cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860
Zaben dai ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da jama'a suka tafka muhawara game da rawar da Birtaniyya ta taka a Indiya sakamakon tawayen da Indiya ta yi a shekara ta 1857. An raba ra'ayoyi kan ko ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari sosai don sauya Indiya ko kuma a ci gaba da kula da al'adu da al'adun gida. Dukkan mutanen biyu sun yi gwagwarmaya don neman kuri'un masu zabe ( Convocation na jami'a, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 3,700). wadanda suka kammala karatun digiri) ta hanyar bayyanawa da wasikun jaridu. Williams ya nuna matukar damuwa a yakin neman zabensa kan manufar asalin wanda ya kafa kujerar, cewa mai rike da mukamin ya taimaka wajen sauya Indiya ta hanyar yada litattafai na Kirista. Ra'ayin Müller shi ne cewa aikinsa a kan Rig Veda yana da matukar amfani ga aikin mishan, kuma ya buga shaidar hakan. Ya kuma so ya koyar da darussa masu yawa kamar tarihin Indiya da wallafe-wallafe don taimaka wa masu wa’azi na mishan, malamai, da ma’aikatan gwamnati – shawara da Williams ya soki cewa bai dace da ainihin abin da mai taimako ya yi ba. Kamfen ɗin masu hamayya sun fitar da tallace-tallacen jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye, kuma jaridu daban-daban sun goyi bayan kowane mutum. Ko da yake galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya fi Williams a malanta, Müller yana da lahani biyu (a gaban wasu) kasancewar Jamusanci da kuma samun ra'ayoyin Kirista masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Wasu daga cikin maganganun jaridun da ke goyon bayan Williams sun dogara ne akan wata ikirari na kasa na samun Bature a matsayin farfesa Boden don taimakawa da aikin mulki da canza Indiya.
An ba da jiragen ƙasa na musamman zuwa Oxford a ranar zaɓe, 7 ga Disamba, 1860, don waɗanda ba mazaunan Convocation ba don kada kuri'unsu. A karshen yakin neman zabe, Williams ya samu rinjaye da kuri'u sama da 220. Bayan haka, ya taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Indiya a Oxford, ya sami matsayin jarumi, kuma ya rike kujera har mutuwarsa a 1899. Müller, ko da yake ya ji takaicin shan kashinsa, ya ci gaba da zama a Oxford har tsawon rayuwarsa, amma bai taba koyar da Sanskrit a can ba. Zaɓen 1860 shine karo na ƙarshe da Convocation ya zaɓi Farfesa Boden, saboda an cire wannan ikon a 1882 sakamakon gyare-gyaren da majalisar ta yi. , Farfesan har yanzu yana nan, kuma yanzu shine farkon farfesa na Sanskrit na ƙarshe a Burtaniya.
Fage
Matsayin farfesa na Boden a Jami'ar Oxford an kafa shi ta hanyar wasiyyar Laftanar Kanar Joseph Boden na 'Yan Ta'addar Bombay, wanda ya mutu a 1811. Nufinsa ya ba da cewa a kan mutuwar 'yarsa (wanda ya faru a cikin 1827), ya kamata dukiyarsa ta wuce zuwa jami'a don ba da kuɗin Farfesa na Sanskrit. Manufarsa ita ce ya mai da mutanen Indiya zuwa Kiristanci "ta hanyar yada ilimin littattafai masu tsarki a cikinsu". Dokokin jami'ar da ke kula da kujera sun tabbatar da cewa membobin Convocation su zabi Farfesa – duk wadanda suka samu Digiri na Master of Arts na Oxford, ko sun koyar a jami’a ko a’a – maimakon ta farfesa da ’yan’uwan koleji. A lokacin zaben 1860, akwai 3,786 membobin Convocation. A cewar masanin tarihin addini Gwilym Beckerlegge, a lokacin ana daukar matakin farfesa a matsayin "daraja da kyakkyawar lada". Wani edita a cikin jaridar Burtaniya The Times a cikin 1860 ya ce aikin farfesa yana "daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci, mafi tasiri, kuma sanannun cibiyoyi a Oxford, ba a ce a cikin dukan duniya masu wayewa." Ya biya tsakanin £900 da £1,000 kowace shekara har tsawon rayuwa.
Farfesa na farko na Boden, Horace Hayman Wilson, an zabe shi a 1832 kuma ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1860. Zaɓen wanda zai gaje shi ya zo ne a lokacin muhawarar jama'a game da yanayin aikin mishan na Burtaniya a Indiya, musamman bayan tawayen Indiya na 1857. Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, wanda ke kula da yankunan Birtaniya har sai sun shiga cikin daular Birtaniya a cikin 1858, yana da manufofin gaba ɗaya har zuwa 1813 na rashin tsangwama ga al'adun Indiya, ciki har da addini. Masu mishan Kirista sun buƙaci lasisi don yin addininsu. A aikace, yawancin suna iya aiki ba tare da lasisi ba, in ban da masu bishara, waɗanda aka ɗauke su a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a zamanin da Kiristoci daga wasu wurare suka kasance a shirye don jure wa sauran addinai. Yayin da ƙungiyar Ikklesiyoyin bishara ke daɗa ƙarfi, ta matsa don ƙara ƙoƙari don kawo Kiristanci zuwa Indiya, don haka kamfanin ya sassauta hanyarsa ga masu mishan a 1813. Bayan 1858, gwamnatin Biritaniya ta yi jinkirin haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da al'adun gida da addini, amma yawancin waɗanda ake zargi da tafiyar da Indiya su kansu masu bishara ne masu tausayi ga ƙoƙarin maida ƙasar. Kamar yadda Beckerlegge ya yi tsokaci, "ci gaban aikin Kirista ya kasance mai alaƙa da yunƙurin ayyana matsayin Biritaniya a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da kasancewar Birtaniyya a Indiya." Maganar ita ce ko Biritaniya tana can ne kawai don ta mallaki Indiya ko kuma ta “waye” ta, kuma idan ta biyun, ko za ta zana ko lalata al’adun Indiya da addinin da ake da su. Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka goyi bayan ƙara aikin wa’azi a ƙasar Indiya, in ji Beckerlegge, ya ɗauki abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 1857 a matsayin “ba kome ba face hukuncin Allah” kan gazawar Biritaniya na kawo Kiristanci a ƙasar.
Akwai mazhabobin tunani guda biyu kan ko ya kamata a koyar da Sanskrit don manufar taimakawa gudanarwa da jujjuyawar Indiya, ko don cancantar ta. Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya ba da umarni a Sanskrit ga ma'aikatansa a kwalejin da ke Haileybury, Hertfordshire, da Kwalejin Fort William a Calcutta, don ilmantar da su a al'adun gida. Ga wasu, wannan ya haifar da sha'awar addini da al'adun Indiya kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rubutun Sanskrit. Wannan ya bambanta da halin da ake ciki a nahiyar Turai, inda masana suka bincika Sanskrit a matsayin wani ɓangare na "kimiyyar harshe", kwatanta ilimin falsafa, maimakon dalilai na mulkin mallaka. Ƙananan malaman Turai sun ziyarci Indiya, amma yawancin Sanskritists na Birtaniya sun zauna kuma sun yi aiki a can. Wasu malaman Birtaniyya a wasu fagagen suna da shakku mai ƙarfi a kowane yanayi game da Sanskrit, a matsayin "ɗan jabu na yare da aka ƙera daga Latin da Girkanci", ko kuma suna tabbatar da kaɗan "sai dai dangi mara kyau tsakanin Birtaniyya da Brahmin", a cikin kalmomin Jami'ar Amurka Linda Dowling.
'Yan takara
Ko da yake maza biyar sun nuna aniyarsu ta neman kujerar a shekara ta 1860 ko kuma aka ba su shawara a cikin rashi, a ƙarshe biyun da suka fafata a zaɓen su ne Monier Williams da Max Müller. Williams (wanda aka sani daga baya a rayuwarsa da Sir Monier Monier-Williams) ɗan hafsan soja ne kuma an haife shi a Indiya. Ya yi karatu a takaice a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, kafin horo a Haileybury don aikin farar hula a Indiya. Mutuwar dan uwansa a yakin Indiya ya sa ya koma Oxford don kammala digiri. Ya kuma yi karatun Sanskrit tare da Wilson kafin ya koyar da wannan da sauran harsuna a Haileybury daga 1844 zuwa 1858, lokacin da aka rufe bayan tawayen Indiya. Ya shirya ƙamus na Turanci-Sanskrit, a dalilin Wilson, wanda Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya buga a 1851; Kamus na Sanskrit-Turanci ya sami goyon bayan Sakataren Gwamnati na Indiya. Kamar yadda masanin ɗan adam ɗan ƙasar Holland Peter van der Veer ya rubuta, Williams "yana da kishin bishara" daidai da ra'ayoyin da suka zaburar da Boden don kafa kujera.
Müller dan kasar Jamus ne na Anhalt-Dessau kuma ya karbi Sanskrit a jami'a a matsayin sabon kalubale na ilimi bayan ya koyi Girkanci da Latin. A wannan lokacin, Sanskrit wani sabon fanni ne na nazari na kwatankwacinsa a Turai, kuma dangantakarsa da harsunan gargajiya na gargajiya ya jawo sha'awa daga waɗanda ke nazarin yanayi da tarihin harsuna. Ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Leipzig a 1843, yana da shekaru 19, kuma bayan shekara guda yana karatu a Berlin ya fara aiki a Paris akan bugu na farko na Rig Veda (tsohuwar tarin waƙoƙin Vedic Sanskrit ). Abin da ya kamata ya zama ɗan gajeren ziyara a Ingila don bincike a 1846 ya juya ya zama tsawon rayuwa. Jami'in diflomasiyyar Prussian Baron von Bunsen da Wilson sun rinjayi darektocin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya don ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Jami'ar Oxford Press don buga Rig Veda. Müller ya zauna a Oxford a 1848 kuma ya ci gaba da binciken Sanskrit, ya zama Farfesa Taylorian na Harsunan Turai na Zamani a 1854 bayan shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin farfesa; a cikin wannan sakon an biya shi £ 500 a kowace shekara, rabin kuɗin kujerar Boden. Wani batu na Biritaniya daga 1855, an zabe shi ɗan'uwan All Souls College a 1858, "girma da ba a taɓa ganin irin ta ba ga baƙo a wancan lokacin", a cikin kalmomin marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa, marubucin Indiya Nirad C. Chaudhuri.
Gidan-dan gata
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Mamadou Gouro Sidibe
Sana'a
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Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860
Ma'anar sunan farko Müller
Müller ya sanar da takararsa a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1860, kwanaki shida bayan mutuwar Wilson. Mika wuyansa ga Convocation ya yi nuni ga aikinsa na gyara Rig Veda, yana mai cewa idan ba tare da shi ba ’yan mishan ba za su iya cikakken koyo game da koyarwar addinin Hindu ba, wanda ya hana aikinsu. Saboda haka ya yi la'akari da cewa "ya kashe babban ɓangaren rayuwata wajen inganta abin da ya kafa Shugaban Sanskrit." Ya yi alkawarin yin aiki na musamman kan Sanskrit, kuma ya ce zai ba da shaida daga “mafi shaharar malaman Sanskrit a Turai da Indiya” da kuma daga masu wa’azi na mishan da suka yi amfani da littattafansa don taimakawa “harba tsoffin tsarin bautar gumaka” a Indiya. A lokacin da ya dace, ya sami damar ba da jerin ƙungiyoyin mishan da suka nemi kwafin Rig Veda daga Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, gami da Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci da Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.
Mamadou Gouro Sidibe
Sana'a
Gafe Digital daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen karatun karatu ne mai aiki.
Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860
Bayanin Williams
Williams ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takara a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1860, kwana daya bayan Müller. A rubuce-rubucensa na mika wuya ga Taro, ya jaddada cancantarsa na nadi bisa la'akari da buri na mishan na Boden. Bayan ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarsa da aikinsa, musamman kwarewarsa a Sanskrit da aka samu a Haileybury, ya bayyana cewa a cikin shekaru 14 da suka gabata "ra'ayin rayuwata daya ne in sa kaina cikin tattaunawa da Sanskrit, kuma ta kowace hanya a cikin ikona. domin saukaka nazarin adabinsa”. Ya tabbatar wa masu jefa ƙuri'a cewa, idan aka zabe ni, "mafi ƙarfin ƙarfina za a ba da shi ga abu ɗaya wanda wanda ya kafa shi ke da shi; ' Haɓaka ''ilimi na gabaɗaya da mahimmanci na harshen Sanskrit, a matsayin hanyar ba da damar Ingilishi. a ci gaba da juyar da ’yan asalin Indiya zuwa addinin Kirista.'' ' Ba kamar Müller ba, ya ɗauki nazarin Sanskrit "a matsayin babbar hanya ga juyar da addinin Hindu na mishan maimakon a matsayin ƙarshensa", kamar yadda Dowling ya faɗa. Ta wannan hanya, Dowling ya ce, yana iya ƙoƙarin karkatar da hankali daga "ƙwarewar iyawarsa a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya" idan aka kwatanta da "Nasarar da aka yarda da ita a duniya". Bugu da ƙari, roko ga ainihin nufin Boden ya zo ne a lokacin da taron ya kasance ba ya kula da abubuwan da aka bayyana na masu taimako.
Mamadou Gouro Sidibe
Sana'a
An sanya Sidibe a shekarar 2018 Exponent, Quartz Innovators jerin a cikin manyan mutane 30 na Afirka masu ƙirƙira.
Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860
Yaƙin neman zaɓe
A cikin watan Agustan 1860, Müller ya rubuta wa membobin Convocation game da shirye-shiryensa na koyar da batutuwa masu yawa ban da Sanskrit, gami da kwatanta ilimin falsafa, tarihin Indiya, da adabi. Koyar da yaren kawai "zai zama koma baya" don karimcin Boden, ya rubuta. Ta wannan hanyar, zai taimaka wajen wadata masu mishan  ƙwararrun                                            Ta wannan hanyar, zai taimaka wajen samar da ' yan mishan.
Bi da bi, Williams ya rubuta cewa idan Boden ya bar umarnin cewa mutumin da aka zaba ya kamata ya kasance "mafi yuwuwar tabbatar da suna a duniya ga Shugaban Sanskrit, na furta cewa da na yi jinkirin gurfanar da zane na." Duk da haka, ba haka lamarin yake ba kuma zai zama "marasa hujja" dangane da dokokin da ke kula da kujera idan farfesa zai yi lacca a kan batutuwa masu yawa. A ganinsa, adabin Vedic ya kasance "ba shi da mahimmanci" kuma adabin falsafa "sufi ne da rashin fahimta", yayin da "lokacin gargajiya ko na zamani" (dokoki, wakoki guda biyu na jaruntaka, da wasan kwaikwayo) sune "mafi mahimmanci". ". Da yake tunatar da masu karatunsa cewa ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu na Sanskrit, ya bayyana cewa wallafe-wallafen lokaci na uku sun ƙunshi nassosin Sanskrit, ba ("kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi a yanzu") Veda, "har yanzu ƙasa da Rig Veda". Ya yi tsokaci cewa fitowar Müller na Rig Veda yana buƙatar “kashe lokaci, aiki, kuɗi, da ilimi fiye da yadda aka ba da kowane bugu na Littafi Mai Tsarki,” ya ƙara da cewa Boden ba ya nufin ya “taimakawa mai wa’azi a ƙasashen waje. aiki ta hanyar dawwama da kuma yada Nassosin Vedic wadanda ba su da tushe." Ya ce tsarin nasa na karatun Sanskrit, tare da kamus ɗinsa da littattafan nahawu, ya “ dace da tunanin Ingilishi”, sabanin tsarin “nahiya” da “falsafa” na Müller, wanda ya yi magana da nassosin da ba su dace da Hindu na zamani ba cewa mishan ba za su amfana ba. daga karatu.
A cikin wata wasika zuwa The Times da aka buga a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1860, Müller ya yi magana da Williams. Ga da'awar cewa ba zai zama rashin hujja ba a koyar da tarihi, falsafa, da sauran batutuwa a matsayin farfesa na Boden, ya nakalto daga ɗaya daga cikin laccocin jama'a na Wilson wanda a ciki ya ce ya kasance burinsa ya ba da "ra'ayi na gabaɗaya game da cibiyoyin. da yanayin zamantakewa, adabi, da addinin Hindu”. Ya lura cewa ya buga a cikin dukkan bangarorin uku da Williams ya raba littattafan Sanskrit a cikinsu, kuma ya yi sabani game da ra'ayin Williams game da mahimmancin adabin Vedic dangane da bitar daya daga cikin littattafansa na Wilson. Williams, in ji shi, “yana tsaye shi kaɗai” wajen tabbatar da cewa wakoki na jarumtaka da wasan kwaikwayo, ba Vedas ba, su ne nassosi na gaske. Ya ƙi yarda da kimanta Williams na aikin da ke cikin bugu na Rig Veda, kuma ya ce kwatanta ɗan ƙoƙarinsa da wanda aka yi a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki "kusan rashin girmamawa ne". Ya ƙarasa da ƙoƙarin karyata da'awar cewa Boden ba zai so a tallafa wa nassosin Vedic ba. Ya lura cewa Bishop na Calcutta ( George Cotton ) ya rubuta cewa yana da "mafi girman mahimmanci" ga masu mishan suyi nazarin Sanskrit da nassosi "su sami damar saduwa da Pundits a kan kansu", kuma ra'ayin bishop shine. cewa babu wani abu da zai iya zama mafi daraja a cikin wannan aikin fiye da bugu na Müller, da kuma fassarar Wilson, na Rig-Veda ."
Kowannensu yana da kwamitin mataimaka; Williams yana da biyu, ɗaya a London, ɗayan a Oxford. Ya kashe sama da £1,000 a yakin neman zabensa – kamar yadda aka biya Farfesa Boden a cikin shekara guda. A watan Yuni 1860, Müller ya koka a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga mahaifiyarsa game da rubuta wa kowane ɗayan "4,000". masu zabe, sun warwatse ko’ina a Ingila”, ya ce a wasu lokuta ya kan yi fatan bai yi tunanin tsayawa takara ba, ya kara da cewa “idan ban ci nasara ba, zan yi giciye sosai! .
Magoya baya da jaridu
A cewar Beckerlegge, akwai ra'ayi da da yawa daga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki a gwagwarmayar da aka gwabza tsakanin Williams da Müller, wanda ya dogara da sakamakon fiye da aikin mutum daya kawai. - nasara ko gazawar mishan a Indiya, "har ma da kwanciyar hankali na mulkin Birtaniyya a wannan yanki" (bisa la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru a Indiya a cikin 'yan shekarun baya) na iya dogara da iyawar Farfesa Boden. Nasarar zata dogara ne akan iyawar kowane bangare na shawo kan mambobin Convocation wadanda ba mazauna garin ba su koma Oxford don kada kuri'unsu. Kowane ɗan takara yana da magoya bayansa: Müller ya sami goyon bayan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasashen duniya, yayin da Williams ya sami damar yin kira ga malaman jami'o'in Oxford da waɗanda suka yi aiki a Indiya a matsayin masu gudanarwa ko mishan. Dukkan 'yan takarar biyu sun yi ikirarin goyon bayan Wilson - "kamar dai tsarin maye gurbin manzanni ya shiga cikin nadin," in ji Chaudhuri. Jaridar Times ta ruwaito a ranar 23 ga Mayu cewa abokan Williams sun sanya nauyi mai yawa akan wasiƙar sirri zuwa gare shi daga Wilson, "yana nuna Mista Williams a matsayin magajinsa mai yiwuwa." A sakamakon haka, Wilson ya bayyana cewa "watanni biyu kafin mutuwarsa" cewa "Mista Max Müller shine masanin Sanskrit na farko a Turai". Tushen wannan bayanin shine WSW Vaux, na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, wanda ya bayyana tattaunawarsa da Wilson a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Müller a watan Mayu 1860. Da yake mayar da martani ga kalaman Vaux cewa shi da wasu suna son magajin Wilson ya zama "mafi kyawun mutum da za mu iya samu", Vaux ya ambato Wilson yana cewa "Za ku yi daidai idan zaɓinku ya hau kan Max Müller."
Jaridu da mujallu ne suka shiga muhawarar, wasu na cikin kakkausar murya. Ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen bishara, The Record, ya bambanta 'yan takara biyu: Rubutun Müller sun kasance "sannu ga duk masu sha'awar wallafe-wallafen, yayin da suka lalata amincewa da ra'ayinsa na addini"; An bayyana Williams a matsayin "mutum mai cikakken tsoron Allah, kuma mai yiwuwa, da yardar Allah a kan ayyukansa, don inganta babban abin da wanda ya kafa Farfesa ke da shi." Wasu jaridun sun yi tsokaci kan kasashen ‘yan takarar; kamar yadda Beckerlegge ya ce, "Zaben shugaban Boden na kara daukar kamannin gwajin kishin kasa." The Homeward Mail (wata jaridar London wacce ta mai da hankali kan labarai daga, da kuma alaƙa, Indiya) ta tambayi masu karatunta ko suna son "baƙo da baƙo" ya ci nasara, ko "ɗayan jikin ku". Wani marubuci a jaridar The Morning Post ya ce ya kamata masu kada kuri'a su " ajiye manyan kyaututtukan jami'o'in Ingilishi ga daliban Ingilishi". Jaridar Morning Herald ta ce "tambaya ce ta kasa da kasa", tun da hakan zai shafi ilimin ma'aikatan gwamnati da na mishan don haka "ci gaban addinin Kiristanci a Indiya da kuma kula da ikon Birtaniyya a wannan daular". An yi tsammanin za a yi wa Biritaniya ba'a idan ta nada Bajamushe a matsayin babban malamin Sanskrit.
Müller bai rasa goyon baya ba a cikin 'yan jaridu. Wani edita a cikin The Times a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1860 ya kira shi "ba komai ko ƙasa da mafi kyawun masanin Sanscrit a duniya." Ya kwatanta halin da ake ciki da zaɓe na 1832, lokacin da kuma an yi zaɓi tsakanin mafi kyawun malami (Wilson) da ƙwararren malami "wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kyautar Kirista mafi kyau" ( William Hodge Mill ). Williams, in ji shi, ya bayyana a matsayin "mutumin Jami'ar ..., mutumin ya isa ya cancanci wannan matsayi, kuma, fiye da duka, a matsayin mutumin da ke hannunsa, an rada masa, bukatun Kiristanci za su kasance lafiya." Shawarwarinsa na kada ya koyar da tarihi, falsafa, tatsuniyoyi ko kwatankwacin ilimin falsafa "da alama ya tube batun sosai" kuma, yana tunanin, zai bar mukamin a matsayin "kujera mara kyau". Ya bayyana cewa Müller "mafi kyawun amsoshi ga sharuddan kafuwar Kanar Boden." Fannin karatunsa - mafi tsufa lokacin wallafe-wallafen Sanskrit - "dole ne ya zama mabuɗin dukan matsayi", yayin da Williams ya saba da rubuce-rubuce na baya, "marasa inganci, kuma marasa tsarki". Editan ya ƙare da cewa Oxford "ba za ta zaɓi ɗan takarar da ba shi da ilimi; a duk abubuwan da suka faru, ba zai yarda da shi ba cewa wannan shine ainihin ƙa'idar zaɓen Kirista mai inganci."
Pusey, babban malamin addinin Anglican da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Oxford, ya rubuta wasiƙar tallafi ga Müller, wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin The Times. A ra'ayinsa, manufar Boden zai fi dacewa ta hanyar zabar Müller. Masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje ba za su iya samun tuba ba ba tare da sanin cikakken bayani na addinin waɗanda suke mu’amala da su ba, ya rubuta, kuma littattafan Müller su ne “kyauta mafi girma da aka ba wa waɗanda har yanzu aka ba su” ga waɗanda suke irin wannan aikin. Ya kara da cewa Oxford za ta samu ta hanyar zabe shi a matsayin da Müller zai iya kashe duk lokacinsa a kan aiki "mai matukar mahimmanci kuma mai dorewa ga juyin juya halin Indiya." Beckerlegge ya ga goyon bayan Pusey abin lura ne, tun da Pusey ba zai yarda da tsarin “faɗin” na Müller na musamman ga Kiristanci ba, don haka yana ba da hukunci a kan ƙwarewar ilimi na ɗan takarar da ya fi dacewa don ciyar da aikin mishan gaba a Indiya. Wani marubuci da ba a bayyana sunansa ba da ya rubuta wa manema labarai don nuna goyon bayansa ga Müller, jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen, ya bayyana haka: “Dole ne halayen mutum ya tashi sosai, kuma ra’ayinsa na tauhidi ba zai iya ba amma kaɗan ne kawai don jin daɗi a kowane hannu, lokacin da ya yi. ya haɗu a matsayin magoya bayansa marasa jinkiri Dr. Pusey da Dr. Macbride" - Magana ga John Macbride, wanda aka bayyana a cikin ƙamus na Oxford na Biography na Ƙasa a matsayin "mai zurfin addini na 'tsohuwar' makarantar bishara". Duk da haka, Dowling ya kwatanta Müller a matsayin "wanda bai dace da dabarar gardamar tauhidi ba, inuwa mai kyau da haɗin kai na addinin Victorian" – raunin da aka yi masa.
Zabe
An gudanar da zaben a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1860 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sheldonian. An shimfida jiragen kasa na musamman guda uku a tsakanin Didcot da Oxford a yammacin wannan rana don saduwa da fasinjoji da ke tafiya daga yammacin Ingila, kuma an ba da ƙarin jirgin ƙasa guda ɗaya tsakanin Oxford da London ta hanyar Didcot da yamma. Wani jirgin kasa mai zuwa London daga arewacin Ingila ya kuma kira a Bletchley don ba da damar haɗi zuwa Oxford don fasinjoji daga wurare kamar Liverpool, Manchester da Birkenhead. Limaman bishara sun fito da karfi don kada kuri’a. Sama da sa'o'i biyar da rabi na zabe, 833 Membobin Ikilisiya sun bayyana Williams, 610 ga Müller.
Masana tarihi sun ci gaba da ra'ayoyi daban-daban kan dalilin da ya sa, duk da cewa Müller galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin babban malami, amma ya sha kashi a hannun Williams. Beckerlegge ya ba da shawarar abubuwa da yawa masu yiwuwa: ba kamar Williams ba, Müller an san shi a matsayin marubuci kuma mai fassara maimakon malamin Sanskrit, ba shi da alaƙa da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ko Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Indiya wanda zai iya kira ga magoya bayansa, kuma yana da. ba a yi karatu a Oxford ba. A cikin mutuwarsa na Müller, Arthur Macdonell (Farfesa Boden 1899-1926) ya ce zaben "ya zo ne don juya ra'ayoyin siyasa da addini na 'yan takara maimakon a kan cancantar su a matsayin malaman Sanskrit", ya kara da cewa "jam'iyyar ta yi nasara kuma ta yi nasara. adadi mai yawa ne suka fito domin kada kuri'a." Hakazalika, Dowling ya rubuta cewa "a cikin ƙananan yankuna a wajen Oxford ... hujjar cewa Müller ba Ingilishi ba ne ya fada da karfi a kansa "tun da "hujjar ta kasance (kuma ana nufin ta zama, ba shakka) ba za a iya amsawa ba." Ta kara da cewa Tories sun yi adawa da shi saboda ra'ayinsa na siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ƙungiyoyin gargajiya a Oxford sun ƙi sake fasalin "Jamus", da "limaman cocin Anglican. ... an gano kafirci yana boye a cikin al'ummarsa" Masanin tarihin Amurka Marjorie Wheeler-Barclay ya yi la'akari da cewa ba za a iya wargaza dalilai uku na mutanen da suka kada kuri'ar adawa da Müller ba. Wadanda suka goyi bayan aikin mishan na Indiya, Dowling ya rubuta, sun gan shi a matsayin mabuɗin ci gaba da mulkin Biritaniya, kuma babu buƙatar ɗaukar zarafi ta hanyar zabar Müller, wanda ke da "suna ga ra'ayoyin addini marasa kyau", tun da Williams masani ne " na bambamcin da aka san shi da ra'ayin mazan jiya da takawa."
Müller ya danganta shan kayen da ya samu a asalin Jamusanci da kuma zargin da yake yi na cewa addinin Kiristanci bai isa ya bi ka’ida ba, abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin tasiri musamman masu kada kuri’a wadanda ba ‘yan jami’ar ba ne. Ya yi hasarar, in ji ya rubuta, saboda "ƙarya mai ƙayatarwa da dabarun yaƙin zaɓe." Williams ya rubuta a cikin tarihin tarihin rayuwarsa da ba a buga ba cewa ya kasance "al'amura sun fi so" kuma ba kamar Müller ba, an dauke shi a matsayin mai ra'ayin siyasa da addini.
Abubuwan da suka biyo baya
Williams ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na Boden har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1899, ko da yake ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa (yayin da yake rike da lakabi) a 1887 saboda lafiyarsa. Ya dauki taken lacca na farko "Nazarin Sanskrit dangane da Ayyukan Mishan", daidai da ra'ayinsa game da rawar kujera. Thomas ya lura cewa kamar yadda Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya canza zuwa yin amfani da Ingilishi maimakon Sanskrit ko Farisa don aikinsa, "tushen halitta na ɗalibai ya riga ya bushe ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka kaddamar da Kujerar Boden [a 1832]". Williams ya taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Indiya a Oxford, inda ya gabatar da ra'ayin a 1875 da kuma taimakawa wajen tara kudade don aikin a ziyarar da ya kai Indiya, kuma ya jawo hankalin jami'a don ƙara karatun digiri a cikin karatun gabas. Littattafansa sun haɗa da fassarar wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan nahawu. Ya sami matsayin jarumi a cikin 1886, kuma an nada shi Kwamandan Knight na Order of the Indian Empire a 1887, lokacin da ya canza sunansa ya zama Sir Monier Monier-Williams.
Ana buƙatar Robinson Ellis ya halarci laccocin Williams duk da ƙarancin ra'ayinsa game da iyawar sabon farfesa. Williams ya ce "dukkan halin Ellis shine na mutumin da zai yi marhabin da girgizar ƙasa ko duk wani girgizar yanayi wanda zai buɗe masa hanyar nutsewa daga gani na". Gaba daya Williams ya samu nasara akan mafi yawan wadanda suka yi adawa da zabensa, in ban da Müller.
Ga Müller, rashin nasara a zaben wani muhimmin sauyi ne a rayuwarsa ta ilimi da tunani, a cewar Chaudhuri. Yana nufin cewa Müller bai taɓa koyar da Sanskrit a Oxford ba, ko da yake ya kasance a can har mutuwarsa a 1900; kuma bai taba ziyartar Indiya ba. Cikin takaicin rashin samun kujerar, Müller "yakan kaucewa ko kuma ya hana Monier Williams da danginsa a titunan Oxford", a cewar Williams. An nada shi shugaban kwatancen ilimin kimiyya a cikin 1868, farfesa na farko na Oxford da jami'ar kanta ta kafa ba tare da kuɗi daga gudummawar sarauta ko na sirri ba. Ya rubuta wasiƙar murabus a cikin 1875 lokacin da jami'a ta ba da shawarar ba da digiri na girmamawa ga Williams, yana ba da dalilinsa cewa yana son ƙarin lokaci yana nazarin Sanskrit. Abokai sun yi ƙoƙarin yin magana game da shi, sannan jami'a ta nada mataimakin farfesa don sauke aikinsa, girmamawa da ya yaba da shi sosai.
Masanin tarihin Indiya Rajesh Kochhar, ya lura da goyon bayan Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ga Müller, ya yi sharhi cewa "Malaman Oxford na iya samun nasu dalilai na tantance shi, amma Kamfanin da 'yan asalin kasar duka sun gan shi sosai." Duk da shan kayen da ya yi a zaben, ya sami babban suna a Oxford da kuma bayansa: "ya shagaltu da muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar basirar al'umma", a cewar Beckerlegge, kuma "duniya ta dauke shi a matsayin abin koyi na nasarar ilimi. (kamar yadda Dowling ya fada). Dowling ya yi la'akari da cewa "[a] a cikin rayuwarsa, Müller an wulakanta shi a matsayin masanin kimiyyar harshe" kuma yana da "ƙananan mahimmanci" ga samfurin nazarin harshe na baya. A ra'ayin Beckerlegge, ra'ayin Müller game da yanayin aikin mishan na Kirista ya nuna wahalhalu a wancan lokacin ga malaman addinin Kirista "suna yin aiki tuƙuru don haɓaka nazarin juriya da haɗe-haɗe na sauran al'adun addini". Daga cikin sauran 'yan takarar, an zabi Cowell a matsayin farfesa na farko na Sanskrit a Jami'ar Cambridge a 1867, wanda Müller da sauransu suka goyi bayan. Griffith ya kasance shugaban kwalejin sa daga 1861 har zuwa 1878 (na nasara Ballantyne); ya ci gaba da aiki a Indiya bayan ya yi ritaya, kuma ya mutu a can. Ballantyne ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban makarantar saboda matsalolin lafiya kuma ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu a Ofishin Indiya (wani matsayi da Wilson ya rike ban da Farfesa) har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1864.
Emmanuel E. Uduaghan
Dr. Emmanuel Ewetan Uduaghan (An hanfe shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara 1954A.c) shine Gwamnan jihar Delta daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2015. Ya karbi mukamin ne ta hanyar zabe da ba a kammala ba (inconclusive election a Turanci) a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007 kuma ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). Likitan likitanci ne ta hanyar sana'a, kafin ya zama gwamna, ya kasance Kwamishinan Lafiya a Jihar Delta da ya kuma rike mukamin sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha. Dr. Uduaghan ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben 26 ga Afrilu 2011, kuma aka sake zabe.
Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1954 a karamar hukumar Warri ta Arewa a jihar Delta ta asalin Itsekiri. Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Warri (1968-1974), da Jami'ar Benin (1975-1980) inda ya sami digirin digiri na likitanci da tiyata (MBBS), da kuma Diploma a Anaesthesia. Yana da aure, yana da ‘ya’ya biyu Matarsa, Roli, diyar Brig. Janar Sunny E. Tuoyo (Rtd), tsohon Shugaban Soja na Jihar Ondo.
Buzuzu
Buzuzu ko kuma filfilo ɗayane daga cikin jinsin halittun kwari masu tashi yana kamada filfilo ta zubin tsarin halittarsu saidai shi fukafukanshi suna atsage kuma jikinshi nada kauri fiye dana filfilo. Haka kuma masana sun tabbatar da Buzuzu yakan iya tafiyar kilo mita tara acikin sa'a ɗaya.
Emmanuel E. Uduaghan
Aiki
Emmanuelel Uduaghan ya fara aiki a shekarar 1983 a Kamfanin Karfe na Delta, a matsayin jami’in kiwon lafiygDaga a 1989 zuwa 1994, ya yi aiki a asibitoci da dama da suka hada da Asibitin Westend, Warri  Asibitocin Benoni, Benin City da Asibitin Shell, Ogunu, inda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan maganin sa barci  A cikin 1994 ya kafa aikin likita mai zaman kansa  Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a kungiyar likitocin Najeriya a Warri, jihar Bendel da jihar Delta  Ya kuma kasance mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyar ci gaban jagoranci na Junior Chamber International (Jaycees). ==
Harkokin Siyasa
Uduaghan ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben 26 ga Afrilu 2011, kuma aka sake zabe. Ya samu kuri'u 525,793, yayin da Cif Great Ogboru na jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyyar People's Party (DPP) ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 433,834. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2018 a hukumance ya bayyana cewa ya bar PDP zuwa APC.
Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua
Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa, dake cikin birnin Katsina wacce akafi sani da suna Jami’ar Jihar Katsina, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jihar Katsina mai lamba 7 na Satumbar, 2006. Dr. Umaru Mutallab ne Shugaban Jami'ar, yayin da Farfesa, Sunusi Mamman mataimakin shugaban jami'ar wato, (Vice Chancellor). kuma ya gaje shugabancin ne daga hannun tsohon shugaban Prof. Idris Isah Funtua.
Tarihi
An kirkiro Jami’ar a sheakara ta 2006 a Jihar Katsina. don zama tushen ci gaban tattalin arziki, fasaha da siyasa na Jahar ta hanyar samar da ƙwararrun masaniyar ɗan adam ta hanyar salon koyarwa na fuska da fuska da na nesa. Burin gwamnati ne da al'ummar jihar Katsina su kafa jami'ar da zata shiga jerin kwararrun Jami'oin duniya ta hanyar sadarwa na zamani wato(ICT). Jami'ar ta fara shirye-shiryen karatun ne a cikin watan Janairun, shekarar 2007 a wani rukunin lokaci na wucin gadi wanda ke Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina.
Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Katsina ta yanke shawarar canzawa makarantar suna daga "Jami'ar Jahar Katsina" watau (Katsina State University) zuwa "Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa, Katsina" (Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa University, Katsina) a ranar 08 ga watan Aprelu, shekarar 2009. Anyi hakan ne don nuna yabo na musamman ga tsohon gwamna kuma shugaban kasa na lokacin, Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa - Matawallen Katsina. Bayan kwana daya da canjin sunan makarantar, shugaban kasan Nijeriya na lokacin, Marigayi Umaru Musa yarduwa ya bada fili mai girman hekta 1029.33 akan hanyar Dutsin-ma, don gina jami'ar a wurin na dun-dun-dun. Anyi taron bude makarantar a ranar 09 ga watan Aprelu, shekarar 2009.
Tallafin Naira Biliyan 4
Ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2022 Gwamnatin Tarrayya Ta Tallafa wa Jami'ar da Naira Biliyan 3 don ƙara bunƙasa ta gami da yin sabbin Gine-gine a Jami’ar.
Har wayau kuma Gwamnatin jihar ta ƙara Naira Biliyan 1 akai don fara aiwatar da aikin gadan-gadan.
Gine-ginen dai da za'a yi sun haɗa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na lacca, da shingen gudanarwa, ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje, wuraren kiwo da sauransu.
Tsarin Karatu
An tsara makarantan don bada Ilimin digiri tun daga digiri na farko (Undergraduate degree), digiri na biyu (Masters degree) da digiri na uku "Daktanci" (Doctoring degree) har zuwa digiri ta qoli "Farfesanci" (Professorship). Akwai fannuka daban daban wanda suka hada da; # Fannin Kimiyya,
Fannin Kimiyya Wannan fanni ne da ya kunshi sassa na karatun binciken abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai dake cikin duniya da wajen duniya. Ana kiran wannan fanni "Science", kuma wannan fanni a wannan jami'a yana da sassa kaman haka;
Fannin karatun Alƙalanci Wannan fanni anfi saninshi a turance da " Faculty of Law" wanda ya jiɓanci karatun alqalanci ko lauyanci. A karkashin wannan fannin akwai sassa kaman,
Fannin Karatun Koyarwa Wato "Faculty of Education" a turance. Wannan fannin ya jibanci koyar da ilimin malumta ko koyarwa. Wannan fanni ya shafi horar da malamai a fannin kimiya da fasaha da kuma Alqalanci baki daya.
Lesotho
Lesotho [lafazi: /lesutu/] (da Sesotho: Muso oa Lesotho; da Turanci: Kingdom of Lesotho) ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Afirka.
Yawan fili
Lesotho tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba'i 30,355. Lesotho tana da yawan jama'a 2,203,821, bisa ga jimillar 2016. Lesotho tana da iyaka da Afirka ta Kudu. Babban birnin Lesotho, shi ne Maseru.
Sarkin Lesotho Letsie III ne. Firaministan ƙasar Tom Thabane ne. Mataimakin firaministan ƙasar Monyane Moleleki ne.
Mbabane
Mbabane (lafazi : /umbabanei/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar eSwatini. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar eSwatini. Maseru tana da yawan jama'a 94,874, bisa ga jimillar 2010. An gina birnin Mbabane a shekara ta 1887.
Saran Kaba Jones
Saran Kaba Jones (an haifeta ranar 21 ga watan Yuni,1982) mashawarciyan ruwa ce mai tsafta kuma 'yar kasuwan zamantakewa daga Laberiya. Ita ce ta kafa FACE Africa, ƙungiyar da ke aiki don ƙarfafa samar da ruwa, tsafta da gyara muhalli a cikin al'ummomin karkara a cikin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Ita ce Jagorar Matasa ta Duniya da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya kuma Shugabar Mujallar TIME ta 2016 na gaba. Ayyukanta tare da FACE Africa an bayyana su a cikin Boston Globe, da CNN Inside Africa.
Aiki
Ta shafe shekaru biyar tana aiki da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa ga Hukumar Raya Tattalin Arziki ta gwamnatin Singapore, aikin da ta bari a watan Agustan 2010 don mai da hankali kan FACE Africa.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
2015 2013
2012
2011
Pascal Gourville
Pascal Dominique Gourville (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu 1975) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. An haife shi a Faransa, Gourville yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Mauritania a duniya.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An haifi Gourville a Faransa kuma ɗan asalin Réunionnais ne. A shekara ta 2003, ya amince ya zama ɗan asalin ƙasar Mauritania, bayan gayyatar da ɗan'uwansa ɗan ƙasar Faransa Noel Tosi ya yi masa, wanda a lokacin shi ne tawagar ƙasar Mauritania kuma yana son sa a cikin tawagar. Ya fara buga musu wasa a 3–0 2006 na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a Zimbabwe a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 2003.
Malam buɗe littafi
Filfilo dayane daga cikin kwari masutashi yanada gangan jiki kamar mai dan tsawo, fukafukishi nada faɗi. Filfilo yana tare da buzuzu a iyalance.tsarin halittar sa dakomai kusan dayane saida bammancin fukafuki.
Fukafukin filfilo nada tsawo da faɗi kuma yakanyi haske idan yana tafiya. Filfilo yana samun abincincin shine kamar wasu daga cikin dabbobi irinsu zuma, tsutsa d.s. Hakakuma yana kwaine ya ƙyanƙyashe sannan yanada matakan rayuwa wanda ake cewa (life cycle)aturance guda hudu matakan sune:rayuwarsa cikin ƙwai (egg),yana jariri (larva)ko (caterpillar), bayan yafara girma (pupa) dakuma (adult) wato wanda yacika girmansa kenan. Adult da larva kawai suna cin ganyene surayu kuma suma sai keɓantattu daga ciki. Hakakuma akwai tsarin iyalantaka na filfilo wanda take farawa daga Pieridae, wato dan fari dakuma sulfurs, dukkansu anfi saninsune ta hanyar yawan yawo ko ƙaura wato (magration); Papilionidae, da swallowtails, sune yan parnassians; Lycaenidae, da dan bula wato  (blues), coppers, hairstreaks, gossamer-winged filfilo; Riodinidae, dukkansu ana samunsune ayankin amurka ; Nymphalidae, da brush-footed filfilo; Hesperiidae, skippers; and Hedylidae, merican moth-butterflies (yawancin lokuta ana sahine amatsayin mabiyi ga wannan tsari iyalantakan wato "Papilionoidea"). brush-footed filfilo kuma shine yake wakiltar babban tsarin iyalantaka (family)hadida wannan iyalin na admirals, fritillaries, monarchs, zebras dakuma painted ladies.yammata masu zane da hausa.
Fardami
Fardami kauye ne a karamar hukumar Rimi ta jihar Katsina.
Jama'atu Izalatal Bid'a wa Iqamatus Sunnah
Jama'atu al Izalat al bid'a wa iqamatus sunnah: Kungiyace ta musulunci da sheikh Abubakar Mahmud Gumi ya ƙirƙireta a arewacin Najeriya a jihar kaduna domin kawar da bidi`o`in dake cikin addinin musulunci sannan kuma a tsaida sunnah. Ita wannan ƙungiya tana da matukar girma sosai a Najeriya, wanda a yanzu haka ta kasance kungiya ta biyu a Najeriya bayan Jama`atun Nasril Islam. tana da ma'aikata masu yawa riƙe da ofisoshi daban-daban.
Taɓarya
Taɓarya tana cikin kayan da ake amfani da ita a gida.
Amfani
Ana amfani da taɓarya ne wajen daka da jajjagen kayan miya har Sussuka ana yi da taɓarya ana kuma yin jima da taɓarya. Taɓarya sassaƙa ta akeyi daga itatuwa kala-kala masu sana'ar sassaƙa sune suke sassaƙa ta bayan sun saro icen sai su maida shi abun amfani, Misali Taɓarya, Turmi, ƙotar fatanya da sauransu.
Madatsar Ruwan Ɓagwai
Watari Dam madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar Bagwai a arewa maso yamma ta jihar Kano na Najeriya.
Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan noma a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin birnin Kano da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar Bichi da Bagwai.
Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin jihar Kano wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, masunta da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.
Callanci
Callanci (Calanci) harshen Chadic a Nijeriya ne.
Shehu Ahmadu Musa
Shehu Ahmadu Musa, GCON, CFR (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1935 9 ya kuma mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008) ya kasance mai kula da jama'a kuma mai rike da mukaman Makaman Nupe. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1979 ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta Shugaba Shehu Shagari zuwa shekara ta 1983.
Bayan Fage
An haifi Shehu Musa a garin Bida, yankin tsakiyar Najeriya, jihar Neja. Mahaifinsa Musa ManDoko ya kasance mai rike da kambun sarauta a Masarautar Nupe.
Ilimi
Ya fara karatun boko daga makarantar firamare ta Bida ta kudu a shekarar 1943 sannan ya kammala a shekarata 1947 sannan ya koma makarantar Midil ta Bida a 1948 zuwa 1949 lokacin da aka canza shi zuwa Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Zariya saboda amfani da kwazon sa, a can ya hadu da masu ilimi da kwarewa. abokan aiki kuma sun kammala karatu a 1954. Daga baya a 1955 ya halarci Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Nijeriya, Zariya zuwa 1957 kuma wannan kammalawa da ya yi a Zariya sai ya samu shiga Jami’ar Ibadan ya kammala a 1960, ya kuma halarci Jami’ar Minnesota a 1962 zuwa 1963 da Jami’ar London a shekara ta 1963 zuwa shekara y 1964 na (GCE). Ya kuma yi digirin digirgir na Dokoki daga Jami’ar Jos a shekara ta 1991 da kuma PhD na wasika daga Jami’ar Calabar a shekara ta 1992.
Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'a a shekara ta 1960 ya shiga ma'aikatar farar hula ta yankin Arewa a matsayin mai binciken kudi na gwamnatin yankin Arewa kuma ya kasance yana halartar cibiyoyi a wajen kasar zuwa shekara ta 1965 aka mayar da shi ma'aikatar kudi ta tarayya a Legas yana aiki a matsayin babban mataimakin sakatare. Ya zama sakataren kwastam na Kwastam a shekarar 1967 kuma aka kara masa mukamin zuwa mataimakin sakatare na dindindin a Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Najeriya a shekara ta 1971, daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin sakataren din-din-din na Ma’aikatar Lafiya a shekara ta 1974 zuwa shekara ta 1978 kuma a shekara ta 1978 shi ne Daraktan Kwastam na shekara guda kuma shi ne nadi na karshe da aka gudanar kafin ya zama SGF a shekara ta 1979.
Kamar yadda darektan kwastan
Ya kasance a ma'aikatar lafiya lokacin da Janar Murtala Muhammed ya nada shi daraktan hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya a shekara ta 1978 kuma ya sake tsara ta. Ya sanya kungiyar aiwatar da sauye-sauye cikin kyakkyawan tushe har zuwa yanzu tana nan da ladabi.
Sauran ofishin aka gudanar
Musa ya rike mukamai da yawa a baya kuma har ma ya zama Sakataren Tarayya, irin wadannan mukaman sun hada da;
Gudanar da kidayar 1991 bayan ritaya
A matsayinsa na ma'aikacin gwamnati mai ritaya a matakin tarayya ya shugabanci majalisar ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1991 da aka kafa a jihar Neja kafin a 1992 shi ne shugaban Hukumar Kula da Yawan Jama'a ta Kasa tsawon shekara hudu a 1988 sannan daga baya ya shugabanci Kwamitin Taron Tsarin Mulki a shekara ta 1994 kafin ya zama kwamishina ne na Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Indiana mai zaman kanta, Abuja a shekara ta 1998 zuwa 2003. A shekarar 1992 ne lokacin da yake shugaban kidayar jama'a ya gudanar da kai tsaye mafi nasara a kasar bayan kidayar farko da aka yi a shekara ta 1951 wanda masu mulkin mallaka suka shirya kuma ya rike mukamai da dama ba na jama'a ba har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2008.
Dokar da'a ta Musa
Ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar koda a asibitin Landan, kafin rasuwarsa ya kasance babban kansila a majalisar Etsu Nupe.
Kuru
kuru qauye ne a qaramar hukumar musawa a jihar katsina
Yahel Castillo
Yahel Ernesto Castillo Huerta (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 1987) ɗan ƙasar Mexico ne.
Amfanin ayaba ga lafiyar jiki da fata
Duk wani abu da Allah Ya samar da shi a doron ƙasa na daga ci ko sha yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwar wanda aka yi shi domin su, wato ɗan Adam. Sannan a cikin duk wani tsiro akwai alfanun da yake tare da shi ga jikin ɗan Adam, sannan a cikin sa za a iya samun waraka daga wata cuta.
Su ma masu ciwon zuciya, ana so su yawaita cin ayaba, domin tana taikamawa matuƙa a tafiyar samun lafiyar zuciyar
Kokomma
Kokomma fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2012 wanda Tom Robson ya ba da umarni. Taurarin fim ɗin sun haɗa da Belinda Effah, Ini Ikpe da Ekere Nkanga. Ta samu nadin nadi 3 a karo na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, tare da Effah ta lashe lambar yabo ga Mafi kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ta taka a fim. An sake shi akan DVD a watan Satumbar 2012.
Cyclax
Cyclax kamfani ne na kayan kwaskwarima na Burtaniya. An kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A cikin Burtaniya kawai tsofaffin kamfanin kwaskwarima shine Yardley.
Tarihi
An kafa Kamfanin Cyclax a cikin 1896 ta Mrs Hemming (sunan gaske Frances (Fanny) Forsythe née Hamilton [1872-1934]) a cikin wani daki na gaba na wani gida a 58 South Molton Street, London, don samar da kyawawan jiyya. A cikin 1902, Cyclax ya fara sayar da kayan kwalliya gabaɗaya kuma a cikin 1910 akwai shirye-shirye sama da 40 a cikin kewayon Cyclax ciki har da samfuran kula da fata, samfuran kula da gashi, foda na fuska, ruwan ido, lotions na lebe da sabulu. A cikin lokacin kafin yakin duniya na farko, kayayyakin Cyclax sun ci gaba da sayarwa a Turai da kuma sassan daular Burtaniya.
Fadadawa
A cikin 1919 ɗan Frances Forsythe, Gery Hamilton Forsythe [1896-1964], ya dawo daga Amurka don taimakawa da kasuwancin kuma a ƙarshe ya karɓi ikon kamfanin. Ya kafa kamfanoni daban-daban da masana'antu na gida a Australia, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka a cikin 1930s. An kuma kafa salon salon cyclax a sassa daban-daban na duniya waɗanda ma'aikatan da aka horar da Cyclax suka kula da su waɗanda wasunsu suka yi tafiya zuwa London don zama wakilan Cyclax na duniya.
Zaman bayan yakin
Wannan lokaci ne mai wahala ga Cyclax, kamar yadda ya kasance ga yawancin kamfanonin kwaskwarima na Biritaniya waɗanda suka fuskanci haraji mai yawa da ƙara yawan gasa daga kamfanonin Amurka kamar Max Factor da Revlon. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu goyon bayan Cyclax a wannan lokacin ita ce Gimbiya Elizabeth. Ta yi amfani da mai ba da shawara na Cyclax, Thelma Besant, a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Cosmetician da Beauty Adviser kafin da kuma bayan an yi mata rawani. Thelma ta shawarci Sarauniyar kan kula da fata da kayan kwalliya don bikin nadin sarauta da kuma tafiye-tafiyen sarauta da yawa a farkon mulkinta. An ba da garantin sarauta ga Cyclax a cikin 1961.
Samun
Cyclax kasuwanci ne na iyali har sai da ƴan kasuwa na Amurka Lehman Brothers, Inc. suka saya a 1970 a madadin ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu. Sun rufe salon a Titin Molton ta Kudu, sun daidaita layin samfurin kuma sun sake buga shi. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 kamfanin ya ratsa ta hannun masu yawa da suka hada da Tabar Ba'amurke ta Biritaniya da SmithKIIne Beecham. Richards & Appleby Ltd. ne suka siyar da shi a cikin Oktoba 2018 zuwa Three Pears Ltd waɗanda ke shirin sabunta alamar. Kewayon samfurin na yanzu ya dogara ne akan amfani da sinadarai na halitta kuma za a kera su 100% a cikin Burtaniya.
Maikada
maikada(kauye) wani kauye ne dake a karamar hukumar safana
Tuge
tuge kauyene a karamar hukumar musawa ta jahar katsina