cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Yaƙin Wadai(Yaƙin Ouaddai)
Yaƙin
Tare da goyon bayan Faransawa Adam Asil, a fili rikici tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Wadai ya barke a shekara ta 1906. Sannu a hankali Faransawa suka ci gaba zuwa gabas, suna gina kagaggun mukamai don tallafa wa yakinsu, kuma suka kai hari kan garuruwa masu karfi na Senussi Zawiya a cikin Hamada wanda ya rage karfin ikon Musulunci da karfin tattalin arziki. Zuwa shekara ta 1907, sojojin Faransa sun kasance a tsakanin 100 mi na Abéché. A halin yanzu, Adam Asil ya fara kaddamar da samame akai-akai zuwa cikin yankin Wadai daga yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka. Waɗannan hare-haren ba su da izinin shugabannin Turai, waɗanda ke haifar da rikici. Faransawa ma sun yi watsi da shi na ɗan lokaci a cikin shekara ta 1908, amma ba da daɗewa ba sun ci gaba da goyon bayansu ga aikinsa. Duk da matsalolin da suka dabaibaye Adam Asil, Faransawa sun ci gaba da samun ci gaba. Wani rukuni na sojoji guda 200 karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Jérusalemy ya yi mummunan rauni a kan sojojin Wadai a Dokotchi a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta 1908 da Djoua a ranar 16 ga Yuni. Faransawa sun kashe gwamnonin lardin Wadai na Mahamid da Debaba yayin yakin na baya. Godiya ga nasarar da aka samu a Djoua, wani rukunin Faransa na 180 karkashin Kyaftin Jean-Joseph Fiegenschuh ya sami damar mamaye Abéché a ranar 2  ko 12 ga Yunin shekara ta 1909. Wadai ya zama wani ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa, kuma an saka Adam Asil kamar yadda sabon kolak.
Dud Murra ya ƙi miƙa wuya, duk da haka, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki azaman “inuwa” kolak</i>. Ya koma arewa zuwa yankunan da kuma ya yi tawaye ga Faransawan da ikon Wadai ya kasance mai tsananin wahala. Kamar yadda Faransawa suka yi ikirarin duk yankunan da sarakunan Wadai suka mallaka a baya, su ma sun yi rikici da Darfur. Ali Dinar ya dauki ci gaban su zuwa yankin iyakar Wadai-Darfur da ake takaddama a kansa a matsayin cin zarafi, kuma ya fara goyon bayan manufar Dud Murra. A halin yanzu, Captain Fiegenschuh aka aiko bayan da ɗan gudun hijira kolak wanda aka tushen a cikin ƙasa na Sultan Taj ad-Din, mai mulkin Dar Masalit. Sojojin Wadaian sun kashe Fiegenschuh da rundunarsa gaba ɗaya a Wadi Kadja a ranar 4 ga Janairun shekara ta 1910. Nan da nan aka tara wata rundunar ta Faransa. Idan aka kirga sojoji guda 300, wannan rukunin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Yankin Chadi Joseph Édouard Maillard, kuma ya gamu da sojoji na 'yan asalin yankin guda 5,000 karkashin jagorancin Dud Murra da Sultan Taj ad-Din a Dorothe a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1910. Sojojin Afirka sun yi nasarar kewaye Faransawan, kuma ya shafe su cikin yaƙin da aka yi. Dukkanin bangarorin sun yi asara mai yawa, gami da Maillard da Sultan Taj ad-Din. Gabaɗaya, Yaƙin Dorothe babbar nasara ce ga Dud Murra, kuma ya dawo da ikonsa na ɗan lokaci.
Fahimtar munin halin da ake ciki, shugabanin Faransa sun shirya wani harin. A wannan karon, an sanya tsohon sojan mulkin mallaka Victor Emmanuel Largeau cikin kwamandan Yakin Wadai. Ya ƙaddamar da kamfen na yaƙar tawaye, wanda ya sami nasarar tilasta Dud Murra ya miƙa wuya a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1911. Kolak da ya sha kaye an tsare shi a Fort-Lamy, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da rikici. Jim kaɗan bayan mika wuya na Dud Murra, wani babban tawaye ya ɓarke a Wadai. Bayan an murkushe wannan tawayen, Faransawa sun tabbatar da ikonsu a kan yankin. Shi ma ɗan tsana na Wadai ya riga ya fa'ida daga amfaninsa. Adam Asil ya kori Faransawa a cikin shekara ta 1911, wanda ake zargi da tallafawa wata makarkashiyar Turai. Faransawa sun mamaye Wadai gaba daya a shekara ta 1912.
Bayan haka
Yaƙin Wadai ya haifar da asarar rayuka a ɓangarorin biyu, kuma ya lalata tattalin arzikin yankin. Yunwa da annoba sun zama gama gari a cikin Chadi, kuma yawan mutanen Wadai ya faɗi daga mutum guda 700,000 a shekara ta 1912 zuwa mutum guda 400,000 a shekara ta 1914. Chadi, haɗe da Wadai, sun kasance da wahalar sarrafawa, kuma wasu sarakuna na gari sun ci gaba da tabbatar da 'Yancin kai tsaye har zuwa shekara ta 1917. A waccan shekarar, wani kwamandan Faransa ya kuma ba da umarnin kisan wasu mashahuran Wadai sama da mutum guda 100 a cikin abin da ake kira " Kashe-kashe kisan kiyashi ". Tsohon daular ta ilimi ta amsa ta gudu sun mayar zuwa Darfur da kuma Misira. Kiyayya ga gwamnatin Kasar Faransa ta karu, kuma adawa ta karu da Faransa a cikin Chadi ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1920.
Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a
Bayanin Hakkokin Dan Adam da na Jama'a ( Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ), wanda Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Faransa ta kafa a cikin shekarata 1789, takarda ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam daga juyin juya halin Faransa. Ƙwararrun masana falsafar Haskakawa, sanarwar ta kasance jigon magana na kimar juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da babban tasiri ga cigaban sanannen ra'ayi na 'yancin kai da dimokuradiyya a Turai da duniya baki daya.
Marquis de Lafayette ne ya tsara sanarwar ta asali, tare da shawarwari tare da Thomas Jefferson. Tasirin koyaswar " haƙƙin dabi'a ", haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ana ɗauka su zama na duniya : inganci a kowane lokaci kuma a kowane wuri. Ya zama ginshiƙi ga al'ummar 'yantattun mutane waɗanda doka ta ba su kariya daidai gwargwado. Kuma An haɗa shi a farkon kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriyar Faransa ta huɗu a shekarata (1946) da jamhuriya ta biyar (1958) kuma har yanzu tana nan.
Tarihi
Abubuwan da ke cikin takardar sun fito ne da yawa daga manufofin wayewa. Lafayette ne ya shirya manyan zane-zane, yana aiki a wasu lokuta tare da babban abokinsa Thomas Jefferson. A cikin watan Agustan shekarata 1789, Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès da Honoré Mirabeau sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da tsara sanarwar Ƙarshen Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa.
Mahallin falsafa da ka'idar
Abubuwan da ke cikin sanarwar sun fito ne daga ayyukan falsafa da siyasa na wayewa, kamar son kai, kwangilar zamantakewa kamar yadda masanin falsafa na Genevan Rousseau ya tsara, da kuma raba iko da Baron de Montesquieu ya ɗauka. Kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin matani, falsafar siyasa ta wayewar kai da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi tasiri sosai akan furcin Faransanci kamar yadda sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka ta kasance wacce ta gabace ta (4 Yuli shekarata 1776).
A cewar wani littafi na shari’a da aka buga a shekara ta 2007, sanarwar tana cikin ruhin “dokar dabi’a ta duniya”, Duk wadda ba ta dogara da koyarwar addini ko hukuma ba, sabanin ka’idar ka’idar dabi’a ta gargajiya, wadda ta yi.
Sanarwar ta bayyana saiti guda ɗaya na haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya ga duk maza. Kuma Tasirin koyarwar haƙƙoƙin dabi'a, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun kasance na duniya kuma suna aiki a kowane lokaci da wurare. Alal misali, "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da hakkoki. Sannan Ba za a iya kafa bambance-bambancen al'umma ba a kan abin da ya dace kawai." Suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga dukiya, 'yanci, da rayuwa. A bisa wannan ka'idar, aikin gwamnati shi ne gane da kuma tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki. Har ila yau, ya kamata a gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun wakilai.
A lokacin da aka rubuta, an ba da haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin sanarwar ga maza kawai. Kuma Bugu da ƙari, sanarwar sanarwa ce ta hangen nesa maimakon gaskiya. Sanarwar ba ta da tushe a cikin al'adar yammacin duniya ko ma Faransa a lokacin. Sanarwar ta fito ne a karshen karni na 18 daga yaki da juyin juya hali. Ta ci karo da adawa, saboda ana ɗaukar dimokuradiyya da yancin ɗaiɗaikun mutane a matsayin masu kama da rashin zaman lafiya da rugujewa. Sannna Wannan sanarwar ta ƙunshi akidu da buri waɗanda Faransa ta yi alkawarin yin gwagwarmaya a nan gaba.
Abu
An gabatar da sanarwar ta hanyar gabatarwar da ke bayyana mahimman halaye na haƙƙoƙin da suka cancanta a matsayin "na halitta, waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba kuma masu tsarki" kuma sun ƙunshi "ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi kuma marasa gasa" waɗanda 'yan ƙasa za su iya dogara da bukatunsu. A cikin kasida ta biyu, “hakkokin dan Adam na dabi’a da wadanda ba a iya bayyana su ba” an bayyana su a matsayin “yanci, dukiya, tsaro da juriya ga zalunci ”. Ya yi kira da a lalata gata aristocratic ta hanyar shelar kawo ƙarshen feudalism da keɓewa daga haraji, 'yanci da daidaitattun haƙƙin ga duk "Maza", da samun damar shiga ofishin gwamnati bisa basira. Sannna Kuma An taƙaita tsarin sarauta, kuma duk ƴan ƙasa su sami damar shiga cikin tsarin doka. An ayyana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, an kuma haramta kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba.
Sanarwar ta kuma tabbatar da ka'idodin ikon mallaka, kuma wanda ya bambanta da ikon allahntaka na sarakunan da ke nuna mulkin mulkin Faransa, da daidaito tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, "Dukan 'yan ƙasa, suna daidai da idanu na doka, suna daidai da yarda ga dukan jama'a. masu girma da matsayi da ayyukan yi, gwargwadon iyawarsu kuma ba tare da banbance banbancen kyawawan dabi’u da basirarsu,” sannan yana kawar da hakki na musamman na manya da malamai.
Labarai
Mataki na I – An haifi ’yan Adam kuma sun kasance masu ‘yanci kuma suna daidai da hakki. Kuma Ba za a iya kafa bambance-bambancen zamantakewa ba ne kawai a kan abin da ake so.
Mataki na II - Manufar kowace ƙungiya ta siyasa ita ce kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na halitta da wanda ba a iya bayyanawa ba. Wadannan hakkoki su ne 'yanci, dukiya, aminci da tsayin daka kan zalunci.
Mataki na IV - 'Yanci ya ƙunshi yin duk wani abu da ba zai cutar da wasu ba: don haka, yin amfani da haƙƙin haƙƙin kowane mutum yana da iyakokin da ke tabbatar wa sauran jama'a haƙƙin haƙƙin. Kuma Ana iya ƙayyade waɗannan iyakokin ta hanyar doka kawai.
Mataki na biyar V – Doka tana da haƙƙin hana ayyukan cutarwa ga al'umma kawai. Duk wani abu da shari’a ba ta hana shi ba, ba za a iya tauye shi ba, sannan kuma ba za a iya takurawa kowa ya yi abin da bai umarta ba.
Mataki na shida VI - Doka ita ce bayanin nufin gabaɗaya. Duk da ƴan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin bayar da gudunmawa da kan su ko ta hanyar wakilansu don kafa ta. Dole ne ya zama iri ɗaya ga kowa, ko dai abin da yake karewa, ko kuma ya hukunta. Kuma Dukkan ’yan kasa, kasancewarsu daidai ne a idanunsu, haka nan kuma ana yarda da su ga dukkan masu rike da madafun iko, wurare, da ayyukan yi, gwargwadon iyawarsu ba tare da wani bambanci ba face na kyawawan halaye da basirarsu.
Mataki na bakwai VII -Babu wani mutum da za a iya tuhuma, kama ko tsare shi amma a cikin shari'o'in da doka ta tsara, da kuma bisa ga siffofin da ta tsara. Wadanda suka nemi, aika, aiwatarwa ko kuma suka sa a aiwatar da umarni na sabani, Kuma dole ne a hukunta su; amma duk wani dan kasa da aka kira ko aka kama a karkashin sharuddan doka dole ne ya bi su nan take; yana mai da kansa laifi ta hanyar juriya.
Volodymyr Tykhyi
Volodymyr Viktorovich Tykhyi (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1970, a Chervonohrad, Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR ) darektan fina-finai ne na Ukrainian, marubucin shirye-shirye kuma mai shirya fina-finai na Documentaries da fasalin fina-finai. Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Cinematographers na Ukraine, kuma shi ne 2018 wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Taras Shevchenko na Ukraine don jerin fina-finai na tarihi da na kundi game da juyin halayyar Mutunci.
Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a
Labarai
Mataki na Goma X – Ba wanda zai iya jin haushin ra’ayinsa, hatta na addini, muddin bayyanarsu ba ta kawo cikas ga tsarin jama’a da doka ta kafa ba.
Mataki na sha ɗaya XI - Sadarwar 'yanci na tunani da ra'ayi shine daya daga cikin mafi kyawun haƙƙin ɗan adam: kowane ɗan ƙasa don haka yana iya yin magana, rubutawa, buga shi da yardar kaina, sai Kuma dai don amsa cin zarafi na wannan 'yanci, a cikin lamuran da doka ta ƙaddara.
Mataki na sha biyu XII - Tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa yana buƙatar ƙarfin jama'a: don haka an kafa wannan ƙarfi don amfanin kowa ba don amfanin waɗanda aka amince da su ba.
Mataki na sha uku XIII - Domin kiyaye ƙarfin jama'a da kuma kashe kuɗin gudanarwa, Kuma gudunmawar gama gari ba ta da mahimmanci; dole ne a raba daidai wa daida ga dukkan ’yan kasa, gwargwadon karfinsu na biya.
Mataki na sha huɗu XIV - Kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da hakkin ya tabbatar, da kansa ko ta hanyar wakilansa, buƙatar harajin jama'a, don yarda da shi kyauta, don sanin amfanin da aka sanya shi, da kuma ƙayyade rabo, tushe, tarawa., da kuma tsawon lokaci.
Mataki na sha biyar XV – Al’umma na da hakkin neman asusu daga kowane wakilin jama’a na gwamnatinta.
Mataki na Sha bakwai XVII - Dukiya kasancewar wani haƙƙi ne mai tsarki, babu wanda za a iya hana shi amfani da shi na sirri, Sannan idan ba lokacin da jama'a ke buƙata ba, bisa doka, a bayyane yake buƙatar ta, kuma ƙarƙashin yanayin adalci kuma kafin a biya shi.
Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa mai ƙwazo
Yayin da juyin juya halin Faransa ya ba da haƙƙi ga mafi girman kaso na jama'a, an sami bambanci tsakanin waɗanda suka sami 'yancin siyasa a cikin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa da waɗanda ba su samu ba. Shiyasa Duk Waɗanda aka ɗauka suna riƙe waɗannan haƙƙoƙin siyasa ana kiran su ƴan ƙasa masu aiki. An ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga maza waɗanda Faransanci, aƙalla shekaru 25, sun biya haraji daidai da aikin kwanaki uku, kuma ba za a iya bayyana su a matsayin bayi ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa a lokacin sanarwar masu mallakar kadarorin maza ne kawai ke riƙe waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Mataimakan Majalisar sun yi imanin cewa, wadanda ke da muradin gaske a cikin kasar ne kawai za su iya yanke shawara ta siyasa. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya shafi batutuwa na 6, 12, 14, da 15 na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye saboda kowane ɗayan waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana da alaƙa da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a da shiga cikin gwamnati. Tare da dokar 29 Oktoba shekarata 1789, kalmar ɗan ƙasa mai aiki ta shiga cikin siyasar Faransa.
An ƙirƙiri manufar ƴan ƙasa masu son rai don haɗa waɗancan al'ummomin da aka ware daga haƙƙoƙin siyasa a cikin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa. Saboda buƙatun da aka gindaya don ƴan ƙasa masu himma, kuma an ba da ƙuri'ar ga kusan Faransawa miliyan 4.3 daga cikin kusan miliyan 29. aka tsallake sun haɗa da mata, bayi, yara, da baƙi. Kamar yadda babban taron ya zaɓe waɗannan matakan, sun iyakance haƙƙin wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa yayin aiwatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya na sabuwar Jamhuriyar Faransa (1792-1804). Wannan doka, da aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1789, an gyara ta da waɗanda suka kirkiro Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara na III don kawar da lakabin ɗan ƙasa mai aiki. Ikon jefa ƙuri'a a lokacin, duk da haka, an ba da shi ga masu mallakar dukiya kawai.
An sami takun saka tsakanin ’yan kasa masu aiki da halin ko-in-kula a duk tsawon juyin juya halin Musulunci. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da ƴan ƙasa masu son rai suka fara yin kira ga ƙarin haƙƙi, ko kuma a fili lokacin da suka ƙi sauraron manufofin da ƴan ƙasa masu ƙwazo suka tsara. Wannan zane mai ban dariya ya nuna a fili bambancin da ke tsakanin ƴan ƙasa masu aiki da masu halin ko in kula tare da tashe-tashen hankula masu alaƙa da irin waɗannan bambance-bambance. A cikin zane mai ban dariya, wani ɗan ƙasa mai ƙwazo yana riƙe da ƙwanƙwasa kuma wani ɗan ƙasa (a hannun dama) yana cewa "Ku kula kada haƙurina ya tsere mini".
Musamman mata sun kasance 'yan kasa masu kishin kasa wadanda suka taka rawar gani a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Olympe de Gouges ta rubuta sanarwarta game da haƙƙin mace da na 'yar ƙasa a shekarata 1791 kuma ta ja hankali kan buƙatar daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar goyon bayan manufofin juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma fatan fadada su ga mata, ta wakilci kanta a matsayin 'yar ƙasa mai juyin juya hali. Madame Roland kuma ta tabbatar da Kuma kanta a matsayin mai tasiri a duk lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ta ga matan juyin juya halin Faransa suna da matsayi uku; "Tsafafa ayyukan juyin juya hali, tsara manufofi, da kuma sanar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali." Ta yin aiki da maza, sabanin yin aiki ba tare da maza ba, ta yiwu ta sami damar ci gaba da yakin mata masu juyin juya hali. A matsayinsu na 'yan wasa a juyin juya halin Faransa, mata sun taka rawar gani a fagen zamantakewa ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kuma shiga cikin shahararrun kulake, Sannna wanda ke ba su damar yin tasiri a cikin al'umma, duk da rashin ikon siyasa kai tsaye.
Hakkokin mata
Sanarwar ta amince da haƙƙoƙin da yawa a matsayin na ƴan ƙasa (wanda zai iya zama namiji kaɗai). Wannan ya kasance duk da cewa bayan Maris on Versailles a ranar 5 ga Oktoba shekarata 1789, mata sun gabatar da koke na mata ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa inda suka ba da shawarar ba mata dama daidai. A cikin shekarata 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet da Etta Palm d'Aelders sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa da ta ba da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa ga mata. Condorcet ya bayyana cewa "wanda ya ki amincewa da hakkin wani, ko wane irin addini, launi, ko jinsi na wancan, ya yi watsi da nasa". Juyin juya halin Faransa bai kai ga amincewa da haƙƙin mata ba kuma hakan ya sa Olympe de Gouges ta buga sanarwar 'yancin mace da na 'yar ƙasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1791.
Sanarwar 'yancin mace da ta 'yan kasa mata an tsara shi ne bisa tsarin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa kuma abin ban mamaki ne wajen ƙirƙira tare da fallasa gazawar juyin juya halin Faransa, wanda aka sadaukar don daidaito. Yana cewa:"Wannan juyin juya halin zai fara aiki ne kawai a lokacin da dukkanin mata suka fahimci halin da suke ciki na rashin tausayi, da kuma hakkokin da suka rasa a cikin al'umma."Sanarwar 'Yancin Mace da 'Yar Kasa Mata ta biyo bayan batutuwa goma sha bakwai na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na 'yan ƙasa don batu kuma Camille Naish ta bayyana shi a matsayin "kusan parody ... na ainihin takardar. ". Labari na farko na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa ya yi shelar cewa "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da haƙƙinsu. Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa yana iya dogara ne akan amfanin gama gari kawai." Kasidar farko ta shelanta hakkin mace da ‘yar kasa ta amsa: “An haifi mace ‘yanci kuma ta kasance daidai da namiji a hakki. Sannan Kuma Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa na iya dogara ne akan amfanin gama gari kawai".
Har ila yau, De Gouges ya ja hankali da cewa, a karkashin dokar Faransa, an hukunta mata gaba daya, amma duk da haka an hana mata hakki, Kuma yana mai bayyana cewa "Mata na da 'yancin hawa kan tudu, kuma dole ne su kasance suna da 'yancin hawa kujerar kakakin majalisar".
Bauta
Sanarwar ba ta soke cibiyar bautar ba, kamar yadda Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs ya yi amfani da shi kuma ƙungiyar masu shukar mulkin mallaka da ake kira Club Massiac suka kare saboda sun hadu a Hôtel Massiac. Duk da rashin ambaton bautar da aka yi a cikin sanarwar, sannnan tashin bayi a Saint-Domingue a cikin juyin juya halin Haiti an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin tarihin CLR James na juyin juya halin Haiti, The Black Jacobins.
Mummunan yanayi ga dubban bayi a cikin Saint-Domingue, mafi yawan ribar bayi a duniya, ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula wanda za a san shi da tawaye na farko na bawa a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Masu 'yanci masu launi sun kasance cikin tashin hankali na farko, amma daga baya tsoffin bayi suka mamaye. A cikin shekarata 1794 Yarjejeniyar da Jacobins suka mamaye ta kawar da bauta, gami da mazaunan Saint-Domingue da Guadeloupe. Duk da haka, Napoleon ya mayar da shi a cikin shekarata 1802 kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ikon Saint-Domingue ta hanyar aika dubban sojoji. Bayan fama da asarar kashi biyu bisa uku na maza, da yawa zuwa zazzabi mai launin rawaya, Faransawa sun janye daga Saint-Domingue a 1803. Napoleon ya bar Arewacin Amurka kuma ya amince da Siyan Louisiana ta Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1804, shugabannin Saint-Domingue sun ayyana ta a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, Jamhuriyar Haiti, jamhuriya ta biyu ta Sabuwar Duniya. Napoleon ya soke cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1815.
Luwadi
Yawan 'yancin kai da aka bai wa 'yan ƙasa ta takardar ya haifar da yanayi inda dokar hukunta laifuka ta Faransa ta shekarar 1791 ta haramta liwadi da madigo, wanda ya shafi laifuka ; dokar kawai ta kasa ambaton luwadi a matsayin laifi, don haka babu wanda za a iya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya. Dokar 'yan sanda ta shekarar 1791 ta 1791 ta ba da hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka don "babban rashin mutunci," wanda 'yan sanda za su iya amfani da su don hukunta duk wanda ya yi jima'i a wuraren jama'a ko kuma ya keta ka'idojin zamantakewa. An sake nanata wannan hanyar hukunta masu luwadi a cikin kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Faransa na shekarata 1810.
Habiba Msika
Habiba Msika ko Messika (حبيبة مسيكة), (an haife ta a shekara ta alif 1903)Ac. Testour –zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarata alif 1930 Tunis), mawaƙiyar Tunisiya ce, ɗan rawa kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo. Haifaffen Marguerite Msika, ita ce yayar mawakiya Leila Sfez.Da sauri ta kuma hau tsaunin shahara a karkashin sunan Habiba ("masoyi"). Misalin ƴan ƴanci, kuma mai kula da makomarta, mawaƙiyar kwarjini kuma ƙwaƙƙwarar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda al'ummar Tunisiya ke ƙauna, Msika wani lamari ne na zamantakewa a zamaninta. Fim ɗin Rawar Wuta na Salma Baccar ya yi magana game da aikinta
Zaben Gwamnan jahar Adamawa na 1999
An gudanar da zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa a shekarar 1999 a Najeriya ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 1999. Dan takarar PDP Boni Haruna ne ya lashe zaben inda ya doke Bala Takaya na APP.
Tsarin zabe
An zabi Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa ne ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kada kuri’a wanda Hukumar zabe mai zaman Kanta tsara.
Sakamakon Zaben
Boni Haruna na PDP ne ya yi nasara a Zaben.
Adadin wadanda suka yi rajista a jihar domin zaben ya kai 1,260,956. Sai dai a baya an baiwa mutane 1,261,900 katunan zabe a jihar. Dan Takara
Libanga
A cikin shahararrun kiɗan Kongo, kalmar libanga (Lingala; daga kobwaka libanga, lit.  yana nufin yadda yaro zai iya ƙoƙarin jawo hankali ) yana nufin wani nau'i na goyon bayan da mawaƙa ke yi ko yabon masu hannu da shuni a bainar jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayonsu. Yawanci ana shigar da libanga cikin waƙa ta hanyar jera sunayen ɗaiɗaikun tsakanin baitoci ko tsakanin baituka da mawaƙa. Ana iya rera su, magana, ko ihu dangane da mahallin. Wani lokaci ana haɗa su don dalilai na musamman, ko haɗa su cikin rikodi.
A cewar Bob White, ya zama wani ɓangare na "aikin waƙar yabo na kasuwanci" wanda ya fito a Zaire a cikin shekarar 1970s kuma ya girma cikin mahimmanci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ya bayyana cewa, "Al'amarin Libanga ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na shahararriyar kade-kade na zamani a Kinshasa, kuma hakan yana nuna ba wai bukatar kudi na gaggawa ga mawakan ba har ma da al'adun siyasar gwamnatin Mobutu, wanda ta hanyar tsarin kida na zamani siyasa mai raye-raye, a al'adance ana ba da albarkatun kuɗi da na siyasa don musanyawa ga jama'a na lalata da aminci".
Taimako ya kasance tsakiyar masana'antar kiɗa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kuma yana da wahala a yi waƙar kasuwanci ba tare da ita ba. Masanin Tattalin Arziki ya lura cewa “ba a yin libanga saboda akida” kuma ya lura cewa wata waƙa ta mawaƙin Werrason ta ambaci mutane 110 “da yawa daga cikinsu za su biya kuɗin wannan dama”.
Marina Bay Sands
'Marina Bay Sandswani hadadden wurin shaqatawa ne dake gaban marina bay a qasar Singapore, kuma wurine mai kyau a lokacin bude shi a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma 2010)an daukeshi mafi tsadar wurin kwana a duniya a lokacin akan dala biliyan takwas  wurin akwai dakuna har na kwana har guda dubu biyu da dari biyar da sittin da daya 2561 da wurin shaqatawa kimani dubu Sabain da hudu 74000 da wurare na qayatarwa na lu'u lu'u
Jonathan "Joe" Simon Bramley-Fenton
Jonathan "Joe" Simon Bramely-Fenton Ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne ya kasance me aikin zane, kama daga zanen hotuna dakuma zanen gine-gine kuma Wanda yayi aiki a ma'aikatar Monochrome a matsayin me zane.
Bayan nan kuma yayi ayyuka da dama a wasu Fina finai a matsayin me zane, daga cikin Fina finan akwai wani film me suna The brothers Grimm wanda me shirya Fina finai Terry Gilliam ya bada umarni, da kuma wani film me suna Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Wanda me shirya Fina finai Garth jennings ya bada umarni.
Hausa–Fulani Arabs
Hangen tarihi
Majalisun shugabannin ƙasar Hausa kafin Jihadin Fulani sun samo asali ne daga asalinsu ga Bayajidda wani basarake ɗan asalin Bagadaza kuma suna alfahari da zuriyarsu daga Bayajidda da Larabawa, wasu daga cikin jagororin jihadin Fulani suma larabawa ne, wani bangare kuma Fulani kamar yadda suke. Abdullahi dan Fodio ɗan uwan Usman dan Fodio ya bayyana cewa danginsu Fulani ne, kuma bangaren Larabawa, sun ce sun fito daga Larabawa ne ta hanyar Uqba bn Nafi wanda Balarabe musulmi ne na Banu Umayyawa na Ƙuraishawa, don haka ne suka yi ikirarin cewa sun fito ne daga Larabawa, Uqba ibn Nafi, wai ya auri wata Bafulatana mai suna Bajjumangbu, wanda ta cikinsa ne dangin Usman dan Fodio suka fito daga Torodbe. Halifa Muhammed Bello da ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa Infaq al-Mansur ya yi ikirarin zuriyar Annabi Muhammad ta hanyar zuriyar kakarsa ce da ake kira Hawwa (mahaifiyar Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, masanin tarihin Fulani, ya sake jaddada ikirarin Shaihu Abdullahi. bin Fodio a wajen dangin Danfodio balarabe ne kuma bafulatani ne, yayin da Ahmadu Bello a littafin tarihin rayuwarsa da ya rubuta bayan samun ‘yancin kai ya kwaikwayi da’awar Halifa Muhammadu Bello na zuriyar Larabawa ta wajen mahaifiyar Usman Ɗanfodio, labarin tarihi ya nuna cewa iyalan Shehu dan Fodio. wani ɓangare ne larabawa da kuma fulani waɗanda a al’adance suka hade da Hausawa kuma ana iya siffanta su da Larabawan Hausa-Fulani. Kafin farkon Jihadi na 1804, nau'in fulani ba shi da mahimmanci ga Torankawa (Torodbe), wallafe-wallafen nasu ya nuna rashin fahimta da suke da shi na ma'anar dangantakar Torodbe-Fulani. Sun karɓi yaren Fulbe da ɗabi'a da yawa yayin da suke riƙe da wani keɓantacce Kabilar Toronkawa da farko sun ɗauki membobi daga kowane mataki na al'ummar Sudanī, musamman matalauta. Malaman Toronkawa sun hada da mutanen da asalinsu Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausawa da Berber. Duk da haka, sun yi magana da yaren Fula, sun yi aure cikin iyalan Fulbe, kuma sun zama ƙwararrun malaman Fulbe.
Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad al-Maghili wanda masana tarihi na arewacin Afirka suka ce dan ƙabilar Abzinawa ne amma masana tarihi a Kano sun ce shi Balarabe ne kuma zuriyar Annabi ne ya isa Kano kwanaki uku kafin zuwan Sheikh Abdurrahman Zaite Kano, wanda ya zo Kano. tare da babban gungun limaman Mande masu magana. Larabawa da shugabansu Al-Maghili sun yi maraba da zuwa kotun Muhammad Rumfa, Al-Maghili ya tsara ra'ayoyi game da tsarin gwamnati, halayen shugaba mai nagarta, da gudanar da adalci. A daidai wannan lokaci ne Al-Maghili ya yi ishara da ra'ayinsa na cewa shi mujaddadi ne, ko kuma mai farfaɗo da Musulunci, wanda ake kyautata zaton shi ne ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a yammacin Afirka, kuma har ya kai ga kafa wannan matsayi na mujaddadi ta hanyar yin tasiri. masu yunkurin kawo gyara a Kano. A bisa bukatar Muhammad Rumfa, Al-Maghili ya rubuta shahararriyar littafinsa kan sana'ar gwamnati, Taj al-din fi ma yajib 'ala I-muluk, wanda aka fassara zuwa "kambin addini game da wajibcin sarakuna", wanda ke nufin ya zama jagora ga gwamnati mai kyau daidai da Musulunci. Tare da rubuta Jumla Mukhtasara (1491) da aka fassara zuwa "jumlolin da aka taƙaita", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan rigakafin aikata laifuka.
Akwai wata daula mai zuriyar Larabawa a Kano mai suna Awliya Banu Gha na daular Imam Ghali, dangin sun samar da limamai da dama da malaman tauhidi da masu rike da mukaman gargajiya da masu rike da mukamai da ’yan siyasa a Daular Sakkwato,        wasu daga cikin malamai sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Banu Hashim na larabawan kuraishawa ta hanyar daular Sharifain Alaouite da kuma annabin musulunci Muhammad,  daga cikin dangi. suna bayyana kansu a matsayin Fulani, Hausawa, Hausa-Fulani ko Hausa-Fulani Larabawa dangane da al’adunsu, da’awar zuriya daga kabilar Larabawa da Annabi ya zama ruwan dare a zuriyar malamai a fadin Arewacin Najeriya da Sahara. A Masarautar Kano wasu mutane na kiransu da Madinawa Malamai, dangane da birnin Madina da suka ce sun fito, da ke yammacin Saudiyya. ‘Yan kabilar Jobawa ta bangaren uwa sun cancanci a nada su Makaman Kano, saboda fifikon da aka kafa a zamanin Sarkin Kano Aliyu Babba, wanda ya naɗa Sarkin Takai Umaru Dan Maisaje a matsayin Makaman Kano, wanda ya nada Sarkin Kano Umaru Dan Maisaje a matsayin Makaman Kano. alaka da Jobawa ta hannun mahaifiyar mahaifinsa Habiba, kanwar Malam Bakatsine, ba a yi la'akari da al'adar al'ada ta zuri'ar agnatic ba a cikin nadin da ya kai ga samar da fifiko ga zuriyar Jobawa mai alaka ta uba ko uwa don burin. a nada Makaman Kano. Wani dan gidan Madinawa Malamai Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, wanda shi ne magajin masarautar Muallimawa, yana da alaka da Jobawa ta wajen kakarsa kaka, ɗiyar Hakimin Sumaila, Sarkin Sumaila Akilu, bajobe kuma dan Makaman Kano Iliyasu. .
A Masarautar Kano Larabawa sun mamaye wurare daban-daban kamar Alfindiki, Alkantara, Dandali, Sanka, Sharifai, da kuma wani yanki na Bakin-ruwa a cikin birnin Kano, huldar da ke tsakanin Hausawa da Fulani ta kai ga yin auratayya, lamarin da ya haifar da ci gaba. ya bar wasu al’ummar Kano da al’adar gano asalinsu zuwa Saudi Arabia, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, wasu daga cikin zuri’ar nan sun samu mukamai a wuraren da suke zaune a Kano, lakabin Ma’. Aji (Ma’aji) an kebe su ne a hukumar ƴan asalin Kano a farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka saboda irin gudunmawar da kakanninsu suka bayar wajen bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci da harkokin kuɗi a Masarautar.
Turawan Ingila sun ci Kano a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1903, Turawan fataken Larabawa mazauna ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alhaji Abande sun tuntubi Turawan da suka nuna fifikon nadin Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Abass a kan dan Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Tukur mai suna Abdu Lele da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Abass. Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka naɗa shi Sarkin Kano.
A Masarautar Katsina Ummaran Dallaje sarkin Fulani na farko sannan kuma uban gidan Dallazawa wanda aka haifa a garin Dallaje kimanin shekara 50. km daga Katsina, Balarabe ne a zuriyarsa, sunan mahaifinsa Abdulmumini. Kakannin Ummaru sun yi hijira ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu kuma asalinsu 'yan kabilar Larabawa ne daga Ouaddai a halin yanzu na Jamhuriyar Chadi. Lokacin da kakann Ummarun suka iso Katsina suka fara sauka a wani ƙauye mai suna Makar daga baya suka koma Dasije daga nan suka sauka a Dallaje.
The Climate Book
The Climate Book littafi ne wanda ba na almara ba anyi shi ne kan batun sauyin yanayi da kariyar yanayi wanda Greta Thunberg ya rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya da yawa da ƴan jarida na kimiyya. Asalin Ingilishi da fassarorin cikin yaruka kamar Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Sifen, Fotigal, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Danish da Norwegian an buga su kusan lokaci guda a cikin Oktoba 2022.
Abun ciki da niyya
Littafin yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa ne na tsaka-tsaki, wanda aka raba shi zuwa sassa biyar ta tsari mai girma. Gabaɗaya, ƙwararru sama da 100 daga fannoni da yawa kamar geophysics, meteorology, injiniyanci, lissafi, tarihi, da kuma shugabanni na asali sun ba da gudummawa ga littafin. Gudunmawar guda ɗaya an haɗa su zuwa manyan sassa ta gabatarwar Thunberg. Waɗannan su ne:
Littafin ya yi ƙoƙari ya aza harsashi don fahimtar ɗimbin fahimta game da rikicin yanayi na duniya da kuma zayyana martani don magance shi. Ya kamata a inganta ilimin yanayi a makarantu da kuma kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ake gani a matsayin abin da ake bukata don aiki mai ma'ana. Thunberg ta yi ƙoƙari ta magance abin da ta gani a matsayin ma'auni na karya a cikin bayar da rahoto, yana fallasa magudin kididdigar muhalli ta hanyar "tattaunawa" fitar da hayaƙi da kuma alamomin yaudara irin su "kore" hydrogen, da kuma yin muryoyin waɗanda a halin yanzu suka fi shafa sakamakon tasirin. na sauyin yanayi daga Kudancin Duniya ya ji.
Wani fasali na musamman na littafin, wanda za a iya gani a matsayin suka a cikin littafin wannan buri, shi ne cewa ba shi da tarihin littafi da manyan na'urori na tantancewa. Kwararru masu iko Ba a nakalto su, ba a maganar matsayinsu, amma su da kansu suna da ra'ayinsu.
Kwatarniyya
kwatarniyya tukunyar ƙasa ce da magina mata suke yin ta a karkara domin sanya wa dabbobi mazubar shan ruwa.kwatarniyya wuri Ni ke bab tance na dabbobi kamar su Awakai da tumakai don su sha ruwa.acikin kwatarniyya akan sanya ruwa da dussa masara,da ruwan tsami na ƙullun koko da sauran su.
Yahya Ibrahim pasha
Yahya Ibrahim (Larabci: يحيى إبراهيم) (1936-1861) ɗan siyasan Masar ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 16 na Masar daga Maris 15, 1923, zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, shekarata alif 1924.
Ali Muhammad Artwork
Ali Muhammad Idris (an haife shi a ranar 1, ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan barkwanci ne kuma editan fina-finai na Najeriya musamman a Masana'antar Kannywood a Arewacin Najeriya Yana fitowa a fina-finan Hausa da dama kuma ana masa lakabi da Ali Artwork. Yana a cikin shirin nan mai dogon zango na Labarina wanda Aminu Saira yake bada umarni.
Mono
Mono akan kira shi da suna tuƙa-tuƙa ko tankin ruwa wanda aka fi samun shi a yankin ƙauyuka hatta a birnin akan samu wannan paspo mai bada ruwa,shi wannan Mono yana da suna irin daban daban amma anfi sannin sa da mono.yana bada ruwa akai akai wani akan haɗa shi da na'ura sola wacce ke amfani da haske rana.
Ali Muhammad Artwork
Rayuwar farko-farko da Ilimi
Ali Artwork ya samu gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Sa'adatu Rimi Kumbotso da ke a cikin jihar Kano don karantar fannin karatu na Harsuna inda ya karanta (Turanci/Hausa), ya bar makarantar ne a shekarar farko saboda matsalar kudin makaranta da baida ƙarfin biya.
Mono
Manazarta
Wannan maƙala gajera ￼ce ana buƙatar fa dada ta.
Ali Muhammad Artwork
Rayuwar farko-farko da Ilimi
Ali Artwork is married to Hauwa.
Ali Artwork yanada Aure inda ya aura Hauwa.
Kyaututtuka da Gabatar dashi
An zabi Ali Artwork a kyautar MTN Kannywood award a shekara ta 2016. a matsayin mafi kyawon edita a Fim ɗin Gwaska. An kuma zaɓe shi a kyautar girmamawa ta AMMA AWARD a matsayin Mafi kyawun Editan Fim a shekarar 2016. Award. Kyautar da ya samu a Arewa Creative Industry na jihar Kaduna Najeriya.
Antonio Lukich
Antonio Lukic ( Ukrainian : Антоніо Лукіч) mai shirya fim ne dan kasar Ukraine wanda aka haifa a Uzhgorod, Yammacin Ukraine. A cikin aikinsa, Antonio ya samu nasara da yawa, ya samun kyaututtuka a matakin kasa da kasa da kuma na kasa da kasa. Ɗayan irin wannan lambar yabo shine Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ukraine wanda aka ba shi a cikin Maris, 2021. Ana ba da wannan kyauta na girmamawa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci kuma sun samu muhimman nasarori a cikin fim da fasaha ga ƙasar Ukraine.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Antonio a shekarar 1992 a Uzhhorod.
A tsakanin 2011-2015, ya yi karatunsa a Karpenko-Kary Kyiv National University kuma ya sami digiri na farko a cikin bayar da umarni (karatun tare da Vladimir Oseledchik).
Fim ɗin Antonio Lukic na farko shine, "Kifi na Lake Baikal," wanda aka saki a cikin 2014, ya sami lambar yabo ta "Best Documentary Award" a CineRail International Film Festival a Paris. Fim ɗin kammala karatunsa, It was showering a Manchester ya ci gaba da cin nasara mafi kyawun Short Film a 2016 Odessa International Film Festival.
A cikin shekara ta 2019, an fitar da fim ɗinsa mai cikakken tsayi na farko "My Thoughts Are Silent ".
Fina-finan dalibai
"Is it easy to be young?" (minti 6, shirin gaskiya, 2011)
TV5
TV5 tashar talabijin ce ta Filipin. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1960.
Antonio Lukich
Fina-finan dalibai
"Hello, sister!" (minti 16, wasa, 2012)
"Fish of Lake Baikal" (minti 22, shirin gaskiya, 2013)
"Who cheated Kim Cousin?" (26 min, mok., 2014)
"It Was Showering in Manchester" (2016) - Mafi kyawun Short Film a 2016 Odessa International Film Festival.
TV
Kings of the Chambers (2019)
Tsawon fasali
My Thoughts Are Silent (2019) — Kyautar Gabashin Yamma a 2019 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, Kyautar Ganowa a Bikin Fim na Raindance.
Muktar Aliyu Betara
Muktar Aliyu Betara Akanta ne kuma dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, wanda aka fara zaba a matsayin dan majalisar wakilan tarayyar Najeriya a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007 domin wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Biu/Bayo/Shani dake jihar Borno a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar a majalissar ta tara wadda ta yi zamanta na farko a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni, 2019. Wannan dai shi ne zamansa na hudu a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai.
Farkon rayuwa
Betara wanda dan asalin garin Wuyo ne a garin Biu, jihar Borno, an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1966 a cikin  yayan babnsa shine 12.
karatu
Betara ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar firamare ta Biu a shekarar 1973 kuma ya sami shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1978. Ya wuce makarantar karamar sakandare ta Biu Central Junior, sannan ya wuce makarantar Government Technical Secondary School Benishek, Jihar Borno, inda kwarewarsa ta shugabanci ta sa ya zama shugaban kasa, kuma a karshe zai samu takardar shedar karatu ta Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1983. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri inda ya samu Diploma na kasa (OND) a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar 1986.
Aiki
Ya kaddamar da aikinsa a matsayin kwararre, yana aiki a matsayin Akanta a fadar shugaban kasa, kan shirin Hukumar Abinci, Hanyoyi da Kayayyakin Karkara (DFFRI) daga 1986 zuwa 1990. Ya koma Ramat Polytechnic don yin Difloma mai girma na kasa a 1990 sannan ya sami HND a fannin Accounting and Business Administration a 1992.
Betara ya gabatar da bautar kasa (NYSC) a gidan gwamnatin jihar Delta, Asaba. Bayan ya kammala shekarar hidimarsa, ya shiga rusasshiyar kamfanin sadarwa ta Nigerian Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) a shekarar 1993 inda ya kai matsayin Manaja kafin ya yi ritaya bisa radin kansa a shekarar 2006 don shiga harkokin siyasa.
Siyasa
Rahotanni sun nuna cewa tun farko Betara ba ya da niyyar siyasa, ya shiga takarar majalisar wakilai ne a karkashin jam’iyyar ANPP ta All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP) inda aka zabe shi a matsayin mamba mai wakiltar muradun Biu, Kwaya Kusar, Bayo da Shani. Mazabar tarayya a majalisar wakilai a 2007.
Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka sake zabar shi har sau uku, inda ya zama daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da suka yi aiki a majalisu ta shida da ta bakwai da ta takwas da ta tara a Nijeriya, inda a halin yanzu da kuma na nan take aka tabbatar da shi a kan karkashin jam’iyyar All Progressives. Congress (APC).
mukaman daya gudanar a majalisar wakilai
Tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2011, Betara ya zama shugaban kwamitin NDIC, Banki da Kudi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin cikin gida, sannan aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar kwastam da shige da fice da kuma ofishin fansho na gidan yari (CIPPO).
A majalissar ta bakwai (2011 zuwa 2015), an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin soji, inda kai tsaye ya ba da shawarwarin karfafawa da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan sojojin da ke yaki da tada kayar baya a yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Daga 2015 zuwa 2019, Betara ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar a halin yanzu, wanda ke jagorantar duk sauran kwamitocin da suka shafi tsarin rabon kudaden a majalisar wakilai. A karkashin jagorancinsa, kwamitin ya yi nasarar sauya tsarin kasafin kudin daga Yuni zuwa Yuni zuwa na Janairu zuwa Disamba mai kyau don aiwatar da kasafin kudi mai inganci. A sakamakon haka, an zartar da Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2022 da Dokar Kudi, 2021 tare da aiwatar da su a cikin shekara ta uku a jere ba tare da gazawa ba, wanda ya baiwa masu ruwa da tsaki damar shirya yadda ya kamata don kowane sauye-sauye na kasafin kudi.
An yaba wa Betara don yanke shawara mai mahimmanci da dabarun magance rikici a cikin majalisar. Bukatunsa na doka sun hada da ƙarfafa gwuiwar matasa da mata, ci gaban shugabanci, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, zamantakewa da tsaro na kasa, da kuma samar da dama daidai. Ana kyautata zaton shi ne ke da alhakin gina cibiyoyin kula da lafiya guda 20 da motocin daukar marasa lafiya 10 da karamin filin wasa da kuma sanya fitulun titi mai amfani da hasken rana sama da 600 a mazabarsa.<refhttps://businessday.ng/politics/article/emir-lawmakers-back-aliyu-betaras-re-election-bid-canvass-his-emergence-as-reps-speaker/>
Tallafawa
An yi imanin Betara ya yi amfani da kayan sa na kashin kansa don bayar da tallafi da baiwa mutane damar kasuwanci da tallafawa iyalai a mazabarsa.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Betara ya samu kyaututtuka kamar haka;
Rayuwa ta sirri
Betara musulmi ne mai kishin addini kuma ya auri matarsa mai suna Hauwa Betara wadda ta haifa masa ‘ya’ya 4.
Pathan (fim)
Pathan ( Kalmar [pəʈʰaːn], transl.  Pashtun ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin harshen Indiyanci na shekarar 2023 wanda Siddharth Anand ya ba da umarni kuma Shridhar Raghavan da Abbas Tyrewala suka rubuta, daga labarin Anand. Kashi na huɗu a cikin YRF Spy Universe, ya fito da Shah Rukh Khan da Deepika Padukone, John Abraham, Dimple Kapadia, da Ashutosh Rana. A cikin fim ɗin, Pataan (Khan), wakilin RAW da aka kora, yana aiki tare da wakilin ISI Rubina Mohsin (Padukone) don sauke Jim (Ibrahim), tsohon wakili kuma maci amana, wanda ke shirin kai hari Indiya saboda wani dalili.
Aditya Chopra na Yash Raj Films ne ya shirya shi, fim ɗin ya fara ɗaukar hoto ne a watan Nuwamba 2020 a Mumbai. An ɗauki fim din a wurare daban-daban a Indiya, Afghanistan, Spain, UAE, Turkiyya, Rasha, Italiya da Faransa. Wakoki biyu Vishal–Shekhar ne suka tsara, yayin da Sanchit Balhara da Ankit Balhara suka ba da maki. An yi fim ɗin akan kiyasin kasafin kuɗi na ₹ 225 crore tare da ƙarin ₹ 15 crore  da aka kashe akan bugu da talla. Dangane da al'ada, an iyakance tallan tallace-tallace kafin fitowa ba tare da mu'amalar kafofin watsa labarai ko al'amuran jama'a ba.
Call Of Duty
Call of duty wani wasan na'ura ne wanda kasar amurka ta qirqira wanda ke anfani da ikon watsa labarai an fara daga shekarai dubu biyu da uku infinity ward sune suka fara habaka wasan sunyi ma wasanni wasu juye juye dana hannu an fito da yaqin zamani a cikin wasan a shekarai dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu Jerin asalin ya mayar da hankali ne kan saitin Yakin Duniya na biyu tare da Infinity Ward yana habaka taken farko a shekarai dubu biyu da uku (2003) da na biyu shekarai dubu biyu da biyar(2005 cikin jerin da kuma Treyarch  habaka na uku (2006). Kira na Layi na 4: Yaƙin Zamani 2007 ya kaddamar da sabon saiti na zamani, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shine ci gaban taken jerin.
Kungiyar Asiri
Ma'anoni
Ana jayayya game da ainihin cancantar yiwa ƙungiyar lakabin ƙungiyar asiri, amma ma'anar gabaɗaya sun dogara ne akan matakin da ƙungiyar ta dage akan sirri, kuma yana iya haɗawa da riƙewa da watsa ilimin sirri, ƙin kasancewa memba ko ilimin ƙungiyar, samar da alaka ta sirri tsakanin mambobin kungiyar, da yin amfani da ibadodi ko al'adu na sirri da ke karfafa 'ya'yan kungiyar.
A tarihin ɗan adam da tarihi, ƙungiyoyin asiri sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ra'ayi na Männerbund, duka-maza "warrior-band" ko "jarumin al'umma" na al'adun zamani (duba H. Schurtz, Alterklassen und Männerbünde, Berlin, 1902). ; A. Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, Chicago, 1960).
An gabatar da wani abin da ake kira "bishiyar iyali na ƙungiyoyin asiri", kodayake ba ta cika ba.
Alan Axelrod, marubucin International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, ya bayyana wata ƙungiya ta sirri a matsayin ƙungiya cewa:
Masanin tarihi Richard B. Spence na Jami'ar Idaho ya ba da irin wannan ma'anar ta uku:
Spence kuma ya ba da shawarar wani yanki na "Elite Secret Societies" (wanda ya ƙunshi manyan masu samun kuɗi ko kuma masu tasiri a cikin al'umma), kuma ya lura cewa ƙungiyoyin asiri suna da yawa idan ba duniya ba game da bangaranci, fadace-fadace da kuma da'awar asalin tsofaffi fiye da yadda za a iya dogara da su a rubuce. . Ma'anar Spence ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin da ake tunanin al'ada a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri ( Freemasons da Rosicrucians ) da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba a kayyade su a al'ada ba kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin laifuka ( Mafia ), kungiyoyin addini ( Order of Assassins da Thelema ) da ƙungiyoyin siyasa ( Bolsheviks da Black Dragon ). Al'umma ).
David V. Barrett, marubucin Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: Daga Tsohon ilimin sirri zuwa na Zamani da Clandestine, ya yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don bayyana abin da ya cancanci ƙungiyar asiri. Ya siffanta ta da cewa duk wata kungiya ce da ta mallaki wadannan siffofi:
Barrett ya ci gaba da cewa "wani wata sifa da aka saba da ita ga mafi yawansu ita ce ayyukan al'adu wadanda ba 'yan kungiyar ba ne ba a ba su izinin kiyaye su ba, ko ma sanin wanzuwarsu." Ma'anar Barrett zai kawar da ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ake kira ƙungiyoyin asiri; Koyarwar da aka yi maki yawanci ba ta cikin ƴan uwan kwaleji na Amurka, Carbonari, ko Ƙarni na 19 Ban San Komai ba.
Masanin tarihi Jasper Ridley yayi jayayya cewa Freemasonry shine, "Ƙungiyar asiri mafi ƙarfi a duniya."
Siyasa
Domin wasu kungiyoyin asiri suna da manufar siyasa, sun sabawa doka a kasashe da dama. Italiya ( Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya, Sashe na 2, Articles 13-28 ) da Poland, alal misali, sun haramta jam'iyyun siyasa na asiri da kungiyoyin siyasa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su.
Kwalejoji da jami'o'i
Yawancin kungiyoyin dalibai da aka kafa a cibiyoyin jami'o'i a Amurka an dauki su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri. Wataƙila ɗayan shahararrun ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sirri shine Kwanyar Kai da Kasusuwa a Jami'ar Yale. Tasirin ƙungiyoyin sirri na karatun digiri na biyu a kwalejoji kamar Harvard College, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Jami'ar Emory, Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Virginia, Jami'ar Georgetown, Jami'ar New York,  da Kwalejin Wellesley sun kasance. an yarda da shi a bainar jama'a, idan ba a san su ba kuma ba tare da bin doka ba, tun daga karni na 19.