cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tsarin Gine Gine na Musulunci a Kasar Sin
Gongbei
Irin wannan wurin ana kiransa dargah a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Musulunci. Tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1966, an lalata ƙaburbura da yawa na Sufaye a Ningxia da duk arewa maso yammacin China gaba ɗaya, waɗanda hukumomi ke kallon su a matsayin kayan tarihi na tsohon tsari na “feudal” da alamomin addinin da a ka soki, da kuma dalilai masu amfani (“ɓata mahimmanci kasar gona "). Da zarar an sake samun 'yancin addini a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma yawancin ƙasar ta koma hannun manoma, an lalata gongbei sau da yawa.
Slaheddine Malouche
Slaheddine Malouche ɗan siyasan Tunusiya ne. Shi ne tsohon Ministan Kayan aiki, Gidaje, da Bunkasa Kasa. daga kasar Tunusiya, minista ne kuma yam siyasa.
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Slaheddine Malouche a ranar 4 ga Yunin shekarar 1956 a Haffouz, Tunisia. Ya kammala karatu a makarantar Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de Tunis a 1981, kuma ya sami MPhil a 1986. Ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Pittsburgh.
Aiki
A shekarar 1981, ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Daraktan Kayan aiki da Gidaje a Kasserine, Jendouba, Monastir da Tunis. A cikin 1995, ya zama Shugaba na Tunisi-Autoroutes. Daga 2000 zuwa 2008, shi ne Shugaba na Agence de Réhabilitation et de Rénovation Urbaine.
Ya kasance yana cikin ƙungiyar Tsarin Mulki ta Tsarin Mulki tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya yi aiki a kan kamfen da yawa.
RAM
RAM ya ƙunshi kewayewa da yawaita abubuwa masu yawa, don haɗa layukan bayanai zuwa ajiyar adireshi don karantawa ko rubuta shigarwa. Galibi ana samun damar adana bayanai fiye da ɗaya ta adireshin guda, kuma na'urorin RAM galibi suna da layukan bayanai da yawa kuma ana cewa su "8-bit" ko "16-bit", da dai sauransu.
Muritaniya
Muritaniya ko Mauritaniya ko Jamhuriyar Musuluncin Muritaniya (da Larabci: الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية; da Faransanci: République Islamique de Mauritanie), ƙasa ce, da ke a Yammaar Afirka, a Afirka ta Yamma. Muritaniya tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba'i 1 030 700. Muritaniya tana da yawan jama'a 4 005 475, bisa ga jimillar 2020. Moritaniya ta na eyaka da Atlantic ocean da ga yamma, Aljeriya, da ga Arewa maso yamma, Mali da ga Arewa maso gabas, da koma gabas da koma kudu maso gabas,  sai koma Senegal da ga kudu maso yamma.
Ahmed Eyadh Ouederni
Ahmed Eyadh Ouederni ɗan siyasan Tunusiya ne. Ya kuma kasance Darakta-Darakta na majalisar zartarwar kasar karkashin tsohon shugaban kasar Tunusiya mai suna Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.
Muritaniya
Mauritiya Etace kasa mafi girma A Africa. Yawanci mutanan Kasar wajan 4.4million suna rayuwan a tsananin zafin, a kudanci kasar, Babban birnin kasar koma mafi girma a shiene Nouakhoth, yana kusa da Atlantic ocean, mouritaniya ta samu yancin kanta da ga kasar faransa a shiekarata 1960
Gwarzo
Gwarzo ƙaramar hukuma ce a jihar Kano a Najeriya. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Gwarzo.
Muritaniya
Mohamed Ould El-Ghazaouani shine shugaban kasar na muritaniya, Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya firiminista. Muritaniya ta samu ƴancin kanta a shekara ta 1960, daga Faransa.
Gwarzo
Tana da yanki 393 km2 da yawan jama'a 2 kamar a ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.
RAM
A cikin fasahar yau, ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ba ta ɗauke da sifar kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai haɗawa (IC) tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor). RAM ne kullum hade tare da maras tabbas iri memory (kamar tsauri bazuwar-access memory (DRAM) kayayyaki ), inda adana bayanai da aka rasa idan ikon da aka cire, ko da yake ba maras tabbas RAM kuma an ci gaba. Akwai wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da ba a iya canzawa ba waɗanda ke ba da damar samun dama don ayyukan karantawa, amma ko dai ba su ba da izinin ayyukan rubutu ko samun wasu nau'ikan iyakancewa a kansu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yawancin nau'ikan ROM da nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai suna NOR-Flash.
Gwarzo
Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 704.
RAM
Tarihi
Kwamfutocin farko sun yi amfani da relays, lissafin injin ko jinkirta layuka don manyan ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Lissafin jinkiri na Ultrasonic sune na'urorin serial waɗanda ke iya sake haifar da bayanai kawai a cikin tsari da aka rubuta. Ana iya faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a farashi mai ɗan tsada amma ingantaccen dawo da abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar sanin yanayin yanayin gangar don inganta saurin. Latches gina daga injin tube triodes, kuma daga baya, daga mai hankali transistors, aka yi amfani da karami da kuma sauri tunanin kamar rajista. Irin wannan rijistar ta kasance babba kuma tana da tsada don amfani don yawan bayanai; gaba ɗaya kawai 'yan dozin ko hundredan ɗari na irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar za a iya ba su.
The first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in 1947. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube. Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the University of Manchester in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the Manchester Baby computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June 1948. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the Baby, the Baby was a testbed to demonstrate the reliability of the memory.
An ƙirƙiri ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic-core a cikin 1947 kuma ya haɓaka har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s. Ya zama silar tartsatsi na ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama, ta dogara da tsararren zoben magnetized. Ta hanyar canza ma'anar magnetization na kowane zobe, ana iya adana bayanai tare da adana bit ɗaya a kowane zobe. Tunda kowane zobe yana da haɗin wayoyin adireshi don zaɓar da karantawa ko rubuta shi, samun dama ga kowane wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kowane jerin yana yiwuwa. Magnetic core memory ya kasance da daidaitaccen nau'i na kwamfuta memory tsarin har gudun hijira da m-jihar MOS ( karfe-oxide-silicon ) semiconductor memory a hadedde haihuwarka (ICs) a lokacin farkon 1970s.
Kafin haɓaka haɓakar madaidaiciyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (ROM), madaidaiciya (ko karanta-kawai ) ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dama ana yawan gina ta ta amfani da matattarar diode ta hanyar adiresoshin adiresoshin, ko kuma musamman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar igiya.
Memiconductor memory ya fara a cikin 1960s tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda yayi amfani da transistors bipolar. Yayin da ya inganta aiki, ba zai iya yin gasa da ƙaramin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba.
MOS RAM
Ƙirƙiri MOSFET (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), wanda kuma aka sani da transistor MOS, na Mohamed M. Atalla da Dawon Kahng a Bell Labs a 1959, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙarfe-oxide- ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor (MOS) ta John Schmidt a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1964. Baya ga babban aiki, ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor na MOS ta kasance mai rahusa kuma ta cinye ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ci gaban fasahar silicone-gate MOS hade da kewaye (MOS IC) ta Federico Faggin a Fairchild a 1968 ya ba da damar samar da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Ƙwaƙwalwar MOS ta mamaye ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic azaman babbar fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a farkon 1970s.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (SRAM) Robert H. Norman ya ƙirƙira shi a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1963. Ya biyo bayan ci gaban MOS SRAM na John Schmidt a Fairchild a 1964. SRAM ya zama madadin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, amma yana buƙatar transistors na MOS guda shida don kowane ɗan bayanai. Amfani da kasuwanci na SRAM ya fara ne a 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntun ƙwaƙwalwar SP95 don Tsarin/360 Model 95.
Fasahar MOS ita ce tushen DRAM na zamani. A cikin 1966, Dr. Robert H. Dennard a Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM Thomas J. Watson yana aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Yayin da yake nazarin halayen fasahar MOS, ya gano yana da ikon gina masu haɓakawa, kuma adana cajin ko babu caji a kan MOS capacitor na iya wakiltar 1 da 0 na kaɗan, yayin da MOS transistor zai iya sarrafa rubuta cajin ga capacitor. Wannan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya. A cikin 1967, Dennard ya ba da takardar izini a ƙarƙashin IBM don ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya, dangane da fasahar MOS. Chip ɗin DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko shine Intel 1103, wanda aka ƙera akan 8 <span about="#mwt126" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> & nbsp;     μm MOS aiwatar da damar 1kbit, kuma an sake shi a 1970.
Memory-synnosis dynamic memory-access memory (SDRAM) Samsung Electronics ne ya haɓaka shi. Chip ɗin SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko shine Samsung KM48SL2000, wanda ke da damar 16Mbit. Samsung ne ya gabatar da shi a 1992, kuma aka samar da shi a 1993. DDR SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko ( ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai sau biyu SDRAM) guntu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine Samsung na 64Mbit DDR SDRAM guntu, wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 1998. GDDR (DDR graphics) wani nau'i ne na DDR SGRAM (RAM masu kama da juna), wanda Samsung ya fara fitar da shi a matsayin 16Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Mbit a 1998.
Nau'ukan
Nau'ikan RAM guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su su ne Static RAM (SRAM) da RAM mai ƙarfi (DRAM). A cikin SRAM, ana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar transistor guda shida, yawanci ta amfani da MOSFET shida (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor filin-sakamako transistors). Wannan nau'in RAM ya fi tsada don samarwa, amma gabaɗaya yana da sauri kuma yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da DRAM. A cikin kwamfutocin zamani, galibi ana amfani da SRAM azaman ƙwaƙwalwar cache don CPU. DRAM yana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da transistor da capacitor biyu (yawanci MOSFET da MOS capacitor, bi da bi), wanda tare ya ƙunshi sel na DRAM. Capacitor ɗin yana riƙe da cajin babba ko ƙarami (1 ko 0, bi da bi), kuma transistor ɗin yana aiki azaman mai canzawa wanda ke ba da damar kewayon sarrafawa akan guntu ya karanta yanayin cajin capacitor ko canza shi. Da yake wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba ta da tsada don samarwa fiye da RAM ɗin da ke tsaye, ita ce mafi girman nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da ake amfani da ita a cikin kwamfutocin zamani.
Dukansu a tsaye da tsayayyen RAM ana ɗaukar su marasa ƙarfi, saboda yanayin su ya ɓace ko sake saitawa lokacin da aka cire wuta daga tsarin. Sabanin haka, ƙwaƙwalwar-karanta-kawai (ROM) tana adana bayanai ta hanyar kunna ko kashe na’urorin transistor na dindindin, ta yadda ba za a iya canza ƙwaƙwalwar ba. Bambance -bambancen rubuce -rubuce na ROM (kamar EEPROM da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha ) suna raba kaddarorin duka ROM da RAM, yana ba da damar bayanai su ci gaba ba tare da iko ba kuma a sabunta su ba tare da buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman ba. Waɗannan nau'ikan dindindin na semiconductor ROM sun haɗa da kebul na filasha na USB, katunan ƙwaƙwalwa don kyamarori da na'urori masu ɗaukuwa, da daskararru masu ƙarfi. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ECC (wanda zai iya zama SRAM ko DRAM) ya haɗa da kewaya ta musamman don ganowa da/ko gyara kuskuren bazuwar (kurakuran ƙwaƙwalwa) a cikin bayanan da aka adana, ta yin amfani da rabe -raben daidaituwa ko lambobin gyara kuskure.
Alzheimer's (fim)
Alzheimer ta ( زهايمر ) Wasan barkwanci ne na kasar Masar a shekara ta 2010 wanda Amr Arafa ya bada umarni kuma fim ɗin Adel Emam ya fito
RAM
Nau'ukan
Gabaɗaya, kalmar RAM tana nufin kawai ga na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙarfi (ko DRAM ko SRAM), kuma musamman musamman babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a yawancin kwamfutoci. A cikin ajiya na gani, kalmar DVD-RAM tana da ɗan kuskure tunda tunda, sabanin CD-RW ko DVD-RW baya buƙatar sharewa kafin sake amfani dashi. Duk da haka, DVD-RAM yana yin kama da rumbun diski idan ɗan hankali.
Alzheimer's (fim)
Labari
Mahmoud (wanda Emam ya buga) ya fahimci wata rana cewa ba zai iya gane mutanen da suke aiki a gidansa ba, ciki har da wata ma'aikaciyar jinya Mona ( Nelly Karim ). Duk da haka, ya zahiri an yaudare da 'ya'yansa su yi imani da cewa yana da Alzheimer ta cuta, don haka za su iya samun iko da dukiyarsa biya kashe nasu basusuka.
RAM
Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce ginshiƙin ginin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta lantarki ce da ke adana ɗan bitar bayanai na binary kuma dole ne a saita ta don adana dabaru 1 (babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki) da sake saitawa don adana dabaru 0 (ƙananan ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki). Ana kiyaye darajar sa/adana shi har sai an canza shi ta hanyar saita/sake saiti. Ana iya samun ƙima a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar karanta shi.
Nau'i na biyu, DRAM, an kafa shi ne kusa da capacitor. Cajin da fitar da wannan capacitor na iya adana “1” ko “0” a cikin tantanin halitta. Koyaya, cajin da ke cikin wannan capacitor sannu a hankali yana ɓacewa, kuma dole ne a sabunta shi lokaci -lokaci. Saboda wannan tsari na wartsakewa, DRAM yana amfani da ƙarin ƙarfi, amma yana iya samun babban adadi na ajiya da ƙananan farashin raka'a idan aka kwatanta da SRAM.
Yin jawabi
Don zama da amfani, ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya dole ne a iya karanta su kuma a iya rubuta su. A cikin na'urar RAM, ana amfani da juzu'i da juzu'i mai jujjuyawa don zaɓar ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yawanci, na'urar RAM tana da saitin adireshin A0. . . An, kuma ga kowane haɗin ragowa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga waɗannan layin, an kunna saitin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Saboda wannan magana, na'urorin RAM kusan koyaushe suna da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda shine ikon biyu.
Yawanci ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa suna raba adireshi ɗaya. Misali, guntu na RAM mai  bit  4 ' yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya 4 ga kowane adireshin. Sau da yawa faɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na microprocessor sun bambanta, don microprocessor 32 bit, za a buƙaci kwakwalwan RAM guda takwas 4.
Sau da yawa ana buƙatar adiresoshi fiye da yadda na'urar za ta iya bayarwa. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da mahara da yawa na waje zuwa na'urar don kunna madaidaicin na'urar da ake isa.
Matsayin ƙwaƙwalwa
A cikin kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu da yawa na zamani, RAM yana zuwa cikin sauƙaƙe ingantattun nau'ikan kayayyaki waɗanda ake kira ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa ko samfuran DRAM game da girman 'yan sandunan taunawa. Za'a iya maye gurbin waɗannan da sauri idan sun lalace ko lokacin canza buƙatun suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin ajiya. Kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a sama, ƙaramin adadin RAM (galibi SRAM) suma an haɗa su a cikin CPU da sauran ICs akan motherboard, da kuma cikin rumbun kwamfutoci, CD-ROMs, da sauran sassan tsarin kwamfuta.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa
Yawancin tsarin aiki na zamani suna amfani da hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin RAM, wanda aka sani da "ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa". An keɓe wani sashi na rumbun kwamfutarka don fayil ɗin paging ko ɓangaren karce, kuma haɗuwar RAM ta zahiri da fayil ɗin paging sune babban adadin ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin. (Misali, idan kwamfutar tana da 2 GB (1024 3 B) na RAM da fayil ɗin shafi na 1 GB, tsarin aiki yana da 3 GB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke akwai. ) Lokacin da tsarin yayi ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki, zai iya " musanya " ɓangarorin RAM zuwa fayil ɗin paging don samun damar sabbin bayanai, gami da karanta bayanan da aka musanya a baya zuwa RAM. Amfani da yawa na wannan injin yana haifar da buguwa kuma gaba ɗaya yana kawo cikas ga aikin tsarin gabaɗaya, musamman saboda rumbun kwamfutoci suna da hankali fiye da RAM.
RAM faifai
Software na iya “raba” wani sashi na RAM na kwamfuta, yana ba shi damar yin aiki azaman rumbun kwamfutarka mafi sauri wanda ake kira faifan RAM. Faifan RAM yana rasa bayanan da aka adana lokacin da aka rufe kwamfutar, sai dai idan an tsara ƙwaƙwalwar don samun tushen batir mai jiran aiki.
RAM inuwa
Wasu lokuta, ana kwafin abubuwan da ke cikin guntun ROM mai ɗan jinkiri don karantawa/rubuta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ba da damar gajerun lokutan samun dama. An kashe guntu na ROM yayin da aka kunna wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar da aka fara a kan toshe adireshin (galibi ana rubuta kariya). Wannan tsari, wani lokaci ana kiranta inuwa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin kwamfutoci da tsarin da aka saka.
Inadan
A Inadan, kuma ake magana a kai a matsayin Enad ko Tinadan,  sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin tarihi artisan castes a Afrika ta Yamma, musamman a tsakanin Abzinawa mutane. Wani lokaci ana magana da shi azaman ogarfillo mai rikitarwa kuma wani lokacin a matsayin marassa ƙarfi a cikin Abzinawa, ana samun Inadan a Nijar, Mali, Libya, Sahel da sauran sassan Saharar Afirka .
RAM
RAM inuwa
A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, BIOS a cikin kwamfutoci na sirri na yau da kullun yana da wani zaɓi da ake kira "amfani da inuwa BIOS" ko makamancin haka. Lokacin da aka kunna, ayyukan da ke dogaro da bayanai daga BIOS na ROM maimakon amfani da wuraren DRAM (galibi kuma suna iya canza inuwar katin bidiyo ROM ko wasu sassan ROM). Dangane da tsarin, wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka aiki, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Misali, wasu kayan masarufi ba sa iya shiga tsarin aiki idan ana amfani da inuwa RAM. A kan wasu tsarin fa'idar na iya zama tsinkaye saboda ba a amfani da BIOS bayan an yi booting don samun damar kayan aikin kai tsaye. Ana rage ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta girman girman ROMs masu inuwa.
Chile
Chile ƙasa ne, da ke a nahiyar Amurka. Babban birnin Chile, Santiago ne.
Inadan
Tarihi
Inadan sun kasance wani bangare na al'umar Abzinawa waɗanda a al'adance suka nuna kasancewar dangi, matsayinsu na zamantakewar al'umma da kuma mukamai a cikin kowace kungiyar siyasa. Waɗannan tsarukan tsarin sun haɗa da masu martaba, malamai, masu sana'a da kuma rarrabuwa ta mutane. A cewar masanin halayyar ɗan adam Jeffrey Heath, Abzinawan masu sana'o'in hannu sun kasance keɓaɓɓun jarumai da aka sani da Inhædˤæn (Inadan) a cikin wannan rarrabuwar zamantakewar.
RAM
Abubuwan da ke faruwa kwanan nan
Sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan RAM <i id="mwAWI">marasa ƙarfi</i>, waɗanda ke adana bayanai yayin da aka rage su, suna kan ci gaba. Fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da abubuwan nanotubes na carbon da hanyoyin amfani da ramin magnetoresistance. Daga cikin ƙarni na 1 na MRAM, an ƙera guntun 128 kbit ( 128 × 210 bytes) tare da 0.18. technologym fasaha a lokacin bazara na 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, Infineon Technologies ta bayyana 16 MB (16 Ƙari 2 20 bytes) samfur kuma wanda ya danganci 0.18 technologym fasaha. Akwai fasahohin tsara ƙarni na biyu a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaba: sauyawa mai taimako (TAS) wanda fasahar Crocus ke haɓakawa, da jujjuyawar juyawa (STT) wanda Crocus, Hynix, IBM, da wasu kamfanoni da yawa ke aiki. . Nantero ya gina ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar nanotube mai aiki 10 GB (10 Ƙari 2 30 bytes) a 2004. Ko wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin na ƙarshe za su iya ɗaukar babban kaso na kasuwa daga ko dai DRAM, SRAM, ko fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, duk da haka, za a gani.
Inadan
Mazauni
Inadan suna zaune ne a ƙauyukan Abzinawa, masu zaman kashe wando ne da duhu, an ɗauke su a ƙarƙashin su da kuma kaskantattu, kuma masu rikon amana saboda kyamar zamantakewar aure game da auratayya tsakanin kabilunsu da sauran 'yan ƙabilar Abzinawa. Aikinsu na gado ya kasance aikin fasaha ne da ke da alaƙa da fatu, amman kuma sun karkata zuwa samar da ayyukan Ƙwadago kamar na yawon buɗe ido a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa na wannan zamani. Inadan sun haɗa da maƙeri, da kayan ado, da ma'aikatan itace da kuma masu sana'ar fata. Sun samar tare da gyara sirdi, kayan aiki, kayan gida da sauran abubuwa don Abzinawa. A kasashen Nijar da Mali, inda aka fi samun mutanen da suka fi yawa a cikin Abzinawan, masu sana'ar kere-kere sun kasance a matsayin abokan cinikayya ga dangin masu fada a ji ko masu mukabala, kuma suna isar da sako zuwa nesa ga danginsu. Hakanan su ne al'adun gargajiya suke yanka yayin bukukuwan Musulunci.
RAM
Abubuwan da ke faruwa kwanan nan
Tun daga 2006, " daskararrun masu tuƙi " (dangane da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha) tare da ƙarfin da ya wuce gigabytes 256 da aikin da ya wuce diski na gargajiya ya zama akwai. Wannan ci gaban ya fara ɓarna ma'ana tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta gargajiya da “diski”, yana rage banbancin aiki sosai.
Wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar samun dama, kamar " EcoRAM ", an tsara su musamman don gonar uwar garke, inda ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi sauri sauri.
Bango na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
"Bangon ƙwaƙwalwa" shine haɓaka saurin haɓaka tsakanin CPU da ƙwaƙwalwa a waje da guntun CPU. Wani muhimmin dalili na wannan banbancin shine ƙarancin bandwidth na sadarwa fiye da iyakokin guntu, wanda kuma ake kira bangon bandwidth. Daga 1986 zuwa 2000, saurin CPU ya inganta a shekara -shekara na 55% yayin da saurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai ya inganta a 10%. Ganin waɗannan abubuwan, ana tsammanin jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zai zama babban cikas a cikin aikin kwamfuta.
Haɓaka saurin CPU ya ragu sosai saboda manyan shinge na jiki kuma wani ɓangare saboda ƙirar CPU na yanzu sun riga sun bugi bangon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta wata ma'ana. Intel ya taƙaita waɗannan abubuwan a cikin takaddar 2005. "Da farko, yayin da geometries guntu ke raguwa kuma mitar agogo ta tashi, ƙarar transistor na yanzu yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da yawan amfani da wuta da zafi. . . Abu na biyu, fa'idodin saurin agogo mafi girma wani ɓangare ne ta hanyar jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunda lokutan samun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba su iya yin tafiya tare da haɓaka mitar agogo. Na uku, don wasu aikace-aikace, gine-ginen jerin shirye-shiryen gargajiya na zama ƙasa da inganci yayin da masu sarrafawa ke saurin sauri (saboda abin da ake kira ƙwallon ƙwal na Von Neumann ), yana ƙara karkatar da duk wata ribar da adadin ƙaruwa zai iya saya in ba haka ba. Bugu da kari, a wani bangare saboda iyakancewa a cikin hanyoyin samar da fitarwa a cikin ingantattun na'urori na jihar, jinkirin-ƙarfin (RC) jinkirin watsa siginar yana ƙaruwa yayin da girman sifofi ke raguwa, yana sanya ƙarin ƙalubalen da ƙara ƙaruwa baya magancewa."An kuma lura da jinkirin RC a cikin watsa siginar a cikin "Rate Clock versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" wanda yayi hasashen matsakaicin ci gaban aikin CPU na shekara -shekara na 12.5% tsakanin 2000 da 2014.
Wani ra'ayi daban shine ragin aikin processor-memory, wanda za a iya magance shi ta hanyar haɗaɗɗun da'irar 3D wanda ke rage tazara tsakanin dabaru da ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda ke nesa da juna a cikin guntu na 2D. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan rata, wanda ke ƙaruwa cikin lokaci. Babbar hanyar da ake bi don cike gibin shine amfani da caches ; ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri wanda ke ɗauke da ayyukan kwanan nan da umarni kusa da mai sarrafawa, yana hanzarta aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ko umarni a lokutan da ake kiran su akai-akai. An haɓaka matakan caching da yawa don magance gibin da ke yaɗuwa, kuma aikin manyan kwamfutoci na zamani masu ɗorewa ya dogara da haɓaka dabarun caching. Za a iya samun bambanci tsakanin 53% tsakanin haɓaka cikin saurin mai sarrafawa da saurin jinkirin samun babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Hard diski-hard hard sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa cikin sauri, daga ~ 400 Mbit/s ta SATA3 a 2012 har zuwa ~ 3 GB/s ta NVMe / PCIe a cikin 2018, yana rufe rata tsakanin RAM da saurin faifai, kodayake RAM na ci gaba da zama umarni na girma da sauri, tare da DDR4 3200 mai layi ɗaya mai iya 25 GB/s, da GDDR na zamani har ma da sauri. Mai sauri, mai arha, rumbun kwamfutoci marasa ƙarfi sun maye gurbin wasu ayyuka da RAM ke aiwatarwa, kamar riƙe wasu bayanai don samun kai tsaye a cikin gonakin uwar garke - 1 terabyte na ajiyar SSD za a iya samun $ 200, yayin da 1 TB na RAM zai kashe dubban na daloli.
Alexandria... Why?
Alexandria. . . Me yasa? (Larabcin Misira;Iskanderija... lih?) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Masar a shekara ta 1979 wanda Youssef Chahine ya jagoranta. An shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 29th, inda ya ci kyautar Azurfa ta Jury na Musamman. An zaɓi fim ɗin azaman shigarwar Masar don bada kyauta ta Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje a 52nd Academy Awards, amma ba a yarda da shi a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa ba.
Ciwon daji na prostate
Ciwon daji na prostate shine ci gaban kansa a cikin prostate, gland a cikin tsarin haihuwa na namiji. Yawancin ciwon daji na prostate suna jinkirin girma; duk da haka, wasu suna girma da sauri. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na iya yaduwa daga prostate zuwa wasu sassan jiki, musamman kasusuwa da ƙwayoyin lymph. Yana iya da farko ya haifar da babu alamun. A mataki na gaba, yana iya haifar da wahalar fitsari, jini a cikin fitsari ko jin zafi a ƙashin ƙugu, baya, ko lokacin fitsari. Cutar da aka sani da hyperplasia na prostatic na iya haifar da irin wannan alamun. Sauran alamomin marigayi na iya haɗawa da jin gajiya saboda ƙarancin matakan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.
Abubuwan da ke ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar prostate sun haɗa da tsufa, tarihin iyali na cutar, da launin fata. Kimanin kashi 99% na lokuta suna faruwa a cikin maza fiye da shekaru 50. Samun dangi na farko tare da cutar yana kara haɗarin sau biyu zuwa uku. Sauran abubuwan da ka iya haɗawa sun haɗa da abinci mai yawa na nama da aka sarrafa, jan nama ko madara ko ƙarancin wasu kayan lambu. An sami haɗin gwiwa tare da gonorrhea, amma ba a gano dalilin wannan dangantaka ba. Haɗarin haɓaka yana haɗuwa da maye gurbin BRCA. Ana gano kansar prostate ta hanyar biopsy. Ana iya yin hoton likita don sanin ko ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki.
Binciken kansar prostate yana da cece-kuce. Gwajin takamaiman antigen na Prostate (PSA) yana ƙara gano cutar kansa, amma yana da rigima game da ko yana inganta sakamako. Ana ba da shawarar shawarar yanke shawara idan aka zo batun tantancewa tsakanin waɗanda ke da shekaru 55 zuwa 69. Gwaji, idan an yi shi, ya fi dacewa a cikin waɗanda ke da tsawon rai. Duk da yake masu hana 5a-reductase suna bayyana don rage ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji, ba su shafar haɗarin ciwon daji mai girma kuma don haka ba a ba da shawarar yin rigakafi ba. Ƙarawa tare da bitamin ko ma'adanai ba ya bayyana yana tasiri ga hadarin.
Yawancin lokuta ana sarrafa su tare da sa ido mai aiki ko jira a hankali. Wasu jiyya na iya haɗawa da haɗin tiyata, maganin radiation, maganin hormone ko chemotherapy. Lokacin da kawai ya faru a cikin prostate, ana iya warkewa. A cikin wadanda cutar ta yada zuwa kasusuwa, magungunan ciwo, bisphosphonates da maganin da aka yi niyya, da sauransu, na iya zama da amfani. Sakamakon ya dogara ne akan shekarun mutum da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kuma yadda ciwon daji ke da yawa. Yawancin maza masu fama da cutar kansar prostate ba sa mutuwa daga cutar. Adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 a Amurka shine 98%.
A duniya baki daya, ita ce nau'in ciwon daji na biyu mafi yawa kuma na biyar kan haddasa mutuwar masu alaka da cutar daji a cikin maza. A cikin 2018, ya faru a cikin maza miliyan 1.2 kuma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 359,000. Ita ce cutar sankara mafi yawa a cikin maza a cikin kasashe 84, wanda ya fi faruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Ƙididdigar ƙima na karuwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Gano ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 1980s da 1990s a wurare da yawa saboda ƙarin gwajin PSA. Nazarin mazan da suka mutu daga abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa sun sami ciwon daji na prostate a cikin 30% zuwa 70% na waɗanda suka wuce shekaru 60.
Alamomi da alamomi
Ciwon daji na prostate na farko yawanci ba shi da bayyanar cututtuka. Lokacin da suka bayyana, sau da yawa suna kama da na prostate hyperplasia mara kyau. Wadannan sun hada da yawan fitsari, nocturia (yawan fitsari da daddare), wahalar farawa da kiyaye tsayayyen fitsari, hematuria (jini a cikin fitsari), dysuria (fitsari mai zafi) da gajiya saboda anemia, da ciwon kashi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na marasa lafiya da aka gano suna da ɗaya ko fiye da irin waɗannan alamun.
Ciwon daji na prostate yana da alaƙa da tabarbarewar fitsari kamar yadda glandan prostate ke kewaye da urethra na prostate. Canje-canje a cikin gland yana shafar aikin fitsari kai tsaye. Saboda vas deferens yana sanya ruwan jima'i a cikin urethra na prostate, kuma ɓoye daga prostate yana cikin abun ciki na maniyyi, ciwon gurguwar prostate yana iya haifar da matsala tare da aikin jima'i da aiki, kamar wahalar samun haɓaka ko fitar maniyyi mai raɗaɗi.
Abubuwan haɗari
Abubuwan haɗari na farko sune kiba, shekaru, da tarihin iyali. An gano cewa maza masu kiba suna da kashi 34 cikin dari mafi girma daga cutar sankara ta prostate fiye da waɗanda ke da nauyin al'ada. Ciwon daji na prostate ba sabon abu bane a cikin maza masu kasa da 45, amma ya zama ruwan dare tare da tsufa. Matsakaicin shekaru a lokacin ganewar asali shine 70. Binciken gawarwaki na mutanen Sinawa, Jamusanci, Isra'ila, Jamaica, Sweden, da Ugandan da suka mutu sakamakon wasu dalilai sun sami kansar prostate a cikin kashi 30% na maza masu shekaru 50, kuma a cikin 80% na maza masu shekaru 70.
Maza masu hawan jini sun fi kamuwa da ciwon daji na prostate. Ƙananan haɓakar haɗari yana haɗuwa da rashin motsa jiki. Matakan testosterone na jini na iya ƙara haɗari.
Genetics
Genetics na iya shafar haɗari, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyi tare da kabilanci, iyali, da takamaiman bambance-bambancen jinsi suka ba da shawara. Maza da ke da dangi na farko (mahai ko ɗan'uwa) tare da ciwon daji na prostate suna da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon gurguwar prostate sau biyu, kuma waɗanda ke da dangi biyu na farko da abin ya shafa suna da haɗarin ninka sau biyar idan aka kwatanta da maza marasa tarihin iyali. Wannan haɗarin ya bayyana ya fi girma ga maza da ɗan'uwan da abin ya shafa fiye da waɗanda ke da uban da abin ya shafa. A Amurka, cutar sankara ta prostate ta fi kamuwa da bakar fata fiye da farare ko mutanen Hispanic, kuma ta fi kashe mutane bakaken fata. Sabanin haka, yawan abubuwan da suka faru da mace-mace ga mazajen Hispanic sun kasance kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasa fiye da na fararen fata waɗanda ba Hispanic ba. Nazarin tagwaye a Scandinavia sun nuna cewa kashi 40 cikin 100 na haɗarin cutar kansar prostate ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar abubuwan da aka gada.
Yawancin kwayoyin halitta suna shiga cikin ciwon daji na prostate. Maye gurbi a cikin BRCA1 da BRCA2 (muhimman abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian da ciwon nono a cikin mata) an haɗa su. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da geneditary prostate cancer gene 1 ( HPC1 ), da androgen receptor, da kuma mai karɓar bitamin D. TMPRSS2 - ETS gene iyali Fusion, musamman TMPRSS2- ERG ko TMPRSS2- ETV1 / 4 inganta ciwon daji cell girma. Wadannan fusions na iya tasowa ta hanyar sarƙoƙi na sake tsarawa da ake kira chromoplexy.
Biyu manyan nazarin ƙungiyoyin genome-fadi sun haɗu da polymorphisms guda-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) zuwa ciwon daji na prostate a 2008. Waɗannan binciken sun gano SNPs masu dacewa da yawa. Misali, mutanen da ke da nau'in TT allele a SNP rs10993994 an ba da rahoton cewa suna cikin haɗarin sau 1.6 mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ke da nau'in CC allele. Wannan SNP yana bayyana wani ɓangare na ƙarin haɗarin da Amirkawa-Amurka ke fuskanta. C allele ya fi yawa a cikin na ƙarshe; wannan SNP yana cikin yankin mai gabatarwa na kwayar halittar MSMB, don haka yana rinjayar adadin furotin MSMB da aka haɗa da ɓoye ta ƙwayoyin epithelial na prostate.
Yayin da aka gudanar da ƙananan binciken da aka yi la'akari da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankarar prostate mai tsanani, wani binciken haɗin gwiwar genome-wide (GWAS) na 12,518 ciwon daji na prostate ya gano loci biyu da ke hade da babban Gleason jimlar, SNP rs78943174 mafi kusa da gene NAALADL2 da SNP. rs35148638 kusa da RASA1.
Abincin abinci
An gano cin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ba su da fa'ida kaɗan. Wasu nazarin sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan cin nama yana da alaƙa da haɗari mafi girma.
Shan madara na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da kansar prostate. Wani bita na tsari na 2020 ya gano sakamakon kan shan madara da cutar kansar prostate bai cika ba amma ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke da haɗari mafi girma na iya rage ko kawar da madara. Wani bayyani na shekarar 2019 ya bayyana cewa shaidar da ta danganta madara da yawan ciwon daji na prostate bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba. Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2021 daga Japan yana duban maza 26,464 ya gano cewa shan madara ya kara barazanar kamuwa da cutar sankara ta prostate da kashi 37%.
Ƙananan matakan bitamin D na iya ƙara haɗari. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken bai sami wani tasiri na kariyar folic acid akan haɗari ba.
Bayyanar magani
An kafa wasu hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ciwon daji na prostate da magunguna, hanyoyin likita, da yanayin likita. Statins na iya rage haɗari.
Kamuwa da cuta
Prostatitis ( kamuwa da cuta ko kumburi ) na iya ƙara haɗari. Musamman, kamuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i Chlamydia, gonorrhea, ko syphilis yana da alama yana ƙara haɗari.
An ba da shawarar kwayar cutar papilloma don samun rawar da za ta taka, amma tun daga 2015, shaidar ba ta cika ba; kamar na 2018, an yi muhawara game da haɗarin haɗari.
Muhalli
Tsohon sojan Amurka wadanda aka fallasa ga Agent Orange sun sami karuwar 48% na haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar prostate bayan tiyata.
Jima'i
Ko da yake wasu shaidu daga binciken ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa na nuna cewa yawan maniyyi na iya rage haɗarin ciwon gurguwar prostate, ba wani gwajin da aka sarrafa ba ya ruwaito wannan fa'ida. An sami wata ƙungiya tsakanin vasectomy da ciwon gurguwar prostate, amma ba'a kafa dalili ba.
Abdessalem Mansour
Abdessalem Mansour (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1949) ɗan siyasan Tunusiya ne. Ya kasance Ministan Aikin Gona a lokacin tsohon shugaban kasar mai suna Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.
Ciwon daji na prostate
Pathophysiology
Fiye da haka, gindin prostate yana haɗuwa tare da hanyar mafitsara. A mafi ƙanƙanta, koli na prostate yana kaiwa zuwa ga diaphragm na urogenital, wanda aka nuna a baya-ƙananan. Za a iya raba prostate zuwa wurare huɗu na jiki: na gefe, na tsakiya, na tsaka-tsaki, da kuma fibromuscular stroma na gaba. Wurin da ke gefen ya ƙunshi ɓangarori na baya da na gefe na prostate, da kuma ƙananan sassan prostate. Wurin tsakiya ya ƙunshi mafi girman ɓangaren prostate ciki har da mafi kusancin bangarorin urethra da wuyan mafitsara. Wurin juzu'i yana gaban tsakiyar sararin samaniya kuma ya haɗa da nisa daga urethra zuwa tsakiyar urethra. Hanyar daurewar jijiyoyin jini tare da saman prostate na baya kuma yana shiga cikin capsule na prostatic a can kuma.
Abdessalem Mansour
Haihuwa
An haifi Mansour a Sousse, Tunisia. Ya kammala karatunsa a jami’ar Tunis a shekarar 1971, sannan ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin aikin gona daga jami’ar Minnesota a shekarar 1974.
Ciwon daji na prostate
Pathophysiology
Yawancin nau'in glandular ana samun su a cikin yankuna na tsakiya da na tsakiya (yankin gefe: 70-80% na nama na glandular; yankin tsakiya: 20% na nama na glandular). Ana samun wasu a cikin sararin tsaka-tsaki (5% na nama na glandular). Don haka, yawancin ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga nama na glandular ana samun su a wurare na gefe da na tsakiya, yayin da kusan kashi 5% ana samun su a sararin tsaka-tsakin. Babu wani abu da aka samo a cikin fibromuscular stroma na baya tun da babu glandan da ke cikin wannan sararin samaniya. Glandar prostate suna buƙatar hormones na maza, wanda aka sani da androgens, don yin aiki da kyau. Androgens sun hada da testosterone, wanda aka yi a cikin gwaje- gwaje ; dehydroepiandrosterone, sanya a cikin adrenal gland ; da dihydrotestosterone, wanda aka canza daga testosterone a cikin prostate kanta. Androgens kuma suna da alhakin halayen halayen jima'i na biyu kamar gashin fuska da ƙara yawan ƙwayar tsoka. Saboda wurin wurin prostate, cututtukan prostate sukan shafi fitsari, fitar maniyyi, da kuma rashin bayan gida. A cikin ciwon daji na prostate, ƙwayoyin waɗannan gland suna canzawa zuwa ƙwayoyin kansa.
Yawancin ciwon daji na prostate ana rarraba su a matsayin adenocarcinomas, ko ciwon daji na glandular, wanda ke farawa lokacin da kwayoyin glandular masu ɓoye maniyyi suka canza zuwa kwayoyin cutar kansa. Yankin glandan prostate inda adenocarcinoma ya fi kowa shine yankin na gefe. Da farko, ƙananan ƙumburi na ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna kasancewa a cikin in ba haka ba glandan prostate na yau da kullun, yanayin da aka sani da carcinoma a wurin ko prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Kodayake babu wata hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa PIN shine farkon ciwon daji, yana da alaƙa da kansa sosai. Bayan lokaci, waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna haɓaka kuma suna bazuwa zuwa ƙwayoyin prostate da ke kewaye ( stroma ) suna samar da ƙari.
Abdessalem Mansour
Aiki
Daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1980, ya yi aiki a Ma’aikatar Noma ta Tunusiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga wani kamfanin kasar Kuwaiti daga shekarata 1980 zuwa 1981. Daga 1981 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki da bankin Stusid. A watan Agustan shekarar 2008, an nada shi a matsayin Ministan Aikin Gona da Albarkatun Ruwa, har sai da aka sauke shi bayan abin da ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar Tunusiya ta 2010-2011.
Ciwon daji na prostate
Pathophysiology
A ƙarshe, ƙwayar cuta na iya girma girma isa ya mamaye gabobin da ke kusa da su kamar ƙwayoyin jini na jini ko dubura, ko ƙwayoyin tumo na iya haɓaka ikon yin tafiya a cikin jini da tsarin lymphatic.
Ana ɗaukar ciwon daji na prostate a matsayin mummunan ƙari saboda yana iya mamaye wasu sassan jiki. Ana kiran wannan mamayewar metastasis. Ciwon daji na prostate ya fi ƙaura zuwa ƙasusuwa da nodes na lymph, kuma yana iya mamaye dubura, mafitsara, da ƙananan ureters bayan ci gaban gida. Ana tunanin hanyar metastasis zuwa kashi venous ne, kamar yadda prostatic venous plexus yana zubar da prostate yana haɗuwa da veins na kashin baya.
Prostate wata kwayar halitta ce mai tara zinc, mai samar da citrate. Sufurin gina jiki ZIP1 ne ke da alhakin jigilar zinc cikin ƙwayoyin prostate. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na zinc shine canza canjin tantanin halitta don samar da citrate, muhimmin bangaren maniyyi. Tsarin tarawa na zinc, sauye-sauye na metabolism, da samar da citrate ba makamashi ba ne, kuma kwayoyin prostate suna buƙatar makamashi mai yawa ( ATP ) don cim ma wannan aikin. Kwayoyin cutar kansar prostate gabaɗaya ba su da zinc. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na Prostate suna adana kuzari ta hanyar rashin yin citrate, kuma suna amfani da makamashin da aka adana don girma, haifuwa da yadawa.
Ana tunanin rashin zinc yana faruwa ta hanyar yin shiru da kwayar halittar da ke samar da ZIP1. Ana kiransa samfurin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta don kwayar halitta SLC39A1. Ba a san dalilin yin shiru na epigenetic ba. Dabarun da ke jigilar zinc zuwa ƙwayoyin prostate da suka canza yadda ya kamata suna kawar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin dabbobi. Zinc yana hana hanyoyin NF-κB, yana hana haɓakawa, kuma yana haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da kyau. Abin baƙin ciki shine, shigar da baki na zinc ba shi da tasiri tun da yawan adadin zinc a cikin ƙwayoyin prostate ba zai yiwu ba sai da ZIP1.
Asarar kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji, da farko a cikin carcinogenesis na prostate, an sanya su zuwa chromosomes 8p, 10q, 13q, da 16q. Maye gurbi na P53 a cikin ciwon daji na prostate na farko yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi kuma ana yawan gani akai-akai a cikin saitunan metastatic, saboda haka, maye gurbi na p53 wani lamari ne na marigayi a cikin ilimin cututtuka. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ke hana ciwace-ciwace da ake tunanin za su taka rawa sun hada da PTEN da KAI1. "Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na maza masu fama da cutar kansar prostate sun rasa kwafin kwayar halittar PTEN guda daya a lokacin da aka gano cutar." An kuma lura da mitar asarar E-cadherin da CD44. Asarar furotin na retinoblastoma (RB) yana haifar da raguwar masu karɓar mai karɓa na androgen a cikin ciwon gurguwar ƙwayar cuta mai jurewa ta hanyar rage furucin E2F1 ''. ''
Abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban cuta da tsinkayen asibiti sun kasance a ɗan fahimta kaɗan kawai amma an gano nau'ikan abubuwan tantance ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda da alama suna da hannu. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan na iya zama tyrosine phosphatase ACP1 wanda furucin zai iya fin karfin tsarin Gleason don tsinkayar cutar. Sauran kwayoyin da aka gano sun haɗa da nau'in rubutun RUNX2 wanda zai iya hana kwayoyin cutar kansa daga yin apoptosis, PI3k/Akt mai siginar sigina tare da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar beta / SMAD siginar cascade wanda kuma yana kare kariya daga apoptosis. An inganta Pim-1 a cikin ciwon daji na prostate. X-linked inhibitor na apoptosis ( XIAP ) an yi la'akari da shi don inganta rayuwa da ci gaban ciwon daji, cytokine-1 (MIC-1) mai hanawa Macrophage wanda ke ƙarfafa hanyar adhesion kinase (FAK) mai mahimmanci. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a faɗi cewa abubuwan da ke tabbatar da dalilin da yasa wasu marasa lafiya ke fama da rashin lafiya yayin da sauran tsinkayen nunin sun kasance a ɓoye.
Bincike
Matsayin Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka game da gano wuri ta gwajin PSA shine:"Har yanzu bincike bai tabbatar da cewa yuwuwar amfanin gwaji ya fi illar gwaji da magani ba. Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a gwada maza ba tare da koyo game da abin da muka sani ba kuma ba mu sani ba game da haɗari da yiwuwar amfani da gwaji da magani. Tun yana da shekaru 50, (45 idan Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka ko ɗan'uwa ko uba ya sha wahala daga yanayin kafin shekaru 65) yi magana da likitan ku game da ribobi da fursunoni na gwaji don ku iya yanke shawara idan gwajin shine zaɓin da ya dace a gare ku."Ana iya amfani da wasu gwaje-gwaje da yawa don tattara bayanai game da prostate da kuma urinary fili. Binciken duburar dijital na iya ƙyale likita ya gano rashin daidaituwa na prostate. Cystoscopy yana nuna hanyar fitsari daga cikin mafitsara, ta yin amfani da siriri, bututun kyamara mai sassauƙa da aka saka a cikin urethra. Ultrasonography na transrectal yana haifar da hoto na prostate ta amfani da raƙuman sauti daga bincike a cikin dubura, amma kawai gwajin da zai iya tabbatar da cikakken ganewar ciwon daji na prostate shine biopsy, cire ƙananan ƙwayar prostate don nazarin microscopic.
Hoto
Duban dan tayi da magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) su ne manyan hanyoyin hoto guda biyu da ake amfani da su don gano kansar prostate.
Bayyanar prostate akan MRI
A kan MRI, yankuna na tsakiya da na tsaka-tsaki duka suna da ƙananan siginar T2 fiye da yanki na gefe. Tun da yankunan tsakiya da na tsaka-tsaki ba za a iya bambanta da juna ba, za a iya kwatanta su da kyau a matsayin ƙwayar tsakiya a kan MRI. Don haka, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta tana da sigina mafi girma akan T2WI fiye da gland na tsakiya. A cikin gland shine ciwon daji na prostate yana bayyana azaman rauni mai rauni. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙananan ƙwayar cuta, ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba za a iya bambanta su da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar cuta ba. Ƙuntatawar yaduwa yana da kayan aiki don ganowa da kuma kwatanta raunuka na tsakiya. Haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-nauyin (DW) hoto da ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-madaidaicin MRI don bambance m daga raunin prostate mara kyau za a iya amfani da su. Hotunan da aka haɗe, na DW da MRI tare da haɓaka bambanci mai ƙarfi, na iya hango wuraren da ke da ƙananan sigina da tasirin wankewa da sauri - halayyar carcinomas. Ana iya ganin Lymphadenopathy mafi kyau akan postcontrast, T1WI mai kitse. Ana iya kwatanta wasu yankuna akan MRI. Ƙwararrun fibromuscular na baya da ƙwayar prostate tare da prostate na baya da na gefe suna da ƙananan siginar T2WI, sabanin siginar haske na yanki na gefe. Za'a iya ganin tsawaitawar prostatic tare da rushewar ingancin capsule.
MRI don gano ciwon daji na prostate
Tun daga shekara ta 2011, an yi amfani da MRI don gano maƙasudi don biopsy na prostate ta amfani da MRI fusion tare da duban dan tayi (US) ko Jagorar MRI kadai. MRI kadai zai gano daidai kashi 91 cikin dari na maza masu fama da cutar sankarar prostate a asibiti amma zai yi kuskuren rarraba kashi 63 cikin dari na maza masu hadarin kamuwa da ciwon gurguwar prostate kamar ciwon daji na prostate. Wani biopsy da aka yi niyya na MRI zai gano daidai kashi 80 cikin 100 na maza masu ciwon prostate. Koyaya, zai rarraba kashi 6% na maza masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar prostate a matsayin suna da cutar kansar prostate a asibiti. An nuna alamun ciwon daji maras muhimmanci a asibiti lokacin da aka haɗu da kwayar cutar ta MRI tare da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta ga maza tare da sakamako mai kyau akan MRI, idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun hanyar biopsy.
Bayan MRI, yankuna masu sha'awa a cikin binciken wanda zai iya zama ciwon daji ana yawan ƙididdige su akan ma'auni tsakanin 1 da 5. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ma'auni shine prostate Hoto-reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) ma'auni wanda ke bayyana ma'auni na sabis na asibiti don multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), ciki har da ƙirƙirar hoto da rahoto. Maki na PI-RADS sigar 2 ya nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima da azanci na 73% da 95%, bi da bi, don gano kansar prostate.
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da MRI don yanke shawarar ko za a yi biopsy a cikin maza da suka rigaya sun rigaya, yana da 5% mafi kusantar yin ganewar asali fiye da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da 12% mafi kusantar zama daidai ga maza waɗanda zasu iya ko. maiyuwa ba a sami riga-kafin biopsy ba. A cikin mazan da suka sami biopsy mara kyau, wannan haɗin yana da 44% mafi kusantar haifar da ganewar asali.
The Barred Road
A kange Road (Larabcin Misira;Al-Tareeq al-Masdood) wani fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo / na soyayya a Masar wanda akayi a 1958.
Daraktan fina-finan Masar Salah Abu Seif ne ya ba da umarni, wannan fim an gina shi ne a kan wani littafi mai suna mai irin wannan marubucin Masari Ihsan Abdel Quddous ya rubuta. El Sayed Bedeir da marubuci Naguib Mahfouz wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ne suka rubuta fim ɗin. Tauraruwar tauraro Faten Hamama da Ahmed Mazhar. Fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Katolika ta Masarautar Cinema kuma an zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin manyan fina-finai 150 a Masar a cikin 1996.
Masarautar Oyo
Masarautar Oyo masarautar Yarbawa ce wacce ke gabashin Benin yau da yammacin Najeriya (gami da yankin Kudu maso yamma da kuma yammacin rabin yankin Arewa ta tsakiya). Masarautar Oyo ta zama mafi girma a kasar Yarbawa. Ya kuma tashi ne ta hanyar kwarewar tsari da tsarin mulki na Yarbawa, arzikin da aka samu daga kasuwanci da kuma mahayan dawakai masu ƙarfi. Masarautar Oyo tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman jihohin siyasa gabaɗaya a duk Yammacin Afirka daga tsakiyar 7th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, mamaye ba kawai a kan mafi yawan sauran masarautun da ke ƙasar Yarbawa ba, har ma da jihohin Afirka na kusa., musamman Masarautar Fon ta Dahomey a Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu ta yamma.
Asalin almara
Asalin masarautar Oyo ya ta'allaka ne da Oranyan (wanda kuma ake kira Oranmiyan), basaraken ƙarshe na Masarautar Yarbawa ta Ile-Ife ( Ife ). Oranyan ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da dan uwansa don kaddamar da farmaki a kan makwabtansu na arewa saboda cin mutuncin mahaifinsu Oduduwa, Ooni na farko na Ife. A hanyar zuwa yaƙin, ’yan’uwa sun yi faɗa kuma sojojin sun rabu. Oarfin Oranyan yayi ƙanƙanta don yin nasarar kai hari, don haka kuma ya yi ta yawo zuwa gabar kudu har ya isa Bussa. Can babban basaraken yankin ya nishadantar da shi sannan ya samar da wani katon maciji mai dauke da tsafin sihiri hade da makogwaronsa.
Shugaban ya umarci Oranyan da ya bi macijin har sai da ya tsaya a wani wuri har tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan ya bace a cikin kasa. Oranyan ya bi shawarar kuma ya kafa Oyo inda macijin ya tsaya. Ana tuna shafin kamar Ajaka. Oranyan ya sanya Oyo sabuwar masarautarsa kuma ta zama ta farko "oba" (ma'ana 'sarki' ko 'mai mulki' a yaren Yarbanci ) da take da " Alaafin na Oyo " (Alaafin na nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci). Ya bar duk dukiyar da ya mallaka a cikin Ife kuma ya ba wani sarki damar yin mulkin can.