cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tabkin Malawi
Ita ce tabki Mafi girma na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara mafi girman tabki a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya, wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na cichlids. Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta kebeshi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011, A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin Lake Malawi National Park.
Rafael Nadal
Early life
A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2001, ya doke tsohon zakaran gasar Grand Slam Pat Cash a wasan nunin kotuna.
Professional tennis career
Ya gama a shekarata 2001 tare da rikodin jerin Kalubale na 1 – 1 a cikin ɗimbin yawa ba tare da taken ko wasan karshe ba.
Rikodin matakin Nadal na Challenger a cikin shekarar dubu biyu da biyu (2002) ya kasance 4-2 a cikin 'yan wasa marasa aure ba tare da lakabi ba.
Bayan ya buga wasu al'amuran matakin ƙalubale guda biyu, na ƙarshe na aikinsa, Nadal ya gama yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekarar dubu biyu da uku (2003) tare da asarar zagaye na farko uku a cikin abubuwan ATP.
A shekarata 2005: Babban taken farko
Bayan kwana biyu ya doke Mariano Puerta a wasan karshe, inda ya zama mutum na biyu, bayan Mats Wilander a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982), da ya lashe gasar French Open a yunkurinsa na farko.
Nan da nan bayan Wimbledon, Nadal ya lashe wasanni 16 a jere da gasa uku a jere, wanda ya kawo matsayinsa na 2 a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekarata dubu biyu da biyar (2005).
Dukansu Nadal da Federer sun lashe taken guda goma sha ɗaya da na Masters guda huɗu a cikin shekarata 2005. Nadal ya karya tarihin matashin Mats Wilander na tara a shekarata alif 1983.
A shekarata 2006: Kofin Faransanci na biyu
Nadal shi ne dan kasar Sipaniya na farko tun bayan Manuel Santana a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida 1966, da ya kai wasan karshe na Wimbledon, amma Federer ya lashe wasan da wasanni hudu inda ya lashe kofinsa na hudu a jere a Wimbledon.
Nadal ya ci gaba da zama dan wasa na farko tun Andre Agassi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara casa'in da hudu 1994–95 da ya kammala shekarar a matsayi na 2 a jere a jere.
A shekarata 2007: Kofin Faransanci na uku
Kamar yadda yake a cikin shekarata 2006, Nadal ya baci a matakin kwata-fainal. Wannan shine wasa na farko na Federer a Wimbledon tun Shekarar 2001.
A shekarata 2008: Manyan manyan guda biyu, zinare guda na Olympics, Kofin Davis, da na 1 na duniya
(Karshe na shekarar 2019 daga baya ya karya rikodin mafi dadewa na karshe na Wimbledon.
Ta hanyar lashe takensa na farko na Wimbledon, Nadal ya zama mutum na uku a cikin bude lokacin da ya lashe gasar French Open da Wimbledon a cikin shekara guda, bayan Rod Laver a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara (1969), da Borg a shekarata alif 1978 – zuwa shekarata alif 1980, (Federer daga baya ya cika wannan shekara mai zuwa) da kuma dan Sipaniya na biyu da ya lashe Wimbledon.
A shekarata 2009: Kofin Australian Open da Davis Cup
Taron yawon shakatawa na ATP na gaba shine a shekarar 2009 Miami Masters.
Wannan shine farkon Nadal kuma, har zuwa shekarata 2015, rashin nasara kawai a gasar French Open. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, Nadal ya fice daga gasar Wimbledon ta shekarar 2009, saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. Roger Federer ya ci gaba da lashe kambun, kuma Nadal ya koma lamba 2 a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif 2009.
A shekarata 2010: Manyan kan duk saman saman uku, ƙarshen shekara No. 1, da Sana'ar Golden Slam
Nadal ya kira shekarar 2010 mafi kyawun shekararsa a matsayinsa na kwararren dan wasan tennis.
A shekarata 2010 US Open, Nadal ya kai wasan karshe na farko ba tare da faduwa saiti ba.
A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Nadal ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fice daga Paris Masters saboda ciwon jijiya a kafadarsa ta hagu. A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarata 2010, a London, Nadal ya lashe lambar yabo ta Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship a karon farko.
A shekarata 2010 ATP Finals a London, Nadal ya lashe dukkan wasannin da ya buga.
A shekarata 2011: Kofin Faransa na shida da kambin Davis Cup
A cikin watan Maris, Nadal ya taimaka wa Spain ta doke Belgium a gasar cin kofin duniya na 2011 na Davis a zagaye na farko a rukunin farko a Spiroudome a Charleroi, Belgium. A duka shekarar 2011 BNP Paribas Open da shekarar 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Nadal ya kai wasan karshe kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Novak Djokovic a wasanni uku.
Ya buga gaba a cikin shekarata 2011 Cincinnati Masters, inda ya yi rashin nasara ga Mardy Fish, kuma a cikin kwata-kwata.
A shekarata 2012: Kofin Faransanci na bakwai
A shekarata 2012 French Open, Nadal ya bar wasanni 30 kawai a kan abokan hamayyarsa biyar na farko. Nadal ya yi hasarar jimlar safu uku kacal a kakar kotun shekarata 2012.
A watan Yulin na shekarar 2012, Nadal ya janye daga gasar Olympics na 2012 saboda ciwon jijiyar wuyansa, wanda daga baya ya sa ya fice daga gasar cin kofin Rogers da Cincinnati Masters. Daga baya ya janye daga sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar 2012, saboda yana jin har yanzu ba shi da koshin lafiya da zai iya takara.
A shekarata 2013: Majors biyu da komawa No. 1
A shekarata 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe amma Del Potro ya doke shi. A watan Nuwamba, Nadal ya buga wasansa na karshe na kakar wasa a Landan a shekarata 2013 ATP Finals inda ya tabbatar da matsayi na 1 na karshen shekara.
A shekarata 2014: Gasar French Open ta tara da raunuka
Rafael Nadal ya fara kakarsa ta 2014 a Qatar Open a Doha, inda ya doke Lukáš Rosol a zagayen farko kuma ya lashe kambun bayan ya doke Gaël Monfils a wasan karshe.
Lelio Antoniotti
Lelio Antoniotti (an haife shi ne a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu 1928 - 29 Maris 2014) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya.
Sant'Antonio Abate, Naples
Sant'Antonio Abate tsohuwar coci ce ta Naples, wacce take a farkon ƙauyen mai wannan sunan: Borgo Sant'Antonio Abate.
Labari ya nuna cewa cocin, wanda aka sanya a asalin ƙauyen mai wannan sunan, an kafa shi ne bisa umarnin Sarauniya Joanna I na Anjou, amma difloma na Sarki Robert na Anjou, ya nuna cewa, tun farkon Maris 1313, a can sun kasance coci da asibiti kuma a cikin wannan wurin marasa lafiya sun warke daga cutar da ake kira "wuta mai tsarki" ko shingles, samfurin da aka samo daga kitse na alade.
A cikin wannan cocin akwai Luca Giordano da ya fi muhimmanci zane.
Rob Atkinson
Rob Atkinson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Jimmy Ines
Jimmy Ines (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Cape Verde.
Aikin kulob
A watan Yuni 2013 Jimmy ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko, inda ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu. Ya shafe kakarsa na gaba a matsayin aro zuwa kulob ɗin União da Madeira.
Ya buga wasansa na farko na Primeira Liga a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba 2014, yana bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbi a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 da Arouca.
A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 2015, Jimmy ya koma Santa Clara akan lamuni na wata shida. Kwanaki shida kacal bayan haka, Jimmy ya fara buga wasansa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a gida tare da SC Farense. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, ya zira kwallaye a raga na farko a cikin nasara a gida da ci 2-0 da Académico Viseu.
Kwame Pianim
Andrews Kwame Pianim shahararren masanin tattalin arziƙin kasuwancin Ghana ne, kuma mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari. Bayan shekaru goma a matsayin fursunonin siyasa, ya yi takara a 1996 don tsayawa takarar shugabancin Ghana. Sauya giya, ya sami nasara a matsayin ɗan kasuwa a Accra.
Ilimi
Kwame Pianim ya halarci Makarantar Achimota don karatun sakandare. Yana rike da B.A. Darajoji Biyu a Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar New Brunswick, Kanada (1963) da MA a Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Yale (1964), Amurka.
Sana'ar siyasa
An kama shi tare da gungun sojoji ciki har da Sgt. Akata Pore a ranar 23 ga Nuwamban 1982 bayan kwace wani bangare na Barikin Barikin Gondar, Sansanin Burma a cikin wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da ya ɓace.
Yunkurin da ya yi na tsayawa takarar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1996 a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party ta dama-dama ta ɓarke ​​lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin tsayar da wata doka mai rikitarwa da ke hana mutanen da aka samu da laifin cin amanar kasa rike mukamin gwamnati, koda kuwa an aikata irin wannan ayyukan a lokacin lokuta. na mulkin da bai dace ba.
Aikin tattalin arziki da kuɗi
A matsayinsa na masanin tattalin arziƙi, falsafar sa tana da yawa, amma jigon jigo ya kasance muhimmin rashin jituwa tsakanin ajandar tattalin arziƙin ƙasashe matalauta, ko abin da yakamata ya zama ajandar tattalin arzikin su, da fifikon tsarin Bretton Woods. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami’in Binciken Tattalin Arziki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, New York (1964 - 1970), kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Ma’aikatar Kudi da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Ghana, (1970 - 1972). Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Manajan Darakta, Kamfanin Ghana Aluminum Products Limited, Tema kuma a matsayin Shugaba na New World Investments, yanzu NewWorld Renaissance Securities gidan dillali da bankin saka hannun jari. Shi ne tsohon Babban Darakta na Ghana Cocobod.
Ayyukan kwanan nan
Ya taba zama shugaban Hukumar Kula da Amfani da Jama'a (PURC) na Ghana, babban kwamiti wanda aka dorawa alhakin kula da daidaita wutar lantarki da amfani da ruwa. Sai dai ya yi murabus a watan Disambar 2007 sakamakon sabani da gwamnatin NPP mai mulki a lokacin John A. Kufuor. Shine Shugaban Kungiyar Tsohuwar Achimotans. Kwame Pianim shine shugaban kwamitin Daraktocin Bankin United Bank for Africa (UBA) Ghana Limited, Airtel Communications (Ghana), Bayport Financial Services (Ghana) da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Ghana, babbar jami'ar koyar da ilimin al'adu da al'adu da yawa na Ghana.
Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung birni ne, da ke a Kudu maso Yamman ƙasar Taiwan. Kaohsiung yana da yawan jama'a 2,773,127 bisa ga jimillar 2019. An gina birnin Kaohsiung kafin karni na sha bakwai bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Shugaban birnin Kaohsiung Han Kuo-yu ne.
Gardin Sarki
Tarihi
Da farko an kirkiri Gardin Sarki a shekara ta 1963 a karkashin shugabancin shugaba Diori Hamani. An damka tsaro na shugaban kasa kan Gardin Sarki a lokacin shugaba Seyni Kountche. Bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta shekarar 1995 tsakanin Gwamnatin Nijar da Abzinawa yan aware na arewacin kasar, aka sakema Gandun Sarki suna zuwa "Forces Nationales d'Interventions and Securite (FNIS)". Bayan yarjejeniyar ne aka saka tsaofaffin yan tawayen cikin rundunar ta Gandun Sarki. Da hukumar na karkashin ma'aikatar tsaro ne yayin da daga baya kuma aka sake mayar da ita ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida a shekarar 2003. A zamanin mulkin Tandja Mamadou ansamu cikakkiyar jituwa tsakanin gwamnatin da Tandja. Lamarin ya kauce ne bayan juyin mulkin da ya faru da gwamnatin Tandja a shekarar 2010.
Manufa
Manufofin hukumar Gardin Sarki na kunshe a ginshikai na n°201-61 na 7 ga Oktoba, 2010 sune:
Linda McAvan
Linda McAvan OBE (an Haife ta a ranar 2 ga Watan Disamba shekara ta 1962) yar siyasa ce ta Burtaniya karkashin jam'iyyar Labour Party, wacce ta kasance 'yar Majalisa a Tarayyar Turai (MEP) a mazabar Yorkshire da Humber daga shekarar 1998, lokacin da aka fara zaɓen ta a zaben fidda gwani bayan Norman West yayi murabus daga kujerar sa. Ta yi aiki har sai da ta yi murabus a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2019.
Kafin a zabe ta, McAvan ta fara aiki da Majalisar gundumar Barnsley kuma itace Jami'ar Turai akan Coalfields Community Campaign.
Majalisar Tarayyar Turai
Baya ga ayyukan kwamitinta, McAvan ta kasance memba ce a Majalisar Haɗin Kan Majalisar Dokokin ACP-EU. Ta kasance shugaban rukunin European Parliament's Fair Trade Working Group kuma tayi aiki a ƙungiyar majalissar Turai akan Yammacin Sahara da kuma Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Yara na Majalisar Turai. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai goyon bayan MEP Heart Group, ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa da ke da ra'ayin inganta matakan da za su taimaka wajen rage nauyin cututtuka na zuciya (CVD). Tsakanin shekarar 2002 zuwa shekarar 2003, McAvan ta kasance daya daga cikin wakilai 16 na Majalisar Turai na Yarjejeniyar Makomar Turai, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban kasar Faransa Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
Tsakanin shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekarar 2009, McAvan ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kungiyar gurguzu wato European Parliament's Socialist Group. A watan Yunin shekarar 2007 aka zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar.
Tsakanin shekara 2004 da shekarar 2014, McAvan ta yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Muhalli, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci. A shekara ta 2009, ta tsara rahoton Majalisar Turai game da sa ido kan lafiyar magunguna. Ta kuma zauna a kwamitin wucin gadi kan sauyin yanayi tsakanin shekarar 2007 da shekarar 2009; A wannan matsayi, ta kasance cikin wakilan majalisar wakilai a wajen taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2008 a Poznań da kuma taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2009 a Copenhagen.
McAvan ta goyi bayan Owen Smith a zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour (Birtaniya) na shekarar 2016. Membobin Jam'iyyar Labour sun zaɓi McAvan don zama 'yar takarar Labour mai matsayi na gaba don Yorkshire da Humber a zaɓen Turai na 2009, da kyar ta doke Richard Corbett a matsayin mai nasara. A shekarar 2014, ta sake lashe zaben. Ta tsaya a matsayin MEP a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2019.
Rayuwa bayan siyasa
Tun barin ta Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, McAvan ta kasance tana aiki a matsayin babban darektan huldar Turai a gidauniyar "European Climate Foundation".
Karramawa
An nada McAvan matsayin "Officer of the Order of the British Empire" (OBE) a kyautar lambar yabo na shekarar 2020 New Year Honours dangane da ayyukan agaji da siyasa.
Rayuwa
McAvan ta auri Paul Blomfield, dan majalisar Labour na Sheffield Central. Ofishinta a mazabarta na nan a yankin Wath-on-Dearne.
Aramotu
Aramotu fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2010 wanda Niji Akanni ya jagoranta. Ta yi taurarin Idiat Sobande, Kayode Odumosu da Gabriel Afolayan. Ta samu shiga jerin wanda aka tantance 7 a Kyautar Kwalejin Fina -finai ta Afirka ta 7 kuma ta lashe lambobin yabo na Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Najeriya da Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyauta.
Labari
Saita a 1909, da fim ya gaya wani labarin wani m mace ciniki, Aramotu ( Idiat Sobande ) a cikin wani musamman al'ada-m Yarbawa. Ta yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da kyawawan halayen ƙabilar Gelede wajen samun ra'ayoyi kan haƙƙoƙin mata da kafa gwamnati mai dogaro da bukatun jama'a. Ta kafa dangi wanda ya haɗa da mawaƙi (Gabriel Afolayan) wanda a ƙarshe ya raba aurenta da mijinta mai tausayi (Kayode Odumosu). Wannan sabuwar alaƙar tana barazanar kashe duk abin da ta gina kuma yana shafar dangantakarta da sauran shugabannin al'umma mara kyau.
Saki
An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2011 a Coral Reef, Ikoya Avenue ikoyi, Jihar Legas. An nuna fim ɗin a wasu bukukuwa da yawa a duniya, ciki har da Fina -Finan Fina -Finan Afirka na 2, Legas, Najeriya (2011), Samsung International Film Festival, Chennai, India (2012), Africa In The Picture Film Festival, Amsterdam (2012), Arusha African International Film Festival, Tanzania (2013) and International Film Festival of Kerala, India (2013)
José Rui
José Rui de Pina Aguiar (an haife shi 6 Nuwamba 1964), wanda aka fi sani da José Rui, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Cape Verde mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tsaron baya, kuma shine mataimakin koci na yanzu na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verde.
New Straitsville, Ohio
New Straitsville ƙauye ne a cikin gundumar Perry, Ohio, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 722 a ƙidayar 2010.
José Rui
Sana'ar wasa
An haife shi a Praia, Zé Rui ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana kusan shekara 23, kuma ya shafe tsawon aikinsa na ƙwararru a ƙasar Portugal, ƙungiyarsa ta farko ita ce União Sport Clube a rukuni na biyu. Daga baya ya wakilci O Elvas CAD da UD Leiria, suna fafatawa a mataki na biyu da na uku daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1993.
New Straitsville, Ohio
Tarihi
An kafa New Straitsville a cikin 1870 a matsayin garin hakar kwal ta Kamfanin New Straitsville Mining Company. Garin ya girma cikin sauri kuma a 1880 yawan jama'a ya haura mutane 4,000. Aikin hakar kwal ya ƙare a shekara ta 1884, sa’ad da gardamar aiki a ma’adinan ta ƙare tare da gungun masu hakar ma’adinan sun aika da wata mota mai ƙonewa a cikin ma’adinan, inda ta kunna wuta. A wani lokaci zafin wutar ya yi yawa sosai, ta yadda mazauna garin za su iya ɗebo ruwan zafi kai tsaye daga rijiyoyi don yin kofi. Wutar mahakar ma'adinan New Straitsville tana ci har yau. New Straitsville kuma sananne ne don bikin "Moonshine Festival" na shekara-shekara, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin Karshen Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar kowace shekara.
José Rui
Sana'ar wasa
Zé Rui ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1993–94, inda ya fara a cikin 18 daga cikin wasanni 21 da ya buga don taimakawa CF Os Belenenses ya gama a matsayi na 13. Bayan ya koma Vitória de Setúbal, yana taimaka musu  zuwa rukuni biyu a cikin shekarar farko.
Zé Rui ya yi ritaya a cikin watan Yuni 2002 yana kusan shekaru 38, bayan kaka biyu tare da  CD Beja. Shekaru da yawa ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga tawagar kasar Cape Verde, har ma da kasancewa mai kula da wasan sada zumunci da Portugal a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 2006 bayan murabus din Carlos Alhinho.
Robert Barker
Robert Barker (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da saba'in da bakwai 1847A.C - ya mutu a shekara ta alib 1915) dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila ne.
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New Straitsville, Ohio
Geography
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, ƙauyen yana da 1.30 sqmi, duk kasa. Ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanar ruwa na Monday Creek.
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 722, gidaje 293, da iyalai 189 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 555.4 PD/sqmi. Akwai rukunin gidaje 363 a matsakaicin yawa na 279.2 /sqmi. Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 95.7% Fari, 0.4% Ba'amurke, da 3.9% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.7% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 293 ne, kashi 33.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 43.3% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 15.4% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 5.8% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 35.5% ba dangi bane. Kashi 28.7% na duk gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 12.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.46 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.94.
Tsakanin shekarun ƙauyen ya kai shekaru 37.4. 25.6% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 9.3% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.5% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 28.8% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 11.8% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na ƙauyen ya kasance 45.7% na maza da 54.3% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 774, gidaje 312, da iyalai 210 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 589.4 a kowace murabba'in mil (228.1/km2). Akwai rukunin gidaje 357 a matsakaicin yawa na 271.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (105.2/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 97.67% Fari, 0.13% Ba'amurke, 1.03% daga sauran jinsi, da 1.16% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 2.33% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 312, daga cikinsu kashi 30.4% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 49.0% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 13.1% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 32.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 27.6% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 13.1% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.48 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.00.
A cikin ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 26.5% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 9.3% daga 18 zuwa 24, 27.4% daga 25 zuwa 44, 22.1% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 14.7% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 37. Ga kowane mata 100 akwai maza 92.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 92.9.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $27,557, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $31,827. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $30,227 sabanin $19,750 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $15,333. Kusan 13.8% na iyalai da 16.6% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 26.7% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 6.2% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Gurbacewar Iska
Gurɓacewar iska babbar matsala ce ga wasu cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatar yanayi, gami da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, COPD, bugun jini da kansar huhu. Shaidu masu girma suna nuna cewa ana iya danganta bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska tare da rage ƙimar IQ, rashin fahimta, ƙara haɗarin cututtukan hauka kamar baƙin ciki da cutar da lafiyar mahaifa. Sakamakon lafiyar ɗan adam na rashin ingancin iska yana da nisa, amma galibi yana shafar tsarin numfashi na jiki da kuma tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Halin daidaikun mutane game da gurɓataccen iska ya dogara ne da nau'in gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya fallasa shi, gwargwadon bayyanarsa, da yanayin lafiyar mutum da ƙwayoyin halitta. Gurɓacewar iska a waje kaɗai tana haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 2.1  zuwa miliyan 4.21 a duk shekara, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama daya daga cikin manyan masu bayar da gudunmawa ga mutuwar dan Adam. Gabaɗaya, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 7 a duk duniya a kowace shekara, ko kuma asarar tsawon rayuwa na duniya (LLE) na shekaru 2.9, kuma shine babban haɗarin lafiyar muhalli guda ɗaya a duniya. An jera gurbacewar iska a cikin gida da rashin kyawun iska na birni a matsayin biyu daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin gurɓacewar muhalli a duniya a cikin rahoton wuraren gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na 2008 Cibiyar Blacksmith. Iyalin rikicin gurbatar yanayi yana da yawa: 90% na al'ummar duniya suna shakar iska mai datti zuwa wani mataki. Ko da yake sakamakon kiwon lafiya yana da yawa, yadda ake magance matsalar sau da yawa yana da haɗari.
An ƙiyasta hasarar kayan aiki da ƙasƙantar rayuwar rayuwa da gurɓataccen iska ke haifarwa don kashe tattalin arzikin duniya dala tiriliyan 5 a kowace shekara amma, tare da tasirin kiwon lafiya da mace-mace, wani waje ne ga tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani kuma galibi ayyukan ɗan adam, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana daidaita su da kuma kula da su. Akwai fasahohi da dabaru daban-daban na sarrafa gurbatar yanayi don rage gurɓacewar iska. Don rage tasirin gurɓacewar iska, an aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da na ƙasa don daidaita gurɓacewar iska. Dokokin cikin gida, inda aka aiwatar da su da kyau, sun haifar da ingantaccen ingantaccen kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A matakin kasa da kasa, wasu daga cikin wadannan yunƙurin sun sami nasara - alal misali yarjejeniyar Montreal ta yi nasara wajen rage fitar da sinadarai masu cutar da ozone mai cutarwa ko yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta 1985 wadda ta rage fitar da iskar sulfur, yayin da wasu yunƙurin da ya zuwa yanzu ba su samu nasara ba wajen aiwatarwa. kamar matakin ƙasa da ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi.
Tushen Anthropogenic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi).
Waɗannan galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙona man fetur.
Hakanan akwai tushe daga matakai ban da ƙonewar:
Abubuwan da ke fitarwa
Abubuwan da ke fitar da iska ana ba da rahoton ƙimar waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin danganta adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da aka saki zuwa iska tare da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da sakin wannan gurɓataccen. Waɗannan abubuwan yawanci ana bayyana su azaman nauyin gurɓataccen abu da aka raba da nauyin raka'a, girma, nisa, ko tsawon lokacin aikin da ke fitar da gurɓataccen abu (misali, kilogiram na barbashi da ke fitarwa kowace tan na kwal da aka ƙone). Irin waɗannan abubuwan suna sauƙaƙe kimanta fitar da hayaki daga wurare daban-daban na gurɓataccen iska. A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan abubuwan kawai matsakaicin duk bayanan da ake samu na inganci karɓuwa ne, kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su wakilcin matsakaicin dogon lokaci.
Akwai mahadi guda 12 a cikin jerin gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗorewa. Dioxins da furans guda biyu ne daga cikinsu kuma da gangan aka samar da su ta hanyar konewar kwayoyin halitta, kamar bude kona robobi. Wadannan mahadi kuma masu rushewar endocrine ne kuma suna iya canza ƙwayoyin halittar dan adam. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta wallafa tarin abubuwan da ke fitar da gurbataccen iska don masana'antu iri-iri. Ƙasar Ingila, Ostiraliya, Kanada da sauran ƙasashe da yawa sun buga irin wannan tarin, da kuma Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai.
Masu gurɓatawa
Gurɓataccen iska wani abu ne a cikin iska wanda zai iya yin illa ga mutane da kuma yanayin muhalli. Abun zai iya zama tsayayyen barbashi, ɗigon ruwa, ko gas. Mai gurɓataccen abu na iya zama na asali ko na mutum. An rarraba abubuwan gurɓatawa a matsayin firamare ko sakandare. Ana haifar da gurɓatattun abubuwa ta hanyar matakai kamar toka daga fashewar aman wuta. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da iskar carbon monoxide daga sharar abin hawa ko sulfur dioxide da aka saki daga masana'antu. Ba a fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa kai tsaye. Maimakon haka, suna tasowa a cikin iska lokacin da gurɓataccen abu na farko ya amsa ko kuma yayi hulɗa. Ozone matakin ƙasa babban misali ne na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. Wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama na firamare da na sakandare: dukansu suna fitar da su kai tsaye kuma sun samo asali ne daga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa na farko.
Abubuwan gurɓata yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa sun haɗa da:
Abubuwan gurɓatawa na biyu sun haɗa da:
Ƙananan gurɓataccen iska sun haɗa da:
Abubuwan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta (POPs) sune mahaɗi na halitta waɗanda ke da juriya ga lalata muhalli ta hanyar sinadarai, nazarin halittu, da matakan hoto. Saboda haka, an lura da su dagewa a cikin muhalli, don samun damar yin tafiya mai nisa, bioaccumulate a cikin jikin mutum da na dabba, biomagnify a cikin sarƙar abinci, da kuma yin tasiri mai mahimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.
Bayyana
Haɗarin gurɓataccen iska aiki ne na haɗarin gurɓataccen iska da kuma fallasa wannan gurɓataccen abu. Ana iya bayyana bayyanar gurɓatacciyar iska ga mutum ɗaya, ga wasu ƙungiyoyi (misali unguwanni ko yaran da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa), ko ga jama'a gabaɗaya. Misali, mutum na iya yin lissafin bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska mai haɗari don yanki na yanki, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan mahalli daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin shekaru. Ana iya ƙididdige wannan azaman bayyanar numfashi. Wannan zai ba da lissafin bayyanar yau da kullun a wurare daban-daban (misali maɓalli daban-daban na cikin gida da wuraren waje). Bayyanar yana buƙatar haɗa da shekaru daban-daban da sauran ƙungiyoyin alƙaluma, musamman jarirai, yara, mata masu juna biyu, da sauran ƙananan jama'a. ]]
Bayyanawa ga gurɓataccen iska dole ne ya haɗa yawan abubuwan gurɓataccen iska dangane da lokacin da aka kashe a kowane wuri da kuma ƙimar inhalation daban-daban ga kowane rukuni na kowane takamaiman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke cikin saiti kuma tana yin ayyuka na musamman (wasa, wasa, dafa abinci, karatu, aiki, ba da lokacin zirga-zirga, da sauransu). Misali, yawan iskar numfashin karamin yaro zai yi kasa da na manya. Yaron da ke motsa jiki mai ƙarfi zai sami mafi girman adadin numfashi fiye da yaro ɗaya a cikin aikin zaman kansa. Bayyanar yau da kullun, don haka, yana buƙatar nuna lokacin da aka kashe a cikin kowane ƙaramin mahalli da kuma nau'in ayyukan cikin waɗannan saitunan. Matsakaicin gurɓataccen iska a cikin kowane saitin microactivity/microenvironmental an taƙaita don nuna fallasa. Ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar baƙar carbon carbon, abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da zirga-zirga na iya mamaye jimillar fallasa duk da ɗan gajeren lokacin fallasa tun lokacin babban taro ya zo daidai da kusanci ga manyan tituna ko shiga cikin zirga-zirga (motoci). Babban yanki na jimlar bayyanar yau da kullun yana faruwa azaman gajeriyar kololuwa na babban taro, amma har yanzu ba a san yadda za a ayyana kololuwa da tantance mita da tasirin lafiyar su ba.
A cikin 2021, WHO ta rage rabin shawarar da aka ba da shawarar ta ga ƙananan ɓarɓashi daga ƙonewar kasusuwa. Sabuwar iyaka don nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) yana da 75% ƙasa.
ingancin iska na cikin gida
Guba monoxide da mace-mace galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar iskar gas da bututun hayaƙi, ko kuma ta hanyar kona gawayi a cikin gida ko a cikin keɓe, kamar tanti. Guba na carbon monoxide na yau da kullun na iya haifarwa ko da ta rashin ingantaccen fitilun matukin jirgi. An gina tarkuna a cikin dukkan bututun cikin gida don kiyaye iskar gas da hydrogen sulfide, daga ciki. Tufafi yana fitar da tetrachlorethylene, ko wasu busassun ruwan tsaftacewa, na tsawon kwanaki bayan bushewa.
Ko da yake a yanzu an hana amfani da shi a ƙasashe da yawa, yawan amfani da asbestos a cikin masana'antu da na gida a baya ya bar wani abu mai hatsarin gaske a cikin yankuna da yawa. Asbestosis wani yanayi ne na kumburi na yau da kullun wanda ke shafar nama na huhu. Yana faruwa bayan dogon lokaci, ɗaukar nauyi ga asbestos daga kayan da ke ɗauke da asbestos a cikin sifofi. Masu fama da ciwon huhu mai tsanani ( ƙunƙarar numfashi) kuma suna cikin ƙarin haɗari game da nau'ikan kansar huhu daban-daban. Kamar yadda ba koyaushe ake ƙarfafa bayani ba a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ba na fasaha ba, ya kamata a kula don bambanta tsakanin nau'o'in cututtuka da dama. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ana iya bayyana waɗannan a matsayin cututtukan asbestosis, ciwon huhu, da kuma mesothelioma na peritoneal (gaba ɗaya nau'in ciwon daji da ba kasafai ba, lokacin da ya fi yaɗuwa kusan koyaushe ana danganta shi da tsayin daka ga asbestos).
Hakanan ana samun tushen halittu na gurɓacewar iska a cikin gida, kamar yadda iskar gas da iska ke fitarwa. Dabbobin gida suna samar da dander, mutane suna samar da ƙura daga flakes na fata na minti kaɗan da bazuwar gashi, ƙurar ƙura a cikin gado, kafet da kayan daki suna samar da enzymes da ɗigon fecal mai girman micrometer, mazauna suna fitar da methane, ƙirar ƙira akan bango kuma suna haifar da mycotoxins da spores, tsarin kwandishan na iya. cutar Legionnaires' cuta da mold, da tsire-tsire na cikin gida, ƙasa da lambunan kewaye na iya haifar da pollen, ƙura, da mold. A cikin gida, rashin zazzagewar iska yana ba wa waɗannan gurɓataccen iska damar tarawa fiye da yadda zasu faru a yanayi.
Tasirin lafiya
Ko da a matakan ƙasa da waɗanda hukumomin Amurka ke la'akari da aminci, fallasa zuwa sassa uku na gurɓataccen iska, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayoyin cuta, nitrogen dioxide da ozone, yana da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya da na numfashi. A cikin 2020, gurɓataccen yanayi (ciki har da gurɓataccen iska) ya kasance wani abu na ba da gudummawa ga ɗaya cikin mutuwar takwas a Turai, kuma ya kasance babban haɗari ga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa ciki har da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini da kansar huhu. Illar lafiyar da gurbatar iska ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da wahalar numfashi, hushi, tari, asma da kuma tabarbarewar yanayin numfashi da na zuciya. Waɗannan illolin na iya haifar da ƙara yawan amfani da magani, ƙarin ziyarar likita ko sashen gaggawa, ƙarin shigar asibiti da mutuwa da wuri. Illar lafiyar ɗan adam na rashin ingancin iskar yana da nisa, amma galibi yana shafar tsarin numfashi na jiki da kuma tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Halin daidaikun mutane game da gurɓataccen iska ya dogara da nau'in gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya fallasa shi, gwargwadon bayyanarsa, da yanayin lafiyar mutum da kuma kwayoyin halittarsa. Mafi yawan tushen gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da ɓarbashi, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide. Yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar da ke zaune a kasashe masu tasowa su ne suka fi fuskantar matsalar yawan mace-macen da ake dangantawa da gurbatar iska a cikin gida da waje.
Mutuwa
Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2014 cewa a duk shekara gurɓacewar iska na janyo mutuwar mutane miliyan 7 da wuri. Nazarin da aka buga a cikin Maris 2019 ya nuna cewa adadin na iya zama kusan miliyan 8.8. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa sun haɗa da shanyewar jiki, cututtukan zuciya, COPD, ciwon huhu, da cututtukan huhu.
An yi ƙiyasin gurɓacewar iska iska a cikin birni tana haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.3 a duk duniya a kowace shekara. Yara suna cikin haɗari musamman saboda rashin balaga na sassan sassan numfashinsu. A cikin 2015, gurɓataccen iska a waje, mafi yawa ta PM 2.5, an kiyasta zai haifar da 3.3 (95% CI 1.61-4.81) mutuwar da ba a kai ba a kowace shekara a duniya, yawanci a Asiya. A cikin 2021, WHO ta ba da rahoton cewa an ƙiyasta gurɓacewar iska a waje zai haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 4.2 a duk duniya a cikin 2016. Wani bincike na 2020 ya nuna cewa asarar ma'anar rayuwa ta duniya (LLE) daga gurɓataccen iska a cikin 2015 ya kasance shekaru 2.9, wanda ya zarce, alal misali, shekaru 0.3 daga duk nau'ikan tashin hankali kai tsaye, kodayake babban yanki na LLE ba zai yuwu ba. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin da suka fi dacewa da tsufa suna da ƙarancin gurɓataccen yanayi, yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin matakan gurɓataccen iska da kuma tsawon rai.
Ta yanki
An ƙiyasta mutuwar Turai da ba ta kai ba a kowace shekara sakamakon gurɓacewar iska a 430,000 zuwa 800,000. Muhimmin abin da ke haddasa wannan mace-mace shi ne nitrogen dioxide da sauran nitrogen oxides (NOx) da motocin titi ke fitarwa. A cikin wata takardar shawarwari ta 2015 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa nitrogen dioxide ne ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane 23,500 da ba a kai ba a Burtaniya a shekara. A duk faɗin Tarayyar Turai, an kiyasta gurɓacewar iska zai rage tsawon rayuwa da kusan watanni tara.
Jagorori
Hukumar EPA ta Amurka ta yi ƙiyasin cewa iyakance matakin matakin ozone zuwa kashi 65 a kowace biliyan (ppb), zai kawar da mutuwar mutane 1,700 zuwa 5,100 a duk faɗin ƙasar a shekarar 2020 idan aka kwatanta da 75. ppb misali. Hukumar ta yi hasashen karin ma'aunin kariya zai kuma hana karin kamuwa da cutar asma guda 26,000, da kuma fiye da miliyan guda na rashin aiki ko makaranta. Bayan wannan kimantawa, EPA ta yi aiki don kare lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar rage ma'aunin ingancin iska na ƙasa (NAAQS) don matakin ozone na ƙasa zuwa 70. ppb. Wani sabon binciken tattalin arziki game da tasirin kiwon lafiya da haɗin kai na gurɓataccen iska a cikin Los Angeles Basin da San Joaquin Valley na Kudancin California ya nuna cewa fiye da mutane 3,800 suna mutuwa da wuri (kimanin shekaru 14 kafin al'ada) kowace shekara saboda matakan gurɓataccen iska ya saba wa tarayya. ma'auni. Adadin mace-macen da ba a kai ba na shekara-shekara ya fi na mace-macen da ke da alaƙa da taho mu gama da mota a wuri ɗaya, wanda matsakaicin ƙasa da 2,000 a kowace shekara. Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa gurɓataccen iska a waje yana da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace "ko da a ƙananan matakan gurɓata ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Turai da Arewacin Amurka na yanzu da ƙimar jagororin WHO" jim kaɗan kafin WHO ta daidaita ƙa'idodinta.
Manyan dalilai
Babban abin da ke haifar da shi shine gurɓataccen iska da konewar mai ke haifarwa - galibi samarwa da amfani da motoci, samar da wutar lantarki da dumama. Wani bincike yi ya yi kiyasin cewa akwai mace-mace miliyan 4.5 na shekara-shekara a duk duniya saboda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da tashoshi masu fitar da wutar lantarki da hayakin mota ke fitarwa.
Wani bincike ya kammala da cewa gurɓacewar iska ta PM 2.5 ta hanyar ciniki cikin 'yanci na zamani da amfani da kasashe na G20 na haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan biyu a duk shekara, yana mai nuna cewa matsakaicin yawan rayuwa na kusan mutane ~ 28 a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe yana haifar da aƙalla mutuwa ɗaya da wuri (matsakaici). shekaru ~ 67) yayin da ƙasashe masu tasowa "ba za a iya tsammanin" aiwatarwa ko iya aiwatar da matakan da za su iya magance matsalolin ba tare da goyon bayan waje ko ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar duniya ba.
Hanyoyi na farko
Hukumar ta WHO ta kiyasta cewa a cikin 2016, ~ 58% na mutuwar da ba a kai ba na gurɓacewar iska a waje sun kasance saboda cututtukan zuciya na ischemic da bugun jini. Hanyoyin da ke haɗa gurɓataccen iska zuwa ƙarar mace-mace na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ba su da tabbas, amma mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da kumburin huhu da na tsari.
Mutuwar shekara ta zamani
Wani bincike da masana kimiyya na jami'o'in Burtaniya da Amurka suka yi wanda ke amfani da samfurin ƙudurin sararin samaniya da sabunta aikin mayar da martani a cikin 2021 an tabbatar da cewa mutane miliyan 10.4 sun mutu a duniya a cikin 2012 da miliyan 8.7 a cikin 2018 - ko   - sun kasance ne saboda gurɓacewar iska da konewar man fetur ke haifarwa, wanda ya fi girma fiye da ƙiyasin da aka yi a baya kuma tare da rarrabuwar mace-mace.
A cewar hukumar ta WHO gurɓacewar iska ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutum 1 cikin 8 a duniya.
Cutar cututtukan zuciya
Wani nazari na 2007 na shaida ya gano cewa, bayyanar gurɓataccen iska na yanayi shine haɗarin haɗari da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan mace-mace daga abubuwan da ke faruwa na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (jeri: 12% zuwa 14% a kowace 10). µg/m 3 ƙaruwa).
Haka kuma gurɓacewar iska na fitowa a matsayin wani abu mai hatsarin kamuwa da shanyewar jiki, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa inda yawan gurɓacewar yanayi ya fi yawa. Wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya gano cewa a cikin mata, gurɓatacciyar iska ba ta da alaƙa da zubar jini amma tare da bugun jini. An kuma gano gurɓacewar iska yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɓakawa da mace-mace daga bugun jini a cikin binciken ƙungiyar a cikin 2011. An yi imanin ƙungiyoyin suna haifar da haɗari kuma ana iya yin tasiri ta hanyar vasoconstriction, ƙananan kumburi da atherosclerosis. Hakanan an ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin kamar rashin daidaituwar tsarin juyayi.
Cutar huhu
Bincike ya nuna ƙarar haɗarin haɓakar asma da cututtukan cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun (COPD)  daga haɓakar iska mai alaƙa da zirga-zirga. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa gurɓataccen iska tare da ƙara yawan asibiti da mace-mace daga asma da COPD. COPD ya haɗa da cututtuka irin su mashako na kullum da kuma emphysema.
Wani binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 1960-1961 bayan Babban Smog na 1952 idan aka kwatanta da 293 mazauna London tare da mazaunan 477 na Gloucester, Peterborough, da Norwich, garuruwa uku masu ƙarancin rahoton mutuwa daga mashako na kullum. Dukkan batutuwan sun kasance direbobin manyan motocin gidan waya maza masu shekaru 40 zuwa 59. Idan aka kwatanta da batutuwa daga garuruwan da ke nesa, batutuwan Landan sun nuna alamun alamun numfashi masu tsanani (ciki har da tari, phlegm, da dyspnea), rage aikin huhu ( FEV <sub id="mwAvg">1 da ƙimar kwarara mafi girma), da haɓaka samar da sputum da kumburi. Bambance-bambancen sun fi fitowa fili ga batutuwa masu shekaru 50 zuwa 59. Binciken ya sarrafa shekaru da halaye na shan taba, don haka ya kammala cewa gurɓataccen iska shine mafi mahimmancin dalilin da aka lura da bambance-bambance. Ƙarin bincike ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen iska daga zirga-zirga yana rage haɓaka aikin huhu a cikin yara kuma aikin huhu yana iya lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska ko da a ƙananan yawa.
An yi imani da cewa da yawa kamar cystic fibrosis, ta wurin zama a cikin mafi yawan yanayi na birane, haɗarin kiwon lafiya mai tsanani ya bayyana. Bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin birane mutane suna fama da matsalar kumburin ciki, da rage yawan aikin huhu, da kuma yawan gano kansu na mashako da kuma emphysema.
Ciwon daji (Ciwon daji na huhu)
Binciken shaida game da ko bayyanar gurɓataccen iska yana da haɗari ga ciwon daji a cikin 2007 ya sami cikakkun bayanai don ƙaddamar da cewa dogon lokaci mai tsawo zuwa PM2.5 (kyakkyawan ɓangarorin) yana ƙara yawan haɗarin mace-mace marasa haɗari da 6% a kowace shekara. 10 microg/m 3 karuwa. Bayyanawa ga PM2.5 kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin mace-mace daga ciwon huhu na huhu (kewayon: 15% zuwa 21% ta 10 microg/m 3 karuwa) da kuma yawan mace-mace na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (kewayi: 12% zuwa 14% ta 10 microg/ m 3 karuwa). Binciken ya ci gaba da lura cewa zama kusa da cunkoson ababen hawa da alama yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin waɗannan sakamako guda uku - ƙaruwa a cikin mutuwar ciwon daji na huhu, mutuwar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da mutuwar gaba ɗaya ba tare da hatsari ba. Masu bitar sun kuma sami shaida mai nuna cewa fallasa zuwa PM2.5 yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da mace-mace daga cututtukan zuciya na jijiyoyin jini da kuma bayyanar da SO 2 yana ƙaruwa da mace-mace daga cutar kansar huhu, amma bayanan bai isa ba don samar da tabbataccen sakamako. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa mafi girman matakin aiki yana ƙara raguwar ɓangarori na aerosol a cikin huhu na ɗan adam kuma ya ba da shawarar guje wa ayyuka masu nauyi kamar gudu a sararin samaniya a wuraren ƙazanta.
A cikin 2011, babban binciken cututtukan cututtukan Danish ya sami ƙarin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu ga mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin wuraren da ke da babban adadin nitrogen oxide. A cikin wannan binciken, ƙungiyar ta kasance mafi girma ga masu shan taba fiye da masu shan taba. Wani ƙarin binciken Danish, kuma a cikin 2011, ya kuma lura da alamun yiwuwar ƙungiyoyi tsakanin gurɓataccen iska da sauran nau'ikan ciwon daji, gami da kansar mahaifa da kansar kwakwalwa.
Ciwon ƙoda
A cikin 2021, nazarin mazauna Taiwan 163,197 a tsawon lokacin 2001-2016 an ƙiyast cewa kowane 5 μg / m 3 raguwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na PM2.5 yana da alaƙa da 25% rage haɗarin ci gaban cututtukan koda.
Yara
A cikin Amurka, duk da nassi na Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace a 1970, a cikin 2002 aƙalla Amurkawa miliyan 146 suna zaune a wuraren da ba a kai ga cimma ba - yankunan da yawan gurɓataccen iska ya wuce matsayin tarayya. Waɗannan gurɓatattun masu haɗari an san su da ƙa'idodin ƙazantattun abubuwa, kuma sun haɗa da ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar. Ana ɗaukar matakan kariya don tabbatar da lafiyar yara a birane irin su New Delhi, Indiya, inda motocin bas a yanzu ke amfani da iskar gas ɗin da aka matsa don taimakawa wajen kawar da hayakin "miyan fis". Wani bincike da aka gudanar kwanan nan a Turai ya gano cewa kamuwa da sinadarin ultrafine na iya kara hawan jini ga yara. A cewar rahoton na WHO a shekarar 2018, gurɓacewar iska na janyo guba ga miliyoyin yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 15, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar yara kusan dubu ɗari shida a duk shekara.
Bayyanar haihuwa
An danganta bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska daga haihuwa zuwa ga cututtuka iri-iri a cikin yara. Misali, fallasa zuwa ga polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) yana da alaƙa da raguwar maki IQ da alamun damuwa. Hakanan za su iya haifar da lahani ga lafiyar mahaifa waɗanda galibi ke mutuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wani bincike na 2014 ya gano cewa PAHs na iya taka rawa a cikin ci gaban rashin kulawa da hankali na yara (ADHD). Masu bincike sun kuma fara nemo shaidun gurɓacewar iska a matsayin abin da ke da haɗari ga cutar rashin lafiyar Autism (ASD). A Los Angeles, yaran da ke zaune a yankunan da ke da yawan gurɓacewar iska da ke da alaƙa da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa sun fi yiwuwa a gano su da Autism tsakanin shekaru 3-5. Haɗin kai tsakanin gurɓataccen iska da cututtukan haɓakar neurodevelopment a cikin yara ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa da lalatawar epigenetic na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko, amfrayo, da tayin yayin wani lokaci mai mahimmanci. Wasu PAHs ana ɗaukar su masu rushewar endocrine kuma suna narkewa. Lokacin da suka taso a cikin adipose nama, ana iya canja su zuwa cikin mahaifa.
Jarirai
An haɗu da matakan gurɓataccen yanayi tare da haihuwa kafin haihuwa da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa. Wani bincike na 2014 na WHO a duk duniya game da lafiyar mata da haihuwa ya sami haɗin gwiwar ƙididdiga tsakanin ƙananan nauyin haihuwa (LBW) da kuma ƙara yawan bayyanar da PM 2.5. Mata a yankuna masu girma fiye da matsakaicin matakan PM 2.5 suna da ƙididdiga mafi girman rashin daidaituwa na ciki wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin haihuwa ko da lokacin da aka daidaita don masu canji na ƙasa. Ana tsammanin tasirin zai kasance daga kumburi mai haɓakawa da haɓaka damuwa na oxidative.
Wani bincike da Jami'ar York ta gudanar ya gano cewa a cikin 2010 bayyanar PM 2.5 yana da alaƙa sosai da kashi 18% na haihuwa kafin haihuwa a duniya, wanda ya kai kimanin miliyan 2.7 na haihuwa. Kasashen da suka fi fuskantar gurbacewar iskar da ke da alaka da haihuwa kafin haihuwa sun kasance a Kudu da Gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Yammacin Saharar Afirka.
Kevin Perticots
Joseph Stephan Kevin Perticots (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1996), wanda aka fi sani da Kevin Perticots, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mauritius wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Mauritian League Pamplemoussses SC da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mauritius.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Perticots ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a gasar cin kofin COSAFA da Zimbabwe ta doke su da ci 2-0, inda ya maye gurbin Christopher Bazerque. Ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Madagascar; na uku a cikin nasara da ci 3–1 don samun matsayi na uku a Wasannin Tsibirin Tekun Indiya na 2015. Ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe a mintuna 116 akan fanareti, inda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa samun gurbin zuwa wasan karshe na wasannin Tsibirin Tekun Indiya na 2019.
Holly Gillibrand
Holly Gillibrand (an haife ta a shekarar 2005) wata 'yar gwagwarmayar kare muhallin Scotland ce. Farawa tun tana shekara 13, ta tsallake makaranta tsawon awa ɗaya kowace Juma'a a zaman wani ɓangare na yajin aikin makaranta saboda yanayi. Ita ce mai shirya Fridays for Future Scotland.
Suna
An raɗa mata suna 2019 Glasgow Times Matasan Scotswoman na shekara. An kuma sanya ta daya daga cikin mata masu kwazo 30 a cikin jerin Wakilin Mata na BBC na 2020 kuma an yi hira da ita a shirin. Ta rubuta don Lochaber Times.
Bayan fage
A watan Agusta na 2020, ta goyi bayan Chris Packham a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa wanda ke da niyyar dakatar da aikata laifukan namun daji. A watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar, ita da sauran matasa masu gwagwarmaya sun sami Tambaya tare da Alok Sharma. Tana aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga matasa game da sadaka Warkar da sake ginawa, wanda burinta shi ne dawo da ƙarin ƙasa zuwa yanayi.
Roland Bartholomew
Roland Bartholomew (an haife shi a shekara ta 1915) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Rocky Baptiste
Rocky Baptiste (an haife shi a ƙasar Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na ƙwallon ƙafa daga ƙasar Ingila.