cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Tasirin lafiya
Rural Kenya ya kasance wurin da aka gudanar da ayyukan bincike daban-daban don tantance tsananin hayaƙi da ke faruwa daga amfani da makamashin biomass, musamman itace, taki, da ragowar amfanin gona. Hayaki ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin cikar konewar mai da mata da yara kan yi wa illa har zuwa sa'o'i bakwai a kowace rana a wuraren da aka rufe. Waɗannan hayaki sun bambanta daga rana zuwa rana, yanayi zuwa yanayi kuma tare da canje-canjen adadin iska a cikin mazaunin. Bayyanawa a cikin gidaje marasa galihu ya zarce matakan tsaro da aka yarda da su fiye da sau ɗari. Domin yawancin matan Kenya suna amfani da wuta mai dutse uku, mafi munin laifin, kilogiram ɗaya na itace mai ƙonewa yana samar da ƙananan ɓangarorin soot wanda zai iya toshewa da kuma harzuka hanyoyin bututun ƙarfe. Har ila yau, hayakin ya ƙunshi iskar gas iri-iri kamar aldehydes, benzene, da carbon monoxide. Bayyanawa ga IAP daga konewar mai mai ƙarfi an haɗa shi, tare da nau'ikan shaidu daban-daban, a matsayin mai haifar da cututtuka da yawa. Mummunan cututtuka na ƙananan numfashi (ALRI) da kuma cututtukan huhu na yau da kullum (COPD) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da mutuwa ta hanyar shan taba. Cataracts da makanta, ciwon huhu, tarin fuka, haihuwar da ba a kai ba da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa ana kuma zargin IAP ne ya haifar da su.
Mata da 'yan mata
Mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin tattara itacen mai don dafa abinci a yawancin gidaje, musamman a yankunan karkara da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. Mata da 'yan mata kuma su ne suka fi yawan mace-mace sakamakon gurbacewar iska a gida. An nuna maye gurbin kananzir / itacen wuta na gargajiya da murhu mai tsafta a Najeriya don rage mummunan sakamakon ciki daga HAP.
Matsalolin farko
Abin takaici, samun mafita mai araha don magance yawancin tasirin IAP - inganta konewa, rage yawan shan taba, inganta tsaro da rage yawan aiki, rage farashin man fetur, da magance dorewa - yana da rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar ci gaba da ci gaba. Ƙoƙarin inganta murhun girki a baya, tun daga shekarun 1950, an yi shi ne da farko don rage sare itatuwa ba tare da damuwa da IAP ba, kodayake tasirin waɗannan ƙoƙarin na ceton itacen abu ne mai yuwuwa. Ƙoƙari daban-daban sun sami sakamako iri-iri. Misali, wasu ingantattun ƙirar murhu a Kenya sun rage yawan hayaƙi amma sun haifar da hayaƙin CO 2 da SO <sub id="mwqQ">2  mafi girma. Ƙarƙashin cire hayaki yana da wuyar ƙira kuma yana da rauni.
Ingantacciyar nasara
Abubuwan da aka inganta na yanzu duk da haka, sun haɗa da murfin hayaƙi waɗanda ke aiki daidai da yadda hayaƙi, don fitar da hayaki, amma ana samun su rage matakan IAP yadda ya kamata fiye da gidajen da suka dogara kawai da tagogi don samun iska. Wasu fasalulluka na sabbin murhun wuta sun haɗa da bututun hayaƙi, rufe wuta don riƙe zafi, ƙirar tukunyar tukunya don haɓaka zafi, dampers don sarrafa kwararar iska, abin saka yumbu don rage asarar zafi, da tsarin tukwane da yawa don ba da damar dafa abinci da yawa. jita-jita.
Yanzu an san tanda a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta hanyoyin don cimma burin haɗin gwiwa na rage nauyin kiwon lafiya na IAP da kuma a wasu yankuna rage matsalolin muhalli daga girbi na halitta. An samu wasu nasarori a cikin shigar da abubuwan da suka hada da ingantattun murhun girki, da farko saboda tsarin da ya hada da masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa. Wadannan ayyuka sun gano cewa dole ne a magance muhimman batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki don tabbatar da nasarar shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani. Yawancin al'amurra masu sarkakiya sun nuna ingantattun murhu ba kayan aikin ceton mai bane kawai.
Zaɓuɓɓukan makamashi masu dorewa
Babban konewar biomass yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan an aiwatar da shi cikin tsari mai dorewa. Damuwar ita ce mafi mahimmanci don sabunta hanyoyin da za a iya sabunta su da itacen mai idan ana son ci gaba da kasancewa na dogon lokaci. Ƙoƙarin samun mafita mai ɗorewa a Kenya zai iya haɗawa da haɓaka albarkatun makamashi (bishiyoyi da ciyayi) waɗanda kuma za su samar da ƙarin kudin shiga ga manoma. Wannan maganin zai amfanar gonakin noma ko kiwo mai saurin yashewa da ambaliya kamar yadda tushen tsarin da dattin ganye zai inganta kwanciyar hankali. Zaɓin zaɓi mai kyau na sabunta nau'ikan zai kasance mafi ɗorewa saboda kwanciyar ƙasa ba ta rushewa saboda shuka da shuka. Wasu mutane na kallon wannan mafita a matsayin wata hanya ta kara yin amfani da dazuzzuka, amma tare da kula da albarkatun dazuzzuka yadda ya kamata, hakan na iya zama mafita mai inganci.
Other sustainable options include liquid and gas fuels that are combusted in high-performing efficient stoves. For instance, ethanol produced from cellulosic/non-food feedstocks (wood, agricultural residue) has lower environmental life cycle impacts compared to ethanol produced from sugar and starch
Za a iya tantance fasahar murhu da man girki akan abubuwa biyu: ingancin makamashi da hayaƙin da ke cikin gida. Babban aiki mai inganci na murhu zai iya inganta sakamakon muhalli har ma da ƙarancin mai (kamar itacen wuta da biomass). A cewar wani binciken da aka kwatanta tasirin muhalli, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na rayuwa na tasirin makamashin dafa abinci, tare da ingantattun murhu "fiye da ƙimar dumama mai yana juyewa zuwa makamashin dafa abinci mai amfani don haka dole ne a samar da ƙarancin man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki, da ƙonewa zuwa ga mai. kai adadin girki”.
Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka masu ɗorewa sun haɗa da mai da ruwa da iskar gas waɗanda aka kone su a cikin murhu mai inganci mai inganci. Misali, ethanol da aka samar daga kayan abinci na cellulosic/marasa abinci (itace, ragowar aikin gona) yana da ƙarancin tasirin yanayin rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da ethanol da aka samar daga sukari da kayan sitaci. LPG, ko da yake an yi shi daga burbushin burbushin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, har yanzu yana da ƙananan tasirin kiwon lafiya fiye da man fetur na gargajiya - don haka ko da yake ba madadin mai dorewa ba ne, yana haifar da ƙananan tasiri fiye da na gargajiya.
wadata
Akwai sauye-sauye tsakanin inganci da dorewa a bangaren samar da murhu da kuma kasuwar mai. Yayin da ake haɓaka murhun dafa abinci da ke amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da mai yana da kyau ga muhalli, galibi wannan ba mafita ce mai dacewa ba saboda shingen haɓaka samarwa da amfani da waɗannan abubuwan. Misali, murhun wutan lantarki ana ambaton su azaman madadin 'tsabta' mara fitarwa zuwa yanayin halitta a matakin gida. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mummunan waje - gurɓataccen yanayi a yankunan da ke kusa da tashar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana haifar da hadarin lafiya, yayin da samar da wutar lantarki a Indiya da Sin (kasashen da suka dogara da kwal don samar da wutar lantarki) har yanzu suna haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci na muhalli. Haka kuma, gidajen da ke da alaƙa da wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasa ko yanki ne kawai za su sami wutar lantarki don amfanin gida, ta yadda ba a haɗa da ɗimbin al'ummomin karkara.
Bukata
A bangaren bukata kuwa, akwai kalubale ta fuskar samar da yanayi mai dacewa don siyan murhu. Haɗa dabarun canza ɗabi'a na al'ada (BCTs) cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata ya zama dole don haɓaka babban canjin ɗabi'a, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Wani abin da aka haramta na aikin murhu wanda ba ya haɗa da tanadi mai kyau na uba shine tsadar farashin ingantattun murhu. Masu cin kasuwa a kasan dala na samun kudin shiga galibi sune masu amfani da ƙarshen waɗannan ingantattun fasahohin, amma saboda rashin haɗin kai ko keɓancewa, ba sa samun damar yin amfani da tsarin gargajiya na kuɗin mabukaci da kiredit. Ƙirƙirar ƙima a cikin tsarin kasuwanci da haɓaka haɓakar cibiyoyin kuɗi (MFIs) suna magance waɗannan batutuwa - duk da haka, MFIs na fuskantar ƙalubale na haɓakawa.
shiga tsakani na gwamnati
Ganin mummunan abubuwan waje da ke hade da fasahar murhu mara tsabta - mummunan tasiri ga mata da 'yan mata; rashin dorewar muhalli; da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da HAP - akwai babban lamari don sa hannun gwamnati. Misali, wani nau'i na sa baki na iya zama tallafin kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da tasirin lafiya da yanayin - alal misali, tallafin da aka yi niyya kasuwannin carbon. Samar da kayayyakin jama'a kamar ilimin masu amfani, samun damar yin amfani da kudaden mabukaci suma zasu kasance masu amfani. Taimako don saka hannun jari a cikin R&D don fasahohi masu tsabta da mai, da kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji na asali da tsarin gwaji don tsabta da inganci (kuma samar da amfanin jama'a), ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar sarkar wadata mai inganci da dorewa.
Abubuwan haɓaka don ingantattun tantunan dafa abinci
An sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyoyin dafa abinci masu inganci ( ingantattun wuraren dafa abinci ), kamar su Wonderbag, wanda kuma zai iya rage buƙatun mai don dafa abinci na zama. Haɓaka fasahar fasaha ya ba da damar yin amfani da ƙarin hanyoyin dafa abinci mai ɗorewa tare da man fetur na gargajiya, irin su BioLite Home Stove, murhun biomass wanda ke rage yawan amfani da mai da kashi 50% da hayaƙi har zuwa 95%. Sabbin sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarin kasuwanci sun kuma ba da damar masu samar da murhu don "ingantacciyar haɓaka masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin masu amfani, yayin da ake samun manyan matakan kiwon lafiya da fa'idodin muhalli". Misali, Inyeneri kamfani ne na samar da makamashi a Ruwanda wanda ke aiki kamar 'kamfanin mai dafa abinci'. Samfurin sa ya yi nasarar magance matsaloli da dama game da riƙon murhu da suka haɗa da haramtacciyar tsadar murhu, ɗabi'ar mabukaci na haɗa sabbin hanyoyin dafa abinci da tsoffin hanyoyin dafa abinci, da kuma rashin yuwuwar kasuwancin waɗannan kamfanoni. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirƙira a cikin fasahar wayar tafi da gidanka ya ba wa kamfanoni kamar PayGo Energy a Kenya da KopaGas a Tanzaniya damar shawo kan matsalar tsadar da masu karamin karfi ke fuskanta, gami da tsadar murhu na gaba da rashin samun damar siyan mai a cikin adadi kaɗan (a nau'i na hukuncin talauci ). Har ila yau MFIs sun fara mai da hankalinsu ga samar da makamashi mai tsafta, kamar yadda aka gani tare da nasarar da Hukumar USAID ta samu na Renewable Energy Microfinance and Microenterprise Program (REMMP).
Na
Dole ne a kara kaimi na kasa da kasa don samar da mafita na gajeren lokaci da dogon lokaci ga miliyoyin mata da yara da ke fama da talauci da cututtuka sakamakon gurbacewar iska a cikin gida. Masana kimiya sun yi hasashen nahiyar Afirka za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fuskanci illar dumamar yanayi inda bala'in talauci zai kara jefa miliyoyin mutane cikin hadari saboda karancin karfin da suke da shi na daidaitawa. Yiwuwar tana da girma ga Afirka mai dorewa tare da himma daga ciki da wajen yankin. Cutar huhu ita ce ta daya mai kashe yara a duniya kuma gurbacewar iska a cikin gida abu ne mai matukar hadari ga cutar huhu. Hukumar kula da lafiya ta duniya ta ware ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba a matsayin ranar yaki da cutar huhu ta duniya domin wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar da kuma dalilanta.
Shirye-shiryen ilimi da dabarun canza hali
Shisshigi na ilimi zai iya ba da gudummawa don rage fallasa hayaki ta hanyar aiwatar da dabarun canza ɗabi'a waɗanda mutane ke fuskantar haɗari da ƙarfafa niyyar canza rayuwar rayuwa da ayyukan al'adu waɗanda za su iya yin tasiri sosai kan rage fallasa ga IAP. Canjin dabi'a wani bangare ne na tasirin bukatu da za a iya samu ta hanyar yakin tallan tallace-tallacen da aka yi niyya, wanda galibi nau'ikan iri biyu ne: ko dai yakin kasuwa-nesa ko hanyoyin mayar da hankali a matakin gida da na gida wanda ke amfani da zanga-zangar da bin diddigin ziyara. Bincike ya nuna cewa a zahiri kamfen ɗin tallan tallace-tallace yana ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin gurɓacewar iska a gida, amma galibi ba su yin nasara wajen haɓaka sayan ingantattun murhu.
Dole ne a gudanar da zayyana waɗannan ayyukan tare da sanin cewa "buƙatun mabukaci da abubuwan da ake so suna da rikitarwa kuma suna da tasiri da abubuwa da yawa na yanayi da zamantakewa waɗanda ke buƙatar zurfin fahimtar al'adu, wuce fasahar fasaha da tattalin arziki". Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da batutuwan tsakanin jinsi, buƙatun jin daɗi, mahimmancin al'adu na abinci, da imani na addini da al'adu. Shaida guda daya da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi nasara ta nuna cewa, a tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 1995, ta watsa ingantattun tantunan dafa abinci miliyan 172. Wannan ƙoƙarin ya sami nasara sosai saboda haɗa masu amfani da gida, musamman mata, waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙira da aikin filin.
Shishigi na farko ga yara
Yara har zuwa shekaru biyar suna ciyar da kashi 90% na lokacinsu a gida. A duniya baki daya, kashi 50% na mutuwar ciwon huhu a tsakanin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna faruwa ne saboda wasu abubuwan da ake shaka daga gurbacewar iska ta cikin gida. Yawancin gidaje a duk faɗin duniya sun yi amfani da ingantaccen mai don dafa abinci. Wadannan makamashin suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon monoxide da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan sinadarai masu bacin rai idan an shakar su na iya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na huhu wanda ya kama daga ciwon daji na epithelial na huhu ko kamuwa da cutar huhu.
Kenya
Tun daga shekara ta 2004, Kenya ta nuna niyyar aiwatar da al'amuran makamashin halittu tare da fahimtar cewa amfani yana da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida da lalata muhalli. Shawarwari daga shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun hada da kafa wata cibiyar da za ta yi aiki kadai da makamashin halittu ta hanyar samar da jagororin manufofi game da itace mai dorewa, gawayi, da kwayoyin halittu na zamani irin su makamashi mai tsafta da iska, hasken rana, da karamin karfin ruwa. Magani na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da ingantacciyar amfani da makamashi na cikin gida ta hanyar ingantattun murhun dafa abinci waɗanda ke ba da zaɓuɓɓuka masu araha a nan gaba fiye da cikakken matsawa zuwa mai mara ƙarfi. Magani na dogon lokaci ya ta'allaka ne kan sauye sauyen man fetur na zamani da madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin babban manufofin kasa da kasa da na kasa da kuma ajanda na tattalin arziki. Tallafin gwamnati don mafita na dogon lokaci yana da yuwuwa kamar yadda yunƙurin da ake yi yanzu a Zambiya ya shaida don haɓaka manufofi don haɓaka albarkatun halittu.
Monique de Beer
Monique de Beer (an haife ta 29 ga Mayun shekarar 1975 Tilburg) 'yar wasan tennis ce ta guragu ta Holland (marai aure da ninki biyu). Ta ci lambar tagulla.
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Kenya
Kenya ita ce kan gaba a duniya a yawan tsarin wutar lantarki da aka girka kowane mutum (amma ba adadin watts da aka kara ba). Fiye da ƙananan na'urorin hasken rana 30,000, kowannensu yana samar da watts 12 zuwa 30, a Kenya kowace shekara. Don saka hannun jari na kusan $ 100 don panel da wiring, ana iya amfani da tsarin PV don cajin baturin mota, wanda zai iya ba da wutar lantarki don kunna fitilar kyalli ko ƙaramin talabijin na ƴan sa'o'i a rana. Yawancin 'yan Kenya suna amfani da wutar lantarki a kowace shekara fiye da yin haɗin kai zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar.
Monique de Beer
Aiki
A wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekarar 2004 a Athens, inda ita da Bas van Erp suka ci tagulla a cikin Mixed Doubles Quad.
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Kenya
Bayanin da ke biyowa yana wakiltar sa hannun nasara guda ɗaya wanda aka sani da Aikin Smoke and Health Project (1998-2001) wanda ya ƙunshi gidaje hamsin a cikin yankuna biyu daban-daban, Kajiado da Kenya ta Yamma. An zaɓi waɗannan yankuna saboda yanayi daban-daban, yanayin ƙasa, da al'adu daban -daban. Haɗin gwiwar al'umma shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan wannan aikin kuma a sakamakon haka, waɗanda abin ya shafa sun nuna sakamakon ya zarce tsammaninsu. Ƙungiyoyin mata na gida da kuma, game da aikin a Yammacin Kenya, maza sun shiga tsakani. Ta hanyar haɗa masu amfani da ƙarshen aikin ya haifar da ƙarin karɓuwa kuma ya haifar da ƙarin fa'ida na samar da kudin shiga na gida.
Monique de Beer
Aiki
A gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin zafi na shekarar 2008, a nan birnin Beijing, ta kuma yi takara a kasar Netherlands a gasar Mixed Singles Quad.
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Kenya
An tattauna da kuma yada muhimman abubuwa guda uku; samun iska ta hanyar faɗaɗa tagogi ko buɗe wuraren buɗe ido, ƙara murfi na hayaƙi a kan wurin dafa abinci, ko zaɓin shigar da ingantacciyar murhu mai dafa abinci kamar murhu Upesi. Murfin hayaƙi raka'a ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke aiki kamar hayaƙi ko bututun hayaƙi a ƙoƙarinsu na fitar da hayaki daga cikin gidan. Ana iya amfani da su a kan bude wuta na gargajiya kuma wannan binciken ya nuna suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan matakan IAP. An yi samfurin murfin hayaƙi da takarda mai wuya sannan kuma a tura shi zuwa karfen galvanized mai nauyi mai nauyi kuma an kera shi cikin gida. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin guraben aikin yi ga masu sana'ar hannu waɗanda aikin ya horar da su. Murhu Upesi, wanda aka yi da yumbu da murhu, Practical Action da abokan hadin gwiwar Gabashin Afirka ne suka samar da shi don amfani da sharar itace da sharar gonaki. Domin an ƙera wannan murhu kuma an daidaita shi don buƙatun gida ya samar da abubuwa masu nasara da yawa. Ba wai kawai ya yanke amfani da itacen mai da kusan rabin ba, da kuma rage yawan shan hayaki a gida, yana kuma baiwa matan gida karfin gwiwa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan yi domin su ne suke kera da sayar da murhu. Wadannan kungiyoyin mata sun sami damar samun horon fasaha a fannin samarwa da tallace-tallace kuma suna samun karin albashi da inganta zamantakewar jama'a sakamakon bullo da wannan ingantacciyar murhu.￼
Monique de Beer
Aiki
Ta yi takara a shekara ta 2008 British Open, Belgian Open, BNP Paribas French Open, da Japan Open.
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Kenya
An sami fa'idodi iri-iri ciki har da ingantacciyar lafiya; mafi mahimmancin al'amari ga kowane ɗan ƙauyen da abin ya shafa. Mutanen sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin zafi na ciki wanda ke ba da damar mafi kyawun bacci, ƙarancin ciwon kai da ƙarancin gajiya, ƙarancin ido da tari da dizziness. Tsaro ya karu saboda hayakin da ya hana awaki da yara fadawa cikin wuta kuma an samu raguwar gurbacewar goro, tare da macizai da berayen da ba sa shiga gidan. Windows yana ba da damar iya kallon shanu daga gida, da kuma rage buƙatun kananzir saboda ingantaccen hasken ciki. Gabaɗaya, yanayin cikin gida ya inganta sosai daga abubuwa masu sauƙi daban-daban waɗanda aka ɗauka da sauƙi a cikin gidajen yamma na zamani. Hasken cikin gida mafi girma yana ba da damar samun ƙarin samun kudin shiga ga mata saboda suna iya yin aikin katako ta taga lokacin da yanayi bai ba da izinin wannan aikin a waje ba. Yara kuma suna amfana da ƙarin hasken wuta don aikin gida.
Monique de Beer
Aiki
De Beer malami ce, kuma tana zaune a Riel.
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Kenya
Dangantaka tsakanin mata ya taso a sakamakon aikin, kuma maza sun fi tallafa wa shirin matansu idan sakamakon ya amfanar da su. Duk da yake ƙoƙarin farko na inganta murhun wuta yana da iyaka a cikin nasara, ƙoƙarin da ake yi na yanzu ya fi samun nasara saboda sanin cewa albarkatun makamashi mai dorewa na cikin gida "sun kasance tsakiya don rage talauci da yunwa, inganta kiwon lafiya ... da inganta rayuwar mata da yara. mafi kyawun buri na ɗan gajeren lokaci don rage talaucin ƙauye shine samar da mafita mara tsada kuma karɓuwa ga jama'ar gari. Ba wai kawai murhu zai iya ba da gudummawa ga wannan shiga ba, amma yin amfani da mai mai tsabta zai kuma ba da ƙarin fa'idodi.
Guatemala
Irin wannan ingantattun ayyukan tantuna sun tabbatar da nasara a wasu yankuna na duniya. Ingantattun murhu da aka girka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Bazuwar Bazuwar Nazari na Gurɓata Cikin Gida da Nazari (RESPIRE) a Guatemala an gano cewa an yarda da jama'a kuma yana samar da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya ga iyaye mata da yara. Uwaye a cikin rukunin shiga tsakani sun sami raguwar hawan jini da raguwar rashin jin daɗin ido da ciwon baya. An kuma gano gidajen shiga tsakani suna da ƙananan matakan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da carbon monoxide. Yara a cikin waɗannan gidaje kuma suna da ƙarancin asma. Wannan shirin matukin jirgi na farko ya samo asali ne zuwa CRECER (Tsarin numfashi na yau da kullun na Bayyanar Yara na Farko zuwa Mahimmancin Halittu), wanda zai yi ƙoƙarin bin yara a cikin gidaje masu shiga tsakani na dogon lokaci don sanin ko ingantattun murhun suma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin lafiya akan tsawon rayuwa.
Indiya
Shirin kasa kan Ingantattun Chulhas a Indiya ya kuma samu wasu nasarori wajen karfafa amfani da ingantattun murhu a tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin hadarin. An fara a tsakiyar 1980s, wannan shirin yana ba da tallafi don ƙarfafa iyalai don siyan chulhas masu ɗorewa kuma a shigar da bututun hayaƙi. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya nuna cewa murhu da bututun hayaki yana da alaƙa da ƙananan cutar cataracts a cikin mata. Yawancin bayanan da ake samu daga Indiya sun fi halayen batun kuma akwai ƙarancin bayanai da ake samu daga gwajin shiga tsakani.
China
Kasar Sin ta samu nasara musamman wajen karfafa amfani da ingantattun murhu, inda aka sanya daruruwan miliyoyin murhu tun farkon aikin a farkon shekarun 1980. Gwamnati ta yi niyya sosai ga matalauta, gidaje na karkara, kuma a ƙarshen 1990s kusan kashi 75% na irin waɗannan gidaje suna ɗauke da "ingantattun wuraren dafa abinci." Wani bita na 2007 na gidaje 3500 ya nuna haɓakar ingancin iska na cikin gida a cikin gidaje masu shiga tsakani waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da carbon monoxide a cikin iskan gida. Shirin da aka yi a kasar Sin ya shafi shiga tsakani sosai, amma an ba da tallafi sosai kan farashin murhu don haka ba a san ko za a iya maimaita nasararsa ba.
Abraham Ossei Aidooh
Abraham Ossei Aidooh dan siyasar Ghana ne daga sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Tun daga shekarar 2008, shi ne shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana; a baya ya kasance mataimakin shugaban masu rinjaye. Har ila yau, mamba ne a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu. Har ila yau, shi ne mai ba da rahoto na kwamitin dokoki, gata da ladabtarwa, daya daga cikin kwamitoci goma na dindindin na majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Aidooh a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1953. Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Ghana, Makarantar Shari'a. Shi Kirista ne.
Sana'a
Aidooh ma'aikacin shari'a ne ta hanyar sana'a.
Siyasa
Aidooh ya kasance dan majalisar dokoki ta 4 ta jamhuriya ta 4 kuma ya hau kujerar naki a babban zaben Ghana na shekarar 1996 na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Ya kasance dan majalisa na 2, majalisa ta 3 da majalisa ta 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 mai wakiltar mazabar Tema ta yamma.
Zaɓen 1996
An zabi Aidooh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Tema ta Yamma a yankin Greater Accra na Ghana a matsayin dan majalisa na biyu na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na shekarar 1996. An zabe shi ne a tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party da kuri’u 22,521 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 46.50% na kuri’un da aka kada a kan abokiyar hamayyarsa Esther IIan-Agbodo Ogbogu ta jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress wacce ta samu kuri’u 15,511 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 32.00% na jimillar kuri’u. jefa da George Alfred Akkah na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party wanda ba shi da kuri'u da aka kada.
Zaɓen 2000
An zabi Aidooh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Tema ta Yamma a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujerun majalisa 16 daga cikin kujeru 22 da Sabuwar Jam’iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Brong Ahafo. Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta sami rinjayen kujeru 100 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200 na majalisar dokoki ta 3 na jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. An zabe shi da kuri'u 25,647 daga cikin 41,944 da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 61.2% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi akan M. Godfrey Nii Tackey na National Democratic Congress, Justice E.K. Jones-Mensah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Godfrey K. Binbey na Jam'iyyar Reform Party da Joyce Annan na Babban Taron Jama'a. Wadanda suka samu kuri'u 10,860, 2,887, 1,520 da 976 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 25.9%, 6.9%, 3.6% da 2.3% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Zaɓen 2004
An zabi Aidooh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Tema ta yamma a majalisa ta 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. An zabe shi da kuri'u 37,975 daga cikin 71,009 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 53.5% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan George Komla Medie na National Democratic Congress, Godfried Allan Lomotey na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Kojo Amoako na kowace jam'iyyar Ghana zaune a ko'ina; da Kenneth Nana Amoateng, Ayele A.J. Avon da Justice Awartwe Edwards - duk 'yan takara masu zaman kansu. An zabi Aidooh akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na mazabu 17 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a yankin Greater Accra a zaben. Baki daya, sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana.
Shinkafa da wake
Shinkafa da wake, ko wake da shinkafa, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na shinkafa da wake ta wata hanya. Haɗin hatsi da kuma legumes suna ba da abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da  kuzari, kuma duka abinci sun wadata ko'ina. Ana iya caƙuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci.
Bayani
Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A Brazil, alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas. Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da " jajayen wake da shinkafa " galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade.
Amurka
Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na Phaseolus ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya. An gabatar da shinkafar Asiya ga Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce, kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya. Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya.
Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki
Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadaran iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da kansa wannan sinadarin ba.
Al'adu
A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a Brazil, wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a Amurka.
Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya
A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai shinkafa da wake, wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin:
Ire-iren sunan Abincin
Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da; Ana kiran shinkafa da wake arroz y habas, arroz con habichuelas, arroz con frijoles, gallo pinto, recalentao ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Espanya, arroz e feijão, arroz com feijão ko feijão com arroz a cikin Portuguese, risi e bisi a cikin harshen Venetian ak pwa in Haitian Creole, avas kon arroz ko avikas kon arroz a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish.
Bas van Erp
Bas van Erp (2 Yulin shekarar 1979 - 3 Afrilun shekara ta 2016) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland.
Ya lashe lambobin tagulla biyu a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta shekarar 2004; daya a cikin taron na quad singles dayan kuma a cikin taron sau biyu na quad. Bayan wasannin shekarar 2004 ya kusa daina buga wasan tennis na guragu, saboda ya kamu da rashin lafiya. Lokacin da ya murmure ya yanke shawarar sake zuwa gasar Paralympic sau ɗaya. Ya yi gasa a wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekarar 2008, kamar yadda a cikin 2004 a cikin taron 'yan wasan quad singles da taron quad ninki biyu amma bai sami lambar yabo ba.
A rayuwar yau da kullum ya kasance mai karbar baki da kuma akawu. Ya mutu a gidansa a Liempde yana da shekaru 36.
Farar shinkafa
Farar shinkafa ana niƙa shinkafar da aka cire ɓangarorinta, bran, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan yana canza dandano, laushi da siffar shinkafar kuma yana taimakawa wajen hana lalacewa, idan ana ajiyarta, kuma yana sauƙaƙawa wurin narkarda ita idan an ana buƙatar hakan. Bayan niƙa ( hulling ), shinkafar tana gogewa, hakan na haifar da shinkafar ta riƙa haske da sheƙi.
Ayyukan niƙa da gyaran duka suna cire sinadaran gina jiki dake cikin shinkafar. Abincin da ba shi da daidaituwa dangane da farar shinkafar da ba ta da wadataccen abinci yana barin mutane da yawa masu rauni ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na beriberi, saboda ƙarancin thiamine (bitamin B 1 ). Farar shinkafa galibi ana samar da ita da wasu sinadarai da ake cirewa daga cikinta yayin sarrafa ta. Haɓɓaka farar shinkafa tare da sinadaran B<sub id="mwHA">1, B<sub id="mwHg">3 , da iron na buƙatar doka a Amurka alokacin shirye-shiryen gwamnati na rarrabawa ga makarantu, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, ko ƙasashen waje.
Shinkafar ta samu karɓuwa fiye da Shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa a rabi ƙarni na biyu na (19th century) saboda an sami tagomashi daga yan kasuwa, farar shinkafa ta haifar da barkewar cutar beriberi a Asiya.
A lokuta daban-daban, tun daga karni na 19, an ba da shawarar shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa (brown rice) da sauran hatsi irin su shinkafar daji a matsayin madadin lafiya. Bran a cikin shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa yana ƙunshe da fiber na abinci mai mahimmanci kuma ƙwayar ta ƙunshi bitamin da albarkatu masu yawa.
Yawanci, gram 100 na shinkafa da ba a dafa shi ba yana samar da kusan gram 240 zuwa 260 na hatsin da aka dafa, bambancin ƙaruwar ya dogara kocokan akan yawan ruwan da shinkafar take tsotsewa a lokacin girki.
Niƙan shinkafa
Kafin injin niƙa, ana niƙa shinkafa ta hanyar amfani da hannu wurin dakawa da taɓarya acikin turmi, ko wasu hanyoyi na gargajiya, amma da injin niƙa ana samun fitar da shinkafar adadi mafi yawa akan dakan hannu. A ƙarshen karni na 19th an samar da injuna daban-daban kamar Huller & Sheller Mills (1870) da Injin Milling Engleberg (1890). A shekara ta 1955, an ƙirƙira sababbin injuna a Japan waɗanda suka inganta inganci da ƙarfin fitarwa sosai.
Abubuwan da ke gina jiki
Yayin da shinkafa launin ruwan kasa brown rice, da farar shinkafa suna da adadin kuzari da carbohydrates iri ɗaya, shinkafa mai launin ruwan ƙasa ita ce tushen mafi kyawun duk abubuwan gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da farar shinkafar da ba ta da yawa. Brown rice shinkafa ce gabaɗaya wacce daga cikinta kawai ake cire husk ɗin (the outermost layer). Don samar da farar shinkafa, ana cire Layer na bran da ƙwayoyin cuta, suna barin mafi yawa endosperm starchy. Wannan tsari yana haifar da raguwa ko cikakkiyar lalacewa na yawancin bitamin da ma'adanai na abinci. Rasa abubuwan gina jiki, irin su bitamin B1 da B3, da baƙin ƙarfe, wani lokaci ana ƙara su a cikin farar shinkafa, tsarin da ake kira haɓakawa. Ko da tare da raguwar sinadirai masu gina jiki, farar shinkafa da ba ta da kyau har yanzu tana da kyau tushen manganese kuma ya ƙunshi matsakaicin adadin sauran sinadarai irin su pantothenic acid da selenium.
Ben Hamida Ghasem
Ben Hamida Ghasem, an haife ta a shekara 1938, a Beni Khaled, Tunisia.
iyali
Tana da aure da yaya hudu.
karatu da aiki
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, taksance matemakiyar direkta na Planning, ta sama mukami na direkta na Statistics Arabs Monetary Fund
Wale Ahmed
Wale Ahmed ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma Sanata ne daga jihar Legas. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Comisisioner for Special Services to Lagos State Government.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Wale a Agege a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1965 kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Anwar-Ul-Islam Agege, 1977-1982, Jami'ar Usman Dan Fodio, Sakkwato, 1985-1991 da Jami'ar Legas, 2000-2002.
Sana'a
Ahmed ya kasance mamban Kwamitin Yaɗa Labarai na Jihar Legas na Action Congress of Nigeria don zaɓen watan Afrilu na 2011 sannan ya zama Hon. Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman tsakanin 2011 da 2015.
Ahmed ya sami digirin farko na likitanci, Bachelor of Surgery (MB, BS) a 1991, Masters in International Law and Diplomacy (MILD) a 2000 da Masters in Humanitarian and Refugee Studies (MHRS) a 2002. Har zuwa lokacin da Gwamna Sanwo-Olu ya naɗa shi a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka na musamman, ya kasance Sakataren Jam’iyyar APC na Jiha a Jihar Legas.
A watan Janairu, 2020, an mayar da Ahmed zuwa ma'aikatar kananan hukumomi da al'umma a matsayin Honourable Commissioner inda yake a halin yanzu. hidima.
Ƴancin motsin ɗan Adam
Ƙungiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kawar da wariya da cin zarafi ga mutanen transgender game da gidaje, aikin yi, wuraren kwana, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya. Babban burin gwagwarmayar transgender shine don ba da damar canje-canje ga takaddun shaida don dacewa da ainihin jinsin mutum a halin yanzu ba tare da buƙatar tiyata mai tabbatar da jinsi ko kowane buƙatun likita ba, wanda aka sani da gano kansa na jinsi. Yana daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT.
Tarihi
Gano iyakokin motsin motsi ya kasance batun wasu muhawara. A al'ada, shaidar da aka tsara ta hanyar siyasa ta fito a cikin 1952, lokacin da Virginia Prince, wata mace ta trans, tare da wasu, suka kaddamar da Transvestia: Jaridar Ƙungiyar Amirka don Daidaitawa a Dress. Wasu suna ɗaukar wannan ɗaba'ar a matsayin farkon ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a Amurka, duk da haka zai kasance shekaru da yawa kafin kalmar "transgender", kanta, ta fara amfani da ita.
A cikin shekaru kafin tarzomar Stonewall, wasu ayyuka na 'yancin LGBT sun faru.
Tun farko, amma ba a san kowa ba, mataki shine Rikicin Cooper Do-nuts na 1959 wanda ya faru a cikin Downtown Los Angeles, lokacin da aka ja sarauniya, 'yan madigo, maza masu luwaɗi, da mutanen transgender waɗanda suka rataye a Cooper Do-nuts da wadanda LAPD ke yawan tursasa su sun gwabza yaki bayan da ‘yan sanda suka kama mutane uku ciki har da John Rechy. Abokan ciniki sun fara jifan ’yan sanda tare da donuts da kofunan kofi. LAPD ta yi kira da a ba da tallafi kuma ta kama wasu masu tayar da hankali. Rechy da sauran mutanen biyu na asali sun sami damar tserewa.
A watan Agustan 1966 tarzomar da aka yi a Kafeteria ta Compton ta faru a gundumar Tenderloin na San Francisco. Wannan lamarin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tarzomar farko da ta shafi LGBT a tarihin Amurka. A cikin wani lamari mai kama da na Cooper, masu ja da mata, karuwai, da kuma mutanen trans sun yi yaki da cin zarafin 'yan sanda. Lokacin da wata mata mai canza jinsi ta yi tsayayya da kamawa ta hanyar jefa kofi ga jami'in 'yan sanda, sarakunan mata sun zubo a kan tituna, suna fada da manyan sheqa da manyan jakunkuna. Washegari da daddare, ƴan gudun hijira na yau da kullun sun haɗu da ƴan barawon titi, Tenderloin Titin, da sauran membobin al'ummar LGBT a matsayinsu na adawa da tashin hankalin 'yan sanda. Ya nuna farkon gwagwarmayar trans a San Francisco.
A cikin 1969, shekarar tarzomar Stonewall, kalmar transgender ba a fara amfani da ita ba tukuna. Amma jinsi marasa jituwa mutane kamar ja sarki Stormé DeLarverie, da kuma wanda aka sani da "Sarauniyar titi" Marsha P. Johnson sun kasance a cikin masu gadin tarzoma, tare da DeLarverie da aka yi imani da cewa shi ne mutumin da gwagwarmayar da 'yan sanda ya zama tartsatsi wanda ya sanya taron jama'a. don fada da baya. Shaidu ga tashin kuma sanya farkon trans masu fafutuka da membobin Gay Liberation Front, Zazu Nova da Jackie Hormona tare da Johnson, a matsayin mayaƙan "a cikin gandun daji" na turawa 'yan sanda a cikin dare da yawa na tawaye.
Marsha P. Johnson daga baya ya ci gaba da samun haɗin gwiwar Masu Ra'ayin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Titin (STAR) tare da wata kawarta, Sylvia Rivera. Ma'anar farko na Rivera a kusa da trans sun kasance masu faɗi sosai, gami da duk mutanen da ba su yarda da jinsi ba. Rivera ya ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin trans, da haɗa kariya ga mutanen trans a cikin duk dokokin haƙƙin LGBT, har zuwa mutuwarta a 2002.
A cikin 1980s mace zuwa namiji ( FTM ) transsexuality ya zama sananne sosai.
Ger Duany
Ger Duany (an haife shi 1978 a Akobo, Greater Upper Nile a Sudan ta Kudu) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Shi ɗan ƙauye ne da ya bayyana kansa.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Duany a Akobo (sai wani yanki na Sudan ) a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1978. Ya sami gogewarsa ta farko na yaƙi yana ɗan shekara bakwai. An tumbuke danginsa da al'ummarsa. Yana da shekaru 13, yaƙi ya raba shi da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ya koma zama sojan yara a matsayin hanyar tsira a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai na Sudan ta Kudu. Daga baya Duany ya zama ɗan gudun hijira a Habasha sannan kuma Kenya, kuma an sake shi zuwa Amurka daga sansanin Dadaab yana ɗan shekara 15.
Duany ya ci gaba da samun digiri na kwaleji. Ya gina sana'a a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma abin ƙira.
Sana'a
Duany ya fara fitowa a matsayin dan wasa a cikin fim ɗin wasan barkwanci na falsafa na 2004 I Heart Huckabees, inda ya buga wani dan gudun hijira mai suna Stephen Nimieri. An zaɓi Duany ne don rawar saboda furodusan fim ɗin kuma darakta David O. Russell yana son wanda ya jimre a zahiri na zama ɗan gudun hijira.
A cikin 2010, Duany ya yi bayyanar da ba a san shi ba a cikin wani fim na Russell, The Fighter, tare da Mark Wahlberg da Christian Bale. Daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na 2011 Restless City.
A tsakiyar 2011, ya haɗu da kuma tauraro a cikin shirin gaskiya Ger: Don zama Raba, game da tafiyarsa daga yaron yaki zuwa ƴan gudun hijira zuwa Hollywood actor da kuma samfurin duniya. Fim din ya kuma nuna komawarsa Sudan ta Kudu, inda ya kaɗa ƙuri’a a karon farko da kuma murnar samun ƴancin kai a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2011.
Duany ya buga direban limo a cikin fim ɗin 2012, Shin Ba Dadi bane? by darektan Michael Patrick Kelly.
A cikin 2014 ya bayyana tare da sauran ƴan gudun hijira da lambar yabo Reese Witherspoon a cikin The Good Lie, wahayi zuwa gare ta labarin bayan Lost Boys na Sudan. Fim din ya ba da labarin wasu ‘yan gudun hijira uku da aka sake tsugunar da su daga sansanin Kakuma zuwa Amurka, da kuma gwagwarmayar da suka yi na hadewa.
A matsayin abin koyi, Duany ya bayyana a kan murfin mujallu masu yawa irin su Heed, Mujallar Bleu, da Numéro.
A yayin bikin ranar 'yan gudun hijira ta duniya na 2015, an sanar da Duany a matsayin jakadan na UNHCR na yankin gabas da kahon Afirka ta wakilin kasar Kenya, Raouf Mazou a Kakuma. Duany a halin yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan hukumar ta UNHCR a matsayin jakadan fatan alheri. A matsayinsa na babban mai tallafawa UNHCR, ya taimaka wajen yada halin da ƴan gudun hijira ke ciki da sauran al'ummomin da hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke yi.
Kalu Okpan Anyah
ANYAH,Alƙali Kalu Okpan, an haife shi a shekara 1921, a Amaekpu Ohafia, jihar Imo, Nigeria, shahararran mai ilimi na Fannin rubutadoka a Nigeria.
Iyali
Yana da mata da yaya Mata shida da Maza hudu.
Karatu da aiki
Hope Waddell Training Insti-tute, Calabar, 1933-35, Ohafia Central School, 1936-39, Hope Waddell Training Institute,Cala-bar, 1940, Inns of Court School of Law, London, 1954, yashiga aiki dan sanda a shekara 1940-51, aka bashi alkali chi 1966.
Abdul Latif Mohamed
Iyali
Yana da mata da yaya
Karatu da aiki
University of Paris, France, Ecole Nationale d'Administration, Rabat, yakasance Mai wallafa da gyara  L'Opinion news-paper, Yana jagoraci a wajan wallafa  Le Matin newspaper, aka bashi mukamin director na Maroc-Soir newspaper, ya kasance ma abochi karance karance ne.Morocco
Ali, Benjelloun
BENJELLOUN, Dr Ali, an haife shi a 17 ga watan ogusta 1927, a Fez Morocco, yakasance lauya a kasar,yayi makarantan a School of Law and Administration, Rabat,  wakili na  UN,New York, USA,1976-77.
Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki
Hakkokin da suka shafi 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, mai tada sha'awar mace koh namiji, da Mata Maza ( LGBT ) mutane sun bambanta sosai ta ƙasa ko ikon hukuma - wanda ya ƙunshi komai daga amincewa da auren jinsi a shari'a zuwa hukuncin kisa na luwadi. Musamman, , Kasashe 34 sun amince da auren jinsi. Sabanin haka, ba tare da la'akari da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma kisan gilla, kasashe biyu ne kawai aka yi imanin za su zartar da hukuncin kisa kan ayyukan jima'i da aka yarda da su: Iran da Afghanistan. Hukuncin kisa doka ce a hukumance, amma galibi ba a aiwatar da ita, a Mauritania, Saudi Arabiya, Somaliya (a cikin jihar Jubaland mai cin gashin kanta ) da kuma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Kazalika, mutanen LGBT na fuskantar kisan gilla a yankin Chechnya na Rasha. Sudan ta soke hukuncin kisa ba tare da tilasta mata yin jima'i ba (ma'aurata ko luwadi) a cikin 2020. Kasashe goma sha biyar sun jefe littattafan a matsayin hukuncin zina, wanda zai hada da jima'i gay, amma hukumomin shari'a a Iran da Najeriya suna aiwatar da wannan (a cikin ukun arewacin kasar).
A cikin 2011, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar farko da ta amince da hakkokin LGBT, wanda Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoto da ke nuna take hakki na mutanen LGBT, ciki har da laifuffukan ƙiyayya, aikata laifuka na ɗan kishili ., da nuna wariya. Bayan fitar da rahoton, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bukaci dukkan kasashen da ba su yi hakan ba tukuna da su samar da dokokin da za su kare muhimman hakkokin LGBT. Wani bincike na 2022 ya gano cewa haƙƙin LGBT (kamar yadda aka auna ta ILGA-Turai 's Rainbow Index) suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS tsakanin 'yan luwaɗi da maza bisexual ba tare da haɗarin halayen jima'i ba.
2023 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsayin Nordics, Uruguay, Kanada, Spain, United Kingdom, da Amurka cikin mafi kyawun haƙƙin LGBT. Jadawalin ya nuna Yemen, Brunei, Afghanistan, Somalia, Mauritania, Palestine, da Iran a cikin mafi muni.
Mohamed Benjilali
Mohamed Benjilali an haife shi a shekara 1945, a ƙasar Morocco, ya kasance injiniyan wuta.
Karatu da aiki
Yayi ilimi mai zurfi a fannin Electrical Engineering and Science (Diplôme d'Ingénieur d'Electricité, Licence en Sciences), ma runjaya a Department of Electro-mechanics, Office pour le Développement Industriel (ODI).
Amadou Sabo
Mahamadou Amadou Sabo (an haife shi aranar 30 ga Satan  Mayun shekara ta 2000) a Nijar dan kwallo ne wanda a halin yanzu yake taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Club din Africain.
Aikin duniya
An fara kiransa zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar a watan Nuwamba na shekarata 2019, amma ya cigaba da zama a kan benci. Ya fara buga wa tawagar wasa a ranar 5 ga Yunin shekarata 2021 a wasan sada zumunci da kasar Gambia.
Haƙƙin ƴan adam a duniyar yanar gizo
Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a cikin sararin yanar gizo sabon abu ne kuma yanki ne na doka wanda ba a bayyana shi ba. Hukumar kare haƙƙn bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNHRC ) ta bayyana cewa ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da bayanai a karkashin doka ta 19( 2 ) na yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan ƴancin jama'a da siyasa ( ICCPR ) sun haɗa da ƴancin karɓa da sadar da bayanai, da ra'ayoyi ta hanyar Intanet.
Wani muhimmin zance shine Mataki na 19( 3 ) na ICCPR, wanda ya tanadi cewa:"Yin amfani da haƙƙin da aka bayar a sakin layi na biyu na wannan labarin yana ɗauke da ayyuka na musamman. Don haka ana iya fuskantar ƙuntatawa, amma waɗannan za su kasance kawai waɗanda doka ta tanadar kuma sun zama dole: od""( a ) Domin mutunta haƙƙi ko mutuncin ;""( b ) Domin kare lafiyar kasa ko na zaman jama'a, ko na lafiyar jama'a da daɓi'u."HRC ta bayyana cewa "haƙƙin da mutane ke da shi kuma dole ne a kiyaye su ta kan layi" (wanda aka ambata, musamman 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki). An yi la'akari da cewa dole ne a daidaita wannan ƴancin bayanan da sauran haƙƙoƙi. Ana tambayar ko tsammanin mutane game da ƴancin ɗan adam ya bambanta a sararin samaniyar yanar gizo.
Kere sirrin jama'a
Sirri na jama'a ya ƙunshi ƴancin yin bayani da faɗar albarkacin baki a Intanet a gefe ɗaya, da tsaro da keɓantawa a sararin samaniyar intanet a ɗayan ɓangaren. cikin mahallin yanar gizo, sirri yana nufin amfani da Intanet a matsayin kayan aiki don keɓancewa ba tare da fargabar samun damar shiga da amfani da bayanan ta hanyoyi daban-daban ba tare da izininsu ba.
Ƴancin ya ƙunshi ' Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki kuma an bayyana shi a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Haƙƙin ya haɗa da ƴancin karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi da kuma ɗaukar ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama na ƙasa ba. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ƴancin bayyana kansa a kowace hanya ciki har da musayar ra'ayi da tunani ta hanyar Intanet ko shafukan sada zumunta. {{rp|3} ƴanci na nufin ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki a siyasance musamman idan aka yi la’akari da muhimmancin al’umma.
Galibin ƙasashen dimokuraɗiyya suna ci gaba da Intanet don dalilai na tattalin arziki da sadarwa; don haka, ana ba da furcin siyasa a wasu kariyar akan Intanet. Wasu gwamnatoci suna matsawa don kare bayanan ɗan akan Intanet. Duk da haka, waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin tsakanin gwamnatoci na iya haifar da rashin amfani da kuma cin zarafin bayanan sirri, wanda hakan na iya shafar sauran ƴancin da ƴancin ɗan adam. Ƙalubalen ga gwamnatoci shine daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin sirri tare da ƙa'idoji da suka saɓawa keɓantawa da haƙƙin ƴanci ga kowa.
Gudanarwa a cikin sararin samaniya
Masanin kimiyyar siyasar Jamus Anja Mihr ta ce sararin samaniyar yanar gizo ya fi kowace ƙasa a duniya mafaka, amma duk da haka ba ta da wata gwamnati, hukumomi, jami'an tsaro ko duk wani tsarin mulki. Idan ba tare da waɗannan hanyoyin ba, matsaloli na tasowa wajen kare da kuma cin moriyar ɗan ƙasa. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGO's), irin su Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN), Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amirka, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ko Tarayyar Turai, suna da nufin tsara ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don amfani da sararin samaniya da Intanet don aiwatar da gwamnatocin ƙasashe, amma gaza yin haka. Matsalar ita ce ikon jihohi da hanyoyin aiwatar da su ba su wuce iyakokin jihar ba.