cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Harsunan Najeriya
Harsunan Nijar-Congo
Har ma da bambancin harshe da aka ambata a cikin Nijar-Congo a cikin Najeriya yana da iyakancewa, saboda waɗannan harsuna na iya ƙara ƙunshi harsunan yanki wanda bazai zama daidai da juna ba. Kamar yadda irin wa] annan harsuna, musamman wa] anda ke da yawancin masu magana, an daidaita su kuma sun karbi rubutun asalin. Kusan dukkanin harsuna suna bayyana a cikin haɗin Latin lokacin da aka rubuta.
Rassa da Wurarensu
A kasa akwai jerin harsunan Niger–Congo dangane da ainihin wurarensu kamar yadda Blench a shekara ta (2019) ya zayyano.
Harshen Nilo-Saharan
A Najeriya harsunan dangin Nilo Saharan na wakilai kamar haka:
Sunayen harsuna
Sunayen harsunan Nijeriya (Blench 2019; Ethnologue 22):
BIU
Duba kuma
Hey
Lagos (birni)
Birnin Legas, ko kuma Birnin Ikko, shi ne babban birnin Jihar Legas da ke Najeriya. Legas yana daya daga cikin birane mafi girma da yawan jama'a a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya. Legas ne birni na biyu mafi girma a Afirka, kuma na bakwai a duniya. Kimanin mutum miliyan 15.3 (a shekara ta 2022) ke rayuwa a Legas. Garin Legas na da mutane kimanin 23.5 million a shekara ta 2018, wanda ya maida shi babban birni mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Legas ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci a jihar Legas da Najeriya gaba daya. Legas tana daya daga cikin birane goma masu habbaka da sauri a duniya Babban birnin yana matsayin na hudu a kawo kudin shiga (GDP) a Africa kuma akwai daya daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi hada-hada Afirka. Birnin Legas cibiya ne na ilimi, gargajiya a sassan Afirka da ke kudancin sahara.
Legas a da gida ne ga mutanen Awori, wani reshe ne na Yarbanci na yammacin Afirka. Amma yanzu ta zama birnin tashoshin jiragen ruwa wanda ya samo asali daga tsibirai dabam-dabam.
Gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanar da harkokin wannan babban birni har izuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba birnin zuwa kananan hukumomi 7 da muke da su a yau. da kuma karin birane 3 wanda ya sa kananan hukumomin suka koma 13 wanda suka samar da jihar Legas na yau.
Har wa yau, an mai da Ikeja ta zamo babban birnin jihar a shekara ta 1976, sannan Abuja ta koma babban birnin tarayya a shekara ta 1991. Wuraren da ake kira birnin Legas watau "Lagos Metroplitan Area"  sun hada da manyan biranen jihar guda 16 har da Ikeja. Wannan manyan birane sun mamaye kashi 37% na fadin kasar Legas, sannan tana dauke da fiye da kaso 86% na mutanen jihar Legas.
Akwai rudani game da ainihin yawan mutane birnin Legas. A kidaya da akayi na shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa akwai adadin mutane miliyan 8 a birnin. Sai dai gwamnatin jihar ta nuna rashin amincewarta ga adadin kidayan inda ta daki nata adadin da kimanin mutane miliyan 16. A shekara ta 2015 wani kundi wanda gwamnati bata tantance shi ya sanya mutanen Legas har zuwa kusa da jihar Ogun kimanin mutum miliyan 21.
Tarihi
Mutanen Awori (reshen yaren yarbanci) ne suka fara zama a ainihin garin a karni na 15. Daga baya mutanen Awori sun koma wani tsiburi da ake kira Iddo sannan sai kuma babban tsiburin Lagos. A karni na 16, Daular Benin ta ci nasarar mutanen mamaye mutane Awori sannan tsibirin ya zama tushen yaki wanda ake kira Eko a karkashin Oba (sarki) na lokacin. Har yanzu ana kiran garin Lagos Eko a gargajiyance.v
Lagos wanda ke nufin "tafki" (lakes) a You Portugal suna ne wanda mutanen Portugal suka baiwa wajen. A tarihance, garin ya kasance na yaruka daba daban wanda suke rayuwa a wajen. Bayan mutanen Awori da kuma mamaye ta daga jaruman mayakan Bini, jihar ta jawo ra'ayin turawan Portugal a karni na 15.
Mai binciken kasashe dan Portugal ya ziyarci wajen a shekara ta 1472, inda ya sanya wa wajen suna Lago de Curamo watau Tafkin Curamo.
A farkon karni na 19, Turawa sunyi kokarin kawo karshen cinikayyar bayi na "Transatlantic Slave Trade" ta hanyar kafa kungiyoyin "West Africa Squadron" ko kuma "Preventative Squadron" wanda sukayi ta bibiyar jiragen ruwa da ke daukan bayi daga yankunan da ke kusa da ruwa kama daga Sierra Leone har zuwa Kogin Niger Delta (watau Najeriya a yau) da kuma can nesa da kudancin yankin Congo don kafa dokaki da manyan mutane dake yankin Afurka ta yamma. A shekara ta 1849 Turawa sun nada John Beecroft a matsayin karamin jakadan Benin da Biafra matsayin da ya rike (a karkashin gwamna Fernando Po) har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1854. An nada John Duncan a matsayin maitamakin karamin jakada kuma an maida shi Wydah. A lokacin da aka nada Beecroft, masarautar Lagos (a karkashin mulkin Oba Kosoko) tana yammacin yakin Benin da Biafra wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan tashoshin fataucin bayi a yankin. A cikin shekara ta 1851 tare da matsi don tsaida cinikayyar bayi, turawa sun karbe Lagos wanda ake kiran lokacin da 'yantar da Lagos (Bombardment of Lagos ko Capture of Lagos), inda aka sauke Kosoko kuma aka daura Oba Akitoye. Oba Akitoye ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Turawa da Lagos don haramta kasuwanci bayi a yankin. Sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar a shekara ta 1952 ya kawo natsuwa a Lagos inda turawa suka bada kariya ga mutanen Lagos. Turawa sun fara mulkan Lagos a ran 5 March shekara ta 1962. An amso ragowar sashen Najeriya a shekara ta 1887, sannan kuma a lokacin da aka kaddamar yankin mulkin mallakan turawa na Najeriya a shekara ta 1914, Lagos ta zamo babban birnin kasan, har zuwa farkon samun 'yancin kasar a shekara ta 1960. Tun a karni na 19 ga wata Lagos ta zamo cibiyar hada-hada tsakaninta da turawa. An samar da hanyoyin titunan jirgin kasa da wayoyin tarho da suke hada sadarwa tsakanin Najeriya da London 1886. An kawo wutan lantarki a cikin gari a shekara ta 1898. A cikin lokaci kankani, Lagos ta samu cigaba da bunkasa a dalilin ribar man-fetur a Njeriya.
Labarin Kasa
An kasa Lagos zuwa kashi biyu, kasa (mainland) da kuma tsiburi (Island)
Sashin Birnin
Gini mafi tsawo a Najeriya yana Lagos. A iya samun tsarin gine-gine na zamani na turawa iri-iri a birnin Lagos. Ana iya samun tsarin gine-ginen Brazil kamansu Water House da Shitta Bey Mosque. Benaye na skyscrappers na nan a tsakiyar tsibirin sannan akwai gine-gine masu tsawo a sashen cikin gari (mainland). A kwanan nan ne gwamnati ta tada tsofaffin wuraren shakatawa da kuma dazuka da nufin fadada filayen zaman al'umma. Akwai gine-gine na ado na ban sha'awa da kece raini da yawa a cikin birnin.
Tsibiri (Island)
Island shine kalmar geography wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kiran wuraren da ke kan hanyoyin ruwan da suka hadu da tekun Atlantic Ocean wanda ya samar da bakin tekun Lagos, da waje mai turbaya a Lagos (mainland). Tsibirin din ya hada da tsibirai daban-daban wanda koramu ke tsakaninsu wanda aka hade su da gadoji. Wannan sashin na Lagos shine ainihin wurin kasuwanci da bushasha. Kuma a wannan yankin ne benaye na zamani suke. Kananan hukumomi dake cikin tsibirin sun hada da Lagos Island da Eti-Osa. Sannan kuma ainihin wuraren dake da manyan gidaje sun hada da Ikoyi da kuma Victoria Island.
Wani sashi mai mahimmanci na tsibirin Lagos shine Marina. yana nan dab da kasuwannin idumota da Balogun kuma a nan ne mafi akasarin bankuna da wuraren cinikayya suke. Gadoji guda uku suka hade tsibirin da kuma sashin doron kasa na Lagos. Sune gadar Carter Bridge wacce ta fara daga Iddo, gadar Eko Bridge wacce akafi sani da a da da gadar mainland ta biyu, sai kuma gada ta uku watau Third Mainland Bridge wacce ta taho daga sashin mai tarin jama'a zuwa koramar Lagos (Lagos lagoon). Akwai kuma gadar Ikoyi wanda ke cikin tsibirn, wacce ta hada Ikoyi da Lekki Phase 1. Za'a fara ginin gada na hudu a shekara ta 2022 a cewar gwmanan Lagos, Babajide Sanwo-Olu.
Lagos Island
Lagos Island shi ke dauke da cibiyar kasuwancin garin (central business district). Gundumar na dauke da manyan benaye. Wurin har wayau na dauke da manyan wararen kasuwanci kamar Idumota da kuma kasuwar Balogun.
Ikoyi
Ikoyi wani yanki ne dake gabacin tsibirin Lagos. Har wayau, Ikoyi ta hade da Victoria Island ta gadar Falomo Brigde. Hedikwatocin gwamnatin tarayya da sauran wuraren gwamnatin kamar Federal secretariat Complex duk suna cikin Ikoyi. A cikin Ikoyi akwai barikin sojojin da na 'yan sanda da gidajen yari masu tsaro sosai.
Victoria Island
Tsibirin Victoria Island na yankin kudancin Lagos Island. Tana da wuraren haya masu tsadan gaske da kuma wuraren holewa da shakatawa duk auna can. Wannan tsibiri tare da Ikoyi na da wuraren kasuwanci sannan kuma akwai gabar teku na shakatawa da aka tsara.
Ajah/Lekki
Itama Lekki tana da wurare masu alfarma kaman makwabtan ta Ikoyi da Victoria Island. Girman yankin ya fara daga Lekki toll gate, (inda nan ne aka gudanar da zanzangar #EndSars a watan October shekara ta 2019) har zuwa Ibeju-Lekki da sauran kananan yankuna da ke gefen ta. Akwai wurare na gani na fada acikin Lekki, kamar su Lekki Conservation Centre da Novare Mall daLekki Free Trade Zone – Dangote, Lagos Business School, Eleko Beach, Elegushi Beach, La Campaigne Tropicana – beach/tourist getaway, jami'ar Pan-Atlantic University. Har wayau wurin na takama da babban mutuware na Catholica dake Lekki.
MainLand
Akwai tarin mutanen Lagos a Lagos Mainland sannan mafi akasarin ma'aikatu suna can. An san yankin da mawaka da kuma wuraren rawa na dare kamar Yaba da Surulere.
Yanayi
Lagos na da yanayi na tropical savanna climate (Aw) a tsarin rabon yanayi na "Köppen climate classification". Wato akwai ruwan sama na tsawon watanni hudu na ruwa mai karfi 60mm (2.4in). Damuna na farawa ne daga watan Aprelu zuwa October, a yayin da rani kan fara daga watan Nuwamba zuwa March. Watan da yafi kowanne ruwan sama mai karfi shine June akalla 315.5 mm ko kuma 12.42in a watan. Sannan kuma wata mafi karancin ruwan sama shine January wanda ke da kasa da 13.2 mm (0.52in).
Lagos na da yanayi na zafi/sanyi da ke tsakanin 28.3 zuwa 32.9°C (82.9 zuwa 91.2 °F). Lagos na da irin yanayi na Southern Hemisphere, da lokaci mafi zafi acikin watan March da kimanin 32.9 zuwa 24.1 °C (91.2 zuwa 75.4 °F). Sannan wata mafi karancin zafi shine August 28.3 to 21.8 °C (82.9 to 71.2 °F).
Yaye a ƙasar Hausa
Yaye yana nufin wani mataki ne da idan yaro ya kai shi za'a hanashi shan nono. Wasu suna yaye yaran su daga shekara biyu Abinda yayi ƙasa da haka, amma dai a Musulunci kamar yadda yazo acikin Alqur'ani mai girma yaye shekara biyu ne cikakku, sai dai idan mace mai saurin haihuwa ce to takan yaye ɗanta daga zaran ta sake samun wani cikin. Akan fara koyawa yara cin abinci kafin a janye su daga shan nono, saboda koda babu nonon abinci zasu ci don su rayu.
A al'adance idan aka yaye yaro a ƙasar Hausa akan rabashi da mahaifiyar sa na ɗan wani lokaci kamar sati ɗaya daga nan har wata wani ma shikenan chan za'a barshi gurin ƙanwar mamar sa ko kakarsa ta mace riƙo har girma.
Akan kaiwa ɗan yaye kaji da gara ta abinci da dai sauransu wani lokacin ma kajin da ake tara masa sune za'a tattala masa har su zama dukiya mai yawa, sai dai yanzu zamani ya chanja musamman a birane ba'a kallan wannan al'adar, amma a ƙauye har yanzu sunayi.
Kagoro
Gworok, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Gworog ( Hausa: Kagoro ) babban gari ne a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Middle Belt Nigeria. Tana cikin karamar hukumar Kaura. Gworok gari ne da kiristoci suka mamaye. Gida ce ga masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da yawa, da sanyin yanayi da kuma tsayin daka. Gworog yana da gidan waya. Sauran wurare a kagoro sun hada da Malagum da Tum.
Tsarin ƙasa
Tsawon Gworog ko Kagoro yana da tsayin mita 1152 kuma tsayin daka ya kai mita 120.
Yanayi
Gworog yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara kusan 24.8 C, matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayi na shekara kusan 28.6 C da ƙananan 18.8 C. Garin ba shi da ruwan sama a ƙarshen shekara da farkon shekara tare da matsakaicin hazo kusan 28.1 mm na kowace shekara., da matsakaicin zafi na 53.7%, kwatankwacin na Zangon Kataf, Zonkwa da Kafanchan.
Yawon shakatawa
Gworog na da sha'awa ga masu yawon bude ido saboda yanayin tsaunuka da al'adu irin su bikin Afan, bikin kasa wanda ake yi duk shekara a ranar 1 ga Janairu.
Bukukuwan al'adu
Gworog ta yi fice a bikin ta na Afan, wanda ake yi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu na kowace shekara, inda jama'a ke fitowa daga sassa daban-daban na kasar domin halartar bikin.
Tafarnuwa na gargajiya
Masarautar Gworog (Kagoro) an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1905 a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a matsayin daya daga cikin gundumomi uku masu cin gashin kansu a Kudancin Zariya (a yanzu Kudancin Kaduna ). Tun daga shekarar 2020, Sarautar Daraja ce ta Farko mai babban birninta a Ucyo (H. Fadan Kagoro). Sarakunanta, kamar yadda aka sani da sunan, "Əgwam."
A tsawon mulkin marigayi Cif Dr. Gwamna Awan (MBE, OON), Gworog ya kasance yana da dabara a lokacin yakin neman zabe, domin ’yan siyasa kan ziyarce shi don samun albarka da goyon bayansa. A halin yanzu kamar farkon 2021 shine Əgwam Əgworog (Chief of Gworog (Kagoro)) Əgwam Ufuwai Bonet (CON).
Ahmed Fahti Mohamed Hashad
Ahmed Fahti Mohamed Hashad (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin 1927) tsohon ɗan ƙasar Masar ne. Ya yi takara a gasar Olympics ta bazarar 1952.
Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
Hamid Dawud Mohamed Khalil al-Zawi ( حَمِيدُ دَاوُدَ مُحَمَّدُ خَلِيلِ ٱلزَّاوِيِّ    ; 1959 - 18 Afrilun shekarar 2010), wanda aka sani da Abu Hamza al-Baghdadi da Abu Omar al-Qurashi al-Baghdadi  ( /ˈɑː b uː ) ˈ oʊ mɑːr _ ku l bɑːɡˈdɑːd i / _ _ _ _ ( / ) AH -boo OH -mar ahl bahg- DAHD -ee ), shi ne shugaban kungiyar gwagwarmayar Mujahideen Shura Council   da magajinsa, Islamic State of Iraq, wadda ta yaki sojojin Amurka da kuma abokansu na Iraqi a yakin Iraqi.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki a shekara ta 2003 ya kafa wata karamar kungiyarsa ta masu tayar da kayar baya tare da shiga cikin rikicin Iraki.
A wani lokaci, an kama shi bayan da sojojin Amurka suka bincike gidansa bisa zarginsa da garkuwa da mayakan Larabawa na kasashen waje. An dauke shi zuwa tashar jirgin saman Al Asad kuma an bincika kwamfutarsa.
Ya yi mubaya'a ga Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad bayan ganawa da Abu Muhammad al-Lubnani da Abu Anas al-Shami. Ana nan Abu Omar ya tafi ta hanyar kunya 'Abu Mahmud'.
Wani sanannen abin da ya faru dangane da Abu Umar shi ne lokacin da yake tafiya daga Hadiza zuwa Bagadaza a mota tare da iyalansa. A gabansa akwai wata motar rakiyar ‘yan bindiga da ke binciken hanyar don duba ko akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa na Amurka. Bayan motar rakiyar ta tashi, akwai shingen binciken da ya tsaya a kan titin ya tilasta masa shiga cikin birnin Hit domin dubawa. Daya daga cikin masu gadin ne ya bukaci ya nuna masa katin shaida, sannan ya gabatar da katin shaida na Al-Arajiah. Sai sojan ya yi mamaki ya zaci Abu Umar dan shi'a ne. Sai ya ce masa, Sayyid ta yaya za ka zo wurin nan, kasancewar wadannan wuraren cike suke da ’yan ta’adda, kuma idan sun san kai sai su kashe ka. Ya ce masa akwai labari daga Hadiza cewa akwai wani babban dan ta’adda da ya bar Hadiza tare da rakiyar iyalansa, kuma ya nufi gabas, kuma dole ne a binciki duk motocin. Bai binciki motar Abu Omar ba, ya shaidawa Amurkawa cewa babu bukatar a bincike shi. Abu Omar aka barshi ya bar shingen binciken.
Bayan aikin da ya yi a Anbar, an mayar da shi Bagadaza inda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Shura da Majalisar Shari'ah ta kungiyar. kunyarsa a lokacin shi ne Abu-Marwah. Ya kuma kasance mai kula da harkokin tsaro a lardin Bagadaza na wani dan lokaci. Bayan haka, ya zama gwamnan Diyala na kungiyar.
Rikici kan ainihi
A cikin watan Yuli na shekarar 2007, kakakin sojojin Amurka Birgediya Janar Kevin Bergner, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Abu Omar al-Baghdadi ba ya wanzu, kuma a zahiri wani tsoho ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Iraqi ne ya karanta duk bayanan nasa na sauti.
Wanda ake tsare da shi mai suna Khaled al-Mashhadani, wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ga Osama bin Laden, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al-Baghdadi wani hali ne na almara da aka kirkira don ba da fuskar Iraqi ga wata ƙungiyar da ke karkashin ikon kasashen waje. A cikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, mai magana da yawun wata kungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya, Hamas-Iraq, shi ma ya yi ikirarin cewa al-Baghdadi kage ne da kungiyar Al-Qaeda ta yi don dora fuskar Iraki a kan kungiyarsu. Sai dai daga baya jami'an sojin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa wani kwamanda na gaske ne ya mayar da matsayin al-Baghdadi.
Rahoton kama ko mutuwa
Ma'aikatar cikin gidan Iraki ta yi ikirarin cewa an kama al-Baghdadi a Bagadaza a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2007, amma daga baya aka ce wanda ake magana ba shi ba ne. A ranar 3 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2007, ma'aikatar cikin gidan Iraki ta ce sojojin Amurka da na Iraki sun kashe al-Baghdadi a arewacin Bagadaza. A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2009, AFP ta ruwaito cewa sojojin Iraki sun kama shi, kuma a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu gwamnatin Iraki ta fitar da hotuna don tabbatar da hakan ga masu shakka. Kungiyar Islamic State in Iraq ta musanta wannan da'awar wanda a cewar Cibiyar SITE ta fitar da faifan al-Baghdadi yana musanta ikirarin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Iraqi ta ci gaba da dagewa cewa mutumin da aka kama shi ne Baghdadi, amma an fitar da kaset da sakonni daga Baghdadi a cikin shekarar  2009 da 2010.
Mutuwa
A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an kashe al-Baghdadi lokacin da wani harin hadin gwiwa na sojojin Amurka da na Iraki suka kai hari a wani gida 10 km kudu maso yammacin Tikrit. An kuma kashe ministan yakin ISI Abu Ayyub al-Masri da dan al-Baghdadi a harin tare da kama wasu 16.
Firayim Ministan Iraki Nouri al-Maliki ya sanar da kashe al-Baghdadi da al-Masri a wani taron manema labarai a Bagadaza tare da nuna wa manema labarai hotunan gawarwakinsu. "Dakarun kasa ne suka kai harin, wadanda suka kewaye gidan, da kuma ta hanyar amfani da makamai masu linzami", in ji al-Maliki. Al-Maliki ya kara da cewa, "A yayin aikin, an kama kwamfutoci dauke da sakwannin imel da sakonni zuwa ga manyan 'yan ta'adda biyu, Osama bin Laden da [mataimakinsa] Ayman al-Zawahiri ". Kwamandan sojojin Amurka Gen. Raymond Odierno ya yaba da aikin. "Mutuwar wadannan 'yan ta'adda na iya zama mafi muni ga al-Qaida a Iraki tun farkon tashin hankalin", in ji shi. "Har yanzu da sauran aiki amma wannan wani gagarumin ci gaba ne na kawar da Iraki daga 'yan ta'adda".
Mataimakin shugaban kasar Joe Biden ya ce kashe-kashen "mai yiyuwa yin barna" ga kungiyar ta'addanci a can da kuma tabbatar da cewa jami'an tsaron Iraki na samun galaba. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2010 ne aka wallafa wani bayani mai shafi hudu na kungiyar Da'esh ta kasar Iraki a wani shafin yanar gizo na 'yan ta'adda da safiyar Lahadin da ta gabata ta tabbatar da mutuwar al-Masri da Al-Baghdadi, yana mai cewa: "Bayan doguwar tafiya mai cike da sadaukarwa da yaki da karya da ta wakilai, mahara biyu sun sauka domin shiga kungiyar shahidai,” in ji sanarwar. "Muna shelanta cewa al'ummar musulmi sun rasa biyu daga cikin jagororin jihadi, da biyu daga cikin mutanenta, wadanda ba a san su ba a matsayin jarumai a tafarkin jihadi." Ministan sharia na ISI, Abu al-Walid Abd al-Wahhab al-Mashadani, ya ce shugabannin biyu na halartar wani taro ne a lokacin da sojojin makiya suka fafata da su tare da kai farmaki ta sama kan inda suke.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya zama halifan Daular Musulunci ta Iraki da Levant (ISIL).
Manazarta
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Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska
Matsayin fitarwa su ne ka'idodin doka da ke kula da gurɓataccen iska da aka fitar a cikin yanayi. Ka'idodin fitar da iska sun saita iyaka masu ƙididdigewa akan halaltaccen adadin ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda za'a iya fitar dasu daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Kuma An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaiton ingancin iska da kuma kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da ma'auni daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.
Kafaffen tushe
Yawancin mizanan fitar da hayaki sun fi mayar da hankali kan daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwan da motoci ke fitarwa (motocin motoci) da sauran ababen hawa masu ƙarfi. Sannan Wasu kuma suna daidaita hayaki daga masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, ƙananan kayan aiki kamar injin yankan lawn da injinan dizal, da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska.
An kafa ka'idojin fitar da motoci na farko a cikin shekarata 1963 a cikin Amurka, galibi a matsayin martani ga matsalolin hayaki na Los Angeles. Shekaru uku bayan haka Japan ta kafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko, sannan tsakanin 1970 zuwa Shekarar 1972 ta Canada, Australia, da kasashen Turai da dama. Matsayin farko ya shafi carbon monoxide (CO) da hydrocarbons (HC). An gabatar da ka'idoji kan fitar da iskar nitrogen oxide (NO x ) a cikin Amurka, Japan, da Kanada a cikin shekarata 1973 da 1974, tare da Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 1976 da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a shekarata 1977. A cikin hankali waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ƙaru sosai amma ba a taɓa samun haɗin kai ba.
Matsayin aikin fitar da abin hawa
Ma'aunin aikin fitar da hayaƙi shine iyaka wanda ke saita ƙofofin sama waɗanda za'a iya buƙatar nau'in fasaha na sarrafa hayaki na daban. Yayin da aka yi amfani da ƙa'idodin aikin fitarwa don ƙaddamar da iyaka ga abubuwan gurɓatawa na yau da kullun kamar oxides na nitrogen da oxides na sulfur (NO x da SO x ), ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar ka'ida don daidaita iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide ( CO  ). A cikin Amurka, ana ba da wannan a cikin fam na carbon dioxide a kowace megawatt-hour (lbs. CO / MWhr), da kilogiram CO  / MWhr a wani wuri.
Kanada
A Kanada, Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Kanada, a shekarata 1999 (CEPA 1999) tana canja wurin ikon majalisa don daidaita hayaki daga motocin kan hanya da injuna zuwa Muhalli Kanada daga Dokar Kare Motoci ta Kanada. Dokokin sun daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki tare da ka'idojin tarayya na Amurka kuma sun shafi motocin masu haske (misali, motocin fasinja), manyan motoci masu haske (misali, motocin haya, manyan motocin daukar kaya, motocin motsa jiki), motocin masu nauyi (misali, manyan motoci da sauransu). bas), injuna masu nauyi da babura.
Filin Wasa Na Birnin Akure
Filin Wasa Na Birnin Akure yana da matukar amfani da filin wasan a Akure, Najeriya. A halin yanzu ana amfani dashi galibi don wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma shi ne filin wasan Sunshine Stars FC na Firimiyar Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daukar 'yan kallo 3,000.
Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska
Amurka
Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California (CARB) ce ta tsara ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin California. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2009, wasu jihohi 16 sun amince da dokokin CARB; da aka ba da girman kasuwar California tare da waɗannan sauran jihohi, masana'antun da yawa sun zaɓi gina ma'auni na CARB lokacin sayarwa a duk jihohi 50. Manufofin CARB kuma sun yi tasiri ga ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin EU.
Filin Wasa Na Birnin Akure
Lasisi
Gaban kakar 2020/21 Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL), kuma a zaman wani bangare na tsarin ba da lasisin kulob mai yawa, Kamfanin Gudanar da League (LMC) ya tabbatar da filayen wasa 13 a duk faɗin ƙasar don cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun don shirya wasannin.
An jera filin wasan Akure Township da sauransu yana buƙatar gyare -gyare dabam -dabam daga relaying na sabon ciyawa na roba, koma baya, samar da fitilun wuta, dandamali na kyamararu talabijin da haɓaka ɗakuna masu canzawa tare da samar da ƙarin fitarwa da ƙofar shiga tsakanin sauran buƙatun asali. Sauran sun hada da filin wasa na Sani Abacha, Kano, Agege Stadium, Warri Township Stadium, New Jos Township Stadium da Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, Enugu.
Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska
Amurka
California na kokarin daidaita hayaki mai gurbata muhalli daga motoci, amma tana fuskantar kalubalen kotu daga gwamnatin tarayya. Har ila yau, jihohin suna ƙoƙarin tilasta Hukumar EPA ta Tarayya ta tsara yadda ake fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, wanda ya zuwa shekarata 2007 ta ƙi yin hakan. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, shekarar 2009, rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa EPA ta Tarayya za ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodin California game da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.
California da wasu jahohin yamma da dama sun zartas da kudurorin da ke buƙatar tsarin aiki na tushen iskar gas daga samar da wutar lantarki.
A ƙoƙarin rage hayaki daga injunan diesel masu nauyi cikin sauri, Shima Shirin Carl Moyer na CARB yana ba da kuɗin haɓakawa waɗanda ke gaban ƙa'idodi.
EPA tana da ƙa'idodi daban-daban don ƙananan injuna, kamar kayan aikin ƙasa. Dole ne kuma jihohin su fitar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki iri-iri domin su bi ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa.
Turai
Kafin Tarayyar Turai ta fara daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki, akwai ka'idoji daban-daban. Membobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Turai (EEC) suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi guda ɗaya, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi fiye da na Amurka ko Japan. An ƙarfafa waɗannan a hankali, farawa daga ƙaurawar motoci sama da lita biyu saboda hauhawar farashin ba zai yi tasiri a wannan ɓangaren ba. Farashin ECE 15/05 ka'idoji (wanda kuma aka sani da yarjejeniyar Luxemburg, mai tsananin isa don ainihin buƙatar masu canzawa) ya fara aiki a hankali: matakin farko da aka yi amfani da motocin sama da kimanin 2000 cc a matakai biyu, a cikin Oktoba shekarar 1988 da Oktoba 1989. Akwai motocin da ke biye tsakanin lita 1.4 zuwa 2.0, a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1991 da Oktoba 1993. Motoci kasa da 1400 cc dole ne ya hadu da ka'idoji guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1992 da Oktoba 1994 bi da bi. Kamfanonin kera motoci na Faransa da Italiya, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a cikin ƙananan nau'in mota, sun kasance suna yin adawa da waɗannan ƙa'idodin a cikin shekarun 1980.
A cikin EEC, Jamus ta kasance jagora wajen daidaita hayakin motoci. Jamus ta ba da ƙarfafan kuɗi ga masu siyan motoci waɗanda suka cika ka'idodin Amurka ko ECE, tare da ƙarancin ƙididdigewa ga waɗanda suka cika buƙatun. Waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun yi tasiri mai ƙarfi; kashi 6.5 cikin 100 na sababbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a Jamus a cikin shekarata 1988 ba su cika buƙatun fitar da hayaki ba kuma kashi 67.3 cikin ɗari sun cika ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin Amurka ko ECE.
Sweden ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka kafa tsauraran ƙa'idodi (na 1975), suna sanya iyaka mai ƙarfi akan adadin motocin da ake samu a wurin. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin kuma sun haifar da matsalolin tuƙi da ƙara yawan amfani da mai - a wani ɓangare saboda masana'antun ba za su iya ba da hujjar kashe kuɗin don biyan takamaiman ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙaramin kasuwa ɗaya kawai. A cikin shekarata 1982, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙididdige cewa ƙa'idodin Sweden sun karu da yawan man fetur da kashi 9 cikin dari, yayin da ya sanya motoci da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 mafi tsada. Domin 1983 Switzerland (sa'an nan Ostiraliya) shiga a cikin wannan sa na dokokin, wanda sannu a hankali ƙara yawan bokan injuna. Matsala ɗaya ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ita ce ba su da lissafin injunan catalyzed, ma'ana cewa motocin da aka sanye da su dole ne a cire na'urori masu motsi kafin a yi musu rajista ta dokar.
A shekarar 1985 motoci na farko da aka katange sun shiga wasu kasuwannin Turai kamar Jamus. Da farko dai, samar da man fetur ba tare da leda ba yana da iyaka kuma tallace-tallace kadan ne. A Sweden, an ba da izinin ababen hawa a cikin 1987, suna cin gajiyar ragi na haraji don haɓaka tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1989 an tsaurara dokokin fitar da hayaki na Swiss/Swidish har ta kai ga ba a iya siyar da motocin da ba su da ƙarfi. Kuma A farkon 1989 aka gabatar da BMW Z1, wanda kawai yana samuwa tare da injunan catalyzed. Wannan matsala ce a wasu wurare kamar Portugal, inda har yanzu man fetur maras lede ya kasance kusan babu shi, kodayake ƙa'idodin Turai suna buƙatar "samuwa" a kowace ƙasa kafin 1 Oktoba 1989.
Tarayyar Turai
Tarayyar Turai tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda dole ne duk sabbin motoci su cika su. Kuma A halin yanzu, an kafa ma'auni ga duk motocin titi, jiragen ƙasa, jiragen ruwa da 'na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka marasa kan hanya' (kamar tarakta). Sannan Babu ma'auni da ya shafi jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku ko jiragen sama.
Doka ta EU mai lamba 443/2009 tana saita matsakaita buƙatun CO don sabbin motocin fasinja na gram 130 a kowace kilomita. A hankali an aiwatar da manufar a tsakanin shekarata 2012 da 2015. Maƙasudin gram 95 a kowace kilomita zai yi aiki daga shekarar 2021.
Don abin hawan kasuwanci mai haske, manufa ta 175 g/km tana aiki daga shekarar 2017, da 147 g/km daga 2020, raguwar 16%.
EU ta gabatar da Yuro 4 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, Yuro 5 mai tasiri 1 Janairu 2010, da Yuro 6 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu shekarata 2014. An dage wadannan ranakun na tsawon shekaru biyu don baiwa matatun mai damar sabunta shukarsu.
Birtaniya
Hukumomin gida da dama a Burtaniya sun gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Euro 4 ko Yuro 5 don motocin haya da motocin haya masu zaman kansu masu lasisi don yin aiki a yankinsu. Ba a yi gwajin fitar da hayaki a kan motocin dizal ba a lokacin MOT a Ireland ta Arewa tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙata ta doka.
Jamus
A cewar ofishin kera motoci na Tarayyar Jamus 37.3% (miliyan 15.4) a cikin Jamus (jimilar yawan motoci miliyan 41.3) sun dace da ƙa'idar Euro 4 daga Janairu shekarata 2009.
China
Sakamakon karuwar arziki da wadata cikin sauri, yawan kamfanonin makamashin kwal da motoci a kan titunan kasar Sin na karuwa cikin sauri, lamarin da ke haifar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi. A shekarar 2000, kasar Sin ta kafa dokar hana fitar da hayaki ta farko kan motoci, daidai da ka'idojin Yuro I. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasar Sin (SEPA) ta sake inganta tsarin sarrafa hayaki a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarata 2004 zuwa ma'aunin Yuro II. Mafi tsauri na tsaye, misali na kasa III, daidai da ka'idojin III III, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli shekarar 2007. Shirye-shiryen sun kasance don ƙa'idodin Euro IV don aiwatarwa a cikin shekarar 2010. Beijing ta gabatar da ma'auni na Euro IV a gaba a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, wanda ya zama birni na farko a babban yankin kasar Sin da ya dauki wannan matakin.
Hong Kong
Daga 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 2006, duk sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna walƙiya a Hong Kong dole ne su dace da daidaitattun man fetur na Yuro IV, ma'aunin Heisei 17 na Japan ko ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Don sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna wuta, dole ne su dace da ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5.
Matsayi na yanzu shine Euro 6C, an tsara shi tun 2019.
Indiya
Ka'idojin fitar da matakin Bharat sune ka'idojin fitarwa da Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa don daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga kayan injin konewa na ciki, gami da motocin. Kuma Ma'auni da lokacin aiwatarwa an tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Guba ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli & Dazuzzuka.
Ma'auni, bisa ƙa'idodin Turai an fara gabatar da su a cikin shekarar 2000. An fitar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri tun daga lokacin. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera bayan aiwatar da ka'idoji dole ne su kasance masu bin ka'idoji. A shekara ta 2014, ƙasar ta kasance ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar Yuro 3 da ƙa'idodin Euro 4, tare da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yuro 4 a wasu manyan biranen 13. Har zuwa Afrilu shekarata 2017, duk ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ka'idodin BS IV, wanda ya dogara da Yuro 4.
Ya zuwa yanzu an fara kera da rajistar motocin BS VI, daga Afrilu shekarata 2020 duk masana'antar BS VI ya zama tilas, bi da bi.
Japan
Fage
Tun daga ranar 10 ga Yuni, shekarar 1968, gwamnatin Jafananci ta zartar da ( Japanese  ) wanda ya tsara duk hanyoyin da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Sakamakon dokar ta 1968, an zartar da shawarwari a ƙarƙashin 1970 ( Japanese  ). Sakamakon dokar ta 1970, a cikin 1973 an gabatar da kaso na farko na sabbin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki guda hudu. An gabatar da ka'idojin wucin gadi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1975, da kuma na 1976. An gabatar da ma'auni na ƙarshe don 1978. Yayin da aka gabatar da matakan ba a sanya su nan da nan ba, maimakon haka an ba da harajin haraji ga motocin da suka wuce su. Ma'auni sun dogara ne akan waɗanda ainihin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Ruwa ta Amurka ta shekarar 1970 ta karbe, amma zagayowar gwajin ya haɗa da ƙarin tuƙi cikin jinkirin don nuna halin da Jafananci ke ciki daidai. Ƙididdiga na 1978 don matsananciyar hayaki yayin "Gwajin Farawa mai zafi" na CO, hydrocarbons, da sun kasance 2.1 g/km na CO, 0.25 g/km na HC, da 0.25 g/km na bi da bi. Matsakaicin iyaka shine 2.7 g/km na CO, 0.39 g/km na HC, da 0.48 g/km na . Wani daki-daki mai ban sha'awa na ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Japan shine cewa an gabatar da su a cikin yanayi mai laushi; wato ana iya siyar da motoci na shekarar 1978 da ba su cika ka'idojin shekarata 1978 ba, amma za su fuskanci hukuncin haraji daban-daban. Wannan ya ba masana'antun dakin numfashi don samar da ingantattun hanyoyin injiniyan da ya dace da kuma karfafa gyara samfuran da aka fi siyar da farko, wanda ke haifar da sauƙin ɗaukar matakan iska mai tsabta da ƙarancin damuwa na tuƙi fiye da sauran kasuwanni.
Gwajin " Zazzaɓi Yanayin 10 - 15 ", da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance ƙimar tattalin arzikin man fetur da hayaƙin da aka gani daga motar da ake gwadawa, yi amfani da takamaiman tsarin gwaji.
An gyara dokar a watan Yunin shekarata 2001 don ƙarfafa abin da ke akwai bukatun kuma don ƙara abubuwan sarrafawa na PM. Dokar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ana kiranta da “Dokar da ta shafi Matakai na Musamman don Rage Jimillar Naitrogen Oxide da Bargarin Matter da Ke Fitowa daga Motoci a Keɓaɓɓen Wurare”, ko kuma a takaice Motoci. da PM Law.
The da Dokar PM ta gabatar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan motocin da suka haɗa da motocin kasuwanci (kayan kaya) irin su manyan motoci da manyan motoci, bas, da motoci na musamman, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mai ba. Sannwn Kuma Dokar kuma ta shafi motocin fasinja masu amfani da dizal (amma ba ga motocin mai ba).
Motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan dole ne su cika ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na shekarata 1997/98 don sabon nau'in abin hawa (cikin yanayin injina masu nauyi). = 4.5 g/kWh, PM = 0.25 g/kWh). A takaice dai, sabbin matakan abin hawa na shekarar 1997/98 ana amfani da su a baya ga tsofaffin motocin da ke kan hanya. Masu abin hawa suna da hanyoyi guda biyu don yin biyayya:
Motoci suna da lokacin alheri, tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 12 daga rijistar farko, don cikawa. Lokacin alheri ya dogara da nau'in abin hawa, kamar haka:
The kuma ana aiwatar da dokar PM dangane da shirin duba abubuwan hawa na Japan, inda motocin da ba su bi ba ba za su iya gudanar da binciken a wuraren da aka keɓe ba. Wannan, bi da bi, na iya haifar da umarni kan aikin abin hawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sufuri na Hanyar.
Isra'ila
Tun daga watan Janairun shekarata 2012 motocin da ba su cika ka'idojin fitar da Euro 6 ba ba a yarda a shigo da su zuwa Isra'ila ba.
Turkiyya
Diesel da man fetur sulfur abun ciki ana kayyade a 10 ppm. A halin yanzu Turkiyya tana bin Euro VI don manyan motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi, kuma, a cikin shekarata 2016 shekaru biyu bayan EU, Turkiyya ta karɓi Yuro 6 don sabbin nau'ikan motocin lauyoyi masu sauƙi (LDV) da sabbin nau'ikan motocin fasinja. Turkiyya na shirin yin amfani da tsarin gwajin motocin da ba su dace ba (WLTP).
Gio
Gio ko GIO na iya nufin to:
Matsayin fitar da gurbatacciyar iska
Turkiyya
Matsakaicin 135 g CO /km don LDVs idan aka kwatanta da kyau da sauran ƙasashe a cikin shekarata 2015,  duk da haka sabanin EU  babu iyaka akan hayaƙin carbon dioxide.
Afirka ta Kudu
An fara aiwatar da shirin tsabtace mai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2006 tare da hana gubar dalma daga man fetur da kuma rage yawan sulfur a dizal daga kashi 3,000 a kowace miliyan (ppm) zuwa 500ppm, tare da babban darajar 50. ppm.
Ostiraliya
Matsayin fitar da hayaƙin Australiya sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin Turai don motocin masu nauyi da nauyi (kaya masu nauyi), tare da yarda da zaɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodin Amurka da Jafananci. Manufar yanzu ita ce ta daidaita ƙa'idodin Australiya tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ka'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi na Turai (ECE). A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2013, an ƙaddamar da matakin farko na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Euro 5 don motocin haske, wanda ya haɗa da motoci da motocin kasuwanci masu haske. Haɓaka ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki na manyan motoci da injuna ana gudanar da su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta ƙasa (NTC) da ƙa'idodin - Dokokin Ƙirƙirar Australiya (ADR) - ana gudanar da su ta Sashen Kaya da Sufuri.
Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera ko aka sayar a cikin ƙasa dole ne su bi ka'idodin, waɗanda ake gwada su ta hanyar sarrafa abin hawa ko injin a daidaitaccen tsarin gwaji.
Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka
Duk da cewa dukkanin kotunan guda biyu wato Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka ta Duniya da Kotun Duniya suna da mazauninsu ne a birnin Hague, na ƙasar Holand, amma akwai banbanci a tsakaninsu ƙwarai da gaske. Ita Kotun Duniya ba ta da hurumin hukunta waɗanda suka aikata manyan laifuka. domin Ita kotu ce ta sasanta rikici ko kuma warware wata taƙaddama tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Akan abin da ya shafi rikicin kan iyaka ko na kasuwanci da dai sauransu. Sannan kuma ita wani reshe ne na cibiyoyin shari'a a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ita kuwa Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka ta Duniya an kuma kafata ne a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da ake kira "Yarjejeniyar Rome": A ƙarƙashin wannan yarjejeniya dai Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka ta Duniya na da hurimin yin hukunci akan laifuffukan da suka shafi kisan ƙare dangi da laifuffukan da suka shafi yaƙi, da na take haƙƙin bil Adaman da aka aikata tun daga lokacin da kotun ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2002. Kuma ba ta da wata alaƙa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Sannan kuma ƙasashe ne kaɗai su ke kai ƙarar matsalolinsu gaban Kotun Duniya, kuma ita Kotun Duniya ba ta ɗora alhakin aikata laifi a kan wata ƙasa, sai dai kawai ta sasanta ta baiwa wadda take gani ita ce da gaskiya, gaskiyarta. Kuma dole ne sai da amincewar dukkanin ƙasashen da ke cikin rikici da juna sannan Kotun Duniya za ta yi hukunci a tsakaninsu. Kuma dole ƙasashen su yarda da cewa duk hukuncin da Kotun Duniya ɗin ta yi a tsakaninsu to ba makawa za su amince da shi. Alal misali sasanta rikicin yankin Bakassi tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, inda Kotun Duniya ta yanke hukuncin ba da wannan yanki na Bakassi ga Kamarun. Dole kuma Najeriya ta amince da wannan hukunci, tun da ta yi alƙawarin amincewa da duk hukuncin da aka yanke Da farko dai ita wannan kotu ta shari'ar manyan laifukan yaki ta duniya an kafata ne a karkashin wata yarjejeniya da ake kira "Yarjejeniyar Rome" ko kuma Rome Statue a turance: wanda hakan ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko da aka kulla wajen kafa wannan kotu don taimakawa wajen kawo karshen munanan laifuffuka na yaki da kuma hukumata wadanda suke da hannu cikin aikata hakan. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya dai ita wanan kotu mai shari'ar manyan laifuffukan yaki ta duniya na da hurimin yin hukunci akan laifuffukan da suka shafi kisan kiyashi ko kuma kare dangi da laifuffukan da suka shafi yaki da take hakkokin bil'adama da aka tafka.
An kafa wannan kotun ne a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2002 bayan da kimanin kasashen duniya 120 suka amince da wannan yarjejeniyar ta birnin Rome wacce ita ce tushen kafa kotun, to sai dai kasashe 60 ne suka amince da kotun.
Kafa wannan kotun kuwa ya biyo bayan bukatar da kasashen duniyan suka gani ne na kafa wata kotu a dindindin da za ta yi shari'a kan manyan laifuffukan yakin musamman bayan kotunan makamantan hakan da aka kafa a baya don shari'ar laifuffukan yakin da aka tafka a Yugoslavia da kuma Rwanda.
Wannan kotu dai tana da helkwatarta ne a birnin Hague na kasar Holland, kuwa kotu ce mai zaman kanta da ba ta da alaka da MDD sannan kuma tana samun kudaden gudanar da ayyukanta ne daga kasashen da suka yarda da ita da kuma wasu kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa da kuma masu zaman kansu.
Idan kuma muka koma ga bangare na biyu na tambayarka da kake son sani irin laifuffukan da kotun take shari'a a kansu, to kamar yadda sunan kotun ya nuna sannan kuma kamar yadda muka yi bayani a sama, kotun tana shari'ar manyan laifuffuka ne da suka shafi laifuffukan kisan kiyashi da aka gudanar a lokacin yaki ko kuma irin fitunu na cikin gida da kuma take hakkokin bil'adama.
Haka nan kuma idan muka je ga bangare na karshe na tambayar da ke son sani su waye suke da hakkin gabatar da kara a wannnan kotu, to a nan muna iya cewa: Bangarorin da suke da hakkokin gabatar da kara sun hada da duk wani da ya ke jin cewa an cutar da shi ta hanyar irin laifuffukan da kotun take da hurumin sauraren kara da kuma gudanar da hukumci, haka nan kuma kwamitin tsaron MDD ma zai iya gabatar da kara a kotun. Hakan nan shi ma mai gabatar da kara na kotun yana iya shigar da kara da sanya kotun ta tuhumi wani mutum. Idan kuma kotun ta tabbatar da laifin da mutumin da ake zargin tana da ikon daure shi har zuwa daurin rai da rai sai dai ba ta hurumin yanke hukuncin kisa.
Eric Descombes
Eric Descombes (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1971) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. An haife shi a Ivory Coast, Mauritania ta ba shi damar zama dan kasar kuma ya halarci tawagar kasar Mauritania a gasar cin kofin duniya na gasar cin kofin duniya na Jamus 2006. Ya shafe aikinsa tsakanin Turai da Amurka, yana wasa da kungiyoyi kamar Chico Rooks, Cascade Surge, Sacramento Scorpions, Southend United, New Orleans Storm, Cincinnati Riverhawks da Indiana Blast. Ya buga wa tawagar kasar Mauritania wasa sau biyu kuma ya buga wasanni 169 a matakin kwararru, inda ya zura kwallaye 16.
Descombes ya fara aikinsa na horarwa na ƙwararru a gasar A-League tare da Cincinnati Riverhawks a matsayin mataimakin koci kuma tare da Indiana Blast a matsayin babban koci. Ya kasance babban koci kuma GM tare da Africa Sports d'Abidjan a Ivory Coast (2012/2013 kakar). An nada shi a matsayin sabon kocin tawagar kasar kuma daraktan fasaha na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, jim kadan bayan haka. Tawagar ta halarci gasar cin kofin CEmac a watan Disamba 2013, yayin da yakin basasa ya fara. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan karshe, bayan da ta doke Chadi (1-0), Kongo (1-0), da Kamaru (1-0), amma ta fado da kasar Gabon mai masaukin baki (0-2) a wasan karshe.
A watan Janairun 2017, an nada Descombes a matsayin Daraktan kula da kwallon kafa tare da FC Mulhouse a Faransa, wanda ke kula da dukkan bangarorin wasanni na kulob din, tun daga makarantar matasa har zuwa kungiyar farko. A watan Yulin 2018 ne aka nada shi a matsayin sabon kocin kungiyar. A kakar wasansa ta farko a kungiyar, ya lashe gasar lig da kuma daukaka zuwa mataki na gaba, sannan an ba kyautar koci na shekara.
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Harrison Bungwon
Engr. Dr. Harrison Yusuf Bungwon ( Tyap : Harrison Isuu Bunggwon ) FNSE (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016) ya kasance babban mai mulki a Masarautar Kataf wata jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. An kuma san shi da taken Agwatyap II.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Bungwon ga A̠tyoli Bungwon Yawa da A̠yanga̠li Atoh Bungwon a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 a Bafoi, Gundumar Ka̠nai, Atyapland, Yankin Arewa, Burtaniya Najeriya (yanzu a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya ). Mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekarar 1953, lokacin yana ɗan shekara huɗu kawai.
Aikinsa na ilimi ya fara ne a watan Janairu, 1957 yana ɗan shekara bakwai a Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙananan Hukumomi, Bafwoi-Ka̠nai (Gora Bafai). Bayan ya ci jarabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1961, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Kachia. A shekarar 1963, Bungwon ya samu shiga Makarantar Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Soba, Zariya, inda ya yi shekara biyu da rabi kafin ya samu shiga shekarar 1965 a babbar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano. Daga nan ya haɓaka sha'awar yin karatun Injiniyan Injiniya yayin da yake Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano, wanda hakan ya sa ya nemi kuma ya sami nasarar ba da Ofishin Tallafin Tallafin Ƙasashen waje don yin karatu a USSR a shekarar 1969 bayan kammala matakin sakandare, aji biyar. .
Tsakanin shekarar 1971 da shekara ta 1975, ya yi karatun Injiniyan Injiniya kuma ya sami digiri na farko ( B.Tech. ) Da digiri na biyu ( M.Tech. ) A Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Byelorussian, Minsk, inda ya kammala da digiri. A shekarar 1977, ya ci gaba da shirin digirin digirgir ( Ph.D. ) zuwa Jami’ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ingila kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1980.
Sana'a
Bungwon ƙwararren masani ne, fitaccen Injiniya, fitaccen malami, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma abokin aikin ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya tare da sama da shekaru 16 na samun guraben karatu, yana koyarwa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kimiyya na Afirka, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kaduna.
Tsakanin shekarar 1986 da shekara ta 2002, Bungwon yayi aiki kamar haka:
A watan Satumba, shekara ta 2002, Dokta HY Bungwon ya yi ritaya daga aikin injiniya bayan shekaru da yawa na hidimar alheri ga mahaifiyarsa mafi girman gwamnatin jiharsa.
Ƙungiyoyi
A matsayin Injiniyan da aka horar da Manchester, Bungwon ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar Manajojin Masana'antu, Ƙasar Ingila ; memba na Cibiyar Injiniyan Masana’antu ta Amurka kuma injiniya mai rijista tare da Majalisar Ka’idojin Injiniya ta Najeriya (COREN).
Sarauta
A rasuwar magabacinsa, HRH Agwam BA Dauke (Agwatyap I) a shekarar 2005, Bungwon ya yi sarauta a matsayin Agwatyap II kuma shi ne ɗan asalin Agwam (Sarauta) na Ƙasar Atyap. Ya rike matsayin na kimanin shekaru 11 kafin ya wuce zuwa madawwamiyar ɗaukaka a cikin sanyin sanyi a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016. Ya kasance sarkin aji na farko kuma ana ganin rasuwarsa a matsayin babban rashi kuma abin mamaki.
Gada
A cikin shekarunsa na aiki mai ƙarfi a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, Bungwon da zuciya ɗaya ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka da haɓaka karatun injiniya a Najeriya da bayanta. Har zuwa yau, fitattun abubuwan da ya gada har yanzu suna yin babban tasiri ga injiniyan jihar Kaduna gaba ɗaya.
Like a sensitive father as he was, HRH Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon knew the meaning of service. As a practising Christian, he had kept close in mind the words of the Lord Jesus Christ which says: "'WHOSOEVER WILL BE GREAT AMONG YOU, SHALL BE YOUR MINISTER' (WHICH MEANS SERVANT.) – Mark 10:43 (KJV)."Wannan ya dace, dole ne ya koyi yin hidima ga mutane duk rayuwarsa. HRH koyaushe tana samun farin ciki wajen kawo gamsuwa ga wasu.
Ya shahara da yawa amma har yanzu ya yarda ya sauko a matsayin sa Agwatyap, Majalisar Gargajiya ta Atyap, Atak Njei, Zangon Kataf (Mabatado).