cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
BMW E46 3 Series
BMW E46 3 Series, kerarre daga 1998 zuwa 2006, wakiltar ƙarni na hudu na BMW ta shahararriyar m mota. E46 da aka gina akan nasarar E36, yana ƙara inganta ƙira da abubuwan aiki. Tare da layukan sa na sumul, kaho mai tsayi, da gasasshen koda mai ƙarfi, E46 ya nuna ma'anar wasanni da ƙayatarwa. Ciki yana ba da shimfidar ergonomic da direba-centric, wanda ya haɗa da kayan inganci da fasaha na zamani. Jerin E46 3 ya ƙunshi zaɓin injuna da yawa, yana ba da zaɓin ayyuka daban-daban da buƙatun ingancin mai. Musamman ma, E46 M3 ya zama alama a tsakanin masu sha'awar wasan kwaikwayon, sanye take da injunan layi-shida mai haɓakawa wanda ke ba da iko na musamman da ƙarfin sarrafawa. Jerin E46 3 ya kasance abin da aka fi so tsakanin BMW aficionados, wanda aka yi bikin saboda ƙwarewar tuƙi da kuma roƙo mai dorewa.
Esan ta Yamma
Esan ta Yamma Nadaga cikin Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Edo dake kudu masu kudancin Nijeriya.
BMW Z3
Motar BMW Z3, ​​wacce aka bullo da ita daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 2002, ta nuna alamar sake dawowar BMW cikin kasuwar masu titin bayan dogon lokaci. Tare da sumul, retro-wahayi ƙira da na gargajiya dogon hula, short-deck gwargwado, da Z3 kama ainihin ainihin mota wasanni. Da farko an samo shi azaman mai iya canzawa mai kujeru biyu, daga baya Z3 ya ba da bambance-bambancen coupe, yana ƙara haɓaka sha'awar sa. Cikin ciki ya fito da wani kokfit ɗin direba, wanda ke nuni da ƙudirin BMW na isar da ƙwarewar tuƙi. Zaɓuɓɓukan wutar lantarki sun fito daga injunan silinda huɗu na tattalin arziki zuwa raka'a shida na layi mai ban sha'awa, kuma samfuran Z3 M Roadster da M Coupe an sanye su da injunan ayyuka masu girma, suna haɓaka ƙwarewar tuƙi zuwa sabon matakin. BMW Z3 cikin sauri ya zama alamar mota, wanda aka yi bikin saboda ƙirar sa maras lokaci, aikin sa mai ban sha'awa, da jin daɗin tuƙi a buɗe.
Etsako ta Tsakiya
Etsako ta Tsakiya Nadaga cikin Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Edo dake kudu masu kudancin Nijeriya.
September 11 attacks
A Satumba hare-hare (wanda kuma ake kira 9/11), hare-haren ta'addanci ne guda hudu da aka kai kan Amurka. Duk sun faru da safiyar Talata, 11 ga Satumba, 2001. Hare -haren sun kashe mutane 3,000, ciki har da maharan 19, wanda ya zama harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihi. Sun sa anyi asarar fiye da kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka kai kimanin dalar Amurka 10. Kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Islama ta al-Qaeda ce ta aiwatar da su. Sun yi amfani da jiragen fasinja don lalata shahararrun gine -gine ta hanyar shawagi da jiragen a cikin su. An kai hare-hare biyu a birnin New York da kuma daya a Arlington, Virginia. Harin na huɗu bai yi aiki ba kuma jirgin ya yi hatsari a wani filin da ke kusa da Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
Gine -ginen da aka kai harin sune tagwayen hasumiyar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a birnin New York, da Pentagon a Arlington, Virginia. Jirgin na hudu ya yi hatsari a filin da babu kowa a cikin Pennsylvania kafin ya isa inda ya nufa a Washington, DC Wannan manufa ita ce ko dai Fadar White House ko Capitol na Amurka. Bayan taron, gwamnatin Amurka ta ce mutanen da suka kai hare-haren na kusa da kungiyar ta'adda ta al-Qaeda.
Jiragen sama da abun ya shafa
Na farko cikin jirage huɗu da za su tashi shi ne jirgin saman Amurka na 11, Boeing 767-200ER. Tsayinsa ya kai ƙafa 159 (mita 48) da faɗin ƙafa 16 (4.9 m). Yana da hanyoyi biyu. Jirgin ya yi zirga -zirgar yau da kullun tsakanin Boston da Los Angeles. Lokacin da ta tashi da ƙarfe 7:59 na safiyar ranar sha ɗaya, ya ɗauki fasinjoji 81 kawai a cikin kujerun ta 158. Bayan mintuna arba'in da bakwai, ta faɗa cikin Hasumiyar Arewa a nisan mil 440 a awa ɗaya (kilomita 710/h). Tana ɗauke da galan 9,717 na man jirgin sama, ƙasa da 14,000 ƙasa da yadda ta iya ɗauka.
Jirgin saman United Airlines Flight 175, shi ma Boeing 767-200ER, shine na biyu. Kamar American Airlines 11, an shirya tashi daga Boston zuwa Los Angeles. Lokacin da United 175 ta tashi da karfe 8:14 na safe, ya fi sauƙi fiye da jirgin Amurka: 56 na kujeru 168 ne kawai aka cika. Lokacin da ta fada kan Hasumiyar Kudu ta Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da karfe 9:03 na safiya, tafiya 540 mph, tana da galan 9,118 na mai a cikin tankokin ta. An watsa wannan hatsarin kai tsaye ta tashoshin talabijin da yawa a duk duniya waɗanda tuni ke nuna Hasumiyar Arewa tana ƙonewa. Jirgin saman American Airlines Flight 77 shine jirgi na uku da ya tashi. Jirgin Boeing 757-200 ne. Ta bar Washington, DC da ƙarfe 8:20 na safe zuwa Los Angeles. Ya kasance kashi biyu cikin uku babu komai, tare da fasinjoji 58 a cikin kujerun ta 176. Yana dauke da galan 4,000 na man fetur, kasa da galan 11,500 da zai iya dauka. ya fada cikin Pentagon da karfe 9:37 na safe, yana tashi da nisan mil 530 a awa daya (kilomita 850/h).
Jirgin na huɗu, United Airlines Flight 93, shi ma ya kasance 757-200. Yana tafiya daga Newark, New Jersey zuwa San Francisco. An shirya tashi da karfe 8 na safe, amma an jinkirta na mintuna 42. Lokacin da ya tashi daga ƙarshe, ya ɗauki fasinjoji 37 ne kawai a cikin kujerun ta 182. yaana da fiye da galan 7,000 na mai. Da karfe 10:03 na safe, ya yi hatsari a nisan mil 560 a awa daya (kilomita 900/h) cikin filin da babu kowa kusa da Shanksville, Pennsylvania bayan fasinjojin da ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi nasarar sake kwace iko da jirgin don dakatar da 'yan ta'adda masu garkuwa da mutane daga bugun wani wuri.
Mutuwa
Dukkan mutane 246 da ke cikin jirage hudu sun mutu a hadarin. An kuma kashe 'yan ta'adda 19 a hare -haren. Duwatsu biyu na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya sun kama da wuta bayan hatsarin. Hasumiyar Kudu (2 WTC) ta ƙone na mintuna 56 kafin ta faɗi kuma ta lalace. Hasumiyar Arewa (1 WTC) ta kone na mintuna 102 kafin ita ma ta ya fadi. Yayin da hasumiyoyin suka fadi, sassan hasumiyar sun buge wasu gine -gine da ke kusa da su. An yi imanin cewa saboda wannan lalacewar, gini na uku, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya 7 (7 WTC), ta faɗi da ƙarfe 5:20 na yamma. Wasu gine -gine da yawa a yankin sun lalace sosai kuma dole ne an rusa su daga baya, wanda ya bar daukacin ginin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya. Mutane 2,602 sun mutu a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya.
Jirgin da ya buge Pentagon ya bugi kasa ne daidai lokacin da ya doshi gefen ginin. Daga nan sai ta fadi ta cikin uku "zoben" guda biyar wadanda suka hada da Pentagon. Hadarin ya kashe mutane 125 a Pentagon.
Akwai mutane 2,996 da suka mutu a hare -haren. Sun hada da jami’an kashe gobara da jami’an ‘yan sanda da ke kokarin ceto sauran mutanen. Sun kuma hada da maharan 19 wadanda duk aka kashe.
Abinda ya biyo baya
Gwamnatin Amurka ta biya kimanin dala miliyan 1.8 ga iyalan wadanda harin ya rutsa da su.
Hare -haren sun kuma haifar da samar da Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka, wacce ke kare kasar daga hare -haren ta'addanci.
Ka'idodin makirci da yawa sun bayyana waɗanda ke cewa wasu mutane a cikin gwamnatin Amurka sun san hare -haren, ko ma sun sa su faru. Wadannan da gwamnatin ta ce karya ce.
Yaki akan Ta'addanci
Bayan harin, Amurka ta dora laifin akan kungiyar Al-Qaeda, wanda Amurka ta dauka kungiyar ta'addanci ce. Shugaba George W. Bush ya ce zai fara " Yaki da Ta'addanci ". Yana nufin Amurka za ta yi karin abubuwa don kokarin dakatar da ta'addanci a nan gaba. Bush ya ce an yi hakan ne domin kare Amurkawa da dukiyoyinsu daga 'yan ta'adda. Misali, gwamnatin Amurka za a sake tsara ta. An ƙarfafa tsaro da sarrafawa a wuraren taruwar jama'a, musamman a filayen jirgin sama. Ana gaya wa Amurkawa kowace rana ko akwai babbar barazanar ta'addanci. (Anyi wannan ta hanyar ba da launi don ranar. Ja yana nufin akwai babban haɗari, kore yana nufin ƙarancin haɗari, kuma akwai matakan da yawa a tsakanin.
Yakin Ta'addanci kuma ya haifar da yaƙe -yaƙe na gaske. Shugaban kungiyar Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, ya zauna a masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan. Amurka ta fadawa gwamnatin Afghanistan, da ake kira Taliban, da ta mika musu bin Laden. Taliban ba za ta yi hakan ba. Shugaban kungiyar Taliban, Mullah Muhammad Omar, ya nemi ganin hujja daga gwamnatin Amurka. Idan ba a ba da hujja ba, Mullah Omar ya ce ba zai mika bin Laden ba. Shugaba George W. Bush ya ce baya bukatar bayar da hujja. Daga nan Amurka ta shiga yaki da Afghanistan. An cire 'yan Taliban daga madafun iko, an kafa sabuwar gwamnati, mutanen Afghanistan sun zabi sabon shugaban kasa.
Yayin da wannan ke faruwa, gwamnatin Amurka ta canza ta wasu hanyoyi. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT) ta kirkiro Hukumar Tsaro ta Sufuri (TSA). Kafin 9/11, kamfanonin jiragen sama sun samar da tsaro a filayen jiragen saman Amurka. TSA ta mayar da ita aikin gwamnati ta samar da tsaron filin jirgin sama. TSA ta dauki sabbin hafsoshin don yin aiki a filayen saukar jiragen sama da kuma tashi da jirage a matsayin marshals na sama. TSA kuma tana ba da tsaro akan jiragen ƙasa na Amurka da na jirgin ƙasa. An kuma kirkiro sabuwar Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida. Ya zama aikinsu na kare Amurkawa da dukiyoyinsu a cikin Amurka. Lokacin da aka kirkiro wannan sashin, TSA ta tashi daga DOT zuwa Tsaron Gida.
Bayan fatattakar 'yan Taliban, Shugaba George W. Bush ya yi tunanin yakamata Amurka ta mamaye Iraki. Ya yi imanin cewa Iraki tana taimakawa ƙungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda, ciki har da al-Qaeda. Ya ce yana da shaidar cewa Iraqi ma tana kera makaman kare dangi. Ya aika Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Colin Powell zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don nuna musu wasu daga cikin shaidun. A cikin Maris, 2003, Amurka ta fara mamaye Iraki. (Wasu ƙasashe huɗu kuma sun shiga, ciki har da Ƙasar Ingila, Ostiraliya, Poland, da Denmark.) An kifar da gwamnatin Iraki, kuma mutanen Iraki sun zaɓi sabuwar gwamnati. Ba a samu makaman kare dangi ba a Iraki A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2011, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka sun kashe shugaban al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden, wanda ya jagoranci hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, 2001 da sauran yunkurin ta’addanci.
FBI
Nan da nan bayan hare -haren, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya fara PENTTBOM. Wannan shine babban binciken manyan laifuka a tarihin Amurka. A wani lokaci, fiye da rabin wakilan FBI sun yi aiki kan binciken kuma sun bi jagorar rabin miliyan. FBI ta kammala da cewa akwai kwararan hujjoji da ba za a iya musantawa ba (ba za a iya musanta su ba) ”wadanda ke alakanta al-Qaeda da bin Laden da hare-haren. FBI ba ta yi rikodin mutuwar mutane 2,977 daga hare -haren ba a cikin rikodin laifukan su na shekara -shekara na 2001. Birnin New York kuma bai haɗa da mace -macen ba a cikin ƙididdigar laifukan su na shekara -shekara na 2001.
CIA
Sufeto Janar na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya (CIA) ya yi bitar ayyukan CIA na gabanin 9/11. Ya kasance yana sukar manyan jami'an CIA saboda rashin yin duk mai yiwuwa don dakatar da ta'addanci. Ya soki gazawar da suka yi na dakatar da biyu daga cikin maharan 9/11, Nawaf al-Hazmi da Khalid al-Mihdhar, yayin da suke shiga Amurka. Ya kuma soki yadda suka kasa raba bayanai kan mutanen biyu ga hukumar FBI. A watan Mayu 2007, sanatoci daga manyan manyan jam’iyyun siyasar Amurka sun rubuta doka don yin bita a bainar jama’a. Daya daga cikin masu goyon bayan, Sanata Ron Wyden ya ce, "Mutanen Amurka suna da 'yancin sanin abin da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya ke yi a cikin wadancan watanni masu mahimmanci (masu mahimmanci) kafin 9/11."
Binciken Majalisar
A watan Fabrairun 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta Zaɓi Kwamitin Bincike da Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓen Zaɓaɓɓen Kwamitin akan Sirrin ya ƙirƙiri binciken haɗin gwiwa game da ayyukan Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka. An fitar da rahoton su mai shafuka 832 a watan Disamba na 2002. A cikin rahoton, akwai gazawar FBI da CIA na yin amfani da bayanan da ke akwai. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanai game da 'yan ta'adda da CIA ta sani suna cikin Amurka. Sun gaza amfani da wannan bayanin don dakatar da tsare -tsaren. Binciken hadin gwiwar ya samo bayanansa game da jami'an gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya mai yiwuwa suna da hannu daga wasu kafofin da ba a san su ba. Gwamnatin Bush ta buƙaci shafuka masu alaƙa 28 da aka keɓe.
Sake Ginawa
A ranar da aka kai harin, magajin garin New York Rudy Giuliani ya ce: "Za mu sake ginawa. Za mu fito daga cikin wannan da karfi fiye da na da, na siyasa, da karfin tattalin arziki. Za a sake samun sararin sama
Etsako ta Gabas
Etsako ta Gabas Nadaga cikin Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Edo dake kudu masu kudancin Nijeriya.
September 11 attacks
Sake Ginawa
An sake gina bangaren Pentagon da ya lalace a cikin shekara guda da kai hare -haren. An fara gina Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Daya a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2006. Ya kai tsayinsa a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2013. An saka spire a saman ginin a wannan ranar. Wannan ya sa jimlar tsawo na 1 WTC's a ƙafa 1,776 (541 m). Wannan ya sa ya zama gini mafi tsayi a Yammacin Duniya. WTC ɗaya ya gama ginin kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014.
A shafin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, ya kamata a gina wasu hasumiyai uku na ofisoshin a wani shinge gabas daga inda hasumiyar ta asali take. 7 WTC shine farkon wanda aka buɗe a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006 bayan shekaru huɗu na gini. 4 WTC ita ce hasumiya ta biyu da za a buɗe a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2013. buɗe 3 WTC a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2018 wanda ya sa ya zama bene na huɗu a wurin da za a gama.
Okoloba
Okoloba yankine a karamar hukumar Bomadi, gundumar Akugbene Men dake a cikin jihar Delta.
Riaan Hanamub
Nelvin Riaan Hanamub (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Namibia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga kulob ɗin Chippa United.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ta Jihar Legas
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ta Legas an kirkire ta ne daga tsohuwar ma'aikatar ayyuka da sufuri a shekarar 1979 wanda Alhaji Lateef Jakande ya kirkira, zababben gwamnan jihar Legas na farko. Daga karshe an hade ma’aikatar muhalli da tsare-tsare tare da ma’aikatar tsare-tsaren gari don kafa ma’aikatar muhalli da tsare-tsare. A shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas, ta cire ofishin muhalli daga ma'aikatar tsare-tsaren gari yayin da aka daukaka ofishin muhalli na yanzu zuwa cikakken ma'aikata.
Burin farko na ma'aikatar shi ne samar da tsaftataccen, lafiyayye, da ingancin muhalli mai dorewa wanda zai dace da yawon bude ido, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da walwalar 'yan kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2005, an ƙirƙiri ofisoshi biyu a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar:
Abu Salih as-Samman
Abu Salih as-Samman (Larabci: أبو صالح السمان) (ya rasu AH 101, CE 720) shi ne farkon malamin addinin musulunci na Madina. Ya kasance mai riwayar Hadisi yana daga cikin tsarar Tabi'un musulmi.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ta Jihar Legas
Ofisoshin guda biyu, Ofishin Kula da Muhalli da Ofishin Kula da Ruwa, an hade su zuwa ma'aikatar Muhalli guda daya a shekarar 2015, bayan umarnin zartarwa na Mai Girma, Mista Akinwunmi Ambode. A watan Janairun 2018, an mayar da ofishin kula da magudanar ruwa zuwa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama’a ta Jihar Legas (LSPWC), wadda ke karkashin Ma’aikatar Ayyuka, a wani bangare na sake fasalin Sashin Muhalli na Gwamnatin Akinwunmi Ambode.
BMW E38 7 Series
The BMW E38 7 Series, samar daga 1994 zuwa 2001, wakiltar ƙarni na uku na BMW ta flagship alatu sedan jeri. E38 ya nuna himmar BMW ga alatu, fasaha, da ƙirƙira. Yana alfahari da wani tsayin daka na musamman, layuka masu kyau, da nagartaccen bayani, E38 ya nuna farin ciki na kasancewar zartarwa. Ciki ya kasance haɗuwa da wadata da zamani, yana nuna kayan aiki masu inganci, tsarin lantarki na ci gaba, da kwanciyar hankali maras misaltuwa. Jerin E38 7 ya ba da kewayon zaɓin injin, gami da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na V8 da V12 don waɗanda ke neman aiki mara ƙarfi. Fasalolin fasaha na majagaba kamar kewayawa tauraron dan adam, fitilolin mota masu daidaitawa, da sarrafa kwanciyar hankali na lantarki sun sanya E38 ya zama jagora na gaskiya a cikin sashin sedan na alatu. Ana girmama shi don haɗuwa da ta'aziyya, aiki, da fasali mai mahimmanci, E38 ya kasance alamar alatu na mota da gyare-gyare.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa ta Jihar Legas
Mista Babajide Sanwo-Olu, Gwamnan Jihar Legas, an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2019, kuma ya yi alkawarin a jawabinsa na kaddamar da ayyukan dawo da hukumomin kula da muhalli da suka kusa kwantawa.
Ma'aikatu
Ma'aikatar ita ce ke kula da Kula da Ma'aikatu, Sassa, da Hukumomi, MDAs:
Abu Salih as-Samman
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a zamanin Umar bin Al-Khattab, kuma bawan Juwairiyya ne ‘yantacce – matar Annabi Muhammad. Ya zauna a madina, ya kuma shaida wa Usmanu hari. Ya rasu a shekara ta 101 bayan hijira a karshen mulkin Umar bin Abdil-Aziz.
Jonah David Jang
Air Commodore Jonah David Jang (an haife shi 13 Maris 1944) ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya yi Gwamnan Jihar Filato daga 2007 zuwa 2015. Ya taɓa yin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Benuwai da Jihar Gongola Ya yi nasarar sake tsayawa takara a ranar 26 ga Afrilun 2011. A shekarar 2015, Jang ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe kujerar sanata ta Plateau ta Arewa yayin da wa’adin sa na Gwamnan jihar Filato ke karatowa. A shekarar 2018 Jang ya bayyana kujerar sanata a matsayin wofi kuma ya ce lokaci ya yi da mutanen Filato ta Arewa za su yanke shawarar wanda zai wakilci a jan majalisar. Jang ya kasance a lokacin yana yin shawarwari na siyasa ba dare ba rana don neman tikitin shugaban ƙasa na babbar jam'iyyar adawa, PDP don zaben shugaban kasa na 2019.
Abu Salih as-Samman
Malamai
Ya hadu da da yawa daga cikin sahabban Muhammad, kuma ya ruwaito hadisi daga:
Jonah David Jang
A shekarar 2018 ne EFCC ta gurfanar da Jang a gaban wata babbar kotu da ke Jos kan zargin zamba na zunzurutun kuɗi har naira biliyan 6.3 na kudin jihar Filato lokacin da yake Gwamnan jihar. A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2018 aka sake tura shi a gidan yarin Jos bayan kotu ta ki amincewa da neman belinsa.
Abu Salih as-Samman
Dalibai
Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka ruwaito daga gare shi sun hada da:
Jonah David Jang
A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2018 Jang ya gabatar da sha’awarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a sakatariyar jam’iyyar PDP ta jihar Filato.
Abu Salih as-Samman
liyafar
Ahmad ibn Hanbal ya ce ana yi masa kallon Thiqa, (amintaccen abin da ya shafi hadisi) kuma ya shahara da daraja.
Jonah David Jang
Bayan Fage
An haifi Jonah David Jang a ranar 13 ga Maris 1944 a garin Du, da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Jos ta Kudu a Jihar Filato. A 1965 ya shiga aikin Cadet na Jami'in Sojan Sama a Makarantar Horar da Sojoji da ke Kaduna. An ba shi horon tukin jirgin sama a Uetersen da ke Yammacin Jamus (1965-1966) sannan ya kara samun horo a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kaduna. An nada shi Laftana na biyu a shekarar 1969 kuma aka ba shi mukamin Laftana a shekarar 1970. Ya halarci kwasa-kwasan horo kan ayyukan samar da kayayyaki (Logistics) a Denver, Colorado, Amurka kuma an daga shi zuwa Kyaftin a 1972, Manjo a 1975 da Wing Commander a 1978, yana aiki a mafi yawan kamfanonin jiragen saman Najeriya a wannan lokacin.
A lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yi Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Benuwai daga watan Agustan 1985 zuwa Agusta 1986, sannan ya yi Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Gongola daga watan Agusta 1986 zuwa Disamba 1987.
Ya yi ritaya da kansa daga Sojan Sama na Najeriya a 1990. Jonah Jang ya yi karatun Digiri na Digiri na Allahntaka a Kwalejin Ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya (2000-2002). A shekarar 2007, ya yi nasarar tsayawa takarar gwamna a jihar Filato a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar PDP. Ya yi nasarar sake tsayawa takara a ranar 26 ga Afrilun 2011.
Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano
Filin sauka da tashin jirge na Malam Aminu Mallam Aminu Kano wanda ake kira da Aminu Kano International Airport mai lambar sadarwar filayen jirage (IATA: KAN, ICAO: DNKN) filin jirgi ne dake a garin Kano a arewacin  Najeriya. Tashar jirage ce mallakin Sojojin sama na Masarautar Ingila,  kafin samun yancin kan ƙasar. Shine babban filin jirgi daga ɓangaren arewaci ƙasar kuma aka saka masa sunan sanannen ɗansiyaar kasar Aminu Kano Tashar jirgin ta Mallam Aminu Kano itace tashar jirgi mafi daɗewa a ƙasar Najeriya, ta fara aiki tun shekarar 1936. A farkon farawarta itace mahaɗar samar da man jirage tsakanun Afrika da Turai. Filin jirgin na kano ne sanadiyyar samuwar al'umar Labanawa a Kano da kuma hanyar zuwa aikin hajji a Makka dake kasar Saudiyya.
Tarihin filin jirgin
Filin jirgin saman Mallam Aminu Kano shine mafi dadewa a Najeriya, wanda aka fara aiki a shekarar 1936. A cikin shekarun farko na aiki, ya zama muhimmiyar tashar man fetur ga kamfanonin jiragen sama masu tashi da dogon zango tsakanin Turai da Afirka. Sabbin jiragen sama ba sa bukatar irin wannan tasha, kuma da tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Kano a karshen karni na 20, da yawa daga cikin jiragen sama na kasa da kasa sun daina hidimar filin jirgin. Lokacin da suka dakatar da zirga-zirga zuwa Kano a watan Yuni 2012, KLM ne kawai kamfanin jirgin saman Turai da ke hidima a birnin, wanda suka yi ba tare da tsangwama ba tun 1947.
Mamoun
Mamoun ko Mamun na iya nufin to
Etsako ta Yamma
Etsako ta Yamma Nadaga cikin Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Edo dake kudu masu kudancin Nijeriya.
Abincin Igbo
Tushen abincin Igbo shine miya. Shahararrun miyan su ne Ofe Oha, Onugbu, ofe akwik, Egwusi da Nsala (Miyar farin barkono). Doya shine babban abinci ga Igbo kuma ana cin shi ana dafa shi ko a ci da miya.
Solomon Lar
Chief (Dr.) Solomon Daushep Lar (a Watan Aprailu aka haife  na shekara ta alif dari tara 1933 - 9 October 2013) (Walin Langtang) ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya riƙe ofisoshi daban-daban a matakin ƙasa sama da shekaru( 50). Ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙasa ta farko lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta( 1960 ). An zabe shi gwamnan jihar Filato a kan tsarin Jam’iyyar Jama’ar Nijeriya (NPP) a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya, yana rike da mukamin daga watan Oktoba a shekara ta( 1979) har zuwa juyin mulkin Sojoji na (31 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 1983 ) wanda ya kawo Janar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki. Daga baya, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Haihuwa da farkon aiki
An haifi Lar a garin Pangna, Langtang, jihar Filato a watan Afrilun (1933 ). Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai yin tukwane. Yayi karatu a Sudan United Mission Primary School a Langtang, sannan ya yi kwalejin malamai ta Gindiri inda ya cancanci koyarwa a Primary School, Langtang. Bayan shekara biyu ya koma Gindiri don Shirin Horar da Babban Malami, ya sami Babbar Sakandari kuma ya fara koyarwa a matakin Firamari. Ya shirya zama malamin addini.
An zaɓi Lar a matsayin kansila a hukumar 'yan asalin Langtang a watan Janairun a shekara ta (1959 ).Ranar (12 )ga watan Disamba( 1959 ) aka zaɓe shi ya zama Majalisar Tarayya a karkashin kungiyar United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC). An sake zaben shi a shekara ta( 1964 )kuma daga nan har zuwa (15 ) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (1966 ), lokacin da Janar Yakubu Gowon ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki, Lar ya kasance sakataren majalisar ne ga Fira Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ya kuma kasance Karamin Minista a Ma’aikatar Gwamnatin Tarayya.
Okpokhunu
Okpokhunu yankine a karamar hukumar Bomadi, gundumar Akugbene Men dake a cikin jihar Delta.
Solomon Lar
Haihuwa da farkon aiki
Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin dimokiradiyya, Lar ya halarci Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, ya kammala karatu a shekara ta( 1970 ) tare da LLB kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a shekara ta (1971 ). Ya kafa aikin lauya mai zaman kansa, kuma ya kasance tare da kafa kuma Sakatare na ƙasa na ƙungiyar Taimakawa Shari'a ta Nijeriya.
A cikin shekara ta (1972 ), Lar ya shiga Hukumar Kula da Ma'adinai na Nijeriya na Amalgamated. Ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin Nahiyar Afirka, memba na Majalisar Ilimin Dokoki ta Najeriya kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki (1977–1978). Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Ayo Irikefe wanda ya ba da shawarar fadada daga jihohi (12) zuwa( 19 )a lokacin mulkin Janar,Murtala Muhammed da Olusegun Obasanjo. Har ila yau Lar ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Duniya ta Afirka dake Amurka.
Jamhuriya ta biyu da ta Uku
A farkon Jamhuriya ta Biyu, Lar ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa ne na kafa Ƙungiyar Jama’ar Nijeriya. An tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyya a shekara ta( 1978 ), sannan daga baya yaci zaɓen gwamna a Jihar Filato a matsayin Gwamna na Farko a ranar( 1 ) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta ( 1979 ).Mataimakinsa shi ne Alhaji Aliyu Akwe Doma. Ya kasance mai himma wajen gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin jihar da suka hada da asibitoci, cibiyoyin ilimi, aikin wutar lantarki a karkara, samar da ruwa, da hanyoyi. Ya gabatar da sauye-sauye ga dokokin aikin yi na jihohi, da sake tsarin biyan albashi da tsarin kwangila a kullum da kuma gabatar da hutun haihuwa ga mata masu shayarwa.
Bayan juyin mulkin soja a watan Disambar a shekara ta (1983 ), Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya kafa kotunan soji wadanda ke shari’ar dukkan tsoffin gwamnoni. Duk da cewa ba a samu Lar da laifin albazzaranci da dukiyar kasa ba, amma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru( 88 )a kurkuku, na farko a Jos sannan kuma a Kirikiri a Legas. An sake duba lamarinsa kuma gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta sake shi, wanda ya fara wani canji zuwa dimokiradiyya a shekara ta( 1992 ).
A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Najeriya, Lar ya kasance mai goyon bayan Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ce ta nada shi Ministan Harkokin ’Yan sanda, daga baya ya yi murabus lokacin da ya fahimci Abacha ba da gaske yake ba wajen maido da dimokiradiyya.
Jamhuriya ta Hudu
A cikin sauyi zuwa Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya Lar ya zama Shugaban Jam’iyyar PDP na kasa na farko a shekara ta (1998 ),yana rike da wannan mukamin har zuwa (2002) lokacin da ya mika shi ga Cif Barnabas Gemade. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta ( 2004 )ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin amintattu na PDP, inda ya mika shi ga Cif Tony Anenih a wani taron tattaunawa a Abuja. Yaci gaba da kasancewa mai iko a cikin jam’iyyar ta PDP har zuwa shekarar (2005), lokacin da ya goyi bayan Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Atiku Abubakar a rikicinsa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, sannan daga baya ya goyi bayan takarar Atiku na neman Shugabancin kasar a shekara ta (2007). A watan Afrilun( 2006), Lar ya kuma yi maraba da shawarar da tsohon Shugaban Kasa na Soja, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yanke na tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa a zaben( 2007), yana mai cewa a dimokuradiyya kowa na da damar tsayawa takara.
An bayyana Lar a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Tsakiyar-Belter, mai aiki a cikin Middle Belt Forum. A jihar Filato ya goyi bayan wata manufa wacce ta dogara da ra'ayin cewa jihar ya kamata ta taimaka wa 'yan asalin su fahimci fa'idar "kubutar da su" daga mamayar Hausawa, kuma ya kamata a mayar da tsoffin al'ummomin Hausawa da Jarawa a cikin Jos da Yelwa wadanda ba su da asali. matsayi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2009) ya ce ana watsi da yankin na Middle Belt duk da irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen haɗin kan kasa, abin dake nuni ga sadaukarwa a yakin basasar Najeriya. Ya kuma koka da yadda ake nuna wariya ga Kiristocin Arewa, har suka kasa samun filayen daza su gina coci.
A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2010 )Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa shi Shugaban kwamitin Shugaban ƙasa da aka dorawa nauyin ba da shawarar yadda za a hana ci gaba da rikici a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Filato.
Mutuwa
A ranar (9) ga Satan Oktoban a shekara ta( 2013 ), gwamnan jihar Filato Jonah David Jang ya sanar da mutuwar Mista Lar. Ya mutu a asibitin Amurka bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, yana da shekara (80).
BMW E31 8 Series
BMW E31 8 Series, wanda aka samar daga 1989 zuwa 1999, ya kasance babban ƙwaƙƙwaran yawon shakatawa wanda ya misalta himmar BMW don haɗa babban aiki tare da alatu da salo. An gabatar da shi azaman ƙirar ƙira, E31 ya nuna ƙirar ƙira mai kyau da iska mai ƙarfi, yana nuna fitilun fitillu da ƙarancin ƙima. A ciki, E31 ya ba da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ciki da naɗaɗɗen ciki, yana haɗa kayan ƙima tare da fasahar zamani. Ƙarƙashin kaho, E31 8 Series yana samuwa tare da kewayon injuna masu ƙarfi, gami da ƙaƙƙarfan 5.0-lita V12, yana ba da aiki mai ban sha'awa da damar yin balaguro mara ƙarfi. E31 8 Series ya kafa sabon ma'auni don BMW cikin sharuddan alatu da aiki, kuma yayin da yake da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyukan samarwa, ya kasance babban abin nema-bayan kuma mai karɓuwa a yau.
Igueben
Igueben na daga cikin kananan hukumomin jihar Edo dake kudu masu kudancin Nijeriya.
Gurbacewar Aikin Noma
Gurɓacewar aikin noma na nufin "biotic" da "abiotic" da ke haifar da ayyukan noma waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓata yanayi ko lalata muhalli da muhallin halittu, da/ko haifar da rauni ga ɗan adam da muradun tattalin arzikinsu. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya fitowa daga maɓuɓɓuka iri-iri, kama daga gurɓatar ruwa mai tushe (daga wurin fitarwa ɗaya) zuwa ƙarin tarwatsewa, abubuwan da ke ƙasa, wanda kuma aka sani da Gurbataccen yanayi gurbacewar iska. Sau ɗaya a cikin mahalli waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye a cikin muhallin halittu, watau kashe namun daji ko gurɓata ruwan sha, kuma illolin da ke ƙasa kamar matattun yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ke haifarwa sun ta'allaka ne a cikin manyan ruwaye.
Ayyukan gudanar wa ko jahilcinsu, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin adadin da tasirin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Dabarun gudanarwa sun hada da sarrafa dabbobi da gidaje zuwa yaduwar magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani a ayyukan noma na duniya. Mummunan ayyukan gudanarwa sun haɗa da ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi da ba a sarrafa su ba da wuce gona da iri da noma da Taki da rashin dacewa da wuce kima ko kuma rashin lokacin amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari.
Maganin kashe ƙwari
wari (watƙu qwarin da ke farautar ƙwari ko qwari) fiye da yadda suke yi wa qwari da kansu.
Leaching maganin kashe ƙwari
Leaching na maganin kashe ƙwari yana faruwa ne lokacin da magungunan kashe ƙwari suka haɗu da ruwa kuma suna motsawa ta cikin ƙasa, a ƙarshe yana lalata ruwan ƙasa. Adadin leaching yana da alaƙa da takamaiman ƙasa da halayen magungunan kashe qwari da matakin ruwan sama da ban ruwa. Leaching yana yiwuwa ya faru idan ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari mai narkewa da ruwa, lokacin da ƙasa ke ƙoƙarin zama yashi a cikin rubutu; idan yawan ruwa ya faru ne bayan aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari; idan ikon adsorption na maganin kashe kwari zuwa ƙasa ya yi ƙasa. Leaching ba wai kawai ya samo asali ne daga wuraren da aka yi wa magani ba, har ma daga wuraren da ake hada magungunan kashe ƙwari, wuraren wanke kayan inji, ko wuraren zubarwa.
Taki
Ana amfani da takin zamani don samar da kayan amfanin gona da ƙarin tushen abubuwan gina jiki, irin su Nitrogen, Phosphorus, da Potassium, waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar shuka da haɓaka amfanin gona. Duk da yake suna da fa'ida don haɓaka tsiro, kuma suna iya tarwatsa tsarin sinadirai na halitta da na ma'adinai na biogeochemical da haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen takin mai magani yana ba da tsire-tsire da nau'ikan nitrogen waɗanda ke samuwa a ilimin halitta don ɗaukar shuka; watau NO (nitrate) da NH (ammonium). Wannan yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da yawan amfanin gona, amma kuma yana iya yin illa ga ruwan ƙasa da ruwan sama, da gurɓata yanayi, da kuma lalata lafiyar ƙasa.
Ba duk abubuwan gina jiki da ake amfani da su ta taki ba ne amfanin gona ke ɗauka, sauran kuma suna taruwa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma a rasa a matsayin malala. Takin Nitrate sun fi yin hasarar takin ƙasa ta hanyar zubar da ruwa saboda yawan narkewar sa da kama da caji tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta da barbashi na yumbu maras kyau. Yawan aikace-aikacen takin mai ɗauke da nitrogen a haɗe tare da yawan narkewar ruwa na nitrate yana haifar da haɓakar kwararar ruwa a cikin ruwan sama da kuma shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa. Matakan Nitrate sama da 10 mg/L (10 ppm) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya haifar da '' blue baby syndrome ' (samun methemoglobinemia) a jarirai da yiwuwar cutar thyroid da ciwon daji iri-iri. Ƙimar Nitrogen, wanda ke rufe nitrogen na yanayi (N 2 ) zuwa ƙarin nau'o'in halittu, da denitrification, wanda ke juyar da mahaɗan nitrogen da ke samuwa zuwa N 2 da N 2 O, sune biyu mafi mahimmancin matakai na rayuwa da ke da hannu a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen saboda sun kasance. mafi girman abubuwan shigar da abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen zuwa yanayin halittu. Suna ba da izinin nitrogen don gudana tsakanin yanayi, wanda ke kusa da 78% nitrogen) da biosphere. Sauran mahimman matakai a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen sune nitrification da ammonification wanda ke ɓoye ammonium zuwa nitrate ko nitrite da kwayoyin halitta zuwa ammonia bi da bi. Saboda waɗannan matakai suna kiyaye adadin nitrogen cikin kwanciyar hankali a mafi yawan yanayin halittu, babban kwararar nitrogen daga zubar da ruwa na aikin gona na iya haifar da tsangwama. Sakamakon gama gari na wannan a cikin halittun ruwa shine eutrophication wanda hakan ke haifar da yanayin rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi - duka biyun suna da mutuƙar mutuwa da/ko lalata ga nau'ikan da yawa. Haɗin Nitrogen kuma yana iya sakin iskar NH 3 zuwa cikin sararin samaniya wanda daga nan za'a iya jujjuya su zuwa mahaɗan NO. Mafi yawan adadin mahadi na NO x a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da acidification na halittun ruwa da haifar da al'amurran numfashi iri-iri a cikin mutane. Hakanan hadi yana iya sakin N 2 O wanda shine iskar gas kuma yana iya sauƙaƙe lalata ozone (O 3 ) a cikin stratosphere. Ƙasar da ta karɓi takin nitrogen ma na iya lalacewa. Haɓaka abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen zai ƙara yawan amfanin gonaki na farko, kuma a ƙarshe, ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa za su ƙaru a sakamakon yawan abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen daga takin mai magani da carbon mahaɗi ta hanyar ruɓaɓɓen halittu. Saboda karuwar lalacewa a cikin ƙasa, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta za su ƙare wanda ke haifar da ƙananan lafiyar ƙasa gaba ɗaya.
Ɗayan madadin daidaitattun takin Nitrogen shine Ingantattun takin mai magani (EEF). Akwai nau'ikan EEF da yawa amma gabaɗaya sun faɗi cikin rukuni biyu, jinkirin sakin takin ko takin mai hana nitrification. Ana lulluɓe takin da aka saki sannu a hankali a cikin polymer wanda ke jinkirta da jinkirta sakin Nitrogen cikin tsarin aikin gona. Masu hana nitrification sune takin mai magani wanda aka lullube a cikin wani fili na sulfur wanda yake da matuƙar hydrophobic, wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage sakin Nitrogen. EEFs suna ba da ƙarancin ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa kuma suna iya rage ƙyallen nitrogen da haɓakar mahaɗan NO x, duk da haka wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ya nuna duka tasiri da rashin tasiri wajen rage gurɓataccen nitrogen.
Phosphorus
Mafi yawan nau'in takin phosphorus da ake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan noma shine phosphate (PO 4 3- ), kuma ana shafa shi a cikin sinadarai na roba da suka haɗa da PO 4 3- ko kuma a cikin nau'ikan halitta kamar taki da takin zamani.
Phosphorus muhimmin sinadari ne a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta saboda irin rawar da yake takawa a cikin ayyukan tantanin halitta da ayyukan rayuwa kamar samar da acid nucleic da canja wurin makamashi na rayuwa. Koyaya, yawancin ƙwayoyin halitta, gami da amfanin gona na noma, suna buƙatar ƙaramin adadin phosphorus ne kawai saboda sun samo asali a cikin halittu masu ƙarancinsa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa suna iya canza nau'ikan nau'ikan phosphorus zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu narkewa kamar su phosphate. Gabaɗaya ana ƙetare wannan matakin tare da takin gargajiya saboda ana amfani dashi azaman phosphate ko wasu nau'ikan shuka. Duk wani sinadarin phosphorus da tsire-tsire ba su dauka ba, to ana cusa shi zuwa ga barbashi na kasa wanda ke taimaka masa ya zauna. Saboda haka, yakan shiga cikin ruwan saman ne lokacin da ɓangarorin ƙasar da aka maƙalar da su suka lalace sakamakon hazo ko guguwa. Adadin da ke shiga cikin ruwan saman yana da ɗan ƙaranci idan aka kwatanta da adadin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin taki, amma saboda yana aiki azaman ƙayyadaddun sinadirai a mafi yawan mahalli, ko da ɗan ƙaramin adadin zai iya tarwatsa yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin hawan jini na phosphorus biogeochemical. Ko da yake nitrogen na taka rawa a cikin algae masu cutarwa da furannin cyanobacteria waɗanda ke haifar da eutrophication, ana ɗaukar wuce gona da iri na phosphorus shine babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa saboda gaskiyar cewa phosphorus galibi shine mafi ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman a cikin ruwa mai daɗi. Baya ga raguwar matakan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa na sama, algae da cyanobacteria blooms na iya samar da cyanotoxins masu cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobi da kuma yawancin halittun ruwa.
Abubuwan da ke cikin rediyoactive na takin sun bambanta da yawa kuma ya dogara da yawansu a cikin ma'adinan iyaye da kuma tsarin samar da taki. Matsakaicin adadin Uranium-238 na iya zuwa daga 7 zuwa 100 pCi/g a cikin dutsen phosphate kuma daga 1 zuwa 67 pCi/g a cikin takin phosphate. Inda ake amfani da takin phosphorus mai yawa na shekara-shekara, wannan na iya haifar da adadin uranium-238 a cikin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa wanda ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da yadda ake samu. Koyaya, tasirin waɗannan yana ƙaruwa akan haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen abinci na radionuclide kaɗan ne (kasa da 0.05 mSv/y).
Zaizayar ƙasa da kuma lalata
Noma na ba da gudummawa sosai ga zaizayar ƙasa da rarrabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar kulawa mai zurfi ko rashin ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa. An yi ƙiyasin cewa gurɓacewar filayen noma na haifar da raguwar haihuwa a kusan hekta miliyan 6 na kasa mai albarka a kowace shekara. Tarin da ake samu a cikin ruwa mai gudu yana shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Lalacewa na iya rage ƙarfin jigilar ramuka, koguna, koguna, da tashoshi na kewayawa. Hakanan zai iya iyakance adadin hasken da ke shiga cikin ruwa, wanda ke shafar biota na ruwa. Sakamakon turbidity daga sedimentation zai iya tsoma baki tare da ciyar da halaye na kifi, rinjayar yawan kuzarin kawo cikas. Har ila yau, zubar da ruwa yana shafar sufuri da tara abubuwan gurɓataccen abu, ciki har da phosphorus da magungunan kashe ƙwari iri-iri.
Tillage da watsin nitrous oxide
Tsarin halittu na ƙasa na halitta yana haifar da fitar da iskar gas iri-iri, gami da nitrous oxide. Ayyukan sarrafa aikin gona na iya shafar matakan fitar da hayaki. Misali, an kuma nuna matakan noma suna shafar hayakin nitrous oxide.
Greenhouse gas daga fecal sharar gida
Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta yi hasashen cewa kashi 18% na iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli na zuwa ne kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga dabbobin duniya. Har ila yau, wannan rahoto ya nuna cewa hayakin da dabbobi ke fitarwa ya zarce na bangaren sufuri. Yayin da a halin yanzu dabbobi ke taka rawa wajen samar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, an yi kiyasin kiyasin kuskure ne. Yayin da hukumar ta FAO ta yi amfani da kima a rayuwar dabbobi (watau dukkan bangarorin da suka haɗa da hayaƙi mai fitar da amfanin gona don ciyarwa, sufuri zuwa yanka, da dai sauransu), ba su yi amfani da wannan kima ba a fannin sufuri.
Wata majiya mai tushe da'awar cewa ƙiyasin FAO ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, yana mai bayyana cewa masana'antar kiwo ta duniya na iya ɗaukar nauyin kusan kashi 51% na iskar gas da ke fitar da iska maimakon 18%. Masu suka sun ce bambancin kiyasi ya fito ne daga amfani da bayanan da hukumar ta FAO ta yi. Ko da kuwa, idan rahoton FAO na kashi 18 cikin 100 daidai ne, wannan har yanzu ya sa dabbobi su zama na biyu mafi girma na greenhouse-gas- gurɓata yanayi.
Wani samfurin PNAS ya nuna cewa ko da an cire dabbobi gaba ɗaya daga noma da abinci na Amurka, za a rage hayakin GHG na Amurka da kashi 2.6% kawai (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma). Hakan ya faru ne saboda bukatar maye gurbin takin dabbobi da takin zamani da kuma maye gurbinsu da sauran kayan amfanin gonakin dabbobi, kuma a halin yanzu dabbobi suna amfani da kayan abinci da ba sa iya ci da kuma sarrafa fiber na mutum. Haka kuma, mutane za su sha wahala da ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ko da yake za su sami ƙarin kuzarin kuzari, mai yuwuwa haifar da ƙiba mai yawa.
Biopesticides
Biopesticides sune magungunan kashe qwari da aka samo daga kayan halitta (dabbobi, shuke-shuke, microorganisms, wasu ma'adanai). A matsayin madadin magungunan kashe ƙwari na gargajiya, magungunan biopesticides na iya rage gurɓatar aikin gona gabaɗaya saboda suna da lafiya don iyawa, yawanci ba sa tasiri ga marasa ƙashin baya masu fa'ida ko vertebrates, kuma suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wasu damuwa sun kasance cewa magungunan biopesticide na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan yawan nau'in nau'in da ba a kai ba, duk da haka.
nau'in cin zarafi
Haɓaka aikin noma na duniya ya haifar da jigilar kwari, ciyawa, da cututtuka cikin haɗari zuwa sashe na zamani. Idan sun kafa, sun zama nau'in cin zarafi da za su iya yin tasiri ga yawan al'ummar jinsuna da kuma yin barazana ga samar da noma. Misali, jigilar ƙudan zuma da ake kiwon kudan zuma a Turai da jigilar su zuwa Amurka da/ko Kanada don amfani da su azaman masu yin pollin na kasuwanci ya haifar da bullo da wani tsohon duniya parasites zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. Wannan gabatarwar na iya taka rawa a raguwar ƙudan zuma na kwanan nan a Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan nau'in da aka gabatar da aikin noma na iya haɗawa da nau'in asali wanda ke haifar da raguwar halittun halittu da kuma yin barazana ga samar da noma.
Rikicin muhalli (yanayin muhalli) da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan noma da kansu na iya sauƙaƙe kafa waɗannan halittun da aka gabatar. gurɓacewar injuna, dabbobi da kiwo, da gurɓacewar amfanin gona ko iri kiwo suma na iya haifar da yaduwar ciyawa.
Keɓewa (duba biosecurity ) hanya ɗaya ce da za a iya kayyade rigakafin yaduwar nau'ikan ɓarna a matakin manufofin. Keɓewa kayan aiki ne na doka wanda ke hana motsin abubuwan da suka kamu da su daga wuraren da nau'in ɓarna ke kasancewa zuwa wuraren da ba ya nan. Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya tana da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa game da keɓewar ƙwari da cututtuka a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Aika Ma'aunin Tsafta da Tsaftar jiki. Ƙasashe ɗaya ɗaya galibi suna da nasu ƙa'idodin keɓe. A cikin Amurka, alal misali, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka / Sabis na Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsirrai (USDA/APHIS) tana gudanar da keɓewar gida (a cikin Amurka) da na waje (kayan da ake shigowa da su daga wajen Amurka). Sufetoci ne ke aiwatar da waɗannan keɓewar a kan iyakokin jihohi da tashoshin shiga.
Ikon Halittu
Yin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, ko yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, parasitoids, parasites, da ƙwayoyin cuta don magance ƙwari na noma, yana da yuwuwar rage gurɓacewar aikin gona da ke da alaƙa da sauran dabarun magance kwari, kamar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. An yi muhawara ko'ina game da fa'idar gabatar da wakilai masu kula da halittun da ba na asali ba. Da zarar an sake shi, gabatarwar wakili na biocontrol na iya zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba. Matsalolin muhalli masu yuwuwa na iya haɗawa da tarwatsawa daga wuraren noma zuwa muhallin halitta, da kuma canza wurin baƙi ko daidaitawa don amfani da nau'in ɗan ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, tsinkayar sakamakon hulɗar a cikin hadaddun yanayin muhalli da kuma yiwuwar tasirin muhalli kafin a saki na iya zama da wahala. Misali daya na shirin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ya faru a Arewacin Amurka, inda aka gabatar da parasitoid na malam buɗe ido don sarrafa asu na gypsy da browntail asu. Wannan parasitoid yana da ikon yin amfani da nau'ikan masaukin malam buɗe ido da yawa, kuma wataƙila ya haifar da raguwa da ɓarna nau'ikan asu na asali na asali.
Binciken ƙasa da ƙasa don yuwuwar wakilai masu sarrafa ƙwayoyin halitta ana taimakon su daga hukumomi irin su Cibiyar Kula da Halittu ta Turai, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona/ Sabis ta Binciken Aikin Noma ta Amurka (USDA/ARS), Cibiyar Kula da Halittu ta Commonwealth, da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kula da Halittu na Noxious. Tsire-tsire da Dabbobi. Domin hana gurɓacewar aikin gona, ana buƙatar keɓewa da kuma bincike mai zurfi kan yuwuwar ingancin kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli kafin gabatarwa. Idan an amince da shi, ana ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka da tarwatsa wakili na biocontrol a cikin saitunan aikin gona da suka dace. Ana ci gaba da kimanta ingancin su.
Lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli
Har ila yau, akwai damuwa cewa ƙwayoyin halitta marasa manufa, irin su pollinators da abokan gaba, na iya zama guba ta hanyar bazata na tsire-tsire masu samar da Bt. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka yi na gwada tasirin pollen masarar Bt da ke zubar da tsire-tsire a kusa da shukar madara a kan ciyar da tsutsa na malam buɗe ido ya gano cewa barazanar da al'ummar masarautar ta yi kaɗan.
Nathalie Emmanuel
Nathalie Joanne Emmanuel (an haife ta 2 Maris,shekara ta alif ɗari tara 1989A.c) yar wasan fim din Ingila ce. Emmanuel ta fara aiki shiri da bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a ƙarshen 1990s, da gudanar da matsayoyi daban-dabanna shirye shiryen West End productions kamar a fitowar ta mawakiyar The Lion King. A shekara ta 2006, ta fara aikin ta na allo ta hanyar tauraruwar fim kamar Sasha Valentine a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan sabulu Hollyoaks, bayan haka ta fito a jerin fina-finai na Burtaniya daban-daban har zuwa fitowar fim dinta na Twenty8k. Emmanuel ta samu amincewar kasashen duniya domin taka rawar datayi amatsayin Missandei a HBO fantasy jerin Game da karagai (2013-2019), da kuma ci gaba ta aiki tare da goyon bayan ayyuka a Maze Runner: The Jahĩm gwaji (2015) da kuma ta mabiyi Maze Runner: The Death Cure ( 2018), kuma a cikin fina-finan Fast &amp; Furious Furious 7 (2015), Fate of the Furious (2017), da F9 (2021).
Gurbacewar Aikin Noma
Lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli
Amfani da shuke-shuken amfanin gona na GMO da aka ƙera don juriya na ciyawa kuma na iya ƙara yawan gurɓacewar noma a kaikaice da amfani da ciyawa. Misali, ƙaruwar amfani da maganin ciyawa a gonakin masara masu jure ciyawa a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka yana rage yawan ciyawa da ake samu ga tsutsa na malam buɗe ido.
Nathalie Emmanuel
Farkon rayuwa
Emmanuel an haife ta ne a 2 Maris 1989 a Southend-on-Sea, wani gari ne dake bakin teku a Essex, England. Emmanuel itace ɗiya ta biyu na rabi Dominican (Dominiquais) da rabi Ingilishi mahaifiyar ta, kuma mahaifin rabin- Saint Lucian da rabi asalin Bature ne. Emmanuel ta nuna son zane-zane tun yana ɗan ƙarami; Ta tuna cewa mahaifiyarta ta fara lura da sha'awar ta da kuma sha'awar zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo yayin halartar Emmanuel a makarantar St Hilda mai zaman kanta (yanzu an rufe ta) sannan kuma daga baya ta nahawu Westcliff High School for Girls. A cikin wata hira da jaridar New York Daily News, ta yi sharhi, "Lokacin da nake shekaru 3, [a koyaushe zan haifar da wasan kwaikwayo cewa mahaifiyata ta yanke shawarar watakila zan sanya shi ta hanyar da ta dace-don haka ta fara ni a fagen waka, waka da kuma darussan rawa". Lokacin tana dan shekara 10, ta buga wasan matasa Nala a cikin West End na kundin wakar mai suna zaki King.
Gurbacewar Aikin Noma
Lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli
Dokokin sakin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka gyara sun bambanta dangane da nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma ƙasar da abin ya shafa.
Nathalie Emmanuel
Kulawa
A watan Janairun 2012, Emmanuel tana gabatar da shirin Websex na BBC Three : Menene illar?, binciken dabi'un jima'i ta yanar gizo na yara 'yan shekaru 16 zuwa 24 a cikin Burtaniya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ita ma ta sanya fim dinta a karon farko a Twenty8k. A shekara mai zuwa, an jefa ta a matsayin Missandei, mai fassarar Daenerys Targaryen, a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na HBO Game da Thrones. A wata hirar da ta yi da Jimmy Kimmel, ta tabbatar da cewa ta sami labari game da nasarar da ta samu yayin da ta ke aiki a wani kantin sayar da tufafi a matsayin mataimakiyar shago.