cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Tarihi
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun wanzu a doron duniya miliyoyin shekaru. Yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a yau suna kan gutsurarrun curare zamanin Mesozoic na Gondwana .Rabuwa da filin ya haifar da babban rashi na bambancin halittu masu rai yayin da a lokaci guda kuma yanayin bushewar yanayi ya haifar da rarrabuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Rarraba ya bar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke cikin manyan yankuna biyar na duniya: Amurka mai zafi, Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Madagascar, da New Guinea, tare da ƙaramin waje a Ostiraliya. Ko yaya, takamaiman asalin gandun dazuzzuka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba saboda ƙarancin burbushin halittu.
Ben Affleck
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic
Affleck ya yi rijista don yin zabe a matsayin dan Democrat a shekarar 1992, kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe a madadin wasu ‘yan takarar shugabancin Democrat da dama. Ya goyi bayan Al Gore a makonnin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin shugabancin 2000, yana halartar taruka a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida. Koyaya, Affleck bai sami damar kada kuri'a ba saboda batun rajista a New York, inda yake zaune a lokacin, sannan daga baya ya yi barkwanci, "Zan kada kuri'a sau biyu a gaba, cikin yanayin gaskiya na Boston."
Mbithi Masya
Mbithi Masya ɗan fim ne, mai fasaha kuma marubuci an haife shi a Nairobi, Kenya.
Ben Affleck
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic
Affleck ya yi wa Shugaba Barack Obama yakin neman zabe. Ya bayyana tare da Sanatan na wancan lokacin a wani taron gangami a shekara ta 2006, inda ya gabatar da shi a matsayin "shugaban da ya fi dacewa ya fito daga kowane bangare, a ganina, a kalla shekaru goma". Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Obama a 2007, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga dan takarar a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008. Affleck ya bukaci masu jefa kuri'a da su "taimaka wajen kafa tarihi" a cikin yakin MoveOn.org, kuma ya bayyana sau da yawa yayin Babban Taron Demokuradiyya na 2008. A cikin makon zaben shugaban kasa, ya fito ne a daren Asabar din don nuna goyon baya ga Sanata John McCain cikin raha. Affleck bai yi yakin neman sake zaben Obama a 2012 ba, duk da cewa har yanzu yana goyon bayan sa.
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Dabbobi da yawa na iya bayyana kama da, ko hade ta hanyar ecotones da, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi:
Mbithi Masya
Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar gwaji Just a Band, inda ya samar da bidiyon don Hahe (wanda aka sani da Makmaende ), Matatizo da sauran waƙoƙi. Ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan shine fim ɗin Kati Kati, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a bikin fina-finai na Toronto kuma an gabatar da shi ga lambar yabo ta Academy kamar yadda Kenya ta gabatar da shi a hukumance don fim ɗin harshen waje.
Ben Affleck
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic
Affleck ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Hillary Clinton a 2016. Ya fara haduwa da Clinton a Camp David a 1998 kuma, a lokacin da take ‘yar takarar majalisar dattijai a 2000, ya gabatar da ita a wani taron gangami na jami’ar Cornell kuma ya taimaka wajen tara kudi don kamfen dinta. Affleck ya nuna aikin da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa take yi tare da yara, mata da “iyalai masu aiki”. Ya goyi bayan Obama a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008, yana mai lura da cewa, Clinton ta "matsa zuwa tsakiyar" a yayin yakin neman zaben. Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Clinton a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na 2016. A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016, Affleck ya yi rikodin sanarwar ba da sanarwa ga masu kada kuri'a a New Hampshire, kuma kamfen din Clinton ya kira shi a matsayin "Hillblazer" - daya daga cikin mutane 1,100 da suka ba da gudummawa ko suka tara akalla dala 100,000. Cibiyar Siyasa mai da martani ta ba da rahoton cewa ya tara dala 149,028.
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na damina suna samun ruwan sama gaba ɗaya tare da lokacin damina mai zafi da lokacin sanyi mai sanyi. Wasu bishiyoyi a cikin waɗannan gandun daji suna zubar da wasu ko duk ganye a lokacin bazara, don haka a wasu lokutan ake kiransu da "gandun daji mai gauraye na wurare masu zafi". Ana samun su a sassan Kudancin Amurka, a Amurka ta Tsakiya da kewayen Caribbean, a Yammacin Afirka ta gabar teku, sassan yankin na Indiya, da kuma yawancin Indochina.
Matthew Friedlander
Matthew James Friedlander (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Agustan,shekara ta 1979), tsohon ɗan wasan kurket ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Friedlander ɗan wasa ne na hannun dama wanda ke buga hannun dama -matsakaici. An haife shi a Durban, Natal.
Ben Affleck
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic
A 2002, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Dick Gephardt, kuma ya bayyana a cikin litattafan kamfen din tsohuwar abokiyar karawarta Marjorie Decker, tana takara a matsayin kansila na gari a Massachusetts. Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na duka Dennis Kucinich da Wesley Clark a 2003. A cikin 2005, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Deval Patrick, dan takarar Gwamnan Massachusetts. A 2006, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din magajin garin Cark Booker na Newark, kuma ya gabatar da dan majalisa Joe Courtney da Chris Murphy a taruka a Connecticut. Ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na 2008 na Patrick Murphy na Pennsylvania, da kuma kamfen na Sanatocin 2010 na Kirsten Gillibrand. Affleck ta dauki nauyin karbar kudi a 2012 ga dan takarar majalisar dattijai Elizabeth Warren, ta amince da ita a wani bidiyo na Kamfen Kamfen din Kamfen Canjin, kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kamfen. A shekarar 2013, ya dauki nauyin karbar kudi ga Cory Booker, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din Majalisar Dattawa na duka Booker da Alison Lundergan Grimes. Ya bayar da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben dan takarar majalisar dattijai Kamala Harris a 2015 da kamfen din majalisa na Melissa Gilbert a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2017, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din sake zaben sanata na Elizabeth Warren da Chris Coons, da kuma yakin neman zaben Adam Schiff. A cikin 2018, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na majalisa na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sharice Davids da Leann Jacobsen, da kuma ga dan takarar gwamna na Michigan Abdul El-Sayed. A shekarar 2019, Affleck ya ba da gudummawar kudaden yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Cory Booker da Kamala Harris, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga Booker. Haka kuma a cikin 2019, ya ba da gudummawa ga kuɗaɗen yakin neman zaɓe na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez da Ilhan Omar. A cikin 2020, ya yi magana a wani taron nuna goyon baya ga Whitney Williams, 'yar takara a zaben gwamnan Montana na 2020.
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Ana samun waɗannan a cikin wuraren tsaunuka masu sanyi da sauyin yanayi, ana kiransu dazuzzukan girgije a tsaunukan da suka fi tsayi. Dangane da latitude, mafi ƙarancin iyakar gandun daji na montane akan manyan tsaunuka yawanci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 2500 m yayin da iyakar babba yawanci daga 2400 zuwa 3300 m.
Bagga
Bagga wani qauye ne a qaramar hukumar bagwai a jihar kano
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Ana samun dazuzzukan fadama na ruwan zafi, ko “gandun daji da ambaliyar ruwa”, a cikin kwarin Amazon ( Várzea ) da sauran wurare.
Ben Affleck
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic
A farkon shekarun 2000, sau da yawa Affleck ya nuna sha'awar tsayawa takarar siyasa, wata rana, amma tun 2007, ya musanta duk wani buri na siyasa kuma ya yi ta maimaita magana game da bukatar sake fasalin kudin kamfen. A shekarar 2005, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa Virginia Democrats na kokarin shawo kan Affleck ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dattijai. Mai yada labaransa ya yi watsi da jita-jitar. A shekarar 2012, masana siyasa da masana dabarun Democrat da suka hada da Bob Shrum da Tad Devine sun yi hasashen cewa Affleck na tunanin tsayawa takarar kujerar sanata a Massachusetts. Affleck ya musanta jita-jitar, kuma ya yi barkwanci cewa "shi ma ba zai jefa hular ta a cikin zobe don gudanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba."
Matthew Friedlander
Friedlander ya yi wasansa na farko ajin farko don Boland a lokacin kakar 2003/2004 da Jihar 'Yanci. Wasansa na biyu kuma na ƙarshe na ajin farko na Boland ya zo ne a lokacin wannan kakar da Gabas. Ya kuma yi wasansa na farko a wasan kurket na List-A a wannan kakar wasan da suka yi da Arewa maso Yamma. Ya buga ƙarin wasanni 2 List-A yayin kakar wasa da Border da Free State. A cikin gasa na 3 List-A ya ɗauki wickets 2 a matsakaicin bowling na 2/27.
Ben Affleck
Aure da yara
Affleck ya auri yar fim Jennifer Garner daga 2005 zuwa 2018, kuma suna da yara uku tare. Sun fara soyayya ne a tsakiyar 2004, bayan sun kulla abota a tashar Pearl Harbor (2001) da Daredevil (2003). Sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2005, a wani bikin Turkawa da Caicos masu zaman kansu. Victor Garber, wanda ya jagoranci bikin, da abokin aikinsa, Rainer Andreesen, su ne kadai baƙi. Sun sanar da rabuwarsu a watan Yunin 2015, tare da Affleck wanda ke ci gaba da zama a masaukin baki a gidan har zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2017. Sun hada kai sun raba aure a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoba 2018. A shekarar 2020, Affleck ya bayyana kisan a matsayin "babban nadamar rayuwata" da kuma "wani abin da ya faru mai zafi, koda kuwa kana kan mafi kyawun sharadi kuma ka yarda shine mafi kyawun zabi."
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Tsarin gandun daji
An raba gandun dazuzzuka zuwa sassa daban-daban, ko yadudduka, tare da tsirrai da aka tsara su a cikin tsayin daka daga saman ƙasa zuwa rufi. Kowane Leya wata al'umma ce ta musamman da ke ɗauke da tsirrai da dabbobi daban-daban waɗanda aka saba da su don rayuwa a cikin wannan madaidaicin. Leya mai fitowa kawai ya kebanta da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, yayin da sauran kuma ana samun su a cikin gandun daji.
Dajin da kasar
Gandun daji, mafi ƙasƙanci, yana karɓar kashi 2% kawai na hasken rana. Shuke -shuke da suka dace da ƙananan haske ne kawai za su iya girma a wannan yankin. A nesa daga bakin kogi, fadama da tsaunuka, inda ake samun gindin ciyawa mai yawa, kasan gandun daji yana da ƙarancin ciyayi saboda ƙarancin shigar hasken rana. Wannan ingantaccen ingancin yana ba da izinin sauƙaƙan motsi na manyan dabbobi kamar: kamar okapi ( Okapia johnstoni ), tapir ( Tapirus sp. ), Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ), da birai kamar gorilla mai faɗi ta yamma ( Gorilla gorilla ), da kuma yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kwari. Har ila yau gandun dajin yana ɗauke da gurɓataccen tsirrai da ƙwayoyin dabbobi, waɗanda ke ɓacewa da sauri, saboda yanayin ɗumi da ɗumi yana haɓaka lalata da sauri. Yawancin nau'ikan fungi da ke girma anan suna taimakawa lalata dabbobi da sharar gida.
Ben Affleck
Aure da yara
Affleck da Garner suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:' ya'ya mata Violet Anne (an haife ta a watan Disambar 2005) da Seraphina Rose Elizabeth (an haife shi a Janairu 2009), da ɗa Samuel Garner (an haife shi a Fabrairu 2012). A cikin takaddun saki, Affleck da Garner sun nemi haɗin kan 'ya'yansu na zahiri da na doka.
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi imanin cewa hankalin paparazzi "wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyar" na taurari, ya yi magana game da hotunan da aka dauka a gidansa na musamman da kuma sha'awar paparazzi ga yaransa musamman, wanda ya ce ya zama "babban kudi" don masu daukar hoto suna jira a wajen gidansa. A shekarar 2013, Affleck da Garner sun shirya wa ‘yan majalisa wani biki a gidansu don nuna goyon baya ga kudirin dokar da za ta kare‘ ya’yan shahararrun daga masu daukar hoto; diyar su mai shekaru shida tayi wani jawabi game da abubuwan da suka faru da ita. Garner ya kuma ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Shari’ar Majalisar California don goyon bayan kudirin, wanda daga baya ya zama doka. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana iya daukar hotunan yara, halayyar da ke "firgitawa, damuwa, azaba, ko firgita" yara haramun ne, kamar yadda  kwanto ke kwanto  a wajen ayyukansu daban-daban. Duk da dokar, masu daukar hoto suna jira koyaushe a wajen makarantar 'ya'yansu kuma ana bukatar taimakon' yan sanda wani lokacin idan sun matso sosai. A cikin 2014, Affleck yayi jayayya don nuna goyon baya ga tsarin salon mulkin Burtaniya wanda ke buƙatar kafofin watsa labarai su ɓata fuskokin yara a cikin hotunan da aka buga.
Affleck, Garner da 'yarsu Violet sun sami umarnin hana su a shekarar 2008 a kan Steven Burky, Garner wanda ya dade yana bin sahun. An kama Burky a cikin Disamba 2009 a gaban makarantar sakandaren 'yarsu. An tuhume shi da aikata laifuka biyu na sa-in-sa, wanda ya ki amsa laifinsa saboda hauka. A watan Maris na 2010, aka yanke masa hukunci cewa mahaukaci ne, an tura shi zuwa asibitin mahaukata na jihar California, kuma an umurce shi da ya kaurace wa dangin Affleck na tsawon shekaru 10 idan an sake shi.
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Layer mai rufi
Rufin shine babban sashin dajin, yana yin rufi akan yadudduka biyu da suka rage. Ya ƙunshi yawancin manyan bishiyoyi, yawanci tsayinsu ya kai 30-45 m. Dogayen bishiyoyi masu faffadan ganye suna da manyan tsire-tsire. Ana samun mafi yawan wuraren halittu masu rai a cikin rufin gandun daji, saboda galibi yana tallafawa tarin furannin epiphytes, gami da orchids, bromeliads, mosses da lichens. Waɗannan tsirrai na epiphytic suna haɗe da kututtuka da rassa kuma suna samun ruwa da ma'adanai daga ruwan sama da tarkace waɗanda ke tattara kan tsirrai masu goyan baya. Dabbobi ((Fauna) yayi kama da wanda aka samo a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, amma ya bambanta. Ana ba da shawarar cewa jimillar wadatattun nau'in arthropod na rufin na wurare masu zafi na iya kaiwa miliyan 20. Sauran nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a cikin wannan ƙirar sun haɗa da nau'ikan avian da yawa irin su hornbill mai launin rawaya-casqued wattled ( Ceratogymna elata ), sunbird mai launin shuɗi ( Anthreptes collaris ), parrot launin toka ( Psitacus erithacus ), keucen-billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulfuratus ), macaw mai launin ja ( Ara macao) ) da kuma sauran dabbobi kamar biri na gizo -gizo ( Ateles sp. ), Babban abin hadiye na Afirka (Papilio antimachus), mai yatsun kafa uku ( Bradypus tridactylus ), kinkajou ( Potos flavus ), da tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla ).
Ben Affleck
Dangantaka da Jennifer Lopez
Affleck yana da dangantaka ta watanni 18 tare da Jennifer Lopez daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Bayan haduwa a kan saitin Gigli a ƙarshen 2001, sun fara farawa ne a watan Yulin 2002 lokacin da Lopez ya nemi saki daga mijinta na biyu Cris Judd. Daga baya suka yi aiki tare kan bidiyon kide-kide "Jenny daga Block" da fim din Jersey Girl (2004). Dangantakar su ta sami yaduwar yada labarai sosai. Tabloids suna kiran ma'auratan da "Bennifer", wani hoto mai kyau wanda Vanity Fair ya bayyana a matsayin "farkon irin wannan alamar tabloid". Sun shiga shaƙatawa a watan Nuwamba na 2002 amma an daga ɗaurin aurensu a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2003 tare da sanarwar kwana huɗu saboda "kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa". Sun ƙare yarjejeniyar su a cikin Janairu 2004.
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Layer ta gaugawa
Layer mai fitowa yana ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadi na manyan bishiyoyi, waɗanda ake kira masu fitowa, waɗanda ke girma sama da babban rufin, suna kaiwa tsayin 45-55. m, ko da yake a wasu lokuta wasu nau'ikan tsiro zasu yi girma zuwa 70-80 m tsayi. Wasu misalan masu tasowa sun haɗa da: Balizia elegans, Dipteryx panamensis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Lecythis ampla da Terminalia oblonga. Waɗannan bishiyoyin suna buƙatar su iya jure yanayin zafi da iska mai ƙarfi da ke faruwa a saman rufin a wasu yankuna. Dabbobi daban-daban na (faunal) da yawa suna zaune a cikin wannan Layer kamar gaggafa mai kambi ( Stephanoaetus coronatus ), sarki colobus ( Colobus polykomos ), da babban fox mai tashi ( Pteropus vampyrus ).
Ben Affleck
Dangantaka da Jennifer Lopez
Watanni daga baya, Affleck ya nuna wasu maganganun kafofin watsa labaru suna da tushe a cikin wariyar launin fata, aji da wariyar launin fata: "Ana tunaninmu da mutane iri biyu ne." A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya tura baya ga "ra'ayin ban sha'awa" cewa shi ya kamata a kalli dangantakar a matsayin kuskure, kuma ta waiwaya kan al'adun tabloid a lokacin "inda ya shafi mutum daya kuma kowa ya mai da hankali a kansu ... Me Britney Spears ta yi? Ban da samun mutane da damewa. Amma ina tsammani haka ne muna yin shi a al'adance. Yana da tsauri. "Affleck ya yarda cewa" akwai hanyoyin da na bayar da gudummawa a kai ", yana ambaton bidiyon kide-kide da hirar neman talla tare da Gigli. Ya ce ɗayansu "ba da tsammanin" irin kulawar da za a ba su ba: "Ina tsammanin ni da Jen mun yi kuskure a cikin cewa mun ƙaunaci juna, muna cikin farin ciki kuma wataƙila ma za a iya samunsa."
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Layer ta gaugawa
Koyaya, stratification ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. Gandun daji suna da ƙarfi kuma canje -canje da yawa suna shafar tsarin gandun daji. Bishiyoyin da ke fitowa ko alfarwa suna rushewa, alal misali, suna haifar da gibi. Buɗewa a cikin gandun dajin an yarda da su da mahimmanci don kafawa da haɓaka bishiyoyin dazuzzuka. An kiyasta cewa wataƙila kashi 75% na nau'in bishiyar a tashar Sashen Halittar La Selva, Costa Rica suna dogaro ne da buɗaɗɗen katako don tsiro iri ko don girma fiye da girman tsiro, misali.
Yanayi
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna kusa da kusa da mai daidaitawa, sabili da haka yana da abin da ake kira sauyin yanayi wanda ke da muhimman sigogin yanayi uku: zazzabi, ruwan sama, da tsananin lokacin bazara. Sauran sigogin da ke shafar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune tarin carbon dioxide, hasken rana, da wadatar nitrogen. Gaba ɗaya, yanayin yana kunshe da yanayin zafi da yawan ruwan sama na shekara -shekara. Ko yaya, yawan ruwan sama yana canzawa a cikin shekara yana haifar da yanayi mai danshi da bushewa. An rarrabe gandun daji na Tropical da yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a kowace shekara, wanda ya ba da damar masana kimiyyar muhalli su ayyana bambance-bambancen da ke cikin gandun dajin waɗanda suke kama da juna a tsari. Dangane da rarrabuwa na yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi, ainihin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna samun ruwan sama da shekara 2 m da yawan zafin jiki na shekara sama da digiri 24 na Celsius, tare da yuwuwar ƙimar evapotranspiration (PET) na <0.25. Ko yaya, yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ana iya rarrabe su a matsayin gandun daji mai ɗumi ko rigar, waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da ruwan sama. Ilimin kimiyyar gandun daji na Tropical- kuzari, abun da ke ciki, da aiki- suna kula da canje-canje a yanayi musamman canje-canjen ruwan sama.
Nau'o'in ƙasa
Nau'o'in ƙasa suna da sauyi sosai a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwa masu yawa kamar yanayi, ciyayi, matsayi na ƙasa, kayan iyaye, da shekarun ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasa na wurare masu zafi ana rarrabe su da muhimmin leshi da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, duk da haka akwai wasu yankuna waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙasa mai albarka. Ƙasa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun faɗi cikin rarrabuwa guda biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da ultisols da oxisols. Ultisols an san su da yanayi, ƙasa mai launin jan yumɓu, ƙarancin abinci mai muhimmanci kamar alli da potassium. Hakanan, oxisols acidic ne, tsofaffi, yawanci ja ne, mai ɗimbin yawa da narkewa, duk da haka suna da kyau idan aka kwatanta da ultisols. Abun yumɓu na ultisols yana da girma, yana sa ya zama da wahala ruwa ya shiga kuma ya ratsa ta. Launin ja na ƙasa duka sakamakon zafi mai zafi da danshi ke haifar da oxide na baƙin ƙarfe da aluminium, waɗanda basa narkewa cikin ruwa kuma tsire -tsire ba sa ɗaukar su cikin sauƙi.
Siffofin ƙasa da halayen jiki suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da haɓakar ƙasa sama da tsarin gandun daji da juzu'i. Kayayyakin jiki na ƙasa suna sarrafa yawan jujjuyawar itace yayin da kaddarorin sunadarai kamar wadataccen nitrogen da phosphorus ke sarrafa ƙimar girma na gandun daji. Ƙasa na gabas da tsakiyar Amazon da kuma gandun daji na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsofaffi ne da ma'adinai yayin da ƙasa ta yammacin Amazon (Ecuador da Peru) da yankunan volcanic na Costa Rica matasa ne da ma'adinai. Yawan aiki na farko ko samar da itace ya kasance mafi girma a yammacin Amazon kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a gabashin Amazon wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai ɗimbin yawa da aka ƙira da oxisols. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ta Amazonian tana da ɗimbin yawa, yana sa su zama marasa ma'adanai kamar phosphorus, potassium, calcium, da magnesium, waɗanda ke fitowa daga tushen dutsen. Ko yaya, ba duk gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa akan ƙasa mara kyau na abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma a kan ambaliyar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da ƙasa mai aman wuta a cikin tsaunukan Andean, da kuma yankunan dutsen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka, da Amurka ta Tsakiya.
Oxisols, marasa haihuwa, yanayi mai zurfi da lecha mai ƙarfi, sun haɓaka akan tsoffin garkuwar Gondwanan. Rushewar kwayan cuta na hana taruwar humus. A taro na baƙin ƙarfe ne da aluminum oxides da laterization aiwatar bada oxisols wani haske ja launi da kuma wani lokacin samar mines a adibas (misali, haƙar ). A kan ƙaramin abu, musamman na asalin dutsen mai fitar da wuta, ƙasa na wurare masu zafi na iya zama mai yawan haihuwa.
Maimaita kayan abinci
Wannan babban ɓarna yana haifar da matakan phosphorus a cikin ƙasa, hazo, matsanancin yanayin zafi da yawan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta. Baya ga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, akwai yalwar sauran masu lalata kamar fungi da gandun daji waɗanda ke taimakawa cikin aikin. Sake sarrafa abinci mai gina jiki yana da muhimmanci saboda a ƙarƙashin wadatar albarkatun ƙasa yana sarrafa abubuwan da ke sama da tsarin al'umma na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Waɗannan filayen galibi suna da ƙarancin phosphorus, wanda ke hana haɓakar kayan aiki na farko ko ɗaukar carbon. Ƙasa tana ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke lalata juzu'in ganyaye da sauran kwayoyin halitta zuwa nau'ikan inorganic na carbon da shuke -shuke ke amfani da su ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira rarrabuwa. Yayin aiwatar da rugujewar al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta suna numfashi, suna ɗaukar iskar oxygen da sakin carbon dioxide. Ana iya kimanta ƙimar rarrabuwa ta hanyar auna iskar oxygen. Babban yanayin zafi da hazo yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna, wanda ke ba da damar dattin shuka ya ruɓe cikin sauri a yankuna masu zafi, yana sakin abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda tsirrai ke ɗauka nan da nan ta cikin ruwa ko ƙasa. Yanayin yanayi na numfashi ana sarrafa shi ta faɗuwar ɗanyen ganyaye da hazo, ƙarfin tuƙin yana motsa carbon mai ruɓewa daga datti zuwa ƙasa. Yawan iskar numfashi shine mafi girma a farkon damina saboda damina na baya -bayan nan yana haifar da ɗimbin ganyayyaki don haka mafi yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta ana shiga cikin ƙasa.
Tushen Jijiyoyin
Wani fasali na yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na wurare daban daban shine tushen bishiyoyi. Maimakon shiga cikin zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi, Tushen buttress yana ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mai ɗorewa a farfajiya don ingantaccen amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi mai fa'ida da gasa. Yawancin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa kusa da farfajiya saboda saurin juyawa da ɓarna na ƙwayoyin cuta da ganye. Saboda wannan, tushen jijiyoyin yana faruwa a farfajiya don bishiyoyin su iya haɓaka haɓakawa da yin gasa tare da saurin ɗaukar sauran bishiyoyi. Waɗannan tushen kuma suna taimakawa haɓakawa da adana ruwa, haɓaka sararin samaniya don musayar gas, da tattara dattin ganye don ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan tushen suna rage yaƙar ƙasa kuma suna haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki yayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ta hanyar karkatar da ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke gangarowa a cikin akwati zuwa ƙananan gudana yayin da kuma ke aiki a zaman shinge ga kwararar ƙasa. Hakanan, manyan wuraren da waɗannan tushen ke haifar suna ba da goyan baya da kwanciyar hankali ga bishiyoyin gandun daji, waɗanda galibi suna girma zuwa manyan mahimman wurare. Wannan ƙarin kwanciyar hankali yana ba wa waɗannan bishiyoyin damar yin tsayayya da tasirin guguwa mai ƙarfi, don haka rage faruwar bishiyoyin da suka faɗi.
Halittar halittu da ƙwarewa
Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna banbanci iri -iri a cikin tsirrai da dabbobi. Tushen wannan ƙwarewar ta musamman ta kasance shekaru masu bincike da masana kimiyyar muhalli. An ƙirƙiro da ra'ayoyi da yawa don me yasa kuma yadda yanayin zafi zai iya bambanta.
Gasar Interspecific
Gasar da ba ta dace ba ta samo asali ne daga ɗimbin yawa na nau'in da ke da irin wannan wadatar a cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙarancin albarkatun da ake da su. Dabbobin da suka “rasa” gasar na iya zama ko sun lalace ko nemo wani sabon salo. Gasar kai tsaye galibi tana haifar da wani nau'in ya mamaye wani ta wata fa'ida, a ƙarshe yana fitar da shi daga lalacewa. Raba rarrabuwa shine sauran zaɓi don nau'in. Wannan shine rarrabuwa da raba albarkatun da ake buƙata ta amfani da mazauna daban -daban, tushen abinci, murfi ko bambance -bambancen ɗabi'a. Wani nau'in da ke da kayan abinci iri ɗaya amma lokutan ciyarwa daban -daban shine misalin rarrabuwar kawuna.
Tsarin Pliestocene
Jürgen Haffer ya haɓaka ka'idar Pleistocene refugia a cikin shekarar 1969 tare da labarinsa Ƙwarewar Tsuntsayen Daji na Amazon. Haffer ya ba da bayanin ƙwararre ne sakamakon rabe-raben gandun dajin da ke rarrabewa ta hanyar shimfidar ciyayi marasa gandun daji a lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe. Ya kira waɗannan facin na yankunan dazuzzukan mafaka kuma a cikin waɗannan facin ƙwararrun allopatric ya faru. Tare da ƙarshen lokacin ƙanƙara da ƙaruwa cikin ɗimbin yanayi, gandun daji ya fara faɗaɗa kuma mafaka sun sake haɗawa. Wannan ka'idar ta zama batun muhawara. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna da shakku kan ko wannan ka'ida halal ce ko a'a. Shaidar kwayoyin halitta tana nuna ƙwarewa ta faru a wasu takamaiman shekaru miliyan 1-2 da suka gabata, kafin Pleistocene.
Mazauni
Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun mamaye rayuwar ɗan Adam tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da kabilun Indiya da yawa a Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke cikin 'yan asalin Amurkawa, Kwangiyoyin Kwango a Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kabilu da yawa a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kamar Dayak mutane da mutanen Penan a Borneo. Albarkatun abinci a cikin gandun daji sun bazu sosai saboda ɗimbin ilmin halittu kuma abin da abinci ke da shi ya ta'allaka ne ga alfarwa kuma yana buƙatar kuzari mai yawa don samu. Wasu kungiyoyin na mafarauci-gayya sun maida su ba kome Rainforest a kan wani dalilai na yanayi amma suka zauna da farko a cikin m savanna da kuma bude gandun daji muhallin inda abinci ne yafi m. Sauran mutanen da aka bayyana a matsayin mazauna dazuzzukan daji masu farauta ne waɗanda ke rayuwa da yawa ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin.
Mutanen asali
Yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna rayuwa a cikin gandun dajin a matsayin masu farauta, ko kuma su cigaba da zama a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin manoma na ɗan lokaci wanda ke ba da babban rabo ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin. Jama'a sun zauna a cikin dazuzzukan dubun dubatan shekaru kuma sun kasance ba za a iya samun su ba wanda kwanan nan aka gano wasu kabilu. Waɗannan mutanen 'yan asalin suna fuskantar barazana ƙwarai daga masu aikin katako don neman katako na tsufa kamar Ipe, Cumaru da Wenge, da kuma manoma waɗanda ke neman faɗaɗa ƙasarsu, ga shanu (nama), da waken soya, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ciyar da shanu a cikin Turai da China. A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2007, FUNAI ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa ta tabbatar da kasancewar kabilu 67 da ba a tuntuɓe ba a Brazil, daga 40 a 2005. Da wannan kari, yanzu Brazil ta mamaye tsibirin New Guinea a matsayin kasar da ke da yawan kabilun da ba a tuntube su ba. Lardin Irian Jaya ko Yammacin Papua a tsibirin New Guinea yana da kimanin ƙungiyoyin kabilu 44 da ba a tuntube su ba. Mutanen ƙungiyoyin farauta ne waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gandun dajin da ke cikin gandun dajin da ke da ɗan gajeren tsayi (a ƙasa da mita ɗaya da rabi, ko 59 inci, a matsakaita). Daga cikin wannan rukunin akwai mutanen Efe, Aka, Twa, Baka, da Mbuti na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ko yaya, kalmar pygmy ana ɗaukarta mai daɗi don haka kabilu da yawa sun fi son kada a yi musu lakabi da haka.
Wasu sanannun 'yan asalin Amurkawa, ko Amerindians, sun haɗa da Huaorani, Ya̧nomamö, da Kayapo mutanen Amazon. Tsarin aikin gona na gargajiya da ƙabilu ke yi a cikin Amazon ya dogara ne akan noman guguwa (wanda kuma aka sani da kashe -kashe da ƙonawa ko canza shuki) kuma ana ɗaukarsa tashin hankali. A zahiri, idan ana duban matakin ƙulle -ƙullen mutum ɗaya ana ɗaukar ayyukan noman gargajiya da amfani. Misali, yin amfani da bishiyoyin inuwa da raguwa duk suna taimakawa adana kwayoyin halittar ƙasa, wanda shine mahimmanci wajen kula da haɓakar ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai tsananin zafi da ƙura.
Akwai bambancin gandun daji a Asiya, gami da mutanen Lumad na Philippines da mutanen Penan da Dayak na Borneo. Dayaks ƙungiya ce mai ban sha'awa musamman saboda an san su da al'adun farautar gargajiya. An buƙaci sabbin kawunan mutane don yin wasu ayyukan ibada kamar Iban "kenyalang" da Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ana kiran su " Negrito ".
Abincin da aka noma da kayan yaji
Yam, kofi, cakulan, ayaba, mangoro, gwanda, macadamia, avocado, da rake duk asalinsu sun fito ne daga gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kuma har yanzu galibi ana yin su ne a kan shuka a yankuna waɗanda a da suke dajin farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da 1990, suna cin tan miliyan 40 na ayaba a duk duniya a kowace shekara, tare da tan miliyan 13 na mangoro. Fitar da kofi na Amurka ta Tsakiya ya kai dala biliyan 3 a 1970. Yawancin bambancin kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gujewa barnar da sabbin kwari ke haifarwa har yanzu ana samun su ne daga gandun daji. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa 250 da ake nomawa, idan aka kwatanta da 20 kawai ga gandun daji. Dazuka a cikin New Guinea kadai sun ƙunshi nau'in bishiyoyi 251 tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu cin abinci, waɗanda 43 kawai aka kafa a matsayin noman da aka noma a shekarar 1985.
Sabis na yanayin ƙasa
Baya ga amfanin ɗan Adam, gandun daji kuma suna da abubuwan da ba a cirewa waɗanda galibi ana taƙaita su a zaman ayyukan muhalli. Dazuzzukan ruwan sama suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da bambancin halittu, keɓewa da adana carbon, ƙa'idojin yanayi na duniya, kula da cututtuka, da tsaba. Rabin ruwan sama da ake samu a yankin Amazon dazuzzukan ke samarwa. Danshi daga cikin gandun daji yana da muhimmanci ga ruwan sama a Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina Yanke daji a yankin gandun daji na Amazon shine ɗayan manyan dalilan da ke haifar da matsanancin fari na 2014-2015 a Brazil   Ga shekaru talatin da suka gabata, adadin iskar carbon da ke cike da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na duniya ya ragu, a cewar wani binciken da aka buga a 2020 a cikin mujallar Nature. A cikin 2019 sun ɗauki iskar carbon mai kashi uku bisa uku fiye da yadda suka samu a shekarun 1990, saboda tsananin zafi, fari da sare itatuwa. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na iya zama tushen carbon a cikin 2060s.
Yawon shakatawa
Duk da mummunan tasirin yawon shakatawa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, akwai kuma wasu muhimman sakamako masu kyau.
Juyowa zuwa ƙasar noma
Tare da kirkirar aikin gona, mutane sun sami damar share sassan gandun daji don samar da albarkatu, suna mai da shi zuwa filin noma. Irin waɗannan mutane, duk da haka, suna samun abincinsu da farko daga filayen gona da aka share daga cikin gandun daji da farauta da cin abinci a cikin gandun daji don ƙarin wannan. Batun da ke tasowa shine tsakanin manomi mai zaman kansa da ke biya wa iyalinsa bukatun da bukatun duniya baki ɗaya. Wannan batun bai ga ɗan cigaba ba saboda babu wani tsari da aka kafa don duk ɓangarorin da za'a taimaka.
Aikin gona a kan ƙasar dazuzzuka ba tare da wahala ba. Ƙasa dazuzzukan ƙanƙara sau da yawa kuma suna lalacewa da ma'adanai da yawa, kuma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi zai iya hanzarta fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga yankin da aka share don noman. Mutane irin su Yanomamo na Amazon, suna amfani da aikin kashe-kashe da ƙonawa don shawo kan waɗannan ƙuntatawa da ba su damar shiga cikin zurfin cikin yanayin dazuzzukan daji. Ko yaya, waɗannan ba mazaunan gandun daji ba ne, a maimakon haka suna zaune ne a cikin gonakin da aka share waɗanda ke yin ƙaura zuwa cikin gandun daji. Har zuwa 90% na abincin Yanamomo na yau da kullun ya fito ne daga tsirrai masu noma.
Ben Affleck
Sauran dangantaka
Affleck ya fara haduwa da 'yar fim Gwyneth Paltrow a watan Oktoba 1997 bayan haduwa da su a wani abincin dare na Miramax, kuma daga baya sun yi aiki tare a kan Shakespeare a cikin Love (1998). Kodayake sun fara watsewa ne a watan Janairun 1999, watanni bayan haka, Paltrow ya shawo kan Affleck ya hada gwiwa da ita a Bounce (2000) kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ci gaba da dangantaka. Sun sake rabuwa a cikin Oktoba 2000. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, Paltrow ta ce ita da Affleck sun kasance abokai.
Lafiya
Akwai tarihin jaraba da tabin hankali a cikin dangin Affleck. Kakanninsa biyu ‘yan giya ne. Kakarsa ta wajen uba, wacce ke yawan shaye-shaye da mashaya, ta kashe kanta tana da shekara 46. Kawun mahaifinsa ya kasance mashayi ne wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin harbin kansa. Goggonsa ta kasance mashawariyar jarumar mata. Affleck ya halarci tarurrukan tallafawa Al-Anon tun yana yaro saboda lamuran jarabawar mahaifinsa. Hisan uwansa mai maye ne.
Abin shan kansa na Affleck ya zama damuwa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar. Mahaifiyarsa ta tura shi zuwa wani sansanin jeji na waje don matasa masu hatsarin gaske, tun da farko sun yi la’akari da shirin dawo da zama. Affleck ya zama mai hankali a cikin shekarunsa na ashirin, yana bayyana a cikin hira ta 1998 cewa giya ta kasance "mai hadari" a gare shi. Ya karɓi maganin zama don jaraba a 2001 kuma ya kula da laulayin sa na  shekaru  daga baya. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya ƙi tattauna giyar sa dalla-dalla [7] sannan daga baya ya bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin da yake "shan giya daidai gwargwado". "Na yi tunani, 'Ina so ne kawai in sha kamar mutum na al'ada. Ina so in sha giya a abincin dare.' Kuma na sami damar yin kusan shekara takwas. ”Affleck a hankali ya fara shan“ ƙari kuma mafi yawa ”kuma, a ƙarshe, yana shan har sai da ya“ mutu ”a kan dare. Garner ya goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Affleck game da shaye-shaye a lokacin da bayan aurensu sannan ya ce a shekarar 2020 cewa halartar tarurrukan Al-Anon ya ba ta ikon canza "rawa" na dangantakar su. Affleck ya dawo cikin jinyar zama a shekarar 2017 and, following a public document relaback and intervention, again in 2018. A ƙarshen 2019, TMZ ta yi fim da shi yana tuntube kan titin Los Angeles; ya yarda washegari cewa yana da "taqaitaccen bayani" bayan sama da shekara daya da nutsuwa. Daga baya ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin abin kunya: "Ina ma dai hakan ba ta faru ba. Ina matukar fatan da ba a yanar gizo ba ne yarana za su gani."
Affleck yana fama da damuwa da kunchin rayuwa, kuma ya sha magungunan rage damuwa tun yana shekara 26. Ya ce ya yi amfani da barasa don sauƙaƙa jin daɗin "rashin jin daɗi" a koyaushe kuma ya faɗi cewa "ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don asali, ba tare da wata alamar shakka ba, na yarda da kaina cewa ni mashayi ne." Ya bi shiri mai matakai goma sha biyu. A lokacin da ake buga jaridu don Hanyar Baya a 2020, Affleck ya bude baki game da jarabar sa amma ya ci gaba da cewa yana jin "mai rauni ne" kuma ba ya nufin "ci gaba da magana game da wannan batun har abada", yana cewa, "Ina ganin darajar, idan akwai daraja a wurina magana game da kasancewa mai shan giya, shine wannan bai kamata ya zama kai waye ba. Wannan ba lallai ne ya zama tambarin a kanka ba.
Gwarewan Caca
Affleck ya lashe Gasar Poker ta Jihar California ta 2004, inda ya dauki kyautar farko ta $ 356,400 kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar karshe ta World Poker Tour 2004. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun mutane, tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Tobey Maguire, wadanda suka halarci wasannin caca na Molly Bloom a tsakiyar shekarun 2000. A shekara ta 2014, an nemi Affleck da ya guji yin blackjack a Hard Rock Hotel a Las Vegas, bayan jerin nasarori da aka samu ya haifar da shakku kan cewa yana kirga katuna, wanda wannan wata doka ce ta caca da cacar baki ta cinye. Affleck ya sha musanta rahotannin tabloid na jarabar caca.
Addini
Affleck ya fito ne daga mabiyan Furotesta, amma dangin sa ba su da addini. Yayinda yake jarirai, kowanne daga cikin 'ya'yansa uku sunyi baftisma a matsayin membobin Cocin Hadaddiyar Methodist. A shekara ta 2008, ya lissafa Linjilar Matta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kawo sauyi a rayuwarsa kuma, a shekarar 2012, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda ba shi da imani. A shekarar 2015, Affleck ya fara halartar hidiman cocin Methodist mako-mako a Los Angeles tare da danginsa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da imaninsa a cikin 2020, Affleck ya ce "ya kasance mini gwagwarmaya": "Ba ni da wata ma'anar wani mutum mai hazo daga can yana tura maballin, wannan yana da wuya a gare ni, amma shirin mai matakai goma sha biyu shine tushen bangaskiya ... Bangaskiya tayi min kyakkyawan aiki a murmurewa
Tarihin Magabata
Yawancin kakannin Affleck Ingilishi ne, Irish, Scottish da Jamusanci. Babban kakan mahaifin Affleck, Heinrich Boldt, wanda, yana da shekaru 12, ba da gangan ya gano Curmsun Disc ba, wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Prussia a ƙarshen 1840s. Affleck ya fito ne a cikin jerin tarihin asalin PBS na Neman Tushen ku a shekarar 2014. Lokacin da aka gaya ma sa cewa wani magabaci ya kasance mai mallakar bayi a Georgia, Affleck ya amsa: "Allah. Yana ba ni wani irin yanayi mai ban tsoro don ganin alaƙar halittu da hakan. Amma, ka sani, akwai shi, wani bangare ne na tarihinmu ... Mun fi son ware kanmu daga wadannan abubuwan ta hanyar tafiya kamar, 'Tarihin bushewa ne kawai, kuma yanzu an gama shi'. ”Wasikun imel da aka bankado daga imel din Sony na 2015 badakalar satar bayanai ta nuna cewa, bayan daukar fim din, wakilin kamfanin na Affleck ya yi wa imel wasika a fim din inda ya ce jarumin ya ji "ba shi da dadi" game da bangaren, wanda ba a saka shi cikin watsa labarai na karshe ba. PBS ta ƙaryata game da ƙididdigar wasan kwaikwayon da umarnin Affleck, kuma mai gabatar da shirin, farfesa Henry Louis Gates Jr., ya ce: "Mun mai da hankali kan abin da muke jin cewa su ne abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa a cikin kakanninsa".
Zargin Nima Haka
Yayin motsin Me Too a cikin 2017, mata biyu sun zargi Affleck da halayen da bai dace ba. Jaruma Hilarie Burton ta bayyana cewa, a lokacin da aka nuna a iska a TRL Uncensored a 2003, Affleck "ya nade hannunsa a kusa da ni, kuma ya zo ya gyara tsalle na hagu". Affleck ya ba da amsa a kan Twitter: "Na yi wa Ms. Burton rashin dacewa kuma ina neman afuwa da gaske." kamar dai cikin ladabi ne yake kore ni daga hanya. "
Filmography da kyaututtuka
Affleck ya fito a fina-finai sama da 50, kuma ya sami yabo da yawa a duk tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma darakta. Ya fara samun yabo ne a matsayin marubuci a lokacin da ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kwalejin da aka fi sani da fim mai kyau don farauta mai kyau (1997), wanda ya rubuta tare da Matt Damon. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, ya sami kyautar zinare ta duniya don wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a Hollywoodland (2006). Fim din Argo (2012), wanda ya shirya, ya shirya tare, ya kuma haska shi, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Directors Guild Award don Gwarzon Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Masu Shirya Kungiyoyi. , da kuma Kyautar Karatu domin Kyakkyawan Hoto.
Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi
Canjin yanayi
Yankuna na wurare masu zafi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon dioxide. Ƙasashe masu zafi (galibi gandun daji na Amazon ) ana kiransu da nutsewar carbon. A matsayin manyan masu rage carbon da iskar gas da na ƙasa da methane, lalata su yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka tarkon makamashin duniya, iskar gas. Canjin yanayi ya ba da gudummawa sosai ta hanyar lalata gandun daji. An yi wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka cire duk gandun daji a Afirka. Yin kwaikwaiyo ya nuna karuwar yanayin zafin yanayi ta 2.5 zuwa 5 digiri Celsius.
Kariya
Ƙoƙarin karewa da adana wuraren dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi iri -iri ne kuma sun bazu. Tsarin kula da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya fito ne daga tsananin kiyaye mazaunin zuwa gano dabarun gudanarwa mai dorewa ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Manufofin kasa da kasa sun kuma bullo da wani shirin karfafawa kasuwa da ake kira Rage Rage fitar da hayaki daga gandun dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji (REDD) don kamfanoni da gwamnatoci su fara fitar da iskar carbon dinsu ta hanyar saka hannun jari na kudi cikin kiyaye gandun dajin.
Yaƙe-yaƙen Adamawa
Yaƙe-yaƙen na Adamawa a alif dari takwas da casa'in da tara (1899-zuwa alif dari tara da bakwai 1907) da farko jerin balaguro ne na soja da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Schutztruppe na Jamusawa a Kamerun da jihohin Fula Sunni Musulmai da kabilun da ke wani yanki na Daular Sakkwato (Kalifancin da aka kafa a lokacin Jihadin Fulani). musamman Masarautar Adamawa da ke arewacin rabin yankin. Bayan waɗannan yankuna an haɗasu babban juriya ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru kuma tarzoma da yawa sun faru.
Yaƙi
Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da siyasa Jamusawa sun himmatu don fadada mulkin mallaka zuwa Adamawa, don haka aka fara balaguron binciken yankin don fara binciken, da niyyar ƙarshe kwace shi da ƙarfi. Koyaya har zuwa shekarar 1898 har ilayau Jamusawa sun fi mai da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe na Bafut, suna ƙoƙarin cinyewa da sasanta sarakunan masarauta na tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin Kamerun, maimakon yaɗuwa arewa maso gabas.
Balaguron Tibati
Balaguron soja na fadada Kamerun na Jamus zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sahel, a karkashin hujjar kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Musulunci a yankin, ya fara ne cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1899, tare da Schutztruppe karkashin umarnin Kyaftin Oltwig von Kamptz ya bar Douala don arewa don subutar da masarautar Tibati a kudancin Adamawa. Tibati ya yi tsayin daka sosai, kuma ƙabilar Bulu da ke tsohuwar iyakar kudancin Adamawa ta tashi cikin tawaye, mayaƙan Bulu suka yi tattaki zuwa Kribi da ke bakin teku suka rusa aikin Katolika a can. Sai bayan da aka kara yawan sojoji a cikin yankin da kuma kamfe mai tsanani wanda ya kai har zuwa shekarar 1901 sannan aka sami kwanciyar hankali a yankin kuma aka kame Tibati Sultan, fada ta kama fadarsa.
Nasara da Filato na Adamawa
A lokacin rani na shekarar 1901 duk da rikice-rikicen da suka gabata tare da Masarautar, Laftanar Hans Dominik an umurce shi da ya sadu da Sarki don cimma yarjejeniya kan yankunan da ake fafatawa da su da kuma tunanin mayar da Adamawa ta zama kariyar mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa, kamar yadda Jamus ta yi ikirarin duk yankin tsakanin Kogin Sanaga da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma yin balaguro zuwa arewa mai nisa. Koyaya, yin watsi da umarni daga gwamna, Kanar kawo Schutztruppe nasa daga yamma ya mamaye Adamawa, ya mamaye garin Ngaoundéré a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta  Ganin damar da suka samu na neman kasonsu na Masarautar, sai Turawan Ingila suka tura runduna karkashin Kanar Thomas Morland daga Najeriya don kai hari da mamaye Yola a watan Satumba, wanda ya sa Sarki Zubairu ya gudu daga babban birninta. Dominik tare da rundunarsa sun yi yaƙi a can hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa Ngaoundéré inda suka haɗa kai da sojojin Clausbruch kafin su kai hari a ƙetaren Kogin Benuwe suka kame garin Garoua. Daya daga cikin masu mulkin Fula da ke adawa da ci gaban Jamusawa (kamar galibin sahabbansa) shi ne Mal Hammadou, wanda Jamusawan suka lalata sojojinsa. Laftanar Radke, wanda ke jagorantar runduna ta mutane 47, ya yi tattaki zuwa babban birnin Hammadou na Rei Buba a watan Nuwamba, kuma ya auka wa wata runduna mai ƙarfi ta Fulani a wani wuri da ke bayan garin, kusan rasa yaƙin, amma yana iya yin nasara da hanyar abokan gaba zuwa cajin bayoneti na ƙarshe kafin tafiya akan Rei Buba kanta. Harbe-harbe sun mamaye babban birnin Hammadou kafin a kamo shi, lamarin da ya sa ya gudu. Jamusawa sun maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban gida (mai riƙe da taken Ardo) da Bouba Djama.
Agaji
Zubairu ya je neman tallafi a Sakkwato kuma ya dawo da dakaru masu yawa na Fulanin doki da na dakaru, sannan kuma ya nemi tallafi daga kungiyar Mahadist a Adamawa, ba abokin gaba ga Sarki ba tun bayan rasuwar Hayutu bn Said a shekarar 1892, kuma wanene tausayawa da kiran da Sarkin ya yi na jihadi a kan maharan na Jamus. Koyaya, masu ba da labari sun gaya wa Jamusawan shirin na Zubairu, duk da wannan, Jamusawan sun so yin tattaunawar sulhu a Garoua da amfani da Zubairu a matsayin yar tsana, suna ba shi damar ci gaba da mulki saboda taimakon da ya samu a kan sauran masarautu da masarautu a Sokoto. Maimakon haka sai Sarkin ya kaiwa Garoua hari da karfi sosai a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1901. Duk da haka an ci Zubairu da fatattaka, rundunarsa ta yi hasarar kusan mutum 300. Gudu ya yi zuwa Maroua, Zubairu ya yi ƙoƙarin tayar da wata runduna, amma Laftana Dominik ya jagoranci wasu ƙananan rundunonin Schutztruppe suna bi. A yanke hukunci wata rundunar fulanin dawakai ta Fulani karkashin jagorancin Zubairu da Ahmadou Rufai, tare da goyon bayan masu goyon bayan Mahadist, Schutztruppe ya sake kayar da su, duk da cewa Zubairu da Rufai sun sake tserewa.
Tsagaitawa
Tsakanin shekarar 1903 da shekarar 1907 al'amura sun lafa a sassan tsohuwar Kalifancin Sokoto da Schutztruppe ya mamaye. Koyaya a karkashin mulkin Jamusawa Musulmai sun ga ta kansu a kan kare addininsu, kuma an sami gagarumar tawaye a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1907.
Bayan aikin hajji a Makka, Mal Alhadji ya dawo zuwa arewacin Kamerun, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Malam (masanin ilimin addinin Kur'ani) Liman Arabu, ya fara wa'azin Mahadiyya a ko'ina cikin Adamawa. A watan Yuni ya fara tawayen Mahdist da ke adawa da mulkin Jamusa a kusa da Maroua, yana mai cewa an nada shi ne don ya isar da su ga Mahadi daga mulkin mallaka da kuma daga sarakunan Musulmai masu biyayya ga daular Jamus, girka kansa a Goudoum- Goudoum, ƙungiya daga Fulani da Larabawa shuwa a cikin arewa mai nisa. A lokaci guda, Goni Waday, wani Mahdist wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya tafi Makka, ya ƙaddamar da tawaye a Ngaoundéré bayan ya tattara goyon baya tare da huɗubarsa masu daɗin jihadi daga Masallatan garin don korar Kiristocin Jamusawa da maido da tsohuwar halifanci.