cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Friederike Kempner
* Jumuat Mubarak!*Faransanci, adabi,da wayewar Yahudawa.A cikin 1864,ta sami damar kafa nata wurin zama a gidan iyali mai suna Friederikenhof (Gierczyce) kusa da Reichthal (Rychtal),inda ta rubuta yawancin ayyukanta.Ta yayanta Doris Davidsohn,née Kempner,ita ce babbar inna ta Jakob van Hoddis. Mutuwar iyayenta biyu a 1868 ya yi tasiri mai dorewa akan aikin Kempner.A farkon rayuwarta,ta ci gaba da sha'awar tambayoyin jin kai na gabaɗaya,musamman a cikin tsabta,da kuma sake fasalin tsarin gidan yari da kuma kawar da ɗaurin kurkuku.Tana fama da taphophobia kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninta,cikin gaggawa ta ba da shawarar gabatar da gawarwaki da lokacin jira a lokuta na dakatar da tashin hankali.Kempner ya bar cikakken oeuvre na ƙasidu,da kuma litattafai da yawa da wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda,duk da haka,masu sukar wallafe-wallafen ba su kula da su ba.
Wasu daga cikin maxaukakin waqoqinta sun yi kaurin suna saboda raha da ba da gangan ba; Editoci irin su Paul Lindau sun yi mata ba'a a matsayin "The Silesian Swan" kuma an ƙirƙira tatsuniyoyi da yawa waɗanda daga baya wasu lokuta ma ana danganta su ga Kempner kanta.Wannan "al'adun adabi" ya sa marubuci kuma mai sukar Alfred Kempner (ba dangi na kai tsaye ba) ya ɗauki sunan suna Kerr a 1887.
Friedrike Kempner bai yi aure ba.Wasu shekaru kafin mutuwarta ta yi fama da makanta.Ta mutu a gidanta na Friederikenhof kuma an binne ta a tsohuwar makabartar Yahudawa, Wrocław.
Tawagar kwallon kwando ta kasar Zimbabwe
'Yan kasar Zimbabwe sun tsallake zuwa gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka sau biyu.
Hakkokin ma'aikata
Hakkokin ma'aikata ko haƙƙin ma'aikata duka haƙƙoƙin doka ne da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi alaƙar aiki tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikata. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su a cikin dokar kwadago da aikin yi na ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna tasiri yanayin aiki a cikin alaƙar aiki domin kashe zaman banza. Ofayan shahararru shine haƙƙin ofancin tarayya, in ba haka ba ana kiransa da rightancin tsari. Ma'aikata da aka tsara a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago suna amfani da haƙƙin yarjejeniyar gama gari don inganta yanayin aiki.
Bayanin aiki
A cikin tarihi, ma'aikata masu da'awar wasu masu radin hakkokin mutane sun bada gudunmuwar su domin tabbatar da dokar aiki. A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, Tawayen Manoma a Ingila sun nuna bukatar mafi kyawun albashi da yanayin aiki. Daya daga cikin shugabannin masu tawayen, John Ball ya shahara da jayayya cewa an haife mutane daidai yana cewa, "Lokacin da Adam ya yi tunani kuma Hauwa ta faɗi, wane ne mutumin kirki?" Ma'aikata sukan yi kira ga haƙƙin gargajiya. Alal misali, English manoma yi yaƙi da yadi motsi, wanda ya dauki al'ada da zamantakewa da ƙasashe sanya su masu zaman kansu.
Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Masana’antu ta 1833 wacce ta nuna cewa yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 9 ba za su iya yin aiki ba, yara‘ yan shekara 9 zuwa 13 za su iya yin aikin awanni 8 ne kawai a rana, sannan yara ‘yan shekaru 14-18 za su iya yin aiki na awanni 12 kawai a rana ba tare da sun jikata ba.
'Yancin ma'aikata kwatankwacin sabon tsari ne ga tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. Tunanin wannan lokacin game da haƙƙin ma'aikata ya kasance ne tun ƙarni na 19 bayan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu bin tsarin masana'antu. Karl Marx ya fito a matsayin ɗayan farko kuma sanannen mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Falsafar sa da ka'idar tattalin arziki ya mai da hankali kan lamuran kwadago kuma yana ba da shawarar tsarin tattalin arzikin sa na gurguzu, al'ummar da ma'aikata za su mulke ta. Yawancin motsi na zamantakewar al'umma don haƙƙin ma'aikata sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da Marx ya rinjayi kamar masu ra'ayin gurguzu da kwaminisanci. Moderatearin gurguzu masu ra'ayin gurguzu da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewar al'umma sun goyi bayan bukatun ma'aikacin kuma. Advocaddamar da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata na kwanan nan ya mai da hankali ne ga irin rawar da ake ciki, amfani da ita, da bukatun mata mata, da kuma yawan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jama'a ta duniya na baƙi, sabis, ko baƙi ma'aikata.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO)
An kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) a shekarar 1919 a matsayin wani bangare na Kungiyar Kasashe don kare hakkin ma'aikaci. ILO daga baya ya zama cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kanta ta goyi bayan hakkokin ma'aikata ta hanyar sanya abubuwa da yawa a cikin bayanai biyu na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, wanda shine tushen Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (Labari na 6-8). Wadannan karanta:
ILO da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa sun nemi matsayin kwadago na kasa da kasa don samar da 'yancin doka ga ma'aikata a fadin duniya. Hakanan an yi yunkuri na baya-bayan nan don karfafawa ƙasashe gwiwa don inganta haƙƙin ƙwadago a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar ciniki mai adalci.
Matsayin ƙa'idodin aiki
Kungiyar ta ILO ce ta gano shi a cikin sanarwar akan Ka'idoji da Hakkoki na Aiki, babban matsayin kwadago "an yarda da cewa yana da matukar mahimmanci". Suna aiki a duk duniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko an amince da yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace ba, matakin ci gaban ƙasa ko ƙimar al'adu. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun haɗu da ƙimar cancanta, ba ƙididdiga masu yawa ba kuma ba su kafa takamaiman matakin aiki, albashi ko ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. abinda ba'a so shine lalata dsmar yancin aiki na dan'adam a duniya domin hakam aka sako wata cibiya a ƙasashe masu haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin ɗan (CROC), yarjejeniya mafi ƙarancin haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da ɓangarorin 193, da kuma ICCPR tare da jam'iyyun 160. An saka su cikin tanade-tanade daban-daban waɗanda suke da alaƙa da aiki a cikin kayan aiki masu laushi kamar UN Compact Global, da OECD Guidelines, da kuma ILO MNE Declaration.
Manufofin kwadago sune:
A kasashe kaɗan ne daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar ILO suka amince da duk waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin saboda matsalolin cikin gida duk da haka tunda waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an yarda da su a cikin UDHR, kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada suna da niyyar mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Don tattaunawa kan sanya waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago a cikin tsarin Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, duba ƙa'idodin ƙwadago a cikin Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya. Akwai wasu batutuwa da yawa a waje da wannan asalin, a cikin haƙƙin ma'aikacin Burtaniya ya haɗa da haƙƙin bayanan aiki, bayanin biyan kuɗi da aka tsara, tsarin horo wanda suke da 'yancin kasancewa tare da su, hutun yau da kullun, hutun hutu, hutu da aka biya da sauransu.
Batutuwan haƙƙin ma'aikata
Baya ga haƙƙin tsarawa, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun yi kamfen a kan wasu batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda za a iya cewa suna da nasaba da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Kungiyoyin kwadago ta fara inganta yanayin aikin ma'aikata. Tun daga shekarar 1768 yajin aikin farko na masu telan New York masu zanga-zangar nuna adawa da rage albashi. Wanda hakan ke tasiri sosai wajen kwato hakkin ma'aikata musamman a bangaren albashi Wannan shine farkon motsi. Kusa da karni na 18, an kafa kungiyoyin kwadago don inganta yanayin aiki ga dukkan ma'aikata. ya yi yaƙi don samun mafi kyawun albashi, awanni masu dacewa da yanayin tsaro mai aminci. Theungiyar kwadago ta jagoranci ƙoƙari don dakatar da bautar da yara, ba da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ba da taimako ga ma'aikatan da suka ji rauni ko suka yi ritaya. Anyi bayanin masu zuwa a cikin sassan masu zuwa.
Iyakar sa'a
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ma'aikata da yawa yana da alaƙa da iyakance sa'o'i a cikin wurin aiki. Laborungiyoyin kwadago na ƙarni na 19 sun yi kamfen na kwana takwas. Kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na ma'aikata sun kuma nemi iyakance lokutan aiki, suna yin makon aiki na awanni 40 ko kuma mafi ƙarancin daidaito a ƙasashe da yawa. An kafa aiki na tsawon awanni 35 a Faransa a 2000, kodayake wannan ƙa'idar ta yi rauni sosai tun daga lokacin. Ma'aikata na iya yarda da masu daukansu aiki don aikin na tsawon, amma karin sa'o'i ne a biya ƙarin aiki bayan lokaci. A cikin Tarayyar Turai aikin mako yana da iyaka zuwa awanni 48 gami da karin lokaci (duba kuma Dokar Lokacin Aiki 2003 ).
Bautar da yara
Masu rajin kare hakkin kwadago sun kuma yi aiki don yaki da bautar da yara. Suna ganin bautar da yara a matsayin cin amana, kuma galibi tana lalata tattalin arziki. Abokan adawar bautar da yara galibi suna jayayya cewa yara masu aiki ba su da ilimi. A cikin 1948 sannan kuma a cikin 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa yara suna da haƙƙin kiyaye zamantakewar jama'a.
Yana da wahala yara suyi gwagwarmayar neman hakkinsu na asali, musamman a wuraren aiki. Sau da yawa ana basu kulawa. Masu ba da aiki suna amfani da aikin ƙuruciya saboda ba su da ikon yin ciniki tare kuma da yin aiki a wurin aiki mara kyau. Kusan kashi 95% na bautar yara na faruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Misali na masana'antar da misalan ayyukan yara da ke haifar da mummunan rauni ko mutuwa da aka lura da su shi ne hakar ma'adanin cobal a DRC da kuma haƙar ma'adinai na tagulla a Zambiya, inda aka ba da rahoton yara suna shiga cikin kowane nau'i na hakar ma'adinai a kan kudin karatunsu. Akwai damuwa mai girma cewa karuwar buƙatu na albarkatu waɗanda suka haɗa da bautar da yara ga masana'antu kamar samar da batirin motar lantarki, zai ƙara kawai take haƙƙin ma'aikata. A Indiya da Pakistan, yara suna aiki na dogon lokaci a masana'antu daban-daban saboda bashin da iyayensu suka ci. Iyalai marasa galihu a wasu lokutan suna dogaro da kudin shigar 'yayan su dan biyan kudi. A Misira, kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 ‘yan kasa da shekaru 14 suna aiki duk da cewa akwai dokokin aiki na kare yara.
Bautar da yara a Amurka
A Amurka, Dokar Ka'idar Ka'idodin Aiki ta 1938 (FLSA) ta hana aikin yara kanana domin tabbatar da yancin su. FLSA ta ayyana mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aiki zuwa shekaru 14 don ayyukan da ba na aikin gona ba tare da takaita awoyi, takura awoyi ga matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya hana aiki da yara' yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 a cikin sana'o'in da Sakatare ke ganin haɗari na Kwadago.
A shekarar 2007, Massachusetts ta sabunta dokokin kwadagon yaransu da suka bukaci duk kananan yara su sami izinin aiki.
Yanayin wurin aiki
Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun yi aiki don haɓaka yanayin wurin aiki wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa. A lokacin Ci gaban Zamani, Amurka ta fara sake fasalin wuraren aiki, wanda ya sami tallata talla daga Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle da kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Masu ba da shawara game da ƙwadago da sauran ƙungiyoyi galibi suna sukar kayan aikin samarwa tare da yanayin aiki mara kyau kamar gumi da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na aiki, da kamfen don ingantaccen ayyukan kwadago da amincewa da haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk duniya domin zai taimaka wajen inganta dokar
Tsaro da dorewar zamantakewa
Abubuwan da aka gabatar na baya-bayan nan a fagen dorewa sun haɗa da mai da hankali kan ɗorewar zamantakewar, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata da kyakkyawan yanayin aiki, rigakafin fataucin mutane, da kawar da bautar da yara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga samfuran da aiyukan da ake samu. Kungiyoyi kamar su Ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka da kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun fitar da karatu kan kayayyakin da aka gano cewa suna amfani da ayyukan yara da masana'antu ta hanyar amfani da su ko kuma samar da su ta hanyar safarar mutane. An bayyana haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar tushe kamar su Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta da ƙa'idodin aikin performanceasa na Financeasa na Duniya.
Albashin rayuwa
Kungiyar kwadago ta matsa lamba don tabbatar da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi,Wanda hakan Kai taimaka wajen inganta albashi kuma ana ci gaba da tattaunawa game da ƙarin zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashin. Koyaya, yan adawa suna ganin mafi karancin dokokin albashi suna iyakance damar aiki ga marassa kwarewa da masu matakin shiga.
Galibi ana jayayya akan fa'idodi da farashin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje akan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Nazarin na Payton da Woo ya nuna cewa duk da cewa "ma'aikata ba za su iya ganin an sami kari mai yawa a mafi karancin albashi ba amma za su iya samun Samar cun gajyar albashi ko kuma wasu kariyar da aka bayar a doka, a hankali a hankali za a inganta yanayin aiki gaba daya, yayin da karin FDI ke shigowa. "
Ma'aikatan ƙaura
Wasu lokuta ana cin zarafin ma'aikatan ƙaura na doka. Misali, bakin haure sun gamu da wasu zarge-zargen cin zarafi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ( gami da Dubai ). Kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch ta lissafa matsaloli da dama da suka hada da "rashin biyan albashi, tsawan lokutan aiki ba tare da biyan wani karin lokaci ba, yanayin aikin da ba shi da hadari da ke haifar da mutuwa da rauni, yanayin rayuwa mara kyau a sansanonin kwadago, da kuma hana fasfo da takaddun tafiye-tafiye da masu daukar ma'aikata suka yi. Duk da dokokin da suka hana hakan, masu daukar ma'aikata suna kwace fasfotin ma'aikata bakin haure. Ba tare da fasfo dinsu ba, ma'aikata ba za su iya sauya aiki ko komawa gida ba.  Wadannan ma'aikata ba su da wata ma'ana don cin zarafin ma'aikata, amma yanayin ya inganta.  Ministan kwadago da jin dadin jama'a Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama domin taimakawa inganta ayyukan kwadago a kasarsa.
An yi Allah wadai da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin wani rahoto da Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta nuna gaskiya ta fitar a watan Afrilun 2021 yana kiran al’ummar kasar da cin zarafinsu da wariyar da suke yi wa ‘yan kasashen waje da‘ yan cirani a kan ’yan Masarautar. A cewar DCT, baƙi da baƙi a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa galibi ana fuskantar wariyar jinsi da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, fataucin mutane, da tilasta musu aiki. Kamar yadda binciken da DCT ta gudanar, wadannan batutuwan ba a bayar da rahoto ba saboda barazana da tursasawa daga masu ba su aiki ta hanyar rasa aiki ko tuhumar aikata laifi. Rahoton ya nuna wariyar da cin zarafin sun ci gaba duk da an sassauta tsarin Kafala a masarautar. DCT ta kammala rahotonta inda ta bukaci UAE da ta magance matsalolin sannan ta kawo karshen matsayin launin fata da wariyar da ake nuna wa wadanda ba ‘yan kasa ba.
Koelnmesse, kamfanin da ke da alhakin kula da rumfar da ke wakiltar Jamus a Expo 2020 ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Emirati Transguard Group don wanki, tsaftacewa, da ayyukan tsaro. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi ikirarin cewa yayin sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin biyu, ba a manta da shaidun da ke tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam ba. An ce kamfanin ya hana fasfot da albashin ma’aikatan da ke karbar mafi karancin albashi sannan ya dakatar da su daga aikin ba tare da sanarwa ba.
Ma'aikatan da ba su da rajista
Hakki na daidaita daidaito, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, asali da bayyana, addini, yanayin jima'i, kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin haƙƙin ma'aikaci ne. Nuna wariyar launin fata a wurin aiki haramtacce ne a kasashe da yawa, amma wasu na ganin bambancin albashi tsakanin jinsi da sauran kungiyoyi a matsayin wata matsala ce ta ci gaba.
Yawancin ma'aikata masu ƙaura basa samun haƙƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata musamman saboda ba sa jin yaren gida, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin doka ba. Wadansu sun lura cewa ba sa samun daidai adadin kudin a kan albashinsu yayin da wasu kuma ba a biyansu.
Ma'aikatan da ba su da izini a Amurka
Dokar Hulɗa da Ma’aikata ta recogniasa ta amince da leburori marasa aiki a matsayin ma’aikata. Koyaya, shari'ar babban kotun Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya bayar da bashin ba ga ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun doka ba bisa doka ba game da Dokar Shige da Fice da Kula da Shige da Fice ta 1986. A cikin wannan shawarar da kotu ta yanke, an kuma bayyana cewa Amurka za ta tallafawa FLSA da MSPA, ba tare da la'akari da ko an rubuta wani ba ko a'a. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun izini, suna da kariya ta doka game da nuna bambanci dangane da asalinsu. Hukuncin shari'ar babbar kotun Hoffman da farko ya shafi leburori da ba su da takardu ta hanyar hana su samun kudaden da / ko mayar da su.
Duk da yake babu wani mutum da ba shi da takardu da zai iya aiki a Amurka ta hanyar doka, amma masu rubutun ba su da kaso 5% na ma'aikata. A Amurka, mutanen da aka haifa a wajen ƙasar sukan yi aiki a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari kuma suna da damar fuskantar mutuwa a bakin aiki. Ctorsananan ɓangarorin albashi, waɗanda yawancin mutane marasa aiki ke aiki a ciki, suna da mafi girman ƙimar albashi da cin zarafin sa'a. Estididdiga sunyi iƙirarin cewa 31% na mutanen da ba su da takardu suna aiki a ayyukan sabis. Aikin abinci musamman yana da kashi 12% na ma'aikata marasa rajista.
Mutanen da ba su da rajista za su iya kuma sun shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, har ma takaddar yabo ta 2008 ta ba su "don ƙarfafa" ƙungiyar kwadago. Saboda NLRA tana kare ma’aikatan da ba su da takardu, yana kare haƙƙinsu na tsara. Koyaya NLRA tana cire ma'aikata waɗanda ke aikin gona, na gida, na kwangila masu zaman kansu, na gwamnati, ko kuma masu alaƙa da masu ɗaukar su aiki. An sake kare haƙƙin yin magana akan cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar dokar sake fasalin shige da fice a cikin 2013 tare da dokar POWER, wanda ke nufin kare ma'aikatan da suka yi magana game da ayyukan kwadago daga fuskantar tsarewa ko kora.
Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ba lallai bane su maraba da ma'aikatan baƙi. A cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, akwai gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar lokacin da masu kula da baƙi na Los Angeles suka sake tsara ma'aikatan sabis. Kasancewa cikin kungiyar kwadagon ba lallai bane ya magance dukkan bukatun ma’aikatan bakin haure, don haka samun karfi a cikin kungiyar shine matakin farko ga ma’aikatan bakin haure don magance bukatunsu.
Ma'aikatan baƙi suna yawan haɗuwa fiye da ƙungiyoyi, ta hanyar yin kamfen a cikin al'ummominsu kan al'amuran da suka shafi ƙaura, wariya, da kuma rashin da'a na 'yan sanda.
Dunkulewar duniya
A watan Maris na 2004, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Zamani ta Duniya ta ba da rahoto mai suna "Kyakkyawan Dunkulewar Duniya: Kirkirar Dama ga Kowa". Rahoton ya yarda da yadda tasirin dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar 'yancin ma'aikata. Sake fasalin dunkulewar duniya zai bukaci hadin kai ba kawai a cikin kasar ba har ma a matakin duniya. Ya nuna cewa hukumomin siyasa su "sabunta hankalinsu ga dunkulewar duniya".
Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun damu da yadda dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban. Wasu hukumomin duniya da hukumomin duniya suna ganin tilasta aiwatar da aiki zai takaita ci gaban tattalin arzikin wata kasa. Kamar yadda kamfanoni ke ba da aikinsu ga ma'aikata daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albashi, gwamnatoci za su sassauta dokokinsu don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa. A sakamakon haka, kasashe matalauta suna aiwatar da ƙananan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin gogayya da sauran ƙasashe. Binciken Layna Mosley ya nuna cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata ya ƙi tun lokacin da aka faɗaɗa faɗaɗa duniya a kwanan nan. Ta hanyar samun ƙasashe da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi, ana iya kiyaye haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk faɗin duniya. Koyaya, wasu ƙasashe suna sanya hannu akan shi duk da cewa basa shirin bin ƙa'idodin. Sabili da haka, akwai damar samun damar ayyukan haƙƙin ma'aikata don wahala.
Koyaya, wasu sun yi ikirarin cewa dunkulewar duniya na iya inganta aiwatar da haƙƙin ma'aikata ta hanyar amsa buƙatun wata ƙasa. Gwamnatoci za su yi aiki don bukatun kasa, don haka a lokacin da wata muhimmiyar kasa ta kasuwanci ta bukaci a karfafa karfi da hakkin 'yan kwadago, za su yi aiki yadda ya kamata.
Nuna wariyar ma'aikata
Kungiyoyin kwadago da aka kafa a duk masana'antar. Kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin kere-kere sun gano wahalar kafa kungiyoyin kwadago a matakan kwarewa daban-daban. Wadannan rukunin kungiyoyin kwararrun sukan sami rarrabuwa ta hanyoyin wariyar launin fata da na jima'i. A cikin 1895 farar fata kawai Internationalungiyar Masana'antu ta Duniya. Shiga cikin Baƙin Amurkawa ƙarni na 20 ya ƙaura daga kudu zuwa arewa kawai don gano cewa akwai wariya a cikin damar tattalin arziki. Anyi amfani da kwatancen launin fata don rarraba ajin aiki da ƙirƙirar rarrabuwa. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar baƙin lambobi da dokokin Jim Crow don iyakance ikon Baƙin Amurkawa don ƙirƙirar wa kansu rayuwa. Dokokin Jim Crow da aka zartar a cikin shekarun 1800 sune Dokokin da suka hana Baƙin Amurkawa zama cikin fararen anguwanni, tare da keɓancewa a wuraren taron jama'a. wadannan an tilasta su don wuraren waha na jama'a, rumfunan waya, asibitoci, mafaka, gidajen yari da gidajen zama na tsofaffi da naƙasassu da ƙari.
Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ( AML ) da kuma Ƙaddamar da Kuɗi na Ta'addanci (CFT) a yammacin Afirka. Hakanan FATF Style Regional Body (FSRB) ce a Yammacin Afirka kuma tana aiki tare da jihohi a yankin don tabbatar da bin ka'idodin AML/CFT na duniya. An kafa GIABA a shekara ta 2000 kuma tana da hedkwatarta a Dakar, Senegal. GIABA ta ƙunshi kasashe mambobi 16.
Membobin GIABA
Membobin GIABA kamar na Agusta 2021 sune:
GIABA Observers
GIABA tana ba da Matsayin Masu Sa ido ga ƙasashen Afirka da waɗanda ba na Afirka ba, da kuma ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin da ke tallafawa manufofinta da ayyukanta waɗanda suka nemi matsayin masu sa ido.
Ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa kuma sun cancanci matsayin masu sa ido a cikin GIABA: Babban Bankin Ƙasashen Sa hannu, Hukumomin Tsaro na Yanki da Musanya, UEMOA, Banque Ouest Africaine pour le Développement ( BOAD ), Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Faransa (Conseil Régional de) l'Epargne Public et des Marchés Financiers), Bankin Raya Afirka (ADB), Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC), Bankin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), FATF, Interpol, WCO, da Sakatariyar Commonwealth, da Tarayyar Turai.
Kungiyoyin yanki irin FATF
GIABA ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙungiyoyin yanki na FATF (FSRB) waɗanda suka haɗa da:
APG (Yankin Asiya/Pacific)
Caribbean ( CFATF )
Jean Alingué Bawoyeu
Jean Alingué Bawoyeu (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1937 ), wanda aka sani da Faransanci a matsayin dattijo mai hikima,  ɗan siyasan ƙasar Chadi ne da ya taba kasancewa Firayim Minista na Chadi daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 1992. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Jakadan Amurka da Faransa. Daga baya, ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Kasa a shekarar 1990. Ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin Ministan Shari'a daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010 ya kuma yi Ministan Wasiku da Sabbin Fasahar Bayanai daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2013.
Mabiyin addinin Kiristanci ne, kuma tushen goyon bayan sa shi ne yankin Tandjilé, a kudancin Chadi, inda ya zamo mahaifar sa.
Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa
Kungiyoyin yanki irin FATF
ESAMLG (Gabas da Kudancin Afirka)
MENAFATF ( Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka)
Moneyval (Turai)
Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli
Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010.
HRWS ta amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban taro daga mataki na 11.1 na yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki da al'adu (ICESCR), sun mai da ita dokar ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da (HRWS) a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya da majalisar kare hakkin dan-Adam na Majalisar dinkin duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin mahimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli.
(HRWS) ta tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gaba ɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba.
(ICESCR) tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa
Yanayin duniya
Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO / UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta."
Tushen shari'a da amincewa
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, da al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta.
"Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" - wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya.
Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati."
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. ” Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom;  Netherlands  ) bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15.
Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli.
Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kanka wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). ” Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin ' yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa.
An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011);  Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013);  da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta.
Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa.
Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam
An yin la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na kungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay. Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam ; shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu.
Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari
Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ( ICSID ) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Ko da yake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma cigaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s.
Azurix Corp v. Ajantina
Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina. Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta.
Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania
Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania. Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce. Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar.
'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida
Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi (ESCR) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: a zaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna.
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki.
Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni
Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15.
Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg
An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg. Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa.
Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli ( SCA ) wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin.
Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra ] en. Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a".
Indiya
Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa.
Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana
Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida.
Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar
Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki.
Amurka
A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa.
Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka
A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois. Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun.
Ostiraliya
Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba.
Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa / raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci.
A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya.
Frank Donga
Rayuwa ta sirri
Idowu ya halarci Jami’ar Jihar Ogun ( Jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo a yanzu) inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyyar Noma da kuma Jami’ar Ibadan, inda ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halittar dabbobi.
Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli
Ostiraliya
A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.