cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Babban Holm
Manufofin mallaka
The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker.
A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W. L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale. Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki. A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol. Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300.
Palmerston Fort
Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff. An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare. Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade II da aka jera gine-gine. Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da 49,000 impgal na ruwan sama. Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine 16.7 m tsayi, 4.8 m fadi da 4.5 m mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi. Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk III yada tsakanin batura shida. Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch. Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi,  kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS Arrogant, wani jirgin ruwa mai <i id="mwAYw">girman kai</i>, a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki. An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa. A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm.
Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya
An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu. Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci. > A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931, an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse. Makamin ya hada da Mark <span about="#mwt365" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAak" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> & nbsp;     VII <span about="#mwt366" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAao" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> & nbsp;      Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria. Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales. Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi 60 cm layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1. Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu.
Bayan yaki
A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista  da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop. The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976. Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. "
Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin. Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare. Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo. A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood na Shaan kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin.
Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro Arcam, na Jason Minick.
Barbara Asher Ayisi
Barbara Ayisi Asher (an haife ta 12 ga Fabrairu 1976) yar siyasan Ghana ce kuma tsohuwar ‘yar majalisar wakilai ta yankin Cape Coast North a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Ita mamba ce a sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar ministar ilimi ce a Ghana. An nada ta a matsayin shugabar kwamitin shirya gasar cin kofin Premier ta mata (LOC).
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ayisi Asher a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 1976 a Efutu, yankin Tsakiya. Ita tsohuwar dalibar Our Lady of Apostles (OLA) College of Education and University of Education, Winneba. Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin adabin Ingilishi daga Jami'ar Cape Coast.
Aiki
Kafin nada ta a matsayin ‘yar majalisa, ta yi aiki a matsayin ‘yar kasuwa tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2006 a hukumar kula da ilimi ta Ghana (GES) sannan kuma a matsayin uwar gida daga 2010 zuwa 2016 a makarantar sakandare ta ‘yan mata ta Wesley.
Filing Jirgin Saman Mopti Airport
Filin jirgin saman Mopti wanda kuma aka fi sani da Filin jirgin saman Ambodejo, yana a birnin Mopti, a yankin Mopti a kasar Mali. Yana kusa da garin Sévaré.
Barbara Asher Ayisi
Siyasa
Ita ce mataimakiyar ministar ilimi mai kula da makarantun firamare. Tana da gidauniya mai suna Barbra Asher Foundation da ke mayar da hankali wajen rage zaman kashe wando a tsakanin matasa a mazabarta. Gidauniyar Barbra Asher tare da hadin gwiwar Ci gaban Harkokin Kasuwanci da Innovation na Jami’ar Fasaha ta Cape Coast sun horar da matasa sama da 200 a mazabar Cape Coast kan dabarun kasuwanci.
Filing Jirgin Saman Mopti Airport
Kayayyakin aiki
Filin jirgin saman yana zaune a yankin tsayin 906 ft sama yana nufin matakin teku. Yana da titin jirgin sama guda ɗaya wanda aka keɓance 05/23 tare da saman kwalta mai auna 2542 x.
Barbara Asher Ayisi
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ita Kirista ce kuma tana halartar Cocin Nasara na Bible Church International. Tana da aure tana da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Haƙƙin Yin Shaida akan Wani
Laifin kai shi ne mutum ya fallasa kansa gaba ɗaya akan wani laifi, ko ta hanyar tonawa kansa da kansa asiri, akan wata tuhuma ko aikata wani babban abu a bayyane ko a ɓoye laifi; shigar da kansa ko wani mutum a cikin tuhumar aikata laifuka ko haɗarinsa. Ɗorawa kai laifi na iya faruwa ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice: kai tsaye, ta hanyar tambaya inda aka bayyana bayanan da suka shafi aikata laifin kai; ko kuma a kaikaice, lokacin da wani mutum ya fallasa laifin da wani yayi kuma da son rai, ba tare da matsin lamba daga wani mutum ba).
A yawancin tsarin shari'a, masu laifi ba za a iya tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma da ɗorawa kansu laifi ba - za su iya zaɓar yin magana da 'yan sanda ko wasu hukumomi, amma ba za a iya hukunta su don sun ƙi yin hakan ba.Akwai ƙasashe 108 da ire-iren waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen da a halin yanzu suke yin gargaɗi ga masu shari'a ga wadanda ake tuhuma, wadanda suka haɗa da 'yancin yin shiru da kuma 'yancin samun lauya da a kaucewa zaluntar ire-iren su. Waɗannan dokokin ba iri ɗaya ba ne a duka faɗin duniya; ko wace ƙasa da nata dokokin, duk da haka, membobin Tarayyar Turai sun haɓaka dokokinsu akan jagorar EU.
Dokar fallasa kai a Kanada
A Kanada, akwai haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya bisa ga Yarjejeniya ta Haƙƙoƙi da ƴanci. Sashe na 11 na Yarjejeniya ya tanadi cewa ba za a iya tilasta mutum ya zama shaida a shari’ar da ake yi masa ba. Sashi na 11(c) yana cewa:
Duk mutumin da aka tuhume shi da laifi yana da haƙƙin...kada a tilasta shi ya zama shaida a shari'ar da ake yi wa mutumin dangane da laifin...
Wani muhimmin abu mai fa'ida a cikin dokar Kanada shi ne cewa wannan ba ya shafi mutumin da ba a tuhume shi a cikin shari'ar da ake magana ba. Mutum ya ba da sammaci, wanda ba a tuhume shi dangane da laifin da ake la'akari da shi ba, dole ne ya ba da shaida. Koyaya, ba za a iya amfani da wannan shaidar daga baya akan mutumin ba a wani harka. Sashe na 13 na Yarjejeniya Yana cewa:
A tarihi, a cikin dokar gama gari ta Kanada, shaidu za su iya ƙin ba da shaidar da za ta zargi kansu. Koyaya, sashe na 5 (1) na Dokar Shaida ta Kanada ta kawar da wannan cikakkiyar gata ta gama gari ta hanyar tilasta wa shaidu su ba da shaida. A musayar, sashe na 5 (2) na wannan aikin ya baiwa shaidun kariya daga samun wannan shaida da aka yi amfani da su a nan gaba in badai a shari’ar karya ba. Duk da yake waɗannan tanade-tanade na Dokar Shaidar Kanada suna ci gaba da aiki, an cim ma su a aikace-aikacensu ta hanyar rigakafi da aka bayar ta sashe na 13 da 7 na Yarjejeniya Ta Kanada na Haƙƙi da ƴanci.
Dokar fallasa kai a Sin
Bayan gyare-gyaren da aka yi na 1996 ga dokar da ta shafi laifuka, Maƙala ta 15 ta bayyana cewa "Ba a haramta ba a yi amfani da ikirari ta hanyar azabtarwa, tattara shaida ta hanyar barazana, yaudara, ko wasu hanyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko tilasta wani ya yi ikirarin ya aikata laifi da kansa a ƙasar Sin." A cikin 2012 kuma an sake gyara dokar don ƙarfafa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗanda ake zargi da laifi. Tun daga lokacin China ta amince da haƙƙin fallasa kai, kuma doka ta haramta tilasta wa mutum yin ikirari ya aikata laifi. Duk da haka, a aikace yayin da ake ci gaba da take hakkokin bil'adama a kasar Sin, har yanzu ya zama al'ada ga 'yan sanda su yi amfani da azabtarwa ga wadanda ake tuhuma don samun ikirari daga garesu na su fallasa cewa sunyi laifi Shigar kasar Sin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin jama'a da siyasa a shekarar 1998 ya kuma baiwa 'yan kasar Sin 'yancin daga cin zarafi; duk da cewa dai, kasar Sin ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba.
Dokar fallasa kai a Indiya
A Indiya a ƙarƙashin sashe na 20 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ake tuhuma yana da hakkin ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai laifi amma ba a ba wa shaidu damar yin haka ba.
Dole ne a sanar da wanda ake tuhuma hakkinsa kafin ya yi duk wata magana da za ta iya cutar da shi. Dole ne a tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma su ba da wata sanarwa. Idan aka tursasa wanda ake tuhuma ya bayar da wata magana wadda bata gaskiya ba, ba za a yarda da maganar a kotu ba. Kundin Tsarin laifuka da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya sun ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma ƴancin yin shiru, watau ƴancin hana bayyana kai ga hukumomi a matsayin mai laifi. Dole ne wanda ake tuhuma ya sanar da hukuma cewa yana amfani da ƴancin shi ne na yin shiru; Ba a la'akari da riƙe bayanan ta yin amfani da haƙƙinsshi na riƙe bayanan da ka iya zama mai laifi. Domin yin amfani da haƙƙin su na yin shiru, dole ne wanda ake tuhuma da laifi ya bayyana cewa suna yin haka. Misali, wanda ake tuhuma zai iya cewa, “Ina amfani da ‘yancin yin shiru kuma ba zan sake amsa wasu tambayoyi ba.” kundi na 20 (3) bai shafi wadanda suka yi ikirari da son rai ba tare da an tsoratar da su ba ko kuma an tilasta musu su, cikin yin irin wannan magana.
Dokar fallasa kai a Ingila
Da ake nema zuwa Ingila da Wales, Dokar Laifukan Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta 1994 ta gyara ƴancin yin shiru ta hanyar ba da damar yin amfani da abubuwan da alkalai suka yi a shari'ar da wanda ake tuhuma ya ki bayyana wani abu, sannan ya ba da bayani. Wato alkalan kotun na da hakkin su gane cewa wanda ake tuhumar ya ƙirƙiro bayanin ne a wani lokaci, saboda ya ƙi bayar da bayanin a lokacin da ƴan sanda ke yi masa tambayoyi. alkalai kuma suna da ƴanci kada su yi irin wannan shawarar.
Dokar fallasa kai a Sukotland
A cikin dokokin Scots da na farar hula, da duka na gama gari da na doka sun samo asali kuma suna aiki daban da na Ingila da Wales. A cikin dokar Scots, haƙƙin yin shuru ba ya canzawa ta abubuwan da ke sama, kuma an tauye haƙƙin alkalai na zana abubuwan da suka dace.
A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2018, doka a Scotland ta canza game da mutanen da ƴan sanda ke tsare da su. Waɗannan canje-canjen suna shafar mutanen da aka kama ne kawai bayan 25 ga Janairu, 2018. Wadanda aka kama suna da ƴancin yin shiru kuma ba dole ba ne su amsa tambayoyin ƴan sanda. Sai dai duk da cewa wanda ƴan sanda ke tsare da shi ba ya bukatar amsa tambayoyi dangane da laifin da ake zarginsa da shi, amma ya zama wajibi wadanda ake tsare da su amsa tambayoyin asali kamar: suna, ranar haihuwa, adireshin da kuma asalin ƙasar da yake.
Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola
Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola (Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta a Angola) yana cikin gundumar Ingombota na birnin Luanda, Angola. Shi ne mafi girma kuma tilo na Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta a Angola kuma ɗayan tarin gidajen tarihi a Luanda.
Tarihi
An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin shekarar 1938 a matsayin Museu de Angola, kuma an samo asalin ta ne a cikin sansanin soja na São Miguel, da farko tare da sassan Ethnography, Tarihi, Zoology, Botany, Geology, Economics da Art. An ƙara ɗakin karatu da tarihin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekarar 1956, tarin kayan tarihin ya koma ginin da yake yanzu mai hawa 3 a Ingombota. Yana cikin tsakiyar Ingombota a kan titi daga Kasuwar Kinaxixi da aka rushe a yanzu.
Museu Nacional de Antropologia (Angola)
Museu Nacional de Antropologia (National Museum of Anthropology) wani gidan kayan gargajiya ne a gundumar Ingombota na birnin Luanda, Angola. An kafa shi a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 1976, cibiyar al'adu ce da kimiyya, sadaukar da kai ga tarin, bincike, kiyayewa, gabatarwa da yada al'adun Angola.
Ayyuka
Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi ɗakuna 14 da aka baje a kan benaye biyu waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan al'adu sama da 6000, da suka haɗa da kayan aikin gona, farauta da kayan kamun kifi, ginin ƙarfe, tukwane, kayan ado, kayan kiɗa, abubuwan tunawa da haƙƙin mata da kuma hotunan mutanen Khoisan. An baje kolin kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya daban-daban, kuma baƙi za su ji nunin yadda ake amfani da marimba. Sauran manyan abubuwan jan hankali na gidan kayan gargajiya sune murhun wutar lantarki don narka baƙin ƙarfe, da ɗakin sa na abin rufe fuska, wanda ke nuna alamun al'adar mutanen Bantu. Baya ga tarinsa na dindindin, gidan tarihin yana kuma shirya nune-nune na wucin gadi.
Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa
A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, 2022, Cibiyar al'adun Jamus da ke Luanda, Goethe-Institut Angola, ta mika fassarar cikakken jerin abubuwa masu tarin yawa na kundin tarihin tarihin al'adun gargajiya na Berlin ga ma'aikatar al'adun Angola. Wannan ya biyo bayan yarjejeniyar da aka yi tsakanin gidajen tarihi na Berlin da Luanda don yin hadin gwiwa, inda aka mai da hankali kan kiyayewa da dawo da kaddarorin al'adu da sake nazarin tarihin gidajen tarihi guda biyu a yanayin mulkin mallaka.
Cotonou Cathedral
Cathedral na Notre Dame de Miséricorde, wanda aka fi sani da Cotonou Cathedral, babban cocin Roman Katolika ne, wanda ke kusa da gadar Ancien Pont a cikin Cotonou, Benin. An san ta don nau'in gine-ginen burgundy da farin striped tiled. Hasumiya na tsaye zuwa gefen hagu na babban ginin.
Cathedral shine wurin zama na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Cotonou. An kafa wannan majami'ar ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 1883 a matsayin gundumar Apostolic na Dahomey daga fadar Apostolic Vicariate na gabar da tekun Benin, Najeriya. Bayan canje-canjen suna da yawa a ƙarƙashin Dahomey, a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba 1955 an inganta ta a matsayin Babban Archdiocese na Cotonou.
Mutanen Dagaaba
Mutanen Dagaaba (mufuradi Dagao, da kuma, a yarukan arewa, Dagara na jam'i da kuma mufuradi ) kabila ce dake arewa da haduwar Ghana, Burkina Faso da Cote d'Ivoire. Suna magana da yaren Dagaare, yaren Gur wanda ya ƙunshi yarukan Dagaare na Arewa masu alaƙa da yarukan Dagaare na Kudu da wasu ƙananan yarukan. A cikin yarukan arewa ana kiran harshe da jama’a da Dagara. Suna da alaka da mutanen Birifor da Dagaare Diola. Harshen da aka fi sani da Dagaare (wanda kuma ake kira Dagare, Dagari, Dagarti, Dagara ko Dagao), kuma a tarihi wasu wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba sun dauki wannan a matsayin sunan mutane. Wani masanin tarihi, yana kwatanta yadda ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi amfani da “Dagarti” a da, ya rubuta cewa: “Dagarti ya bayyana cewa Turawa na farko da suka ziyarci yankin ne suka kirkiro sunan Dagarti, daga asalin harshen dagaa, daidai ‘Dagari’. ' shine sunan yare, 'Dagaaba' ko 'Dagara' na mutane, da 'Dagaw' ko 'Dagawie' na ƙasa."
Yaduwar yanki
Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta ana raba su zuwa Arewa da Kudancin Dagaare, idan aka kwatanta da yawan al’ummarsu a shekarar 2003 sama da miliyan daya bazuwa a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na Ghana da yankin Sud-Ouest a kudu maso yammacin Burkina Faso. Kudancin Dagaare mutane ne da ke da kusan 700,000 da ke zaune a yammacin yankin Upper West. Masu magana da harshen Dagaare na Arewa, wanda aka kiyasta yawansu ya kai 388,000 (a cikin 2001) suna zaune ne a lardin Ioba, amma kuma a lardunan Poni, Bougouriba, Sissili, da Mouhoun. A Ghana, guguwar hijira da dama daga cikin gida, tun daga farkon mulkin mallaka a karshen karni na 19 (amma mai yiyuwa ne aka fara shi da wuri) kuma a shekarun 1980, ya kawo yawan mutanen Dagaaba zuwa garuruwan kudancin kasar. , musamman yankin Brong Ahafo. A Ghana ta zamani, mahaifar Dagaaba na yankin Upper West ya hada da gundumomi da garuruwan Nandom, Lawra, Jirapa, Kaleo, Papu, Nadowli, Daffiama, Wechiau da Hamile. Hakanan ana samun manyan al'ummomi a garuruwan Wa, Bogda, Babile, Tuna, Han, Zambo, Ghana, da Nyoli.
Tarihi
Tushen al’ummar Dagaaba a zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka ya kasance abin muhawara. Hujjar al’adar baka ita ce, Dagaaba ta fito ne daga kungiyar Mole-Dagbani da ta yi hijira zuwa yankin Sahel da ba shi da danshi a karni na goma sha hudu miladiyya. An yi imanin sun ƙara yin ƙaura zuwa ƙananan arewacin yankin a ƙarni na sha bakwai. Tun kafin bayyanar Turawa, Dagaaba suna rayuwa ne a cikin ƙananan al'ummomin noma, ba a mayar da su cikin kowane babban tsari irin na jiha ba. Nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci ya yi nuni da wallafe-wallafen baka wanda ya nuna cewa Dagaaba lokaci-lokaci, kuma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara, sun bijirewa yunƙurin mamaya da jihohi a kudancin Ghana na zamani, da kuma masarautun Dagbon da Mamprugu da Gonja a arewa. Ɗaya daga cikin kididdigar da aka kafa a kan shaidar baka ita ce, Dagaaba ta kafa a matsayin ƙungiyar Dagbon da ke ƙarƙashin Na Nyanse. Iyakokin turawan mulkin mallaka, da aka shata a lokacin Scramble for Africa, sun sanya su a arewa maso yammacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso, da kuma kananan mazauna kasar Ivory Coast.
Ƙarfafa dangantakar jama'a
Al’ummar Dagaaba a wasu lokuta suna samun rikici da kungiyoyin da ke makwabtaka da su, musamman kan hakkin filaye, a shekarun 1980 da kabilar Sisala da kuma a lokutan baya da mutanen Wala. Na karshen, tare da kawance da Daular Wassoulou ta Diola Samory Toure, sun ci Dagawie da yawa a karshen shekarun 1890, karkashin jagorancin Sarankye Mori.
Wasu daga cikin kauyukan Dagaaba na kudu sun kasance a farkon shekarun 1890 karkashin mulkin Masarautar Wala amma sai suka yi tawaye a 1894 suka ba da yancin kai. Duk da haka an mayar da su ga yankunan Wala Native Authority ta Birtaniya a 1933.
Al'umma
A cikin mahaifar Dagawie, Dagaaba sun kafa al'ummomin noma marasa zaman kansu. Tsakanin Dagaaba na zamani sun ƙunshi dangi goma waɗanda suka ƙunshi sama da mutane miliyan ɗaya.
Siyasar gargajiya
Al'ummomin Dagaaba na gargajiya sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilar "Yir" ko rukunin gida, waɗanda jerin su an tattara su zuwa cikin "Tengan", yankin bautar gumaka na duniya. Tsarin Tengan, ƙungiyar rawar da aka saba gada a cikin rukunin gida ɗaya, ana kiransa tendaalun. Shugaban wadannan wuraren tsafi, tengan sob (wani lokaci tindana) ya cika aikin dattijo da firist, tare da tengan dem, mai kula da al'ada da mai kula da cibiyar al'ada. Sauran ayyukan firist/dattijo a cikin tendalun sun haɗa da suo sob wanda ke yin yankan dabba ga allahntakar duniya, zongmogre da ke yin al'ada a cibiyoyin kasuwa mai tsarki, da gara dana ko wie sob wanda shi ne shugaban al'ada a tsakanin al'ummomin farauta. Wadannan sauran nau'o'in rayuwa na al'umma a yawancin al'ummar Dagaaba, da kuma tasiri, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ra'ayin al'umma game da ƙasa kamar yadda aka yi a cikin ruhaniya, da kuma albarkatun al'umma daban-daban da ke faɗo a ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumomi, zuriya, da/ko rundunonin ruhaniya daban-daban.
Har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha tara lokacin da aka samu sarautar hukumomi (kuma daga baya gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa shi), al'ummomin Dagaaba sun yi aiki a karkashin tsarin majalisar dattawa.
Wasu daga cikin al’ummar Dagaaba suna rike da sarautar gargajiya, wani lokacin kuma suna takara. Tun a shekara ta 2006 ne ‘Majalisar Dattawa’ ta al’ummar Dagaaba ta kasar Ghana ta yi yunkurin hada kan bangarori daban-daban tare da nada Naa Franklin Suantah, babban jami’in kula da karatu na kwalejin horas da ma’aikata ta Saint Louis ta Kumasi a matsayin shugaban al’ummar Dagaaba a kasar Ghana.
Al'adu
Al’ummar Dagaaba a tarihi sun yi addinan Gargajiya, da Musulunci da Kiristanci. Dagaaba na Ghana a al'adance sun kasance suna da alakar ƴan uwa/Barkwanci da mutanen Frafra (Gurunsi). Dagaaba, kafin tasirin ’yan mulkin mallaka, sun kasance masu dogaro da kai wajen samar da karfe, sun kuma samu nasara wajen noman gauraye. Sun kuma ƙera naɗaɗɗen kayan kida da suka haɗa da gyle (xylophones).
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Al'ummomi a yankunan Dagaaba sun kasance a matsayin ƙananan ƙananan noma, tare da filayen noman iyali da kansu ke nomawa. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da kuɗin shiga a waje da gonaki don ƙarin kuɗin shiga kasuwanci da rayuwa daga noma. Al'ummomin masu kamun kifi na Dagaaba sun ci gaba da tafiya tare da Black Volta, iyakar ƙasar Dagaaba. Saboda ana samun al'ummomin tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na bakin teku zuwa Sahel mai tarihi, ciniki ya daɗe yana zama muhimmiyar sana'a, amma galibi a cikin kayan gida. Kasuwanni a cikin manyan garuruwa suna ranar Lahadi, tare da wasu a zagaye na kwanaki shida.
Adabin baka
Adabin baka yana da dadadden al’ada tare da al’ummar Dagaaba, kuma ya kasance abin koyi da tarbiyya a cikin al’ummar Dagaaba. Akwai manyan adabi guda biyu a cikin al'ummar Dagaaba. Ana iya rarraba su gabaɗaya a matsayin adabi na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi labarai, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da sauran nau'ikan baka da kuma adabi masu tsarki da aka samar a lokacin al'ada da hidimar addini. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan su ne tatsuniyoyi na tatsuniyoyi na jakunkuna da jawabai da aka yi a lokacin bukukuwan qaddamarwa da sauran hidimomin addini.
Tawagar majalisar dokokin Najeriya daga jihar Borno
Tawagar majalisar dokokin Najeriya daga jihar Borno ta kunshi Sanatoci uku da wakilai goma.
Majalisa ta 6 (2007-2011)
An kaddamar da majalisar kasa ta 6 (2007-2011) a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2007. Sanatoci a majalisa ta 6 sune:
Lambobin Waya a Najeriya
Lambobin waya a Najeriya ya kasan ce suna amfani da haɗin lambobin yanki da lambobin sirri. Lambobin yankin kuma ɗaya ne ( Lagos, Ibadan da kuma Abuja ) ko lambobi biyu. Lambobin wayar gida sun ƙunshi tsakanin lambobi biyar zuwa bakwai. Tsawon lambar waya zai iya bambanta tsakanin lambar yanki. Lambobin wayar hannu suna farawa da 070, 080 ko 081, 090 ko 091 kuma lambobi takwas suna biye da su.
Tsarin kira
Waɗan nan misalan suna amfani da kira zuwa Legas a matsayin misalin:
Maƙallan cibiyar sadarwar wayar hannu
Ana sanya ma'auni masu zuwa ga gudanar da cibiyar sadarwar wayar hannu. Najeriya ta aiwatar da Motar Lambobin Waya a 2013. Saboda haka, prefixes ba su ƙara nuna dogaron wace cibiyar sadarwa da lambar waya ke kunne ba.
Filin Jirgin Saman Primavera do Leste
Filin jirgin saman Primavera do Leste filin jirgin sama ne mai jigila a kamfanin Primavera do Leste, Brazil.
Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa
Babu jirage da aka shirya gudanarwa a wannan filin jirgin.
Shiga
Filin jirgin saman yana 4 km daga cikin gari Primavera do Leste.
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Kgosi Sechele I
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kgosi Sechele I gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kasa da ke Molepolole, Botswana. An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin shekarar 1902 kuma an buɗe shi ga jama'a a cikin shekarar 1992. Abubuwan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da abubuwan tunawa da yawa da suka shafi shahararren mai binciken David Livingstone (1813 zuwa 1873).
Tarihi
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kgosi Sechele yana kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun Botswana. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1902 kuma mutanen gundumar kweneng na Molepolole ne suka gina ta. An yi ginin a cikin tsoffin gine-ginen tarihi kuma an bayyana shi a buɗe ga jama'a a cikin shekarar 1992 da kuma gidan kayan tarihi na ƙasa.
Marthe Ongmahan
Marthe Yolande Ongmahan (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1992) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce 'yar Kamaru wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga AWA Yaoundé da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Kamaru.
Sana'a
Marthe Ongmahan tana buga ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ga AWA Yaoundé a cikin Yaoundé, inda ta lashe kofin gasar mata ta Kamaru a shekarar 2017.
Marthe Ongmahan dai ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Kamaru da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2018 a Ghana, duk da cewa ba ta halarci gasar ba. Tawagar daga karshe ta yi nasara a mataki na uku da ci 4-2 da Mali, don haka ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2019 a Faransa. Saboda haka, a shekara ta gaba ta kasance cikin tawagar Kamaru a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata. Ba ta sake fitowa a gasar ba, wanda Kamaru ta kai wasan zagaye na 16 kafin Ingila ta sha kashi da ci 3-0.
Balogun Market
Kasuwar Balogun Ajeniya kasuwa ce da ke tsibirin Legas a jihar Legas, Najeriya. Kasuwar ba ta da adireshi na musamman saboda ta bazu kan tituna da yawa a tsibirin. An san kasuwar Balogun a matsayin wuri mafi kyau don siyan yadudduka, takalma, da kowane irin kayayyaki.
Lamarin gobara
An sha samun aukuwar gobara daban-daban a kasuwar shahararriyar kasuwar, gobarar na faruwa ne a ranakun daban-daban amma mafi shaharar ta faru ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019 da Janairun 2020, mafi yawan gobarar na faruwa ne a lokacin rani.
City Mall, Lagos
Kasuwar Legas City Mall cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta zamani da ke Onikan, Tsibirin Legas. Tana kusa da manyan wuraren tarihi na Legas da yawa kamar Muson Center, Tafawa Balewa Square, Onikan Stadium, National Museum da kuma Radisson Blu Anchorage Hotel, Victoria Island.
Kayayyakin da ke Babban Mall da ke Legas sun haɗa da:
Eliezer Rivlin
Eliezer Rivlin ( אליעזר ריבלין  ; an haife shi Mayu 28, 1942) masanin shari'a ne na Isra'ila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali na Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila.
Adeline Akufo-Addo
Adeline Sylvia Eugenia Ama Yeboakua Akufo-Addo (née Nana Yeboakua Ofori-Atta; 17 ga watan Disamban a shekara ta 1917 - 21 Maris din shekarar 2004) matar shugaban kasa ce a jamhuriya ta biyu ta Ghana a matsayin matar Edward Akufo-Addo kuma mahaifiyar shugaban Ghana Nana Akufo- Addo.
Ta mutu a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu da ke Accra a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, tana da shekara 86.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife tane ga Nana Sir Ofori Atta I, Omanhene na Akyem Abuakwa, da Agnes Akosua Dodua na Abomosu, ita ce kuma Abontendomhene (sarauniyar gidan sarauta na Ofori Panin Fie na Kyebi). Don haka, an sanya mata salo a hukumance a matsayin Nana Yeboakua Ofori-Atta.
Yayarta ita ce Susan Ofori-Atta, likita mace ta farko daga Gold Coast. Babban ɗan'uwan Adeline Akufo-Addo shine William Ofori-Atta, ɗan siyasan Gold Coast kuma lauya, tsohon ministan harkokin waje kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) da kuma memba na "Manyan shida", Kungiyar masu fafutuka ta siyasa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta tsare bayan tarzomar Accra a shekara ta 1948, inda suka fara fafutukar ganin Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1957. Wani dan uwanta shi ne Kofi Asante Ofori-Atta, ministan kananan hukumomi a jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP) ta gwamnatin Kwame Nkrumah kuma daga bisani shugaban majalisar dokokin Ghana.
Dam ɗin Midmar
Dam ɗin Midmar, haɗin gwiwa ne mai ƙarfin gaske & nau'in madatsar ruwa mai cike da ƙasa da yanki na nishaɗi kusa da Howick da Pietermaritzburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Kwale-kwale, ninƙaya, wasan motsa jiki, wasan motsa jiki, da kamun kifi su ne mashahuran abubuwan shaƙatawa a Dam ɗin Midmar. A kowace shekara, ana gudanar da gasar ninƙaya ta Midmar Mile a wurin, wanda masu shirya gasar suka kira "batun buɗaɗɗen ruwa mafi girma a duniya". Sama da shigarwar 20,000 an karɓi don taron na shekarar 2009. Midmar Dam yana cikin Midlands na KwaZulu-Natal. Babban dalilin dam ɗin shi ne ya yi amfani da ƙananan hukumomi da masana'antu kuma hadarinsa ya kasance a matsayi mafi girma (3).
Morgenzon yana da zango da wuraren ayari, duka masu ƙarfi da marasa ƙarfi. Dam ɗin ya kuma dauki nauyin kulab ɗin jirgin ruwa,  da kuma rufe wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki na jiragen ruwa.
Midmar Dam yana da sauƙin isa daga babbar hanyar N3.
Liz Lynne
Elizabeth Lynne (an Haife ta 22 ga watan Janairu, Shekara ta 1948) yar siyasa ce ta Biritaniya, kuma ta kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na West Midlands na Liberal Democrats daga zaben Turai na 1999 har sai da ta yi ritaya a 2012. Baya an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa (MP) a Rochdale a babban zaben 1992 amma ta sha kaye a babban zaben 1997.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Lynne a Woking kuma ta yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Dorking County. Tsakanin 1966 da 1989 ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, ta bayyana a cikin Mousetrap. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan magana tsakanin 1988 zuwa 1992. A zaben gama gari na shekarar 1987 ta fafata da Harwich inda ta sha kaye. Lynne ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar shugabar Hukumar Haɗin Kan Indonesiya na Sashen Biritaniya na Amnesty International. Yayin da ta kasance 'yar majalisa ita ce kakakin jam'iyyar Liberal Democrat a kan Lafiya da Kula da Al'umma, sannan kuma mai magana da yawun Tsaro da Nakasa.Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin majiɓintan ƙungiyar agajin tashin hankali na gida ManKind Initiative.
An kiyasta ta a matsayin mafi kyawun matsayi na 35 a cikin dukkanin MEPs 785 da kuma 9th mafi kyau na 78 na Birtaniya MEPs game da inganta gaskiya da kuma gyara bisa ga (Open Turai think tank). Ta kasance memba mai kafa-kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa-na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Intergroup MEPs Against Cancer.
Sana'ar siyasa
Lynne ta kasance MP kuma MEP. Ta zauna a matsayin MEP na West Midlands daga 1999 zuwa 2012. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2011 ta sanar da cewa za ta yi murabus daga matsayin, kuma ta yi hakan a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2012. Kujerinta ya cika da Phil Bennion, wanda ya kasance na biyu a jerin jam'iyyar Liberal Democrat.
B-Red
Adebayo Adeleke wanda aka fi sani da B-Red (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Yuli), mawaƙi ne na Najeriya. Wanda aka fi sani da ɗan uwan Davido, aikinsa na solo ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 2013 tare da fitar da "Insane Girl"; wakar tana ɗauke da sautin muryar Davido, Shizzi ne ya shirya waƙar. A cikin 2016, ya saki EP ɗin sa na farko, All the Way Up.
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Atlanta, Jojiya, Amurka, shi ɗa ne ga Sanatan Najeriya Ademola Adeleke, B-Red ya koma Najeriya don ci gaba da sana'ar kiɗa. Ƙani ne ga mawakin Najeriya Davido.
Sana'a
A cikin shekaru biyar da ya yi tare da HKN, B-Red ya kasa fitar da wani albam, aikin da ya fitar shi ne tsawaita wasan kwaikwayo na EP a tsakiyar 2016. Mai suna 'All The Way Up', EP ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi takwas, gami da waƙoƙin bonus guda shida, waɗanda galibi an fitar da su. Tsakanin 2013 da 2015, duk da haka ya fitar da ƴan wasa da yawa waɗanda suka ji daɗin wasan, da suka haɗa da "Uju" da "Cucumber" haɗin gwiwa da Akon. a cikin Afrilu 2019, mawaƙin HKN kuma marubucin waƙa, B-Red ya saki waƙoƙi biyu masu taken "E Better" wanda ke nuna shugabar (Mavin Records), Don Jazzy. Kuma "Achie" wanda ke nuna gwanin da ya lashe lambar yabo, Davido, a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2020 B-Red ya sake fitar da wani kundi na studio mai suna "The Jordan" gabatarwar ta fito da fasalin bako daga mahaifinsa Sanata Ademola Adeleke, B-Red kuma ya fito da fitaccen mawakin Najeriya 2Baba, sauran bayyanar bako inda Davido, Slimcase, Dremo, Sina Rambo, Mayorkun, Peruzzi, da dai sauransu.
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
Kyauta daga Top Naija Music Award
Ijanikin
Ijanikin wata unguwa ce da ke gundumar Oto-Awori ta Ojo, Jihar Legas, Najeriya
Mutane
Asalin mutanen Ijanikin ‘yan Awori ne suka mamaye tun da ana ganin su ne farkon mazauna garin. Garin dai bisa ga al'adar wani mai sarauta ne wanda ake kira Onijanikin Ijanikin.
Ilimi
Ijanikin gida ne ga manyan makarantun ilimi da dama da suka haɗa da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Legas, Oto/Ijanikin da kuma makarantar sakandaren gwamnatin jihar Legas, Oto/ijanikin.
Janio Bikel
Janio Bikel Figueiredo da Silva wanda aka fi sani da Janio Bikel, (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1995) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Bissau-Guinean wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob ɗin Seria B Vicenza, a matsayin aro daga kulob din Major League Soccer Vancouver Whitecaps FC. Ya taba buga wasa a SC Heerenveen, NEC da CSKA Sofia. Tsohon matashin ɗan wasan kasa da kasa na Portugal, yana buga wa tawagar kasar Guinea-Bissau wasa.
Sana'a/Aiki
A ranar 7 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2015, Janio Bikel ya fara wasansa na farko tare da SC Heerenveen a wasan 2014-15 Eredivisie da ADO Den Haag.
A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2018, Janio Bikel ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Bulgarian CSKA Sofia.
Janio Bikel ya koma kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Major League ta Kanada Vancouver Whitecaps FC ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2020. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2021, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-1 a hannun LA Galaxy
Ayyukan kasa
An haife shi a Guinea-Bissau kuma ya girma a Portugal, Bikel tsohon matashi ne na duniya na Portugal. Ya haɗu da tawagar kasar Guinea-Bissau a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Equatorial Guinea da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 2022.
Tafkunan dake daidaita shara
Tafkunan da ke daidaita sharar gida ( WSPs ko tafkuna masu daidaitawa ko lagoons na sharar sharar gida ) tafkunan da aka tsara da kuma gina su don maganin ruwan sha don rage abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta da kuma kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. Bacin rai ne da ɗan adam ya yi wanda aka killace su da tsarin ƙasa. Kuma Ruwan sharar gida ko "tasiri" yana shiga a gefe ɗaya na kandami na daidaitawar sharar gida kuma yana fita a gefe guda a matsayin "mai tsabta", bayan ya shafe kwanaki da yawa a cikin tafkin, lokacin da tsarin kulawa ya faru.
Ana amfani da tafkunan kwantar da shara a duk duniya don maganin sharar gida kuma sun dace musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da yanayin zafi. Ana amfani da su akai-akai don magance najasa da gurɓataccen masana'antu, sannan Kuma amma kuma ana iya amfani da su don maganin gushewar ruwa na birni ko kuma ruwan sama. Tsarin zai iya ƙunshi tafki guda ɗaya ko tafkuna da yawa a cikin jeri, kowane tafki yana taka rawa daban-daban wajen kawar da gurɓataccen abu. Bayan jiyya, za'a iya mayar da magudanar zuwa ruwan saman ko kuma a sake amfani da shi azaman ruwan ban ruwa (ko ruwan da aka dawo da shi) idan magudanar ta cika ka'idojin da ake buƙata (misali ƙananan matakan ƙwayoyin cuta ).
Manufar tabbatarwa
Najasa da yawancin nau'ikan ruwan sharar masana'antu sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta. Kuma Idan aka fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da kula da shi ba cikin ruwa na saman (misali, koguna da tafkuna), kwayoyin halittarsu suna zama abinci ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin ruwan saman. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da kwayoyin halitta don samar da makamashi don girma da haifuwa. Sannan Ana yin wannan ta hanyar numfashin su, inda suke canza kwayoyin halitta zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa. Duk Wadannan tsayayyen sassan ba sa haifar da matsalolin gurbatar ruwa. Don haka ana kiran wannan akai-akai "kwantar da hankali" na kwayoyin halitta.
Duk da haka, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin numfashi, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin gurɓataccen ruwa, Kuma wanda zai iya shafar yanayin ruwa na ruwa, ciki har da kifi.
Tafkunan sharar gida suna haifar da waɗannan abubuwan al'amuran halitta kafin su faru a cikin ruwan sama mai karɓar kuma suna haifar da matsalolin ƙazanta saboda yawan iskar oxygen. Tafkunan suna karɓar ruwan sharar gida, kuma, ta hanyar hanyoyin dabi'a irin waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna aiwatar da daidaita yanayin kwayoyin halitta a cikin su, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jiyya. Kuma Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa suka karbi sunan tafkunan kwantar da hankali.
Microorganisms
Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin tafki. To Amman Ana auna kwayoyin halitta azaman buƙatar oxygen na biochemical (BOD). Ƙimar BOD a cikin ruwan kandami sun fi ƙasa da tasiri, suna nuna kawar da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan tafki biome yana amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan datti a matsayin abinci.
Ana canza abubuwan gina jiki zuwa kayan tantanin halitta da makamashi don tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ciki har da haifuwa da haɓakar sel masu rai. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sel masu rai za a cinye su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta a matakan trophic mafi girma a cikin tafki. To A cikin tafkunan, rukuni mafi mahimmanci na ƙwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke amfani da yawancin kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan sha, amma kuma suna cinye oxygen.
Algae wani muhimmin rukuni ne na ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba su dogara da kwayoyin halitta daga masu tasiri ba. Maimakon haka, suna ɗaukar photosynthesis, wanda suke samar da kwayoyin halitta don amfanin kansu kuma, mafi mahimmanci a nan, suna sakin oxygen. Kuma Yawan iskar oxygen da aka fitar yana tallafawa numfashin da kwayoyin halitta ke yi a cikin tafki. Hakanan ana narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye shimfidar iska a saman saman tafki.
Matakan oxygen
Matsakaicin iskar oxygen ya bambanta a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa: Kusa da ƙasa, haɓakawa yana da yawa kuma yana tallafawa haɓakar ƙwayoyin iska. Kusa da ƙasan kandami, shigar hasken rana ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka aikin photosynthesis yana raguwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen ya zama ƙasa a can. A ƙarshe, a cikin sediments a cikin ƙasan Layer, babu iskar oxygen kwata-kwata. Anan, kwayoyin halitta ana cire su ta hanyar narkewa da kwayoyin anaerobic suka yi.
Cire ƙwayoyin cuta
Ana iya cire ƙwayoyin cuta da kyau a cikin tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Tsarin ya dogara da yawa akan tafkunan balagagge don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, kodayake wasu cirewar kuma yana faruwa a cikin sauran tafkunan tsarin. Mafi girman adadin tafkunan a cikin jerin, mafi inganci da kawar da pathogen.
Protozoan pathogens suna nan a cikin ruwan datti a cikin nau'i na cysts ko oocysts. Helminths (tsutsotsi) suna samuwa a cikin nau'i na ƙwai. Kuma Za a iya cire ƙwayoyin cuta na protozoan da helminth ta hanyar tsarin lalata. Za'a iya samun ingancin cirewa sosai, musamman idan tafkunan maturation suna cikin tsarin jiyya. A wannan yanayin, ƙaƙƙarfan tafki na ƙarshe na iya kasancewa cikin bin ka'idodin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don ban ruwa tare da sharar da aka gyara (ko " ruwan da aka kwato"). Duk da haka, a sludge (launi) daga tafkunan na iya zama gurbataccen ruwa tare da ƙwai helminth, wanda zai iya rayuwa ko da bayan shekaru da yawa na adana sludge a cikin kandami.
Nau'ukan
Babban tsarin tsarin tafki shine:
Idan tafkin anaerobic ya kasance, wani ɓangare na daskararrun da aka dakatar daga ruwa mai datti ya daidaita, don haka cire kwayoyin halitta ( BOD ) da waɗannan daskararrun ke bayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana cire wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka narkar da su ta hanyar narkewar anaerobic. To A lokacin mataki na biyu a cikin tafki mai facultative , yawancin sauran BOD ana cire su ne ta hanyar kwayoyin heterotrophic waɗanda ke karɓar iskar oxygen daga photosynthesis da algae ke yi. Babban aikin mataki na uku a cikin tafkunan balagagge shine kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko da yake yana iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan abinci (watau nitrogen ). Koyaya, kuma ƙayyadaddun nitrogen ta hanyar algae da ke zaune a cikin tsarin tafki mai daidaitawa na iya haɓaka matakan nitrogen a cikin ƙazamin kandami.
Tafkunan anaerobic
Tafkunan anaerobic suna samun danyen ruwan sharar gida. Suna da ƙaramin yanki idan aka kwatanta da tafkuna masu ƙwarewa kuma suna da zurfi (yawanci 3.0 zuwa 5.0 m). Zurfin yana rage tasirin samar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar photosynthesis, yana haifar da yanayin anaerobic. Dangane da yanayin lodi da yanayin yanayi, waɗannan tafkunan suna iya cire tsakanin rabin zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na tasirin BOD. Wannan yana rage girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke zuwa tafkunan masu fa'ida, don haka yana rage girman da ake buƙata. Tafkunan anaerobic stabilization suna da lahani na yuwuwar sakin iskar gas mai haɗari. Wannan musamman ya hada da hydrogen sulfide tare da warin ruɓaɓɓen qwai,Kuma idan tsarin yana da matsalolin aiki.
Sludge yana taruwa a kasan tafkunan anaerobic kuma yana buƙatar cirewa kowane ƴan shekaru.
Facultative tafkunan
Facultative stabilization tafkunan da ke karɓar danyen ruwan sha ana kiran tafkuna na farko. Idan suna karbar ruwan sharar da aka riga aka yi magani a cikin tafkunan anaerobic, ana kiran su tafkunan facultative na sakandare. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tafkunan kwantar da hankali don jiyya biyo bayan wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin jiyya kamar su ma'aunin anaerobic sludge bargo (UASB) reactors, ramukan iskar oxygen ko lagoons mai iska. Idan aka kwatanta da tafkunan anaerobic, tafkuna masu fa'ida ba su da zurfi (zurfin 1.5 zuwa 2.5 m) kuma suna da filaye da yawa. Yankin saman yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ba da damar iskar oxygen ta narke da hasken rana don shiga cikin ruwa. Duk Wannan yana ba da damar aikin photosynthesis ya faru wanda ke samar da ƙarin oxygen.
A mafi yawan tafkunan ana buƙatar ƙwayoyin cuta da algae don haɓaka lalata kwayoyin halitta da kuma kawar da wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Algae suna samar da iskar oxygen (photosynthesis) kuma suna cinye iskar oxygen (numfasawa), to amma suna barin iskar oxygen da yawa waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya amfani da su don numfashi da kuma hanyoyin iskar oxygen (ko daidaitawa) na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan sharar gida.
Yawancin nau'ikan invertebrates suna nan a cikin tafkunan inda suke sarrafa yawan algae, wanda sannan ya zauna a ƙasa. Girman algashi mai nauyi na iya toshe hasken rana shiga cikin tafki. Wannan yana rage yuwuwar photosynthesis don ba da gudummawar iskar oxygen zuwa kandami.
Lalacewar da ke kunshe da laka a cikin tafki yana shan narkewar anaerobic, kuma yana iya tarawa tsawon shekaru da yawa ba tare da buƙatar cirewa ba.
Maturation tafkunan
Tarin sludge yayi ƙasa sosai a cikin tafkunan maturation.