cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na farko
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na farko, wani lokaci ana kiransa "haƙƙin shuɗi", suna magana da gaske game da 'yanci da shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa. Suna da asali na farar hula da siyasa a cikin yanayi: Suna aiki mara kyau don kare mutum daga wuce gona da iri na jihar. Haƙƙoƙin ƙarni na farko sun haɗa da, yancin rayuwa, daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin addini, 'yancin mallaka, ' yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙa'ida sun samo asali ne daga Magna Carta na shekarata1215 da Haƙƙin Ingilishi, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi a cikin 1689. An sami ƙarin cikakken tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na farko a Faransa ta Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na Jama'a a 1789, da Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka a shekarata 1791.
An sanya su a matakin duniya kuma an ba su matsayi a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa da farko ta Mataki na 3 zuwa na 21 na Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam na 1948 sannan daga baya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa na 1966. A Turai, an sanya su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama a shekarata 1953.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na biyu
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na biyu yana da alaƙa da daidaito kuma gwamnatoci sun fara amincewa da su bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Su ne tushen tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu a yanayi. Suna ba da garantin mambobi daban-daban na ɗan ƙasa daidai yanayi da kulawa. Haƙƙoƙin na biyu zai haɗa da haƙƙin a yi aiki a cikin daidaitaccen yanayi, haƙƙin abinci, gidaje da kula da lafiya, da fa'idodin tsaro na zamantakewa da rashin aikin yi. Kamar haƙƙoƙin ƙarni na farko, an kuma rufe su da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam, kuma an ƙara shigar da su a cikin Articles 22 zuwa 28 na Yarjejeniyar Duniya, da Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu abubuwan more rayuwa.
A cikin Amurka, Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya gabatar da lissafin 'yancin na biyu, yana rufe wurare daya iri daya, yayin da jihar kungiyarsa a watan Janairu 11, 1944. A yau, ƙasashe da yawa, jihohi, ko ƙungiyoyin al'ummai sun ƙirƙira sanarwar ɗaure bisa doka da ke ba da tabbacin cikakken tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, misali Yarjejeniya Ta Zaman Lafiya ta Turai.
Waɗannan haƙƙoƙi wani lokaci ana kiran su da haƙƙoƙin " ja ". Suna dora wa gwamnati alhakin mutuntawa da inganta su da kuma cika su, amma wannan ya dogara da wadatar albarkatu. An dora wa jiha wannan aikin ne domin ita ce ke sarrafa dukiyarta. Babu wanda ke da hakkin zama kai tsaye da yancin ilimi. (A Afirka ta Kudu, alal misali, haƙƙin ba, ta kowane fanni, don gidaje ba ne, a maimakon haka "don samun isassun gidaje", an gane a kan ci gaba. )
Aikin gwamnati shi ne tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki masu kyau domin ƴancin.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na uku
Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na uku su ne waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da suka wuce kawai na farar hula da zamantakewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin takaddun ci gaba da yawa na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, gami da sanarwar 1972 Stockholm na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Muhalli na shekarar 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development., da sauran sassa na gabaɗayan buri " doka mai laushi ".
Har ila yau, an san su da Haƙƙin ɗan adam Solidarity, haƙƙoƙi ne waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin wuce tsarin haƙƙin mutum don mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin gama kai, kamar al'umma ko mutane. Koyaya, Kalmar ta kasance ba ta hukuma ba,       kamar yadda kuma ake amfani da kalmar " kore " haƙƙoƙin, kuma ta haka ne ke da babban bakan na hakkoki, gami da:
Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin ɗan adam da jama'a ta tabbatar da yawancin waɗannan: 'yancin yancin kai, 'yancin samun ci gaba, 'yancin albarkatun ƙasa da yancin samun yanayi mai gamsarwa. Wasu ƙasashe kuma suna da hanyoyin tsarin mulki don kiyaye haƙƙin tsara na uku. Misali, Kwamishinan Majalissar Hungarian na Zamani na gaba, Kwamitin Majalisar Finland, da kuma kwamitin da ya kafa don tsara tsararraki na gaba a cikin Knesset a ƙasar Isra'ila.
Wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ofisoshi don kiyaye irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Misali shi ne Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan tsiraru na Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai. Babban Darakta-Janar na Muhalli na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai yana da matsayinsa na "kare, kiyayewa da inganta muhalli don tsararraki na yanzu da masu zuwa, da kuma inganta ci gaba mai dorewa".
Wasu hukunce-hukuncen sun samar da tanadi don kare muhalli, misali Labarin kundin tsarin mulkin New York na "har abada daji", wanda aka aiwatar da shi ta hanyar aikin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York ko ta kowane ɗan ƙasa . tare da amincewar sashin daukaka kara.
Karni na hudu
Manazarta da dama sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙarni na huɗu na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kunno kai, wanda zai haɗa da haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya haɗa su cikin ƙarni na uku ba, da'awar haƙƙin ƙarni na farko da na biyu nan gaba da sabbin haƙƙoƙi, musamman dangane da ci gaban fasaha da fasahar sadarwa a sararin samaniya.
Koyaya, abubuwan da ke cikin sa ba a bayyana ba, kuma waɗannan manazarta ba su gabatar da wani tsari na musamman ba. Yawancin lokaci suna ɗaukar wasu haƙƙoƙi daga tsara na uku kuma suna haɗa su a cikin na huɗu, kamar haƙƙin ingantaccen yanayi ko abubuwan da suka shafi bioethics. Wasu daga cikin waɗancan manazarta sun yi imanin cewa ’yancin ɗan adam ya ba da ƙarni na huɗu dangane da sabbin fasahohi, yayin da wasu sun fi son yin magana game da haƙƙin dijital,  inda za a sami sabbin haƙƙin haƙƙin, kamar:
Wasu kuma suna nuni da cewa abin da zai banbanta shi ne, yayin da al’ummomi uku na farko suna nufin dan’adam a matsayin memba na al’umma, hakkin na hudu kuma zai koma ga dan Adam a matsayin jinsi su.
Sharhi
Maurice Cranston ya bayar da hujjar cewa karanci yana nufin cewa hakki na ƙarni na biyu da na uku ba haƙƙi bane kwata-kwata. Idan mutum ɗaya yana da haƙƙi, wasu suna da alhakin mutunta wannan haƙƙin, amma gwamnatoci ba su da albarkatun da ake buƙata don cika ayyukan da ake ɗauka na haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa na biyu da na uku.
Charles Kesler, farfesa a gwamnati a Kwalejin Claremont McKenna kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Claremont, ya yi iƙirarin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na biyu da na uku suna aiki ne a matsayin ƙoƙari na rufe manufofin siyasa, wanda mafi rinjaye na iya yarda da kyau abubuwa ne masu kyau a ciki. na kansu, a cikin harshen hakkoki, don haka ba wa waɗannan manufofin siyasa abubuwan da ba su dace ba. A ra'ayinsa, kiran kayyakin zamantakewar al'umma "hakkoki" a zahiri yana haifar da ma'anar " ayyuka " da ke da alaƙa, ta yadda sauran 'yan ƙasa dole ne gwamnati ta tilasta wa wasu mutane su ba da abubuwa ga sauran mutane don cika waɗannan sababbin haƙƙin. Ya kuma bayyana cewa, a cikin Amurka, sabbin haƙƙoƙin suna haifar da “ƙasa kasa” na yanke shawarar siyasa a matakin tarayya wanda ya saba wa tsarin tarayya. A cikin littafinsa mai suna Soft Despotism, Democracy's Drift, Paul Rahe, farfesa a Kwalejin Hillsdale, ya rubuta cewa mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin farar hula na farko ga gwamnatin da ke ci gaba da haɓakawa, wanda ba zai iya isa ba don samar da ita. 'yan ƙasa daidai kuma za su nemi ƙarin ƙarin haƙƙoƙi.
19th century philosopher Frederic Bastiat summarized the conflict between these negative and positive rights by saying: "M. de Lamartine wrote me one day: 'Your doctrine is only the half of my program; you have stopped at liberty; I go on to fraternity.' I answered him: 'The second half of your program will destroy the first half.' And, in fact, it is quite impossible for me to separate the word 'fraternity' from the word 'voluntary'. It is quite impossible for me to conceive of fraternity as legally enforced, without liberty being legally destroyed, and justice being legally trampled underfoot."
Economist Friedrich Hayek has argued that the second generation concept of "social justice" cannot have any practical political meaning: "No state of affairs as such is just or unjust: it is only when we assume that somebody is responsible for having brought it about ... In the same sense, a spontaneously working market, where prices act as guides to action, cannot take account of what people in any sense need or deserve, because it creates a distribution which nobody has designed, and something which has not been designed, a mere state of affairs as such, cannot be just or unjust. And the idea that things ought to be designed in a 'just' manner means, in effect, that we must abandon the market and turn to a planned economy in which somebody decides how much each ought to have, and that means, of course, that we can only have it at the price of the complete abolition of personal liberty."New York University School of Law professor of law Jeremy Waldron has written in response to critics of the second-generation rights: "In any case, the argument from first-generation to second-generation rights was never supposed to be a matter of conceptual analysis. It was rather this: if one is really concerned to secure civil or political liberty for a person, that commitment should be accompanied by a further concern about the conditions of the person's life that make it possible for him to enjoy and exercise that liberty. Why on earth would it be worth fighting for this person's liberty (say, his liberty to choose between A and B) if he were left in a situation in which the choice between A and B meant nothing to him, or in which his choosing one rather than the other would have no impact on his life?'"Dan gurguzu dan kasar Hungarian kuma masanin tattalin arziki na siyasa Karl Polanyi ya yi hujjar gaba da Hayek a cikin littafin The Great Transformation . Polanyi ya rubuta cewa kasuwa mai 'yanci da ba a sarrafa shi ba zai haifar da tarnaki na tattalin arziki sannan kuma a hade tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya wanda ke zubar da 'yancin jama'a.
Taron Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1993 ya yi adawa da banbance tsakanin 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa (haƙƙin mara kyau) da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (kyakkyawan haƙƙin) wanda ya haifar da sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki yana shelar cewa "dukkan 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya ne. mara ganuwa, masu dogara da juna”.
Simon Ajibola
Simon (ko Simeon) Ajibola ya zama Sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu Sanatan jihar Kwara a watan Yuni 2004 kuma an sake zabe a 2007. Dan jam'iyyar PDP ne.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ajibola ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin kididdigar kima daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar 1979.
Siyasa
An zabe shi Wakilin Majalisar Tsarin Mulki na Kasa (1994-1995). A lokacin mika mulki da Janar Sani Abacha ya shirya, Ajibola ya tsaya takarar Sanata a jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party (UNPP). Ko da yake an dauke shi a matsayin dan kasa, ya ci gaba da yin nasara. Duk da haka, an soke tsarin tare da mutuwar Abacha a watan Yuni 1998.
Bayan komawar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999, Ajibola ya kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya, Tattara Kudade, Allocation & Fiscal Commission (2001-2002).
Ajibola ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Kwara ta Kudu a watan Afrilun 2003 amma Suleiman Makanjuola Ajadi na jam’iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) ya doke shi. Duk da haka, a watan Yunin 2004, Kotun Korar Zabe ta soke nasarar Ajadi kuma aka ayyana Ajibola a matsayin wanda ya lashe. An sake zabe shi a shekara ta 2007 kuma an nada shi kwamitoci akan albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun mai na sama, tsaro da leken asiri da noma. A cikin tantancewar tsakiyar wa’adi na Sanatoci a watan Mayun 2009, Thisday ya ce bai dauki nauyin wani kudiri ba a shekarar da ta gabata, yana da iyakacin shiga muhawara a zauren majalisa, amma yana da tasiri a aikin kwamitin.
Ajibola ya sake tsayawa takarar Sanata a Kwara ta Kudu a zaben 9 ga Afrilun 2011, kuma an dawo da shi karo na uku. A watan Disambar 2014, Sanata Ajibola ya doke ’yan takarar da ake ganin sun fi farin jini, Dele Belgore da Gbemisola Saraki, inda suka lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP ya zama dan takarar jam’iyyar da ya tsaya takarar Gwamnan Jihar Kwara a zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kwara a 2015,  ya yi alkawarin zai ba da ikon cin gashin kai ga Kananan Hukumomi 16 na jihar idan aka zabe shi a matsayin gwamna.
A zaben Najeriya na 2015, bayan zaben share fage ya nuna Abdulfatah Ahmed na kan gaba a takarar gwamnan jihar, Sanata Ajibola ya kai kara domin kalubalantar sakamakon zaben. An kai karar zuwa wata babbar kotun tarayya inda aka yi watsi da ita, inda alkalin kotun ya ce Sanata Ajibola ba shi da damar sa zai daukaka kara.
Mongoliyawa a China
Mongols a China  ko Chanisancin ongoliya     'yan ƙabilar Mongoliya ne waɗanda suka kasance cikin gida kuma aka haɗa su cikin ginin ƙasar Jamhuriyar Sin (1912-1949) bayan faduwar Masarautar Qing (1636-1911). Waɗanda ba a haɗa su ba sun ɓace a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Mongoliya na 1911 kuma a cikin 1921. Jamhuriyar China ta amince Mongols su zama wani bangare na tsere guda biyar karkashin kungiya daya. Wanda ya gaje shi, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1949-), ya amince da Mongols su zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kabilu 55 na China.
Rarraba
An raba Mongols a China tsakanin yankuna masu zaman kansu da larduna kamar haka:
Bayan yankin Mongoliya mai cin gashin kansa, akwai wasu kananan hukumomin gudanarwa na Mongol masu cin gashin kansu a kasar Sin.
Matsayin lardi:
Matsayin gundumar:
Ƙasar Sin ta rarrabe ƙungiyoyin Mongoliya daban -daban kamar Buryats da Oirats a cikin rukuni guda kamar na Mongol tare da Mongols na ciki. Wata ƙabila da ba Mongoliya ba, Tuvans kuma China ta sanya su a matsayin Mongols. Harshen hukuma da ake amfani da shi ga duk waɗannan Mongoliya a China shine ma'aunin adabi dangane da yaren Chahar na Mongol.
Wasu al'ummomin da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ayyana a matsayin Mongols a hukumance ba sa magana da kowane nau'in yaren Mongolic. Irin waɗannan al'ummomin sun haɗa da Sichuan Mongols (yawancinsu suna magana da sigar yaren Naic ), Yunnan Mongols (yawancinsu suna magana da yaren Loloish ), da Mongols na Henan Mongol Autonomous County a Qinghai (yawancinsu suna magana da Amdo Tibetan. da/ko Sinanci ).
Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka
Ba duk ƙungiyoyin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Mongoliya na da da aka ware a hukumance a matsayin Mongols a ƙarƙashin tsarin yanzu. Sauran ƙabilun hukuma a China waɗanda ke magana da yaren Mongolic sun haɗa da:
Ibrahim Ismail na Johor
Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar (Jawi: ; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1958) shi ne Sultan na 25 na Johor kuma Sultan na 5 na Johor na zamani tun daga watan Janairun 2010. Shi ɗan Sultan Iskandar ne. Mai sha'awar babur, Sultan Ibrahim shine wanda ya kafa taron yawon shakatawa na babur na shekara-shekara, Kembara Mahkota Johor.
Rayuwa ta farko
[[File:Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (48400998097) (cropped).jpg|border|thumb|438x438px|Ambasada Kamala Lakhdhir ta ziyarci Johor
]] An haifi Tunku Ibrahim Ismail a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1958 a asibitin Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaya a lokacin mulkin kakansa, Sultan Ibrahim. Shi ne ɗan fari na Sultan Iskandar da matarsa ta farko Josephine Ruby Trevorrow (2 Disamba 1935 - 1 Yuni 2018), wata mace ta Ingila daga Torquay, wanda Sultan Iskandar (sa'an nan Tunku Mahmood) ya sadu da shi yayin da yake karatu a Ingila. Trevorrow, mai mallakar sana'a, ta ɗauki sunan "Kalsom binti Abdullah" na wani lokaci bayan aurenta da Tunku Iskandar. Mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure kuma ta zauna a Ingila.
Kakansa, Sultan Ibrahim ya mutu a London a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1959, don haka, kakan Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, Ismail na Johor ya gaji shi a matsayin Sultan na Johor. Ibrahim Ismail ya koma na biyu a layin kursiyin, bayan mahaifinsa. [[File:Ambassador Kamala Lakhdhir visit Johor (48400998097).jpg|thumb|370x370px|Ambasada Kamala Lakhdhir ta ziyarci Johor
]] Marigayi Sultan Iskandar ya tura shi don kammala karatun sakandare a Trinity Grammar School a Sydney, Australia daga 1968 har zuwa 1970. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, an tura shi zuwa Pusat Latihan Tentera Darat (PULADA) a Kota Tinggi don horo na soja na asali. Ya kuma sami horo na soja a Amurka-a Fort Benning, Georgia kuma daga baya a Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
Ba da daɗewa ba kafin a kashe dan siyasar adawa na Filipino Benigno Aquino Jr. a Filin jirgin saman Manila a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983, Tunku Ibrahim ya sadu da Aquino a lokacin da ya isa Singapore kuma daga baya ya kawo shi don saduwa da wasu shugabannin Malaysia a fadin Causeway. Da zarar a Johor, Aquino ya sadu da mahaifin Ibrahim, Sultan Iskandar, wanda babban aboki ne.
Aljihu
Aljihu wani karamin jaka ne da ake yi a jikin kaya domin yin ajiya.
Susanna Al-Hassan
Susanna Al-Hassan ko Susan Alhassan (27 Nuwamba 1927 – 17 Janairu 1997) marubuciya ce kuma ‘yar siyasa ’yar Ghana, wacce a shekarar 1961 ta zama mace ta farko a Ghana da aka nada minista. Ita ce mace ta farko a Afirka da ta taba rike mukamin minista kuma ta zama ‘yar majalisa a mazabar majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa a lokacin tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1966. Ta kuma rubuta littattafan yara da dama.
Rayuwar farko
Al-Hassan an haife ta a garin Tamale kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar Achimota. Daga 1955 zuwa 1960 ta kasance shugabar makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Bolgatanga. Ita ce mahaifiyar tsohuwar mai ba da labari ta GTV Selma Ramatu Alhassan wacce daga baya ta zama Selma Valcourt, Victor Alhassan na Sky Petroleum, Kassem Alhassan da Tihiiru Alhassan.
Aiki
Al-Hassan wadda ta ci gajiyar kudirin dokar wakilcin jama’a a shekarar 1960, an dawo da ita ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayinta na ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar yankin Arewa a watan Yunin 1960. Ta rike mukamai daban-daban na minista, wasu sun yi na tsawon lokaci, wasu kuma aka hade su. ko fadada. Daga 1961 zuwa 1963 ta kasance mataimakiyar ministar ilimi a gwamnatin Nkrumah ta jamhuriya. Daga 1963 zuwa 1966, da kuma a 1967, ta zama ministar harkokin zamantakewa. A tsakanin wannan lokacin a cikin 1965, Nkrumah ya nada ta a matsayin ministar jin dadin jama'a da ci gaban al'umma.
A game da yaki da karuwanci a arewacin Ghana, a cikin shekarun 1960, gwamnatin CPP ta tsunduma cikin yakin neman ilimi mai yawa wanda ya jaddada danganta karuwanci da "mummunan al'umma", "makiya" da "'yan Salibiyya", tsakanin tsofaffi da mutanen da ba su iya karatu ba. Al-Hassan ta tabbatar cewa, matsalar ta ta'allaka ne da "yawan lalata da lalata a tsakanin matasanmu musamman 'yan mata 'yan makaranta da 'yan mata masu aiki" wadanda suke tafiya zuwa Tamale don aiki ko makaranta.
Mutuwa
Al-Hassan ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1997. A shekarar 2007, an yi mata bikin cika shekaru 50 da haihuwa.
Ginin Sakatariyar Tarayya
Sakatariyar Tarayya bene ne mai hawa 15 a Ikoyi, Legas.
Tarihi
An gina benen ne a shekarar 1976 don ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Makasudin ginin ya tsaya a 1991 bayan da aka mayar da matsayin Legas a matsayin babban birnin Najeriya zuwa Abuja, FCT.
Tun a shekara ta 2006, ginin ta kasance a cikin takaddamar shari’a tsakanin gwamnatin jihar Legas da wani kamfanin kera kadarori (Resort International Limited) wanda ya samu nasara a shari'ar don cigaba da gudanar da ginin daga hannun gwamnatin tarayya.
Duk da cewa hukumar NAFDAC ta na amfani da wani bangare na ginin na wucin gadi ginin ya kasance a cikin wani wuri da aka watsar da shi a tsawon rayuwarsa.
Neta Riskin
Neta Riskin ( נטע ריסקין  ; an haife shi 28 Oktoba shekarar 1976) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma ɗan jarida ɗan Isra'ila, wacce aka fi sani da matsayinta a matsayin Giti Weiss a cikin jerin Shtisel.
Riskin ya horar da 'dan wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke haifaffen Isra'ila Natalie Portman don yin magana da Ibrananci tare da lafazin Isra'ila don Labarin So da Duhu.
An haifi Riskin a Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, ga iyayen Yahudawa masu gine-gine. An haifi mahaifiyarta a Isra'ila. Mahaifinta, wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust, an haife shi a Lithuania. Kakanta, Asher Gliberman, masanin gine-ginen Isra'ila ne wanda ya yi hijira daga Belarus.
Mandraka Dam
Dam din Mandraka Dam dam ne mai nauyi a kan kogin Mandraka kusa da Mandraka a yankin Analamanga na ƙasar Madagascar. Kamfanin Faransa ne ya gina dam ɗin a shekarar 1956 kuma ya ƙirƙiro tafkin Mandraka.
Tashar Wutar Mandraka
Dam din yana samar da ruwa ga 24 MW tashar wutar lantarki 1.9 km zuwa gabas, ƙasa a cikin kwari. Canjin tsayi tsakanin madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki yana ba da shugaban injin ruwa a kan 226 m. Jirama ne ke sarrafa madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki da 6 MW Pelton turbine -generators aka ba da izini tsakanin shekarar 1958 da ta 1972.
Manazarta
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Chumburu
Chumburu na cikin kabilar Guan a Ghana kuma suna cikin yankuna uku: Arewaci, Volta da Brong-Ahafo na Ghana. 'Yan asali ne a Yankuna uku na Ghana:
Dukkan yankunan gargajiya na Chumburung a yankunan Brong-Ahafo da Volta suna gabar tafkin Volta.
Chumburu na magana da yaren Chumburung.
Kyawawa Huɗu
Kyawawa Hudu na China
Manyan Kyawawan guda huɗu sun rayu a cikin dauloli huɗu daban -daban, kowanne ɗaruruwan shekaru baya. A cikin tsarin lokaci, sune:
Karin magana
Sanannun karin magana na bayyana Ƙawaye huɗu. An yi muhawara kan ainihin asalin waɗannan maganganun. Waɗannan maganganun daban -daban wani lokaci ana haɗa su don bayyana kyawawan mata masu kyau ko kuma kawai don komawa zuwa kyakkyawa kyakkyawa. Haɗin 沉魚落雁，閉月羞花(yana nutse kifi kuma yana ruɗar da tsuntsaye su faɗi, ya ƙuƙushe wata kuma ya kunyata furanni); sassan biyu kuma za a iya amfani da su daban.
Paul S. Riebenfeld
Paul S. Riebenfeld masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne kuma masanin fikihu kuma lauya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin yahudawan sahyoniya ga hukumar Falasdinu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar 1937 zuwa shekarar 1939; a matsayin Shugaban Darakta na " Louis D. Brandeis Society of Zionist Lawyers"; kuma a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Siyasa na Jordan-Palestine (International)." Ya kasance mai karɓa na Jabotinsky Medal . Ya kasance mazaunin Amurka lokacin da ya rasu.
Tashin bam a makaranta a Potiskum na 2014
A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 wani ɗan ƙunar baƙin wake sanye da kayan ɗalibai ya kashe aƙalla mutane 46 tare da raunata mutane da dama a taron makaranta a Potiskum, garin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya wanda kungiyar Boko Haram ta kai.
Buba Yero
Abubakar dan Usman Subande an haife shi a shekarar (b.c.1762 – d. 1841) wanda aka fi sani da Buba Yero shi ne ya assasa masarautar Gombe kuma sarkin Gombe na farko kuma ya rike mukamin Modibbo na Gombe. A shekara ta 1804 Buba Yero ya kafa masarautar Gombe, ya kasance mabiyin jagoran jihadin Fulani Usman dan Fodio.
Yanci mai kyau
Kamar yadda Wani Masani Heyman ya lura, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ma’anonin ‘yanci guda biyu na Ishaya Berlin dangane da yanayin akida na shekarar 1950, don haka tunanin ’yanci mai kyau ya haɗa da ’yanci daga ƙaƙƙarfan waje, wanda ke haifar da fahimtar ’yanci mai kyau a cikin mahallin. na hukumar dan adam. A cewar Charles Taylor, 'Yanci mai kyau shine ikon cika manufar mutum. 'Yanci mara kyau shine 'yanci daga tsoma baki daga wasu.
Ma'anar tsari da hukuma sune samun tsakiyar manufar 'yanci mai kyau saboda don samun 'yanci, ya kamata mutum ya kasance cikin 'yanci daga hana tsarin zamantakewa wajen aiwatar da ' yancin kansa. A tsari, classism, jima'i, shekaru, iyawa da wariyar launin fata na iya hana 'yancin mutum. Kamar yadda tabbataccen 'yanci ya fi damuwa da mallakar hukumar zamantakewa, ana haɓaka ta ta ikon 'yan ƙasa su shiga cikin gwamnati kuma a gane muryoyinsu, bukatu, da damuwarsu kuma a yi aiki da su.
Rubutun Ishaya Berlin " Ra'ayoyi Biyu na 'Yanci " shekarata (1958) yawanci an yarda da su a matsayin farkon wanda ya zana a sarari tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau.
Bayanin
Don haka, Taylor ya fayyace cewa a fili akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Wanda ke da nufin ayyana 'yanci na musamman dangane da 'yancin kai na mutum daga tsoma baki daga wasu, ya Kuma kasance gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, ko masu zaman kansu; Hakazalika, a fili, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna ƙalubalantar waɗanda suka yi imani cewa 'yanci yana zaune aƙalla a cikin wani ɓangare na ikon gama kai kan rayuwar gama gari.
'Yanci mara kyau ra'ayi ne wanda galibi ana amfani dashi a falsafar siyasa. Ra'ayin cewa 'yanci yana nufin samun damar yin abin da kuke so, Sannan ba tare da wani cikas na waje ba. An soki wannan ra'ayi don zama mai sauƙi kuma ba tare da la'akari da mahimmancin fahimtar kansa ba.
Taylor ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yanci mara kyau bai wuce kalmar falsafa ba kuma ana samun 'yanci na gaske lokacin da aka yi la'akari da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kuma Ya ba da shawarar 'yanci mai kyau na yare a matsayin hanyar samun 'yanci mara kyau da tabbatacce, ta hanyar shawo kan rashin daidaiton da ke raba mu.
A cewar Taylor, takaita bayyana ra’ayin mutane na addini da na dabi’a ya fi muhimmanci fiye da takaita zirga-zirga a sassan kasar da ba kowa; kuma duka biyun suna da mahimmanci fiye da abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci na sarrafa zirga-zirga. To Amma makircin Hobbesian ba shi da wuri don ra'ayi na mahimmanci. Zai ba da izini kawai don yanke hukunci kawai.
Bugu da ari, Taylor yayi jayayya cewa ra'ayin Hobbes-Bentham ba shi da kariya a matsayin ra'ayi na 'yanci. Fuskantar wannan tsari mai matakai biyu, yana da alama mafi aminci da sauƙi don dakatar da shi a matakin farko, sannan don dagewa da tabbaci cewa 'yanci lamari ne kawai na rashin cikas na waje, cewa, saboda haka, ya ƙunshi ba tare da nuna bambanci na dalili da izini ba. ka'ida babu zato na biyu na batun da wani. Wannan shine ainihin dabarun Maginot Line kuma yana da jaraba sosai; (a nan, Taylor yana magana ne akan hanyoyin da mutum zai iya “ƙarfafa” hujja). To Amma, ya yi iƙirarin wannan ba daidai ba ne, ba za mu iya kare ra'ayi na 'yancin kai wanda ba ya haɗa da aƙalla wasu bambance-bambance masu kyau game da dalili, wanda ba ya sanya wasu ƙuntatawa akan dalili a cikin abubuwan da suka dace don 'yanci, don haka wanda zai iya yin mulki. fitar da zato na biyu bisa manufa.
Sabili da haka, Taylor yayi jayayya don bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mara kyau da mai kyau wanda ke nuna mahimmancin adalci na zamantakewa.
Tarihi
GFW Hegel ya rubuta a cikin wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi na falsafar dama (a cikin wani bangare da ya gabatar da manufar m dama ) amma kawai kan 'yanci a cikin m "da kuma" aikin " shine samun ainihin mu, samun 'yanci mai kyau
Misalai
A cikin bayanin ingantaccen 'yanci daga Stanford Encyclopedia of Falsafa ,"A takaice dai, mutum zai iya cewa al’ummar dimokuradiyya al’umma ce mai ‘yanci domin al’umma ce mai cin gashin kanta, kuma dan wannan al’ummar yana da ‘yanci gwargwadon yadda ya shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya. Amma akwai kuma aikace-aikacen ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ra'ayi na ingantaccen 'yanci. Misali, wani lokaci ana cewa gwamnati ta himmatu sosai wajen samar da yanayin da ya kamata daidaikun mutane su kasance masu dogaro da kansu ko kuma su kai ga gaci."A cikin "Mayar da Kwangilar Jama'a", Ron Replogle ya yi kwatancen da ke taimakawa wajen fahimtar 'yanci mai kyau. “Tabbas, ba cin zarafi ba ne a matsayina na mutum idan ka ɗauki mukullin motata, ba tare da so ba, lokacin da na sha abin sha. Babu wani abu mai banƙyama game da yin yarjejeniya tun da farko tana ba da kulawa ta uba a cikin yanayi lokacin da ƙwarewarmu ta buɗe ga shakku." A kuma wannan ma'anar, 'yanci mai kyau shine bin tsarin ƙa'idodin da duk bangarorin da abin ya shafa suka amince da su, waɗanda dukkansu dole ne su yarda da kowane canji ga ƙa'idodin. Don haka, ingantaccen 'yanci falsafar ɗan kwangila ce.
Duk da haka, Ishaya Berlin ya yi adawa da duk wata shawara cewa uba da 'yancin walwala na iya zama daidai. Ya bayyana cewa za a iya amfani da kyakkyawar ’yanci ne kawai a lokacin da za a cire ’yanci daga mutum yana neman wani zaɓi ne da kansa ya yi, ba ƙa’idar gamayya ta al’umma ko ra’ayin wani ba. Idan mutum ya cire mukullin motar direba ba tare da son ransa ba saboda ya sha da yawa, wannan ya zama 'yanci mai kyau kawai idan direban ya yanke shawarar da ya dace da ra'ayin kansa, Kuma tun da farko cewa ba za su tuƙi a bugu ba. Don haka, ta hanyar cire maɓallan, ɗayan ya sauƙaƙe wannan shawarar kuma ya tabbatar da cewa za a kiyaye shi ta fuskar ɗabi'a mai ban sha'awa (watau shan) direba. Ga mai cirewa don cire maɓallan idan babu irin wannan niyya da direba ya bayyana, shiyasa saboda mai cirewa yana jin cewa direban bai kamata ya tuƙi bugu ba, ubanci ne, kuma ba tabbataccen 'yanci ta ma'anar Berlin ba.
Erich Fromm yana ganin banbance tsakanin nau'ikan 'yanci guda biyu da ke fitowa tare da juyin halittar dan adam nesa ba kusa ba daga aikin ilhami wanda ke nuna kananan sifofin dabbobi. Wannan fanni na 'yanci, in ji shi, "ba a nan ana amfani da shi ba a ma'anarsa mai kyau na 'yanci don' amma a cikin mummunan ma'anar 'yanci daga', wato 'yanci daga ƙaddarar basirar ayyukansa." Ga Fromm, 'yanci daga ilhami na dabba a fakaice yana nuna cewa rayuwa yanzu ya dogara ne akan wajabcin tsara tafarki na mutum. Kuma Ya danganta wannan bambanci ga labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na korar mutum daga Adnin :
'Yanci mai kyau, ya kiyaye kuma, ya zo ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaituwa tare da rabuwa daga duka: "ƙantawa tare da dukan mutane", haɗin kai ba ta hanyar ilhami ko ƙayyadaddun dangantaka ba, amma a kan 'yancin da aka kafa akan dalili.
Gloria Amon Nikoi
Gloria Adwoa Amon Nikoi, née Addae (an haife shi 6 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da ashirin da bakwai1927A.C - 10 Nuwamba 2010) ta kasance jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana wacce ta yi ministar harkokin waje a 1979 a karkashin gwamnatin Sojojin Sojan Kasa (AFRC). Ita ce mace 'yar Ghana ta farko da ta rike wannan matsayi.
Aiki
Ta halarci Kwalejin Achimota. Nikoi ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar jakada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1969 zuwa 1974. Daga baya Gloria Nikoi ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar jami'a a ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Ghana.
Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin 1979 wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin majalisar koli ta soja, an nada ta ministar harkokin waje na tsawon watanni hudu a cikin gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta sojojin kasar (AFRC) ta jirgin Laftanar Jerry Rawlings. Wannan ya kare ne a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1979, lokacin da aka kaddamar da Jamhuriyya ta Uku karkashin gwamnatin Dr. Hilla Limann ta Jama'ar Jama'a ta kasa.
Gloria Nikoi ta zama shugabar bankin gidaje da gine-gine na kasar Ghana a shekarar 1981. Ta kuma taba zama darakta a African Development Bank (AfDB). Ta zama shugabar farko ta majalisar kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Ghana lokacin da aka kaddamar da ita a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1990.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta yi aure da Amon Nikoi, tsohon Gwamnan Bankin Ghana kuma ministar kudi, wadda ta haifi ‘ya’ya uku tare da su.
Mutuwa da jana'iza
Ta mutu saboda dalilai na halitta a Washington, D.C. a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2010 tana da shekaru 83. An gudanar da jana'izar ta a Cocin Accra Ridge, inda ta kasance 'yar majalisa.
Sauyin yanayi a Aljeriya
Sauyin yanayi a Aljeriya, yana da matuƙar tasiri ga kasar. Aljeriya ba ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga sauyin yanayi ba, amma, kamar sauran ƙasashe a yankin MENA, ana sa ran za ta kasance cikin waɗanda tasirin sauyin yanayi ya fi shafa. Saboda babban yanki na ƙasar ya riga ya kasance cikin yanayi mai zafi da ƙazamin yanayi, gami da wani yanki na hamadar sahara, tuni ana sa ran ƙalubalen zafi da ƙalubalen samar da ruwa za suyi muni. Tun a shekarar 2014, masana kimiyya sun danganta tsananin zafi da sauyin yanayi a ƙasar Aljeriya. Aljeriya ta kasance ta 46 a cikin ƙasashe a cikin shekarar 2020 na ayyukan canjin yanayi.
Tushen gas na Greenhouse
Algeriya ƙasa ce mai fitar da iskar carbon dioxide: tana samar da tan 4.1 ga kowane mutum kamar na shekarar 2008, ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya a wancan lokacin. A lokacin kashi 74% na fitar da su ya fito ne daga samar da makamashi.
Albarkatun ruwa
A cewar bankin duniya Aljeriya ta cancanci a matsayin ƙasa mai karancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, an riga an yi amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima.
Noma
Ƙasar noma da ruwa sun rigaya suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga ayyukan ɗan Adam, da kwararowar hamada, zaizayar ƙasa, da asarar ciyayi. Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai hanzarta wannan tsari, wanda zai raunana ƙasa da bambancin halittu a filayen noma. Ana sa ran kowane ɓangare na noman ƙasar zai shafa: misali ƙananan kiwo wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama-gari na noma, sai kara tsada yake yi, domin makiyayan na tona rijiyoyi su sayi abinci, maimakon kiwo.
Manufofi da dokoki
Aljeriya ta bi sahun gaba wajen amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi. Koyaya, Fihirisar Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi na shekarar 2020 ya bayyana tsarin manufofinsu da cewa bai isa ya cimma burin 2°C ba.
Manazarta
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Ginin Heritage Place (Legas)
Ginin Heritage Place ginin ofishi ne mai hawa 14 a Alfred Rewane Road, Ikoyi, Legas kuma ginin farko da aka tabbatar da LEED a Najeriya.
Tsarin ginin
Ginin ya ƙunshi benaye 14 na kusan 15,736sqm na sarari ofis da wuraren ajiye motoci 350.
Tawagar ƙwallon ƙwando ta Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu
Tawagar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ita ce kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasa da ke wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar kwallon kwando ta mata ta duniya. Ƙwallon Kwando na Afirka ta Kudu ne ke gudanar da ƙungiyar.
Haƙƙoƙin yin kwangila
Hakkoki akan tayin nan gaba ("RUFO") juzu'i ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wasu kwangiloli, wanda ƙungiyar da ta amince da sharuɗɗan kwangila, ta sami wasu haƙƙoƙi idan wasu ɓangarori a gaba sun sami sharuɗɗan mafi kyau ko daban.Ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan sassan don jawo wata ƙungiya ta kasance da kwangila, a cikin sanin cewa idan an ba da mafi kyawun sharuddan ga wani a nan gaba, to amman za a yi amfani da waɗannan ingantattun sharuddan a baya ga duk bangarorin da suke da su. haka nan.
Misali na yiwuwar haɗari na irin waɗannan sassan, idan ba a yi la'akari da hankali ba, ya tashi a lokacin gyaran bashin Argentine na shekarata 2005-2014. A wannan yanayin kashi 93% na masu hannun jari sun yarda da raguwar sasantawa yayin da kashi 7% suka ƙi kuma suka ci gaba da cin nasara a ƙarar da ta ba su damar yin sulhu. Argentina ta bayyana kanta ba za ta iya biya ko ɗaya ba, duk da samun kuɗin da za ta yi, tun lokacin da aka daidaita mafi kyawun tayin tare da ƙananan masu ba da bashi zai iya, yana jin tsoro, ya haifar da batun RUFO kuma ya sa sauran 93% su sami damar karɓar. biyansu gaba daya shima, wanda kasar ba zata iya biya ba.
Ɗan kunne
Dankunne dai wani nau'in kayan ado ne da ake sawa a gefen kunne. Mafi yawa mata ke amfani dashi domin yin kwalliya.
Ire-Iren Dankunne
Awai ire-iren dankunne da ake amfani da su kamar haka:
2.Dankunne na Azurfa
3.Dankunnen karfe
4.Dankunnen Roba.
Hanyan ruwa na MacGregor
Hanyan ruwa na MacGregor s an gina ta ne a 1903 da 1904 a lokacin Gwamnatin mulkin Turawa na William MacGregor, likita kuma Gwamnan yankin mulkin turawa na Lagos. An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a yunkuri na MacGregor na rage ya uwar sauro ta wuraren da ruwa ke taruwa a yankin Kudu maso yamma.
Aikin Jarida na Muhalli
Aikin jarida na muhalli, shine tarin, tabbatarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin bayanai game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, abubuwan da ke faruwa, da kuma batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da duniyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba. Don zama ɗan jarida na muhalli, dole ne mutum ya sami fahimtar harshen kimiyya. Mutum yana buƙatar yin amfani da iliminsa na abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli na tarihi. Dole ne kuma mutum ya sami ikon bin shawarar manufofin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Ya kamata ɗan jaridar muhalli ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun, da ikon isar da bayanai ga jama'a ta hanyar da ke cikin sauƙin fahimta.
Aikin jarida na muhalli ya faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli. Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa rubutun yanayi. Rigima ɗaya a cikin aikin jarida na muhalli shine, yadda za a bambanta nau'in daga sassan da ke da alaƙa.
Hanyan ruwa na MacGregor
A tsakanin shekarun 1970, sassan magudanar ruwa sun cika yashi don gina titin zobe na ciki a kewayen tsibirin Legas.
Aikin Jarida na Muhalli
Tarihi
Yayin da al'adar rubuce-rubucen dabi'a ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa wanda ya samo asali a ƙalla har zuwa bayanan bincike na Christopher Columbus, kuma yana bin al'ada ta hanyar fitattun marubutan yanayi kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Henry David Thoreau a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, John Burroughs da kuma John Muir a farkon ƙarni na 20, da Aldo Leopold a cikin shekara ta 1940, fannin aikin jarida na muhalli bai fara yin tasiri ba sai a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970.
Hanyan ruwa na MacGregor
Manazarta
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Aikin Jarida na Muhalli
Tarihi
Haɓaka aikin jarida na muhalli a matsayin sana'a yayi daidai da na motsin muhalli, wanda ya zama ƙungiyoyin al'adu na yau da kullun tare da littafin Rachel Carson 's Silent Spring a cikin shekara ta 1962 kuma an ƙara halalta shi ta hanyar zartar da dokar jeji a shekara ta 1964. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ba da haske a fagen siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1970, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "rikicin muhalli", da kuma yin aiki don rinjayar shawarar manufofin muhalli. Kafofin watsa labarai sun bi kuma sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli tun daga lokacin.
Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙara halalta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta muhalli a cikin shekarata 1990, wanda manufarsa "shi ne don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da al'amuran muhalli ta hanyar inganta inganci, daidaito, da hangen nesa na rahoton muhalli." A yau, ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a cibiyoyi da yawa don horar da ƴan jarida masu tasowa a cikin takura, sarƙaƙƙiya da faɗin aikin jarida na muhalli.
Muhawarar shawara
Akwai ƙaramin baraka a cikin al'ummar 'yan jaridun muhalli. Wasu, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli, sun yi imani da bayar da rahoton labaran muhalli da gangan, yayin da wasu, kamar Michael Frome, wani fitaccen mutum a wannan fanni, sun yi imanin cewa 'yan jarida ya kamata su shiga bangaren muhalli na filin ne kawai idan ceton duniya ya kasance. sha'awar kashin kai, da kuma cewa 'yan jaridun muhalli kada su nisanci bayar da shawarwarin muhalli, ko da yake ba tare da yin la'akari da zahirin gaskiya da ra'ayi a kowane bangare na lamarin ba. Ba za a iya warware wannan muhawara nan ba da dadewa ba, amma tare da sauye-sauye a fannin aikin jarida da ake tace sabbin kafafen yada labarai da jama'a ke amfani da su wajen samar da labarai, da alama dai fannin aikin jarida na muhalli zai kara ba da kansa wajen bayar da rahoto. ra'ayoyi daidai da shawarwarin muhalli.
Sadarwar muhalli
Sadarwar muhalli shine dukkanin nau'o'in sadarwar da ke tattare da muhawarar zamantakewa game da matsalolin muhalli da matsaloli.
Hakanan a cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli akwai nau'ikan rubutu na yanayi, rubutun kimiyya, adabin muhalli, fassarar muhalli da shawarwarin muhalli. Duk da yake akwai babban cikas a tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin sadarwar muhalli, kowannensu ya cancanci ma'anarsa.
Rubutun yanayi
Rubutun yanayi shine nau'in da ke da tarihin mafi tsayi a cikin sadarwar muhalli. A cikin littafinsa, Wannan Ƙasar da ba ta iya kwatantawa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amirka, Thomas J. Lyon yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da "taxonomy na rubutun yanayi" don bayyana nau'in. Ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwar sa, ma, yana fama da yawa tare da juna. “Littafin yanayi yana da manyan ma’auni guda uku zuwa gare shi: bayanan tarihin halitta, martanin mutum ga yanayi, da fassarar falsafar yanayi” (Lyon 20). A cikin maƙalar tarihin halitta, "babban nauyin rubutu shine isar da umarni mai ma'ana a cikin gaskiyar yanayi," kamar tare da rubutun nau'in dabi'a na John Burroughs (Lyon 21). "A cikin kasidun gwaninta, tuntuɓar da marubucin ya yi da yanayi shine tsarin rubutun," kamar yadda Edward Abbey yayi tunani game da faɗuwar hamada (Lyon 23). A cikin fassarar falsafar yanayi, abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi kama da na tarihin halitta da maƙasudin gogewa na mutum, "amma yanayin gabatarwa ya fi dacewa ya zama mafi m da ilimi" (Lyon 25). Littafin Norton na Rubutun yanayi yana ƙara ƴan sabbin ma'auni zuwa nau'in rubutun yanayi, gami da labarin dabbobi, kasidun lambu, kasidun noma, ayyukan tattalin arziki, rubutu akan adalcin muhalli, da kuma aiki da ke ba da shawarar kiyaye muhalli, dorewa da bambancin halittu. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya ja daga al'ada da iyawar rubutun yanayi.
Rubutun kimiyya
Rubutun kimiyya rubutu ne da ke mayar da hankali musamman kan batutuwan binciken kimiyya, gaba ɗaya fassarar jargon da ke da wahala ga waɗanda ke wajen wani fannin kimiyyar fahimta zuwa harshe mai sauƙin narkewa. Wannan nau'in na iya zama labari ko bayani. Ba duk rubuce-rubucen kimiyya ba sun faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli, kawai rubutun kimiyya wanda ke ɗaukar batutuwan da suka dace da muhalli. Aikin jarida na muhalli kuma ya ja daga al'ada da fa'idar rubutun kimiyya.
Shawarwari na muhalli
Shawarwari na muhalli yana gabatar da bayanai kan yanayi da al'amuran muhalli waɗanda ke da tsayayyen ra'ayi kuma yana ƙarfafa masu sauraronsa su ɗauki ƙarin halaye masu kula da muhalli, galibi fiye da ra'ayoyin duniya. Shawarar muhalli na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane nau'ikan sadarwar muhalli da aka ambata. A halin yanzu ana muhawara ko aikin jarida na muhalli ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabaru na shawarwarin muhalli.
Batutuwa
Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri-iri. A cewar littafin Muhalli na The Reporter, 'yan jaridun muhalli sun fahimci matsalolin ruwa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun muhalli, sannan kuma abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi, masu rushewar endocrin, da kuma matsalolin kula da sharar gida. 'Yan jaridar da aka yi binciken sun fi ba da fifiko musamman, batutuwan muhalli fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya.
Aikin jarida na muhalli zai iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, wasu batutuwa masu zuwa kamar haka:
Daga Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto :
Daga EnviroLink :
Andekaleka Dam
Dam na Andekaleka Dam, dam ne mai nauyi a kogin Vohitra kusa da Andekaleka a gabashin Madagascar. Babban manufar dam ɗin shi ne samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa kuma yana karkatar da ruwa daga gabashin Vohitra zuwa 4 km rami na kan hanya inda ya kai 91 MW tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Bayan da ruwa ya yi cajin injin injin injin injin, ya yi tafiyar 500 m rami mai wulakanci kafin ya sake shiga kogin Vohitra. Rage tsayin daka tsakanin madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki yana ba da shugaban injin hydraulic na 235 m. Bankin Duniya ne ya ɗauki nauyin gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki a kan kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 142.1. An gina shi tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa ta 1982. Tashar wutar na iya ɗaukar janareta har guda huɗu. Biyu na farko sun fara aiki a cikin shekarar 1982 kuma na uku a cikin shekarar 2012. Generator ɗaya da biyu mai masaukin baki Vevey da Jeumont turbines yayin da na uku ke yin ta HEC. Dukkansu suna amfani da injin turbines na Francis wanda yawanci ke tashi daga 10 zuwa 700MW  kuma tare da kan ruwa yana aiki daga mita 10 zuwa 600
Wuta
A ranar 02 ga watan Janairun 2022 gobara ta tashi a tashar wutar lantarki. Wannan ya haifar da baƙar fata da yawa a Antananarivo da kewaye. Rukunin wutar lantarki za su sake yin aiki a tsakiyar watan Yunin 2022.
Manazarta
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Obuobia Darko-Opoku
Obuobia Darko-Opoku 'yar siyasar Ghana ce, 'yar jarida kuma mai bayar da agaji. Tsohuwar ‘yar takarar majalisar wakilai ce a jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress a Weija-Gbawe.
Tallafawa
Darko-Opoku ta kafa gidauniyar Obuobia, kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da tallafi ga mata da mazabarta. Ta gidauniyarta ta bayar da tallafi daban-daban ga al’ummar Musulmi da mazabar Weija Gbawe da kuma karamar hukumar Ga ta Kudu.
Siyasa
A lokacin babban zabukan 2012 da 2016, ta tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar dokokin Weija-Gbawe kuma ta sha kaye. A shekarar 2019, jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress ta nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktar sadarwar jam’iyyar ta kasa. Kuma ita ce tsohuwar mataimakiyar Babban Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Yada Labarai ta Ghana
Dajin Al'ummar Dutsen Mbe
Garin Mbe Mountains Community Forest yana cikin kudancin Najeriya, kuma yana rufe kilomita 862.
Hawan zuwa tsawo na 900m Dutsen Mbe muhimmiyar tushe ce ga gorilla Gorilla Gorilla diehli mai haɗari na Cross River, da kuma wasu nau'o'i na musamman kamar su chimpanzee Pan troglodytes ellioti na Najeriya-Kamaru, drill Mandrillus leucophaeus, da kuma Picathartes oreas mai launin toka. Duwatsun Mbe suna kewaye da al'ummomi tara tare da jimlar yawan jama'a kusan 10,000.
Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau
Hakkoki mara kyau da masu kyau, su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wajabta ko dai rashin aiki (munanan haƙƙoƙin) ko aiki ( haƙƙoƙi masu kyau ). Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga haƙƙin 'yanci da mutahallin shi.
Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a : Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya hana Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙi don x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian.
Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka mara kyau na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, 'yancin yin addini, habeas corpus, shari'a ta gaskiya, da 'yancin kada a bautar da su. wani
Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da haƙƙin 'yan sanda na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma ikon tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, gidaje, ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa, shiga yanar gizo, da mafi ƙarancin rayuwa. A cikin lissafin "ƙarni uku" na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi.