓin su ya inganta gamsuwar su tare da tabbatacce da rashin gamsuwa tare da sakamako mara kyau, dangane da marasa zaɓi.
Wani bincike na 2010 da Hazel Rose Markus da Barry Schwartz suka yi ya tattara jerin gwaje-gwaje game da 'yancin zaɓe kuma sun yi jayayya cewa "zaɓi da yawa na iya haifar da rashin tabbas, damuwa, da son kai". Schwartz ya bayar da hujjar cewa mutane akai-akai suna yin nadama saboda tsadar damar da ba su yanke shawara mafi kyau ba kuma, a wasu yanayi, gamsuwar mutane gabaɗaya a wasu lokuta yakan fi girma idan wani mutum ya yanke shawara mai wahala maimakon ta kansu, ko da lokacin zaɓin ɗayan. ya fi muni. Schwartz ya rubuta littafi kuma ya ba da jawabai yana sukar yawan zaɓi a cikin al'ummar zamani, kodayake ya yarda cewa "wani zaɓi ya fi kowa".
Southall
A tarihi yanki ne na gundumar Middlesex da ake gudanarwa daga Southall Town Hall har zuwa 1965. Southall yana kan Grand Union Canal (tsohon Grand Junction Canal) wanda ya fara haɗa Landan tare da sauran tsarin magudanar ruwa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwa na ƙarshe don ɗaukar manyan zirga-zirgar kasuwanci (a cikin shekarun 1950) kuma har yanzu yana buɗe don zirga-zirga kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyar fasahar jin daɗi. Canal ɗin ya raba shi da Hayes a yamma, yayin da zuwa gabas kogin Brent ya raba garin da Hanwell. Daga shekarun 1950s masana'antun gida na garin da kusanci zuwa Filin jirgin sama na Heathrow sun jawo hankalin ɗimbin baƙi na Asiya;[1] a ƙarshe garin ya zama gida ga mafi yawan al'ummar Punjabi a wajen yankin Indiya [2] kuma a yau shine babbar cibiyar al'adun Kudancin Asiya. [3] da samun laƙabi Little India.[4]
Gundumar Southall tana da sauran sunayen wuraren Anglo-Saxon da yawa kamar Elthorne da Waxlow. Babban rikodinsa, daga ad 830, shine na Warberdus wanda ya ba da gadar Norwood Manor da Southall Manor ga limaman cocin Canterbury. [abubuwan da ake bukata]r
Aryeetey Andrew Nii
Tarihi
Yayi Makarantar Gwamnati dake accra, 1941-48, makarantar Achimota 1949-55, Jami'ar Ghana 1956-59, Jami'ar Illinois Chicagodak kasar Amurka 1966-68; jami'in noma a ma'aikatar noma 1959-64, babban jami'in noma, Yuli-Satumba 1964, jami'in bincike, tashar binciken noma, Kpong, Jami'ar Ghana, 1964-75, ya nada babban jami'in bincike, Yuni 1975.
Aure
Ya auri Martina Ofosu-Amaah a shekaran 1961. Sun haifi yara hudu (4) mata uku da kuma namiji daya.
Quba
Quba (Guba) birni ne, kuma cibiyar gudanarwa na gundumar Quba ta Azerbaijan. Birnin yana kan gangaren arewa maso gabas na dutsen Shahdag, a tsayin mita 600 sama da matakin teku, a gefen dama na kogin Kudyal. Tana da yawan jama'a 38,100 (2010).
Tarihi
An ambace Quba a cikin ayyukan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, a cikin tsoffin kafofin Larabci da Albaniya. Gidan da mai mulki Anushiravan ya gina a karni na 11 ana kiransa "Bade-Firuz Qubat", kuma a cikin harshen larabci na karni na XII an ambaci Quba a matsayin "Cuba". A cikin karni na 13, a cikin Kamus na Geographical sunayen Masanin Arabiyya Hamabi an ambaci shi a cikin garuruwan Azarbaijan a matsayin Kubba, kuma a cikin tushen karni na 16 Quba ana kiransa "Dome".
Abdulnagid Breish
BREISH, Abdulnagid, BA, an haife shi a shekara 1951, a Tripoli, yayi  ilimi a Tripoli College,  School Lebanon, American University, manaja Libyan Arab Foreign Bank, Tripoli,1975-77, yaka bashi mataimaki mataimaki Chairman na Arab Banking Corporation, Bahrain, 1980.
Khalil Al-Qari
Khalil bin Abd al-Rahman al-Qari (1361 AH / 1940 - 23 Dhu al-Hijjah 1439 AH / 3 September 2018), shi akewa laƙabi da Malamin limaman Masallatan Harami guda biyu, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Modern Qur'anic Renaissance.
An haifi Khalil Al-Qari a Muzaffarabad a shekara ta 1940, kuma ya yi karatu a wurin Sheikh Muhammad Suleiman a Lahore, kuma a wajen mahaddaci Anwar Al-Haq. Ya haddace Alqur'ani mai girma daga Sheikh Fadl Karim, sannan ya karanta " Qira'at " akan " Qur'a " na Pakistan. A Pakistan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen gidan rediyo a yankin Muzaffarabad.
A shekarar 1963 ya yi hijira zuwa Makkah Al-Mukarramah, ya yi karatu a masallacin Bin Laden da masallacin Harami. Ya karantar a Masallacin Harami, da Cibiyar Al-Arqam Bin Abi Al-Arqam da ke Al-Safa. Sannan kuma ya koma Madina, aka naɗa shi malami a cibiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad Ibn Sa'ud da ke Madina, inda ya zauna ya duƙufa wajen karantar da Alqur'ani mai girma.
Ana kiransa da " Malamin limaman Masallatan Harami biyu "; Dangane da cewa 6 daga cikin tsoffin ɗalibansa sun kasance limaman babban masallacin Makkah, tare da wasu fitattun ɗaliban da suka haɗa da Sheikh Muhammad Ayyub da Sheikh Ali Jaber.
Mutuwa
Ya rasu a ranar Litinin 23 ga Zul-alHijjah 1439 Hijiriyya daidai da 3 ga Satumba, shekarar 2018, a Madina, yana da shekaru 78, kuma an binne shi da asuba a makabartar Al-Baqi.
Elisabeth Maxwald
Elisabeth Maxwald (21 Yuni 1967 - 9 Yuli 2013) yar wasan tseren tseren nakasassu ta Austriya. Ta wakilci Austriya a gasar tseren kankara na nakasassu a wasannin sanyi na nakasassu na 1988 a Innsbruck da 1998 na nakasassu a wasannin motsa jiki na Nordic a Nagano. Ta lashe lambobin yabo hudu, zinare biyu, azurfa da tagulla.
Aiki
Ta yi gasa a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 1988, ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin giant slalom a cikin 4:18.47 (Cara Dunne ta biyu wacce ta kammala tseren a 4:59.62 da Susana Herrera na uku a 5: 30.41). An kore ta a cikin B1 na mata.
Margherita Spiluttini
Margherita Spiluttini (16 Oktoba 1947-3 Maris 2023) mai daukar hoto 'yar Austriya ce ta kware a gine-gine.Rumbun tarihin hoto na Spiluttini yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tarin hotunan gine-gine a Austria daga 1980 zuwa 2005.
Elisabeth Maxwald
Aiki
Ta yi gasa a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1998 a Nagano. Ta lashe zinari a tseren gudun kan Nordic, tseren fasaha na gargajiya na kilomita 5, a gaban 'yar wasan Jamus Verena Bentele da 'yar Rasha Lioubov Paninykh; ta sami azurfa a cikin shingen 3x2.5 km (tare da Gabriele Berghofer da Renata Hoenisch); kuma ta samu tagulla a tseren tseren gudun kilomita 5.
Margherita Spiluttini
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Schwarzach im Pongau,Spiluttini an horar da shi a matsayin mataimakiyar likita a Innsbruck inda ta kuma sami kwarewa a fannin ilimin likitanci.Daga nan sai ta koma Vienna inda ta auri Adolf Krischanitz,wanda ta rubuta sabbin nau'ikan gine-gine a cikin shigarwa. Bayan haihuwar 'yarta Ina,ta juya zuwa daukar hoto mai zaman kansa,tana kammala rahotanni kan batutuwa kamar su fagen matasa na Stimme der Frau da kide-kide na pop na mujallar Wiener.
Amfana daga haɓakar Kamara Austria,a farkon 1980s ta zama mai sha'awar gine-gine.Hotunanta marasa adadi na gine-gine na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu sun sa aka gane ta a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sabon salon daukar hoto na Austria,yanki wanda na maza ne. Baya ga gudunmawar daukar hoto ga Die Presse,Franz Endler ya gayyace ta don ba da gudummawar duk hotunan da aka buga a cikin Jagorar Architecture na Vienna.A sakamakon haka, ta sami kwamitocin da yawa ba kawai daga Ostiriya ba amma ƙara daga Switzerland. Ayyukanta a yankunan tsaunuka na Ostiriya da Switzerland sun haɗa da hotunan gadoji,ramuka, tashoshin wutar lantarki,tafkunan ruwa da ma'adinai a cikin muhallinsu.
Exhibitions
Nunin kwanan nan sun haɗa da: muhallinsmuha
Nunin kwanan nan sun haɗa da: ☃☃
Shana
Shana Elmsford, a cikin jerin zane mai ban dariya na 1980 Jem
Shana, a cikin wasan bidiyo na 1999 The Legend of Dragoon
Shana, in Shakugan no Shana
Ilimin kasa na Ghana
Stratigraphy, Tectonics & Tarihin ilimin kasa
Babban rukunin dutsen Precambrian sun haɗa da metamorphosed da folded Dahomeyan, Birimian, Tarkwaian System, Togo Series, da Buem Formation. Duwatsun Paleozoic sun haɗa da Tsarin Voltaian, da Tsarin Sekondi-Accraian.
Shana
Shana Fring, a cikin jerin littattafan Pretty Little Liars
Ilimin kasa na Ghana
Paleoproterozoic (shekaru 2.5-1.6 da suka wuce)
Rukunan Paleoproterozoic na Birimian Supergroup, gama gari a Yammacin Afirka, sun mamaye arewa maso yamma da kudu maso yammacin Ghana. Birimian Supergroup yana da raka'a biyu, ɗaya jeri na duwatsu masu ɗimbin yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da phyllite, tuff da greywacke waɗanda suka haɗu da haɗin gwiwa, sandstone da shale da ɗayan jerin magma na tholeiitic. Da farko, masanan ilmin ƙasa sun raba raka'a zuwa Ƙananan Birimiya da Babban Birimiya, amma binciken da ya biyo baya ya gano cewa dutsen mai aman wuta yana samar da bel ɗin kilomita ɗari da yawa a cikin babban rukunin, tare da ƙarancin ƙimar metamorphism na dutsen tholeiitic lava.
FG
FG, fg, ko Fg na iya nufin to:
Ilimin kasa na Ghana
Paleoproterozoic (shekaru 2.5-1.6 da suka wuce)
Belt ɗin dutsen mai aman wuta daga arewa zuwa kudu shine Lawra Belt, Bole-Navrongo Belt, Sefwi Belt, Asankrangwa Belt, Ashanti Belt da Kibi-Winiba Belt. Ban da Lawra Belt, duk suna tafiya arewa maso gabas-kudu maso yamma. Tsakanin ɗamara daban -daban akwai kwanduna cike da dacite, argillite, volcaniclastic da granitoid duwatsu tare da isocline folding. A sauye-sauye tsakanin kwandunai da beltsan tsaunukan ƙananan ƙananan ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun ɓarna, carbonates da manganese mai ɗimbin yawa, waɗanda aka ƙaddara su zama ragowar abubuwan fashewa waɗanda suka haifar da bel ɗin dutsen.
Shana
Shanna She-Devil, ɗan wasan daji a cikin duniyar Marvel Comics
Ilimin kasa na Ghana
Paleoproterozoic (shekaru 2.5-1.6 da suka wuce)
An nade duwatsu masu aman wuta da duwatsu a lokacin Eburnean orogeny shekaru 2.2 zuwa biliyan 2.0 da suka gabata kuma granitoids suka kutsa kai. Har ila yau, orogeny ya ɗaga kuma ya lalata duwatsun, ya cika babban graben tare da jerin molasse mai lanƙwasa na sabbin duwatsu, wanda aka sani da Tarkwaian Group. Kusan lokaci guda, an sake kutsawa cikin rukunin Birimian Supergroup, a wannan karon ta Cape Coast type batholith granites da granodiorite, tare da nau'in Winneba wanda ke da asalin sikelin Archean daga saman mafi girman mayafin. Har ila yau, Ghana tana da wasu nau'ikan granite daga wannan lokacin, ciki har da nau'in Dixcove, wanda ya haifar da kutse a cikin bel ɗin dutsen mai fitad da wuta da kuma ƙarancin granitoids na Bongo, wanda ya samo asali bayan Eburnean orogeny.
Neoproterozoic (shekaru biliyan 1 da miliyan 541 da suka gabata)
A cikin Neoproterozoic, Pan-African orogeny ya shafi Ghana. A yau, Pan-African mobile bel terrane ya ratsa gabas da kudu maso gabashin Ghana, tare da raka'a daban-daban. Tsarin Dahomeyan ya ƙunshi mafic da felsic gneiss yayin da Togo Series ya haɗa da ma'adini, shale da ƙananan adadin serpentinite. Ƙungiyar Buem cakuda sinadarai ne da duwatsu masu ƙyalli, gami da shale, sandstone, basalt, trachyte da duwatsu masu aman wuta.
Shana
Shanna, daga wasan bidiyo na Wuta Emblem: daurin gindi
Ilimin kasa na Ghana
Neoproterozoic (shekaru biliyan 1 da miliyan 541 da suka gabata)
Gindin Volta da aka kafa a lokacin Neoproterozoic kuma ya haɗa da rairayin rairayin bakin rairayi da ƙaƙƙarfan kilo mita ɗaya na Bambouaka Supergroup, wanda ya taso tsakanin biliyan 1.1 zuwa miliyan 700 da suka gabata. A cikin Neoproterozoic, taron Snowball Earth ya haifar da glaciation a cikin abin da ke yanzu Afirka. Rushewar glacial ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin Bambouaka Supergroup da Pendjari Supergroup (wanda kuma aka sani da Oti Supergroup), wanda a wasu lokuta kai tsaye yana kan saman dutsen ginshiki na dindindin. Kauri mai tsawon kilomita 2.5, Pendjari Supergroup mai shekaru miliyan 600 zuwa 700 yana da farar ƙasa da dolomitic limestone, mai wadataccen barite da silixite a gindinsa da siltstone da argillite a saman sa. Babban naúrar ta uku a cikin Basin Volta ita ce Tamale Supergroup, tare da kaurin mita 500, yumɓu da siltstone a gindinsa, yana ba da hanya ga ƙanƙara. Masana kimiyyar yanayin ƙasa suna muhawara kan shekarun Tamale Supergroup wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen Neoproterozoic ko wataƙila a cikin Cambrian na farkon zamanin Paleozoic.
Phanerozoic (shekaru miliyan 541 da suka gabata-yanzu)
Phanerozoic, halin da ake ciki a yanzu wanda rayuwar ɗimbin yawa ya zama sananne galibi ana yin rikodin shi a gabar tekun Ghana. An sanya jerin Accraian a cikin farkon Devonian da Devonian na Tsakiya yayin da jerin Sekondian suka kasance tsakanin Tsakiyar Devonian da Early Cretaceous, tare da Late Jurassic zuwa Rukunin Amisian na Farko. Late Cretaceous Apollonian Group yana daga cikin rukunin rukunin dutsen na baya -bayan nan. Shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata na Cenozoic galibi ana yin rikodin su da duwatsu na ruwa, lagoonal da kogin ruwa tare da abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba waɗanda ke rufe yawancin ƙasar da samar da ƙasa.
Hydrogeology
Manyan sassan guda uku na Kogin Volta muhimmin ruwa ne a gabashin Ghana tare da raguwa sosai, idan akwai, rabe -rabe tsakanin juna. Tsakanin Pendjari Supergroup da Obosum Group sandstones, mudstones da siltstones galibi suna da ƙarancin ma'adinai, amma suna ɗauke da wasu fluoride, yayin da zurfin Bambouaka Supergroup duwatsu suna da babban sulfate, ƙarfe da manganese da yawa kuma a wasu wurare fluoride da babban gishiri. Kodayake gabaɗaya ba za a iya jurewa ba, raƙuman ruwa da suka fashe a cikin duwatsu na ƙasa suna rufe yawancin kudanci da yammacin Ghana tare da ɗan acidity, ƙarancin gishiri, ƙarancin ƙarfi da iodine, amma babban fluoride. A wasu wurare a kudu maso yammacin Ghana, ruwan karkashin kasa daga dutsen ginshiki yana dauke da manyan sinadarin arsenic da ke hade da zinare a cikin jijiyoyin ma'adinai.
Ba a yin nazarin karancin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Ghana sai dai rijiyoyi 15 da ake kula da su a arewa maso gabas.
Ilimin na albarkatun ƙasa
Zinariya tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana, tare da ton na zinari har zuwa 1500 da aka samar a duk tarihin ta. Ghana tana da manyan nau'ikan zinari guda biyar. Zinare na asali a cikin tsattsarkan jijiyoyin ma'adini a cikin yankuna masu rarrafe a gefen rafukan Birimiya, arsenopyrite a cikin sassan sulfur, yaɗa ma'adinan a cikin duwatsun granitoid da gwal na alluvial placer na zinari a cikin kogunan ruwa a cikin tsakuwa sune manyan hanyoyin zinare. A wasu lokuta, tsohuwar zinaren zinare ya haƙa ƙasa kuma ya sake haɗawa tare da wasu ma'adanai irin su magnetite da hematite a cikin ƙungiyoyin ma'adini na ƙungiya ta Tarkwaian.
Daga karshen karni na 15 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kiyasta kashi biyu bisa uku na samar da zinare na Afirka ya samo asali ne daga Tekun Gwal. Yawan shekara-shekara a farkon shekarun 1980 shine 12,000-15,000 kg. Ana samun manyan lodin zinare a cikin yanki mai sheƙa tsakanin ƙananan Birimian phyllites da Upper Birimian greenstones, kuma ya ƙunshi jijiyoyin ma'adini da reefs na lenticular. Yawancin gwal yana tare da arsenopyrite. Ma'adinai da ke gefen yamma na haɗin gwiwar Tarkwa sun haɗa da Obuasi Gold Mine, da waɗanda ke Prestea da Konongo. Ana samun gwal mai ɗanɗano a cikin haɗin gwiwar Banket kusa da gindin Tarkwaian. Wannan ya hada da Iduapriem Gold Mine, Teberebie Mine, da waɗanda ke Tarkwa, da Abosso, waɗanda ke gefen gefen layin Tarkwa syncline. Abokan ma'adanai sun haɗa da rutile, zircon, da hematite detrital, duk a cikin tsaunukan tsakuwa. An haƙa gwal na placer a rafin Ofin a Dunkwa-on-Offin. Bugu da ƙari, eluvium, yashin rairayin bakin teku, filaye, da rafin rafi na Pleistocene suna ɗauke da gwal mai ɗorewa.
Ana samun mahimman adon lu'u -lu'u a cikin tsaunukan kogi a tsakiya da gabashin Ghana, duk da cewa ƙasar ba ta da bututun kimberlite inda lu'u -lu'u suka samo asali a tarihin ƙasa. Awaso, a kudu maso yammacin kasar Ghana na karbar bakuncin ma'adanai da Kamfanin Bauxite na Ghana ke gudanarwa. Bauxite ya samo asali ne daga yanayin yanayin Paleoproterozoic phyllite. Nsuta a gundumar Sekyere ta Tsakiya na Yankin Ashanti yana da manganese oxide da carbonate mine. Har ila yau, ƙasar tana da ƙananan, asbestos, chromite, andalusite, mica, barite, cassiterite, columbite, monazite, beryl, spodumene da molybdenite. Har ila yau, yana da syenite na dangi da kuma rarar alluvial na rutile da ilmenite. Kasar Ghana tana da yalwar yashi, tsakuwa, kaolin da sauran abubuwan da aka tanada don gina tituna da gine -gine gami da samar da tubali.
F. O. Ogunlana
FO Ogunlana ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin yankin Scout na Afirka na Ofishin Scout na Duniya.
Lamban girma
A cikin 1979, an ba shi Wolf Bronze Bronze na 138, shine kawai bambanci na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Scout ta Duniya, wanda Kwamitin Scout na Duniya ya ba shi don ayyuka na musamman ga duniya Scouting. Ya kuma kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Duniya ta Azurfa.
Sadek Boussena
Sadek Boussena ɗan kasar Algeria mai bada umarni da  dukkanin Planning and Administration,  aka bashi Minister of Energy and Petrochemical Industries,1988..
Sonia Ibrahim
Sonia Ibrahim 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, mai gabatar da talabijin kuma abin koyi 'yar asalin Labanon, Laberiya da Ghana kuma kanwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Juliet Ibrahim ce.
Aiki
A watan Disambar 2013, an zabi Ibrahim a matsayin sabuwar mai gabatar da shirin Phamous tv wanda gidan talabijin na Viasat 1 ke watsawa kuma ta yi samfura da manyan mutane da dama. An zabi Sonia saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin rawar da ta taka a fim din Gollywood wanda ya samu lambar yabo Number One Fan wanda ya fito tare da yar'uwarta Juliet Ibrahim a gasar Ghana Movie Awards na 2013.
Abdelhadi Boutaleb
Farfesa Abdelhadi Boutaleb, (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, 1923) a Fez na kasar Morocco yakasance shahararran mai ilimi ne a ƙasar Morocco.
Iyali
Yana da mata da yarinya daya da maza biyu.
Karatu da aiki
Yayi Jamian Al Qarnwiyin, Rabat, farfesa a fannin Arabic History and Literature, wanda ya koyar da yarima Moulay Hassan da yarima Moulay Abdallah, wanda yasamar da kungiyar Democratic Party of Independence, 1944-51, minister na Labour and Social Affairs.
Susanne Stemmer
Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Stemmer a Feldkirch,Austria.Ta zama ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto tun tana farkon girma.
Bayan ta mutunta a cikin 1992 ta tafi gundumar Afram Plains a Ghana don yin aikin taimakon raya kasa,sannan ta kasance mai daukar hoto a cikin jirgin ruwa da bude dakin daukar hoto na farko a Vienna a 2005. Daga baya,tare da aikinta a matsayin mai daukar hoto na kasuwanci don kamfanoni irin su Louis Vuitton,Chanel da Swarovski,ta fara haɓaka salon fasaharta,musamman a cikin ayyukanta na kyauta. Shahararrun ayyukanta an ƙirƙira su ne a cikin duniyar zane-zane na zane -zane a ƙarƙashin ruwa inda ta zayyana haruffan da aka kwatanta a cikin mafarki,duniyar karkashin ruwa mara nauyi don haifar da jin daɗin 'yanci,tunanin kai da ware daga gaskiya. Ta cimma waɗannan tasirin,alal misali,ta hanyar dogon lokaci na fallasa da wasa tare da hasken halitta da na wucin gadi.
Baya ga nune-nunen nune-nune a biennales da bukukuwa,Stemmer kuma tana gabatar da ayyukanta a cikin nune -nunen nune-nune na duniya,alal misali a cikin manyan gidajenta a Vienna da Paris,inda ake nuna hotonta na kwana daya kawai. A cikin shigarwar bidiyon ta,wanda aka tsara a cikin babban tsari a kan facades,an mayar da hankali ga abubuwan gani na karkashin ruwa ma, irin su aikinta na kasa, wanda aka gabatar a kan Venice Biennale 2017 da kuma a Nuit Blanche Paris 2018,da kuma Beneath II shekaru biyu.daga baya a kan ginin Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Austriya (WKO) a Vienna. Bugu da ƙari,tana aiki a matsayin darekta a masana'antar talla da kuma a cikin jerin fina-finai na fina-finai na karkashin ruwa ''Under Surfaces. ''
Salah Bourjini
Dr Salah Bourjini (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Janairu 1938), a Le Kef, Tunisia, ya kasance masanin ilimi a fannin Tattalin arziki ne.
Karatu da aiki
Yayi ilimi a fannin Tattalin arziki (Licence en Etudes Economiques, Maitrise en Etudes Economiques,Doctorat en Eeonomie), Malami 196r-67, mataimaki farfesa Na Jamian Kansas, USA 1969-72, wakili a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).Algers,1980..
XC
XC na iya nufin to :
Toyota Hilux
An sayar da motar daukar kaya da sunan Hilux a yawancin kasuwanni, amma a Arewacin Amurka, sunan Hilux ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1976 don goyon bayan Motar Motoci, Motoci, ko Karamin Mota. A Arewacin Amirka, sanannen kunshin zaɓi, SR5 (Sport Runabout 5-Speed), an yi amfani da shi a zaman samfurin sunan babbar motar, kodayake fakitin zaɓin kuma ana amfani da shi a kan wasu samfuran Toyota, kamar 1972 zuwa 1979 Corolla. A cikin 1984, Trekker, nau'in wagon na Hilux, an sake masa suna 4Runner a Venezuela, Australia da Arewacin Amurka, da Hilux Surf a Japan. A cikin 1992, Toyota ya gabatar da sabon samfurin ɗaukar hoto, matsakaicin girman T100 a Arewacin Amurka, yana buƙatar takamaiman sunaye ga kowane abin hawa ban da Motoci da Tikitin ɗaukar kaya. Tun 1995, 4Runner - SUV mai tsaye, kuma mafi kwanan nan model na Hilux sun bambanta a cikin bayyanar Tacoma.
Tun lokacin da aka fito da samfurin ƙarni na bakwai a cikin 2004, Hilux yana raba dandamali iri ɗaya na ƙirar katako mai suna IMV tare da Fortuner SUV da Innova minivan.
Van
Wannan wata nau'in motar hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don jigilar kaya ko mutane. Dangane da nau'in motar, tana iya zama babba ko karama idan aka kwatanta da motar daukar hoto da SUV, kuma ya fi na kowa girma. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin iyakokin kalmar a cikin ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi daban-daban. Ana amfani da mafi ƙanƙantar manyan motoci, microvans, don jigilar kaya ko mutane da yawa. Mini MPVs, m MPVs, da MPVs duk ƙananan motocin da aka saba amfani da su don jigilar mutane da ƙananan yawa. Ana amfani da manyan motocin fasinja tare da kujerun fasinja don dalilai na hukuma, kamar jigilar ɗalibai. Ana amfani da manyan motocin da ke da kujerun gaba kawai don kasuwanci, don ɗaukar kaya da kayan aiki. Tashoshin Talabijin na amfani da manyan motoci na musamman a matsayin situnan wayar hannu. Sabis na gidan waya da kamfanonin jigilar kaya suna amfani da manyan motocin hawa don sadar da fakiti.
Antoinette Sassou Nguesso
Antoinette Sassou Nguesso (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1945 a Brazzaville) malami ce 'yar Kwango mai ritaya kuma jigo a cikin jama'a wacce ta rike mukamin uwargidan shugaban kasar Jamhuriyar Kongo tun 1997 a matsayin matar Shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso. Ta kuma rike mukamin uwargidan shugaban kasa daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1992 a lokacin mulkin mijinta na farko na shugaban kasa.
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Sassou Nguesso Antoinette Loemba Tchibota a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1945, a Brazzaville ga Pascal Loemba Tchibota da Marie-Louise Djembo. Iyayenta waɗanda ’yan asalin Kakamoéka ne, sun sake aurenta sa’ad da take ƙarama. Mahaifiyarta daga baya ta sake yin aure da mijinta na biyu, François Gallo Poto, kani ga Antoinette Gbetigbia Gogbe Yetene (d. 1977), matar farko ga Mobutu Sese Seko, Shugaban Zaire. Mahaifiyar Sassou Nguesso, wacce aka fi sani da Mama Poto Galo, ta rasu ne a watan Janairun 2005, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Gombe dake Kinshasa a makwabciyar kasar Kongo. Bayan rabuwar iyayenta, Sassou Nguesso ta girma a duka Pointe-Noire da Brazzaville. Ta halarci makarantar firamare a garuruwan biyu, kafin ta shiga kwalejin 'yan mata a Mouyondzi.
Uwargidan shugaban kasar na tafiya akai-akai tare da mai gyaran gashin kanta, mai salo na Brazzaville Amédée Ebono, a duk tafiye-tafiyen hukuma.
A watan Yunin 2016, Sassou Nguesso ta nemi ta bayyana a gaban wata kotun Amurka yayin da take tafiya a birnin Washington D.C. Al’amarin ya samo asali ne daga takaddamar bashi a shekarar 1980 tsakanin kamfanin Commisimpex na Amurka da gwamnatin Kongo karkashin Shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso. Kamfanin ya ci gaba da cewa gwamnatin Sassou Nguesso ba ta taba biyan shi diyya kan ayyukan da ya yi ba. An gayyaci uwargidan shugaban kasa Sassou Nguesso zuwa kotun Amurka domin amsa tambayoyi game da kadarorin danginta, da kuma kudaden gwamnati. Antoinette Sassou Nguesso ya yi watsi da sammacin kuma bai bayyana a gaban kotu ba.
Ranar 'Yancin Kai (Najeriya)
Ranar Ƴancin kai rana ce ta hutu a hukumance a Najeriya, Domin murnar ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba. Ana murnar ne don tuna ranar da Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1960.
Fage
A shekarar 1914, an haɗe ƴankin Kudancin Najeriya da yankin Arewacin Najeriya don samar da ƙasa ɗaya Najeriya, wanda ke da iyakokin Najeriya ta yau. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1950, kiraye-kirayen neman ƴancin kai na yankuna a Afirka da kuma koma bayan daular Burtaniya ta sa ƙasar ta samu ƴancin kai a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1960 a matsayin Tarayyar Najeriya. Bayan shekaru uku ne aka yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar kwaskwarima sannan aka ayyana kasar a matsayin tarayyar Najeriya inda Nnamdi Azikiwe wanda a baya Gwamna Janar ne ya zamo shugaban kasa na farko.
Ranar ƴancin kai na farko
A shekarar 1960, Laftanar David Ejoor, wanda daga baya ya zama Babban Hafsan Sojojin Najeriya, ya sami karramawa na ba da umarni a wajen bikin tayar da tuta na tsakar dare.
Bikin Murna
Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ke gudanar da bikin a duk shekara. Ana fara bukin ne da jawabin da shugaban kasar ke yi wa jama'a, wanda ake yadawa a gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Akwai kuma bukukuwa a dukkan bangarorin Najeriya, ciki har da sojojin Najeriya, rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya, ma'aikatar harkokin waje, ma'aikata da ayyukan ilimi na ƙasa. Misali, Makarantun Firamare da Sakandare sun gudanar da bukukuwan maulidi a manyan biranen Jihohi da kananan hukumomin da suke. Titunan sun cika da shagulgulan biki yayin da daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi ke yin tururuwa zuwa tituna sanye da fentin kore-fari-kore (wato green-white-green,). An rufe ofisoshi da kasuwanni a Najeriya ranar 1 ga Oktoba.
Faretin Ƙasa
Ana gudanar da faretin sojan farar hula na shekara-shekara a dandalin Eagle Square, tare da halartar manyan mambobin majalisar ministocin shugaban Najeriya￼￼. A wajen taron, Shugaban kasa, a matsayinsa na Babban Kwamanda, da kuma Kwamandan Rundunar Tsaron Shugaban Kasa, ya ziyarci jami’an tsaro (wanda sojojin Nijeriya, na ruwa, da jiragen sama, da ‘yan sanda, da jami’an tsaro) suka dora. Jami'an tsaro da na Civil Defence, da sauran jami'an tsaro) a cikin motar bincike. Taron kade-kade da kade-kade na rundunar sojojin Najeriya karkashin jagorancin daraktan kungiyar makada ta sojojin Najeriya. An harba gaisuwar bindiga mai lamba 21 da wani ma’aikacin rundunar soji da ke Rajistar Artillery yayin da aka kawo karshen taron.
Biki a wajen Najeriya
A birnin New York, ana gudanar da bukukuwan ranar samun ƴancin kai a Najeriya tun daga shekarar 1991. Bukukuwan da ake yi a Amurka su ne bukukuwa mafiya girma a wajen Najeriya, kuma yawanci ana samun mutane kusan 75,000 duk shekara.
An rubuta wata waƙa domin murnar zagayowar ranar samun ƴancin kai a Najeriya karo na 62.
Françoise Jacquerod
Françoise Jacquerod 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Swiss Paralympic. Ta wakilci Switzerland a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na nakasassu a shekarar 1988 a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi a Innsbruck (wanda ya lashe lambobin zinare guda biyu), kuma a cikin nadin keken guragu a wasannin nakasassu na 2022 a Beijing.
Aiki
Ta fafata a wasannin nakasassu na 1988, inda ta lashe lambar zinare a giant slalom a 1:14.65 (Marilyn Hamilton ta lashe lambar azurfa, ta kammala tseren a 1: 39.48, da tagulla Emiko Ikeda, a cikin 1: 52.32). Ta ci lambar zinare a gasar slalom ta mata LW10.
Ita ce jagorar 2019 Swiss Wheelchair Curling Championship tawagar lashe gasar.
Rena Effendi
Rena Effendi (an haife tAfrilua 26,1977) ɗan Azabaijan mai daukar hoto ne mai zaman kansa.Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan jigogi na yanayi,al'umma bayan rikice-rikice,tasirin masana'antar mai a kan mutane,da rashin daidaituwa na zamantakewa.Tun daga shekarar 2019,tana zaune ne a Istanbul,Turkiyya.
Françoise Jacquerod
Aiki
Ta fafata ne a kasar Switzerland a gasar karkatar da keken hannu a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi ta 2022. Kungiyar ta samu nasara a wasa daya kacal kuma ta kare a mataki na 11 cikin kungiyoyi 11.
Rena Effendi
Rayuwa
An haifi Effendi ranar 26 ga Afrilu,1977,a Baku.Ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Harsuna ta Jihar Azerbaijan.
Effendi ta fara daukar hoto ne a shekara ta 2001 kuma ta zama mai daukar hoto na cikakken lokaci a shekara ta 2005 bayan ta bar aikinta a matsayin kwararriyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a Baku.Littafin farko na Effendi Pipe Dreams,wanda Mets & Schilt ya buga,ya mai da hankali kan yadda masana'antar mai ta yi tasiri ga rayuwar talakawa a Azerbaijan,Georgia da Turkiyya tare da bututun Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan.Da farko ta samu aikin kasuwanci daga kamfanin mai na BP,kamfanin mai da ke gudanar da bututun mai daga Azerbaijan ta Georgia zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ceyhan ta kudancin Turkiyya.Yayin da take daukar hoton wannan kayan talla,ta gano cewa,kaso kadan na al'ummar birane a kasarta ne ke cin gajiyar karuwar man fetur.A cikin tsawon shekaru 6 wannan aikin ya zama Mafarki na Pipe.
Basshunter
Jonas Erik Altberg (an haife shi a 22 ga Disamba ta shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da hudu (1984) a birnin Halmstad), anfi saninsa da Basshunter, mawaƙi, maiyin rekodin da DJ dake ƙasar Sweden. Ta farko album The Bassmachine an sake a 2004.
Françoise Jacquerod
Aiki
An dakatar da Jaquerod na tsawon kwanaki 10 daga Swiss Sport Integrity a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Bayan dakatar da shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu (wanda ya motsa cewa abu ya kasance a cikin samfurin saboda, don maganin warkewa, an wajabta wa 'yan wasan Swiss magungunan da ke dauke da hydrochlorothiazide), an umurce ta. An ba da izinin yin gasa a Beijing 2022. Ta amince da wata shida na rashin cancantar, rashin cancantar, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga Satumba.
Rena Effendi
Rayuwa
Effendi kuma ya samar da labaru a Chernobyl bayan bala'in nukiliya na 1986,mutanen transgender a Istanbul,rayuwar ƙauyen Khinalug,yakin Rasha-Georgia na 2008,rayuwar matasa a Tehran,Rasha, Alkahira da Afghanistan. Ta buga wannan aikin a cikin 2010 da taken Chernobyl:Har yanzu Rayuwa a Yankin.A cikin aikin ta yanke shawarar nuna rayuwar mutane a yankin maimakon abin tunawa.
An buga aikinta a cikin International Herald Tribune,Newsweek,Financial Times, Time Magazine,National Geographic,Marie Claire,Courrier International,Le Monde da L'Uomo Vogue. Har ila yau,an nuna aikinta a Saatchi Gallery a London,Aperture Gallery a New York,Istanbul Modern, Venice Biennial da Art Basel.
Masarautar Belgin
Masarautar Belgin, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Baqulin, wata masarauta ce ta farko wacce ta ke a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. A cewar Al-Yaqubi, tana ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin Beja guda shida da suka wanzu a yankin a karni na 9. Yankin masarautar tana tsakanin Aswan da Massawa.
Illar gurbataccen mai ga kifi a ruwa
An lura da gubar gurbataccen mai ga kifin ruwa daga malalar mai kamar bala'in Exxon Valdez, da kuma daga maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da tushe, kamar zubar da ruwa, wanda shi ne mafi girma tushen gurɓatar mai a cikin ruwan teku.
Danyen mai yana shiga magudanar ruwa daga zubewa ko zubar da ruwa ya ƙunshi polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin mai. Hanyar shan PAH cikin kifi ya dogara da yawancin abubuwan muhalli da kaddarorin PAH. Hanyoyi na gama gari sune ciki, samun iska na gills, da ɗaukar fata. Kifin da aka fallasa wa waɗannan PAHs yana nuna nau'ikan sakamako masu guba ciki har da lalata kwayoyin halitta, nakasasshen tsarin halittar jiki, canjin girma da haɓakawa, rage girman jiki, hana damar yin iyo da mace-mace. Nakasar dabi'a ta bayyanar PAH, irin su fin da muƙamuƙi na muƙamuƙi, Kuma suna haifar da raguwar rayuwa a cikin kifaye sosai saboda raguwar iya yin iyo da ciyarwa. Duk da yake ba a san ainihin tsarin guba na PAH ba, akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu da aka tsara. Wahalar gano takamaiman hanyar mai guba ya fi yawa saboda nau'ikan mahaɗan PAH iri-iri tare da kaddarorin daban-daban.
Tarihi
An fara bincike kan tasirin muhallin da masana'antar man fetur ke da shi, a tsakiyar karni zuwa karshen karni na 20, yayin da masana'antar mai ta bunkasa da fadada. Babban jigilar danyen mai ya karu a sakamakon karuwar bukatar mai a duniya, wanda daga baya ya kara yawan malalar mai. Zubewar mai ta ba da damammaki ga masana kimiyya don nazarin illolin da ɗanyen mai ke haifarwa ga muhallin ruwa, da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Ruwa da Yanayin Sama (NOAA) da Hukumar Tsaron Tekun Amurka ta haifar da ingantacciyar ƙoƙarin mayar da martani da cikakken bincike kan mai. illar gurbacewa. Zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez a shekarar 1989, da kuma malalar mai ta Deepwater Horizon a shekarar 2010, dukkansu sun haifar da karuwar ilimin kimiyya kan takamaiman illar gurbacewar mai ga kifin ruwa.
Exxon Valdez mai ya zube
Binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan gurbacewar mai ga kifaye ya fara da gaske a cikin shekarata 1989, bayan da jirgin ruwa na Exxon Valdez ya bugi wani ruwa a cikin Prince William Sound, Alaska kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye. A lokacin, malalar mai na Exxon Valdez ita ce mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. Akwai illoli da yawa da malalar ta haifar ciki har da asarar biliyoyin herring na Pacific da ƙwai mai ruwan hoda. Dabbobin tekun Pacific ya fara haifuwa a ƙarshen Maris lokacin da malalar ta faru, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙwai na jama'a da aka fallasa ga ɗanyen mai. Pacific herring spawn a cikin intertidal da subtidal zones, sa da m qwai cikin sauƙi fallasa ga gurɓata.
Deepwater Horizon mai zubewa
Bayan 20 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2010, lokacin da fashewa a kan dandalin hako mai na Deepwater Horizon Macondo ya haifar da malalar mai mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, an gabatar da wata dama ta bincike game da gubar mai. Kimanin galan miliyan kusan 171 na danyen mai ya kwarara daga tekun teku zuwa Tekun Mexico, wanda ya fallasa yawancin halittun da ke kewaye da su. Zubewar mai na Deepwater Horizon shima ya zo daidai da taga mai haɗe-haɗe na nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban na muhalli da kasuwanci, gami da yellowfin da tuna bluefin Atlantic. Zubewar mai ta shafi tuna tuna bluefin Atlantika kai tsaye, saboda kusan kashi 12% na tsutsa tuna suna cikin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa, kuma Gulf of Mexico shine kawai sanannen wuraren haifuwa ga yawan yammacin tuna bluefin.
Fuskantar mai
Zubewar mai, da kuma kwararar mai a kullum daga yankunan birane, na iya haifar da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) shiga yanayin yanayin ruwa. Da zarar PAHs sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, ana iya fallasa kifaye zuwa gare su ta hanyar sha, samun iska na gills, da kuma ɗaukar dermal. Babban hanyar da za a ɗauka zai dogara ne akan halayen nau'in kifaye da kayan aikin sinadarai na PAH na damuwa. Mazauni na iya zama babban abin yanke shawarar hanyar fallasa. Alal misali, kifayen da ke cinye kifin demersal suna da yuwuwar shigar da PAHs waɗanda suka ɓata zuwa laka, yayin da kifayen da ke iyo a saman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don bayyanar dermal. Bayan saduwa da PAH, bioavailability zai shafi yadda ake ɗaukar PAH a hankali. Sanna Kuma EPA tana gano manyan PAHs 16 masu damuwa kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan PAHs yana da madaidaicin digiri na bioavailability. Alal misali, PAHs masu ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta sun fi samuwa saboda suna narkar da su cikin ruwa kuma don haka sun fi samuwa ga kifi a cikin ruwa. Kuma Hakazalika, PAHs na hydrophilic sun fi samuwa don ɗaukar kifi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili, yin amfani da masu rarraba mai, kamar Corexit, don magance zubar da man fetur na iya ƙara yawan PAHs ta hanyar ƙara yawan solubility a cikin ruwa da kuma sa su zama masu samuwa don ɗauka ta hanyar gills. Da zarar an ɗauki PAH, haɓakar kifin na iya rinjayar tsawon lokaci da ƙarfin bayyanar da kyallen takarda. Kifi suna iya saurin daidaita kashi kusan 99% na PAHs zuwa ƙarin hydrophilic metabolite ta tsarin hanta-biliary. Wannan yana ba da damar fitar da PAHs. Adadin metabolism na PAHs zai dogara ne akan jima'i da girman nau'in. Ƙarfin haɓaka PAHs zuwa ƙarin nau'i na hydrophilic zai iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da dakatar da PAHs daga watsawa ga kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka gidan yanar gizon abinci. Domin mai zai iya dawwama a cikin muhalli tsawon lokaci bayan malalar mai ta hanyar lalata, ana iya ci gaba da fallasa kifin demersal ga PAHs shekaru da yawa bayan malalar mai. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kallon biliary PAH metabolites na kifin da ke zaune a ƙasa. Misali, kifayen da ke zaune a kasa har yanzu sun nuna madaidaicin matakan ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta na PAH metabolites shekaru a ƙalla 10 bayan malalar mai na Exxon Valdez.
Abubuwan danyen mai
Danyen mai yana kunshe da mahadi sama da 17,000. Daga cikin wadannan mahadi guda 17,000 akwai PAHs, wadanda ake la'akari da mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba na mai. PAHs an kafa su ta hanyar tsarin pyrogenic da petrogen. Petrogenic PAHs ana samun su ta hanyar haɓakar matsi na kayan halitta. Sabanin haka, PAHs na pyrogenic suna samuwa ta hanyar konewar abubuwan da ba su cika ba. Danyen mai a zahiri ya ƙunshi PAHs petrogen kuma waɗannan matakan PAH suna ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙona mai wanda ke haifar da PAHs pyrogenic. Matsayin PAHs da aka samu a cikin ɗanyen mai ya bambanta da nau'in ɗanyen mai. Misali, danyen mai daga Exxon Valdez mai zubewa yana da adadin PAH na 1.47%, yayin da adadin PAH daga Tekun Arewa yana da ƙarancin PAH na 0.83%.
Tasiri
An lura da yawancin tasirin bayyanar PAH a cikin kifin ruwa. Musamman, an gudanar da bincike akan kifin amfrayo da tsutsa, haɓakar kifin da aka fallasa ga PAHs, da ɗaukar PAH ta kifin ta hanyoyi daban-daban na fallasa. Ɗaya (1) daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa ƙwai na Pacific herring da aka fallasa ga yanayin da ke kwaikwayon "Exxon Valdez" mai ya haifar da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, rage girman girman kifin da balagagge da kuma tasirin teratogenic, ciki har da kwarangwal, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, fin da kuma yolk sac malformations. Edema jakar gwaiduwa ce ke da alhakin yawancin mace-macen tsutsa na herring. An lura da lalacewar teratogenic a cikin ƙwanƙwasa dorsal da kashin baya, da kuma a cikin muƙamuƙi don rage rayuwar kifaye masu tasowa yadda ya kamata, sannan kuma ta hanyar rashin iya yin iyo da kuma ciyarwa bi da bi. Ciyarwa da nisantar ganima ta hanyar ninkaya suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsutsa da kifayen yara. Duk abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙwai na herring a cikin binciken sun yi daidai da tasirin da aka gani a cikin kwai kifin da aka fallasa sakamakon zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez. An yi la'akari da embryos na Zebrafish da aka fallasa ga mai suna da mummunar lahani na teratogenic kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin embryos na herring, ciki har da edema, rashin aikin zuciya, da zubar da jini na ciki. A cikin wani binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar PAHs ta kifaye, embryos na salmon an fallasa su ga ɗanyen mai a cikin yanayi daban-daban guda uku, ciki har da ta hanyar zubar da ruwa mai rufin mai. Matsakaicin PAH a cikin embryos kai tsaye da aka fallasa ga mai da waɗanda aka fallasa su da fitar da ruwa na PAH ba su da bambanci sosai. An lura da bayyanar PAH don haifar da mutuwa, ko da lokacin da PAHs suka fallasa zuwa kifi ta hanyar ruwa. Daga sakamakon, an ƙaddara cewa embryos kifaye kusa da Exxon Valdez ya zube a cikin Yarima William Sound waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da mai kai tsaye har yanzu suna iya tara matakan mutuwa na PAHs. Yayin da yawancin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da na halitta sun lura da wasu mummunar tasirin PAH ga kifi, an kuma lura da rashin tasiri ga wasu mahadi na PAH, wanda zai iya zama saboda rashin haɓaka yayin da ake nunawa ga fili.
Tsarin tsari na aikin mai guba
Duk da yake an tabbatar da cewa nau'o'in PAH daban-daban suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu guba saboda bambancin nauyin kwayoyin su, shirye-shiryen zobe, da kaddarorin ruwa, sannan Kuma takamaiman hanyoyin PAH mai guba ga kifaye da ci gaban kifi har yanzu ba a san su ba. Guba ya dogara da gwargwadon irin sinadari da ke cikin mai zai haɗu da ruwa: ana kiran wannan a matsayin juzu'in ruwan da ke da alaƙa da mai. Hanyoyin da aka tsara na masu guba na PAHs sune guba ta hanyar narcosis, hulɗa tare da hanyar AhR, alkyl phenanthrene toxicity, da ƙari mai guba ta hanyoyi masu yawa.
TF
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Manazarta== ====== Littafin biology mai suna comprehensive