cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bincike
Binciken kimiyya
Binciken, kimiyya hanya ce mai tsauri ta tattara bayanai da amfani da son sani. Wannan bincike yana ba da bayanan kimiyya da ra'ayoyin don bayanin yanayi da kaddarorin duniya. Yana sa aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace mai yiwuwa. Hukumomin jama'a ne, ƙungiyoyin agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da kamfanoni da yawa ke ba da kuɗin bincike na kimiyya. Za a iya raba binciken kimiyya zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban bisa ga nau'o'in ilimi da aikace-aikace. Binciken kimiyya wani ma'auni ne da aka fi amfani da shi wajen tantance matsayin jami'ar ilimi, amma wasu na ganin cewa irin wannan tantancewar ba daidai ba ce da aka yi wa cibiyar, saboda ingancin bincike ba ya nuna ingancin koyarwa (wadannan ba lallai ba ne su yi kama da juna).
Kunun Gyaɗa
Yanda ake Hada Kunun Gyada
Kafin a Hada Kunun Gyada Ana bukatar da a jika shinkafar a ruwa a kalla awowi 8, Itama Gyadar tana bukatar a jika ta a ruwa na tsawon awowi 3, Sai a jika Tsamiyar itama a cikin ruwa mai dumi domin tayi laushi kuma ta narke sinadarin dake jikinta, Bayan an jika sai a markada gyadar da ruwa a tace madara, sai a markada shinkafar itamada ruwa daban a mazubi daban.
Matakan Hadawa
Bincike
Binciken kimiyya
Hasashen mai amfani yana ba da damar tsinkaya kuma a cikin daidaiton lura da lokacin, za a tabbatar da hasashen. Yayin da daidaiton abin lura ke inganta tare da lokaci, hasashe na iya daina ba da ingantaccen hasashen. A wannan yanayin, wani sabon hasashe zai taso don ƙalubalantar tsohon, kuma gwargwadon yadda sabon hasashe ya yi hasashen hasashen da ya fi na tsohon, sabon zai maye gurbinsa. Masu bincike kuma za su iya amfani da hasashe maras tushe, wanda bai faɗi wata alaƙa ko bambanci tsakanin masu canji masu zaman kansu ko masu dogaro ba.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Yanda ake Hada Kunun Gyada
1. A zuba madarar gyadar a cikin tukunya a fara dafawa da wuta matsakaiciya, a ringa juyawa da ludayi ko yar sanda ana motsawa sosae har karshen tukunyar idan ba haka ba zai yi kullutai a ciki.
2. Lokacin da ta tafasa, a hankali a zuba markadadar shinkafar anayi ana juya a hankali.
Bincike
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam
Bincike a cikin ilimin ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban kamar misali hermeneutics da semiotics. Masana ilimin ɗan adam yawanci ba sa nemo madaidaicin amsar tambaya, a maimakon haka, suna bincika batutuwa da cikakkun bayanai da ke kewaye da ita. Magana koyaushe yana da mahimmanci, kuma mahallin na iya zama zamantakewa, tarihi, siyasa, al'adu, ko kabilanci. Misali na bincike a cikin ɗan adam shine bincike na tarihi, wanda ke cikin hanyar tarihi. Masana tarihi suna amfani da tushe na farko da wasu shaidu don bincikar wani batu cikin tsari, sannan su rubuta tarihi ta hanyar lissafin abubuwan da suka gabata. Sauran nazarin na nufin kawai bincika abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomi da al'ummomi, ba tare da neman dalilai ko dalilai na yin bayanin waɗannan ba. Waɗannan karatun na iya zama masu inganci ko ƙididdigewa, kuma suna iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ka'idar ƙwaƙƙwaran ko ka'idar mata.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Yanda ake Hada Kunun Gyada
3. Idan ya kara tafasa sai a zuba wuran tsamiyar a ciki anayi ana juyawa.
Bincike
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam
Rikicin rigima na koyarwar fasaha ya zama mai dogaro da ilimi yana haifar da karbuwar binciken fasaha a matsayin tsarin bincike na farko a cikin fasaha kamar na sauran fannoni. Ɗaya daga cikin halayen bincike na fasaha shine cewa dole ne ya yarda da abin da ya dace sabanin hanyoyin kimiyya na gargajiya. Don haka, yana kama da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin yin amfani da bincike mai inganci da ma'amala a matsayin kayan aiki don amfani da ma'auni da bincike mai mahimmanci.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Yanda ake Hada Kunun Gyada
4. A cigaba da juyawa har ya kara tafasa, sannan sai a zuba a sha cikin aminci.
Ana iya shan kunun gyada mai zafi da kosai ko kuwa a sha shi shi kadai.
Bincike
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam
Makarantar rawa da yawace yawace (Dans och Cirkushögskolan, DOCH), Stockholm ta bayyana binciken fasaha kamar haka - "Bincike na fasaha shine bincika da gwadawa tare da manufar samun ilimi a ciki da kuma ilimin fasahar mu. Ya dogara ne akan ayyukan fasaha, hanyoyi,da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar takardun da aka gabatar, abubuwan da aka samu za a sanya su a cikin mahallin." Binciken fasaha yana nufin haɓaka ilimi da fahimta tare da gabatar da fasaha. Fahimtar mafi sauƙi ta Julian Klein ta bayyana bincike na fasaha a matsayin kowane irin bincike da ke amfani da yanayin fasaha na fahimta. Don bincike na matsalolin tsakiya na binciken fasaha na yau, duba Giaco Schiesser.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Amfani a Jiki
1. Gyada na ƙara girman jikin mutum musamman yara domin yana dauke da sinadarin ‘Protein’.
Bincike
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam
A cewar wani mai zane Hakan Topal, a cikin bincike na fasaha, "watakila fiye da sauran nau'o'in, ana amfani da hankali a matsayin hanyar da za a gano nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na sababbin sababbin hanyoyin da ba zato ba tsammani". Yawancin marubuta, walau na littafan almara ko na almara, suma dole su yi bincike don tallafawa ayyukansu na kirkire-kirkire. Wannan na iya zama na gaskiya, tarihi, ko bincike na baya. Binciken bayan fage na iya haɗawa, alal misali, bincike na yanki ko tsari.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Amfani a Jiki
2. Gyada na gyara fatar jikin mutum da hana saurin tsufa saboda kasancewar sinadarin ‘vitamin E’ a ciki.
Bincike
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam
da yanki na zane bincike (SAR) ta buga jaridar koya zaneda bincike ( JAR ),  na kasa da kasa, kan layi, bude damar shiga, da mujallar da aka bita don ganowa, bugawa, da yada bincike na fasaha da fasaha. hanyoyinsa, daga dukkan fannonin fasaha kuma yana gudanar da Kasuwar Bincike (RC),  mai bincike, bayanan tarihi na binciken fasaha, wanda kowa zai iya ba da gudummawarsa.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Amfani a Jiki
3. Gyada na kare mutum daga kamuwa da cutar bugawar zuciya.
Bincike
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam
ayyakace yayi magana akan nau'ikan bincike na tushen fasaha guda takwas (ABR): binciken labari, bincike-bincike na almara, shayari, kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo, fim, da fasahar gani.
A cikin 2016 Ƙa'idodin Florence 'a kan Doctorate a cikin Arts. Ka'idodin Florence da suka shafi Ka'idodin Salzburg da Shawarwar Salzburg na Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Turai suna ba da maki bakwai na hankali don tantance Doctorate / PhD a cikin Arts idan aka kwatanta da digiri na kimiyya / PhD. An amince da ƙa'idodin Florence kuma ana goyan bayan AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS da SAR.
Kunun Gyaɗa
Amfani a Jiki
4. Gyada na dauke da sinadarin ‘vitamin B3’ wanda ke taimakawa wajen hana mutum mantuwa.
Bincike
Binciken tarihi
Hanyar tarihi ta ƙunshi dabaru da jagororin da masana tarihi ke amfani da tushen tarihi da wasu shaidu don bincike sannan kuma su rubuta tarihi. Akwai jagororin tarihi daban-daban waɗanda masana tarihi suka saba amfani da su a cikin aikinsu, ƙarƙashin taken suka na waje, suka na cikin gida, da haɗawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙananan zargi da suka na sha'awa. Kodayake abubuwa na iya bambanta dangane da batun da mai bincike, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna cikin mafi yawan binciken tarihi na yau da kullun:
Matakan gudanar da bincike
Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ta amfani da tsarin samfurin hourglass na bincike. Samfurin agogon sa'a yana farawa tare da faffadan bakan don bincike, yana mai da hankali kan bayanan da ake buƙata ta hanyar hanyar aikin (kamar wuyan hourglass), sannan fadada bincike a cikin hanyar tattaunawa da sakamako. Manyan matakai wajen gudanar da bincike su ne:
Matakan gabaɗaya suna wakiltar tsarin gaba ɗaya; duk da haka, ya kamata a yi la'akari da su azaman tsari mai canzawa koyaushe maimakon ƙayyadaddun matakan matakai. Yawancin bincike suna farawa da cikakken bayani na matsalar, ko kuma wajen, dalilin shiga cikin binciken. Binciken wallafe-wallafen yana gano kurakurai ko ramuka a cikin binciken da ya gabata wanda ke ba da hujja ga binciken. Sau da yawa, ana yin bitar wallafe-wallafe a wani yanki da aka bayar kafin a gano tambayar bincike. Wani gibi a cikin adabi na yanzu, kamar yadda mai bincike ya gano, sannan ya haifar da tambayar bincike. Tambayar bincike na iya zama daidai da hasashe. Hasashen shine tunanin da za a gwada. Masu binciken (s) suna tattara bayanai don gwada hasashe. Masu binciken (s) sun yi nazari da fassara bayanai ta hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙididdiga, suna shiga cikin abin da aka sani da bincike mai zurfi. Sakamakon binciken bayanai na ƙin yarda ko rashin ƙin yarda da hasashe maras tushe ana bayar da rahoto da kimantawa. A ƙarshe, mai binciken zai iya tattauna hanyoyin da za a bi don ƙarin bincike. Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike suna ba da shawarar hanyar komawa baya: farawa tare da bayyana binciken da tattaunawa akan su, motsawa "sama" don gano matsalar bincike da ke fitowa a cikin binciken da nazarin wallafe-wallafe. Hanyar da aka bi ta baya ta tabbata ta hanyar ma'amala ta hanyar bincike inda binciken bincike, tambayoyin bincike, hanyar bincike, wallafe-wallafen binciken da suka dace, da sauransu ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya har sai binciken ya fito cikakke kuma an fassara shi.
Rudolph Rummel ya ce, “...babu wani mai bincike da ya isa ya yarda da kowane gwaji daya ko biyu a matsayin tabbatacce. Sai kawai lokacin da kewayon gwaje-gwajen suka yi daidai da nau'ikan bayanai da yawa, masu bincike, da hanyoyin za su iya samun kwarin gwiwa ga sakamakon."
Plato a cikin Meno yayi magana game da wata matsala ta asali, idan ba ma'ana ba, na yin bincike da za a iya fassara ta ta hanyar da ke gaba, "Idan kun san abin da kuke nema me yasa kuke nema?! [watau, kuna da. An riga an same shi] Idan ba ku san abin da kuke nema ba, me kuke nema? !"
Hanyoyin bincike
Manufar tsarin bincike shine samar da sabon ilimi ko zurfafa fahimtar wani batu ko batu. Wannan tsari yana ɗaukar manyan siffofi guda uku (ko da yake, kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya, iyakokin da ke tsakanin su na iya zama m):
Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙira na bincike mai ƙarfi guda biyu: bincike mai inganci da bincike mai ƙididdigewa. Masu bincike suna zaɓar hanyoyin ƙididdigewa ko ƙididdiga bisa ga yanayin batun binciken da suke son bincikawa da tambayoyin binciken da suke son amsawa:
Ƙwararren bincike yana nufin ƙarin abubuwan da ba na ƙididdigewa ba, amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tattara bayanai, nazarin bayanai, fassarar bayanai don ma'anoni, ma'anoni, halaye, alamomin misalan abubuwa. Ƙwararren bincike ya ci gaba da rarraba zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan binciken an rarraba su: Wannan binciken ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'adun rukunin mutane waɗanda suka haɗa da halaye, harshe, ayyuka, tsari, ƙima, ƙa'idodi da abubuwan duniya, kimanta salon rayuwar ɗan adam. Kabila: mutane, Grapho: don rubutawa, wannan almajirin na iya haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu, ƙabila, ƙabila, sake tsugunar da jama'a da halayen jin daɗin jama'a. Phenomenology : Dabaru ce mai ƙarfi sosai don nuna hanya zuwa ilimin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya kuma mafi dacewa don bincika matsalolin ƙalubale a cikin ilimin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya.
Hanyoyin tattara bayanai masu ƙididdigewa sun dogara da samfurin bazuwar da tsararrun kayan tattara bayanai waɗanda suka dace da gogewa daban-daban cikin ƙayyadaddun martani. haifar da sakamako waɗanda za a iya taƙaitawa, kwatantawa, da kuma haɗa su zuwa ga yawan jama'a idan an tattara bayanan ta amfani da ingantaccen samfuri da dabarun tattara bayanai. Binciken ƙididdigewa ya shafi gwajin hasashe da aka samo daga ka'idar ko iya ƙididdige girman abin ban sha'awa.
A cikin bincike na ƙididdiga ko ƙididdigewa, masu binciken (masu) na iya tattara bayanan farko ko na sakandare. Bayanan farko sune bayanan da aka tattara musamman don bincike, kamar ta hanyar tambayoyi ko tambayoyin tambayoyi. Bayanan na biyu bayanai ne da suka wanzu, kamar bayanan ƙidayar, waɗanda za a iya sake amfani da su don bincike. Yana da kyau aikin bincike na ɗabi'a don amfani da bayanan sakandare a duk inda zai yiwu.
Asalin jinsi
Gane jinsi shi ne ma'anar jinsin mutum. Halin jinsi na iya daidaitawa da jima'i da aka ba mutum ko yana iya bambanta da ita. A yawancin mutane, nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halitta na jima'i sun yi daidai, kuma sun yi daidai da ainihin jinsin mutum. Maganar jinsi yawanci tana nuna ainihin jinsin mutum, amma wannan ba koyaushe haka yake ba. Yayin da mutum zai iya bayyana ɗabi'a, halaye, da bayyanar da suka yi daidai da wani matsayi na jinsi, irin wannan furci bazai zama dole ya nuna ainihin jinsin su ba. Kalmar shaidar jinsi ta fito ne daga farfesa a fannin tabin hankali Robert J. Stoller a 1964 kuma masanin ilimin halin ɗan Adam John Money ya shahara.
Bincike
Hanyoyin bincike
Binciken hada-hadar hanya, watau binciken da ya hada da abubuwa masu inganci da kididdiga, ta yin amfani da bayanan farko da na sakandare, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idodi waɗanda amfani da hanya ɗaya kaɗai ba zai iya bayarwa ba. Misali, mai bincike zai iya zaɓar ya gudanar da bincike mai inganci kuma ya bi shi da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga don samun ƙarin fahimta.
Manyan bayanai sun kawo babban tasiri kan hanyoyin bincike ta yadda a yanzu masu bincike da yawa ba sa yin kokari sosai wajen tattara bayanai; Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin yin nazari cikin sauƙi samuwan adadi mai yawa na bayanai. Nau'in Hanyar Bincike 1. Hanyar Bincike ta Observatory 2. Hanyar Bincike Daidaita
Asalin jinsi
Littafin 2012 Gabatarwa zuwa Kimiyyar Halayyar Kimiyya a Magunguna ya ce ban da ban, "Bayyanawar jinsi na tasowa da sauri cikin sauri a farkon shekarun yara, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta yana bayyana ya zama aƙalla wani ɓangare na 3 ko 4." Ƙungiyar Endocrine ta ce "Babban shaidar kimiyya ta fito da ke nuna wani abu mai ɗorewa da ke tattare da asalin jinsi. Mutane na iya yin zaɓi saboda wasu dalilai a rayuwarsu, amma da alama ba a sami wasu ƙarfi na waje waɗanda ke haifar da ainihin canjin jinsi ba." .
Bincike
Hanyoyin bincike
Binciken da ba a iya amfani da shi ba ( ka'idar ) wata hanya ce da ta shafi ci gaban ka'idar sabanin amfani da kallo da gwaji. Don haka, binciken da ba na zahiri ba yana neman mafita ga matsalolin ta amfani da ilimin da ake da shi a matsayin tushensa. Wannan, duk da haka, ba ya nufin cewa ba za a iya samun sababbin ra'ayoyi da sababbin abubuwa a cikin tafkin da aka kafa da kuma ingantaccen ilimin ba. Binciken da ba na zahiri ba ba cikakkiyar madadin bincike ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da su tare don ƙarfafa hanyar bincike. Babu ɗayan da ba shi da tasiri fiye da ɗayan tunda suna da takamaiman manufarsu a kimiyya. Yawanci bincike mai zurfi yana samar da abubuwan lura waɗanda ke buƙatar yin bayani; sannan bincike na ka'idar yayi kokarin bayyana su, kuma a yin haka ya haifar da hasashe da za a iya gwadawa; Sannan ana gwada waɗannan hasashe ta zahiri, suna ba da ƙarin abubuwan lura waɗanda za su buƙaci ƙarin bayani; da sauransu. Duba Hanyar Kimiyya.
Asalin jinsi
Masu mahimmanci suna jayayya cewa an ƙayyade ainihin jinsi a lokacin haihuwa ta hanyar ilimin halitta da kwayoyin halitta, yayin da masu ginin zamantakewa suna jayayya cewa jinsin jinsi da kuma yadda aka bayyana shi an gina su ta hanyar zamantakewa, maimakon haka an ƙaddara ta hanyar al'adu da zamantakewa. Waɗannan mukamai ba su bambanta da juna ba, saboda ana iya bayyana asalin jinsi na asali ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin al'adu daban-daban.
Bincike
Hanyoyin bincike
Misali mai sauƙi na ɗawainiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi ita ce ƙirar sabon magani ta amfani da aikace-aikacen da aka bambanta na ilimin da ke akwai; wani kuma shine ci gaban tsarin kasuwanci a cikin nau'i na ginshiƙi mai gudana da rubutu inda duk abubuwan da suka dace sun fito ne daga ingantaccen ilimi. Yawancin bincike na cosmological shine ka'idar a yanayi. Binciken ilimin lissafi baya dogara ga bayanan da ake samu a waje; maimakon haka, yana neman tabbatar da ka'idoji game da abubuwan lissafi.
Da'a na bincike
Ka'idodin bincike sun shafi batutuwan ɗabi'a da ke tasowa a lokacin ko sakamakon ayyukan bincike, da kuma halayen masu bincike guda ɗaya, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi al'ummomin bincike. A tarihi, badakala irin su gwajin ɗan adam na Nazi da gwajin syphilis na Tuskegee ya haifar da fahimtar cewa ana buƙatar kwararan matakai don gudanar da bincike na ɗabi'a don tabbatar da cewa ba a cutar da mutane, dabbobi da muhalli ba ta hanyar binciken kimiyya. Gudanar da ka'idojin bincike bai dace ba a cikin ƙasashe kuma babu wata hanyar da ta dace a duk duniya game da yadda ya kamata a magance shi. Kwamitocin da'a na bincike ( Hukumar bita a cikin Amurka) sun fito a matsayin tsarin mulki ɗaya don tabbatar da gudanar da bincike cikin gaskiya.
Sa’ad da muke yanke hukunci na ɗabi’a, ƙila za a yi mana ja-gora da ɗabi’u dabam-dabam. Masana falsafa sun bambanta tsakanin hanyoyin kamar deontology, consequentialism, Confucianism, virtue ethics, da Ubuntu ethics, don lissafta kaɗan. Ko da kuwa hanyar da za a bi, aikace-aikacen ka'idar ɗabi'a zuwa takamaiman mahallin an san shi azaman ɗa'a mai amfani, kuma ana iya kallon ɗabi'ar bincike a matsayin wani yanki na ɗabi'a da aka yi amfani da shi saboda ana amfani da ka'idar ɗa'a a cikin yanayin bincike na zahiri.
Ethical issues may arise in the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation or animal experimentation. There may also be consequences for the environment, for society or for future generations that need to be considered. Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research, with typically cited codes being the 1947 Nuremberg Code, the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, and the 1978 Belmont Report. Informed consent is a key concept in research ethics thanks to these codes. Research in other fields such as social sciences, information technology, biotechnology, or engineering may generate different types of ethical concerns to those in medical research.
A cikin ƙasashe irin su Kanada, ana buƙatar horar da ɗabi'un bincike na wajibi ga ɗalibai, furofesoshi da sauran waɗanda ke aiki a cikin bincike, yayin da Amurka ta kafa doka kan yadda kwamitocin bita na cibiyoyi ke aiki tun daga Dokar Bincike ta ƙasa ta 1974.
An bambanta da'a na bincike da haɓaka ingantaccen ilimi ko bincike, wanda ya haɗa da batutuwa irin su rashin da'a na kimiyya (misali zamba, ƙirƙira bayanai ko saɓo ). Saboda kusancin kusanci da mutunci, ana ƙara haɓaka ɗabi'un bincike a matsayin wani ɓangare na faffadan fage na gudanar da bincike (RCR a Arewacin Amurka) ko Bincike da Ƙirƙirar Alƙawari a Turai, kuma tare da hukumomin gwamnati kamar Ofishin Bincike na Amurka. Mutunci ko Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Sadarwar Sadarwar Kanada kan Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Bincike na haɓaka ko buƙatar horon tsaka-tsakin ga masu bincike.
-bibangareike
Meta-research shine nazarin bincike ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin bincike. Har ila yau, an san shi da "bincike kan bincike", yana da nufin rage sharar gida da haɓaka ingancin bincike a kowane fanni. Meta-bincike ya damu da kansa tare da gano son zuciya, kurakuran hanya, da sauran kurakurai da rashin aiki. Daga cikin binciken meta-bincike akwai ƙarancin ƙima na haɓakawa a cikin fagage da yawa. Ana kiran wannan wahalar sake haifar da bincike " rikicin maimaitawa ."
Hanyoyin bincike
A cikin fannoni da yawa, hanyoyin Yammacin Turai na gudanar da bincike sun fi yawa. Ana koyar da masu binciken hanyoyin tattara bayanai da nazari da yawa na Yammacin Turai. Haɓaka haɓakar ƴan asalin ƙasar a matsayin masu bincike ya kawo ƙarin hankali ga lacuna na kimiyya a cikin hanyoyin tattara bayanai masu mahimmancin al'adu. Hanyoyin tattara bayanai na yammacin duniya bazai zama mafi inganci ko dacewa ga bincike kan al'ummomin da ba na yamma ba. Misali, " Hua Oranga " an halicce shi ne a matsayin ma'auni don kimanta tunanin mutum a cikin al'ummar Māori, kuma ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na lafiyar hankali mai mahimmanci ga mutanen Māori - "taha wairua (girman ruhaniya), taha hinengaro (girman tunani), taha tinana (girman jiki), da taha whanau (girman iyali)".
son zuciya
Research is often biased in the languages that are preferred (linguicism) and the geographic locations where research occurs. Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals. Multilingual scholars' influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference.
Domin kwatankwacin siyasa, ƙasashen Yamma sun fi yawa a cikin karatun ƙasa ɗaya, tare da mai da hankali kan Yammacin Turai, Kanada, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, ƙasashen Latin Amurka sun fi shahara a karatun ƙasa ɗaya. Sabanin haka, ƙasashe a cikin Oceania da Caribbean sune mafi ƙanƙanta na bincike kaɗan. Alamun son zuciya kuma suna nuna alaƙa da ilimin harshe: ƙasashen da harsunansu na hukuma na Faransanci ko Larabci ba su da yuwuwar zama abin da ake mayar da hankali kan karatun ƙasa ɗaya fiye da ƙasashen da ke da harsunan hukuma daban-daban. A cikin Afirka, ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi sun fi sauran ƙasashe wakilci.
Gabaɗaya
Gabaɗaya shine tsarin aiwatar da ingantaccen sakamakon binciken guda ɗaya. Nazarin tare da ƙunƙun yanki na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa, ma'ana cewa sakamakon ƙila ba zai iya amfani da wasu al'ummomi ko yankuna ba. A cikin siyasa kwatankwacin, wannan na iya haifar da yin amfani da nazarin ƙasa ɗaya, maimakon ƙirar nazarin da ke amfani da bayanai daga ƙasashe da yawa. Duk da batun gama-gari, karatun ƙasa ɗaya ya ƙaru sosai tun daga ƙarshen 2000s.
Bitar takwarorinsu na bugawa
Bita na tsara wani nau'i ne na kayyade kai ta ƙwararrun mambobi na sana'a a cikin filin da ya dace. Ana amfani da hanyoyin bita na tsara don kiyaye ƙa'idodin inganci, haɓaka aiki, da samar da gaskiya. A cikin ilimin kimiyya, ana amfani da bitar takwarorinsu sau da yawa don tantance dacewar takardar ilimi don bugawa. Yawanci, tsarin bitar takwarorinsu ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a wannan fanni waɗanda editoci suke tuntuɓar su don yin bitar ayyukan ilimi da abokin aikinsu ya samar ta hanyar rashin son zuciya da rashin son kai, kuma ana yin hakan kyauta. Al'adar sake dubawa ta abokan gaba kyauta duk da haka ta kawo matsaloli da yawa waɗanda kuma ke nuni da dalilin da ya sa yawancin masu bitar takwarorinsu ke ƙi gayyata da yawa don dubawa. An lura da cewa wallafe-wallafen daga ƙasashen waje ba safai suke tashi zuwa matsayi ɗaya da na Arewacin Amurka da Turai ba, saboda ƙayyadaddun wadatar albarkatu da suka haɗa da takarda mai inganci da nagartaccen software na nuna hoto da kayan aikin bugu ya sa waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba su da ƙarfi. gamsar da ƙa'idodi a halin yanzu ɗauke da iko na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun a cikin masana'antar bugawa. Wadannan iyakoki kuma suna haifar da rashin wakilci na masana daga ƙasashen da ke kewaye a cikin jerin wallafe-wallafen da ke da matsayi mai daraja dangane da yawa da ingancin ƙoƙarin binciken waɗannan malamai, kuma wannan rashin wakilcin ya haifar da raguwar yarda da rashin daidaituwa. sakamakon kokarin da suke yi a matsayin gudummawar da ke tattare da ilimin da ake samu a duniya.
Tasirin motsin buɗe ido,
Motsin shiga buɗe yana ɗauka cewa duk bayanan da ake ganin suna da amfani yakamata su kasance masu 'yanci kuma suna cikin "yankin jama'a", na "yan Adam". Wannan ra'ayin ya sami yaɗuwa a sakamakon tarihin mulkin mallaka na Yamma kuma ya yi watsi da wasu ra'ayi na rarraba ilimi. Misali, yawancin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna ganin cewa samun wasu bayanai da suka dace da ƙungiyar yakamata su kasance ta hanyar alaƙa.
Ana zargin cewa akwai ma'auni biyu a tsarin ilimin Yammacin Turai. A gefe guda, "Gudanar da Haƙƙin dijital" da ake amfani da shi don hana samun damar yin amfani da bayanan sirri a dandalin sada zumunta ana yin bikin ne a matsayin kariya ta sirri, yayin da a lokaci guda lokacin da ƙungiyoyin al'adu ke amfani da irin wannan ayyuka (watau al'ummomin 'yan asalin) ana yin Allah wadai da hakan a matsayin "shigarwa". sarrafawa" kuma an tsawatar a matsayin tacewa.
Hanyoyi na gaba
Duk da cewa rinjayen Yammacin Turai ya zama sananne a cikin bincike, wasu masana, irin su Simon Marginson, suna jayayya da "bukatar [ga] duniyar jami'a". Marginson yayi jayayya cewa tsarin Confucian na Gabashin Asiya zai iya daukar nauyin tsarin Yammacin Turai.
Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda sauye-sauye na kudade don bincike duka a Gabas da Yamma. An mai da hankali kan jaddada nasarar ilimi, al'adun gabashin Asiya, musamman a Sin da Koriya ta Kudu, sun karfafa karuwar kudade don fadada bincike. Sabanin haka, a duniyar ilimi ta Yamma, musamman a Burtaniya da kuma wasu gwamnatocin jihohi a Amurka, an samu raguwar kudade don gudanar da bincike a jami’o’i, wanda wasu suka yi. ya ce na iya haifar da koma baya ga rinjayen Yammacin Turai a cikin bincike.
Ƙwarewa
A cikin tsarin ilimi na ƙasa da na masu zaman kansu da yawa, ƙwarewar bincike ya haifar da lakabin aiki na yau da kullun.
A Rasha
A cikin Rasha ta yau, da wasu ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, kalmar mai bincike ( Научный сотрудник, nauchny sotrudnik ) An yi amfani da shi duka a matsayin jumla ga mutumin da ke gudanar da bincike na kimiyya, kuma a matsayin matsayi na aiki a cikin tsarin Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'o'i, da sauran cibiyoyin bincike.
wallafawa
Buga ilimi tsari ne da ya wajaba ga malaman ilimi su yi nazari kan aikin da kuma samar da shi ga masu sauraro. Tsarin ya bambanta da yawa ta filin kuma koyaushe yana canzawa, idan sau da yawa a hankali. Yawancin aikin ilimi ana buga su a cikin labarin jarida ko sigar littafi. Hakanan akwai babban rukunin bincike da ke wanzuwa a cikin ko dai tass ko sigar dissertation. Ana iya samun waɗannan nau'ikan bincike a cikin ma'ajin bayanai a sarari don kasidu da rubuce-rubuce. A cikin bugawa, bugu na STM taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen ilimi ne a cikin kimiyya, fasaha, da magani. Yawancin filayen ilimi da aka kafa suna da nasu mujallu na kimiyya da sauran kantuna don bugawa, kodayake yawancin mujallu na ilimi sun ɗan bambanta, kuma suna buga ayyuka daga fagage daban-daban ko fagage daban-daban. Ire-iren wallafe-wallafen da aka karɓa azaman gudummawar ilimi ko bincike sun bambanta sosai tsakanin fage, daga bugawa zuwa tsarin lantarki. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa bai kamata masu bincike su yi la'akari sosai ga binciken da ba a maimaita su akai-akai. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk wani binciken da aka buga ya kamata a yi shi da wani ma'auni don tantance inganci ko amincin hanyoyinsa don hana buga sakamakon binciken da ba a tabbatar ba. Samfuran kasuwanci sun bambanta a cikin yanayin lantarki. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990, ba da lasisin albarkatun lantarki, musamman mujallu, ya zama ruwan dare. A halin yanzu, babban yanayin, musamman game da mujallu na ilimi, shine damar buɗe ido. Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu na buɗaɗɗen damar shiga: buɗaɗɗen damar buɗaɗɗen shiga, wanda a ciki ana samun labaran ko dukan mujallu kyauta daga lokacin bugawa, da kuma adana bayanan kai, inda marubucin ya ba da kwafin aikin nasu kyauta akan yanar gizo. .
Tallafin bincike
Yawancin kudade don binciken kimiyya sun fito ne daga manyan tushe guda uku: bincike na kamfanoni da sassan ci gaba ; tushe masu zaman kansu ; da majalissar bincike na gwamnati irin su Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa a Amurka da Majalisar Binciken Likita a Burtaniya. Ana gudanar da waɗannan da farko ta hanyar jami'o'i kuma a wasu lokuta ta hanyar ƴan kwangilar soja. Yawancin manyan masu bincike (kamar shugabannin rukuni) suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa na neman tallafi don kudaden bincike. Waɗannan tallafin ba dole ba ne kawai ga masu bincike don gudanar da binciken su har ma a matsayin tushen cancanta. Cibiyar Sadarwar Ƙwararrun Gwamnatin Ammasu zaman kansu.
Serhiy Kot
Serhiy Ivanovych Kot ( mutanen Ukraine; 22 ga watan Yuni 1958 - 28 Maris 2022) masanin tarihi ne ɗan kasar Ukraine. Wani babban jami'in bincike ne a Cibiyar Tarihi na Ukraine na National Academy of Sciences na Ukraine, ya mayar da hankali kan adana kayan tarihi da al'adu, tarihin kiyayewa da ayyukan binne-binne a kasar Ukraine, dawo da arzikin gargajiya da mayar dasu asalin wurin zamansu. Ya kasance memba na hukumar gidan kayan tarihi, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo na Ma'aikacin Al'adu na Yukren.
Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Kot a Kyiv. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Sahen Tarihi da Ma'adanai wato Faculty of History and Pedagogy na Kyiv State Pedagogical Institute a 1980. A cikin shekara ta 1990, an kara masa girma zuwa digiri na uku na tarihi, tare da takardar shaidar mai suna Охорона пам'яток історії та культури в Українській РСР (1943-поч. 60-х 60-х 60-х 500). ) ( Kiyaye abubuwan tarihi da al'adu a cikin Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Ukrainian Soviet Socialist (1943-post-1960s) ). An gyara Kot a cikin tarihi a cikin 2021;  an yi masa lakabin gyaran lafiyarsa. ХХІ ст. ) ( Komawa da Mayar da Ƙimar Al'adu a cikin Siyasa da Al'adu na Ukraine (20th-farkon 21st karni) ).
National Academy of Sciences na Ukraine
Kot ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihi ta Ukraine na National Academy of Sciences na Ukraine. Ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Matsalolin Komawa da Maido da Taskar Al'adu a 1999,   matsayin da ya rike har tsawon rayuwarsa. A cikin ayyukan bincikensa, ya mayar da hankali kan adana abubuwan tarihi da al'adu, tarihin kafa ka'idodin kiyaye al'adun gargajiya a Ukraine, dawowa da kuma maido da kayan gargajiya. Daga 2006, ya kasance "babban mai bincike" a Cibiyar Tarihi da Al'adu ta Ukrainian, wanda aka inganta shi zuwa shugaban sashen a 2012. A cikin shekara ta 2009, ya yi bincike daga Maris zuwa Yuni akan malanta na Fulbright game da Manufofin Amurka na Maido da Al'adun Al'adu Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. Daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa mutuwarsa, Kot ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Al'adu na Ukraine a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kot ya taka rawar gani wajen neman maido da wani zanen Lucas Cranach, diptych na Adam da Hauwa'u an kai su Saint Petersburg ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma yana nan yanzu a gidan tarihi na Norton Simon a Pasadena, zuwa Ukraine.
Sauran amfani
A cikin shekara ta 1999 da 2000, Kot ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Majalisar Koli ta Ukraine don Al'adu da Ruhaniya, wanda ya shirya wani daftarin doka "A kan Kariyar Al'adun gargajiya" da aka gabatar a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2000; ya rubuta gyare-gyare da tsare-tsare 35 na edita waɗanda ke cikin rubutun dokar.
Wallafe-wallafe
Wallafe-wallafe da Kot yayi sun haɗa da wani littafi na 1989 game da tarihin gida a cikin SSR na Ukrainian, da littattafai game da dabi'un al'adun Ukraine a Rasha, da matsalolin dawowar su a cikin mahallin tarihi da doka, wanda aka buga a 1996 da 1998. Ya shirya wani littafi wanda ya bayyana a cikin 2006 a London da Kyiv: ''Lancelot Lawton, Ukrainian Question. Ланцелот Лоутон Украinське питання.'' Tarin labarai ne na ɗan jaridar Burtaniya Lancelot Lawton game da matsayin Ukraine a shekarun 1930s;  Kot ya kwashe shekaru biyu yana bin diddigin labaran asali na Lawton, wanda Library of Congress a Amurka ke gudanarwa  A cikin 2010, ya buga bincike game da makoma da matsayin doka na nunin tafiye-tafiye na 1941 na Gidan Tarihi na Jiha a cikin Crimea, da aka gudanar a cikin gidajen tarihi na Crimea.
Ya rubuta ayyukan kimiyya game da tarihin yunkurin juyin juya hali na kasa, yankin Bukovina, da kuma kisan kiyashin Babyn Yar.
Bechem United FC
Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Bechem United (a hukumance: Bechem United Football Club ko kuma "Hunters") ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Ghana, wacce ke zaune a Bechem a cikin yankin Ahafo Suna fafatawa a gasar Premier ta Ghana kuma a halin yanzu suna shiga cikin 2017 CAF Confederation Kofin Su ne zakarun gasar cin kofin FA na Ghana (2015-2016).
Tarihin kulob
Bechem United tana da dogon tarihin kishiya tare da Brong Ahafo (BA) Stars da Berekum Chelsea. A cikin shekarar 2007, ƙungiyar matasa ta Bechem United ta shiga cikin Trofeo Karol Wojtyla, gasar matasa a cikin Italiyanci na Fiumicino, Lardin Roma, yankin Lazio.
A cikin watan Satumbar 2011, Bechem United ta sami kambin zakarun Poly Tank Division One League Zone 1 kuma an haɓaka zuwa kakar 2011–2012 na Gasar Premier ta Glo. A ranar 10 ga Oktobar 2011, Eric Fordjour ya ci ƙwallon farko da kulob ɗin ya ci bayan ya ci fanareti a wasan farko da suka yi da Aduana Stars, wasan dai ya kare da ci 3-2.
A ranar 5 ga Nuwambar 2011, kulob ɗin ya samu maki na farko a gasar bayan sun tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Aduana Stars, Richard Addae ne ya zura ƙwallon Bechem a minti na 18 na wasan. Richard Addae ya kawo ƙarshen kakar wasan su na farko a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura ƙwallo a raga kuma ɗan wasa na uku da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da ƙwallaye 11.
Gasar cin Kofin FA
Bechem United ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA na Ghana 2015-2016 a karon farko a tarihin kulob ɗin bayan da suka ci Okwawu United 2–1 a filin wasa na Cape Coast a watan Satumbar 2016. Yaw Annor ne ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan ƙarshe.
Daniel Egyin ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin ɗin kulob din daga shekarar 2018 zuwa ta 2019 bayan tafiyar Asante Agyemang.
David Villa
David Villa Sánchez ( Spanish pronunciation: [daˈβið ˈbiʎa santʃeθ] ; an haife ne a uku ga watan Disamba shekarai alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a qungiyar qwallonm kafa ta barcelona. Masu fafutuka na kallon Villa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba na zamaninsa, kuma daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Spain na kowane lokaci. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Mashawarcin Fasaha kuma Shugaban Ayyukan Kwallon Kafa na Duniya na kulob din Super League na Indiya Odisha FC.
Wanda ake yiwa lakabin suna da El Guaje ( Yaron a Asturian ) saboda sunan wasan kwallon kafa tare da yara da suka girme shi,   Villa ya sami mummunan ciwoda  rauni tin yana yaro amma ya sami damar fara aikinsa a cikin manyan yan wasan qwallan qafa na ƙwararru tare da Sporting de Gijón a qasar sipaniya a shekarai dubu biyu da daya 2001. . Ya koma Real Zaragoza anan qasar tasu ta sipaniya bayan yanayi biyu, inda ya fara buga gasar La Liga a qasar sipaniya, kuma ya lashe kofin Copa del Rey da Supercopa de España. Ya koma qungiyar Valencia a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005 kan kudin canja wuri na Yuromiliyan sha biyu kacal kuma sun sake daukar wani kofin Copa del Rey. A lokacin yana da shekaru ashirin da takwas 28, Villa ya yi rajistar kwallaye 28 a raga kuma ya sami ƙaura zuwa Barcelona akan Yuro miliyan arba'in a shjekarai2010, inda ya lashe gasar La Liga tare da barcelona na farko da UEFA Champions League, kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na 2011. Ya bar kulob din a cikin 2013 bayan ya kammala canja wurin € 5.1 miliyan zuwa Atlético Madrid, inda ya lashe wani lakabin La Liga. Bayan kakar wasa guda a babban birnin Spain, Villa ya tashi ya koma sabuwar kungiyar MLS ta New York City, inda ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a kungiyar kuma ya yi fice, inda ya lashe kyautar MLS MVP Award na mafi kyawun dan wasa a 2016. A cikin 2018, Villa ya sanar da tashi daga New York, don shiga Vissel Kobe a Japan.
Villa ya buga wasansa na farko a qasar sipaniya a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005. Ya halarci manyan wasannin gasa guda hudu, kuma ya kasance babba memba na kungiyoyin qasar sipaniya da suka ci kofin yuro na shekarai dubu biyu da takwasUEFA Euro 2008 da gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarai dubu biyu da goma 2010. Ya zira kwallaye uku a gasar cin kofin duniya shekarai dubu biyu da shidda 2006, shi ne wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Euro 2008, kuma ya samu kyautar takalmin Azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010. Abubuwan da ya nuna don Spain da Valencia sun gan shi a cikin FIFA FIFPro World11 na 2010. Ya zama dan wasa na farko dan kasar Sipaniya da ya taba cin kwallaye 50 a duniya kuma, bayan ya dawo a takaice a shekarar 2017, ya yi ritaya daga buga wa kasar wasa da kwallaye 59 a wasanni 98 da ya buga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a Spain da kuma kasar. wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin duniya, da kwallaye tara.
Yarantaka da fara aiki
An haifi Villa a qasar sipaniya a garin Tuilla, ƙaramin Ikklesiya a Langreo, Asturias, yanki a arewacin qasar tasu a sipaniya, ɗan José Manuel Villa, mai hakar ma'adinai. Lokacin da Villa ke dan yaro yana da shekaru hudu, damarsa ta zama dan wasan kwallon kafa ta shiga cikin hadari lokacin da ya samu raunin karaya a kafarsa ta dama, amma ya samu cikakkiyar lafiya daga baya. Saboda raunin daya samu, shi da mahaifinsa sunyi yi aiki a kan ƙarfafa hagu kafar da Villa kyakkyawan ya zama ambidextrous. Ya tuna cewa mahaifinsa ya kasance yana goyon bayansa a kowane lokaci: “Ya kasance yana can yana jefa mini kwallaye a raga akai-akai, yana sa ni bugun ta da kafar hagu lokacin da dama na ke cikin filasta bayan karya ta, ina da shekaru hudu. Da kyar na iya tunawa wani zaman horo daya da mahaifina baya nan. Ban taɓa kasancewa ni kaɗai a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba."
Villa ya yarda kuma yanaji a jikinsa cewa ya kusa daina wasan kwallon kafa tin  yana dan shekarusha hudu 14 bayan da ya kara ruguzawa da mai horar dasu. Duk da haka, saboda kwarin gwiwar da iyayensa suka ba shi, ya dage wajen neman yaga ya cika burinsa, ganin cewa basirarsa tana ganan a qwallan qadfa za ta iya samar masa da abin rayuwa. "A wancan zamanin ni ba kowa ba ne, ba na samun ko sisin kwabo kuma bayan an sanya ni in zauna a benci duk lokacin da nake so in tafi in yin wasa da abokaina," in ji shi. "Amma mahaifina kullum yana bani goyon baya yana karfafaman yana taya ni murna har sai da sana'ata ta juya." Ya ci gaba da fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a UP Langreo kuma lokacin da ya cika shekaru 17 ya shiga makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mareo.
Yusuf Nurudeen
Yusuf Nurudeen (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 1992 a Ghana ), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ghana wanda aka sani na ƙarshe da kasancewa tare da Medeama SC na gasar firimiya ta Ghana.
Michael Enu
Michael Enu (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun 1997), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar firimiya ta Ghana Ashanti Gold.
Yusuf Nurudeen
Sabon haske
Yarjejeniyar tafiya na tsawon shekara guda zuwa 2012 Maldives League New Radiant a lokacin rani na shekarar 2013, Nurudeen ya buga wa kulob ɗin wasa mai ban tsoro ciki har da wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin AFC na waccan shekarar da ke fuskantar Kuwait SC kafin a sake shi tare da Mansa Sylla na ƙasashen waje. da Kingsley Nkumureh a watan Disamba.
Michael Enu
Sana'a
A baya Enu ya yi cinikinsa da ƙungiyar Liberty Professionals ta Dansoman kafin ya koma Ashanti Gold. Ya buga wasanni 12 a gasar Premier ta Ghana a kakar wasan 2019-2020 kafin a dakatar da gasar daga baya saboda cutar ta COVID-19. A cikin Afrilun 2020, kulob ɗin Ashanti Gold na Obuasi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 3. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta fito don ƙungiyar a gasar cin kofin CAF ta 2020-21. Ya lashe kyautar wasan a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2021, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Medeama SC bayan ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin ya ci gaba da zama mai tsabta.
Manazarta
<references group="" responsive="1">
Otto Addo
Nana Otto Addo (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 1975), ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne haifaffen Jamus manajan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. Kwanan nan ya kasance manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana, kuma yana aiki a matsayin kocin mai hazaka na Borussia Dortmund.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Addo a ranar 9 ga Yunin 1975 a Hamburg, Jamus ta Yamma ga iyayen Ghana.
VfL 93 Hamburg
Addo ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1991 a Hamburg yana wasa da Hamburger SV. A cikin shekarar 1993 ya bar Bramfelder SV bayan ya buga wasa a can na shekara guda don shiga takwaransa na Hamburg VfL 93 Hamburg a shekarar 1993 inda ya buga wasannin gasar 80 kuma ya zira ƙwallaye 4 daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1996.
Hannover 96
Addo ya koma Hannover 96 a cikin Regionalliga Nord (lig na Jamus na uku) a cikin shekarar 1996. Ya yi babban ra'ayi a cikin tawagar da ke nuna taurari-da-zama Gerald Asamoah da Fabian Ernst. Ƙungiyar ta ci ƙwallaye sama da 100 a kakar wasa ta bana amma ta yi kasa a gwiwa ga Energie Cottbus a wasannin ci gaba na shekarar 1997.
A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarshe Hannover ya haɓaka zuwa 2. Bundesliga. A kakar wasansa ta farko, ya zura ƙwallaye bakwai a wasanni 30 kuma an amince da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gasar.
Steve Lawson
Tevi Steve Lawson (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Hamilton Academical. An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Togo.
Aikin kulob
Lawson ya fara aikinsa a ƙananan sassa na Faransa, kafin ya koma Switzerland kulob ɗin Le Mont. Bayan fatarar Le Mont, Lawson ya koma Neuchâtel Xamax a watan Yuli 2017. Bayan gwajin gwaji, Lawson ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Livingston na Scotland a watan Agusta 2018. Ya bar kulob din a shekarar 2021.
A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, 2022, Lawson ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Hamilton Academical Championship.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An haife shi a Faransa iyayensa 'yan Togo, an kira Lawson zuwa tawagar kasar Togo a watan Agusta 2017. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Nijar da ci 2-0 a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 2017.
Djoliba AC
Tarihi
An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1960 ta hanyar hadewar " Wasannin Afirka " Bamako da " Foyer du Soudan ", kungiyoyi biyu masu nasara a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.
Jami'in Tiécoro Bagayoko, wani fitaccen memba ne na mulkin kama-karya na shugaba Moussa Traoré na mulkin soja a cikin shekarun 1970s. Yawancin masu sukar Djoliba AC, musamman suna fitowa daga Stade Malien, suna da'awar cewa an gina ƙarfin kulob ɗin a lokacin.
Duk da haka, Tiekoro Bagayoko ya tafi a cikin shekarar 1978 bayan kama shi, duk da haka Djoliba ya ci gaba da samun laƙabi da kofuna. A yau, ana kyautata zaton ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsarin kulab ɗin ƙwallon kafa a Mali.
Arjen Robben
Arjen Robben ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑrjən ˈrɔbə(n)] (an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da hudu1984A.c) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda yake taka leda a matsayin winger wanda ya iya cin nesa ana mai laqabi ne da mai lauje . An san shi da basirar iya yanke yanke, gudun, sarrafa ƙwallo da harbi mai tsayi. Ana daukar Robben a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa na zamaninsa kuma ana yaba masa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wiwi a duniya a lokacinsa.
Robben ya fara yin fice dasaninshi a tare da Groningen, wanda shi ne gwarzon shekara ta dubu biyunxuwa dubu biyu da daya a qasar nezaland na shekarar, 2000 zuwa 20001 Eredivisie kakar. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya rattaba hannu kan PSV aqasar nezaland din, inda ya zama matashin dan wasa na shekara na qasar Netherlands kuma ya lashe taken Eredivisie. A kakar wasa ta gaba manyan kungiyoyi ne suka bi sa hannun kwamtiragin matashin dan wasan a lokaci Robben, kuma bayan tsawaita tattaunawar canja wuri, ya koma dake nan birnin landan a qasar burtaniya Chelsea a shekara ta, 2004. An jinkirta wasan farko na Robben na Chelsea ta hanyar rauni, amma bayan dawowarsa cikin koshin lafiya, ya taimaka wa Chelsea ta kawo kofunan gasar Premier biyu a jere, kuma shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Premier a watan Nuwamba a shekarar dubu biyu da biyar, 2005. Bayan kakar wasa ta uku a Ingila wanda ya samu rauni, Robben ya kulla yarjejeniya da Real Madrid tana qasar sipaniya a kan kudi Yuro miliyan talatin da biyar 35.
Robben ya fara ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarai dubu biyu da goma, 2010, wanda Nezaland din ta sha kashi a hannun spaniya daci daya mai ban haushi. Ya bayyana a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta shekarar, 2004 da 2008 da 2012 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar, 2006 da 2010 da 2014. A karshen, ya lashe Bronze Ball kuma an kira shi ga All-Star Team.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Robben a Bedum, a arewa maso gabashin qasar nezaland. Ya dauki kwallon kafa tun yana dan karamin yaro, ya zama mai bin tafarkin Coerver. Ƙwarewar Robben yana daya daga cikin yan wasa masu saurin sarrafa qwallo ƙafa da ƙwallon ƙafa ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mai mahimmanci, kuma ya sa hannu da sauri daga kulob din FC Groningen. Anan, ya haɓaka salonsa na musamman na yanke ciki daga dama zuwa ƙafarsa na hagu don zura wasu ƙwallaye masu ban mamaki.
Groningen ya sanya Robben a cikin tawagar farkon yan wasa sha daya daxasu fara bugawa don kakar shekarar, 1999 zuwa 2000. Ya zura kwallaye har guda uku a wasan gasa da suka fafatar. mai horaswai mai suna Jan van Dijk ya kara da winger a cikin tawagar farko kafin Groningen na Nuwamba shekarai dubu biyu, 2000 a waje wasan da Twente, amma bai buga ba sai 3 ga watan Disamba a shekarar, 2000 da RKC Waalwijk a madadin Leonardo dos Santos da ya ji rauni ciwo a cikin minti na sabai'n da tara 79. A lokacin hunturu, Robben ya gudanar da wasa da kansa a cikin farawa. A cikin 18 ya fara don Groningen a kan kakar shekarar, 2000 zuwa 2001, ya zira kwallaye biyu. Robben an nada shi dan wasa mafi kyawun shekara a kakar wasa ta farko tare da kulob din, kuma tare da abokin wasansa Jordi Hoogstrate, ya nuna ƙarfin makarantar matasa na Groningen. Robben ya zauna tare da Groningen kuma ya inganta sosai a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2002, yana wasa a cikin 28 wasanni da zura kwallaye shida. Robben ya koma PSV akan €3.9 miliyan kafin lokacin shekara ta, 2002 zuwa 2003.
A lokacin kakarsa wasan sa ta farko a qungiyar dake nezaland PSV, kakar dubu biyu xuwa dubu biyu da uku 2002 zuwa 03, Robben ya buga 33 matches kuma ya ci 12 raga. An kira shi a "PSV aqasar nezaland ya anshi wanda yafi kowa oya qwallo a shekara ta a qasar co-player of the year" tare da dan wasan gaba Mateja Kežman, wanda ya kulla kawancen kai hari har yanzu magoya bayan PSV ta qasar nezaland suna kiransa "Batman da Robben". Ya taimaka wajen jagorantar qungiyar da nasarori PSV zuwa taken qasar Holland na sha bakwai 17, kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan shekara. Bayan wannan kyakkyawan farawa, PSV ba zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da abokiyar hamayyar Ajax ba kuma an tilasta shi cikin yaƙi don matsayi na biyu a cikin Eredivisie. Robben ya tafi Landan ya gana da kocin Manchester United Sir Alex Ferguson. Tayin da Ferguson ya yi ya zo da rahusa sosai ga PSV da Robben; Shugaban PSV Harry van Raaij ya shaida wa Manchester United mafi yawan cewa su €7 tayin miliyan zai saya musu riga ce mai rubutun Robben. Kusan nan take mai Chelsea Roman Abramovich ya yi tayin €18 miliyan ( £ 12.1 miliyan), kuma PSV ta yarda. Sauran kakar wasansa tare da PSV ya kasance abin takaici: ya ji rauni sau biyu kuma ya rasa wasanni da yawa. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Robben ya zura kwallaye biyar cikin 23 Eredivisie matches.
Robben bai yi gasa halarta sa ba ta karan a karon ga Chelsea har zuwa watan  Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2004, kamar yadda ya ji rauni a har na qarshen-kakar sada zumunci wasa da a qasar italiya Roma, karya wani metatarsal kashi a cikin kafar dama a kalubale daga Olivier Dacourt. A wannan lokacin, ya gaya wa likitocin qungiyar din cewa ya lura da wani girma da ba a sani ba a daya daga cikin ƙwanƙwasa. Da sauri tawagar likitoci yi gwaje-gwaje don duba ga testicular ciwon daji, amma daga baya aka ba shi gaba daya bayyananne.