cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Radin Sunayen Guguwa
Kasar Philippines
Tun daga shekarar 1963, PAGASA ta gudanar da tsarin kanta na suna don guguwa mai zafi da ke faruwa a cikin Yankin alhakin Filifin da ya bayyana kansa. An ɗauko sunayen daga jerin jeri huɗu daban-daban na sunaye 25 kuma an sanya su lokacin da tsarin ya shiga ko haɓaka cikin matsanancin damuwa a cikin ikon PAGASA. Jerin sunayen guda huɗu ana jujjuya su kowace shekara huɗu, tare da sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi da suka yi ritaya idan sun haddasa aƙalla ₱ a cikin lalacewa da/ko aƙalla 300 mutuwa a cikin Philippines;  maye gurbin sunayen da suka yi ritaya an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen hukumar. Idan jerin sunaye na shekara guda sun ƙare, ana ɗaukar sunayen daga jerin mataimaka, goma na farko ana buga su kowace shekara.
Tekun Indiya ta Arewa (45 ° E - 100 ° E)
A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Arewa tsakanin 45 ° E -100 ° E, Sashen Kula da Yanayin Indiya (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) sun ambaci mahaukaciyar guguwar wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai ƙarfi tare da saurin iska na minti 3 na aƙalla 34 kn. Idan guguwar guguwa ta shiga cikin kwarin daga Yammacin Pacific, to za ta riƙe sunan ta na asali. Ko yaya, idan tsarin ya raunana zuwa cikin baƙin ciki mai zurfi kuma daga baya ya sake sabuntawa bayan ƙaura zuwa yankin sannan za a sanya masa sabon suna. A watan Mayun 2020, sunan Cyclone Amphan ya gajeshi asalin jerin sunayen da aka kafa a 2004. An shirya sabon jerin sunayen kuma za a yi amfani da shi cikin jerin haruffa don hadari bayan Amphan.
Kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Indiya (Afirka - 90 ° E)
A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Kudu maso Yammaci a Kudanci tsakanin Afirka da 90 ° E, an ambaci wani tashin hankali na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke hukunci cewa ya ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla 34 kn. An bayyana wannan a matsayin kasancewa lokacin da ake lura da raƙuman ruwa ko aka kiyasta yana nan kusa da wani muhimmin sashi na cibiyar. Ana kiran suna tare da Météo-France Reunion ta Météo Madagascar ko Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Mauritius. Idan hargitsi ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin Afirka da 55 ° E, to Météo Madagascar ya sa masa suna; idan ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin 55 ° E da 90 ° E, to Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Mauritius ta sanya mata suna. Ana ɗauke sunayen daga jerin sunayen uku da aka riga aka ƙaddara, waɗanda ke jujjuyawa akan shekaru uku, tare da cire duk wani sunayen da aka yi amfani da su ta atomatik. Daga nan sai a maye gurbin waɗannan sunaye da Kwamitin Guguwar Yankuna na RA I na WMO, tare da sunayen membobin ƙasashe.
Indonesia
Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator - 10 ° S da 90 ° E - 141 ° E, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Ana sanya sunayen a jere daga jerin A, yayin da jerin B cikakkun bayanai sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai.
Papua New Guinea
Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator - 10 ° S da 141 ° E - 160 ° E, sannan za a kira ta da Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Ana sanya sunaye a jere daga jerin A kuma ana yin ritaya ta atomatik bayan an yi amfani da su ba tare da la'akari da lalacewar da aka haifar ba. Jerin B ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai.
Bryce Williams
Marshall
Williams ya kasance wanda aka gayyata don tafiya a kakar wasa ta 2013 kuma ya sanya tawagar a Marshall amma an yi masa ja. A karshen kakar wasa ya yanke shawarar canja wurin zuwa ECU.
Radin Sunayen Guguwa
Ostiraliya
Lokacin da wani tsari ya taso zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi da ke ƙasa 10 ° S tsakanin 90 ° E zuwa 160 ° E, to Ofishin Meteorology na Australiya (BoM) zai sa masa suna. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da shekara ba.
Bryce Williams
Gabashin Carolina
Williams ya buga wasanni uku don ECU Pirates kuma ya yi rikodin kama 96 don yadi 1,040 da 13 touchdowns. An nada Williams zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka Duk-Taro na Biyu a matsayin Junior a 2014 da kuma Kungiyar Farko ta Duk-Taro bayan Babban kakarsa a 2015.
Radin Sunayen Guguwa
Kudancin Tekun Pacific (160 ° E - 120 ° W)
A cikin kwarin Kudancin Pacific a Kudancin tsakanin 160 ° E - 120 ° W, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Tsarin suna na Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) wanda ke tsakanin Equator da 25 ° S, yayin da New Zealand MetService tsarin (tare da FMS) waɗanda ke haɓaka zuwa kudu na 25 ° S. Domin ba wa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, FMS tana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan tana da babban damar da za'a ba ta suna. Idan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta haddasa asarar rayuka ko gagarumar barna da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka baiwa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Daga nan sai a miƙa sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Ruwa na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. An ƙaddara sunan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta hanyar amfani da Lists A - D a cikin tsari, ba tare da la'akari da shekara kafin a sake farawa da Jerin A. Jerin E ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye akan AD lokacin da ake buƙata.
Bryce Williams
New England Patriots
Williams ya sanya hannu tare da New England Patriots a matsayin wakili na kyauta mara izini a kan Mayu 6, 2016. Patriots sun yi watsi da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2016.
Radin Sunayen Guguwa
Kudancin Tekun Atlantika
Lokacin da hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi ya wanzu a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu, Sabis ɗin Yanayin Ruwa na Ruwa na Ruwa na Brazil yana kiran tsarin ta amfani da jerin sunayen da aka ƙaddara. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da wata shekara ba. wani suna "Kurumí" ya maye gurbin "Kamby" a cikin shekarar 2018 ba tare da amfani da na ƙarshe ba.
Bryce Williams
Los Angeles Rams
A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2016, an rattaba hannu kan Williams zuwa ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta Los Angeles Rams. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ajiya / nan gaba tare da Rams a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2017 bayan ya kwashe duk lokacin sa na rookie a kan kungiyar. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2017, Rams sun yi watsi da shi.
Ibrahim Niass
Ibrāhīm Niasse (1900–1975) - ko (Faransanci Ibrahima Niasse) , Wolof   , شيخ الإسلام الحاج إبراهيم إبن الحاج عبد الله التجاني الكولخي   التجاني الكولخي Shaykh al-'Islām al-Ḥājj Ibrāhīm ibn al-Ḥājj ʿAbd Allāh at-Tijānī al-Kawlakhī - ya kasance babban shugaban Senegal (wolof) na Tijānī Sufi na Islama a Afirka ta Yamma. Mabiyansa a yankin Senegambiya suna kiran shi a harshen Wolof a matsayin Baay, ko "uba."
Danjuma Laah
Danjuma Laah (an haife shi ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1960) ɗan siyasa Najeriya ne kuma ɗan majalisar dattijai mai wakiltar mazaɓar Kaduna ta kudu a jihar Kaduna, a Majalisar Najeriya ta 9.
Danjuma Laah ya kasance ɗan majalisar dattijai mai wakiltar mazabar Kaduna ta kudu tun daga shekarar 2015. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu an sake zaɓensa a kan muƙaminsa inda ya samu ƙuri'u 268,287 wanda ya kayar da Yusuf Barnabas Bala tsohon mataimakin gwamnan Kaduna, a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar APC wanda ya samu ƙuri'u 133, 923.
Ibrahim Niass
Rayuwa
Niasse shi ne mutumin Afirka ta Yamma na farko da ya jagoranci Masallacin al-Azhar a Misira, bayan an yi masa laƙabi da "Sheikh al-Islam". Ya kasance kusa da masu gwagwarmayar neman ƴanci da yawa a Afirka ta Yamma saboda gudummawar da ya bayar don samun' Ƴanci a Ƙasashen Afirka. Ya kasance aboki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah, da aboki tare da Gamal Abdel Nasser da Sarki Faisal na kasar Saudi Arabia. Sheikh ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar ƙasashen Musulmi ta Duniya tare da Faisal a matsayin shugaba.
An haife shi a shekara ta 1900, a ƙauyen Tayba Ñaseen (wanda aka rubuta lafazin Taïba Niassène a Faransanci), tsakanin garin Kaolack na Senegal da iyakar Gambiya. Ibrahim Niasse shi ɗa ne ga Alhaji Abdullahi Ñas (1840-1922), babban wakilin Tijānī Sufi Umarni, wanda galibi ake kira Tareeqat al-Tijjaniyya, a yankin Saalum a farkon ƙarni na ashirin. A lokacin samartakarsa, Sheykh Ibrahim Niasse ya sake komawa tare da mahaifinsa zuwa garin Kaolack, inda suka kafa zāwiya (cibiyar addini) na Lewna Ñaseen. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a Lewna Ñaseen a 1922, babban yayan Shaykh Ibrāhīm, Muhammad al-Khalīfa, ya zama magajin mahaifinsa ko Khalīfa. Sheikh Ibrāhīm mai shekaru 22 ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana noma a gonar danginsa tare da koyar da yawan almajirai a ƙauyen da ke kusa da Kóosi Mbittéyeen. Duk da cewa Shaykh Ibrāhīm bai taba ikirarin cewa shi ne magajin mahaifinsa ba, saboda kwarjini da ilimin da yake da shi, ya samu dimbin almajirai, kuma rikici ya tashi tsakanin almajiransa da na babban yayansa, Muhammad al-Khalifa. A cikin shekarar 1929, yayin da yake cikin gona a Kóosi Mbittéyeen, saurayin Shaykh Ibrāhīm ya ba da sanarwar cewa an ba shi Mabuɗin Sirrin Ilimin Allah, kuma don haka ya zama Khalifa na Sheykh Tijjani a cikin Dokar Tijaniyya, matsayin da ba wanda ya samu kamar yadda na wancan lokacin. Daga nan Sheikh Ibrahim ya bayyana cewa duk wanda yake son ya sami ma'arifa, matakin Tabbacin Allah a cikin Darikun Sufaye, dole ne ya bi shi. A shekarar 1930, bayan addu'ar ofd al-Fiṭr (karshen watan Ramadān), fada ya barke tsakanin almajiran Shaikh Ibrahim da na Muhammad al-Khalīfa Lamarin da ya sa Sheikh Ibrahim nan da nan ya yanke shawarar komawa tare da almajiransa zuwa sabon wuri. A wannan maraice, ya tashi tare da wasu rukuni na kusa da almajiransa don nemo sabon wurin zama, washegari kuma suka kafa sabuwar zāwiya a Madina Baay, wani ƙauye wanda daga baya aka sanya shi cikin garin Kaolack mai girma. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shehin ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin koyarwa a lokacin rani a Madina Baay da noma a lokacin damina a Koosi Mbittéyeen. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1945 ya sake kafa kansa a gidan mahaifinsa a ƙauyensa na asali na Tayba Ñaseen, sake ginawa da sake tsara garin bayan da gobara ta lalata yawancinta.
Shahararren Sheykh Ibrahim ya bazu cikin sauri a cikin ƙauyuka, kuma mafi yawan almajiran mahaifinsa daga ƙarshe sun zama almajiransa duk da matsayinsa na ƙarami a cikin iyali. Koda yake almajiransa sun kasance 'yan tsiraru a cikin Senegal, amma sun kasance mafi girman reshe na Tijānīyyah a duk duniya. A cikin rawar da ba ta dace ba a lokacin 1930, shugabannin da yawa na Larabawa 'Idaw ʿAli na Mauritania-ƙabila ɗaya da suka gabatar da umarnin Tijjānī zuwa Yammacin Afirka - sun bayyana kansu almajiran Sheykh Ibrahim. Sanannen cikinsu shine Shaykhāni, Muḥammad Wuld an-Naḥwi da Muḥammad al-Mishri. Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya, kamar yadda aka san almajiran shaikhu, ya bunkasa kuma ya sami ɗimbin mabiya a cikin shekarun 1930s da 1940 a duk Arewacin da Yammacin Afirka. A shekarar 1937 lokacin da suka haɗu da Shaykh Ibrahim a lokacin aikin hajji a Makkah, Sarkin Kano, Najeriya, Alhaji 'Abdullahi Bayero ya yi mubaya'a ga shehin kuma ya bayyana kansa almajirin sheykh Ibrahim. Wannan lamarin ya sa Shaykh Ibrahim ya sami amincewar da yawa daga fitattun shugabannin Tijjānī na Arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu da dama wadanda ba Tijjaniyya ba kafin wannan lokaci.
Alhaji Abdulmalik Atta - basarake ne daga Okene kuma Babban Kwamishina na farko a Najeriya zuwa Ingila - yana daya daga cikin manyan almajiran sheikh Ibrahim da kuma surukin shehin ta hanyar ‘yarsa Sayyida Bilkisu. Sheykh Ibrahim ya zama sanannen Sheykh al-Tareeqa (Jagoran Darikun Sufaye) a ko'ina cikin yankunan Hausa na Yammacin Afirka. A ƙarshe, yana da almajirai nesa da Senegal fiye da shi. A lokacin rasuwarsa a shekarar 1975 a Landan, Ingila, Sheykh Ibrahim Niass yana da miliyoyin mabiya a duk Yammacin Afirka.
Reshensa na Tijāniyya, Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya ya zama mafi girman reshe a duniya. Bayan mutuwarsa, babban almajirinsa, Sheykh Aliyy Cisse da babban ɗan Niass, Alhaji Abdulahi Ibrahim Niass ne suka jagoranci garin. Khalīfa na yanzu a Madina Baay shine babban ɗansa mai rai, Sheikh Ahmad Tijani Niass wanda ya zama khalifa a cikin shekarar 2010 bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa khalifa Ahmadu Niass, wanda aka fi sani da "Daam", a ranar Talata 18 Mayu 2010. Iyalan Cisse sun gudanar da aikin Shaykh Ibrahim a matsayin babban Limamin masallacin Madina Baay. Yayin da suke hidima a matsayin Limamin Madina Baay, Shaykh Hassan Cisse, dan Shaykh Aliyy Cisse da kuma jikan mahaifiyar Shaykh Ibrahim, sun ɗauki koyarwar Shaykh Ibrahim zuwa Amurka, Ingila da sauran kasashen yamma da yawa. Ana kallon Shaykh Hassan Cisse a matsayin shugaban Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya a duniya har zuwa lokacin da ya mutu kwatsam a watan Agusta na shekarar 2008. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka bai wa kanen Shaykh Hassan Sheykh Tijjānī Cisse mukamin Limamin Madina Baay.
Ayyuka
Ayyukan assiass sun haɗa da:
Bryce Williams
Seattle Seahawks
Williams ya sanya hannu tare da Seattle Seahawks a kan Mayu 11, 2017. An sake shi ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2017.
Carolina Panthers
A ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2017, Carolina Panthers ta sanya hannu kan Williams. An yi watsi da shi ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017.
Cardinals Arizona
A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2018, Williams ya sanya hannu tare da Cardinals na Arizona. An yi watsi da shi ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2018.
Hotshots na Arizona
Williams ya rattaba hannu tare da Arizona Hotshots na Alliance of American Football don kakar 2019. An yi watsi da shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2019.
Abdullah I na Jordan
Abdullah na bin Al-Husaini ( عبد الله الأول بن الحسين , Abd Allāh Al-Awal ibn Al-Husayn, Fabrairu 1882 - 20 July 1951) shi ne mai mulkin Jordan da wajen jordan, daga 1921 har zuwa kashe shi a 1951. Shi ne Sarki na farko na Jordan.
An kashe Abdullah a Urushalima ta hanyar wani Bafalasdine mai fafutuka a 20 Yuli 1951, yana da shekaru 69.
Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona
A yayin cutar ta COVID-19, an yi amfani da abin rufe fuska, kamar abin tiyata da abin rufe fuska, a matsayin matakin kula da lafiyar jama'a da na mutum kan yaduwar SARS-CoV-2. A cikin saitunan al'umma da na kiwon lafiya, ana nufin amfani da su azaman ikon sarrafawa don iyakance watsa cutar da kariya ta mutum don hana kamuwa da cuta. An jaddada aikin su don sarrafa tushen a cikin saitunan al'umma.
Likitan rigakafin Amurka da daraktan NIAID Anthony Fauci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska (ko sutura a wasu lokuta) don rage haɗarin yaduwa.
Nau'in Takun Kumi (Masks)
A cikin cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska tare da babban maƙasudi ga yawan jama'a: don gujewa kamuwa daga masu kamuwa da cutar zuwa wasu. Ba a ba da shawarar rufe fuska da bawuloli masu fitar da iska, saboda suna fitar da numfashin mai sanyawa waje, kuma mai ɗauke da cutar zai watsa ƙwayoyin cuta ta cikin bawul ɗin. Manufa ta biyu ta rufe fuska shine kare kowane mai sakawa daga muhallin da za a iya kamuwa da shi, wanda samfura da yawa na masks za a iya cimma su.
Umuana-ndiuno
Umana-Ndiuno gari ne, da ke a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Ezeagu ta jihar Enugu a gabashin Nijeriya. Garin ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka uku: Umu-ene, Okunato, da Owelemba.
Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona
Nau'in Takun Kumi (Masks)
Tsakanin nau'ikan fuskokin fuskoki daban-daban waɗanda aka ba da shawarar a duk lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da haɓaka ko ƙarancin tasiri, yana yiwuwa a haɗa da:
Majalisar dokokin jihar Kogi
Ayyuka
Dukkan mambobi 25 na majalisar dokokin jihar Kogi ta bakwai mambobin jam’iyyar (APC) ne. Babu ƴan adawa ko ɗaya
Oru ta Yamma
Oru ta Yamma na daya daga cikin Kananan hukumomin dake a jihar Imo a kudu maso Gabas, Nijeriya.
Umuana-ndiuno
6.41667°N, -7.06667°W
Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona
Nau'in Takun Kumi (Masks)
Akwai wasu sauran iri sirri m kayan aiki (PPE), kamar yadda fuska garkuwoyi da kuma kiwon lafiya fitattun idanu, cewa a wani lokaci ana amfani a tare da fuska masks amma suna ba da shawarar a matsayin mai sauyawa. Sauran nau'ikan PPE sun haɗa da safofin hannu, atamfa, riguna, murfin takalma da murfin gashi.
An sami karancin abin rufe fuska, wanda ya haifar da amfani da abin rufe fuska mara inganci, tare da mummunan aiki.
Masks na zane
Ana sanya abin rufe fuska a baki da hanci kuma an yi shi da yadudduka da ake samu. Masks sun bambanta sosai a cikin tasiri, gwargwadon abu, dacewa da hatimi, adadin yadudduka, da sauran abubuwan. Kodayake galibi ba su da tasiri fiye da abin rufe fuska na likita, wasu hukumomin kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar amfani da su ga jama'a gabaɗaya lokacin da abin rufe fuska na likitanci ya yi karanci, azaman zaɓi mai arha da sake amfani. Ba kamar abin rufe fuska ba, babu ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata don abin rufe fuska.
Daya binciken ya bada tabbacin cewa an improvised mask ya fi kome, amma ba a matsayin mai kyau a matsayin taushi electret -filter m mask, domin kare kiwon lafiya ma'aikata yayin da simulating lura da wani tsari na wucin gadi kamuwa da haƙuri. Bincike kan yadudduka da aka saba amfani da su a cikin abin rufe fuska ya gano cewa abin rufe fuska na iya ba da kariya mai mahimmanci daga watsa barbashi a cikin girman aerosol, tare da ingantaccen aiki a duk faɗin nano- da micronscale lokacin da masks ke amfani da matattara ta injiniya da lantarki. yayyo saboda rashin dacewa na iya ƙasƙantar da aikin. Binciken binciken da aka samu wanda aka buga a cikin Janairu 2021 ya kammala da cewa ba a ɗaukar abin rufe fuska da isasshen kariya ga masu aikin kiwon lafiya a cikin yanayin asibiti.
Wani binciken yana da masu sa kai sanye da abin rufe fuska da suka yi da kansu, daga T-shirts na auduga da bin tsarin madaidaiciyar ƙyalli a bayan abin rufe fuska, kuma ya sami adadin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka shiga cikin abin rufe fuska na gida sau biyu abin rufe fuska na kasuwanci. Sanya abin rufe fuska na gida kuma ya ba da matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta har sau uku kamar na mashin kasuwanci. Amma wani binciken ya gano cewa abin rufe fuska da aka yi da aƙalla rigar T-shirt biyu na iya zama mai kariya daga ɗigon ƙwayoyin cuta kamar abin rufe fuska na likita, kuma mai numfashi. Taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen da aka yi akan abubuwan tacewa na mayafi da mayafin mayafi sun ba da shawarar yadudduka biyu zuwa huɗu na auduga ko flannel, na aƙalla zaren 100 a kowace inch.
Tun daga watan Mayu 2020, babu wani bincike kan gurɓatawa da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska. CDC ta ba da shawarar cire abin rufe fuska ta hanyar sarrafa madaurin kunne ko haɗin gwiwa kawai, sanya shi kai tsaye a cikin injin wanki, kuma nan da nan a wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa na aƙalla daƙiƙa ashirin. Ana ganin ruwan sanyi yana da tasiri kamar ruwan ɗumi don ƙazantar. CDC ta kuma ba da shawarar wanke hannu kafin sanya abin rufe fuska, kuma nan da nan bayan taɓa shi.
Babu wani bayani game da sake amfani da matattarar interlayer. Zubar da matattara bayan amfani guda ɗaya na iya zama abin so. Binciken labari na adabi kan kaddarorin tacewa na yadi da sauran kayan gidan bai sami tallafi ga ra'ayin yin amfani da matattara ba. Layer na yadi, idan an yi haƙuri, an ba da shawarar a maimakon haka, ko tace PM2.5, azaman Layer na uku.
Masks na tiyata
Mask ɗin tiyata wani abin rufe fuska ne, mai yaɗuwa wanda ke haifar da shinge na jiki wanda ke raba bakin da hanci na mai sutura daga gurɓatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin muhallin nan da nan. Idan an saka shi yadda yakamata, abin rufe fuska yana nufin taimakawa toshe manyan ɗigon ruwa, fesawa, fesawa, ko fesawa wanda zai iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, yana hana su isa ga bakin mai sawa da hanci. Mask ɗin tiyata kuma na iya taimakawa rage bayyanar wasu ga ruwan mai sakawa da rufin numfashi.
An tabbatar da abin rufe fuska na likitanci daga kayan da ba a saka su ba kuma galibi suna da yawa. Za a iya yin matattara ta microfibers tare da cajin electrostatic; wato zaren zarge -zargen electrets ne. Filin tacewa yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su zage su kuma buga fiber, maimakon wucewa kai tsaye (kamawa na lantarki). Yayin da akwai wasu ayyukan ci gaba kan yin kayan tacewa na lantarki waɗanda za a iya wanke su kuma a sake amfani da su, matattara na lantarki da ake samarwa a yanzu ana lalata su ta hanyoyi da yawa na lalata, gami da wanka da sabulu da ruwa ko barasa, wanda ke lalata cajin wutar lantarki. A yayin barkewar COVID-19, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da jagororin yadda za a adana, lalata da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska ba tare da lalata ingancin tacewa ba. Ba a ƙera masakun tiyata na yau da kullun da za a wanke ba. Ana iya yiwa mashin tiyata tiyata a matsayin tiyata, warewa, haƙora, ko abin rufe fuska. Fuskokin kayan aikin tiyata an yi su da talauci sosai a tace ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa (a cikin kewayon kashi goma na micrometre zuwa micrometre a ƙetare) fiye da na tace masu hura iska (misali N95, FFP2) kuma dacewa ta fi talauci. Mask ɗin tiyata an yi shi da masana'anta mara saƙa wanda aka kirkira ta amfani da hanyar busa narkewa. Nazarin sarrafa kai -da -kai game da cututtukan numfashi kamar mura ya sami ɗan bambanci a cikin kariya tsakanin mashin tiyata da masu hura iska (kamar mashin N95 ko FFP). Koyaya, aikin tace madaidaicin nau'in N95/FFP2 na matattarar matattarar matattarar iska ya fi ƙarfin aikin tiyata da abin rufe fuska kuma don mura, aikin da Babban Jami'in Lafiya da Tsaro na Burtaniya gano cewa kwayar cutar ta ratsa duk mashin tiyata da aka gwada amma masu isasshen masu numfashi da kyau sun rage yawan kwayar cutar ta hanyar aƙalla ɗari. Mask ɗin tiyata da aka yi wa ƙa'idoji daban -daban a sassa daban -daban na duniya suna da nau'o'i daban -daban na barbashi waɗanda suke tacewa. Misali, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tana tsara iri biyu na irin wannan abin rufe fuska: abin rufe fuska na likitanci mai amfani (daidaitaccen Sinanci YY/T 0969) da abin rufe fuska (YY 0469). Ana buƙatar na ƙarshen don tace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ( BFE ≥ 95%) da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (PFE ≥ 30%), yayin da ake buƙatar tsoffin don tace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kawai.
Gyarawa
Tasirin masks na tiyata a iyakance watsa barbashi aiki ne na kayan aiki da dacewa. Tun farkon barkewar cutar, masana kimiyya sun kimanta sauye -sauye daban -daban ga abin rufe fuska na kunne da nufin inganta ingancin abin rufe fuska ta hanyar rage ko kawar da gibi tsakanin abin rufe fuska da fuska. CDC ta kimanta kuma ta ba da shawarar irin waɗannan sauye-sauye guda biyu ga abin rufe fuska don rage watsa SARS-CoV-2. A karkashin amfani na yau da kullun, CDC ta gano cewa abin rufe fuska wanda wani mai tari ya toshe ya toshe 41.3% na iska mai iska (0.1 - 7.0 μm). Koyaya, ta hanyar amfani da ƙulli da ƙulli, an toshe 62.9% na barbashi. Lokacin da aka rufe abin rufe fuska da babban abin rufe fuska, an toshe 82% na barbashi. Lokacin da tushen da mai karɓa duka suka sanya abin rufe fuska, an toshe 84% na barbashi. Adadin ya ƙaru zuwa sama da 95% lokacin da ɓangarorin biyu ko dai suka sanya abin rufe fuska biyu (abin rufe fuska tare da babban abin rufe fuska) ko amfani da ƙulli da ƙulli.
Wani nau'in gyare -gyare an yi niyya ne don inganta ta'aziyyar masu sawa. Tun farkon barkewar cutar, an buƙaci ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su ci gaba da sanya abin rufe fuska na tsawon awanni 12 ko fiye a rana. Wannan ya sa madaurin kunne na abin rufe fuska ya rutsa da bayan kunnuwansu. Masu tanadin kunne, madaurin filastik da ƙugiyoyi da ke yawo a kan kawunan masu ɗaukar kaya, an ƙirƙira su ne don kawar da madaurin kunnen daga kunnen mai sanyawa. Ana iya yin su akan buƙata ta amfani da tsarin buga 3D.
Tace masu numfashi
Masakun matattara masu tacewa kamar N95 da FFP dole ne su dace da fuska don samar da cikakkiyar kariya. Masu amfani da ba su da ƙwarewa galibi suna samun dacewa, amma ƙasa da ɗaya cikin huɗu yana samun cikakkiyar dacewa. Don haka gwajin dacewa shine daidaitacce. An nuna layin jelly mai a gefen abin rufe fuska don rage ɓarna gefen a cikin gwajin lab ta amfani da mannequins t hat simulate numfashi.
Wasu masu ba da sabis na jerin N95, musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani da masana'antu, suna da bawul ɗin fitar da iska don haɓaka ta'aziyya, da sauƙaƙe fitar da numfashi da rage zubewa a kan fitar da tabarma da tabarau. Amma waɗancan masu ba da isasshen kayan aikin ba abin dogaro ba ne don kula da masu kamuwa da cuta ( sarrafa tushe ) a cikin cututtukan numfashi kamar COVID-19, saboda masu amfani da cutar (asymptomatic ko a'a) za su watsa cutar ga wasu ta cikin bawul.
A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, an sami karancin matattarar masu ba da kariya ga fuska, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su na tsawan lokaci, da/ko gurɓatawa da sake amfani da su. A lokacin, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da jagororin yadda za a adana, lalata da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska, saboda wasu hanyoyin lalata sun lalata ingancin tace su. Wasu asibitoci sun tara abin rufe fuska da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin riga -kafi, wasu kuma dole ne su tsabtace su kuma sake amfani da abin rufe fuska.
Garkuwar fuska da kariyar ido
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ba ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da garkuwar fuska a matsayin abin rufe fuska don taimakawa rage yaduwar COVID-19. A cikin binciken da Lindsley et al. (7 ga Janairu 2021) wanda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Kiwan Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta tallafa masa, wani ɓangare na CDC, an gano garkuwar fuska don toshe ƙarancin iska mai iska sabanin abin rufe fuskakamar abin rufe fuska, abin rufe fuska, da masu isar da numfashi na N95yana nuna cewa garkuwar fuska ba ta da tasiri a matsayin na’urorin sarrafa tushe don ƙananan iska masu ƙarfi kuma abin rufe fuska yana da inganci fiye da garkuwar fuska azaman na’urorin sarrafa tushen don rage watsawar SARS-CoV-2.
A cikin bita mai zurfi, Godoy et al. (5 ga Mayu 2020) ya ce ana amfani da garkuwar fuska don kare shinge daga fesawa da gurɓataccen iska, amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi azaman kariya ta farko daga kamuwa da cutar numfashi ba saboda ƙarancin hatimin gefe maimakon a matsayin kari ga sauran kariyar fuska. Sun lura cewa an yi amfani da garkuwar fuska kamar wannan tare da abin rufe fuska na likita yayin bala'in COVID-19. Sun ambaci binciken kwaikwaiyo na tari daga Lindsley et al. (2014) wanda aka nuna garkuwar fuska don rage haɗarin fallasa inhalation har zuwa 95% nan da nan bayan samar da iska, amma an rage kariya tare da ƙaramin barbashi aerosol da ɗimbin barbashin iska a kusa da bangarorin.
Binciken na yau da kullun na nazarin lura akan watsa coronaviruses, wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da tallafi ya gano cewa kariya ta ido gami da garkuwar fuska yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta (daidaitaccen daidaiton daidaiton 0.22; 95% tazarar amincewa 0 · 12 zuwa 0 · 39), amma an kimanta shaidar a matsayin ƙarancin tabbaci.
Elastomeric respirators
Elastomeric respirators kayan aiki ne na kariya na sirri wanda ya ƙunshi kunkuntar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya ko cikakken abin hura fuska tare da matattara masu musanyawa kamar filtata harsashi. Suna ba da wani zaɓi na kariya na numfashi don tace masu ba da kariya ga fuskoki kamar mashin N95 ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokacin ƙarancin wadatar da cutar ta haifar, saboda ana iya sake amfani da su na tsawan lokaci a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Koyaya, masu ba da iska na elastomeric suna da iska don fitar da iskar waje kuma ba a tacewa, don haka dole mai ɗaukar kaya ya kula cewa ba shi da cutar ta SARS-CoV-2, don hana yiwuwar watsa cutar ga wasu ta cikin iska.
Don martanin COVID-19 lokacin da kayan ke takaice, CDC ta Amurka ta ce yakamata a bi ƙa'idodi da dabarun rikicin: Kowane isasshen numfashi ana bayar da shi don amfanin keɓaɓɓen mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya, amma dole ne a tsaftace shi kuma a lalata shi sau da yawa kamar yadda ya kamata. unsoiled da sanitary. Idan babu wani zaɓi fiye da raba injin numfashi tsakanin masu ba da lafiya, dole ne a tsabtace numfashin sannan a lalata shi kafin wani daban ya sa shi. Za a iya amfani da matattara (ban da nau'ikan faifai marasa kariya) na tsawan lokaci, amma dole ne a gurɓatar da matattara na nau'ikan nau'ikan harsashi bayan kowane ma'amala na haƙuri.
Ƙarfafawa masu tsabtace iska
Ƙarfin numfashi mai tsarkake iska (PAPR) kayan kariya ne na sirri wanda na'urar da ke da matattara da fan ke haifar da matattarar iska mai kyau zuwa kan kai da ingantaccen iskar iska daga kan kai.
Akwai ƙarin haɗarin ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su fallasa ga SARS-CoV-2 lokacin da suke gudanar da hanyoyin samar da iska a kan marasa lafiya na COVID-19, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake jayayya cewa irin waɗannan yanayi na iya buƙatar ingantattun kayan kariya na mutum (watau, sama da N95) kamar PAPRs ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.
A cikin bita na yau da kullun, Licina, Silvers, da Stuart (8 ga Agusta 2020) ya ce binciken filin ya nuna cewa akwai daidaitattun adadin kamuwa da cuta tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, waɗanda suka yi hanyoyin jirgin sama akan mahimman marasa lafiya na COVID-19, ta amfani da PAPRs ko wasu kayan aikin numfashi da suka dace ( kamar N95 ko FFP2), amma ya lura cewa akwai buƙatar ƙara tattara bayanan filin game da mafi kyawun kariya ta numfashi yayin bala'in cutar.
Fuskokin fuska tare da bawuloli
Hanyoyin hangen nesa suna kwatanta ingancin abin rufe fuska tare da ba tare da bawul ɗin fitar da iska ba, yana nuna damuwar cewa bawuloli masu fitar da iska suna ba da damar ɗigon digo na huhu don isa ga wasu a kusanci don haka ba zai dace da dabarun sarrafa tushen ba.   Wasu fuskokin sun haɗa da bawul ɗin fitar da iska don fitar da numfashi waje, amma ba a tace wannan iskar ta yanzu. Takaddun shaida (kamar N95 ko FFP2) yana game da abin rufe fuska da kansa kuma baya bada garantin kowane aminci game da iskar da ake fitarwa. Saka tef a kan bawul ɗin fitar da iska zai iya sanya abin rufe fuska ko numfashi mai tasiri kamar wanda ba shi da bawul.
Masana kimiyya sun hango tarwatsewar ɗigon ruwa don rufe fuska tare da bawuloli masu fitar da iska da garkuwar fuska, kuma sun kammala da cewa ba za su iya yin tasiri ba kan yaɗuwar COVID-19 (misali, bayan tari) da shawarar madadin.
Shawarwari
Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska ko abin rufe fuska daga jami'an kiwon lafiya don rage haɗarin watsawa, tare da hukumomi ko dai suna buƙatar amfani da su a wasu wurare, kamar akan jigilar jama'a da shaguna, ko kuma a cikin jama'a.
Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da fifikon abin rufe fuska na matakin likita, kamar masu hura iska, don amfani da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya dangane da mawuyacin halin da ake ciki, don haka galibi da farko suna ba da shawarar rufe abin rufe fuska ga jama'a. Shawarwarin sun canza yayin da ƙungiyar ilimin kimiyya ta haɓaka.
Dangane da #Masks4All, kusan kashi 95% na yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe inda gwamnati da manyan masana cutar ke ba da shawara ko buƙatar amfani da abin rufe fuska a wuraren taruwar jama'a don takaita yaduwar COVID-19.
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya
A farkon 2020, WHO ta ba da shawarar masks na likita kawai ga mutanen da ake zargi da kamuwa da cuta da alamun numfashi, masu kula da su da waɗanda ke raba sararin zama, da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. A cikin Afrilu 2020, WHO ta yarda cewa sanya abin rufe fuska na likita na iya iyakance yaduwar wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi ciki har da COVID-19, amma ta yi iƙirarin cewa abin rufe fuska na likita zai haifar da ƙarya na tsaro da yin watsi da wasu matakan da suka dace, kamar tsabtace hannu.
Sao Tome da Prinsipe
Sao Tome da Prínsip (a lafazance /ˌsaʊ təˈmeɪ ... ˈprɪnsɪpə, -peɪ/; da Fotugis: [sɐ̃w̃ tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ]), ko Jamhuriyar Dimokradiya São Tomé da Prínsip, wani tsibirin ƙasa ne da yake a Gabar Gine a gabanin gabar yammaci da kasashen tsakiyar Afirka. Tana da yawan jama'a kimanin 201,800, bisa ga jimilan shekara ta 2018 kasar Sao Tome ita ce ta biyu a karancin fadin kasa kuma ita ce ta biyu a karanci jama'a a Afirka.
Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya
An bincika shawarar WHO ta farko akan iyakance amfani da abin rufe fuska saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, masana da masu bincike sun yi nuni da yadda kwayar cutar ke yaduwa. Na biyu, a cewar Marteau et al. (27 ga Yuli 2020), shaidar da ke akwai ba ta goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa rufe fuska yana da illa ga tsabtace hannu: Dame Theresa Marteau, ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken, ta lura cewa "Manufar biyan diyya, maimakon biyan diyya da kanta, da alama mafi girma barazana ga lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar jinkirta ayyukan da za su iya yin tasiri wadanda za su iya taimakawa hana yaduwar cutar. "
Hukumar ta WHO ta yi bitar jagororin abin rufe fuska a watan Yunin 2020, tare da jami'anta sun yarda cewa binciken ya nuna asymptomatic ko pre-symptomatic yada. Sabuntar shawarar ta ba da shawarar cewa jama'a gaba ɗaya su sanya abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba inda aka sani ko ake zargi da yaɗuwar yaduwa kuma inda ba za a iya nesanta jiki ba, da kuma mutanen masu rauni (60 da sama, ko tare da haɗarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya) da mutane da kowane cututtuka suggestive na COVID-19, kazalika da taimaka da kuma kiwon lafiya ma'aikata kamata sa m ko hanya masks Sun bayyana cewa makasudin amfani da abin rufe fuska shine don hana mai sakawa ya watsa kwayar cutar ga wasu (sarrafa tushen) da bayar da kariya ga masu sanye da ƙoshin lafiya daga kamuwa da cuta (rigakafi).
A WHO da shawara cewa ba likita masana'anta masks kamata sun dauki wani m na uku yadudduka, bayar da shawara wani ciki Layer sanya na absorbent abu (kamar auduga), a tsakiyar Layer sanya na ba-saka abu (kamar propylene) wanda may inganta tacewa ko riƙe droplets, da kuma wani matsanancin Layer sanya na ba-absorbent abu (kamar polyester ko ta blends) wanda zai iya iyakance waje samu daga shigar azzakari cikin farji.
A ranar 21 ga Agustan 2020, WHO da UNICEF sun fitar da jagorar ƙarin bayani ga yara. Ga yara masu shekaru biyar da ƙarami, suna ba da shawarar cewa bai kamata a buƙaci abin rufe fuska ba dangane da mahimmancin ci gaban yaro, ƙalubalen bin doka, da cin gashin kai da ake buƙata don amfani da abin rufe fuska da kyau, amma sun gane cewa shaidar da ke tallafa wa yankewar shekarunsu ta iyakance kuma ƙasashe na iya riƙe daban da ƙananan shekarun yankewa. Ga yara 6 - 11, suna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yanke shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska dangane da abubuwa da yawa ciki har da ƙarfin watsawar ƙwayoyin cuta na gida, (sabuwar shaida game da) haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ga rukunin shekaru, yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu (wanda ke tasiri hulɗar zamantakewa a cikin al'ummomi da yawan jama'a), ikon yin biyayya da amfani da abin rufe fuska da ya dace, samun ingantaccen kulawar manya, da yuwuwar tasiri kan ilmantarwa da haɓaka halayyar ɗan adam, da ƙarin abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman saiti ko yanayi (kamar naƙasassu, cututtuka, tsofaffi, ayyukan wasanni, da makarantu). Ga yara masu shekaru 12 da haihuwa, suna ba da shawara cewa yakamata a sanya abin rufe fuska a ƙarƙashin yanayi ɗaya na manya daidai da jagorar WHO ko jagororin ƙasa.
Dangane da amfani da abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba a cikin yawan jama'a, WHO ta bayyana cewa ingantacciyar shaida don amfanin ta yaɗu ta iyakance, amma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci da su ƙarfafa amfani da shi saboda nesantawar jiki ba zai yiwu ba a wasu saitunan, akwai wasu shaidu don watsa asymptomatic, da abin rufe fuska na iya taimakawa don samar da shinge don iyakance yaduwar ɗigon ruwan da ke iya kamuwa.
Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka
A farkon shekarar 2020, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ce ba ta ba da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska ga jama'a ba. Koyaya, a kan 3Afrilu 2020, CDC ta canza shawara don ba da shawarar mutane su sanya mayafin rufe fuska "a cikin wuraren jama'a lokacin da ke kusa da mutanen gidansu, musamman lokacin da matakan nisantar da jama'a ke da wahalar kiyayewa". Dangane da binciken kafofin watsa labarai ta Rediyon Jama'a ta Kasa, CDC ta ce wannan canjin jagororin ya faru ne saboda karuwar yaduwar kwayar cutar, tare da yin nuni da binciken da aka buga a watan Fabrairu da Maris wanda ke nuna alamun rashin lafiya da watsawar asymptomatic. A cikin wata hira ta gaba da editan JAMA, daraktan CDC Robert R. Redfield ya bayyana cewa an fara jagorantar CDC a farkon rashin shaidar watsa cutar daga mutane na farko da asymptomatic. Tun daga ranar 28 ga Yuni, "CDC ta ba da shawarar mutane su sanya mayafin rufe fuska a cikin saitunan jama'a da lokacin da ke kusa da mutanen da ba sa zama a cikin gidan ku, musamman lokacin da sauran matakan nisantar da jama'a ke da wahalar kiyayewa. Rufin mayafi na iya taimakawa hana mutanen da ke da COVID-19 yada cutar ga wasu. Rufin rufe fuska zai iya rage yaɗuwar COVID-19 lokacin da mutane ke amfani da su a cikin saitunan jama'a. " CDC ta ba da gargadin cewa bai kamata yara 'yan kasa da shekara biyu su sanya mayafin rufe mayafin ba, mutanen da ke da matsalar numfashi, ko kuma mutanen da ba su san komai ba, marasa karfin hali, ko kuma ba za su iya cire abin rufe fuska ba tare da taimako. A watan Agustan 2020, CDC ta kara da cewa bawuloli masu fitar da iska ko ramuka a cikin abin rufe fuska ba sa taimakawa hana mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska ya yada COVID-19 ga wasu (sarrafa tushe), kamar yadda rami guda daya a cikin kayan na iya ba da damar fitar da digo na numfashi daga. iskar da aka fitar don isa ga wasu.
A cikin taƙaitaccen ilimin kimiyya na Nuwamba 2020, CDC ta sake nanata shawarwarin su don amfani da abin rufe fuska na jama'a da kuma abin rufe fuska na musamman wanda ba shi da ruwa don hana watsa SARS-CoV-2. Sun ce amfani da abin rufe fuska na al'umma yana amfani da manyan manufofi guda biyu: don rage fitar da ɗigon ɗigon ƙwayoyin cuta daga huhu zuwa cikin muhalli (sarrafa tushen ), wanda ya fi dacewa musamman ga masu asymptomatic ko presymptomatic masu kamuwa da cutar waɗanda ke jin daɗi kuma mai yiwuwa ba su sani ba kamuwa da cuta ga wasu, da kuma rage shakar waɗannan ɗigon ruwan ta hanyar tacewa ga mai shi (kariyar mutum). Domin tacewa, da CDC ce wasu yadudduka (kamar siliki) na iya hydrophobically tare m droplets, alhãli kuwa sauran yadudduka (kamar polyester ko propylene ) na iya electrostatically kama droplets. Sun kammala cewa fa'idar rufe fuska don sarrafa SARS-CoV-2 ta samo asali ne daga haɗarin sarrafa tushe da kariya ta mutum, wanda wataƙila mai dacewa ne kuma mai yuwuwa, don amfanin mutum ya ƙaru tare da haɓaka amfani da abin rufe fuska na al'umma.
CDC ta ce yakamata ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya su sanya NOSH da aka amince da N95 (ko kwatankwacin ko mafi girma) ko abin rufe fuska (idan babu injin numfashi) tare da garkuwar fuska ko tabarau a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan aikin kariya na kansu, yayin da marasa lafiya wanda ake zargi ko tabbatar da kamuwa da SARS-CoV-2 yakamata ya sanya abin rufe fuska ko mayafin rufe fuska yayin jigilar kaya. A matsayin dabarun rikice-rikice don ƙarancin ƙarancin masu ba da gudummawar N95 a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya, tsakanin sauran matakan, CDC tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da masu ba da izini fiye da rayuwar da aka ƙera ta mai ƙira, amfani da masu ba da izini a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin da ake amfani da su a cikin wasu ƙasashe masu kama da masu yarda da NIOSH., iyakance sake amfani da masu hura iska, amfani da ƙarin masu isar da iska fiye da rayuwar da aka ƙera na masana'anta waɗanda NIOSH ba ta tantance su ba, da ba da fifiko kan amfani da masu hura iska da abin rufe fuska ta nau'in aiki.
A ƙarshen Yuli 2021, CDC ta canza jagororin don ba da shawarar mutane, gami da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar rigakafin, don ci gaba da rufe fuska a cikin saitunan cikin gida na jama'a a wuraren da ke da isasshen watsawa - kamar yadda akwai alamun cewa coronavirus irin na Delta na iya kamuwa da cutar har ma da allurar rigakafi. mutane a lokuta da ba kasafai ba - don taimakawa hana watsawa ga wasu mutane. A baya, CDC ta sabunta jagorar jama'a daga Mayu 2021 ta bayyana cewa waɗanda aka yiwa cikakken allurar za su iya "ci gaba da ayyukan ba tare da sanya abin rufe fuska ba ko nesanta jiki, sai dai inda dokar tarayya, jihohi, na gida, kabilanci, ko dokokin yanki, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi, ciki har da na gida. jagorar kasuwanci da wurin aiki. " Koyaya, masu sukar sun nuna cewa an ƙaddara shi a kan wani muhimmin al'amari na zamantakewa, wato ko za a iya amincewa mutane su sanya abin rufe fuska idan ba a yi musu cikakken allurar ba.
Zargin shiriya
Larry Gostin, farfesa a dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ya ce CDC na farko da jagorar WHO sun bai wa jama'a ra'ayi mara kyau cewa abin rufe fuska baya aiki, duk da cewa akwai shaidar kimiyya da akasin haka. Shawara mai canzawa mai rikitarwa daga yanke shawara zuwa bayar da shawarar rufe fuska ta jama'a ya haifar da raguwar amincewar jama'a a CDC. A watan Yunin 2020 Anthony Fauci, babban kwararre kan cutar kwalara ga gwamnatin Amurka, ya yarda cewa jinkirin bayar da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska gaba daya ya kasance ne ta son adana kayan da ke raguwa ga kwararrun likitocin.
Nkiru Olumide-Ojo
Nkiru Olumide-Ojo ƴar Najeriya ce mai ƙwazo, marubuciya, mai magana da ci gaba da kuma fasahar ƙere ƙere, tare da tarihin aiki a harkar hada-hadar kudi, jirgin sama, sadarwa da kuma bangaren man fetur.
Ilimi da Kwarewa
A watan Satumbar 2017, littafin Nkiru Olumide-Ojo  mai taken The pressure cooker: Darasi daga Mace Aiki ta buga ne ta hanyar bugawa da Narrative Landscape Press. Littafin littafin ne na karshen mako-mako na Nkiru a jaridar Business Day (Nigeria), wacce ta maida hankali kan lamuran da suka shafi mata da wuraren aiki. Littafin mai shafuka 128, mai surori tara ya nuna hangen nesa, amfani da kalubalen da mata ke fuskanta a fagen kwararru, inda ya bayar da "karin haske game da yadda mata za su ci nasara a cikin ayyukansu, tare da kiyaye kyakkyawan gida."
Mai ba da shawara kan al'amuran mata, Nkiru ce wanda ta kirpkiro The Lighthouse Network, wani shiri na ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma tare da shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don ƙarfafa mata a cikin ƙwarewar sana'a da kasuwanci, da kuma shirya mata mata don aikin aiki ta hanyar tsarin jagoranci na yau da kullun. Ita mai magana da jama'a ce.
Kyauta da Ganowa
Nkiru ya lashe Kyautar Manajan Kamfanin Kasuwanci mafi Kyawu a cikin Kyaututtukan Brands & Marketing na shekarar 2017 wanda Brandungiyar 'Yan Jarida Masu Rarraba Nigeriaan Nijeriya (BJAN) ta shirya. A cikin shekarar, an girmama ta tare da Jagorar Marketingabi'ar Talla ta Shekara ta Talla Edge. An amince da ita a cikin 2008 da 2016 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Matan Mata masu Talla da Sadarwa ta Marketingasashen Duniya na Yammacin Afirka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan da Nigeriansan Najeriyar da ke Professionalwararrun aspowararru (NIPRO) suka amince da ita a matsayin 'Manyan Mata 40 Underan ofasa da 40' daga cikin 40 na Nigeriansan Najeriyar da ke Professionalwararrun aspowararrun aspoasashen (NIPRO) 'Topan Matan 40 Underan ƙasa da 40' a 2004. Tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin wani rahoto, manyan mata a Afirka a fannin PR da Tallace-tallace, wanda ke nuna manyan mata ƙwararru a fannin hulɗar jama'a da kasuwanci a Afirka.
Nkiru memba ce, Kwamitin Shawara na Rahoton Luxury, kayan alatu da aka buga a Nijeriya. A gwargwadon rahoto "tana zaune a kan kwamitin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci biyu". Ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugaban Kasa na 2 na theungiyar Masu Tallatawa ta Nijeriya.
Rayuwar mutum
Nkiru ta auri Olumide Ojo, dukkansu suna da yara biyu.
Adavi (Nijeriya)
Adavi, na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin dake a jihar Kogi a shiyar tsakiyar ƙasar Najeriya.
Sidi Boushaki
Sidi Boushaki ko Ibrahim Ibn Faïd Ez-Zaouaoui (1394 CE / 796 AH - 1453 CE / 857 AH) ya kasance masanin ilimin addinin maliki da aka haifa a kusa da garin Thenia, kilomita 54 gabas da Algiers. Ya tashi cikin yanayi na ruhi mai ɗabi'a da ɗabi'u na Islama.
Ajaokuta
Ajaokuta ko Ajakuta, na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin dake a jihar Kogi a shiyar tsakiyar ƙasar Najeriya.
Poloo
Poloo shine kayan ciye-ciye na ƙasar Ghana wanda ake kira da soyayyen kwakwa ko soyayyen biskit.
Sidi Boushaki
Haihuwa da nasaba
Nasabarsa shi ne Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Faɗd bin Moussa bin Omar bin Sa’ad bin Allal bin Saïd al-Zawawi.
Poloo
Sinadaran
Abubuwan ko sinadaran da ake yin amfani da su wurin haɗa shi sun haɗa da;
Yan da ake haɗawa
Tsarin da aka yi amfani dashi a cikin shirye-shiryen haɗa Poloo.
Sidi Boushaki
Tarihin rayuwa
A can ya yi karatun Alqurani da fiqhun Maliki a matsayin dalibi tare da Ali Menguelleti [ar], fitaccen malamin ilimin addini daga Kabylie.
Béjaïa ya kasance a farkon karni na goma sha biyar cibiyar addini da kuma tasirin tasirin Sufism.
Ya yi niyyarsa a shekarar 1415 zuwa Tunis, inda ya zurfafa iliminsa na Maliki Madhhab.
A can ya karanci tafsirin Al-Qur'ani a wurin alkali Abu Abdallah Al Kalchani, kuma ya karbi fiqhun Malikiyya daga wurin Yaakub Ez-Zaghbi.
Ya dawo cikin shekarar 1420 zuwa tsaunukan Béjaïa inda ya zurfafa cikin Larabci a Abd El Aali Ibn Ferradj.
Ya karanci karin magana, aya, fiqhu da kuma yawancin ilimin tauhidin na lokacin a Ibnu Marzuq El Hafid [ar] (1365 - 1439), malamin Maghreb da Tlemcen wanda ya ziyarci Constantine don yin wa’azin iliminsa, kada a rude shi da mahaifinsa Ibn Marzuq El Khatib (1310 - 1379).
Ya shiga Makka don aikin hajji da karatu, sannan ya koma Dimashka inda ya halarci karantarwar Imam Ibn al-Jazari a cikin ilimin kur'ani.
Ya mutu a shekara ta 1453, kuma an binne shi a tsaunukan da ke kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a ƙabilarsa ta Kabyle ta Igawawen.
Zawiya
Komawa cikin Kabylia a cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwarsa, Sidi Boushaki sannan ya kafa zawiya inda yake koyar da almajiransa (murids) bisa ga Qan uwan Qadiriyya Sufi na Sunni Sufism.
Wannan zawiya ta kasance wuri ne na tasirin ilimi da ruhaniya a cikin ƙasan Kabylia ta hanyar koyarwarsa da kwasa-kwasan gabatarwa da aka gabatar a wannan yankin wanda Oued Isser da Oued Meraldene suka kewaye shi a gaban Bahar Rum.
Da kyar aka bi umarnin Sufi na Qadiriyya a cikin wannan zawiya har tsawon ƙarni uku har zuwa lokacin da tariqa Rahmaniyya ta karɓi iko a cikin yankin Algérois da Kabylia a matsayin abin koyi na tafarkin bijirowa.
Ayyuka
Ayyukansa sun shafi fannoni da dama na ilimin Musulunci, gami da: