cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Metastasis
Abubuwan da suka shafi
Matakan metastatic ana tsara su sosai ta nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban, gami da sel na jini (kwayoyin endothelial), ƙwayoyin rigakafi ko ƙwayoyin stromal. Ci gaban sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin jini, wanda ake kira tumor angiogenesis, alama ce mai mahimmanci ta kansa. Don haka an ba da shawarar cewa masu hana angiogenesis zasu hana haɓakar metastases. An nuna ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta da angiogenesis. Kwayoyin mahaifa na endothelial suna da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, angiogenesis da metastasis, kuma ana iya yin alama ta amfani da Inhibitor na DNA Binding 1 (ID1). Wannan labari ne da ake nema yana nufin cewa masu binciken sun sami ikon waƙa da sel na progogelalial daga cikin ƙwayar ƙasa zuwa jini ga ƙwayar cuta ga ƙwayar cuta zuwa kumburi. Kwayoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayar cuta suna nuna cewa wannan nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin haɓakar jini-jini yana da mahimmanci a cikin saitin ƙari da metastasis. Bugu da ƙari kuma, zubar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙashi na iya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ci gaban ƙwayar cuta da ci gaban vasculature. Don haka, sel masu tasowa na endothelial suna da mahimmanci a cikin ilimin halittar tumo kuma suna gabatar da sabbin dabarun warkewa. Tsarin garkuwar jiki yawanci ana soke shi a cikin ciwon daji kuma yana shafar matakai da yawa na ci gaban ƙari, gami da metastasis.
Tsarin Epigenetic kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta da aka yaɗa. Metastases suna nuna sauye-sauye a cikin gyare-gyare na tarihi, irin su H3K4-methylation da H3K9-methylation, idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni na farko. Wadannan gyare-gyare na epigenetic a cikin metastases na iya ba da damar yaduwa da rayuwa na ƙwayoyin tumor da aka yada a cikin gabobin nesa.
Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa PKC-iota yana inganta mamayewar kwayar cutar melanoma ta hanyar kunna Vimentin yayin EMT. PKC-iota hanawa ko ƙwanƙwasa ya haifar da karuwa a cikin matakan E-cadherin da RhoA yayin da aka rage jimlar Vimentin, phosphorylated Vimentin (S39) da Par6 a cikin ƙwayoyin melanoma na metastatic. Waɗannan sakamakon sun ba da shawarar cewa PKC-ι yana da hannu a cikin hanyoyin sigina waɗanda ke daidaita EMT a cikin melanoma ta haka kai tsaye yana haɓaka metastasis.
Kwanan nan, jerin manyan gwaje-gwajen da aka yi suna nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar tattaunawa ta tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar exosome vesicles wani muhimmin abu ne da ke cikin dukkan matakai na mamayewa-metastasis cascade.
Hanyoyi
Metastasis yana faruwa ta hanyoyi huɗu masu zuwa:
Transcoelomic
Yaduwar malignancy zuwa cikin cavities na jiki na iya faruwa ta hanyar shiga saman peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, ko subarachnoid sarari. Misali, ciwace-ciwacen ovarian na iya yaduwa ta hanyar transperitoneally zuwa saman hanta.
Lymphatic yaduwa
Yaduwar ƙwayar cuta yana ba da damar jigilar ƙwayoyin tumo zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki kusa da ƙwayar cuta ta farko kuma a ƙarshe, zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ana kiran wannan haɗin gwiwa, nodes masu kyau, ko cutar yanki. "Kyakkyawan nodes" kalma ce da ƙwararrun likita za su yi amfani da ita don kwatanta ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki waɗanda aka gwada tabbatacce don rashin lafiya. Al'adar likita ce ta gama gari don gwada ta hanyar biopsy aƙalla kumburin lymph ɗaya kusa da wani wurin ƙari lokacin yin tiyata don bincika ko cire ƙari. Wannan kumburin lymph ana kiransa saƙon lymph node. Yaduwar Lymphatic ita ce hanyar da aka fi sani da metastasis na farko don carcinomas. Sabanin haka, ba sabon abu ba ne don sarcoma don daidaitawa ta wannan hanya. Yaduwar da aka keɓe zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki kusa da ƙwayar cuta ta farko ba a ƙidaya shi azaman metastasis ba, kodayake wannan alama ce ta sakamako mafi muni. A ƙarshe tsarin lymphatic yana magudawa daga magudanar thoracic da duct na dama zuwa cikin tsarin jijiyar jini a kusurwar jijiyoyi da kuma cikin veins na brachiocephalic, sabili da haka waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna iya yadawa ta hanyar hematogenous.
Canalicular baza
Wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, musamman carcinomas na iya daidaitawa tare da filayen canalicular na jiki. Waɗannan wurare sun haɗa da misali bile ducts, tsarin urinary, hanyoyin iska da sararin subarachnoid. Tsarin yana kama da na transcoelomic baza. Koyaya, sau da yawa ba a sani ba ko ciwace-ciwacen da aka gano a lokaci guda na tsarin canalicular tsari ne na metastatic ko kuma a zahiri ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da wakili ɗaya ke haifar da shi (ciwon daji na filin ).
Ƙayyadaddun manufa ta gabobin jiki
Akwai yuwuwar wasu ciwace-ciwace zuwa iri a wasu gabobin. An fara tattauna wannan a matsayin ka'idar "iri da ƙasa" ta Stephen Paget a cikin 1889. Yunkuri don kwayar metastatic don yaduwa ga wani niyyar da aka harba 'ungiyar unguwa'. Misali, ciwon daji na prostate yakan yi metastasize zuwa kashi. Hakazalika, ciwon daji na hanji yana da hali don daidaita hanta. Ciwon daji na ciki sau da yawa yakan kai ga ovary a cikin mata, lokacin da ake kira ciwon daji na Krukenberg.
Bisa ga ka'idar "iri da ƙasa", yana da wuya ƙwayoyin ciwon daji su rayu a waje da yankinsu na asali, don haka don daidaitawa dole ne su sami wuri mai irin wannan halaye. Alal misali, ƙwayoyin ciwon nono, waɗanda ke tattara ions calcium daga madarar nono, suna daidaitawa zuwa nama na kashi, inda za su iya tattara ions na calcium daga kashi. Melanoma mai cutarwa ya yadu zuwa kwakwalwa, mai yiwuwa saboda nama na jijiyoyi da melanocytes suna tasowa daga layin tantanin halitta a cikin amfrayo.
Metastasis da ciwon daji na farko
Amfani da immunohistochemistry ya ƙyale masu ilimin cututtuka su ba da ainihi ga yawancin waɗannan metastases. Koyaya, hoton wurin da aka nuna kawai lokaci-lokaci yana bayyana na farko. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba (misali, na melanoma ), ba a sami ciwace-ciwacen farko ba, ko da a kan gawa. Don haka ana tunanin cewa wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya komawa gaba ɗaya, amma suna barin metastases a baya. A wasu lokuta, ƙwayar cutar na iya zama ƙanƙanta da/ko a wani wuri da ba a sani ba don a gano shi.
Bincike
Kwayoyin da ke cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Da zarar an bincika nama mai ciwon daji a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa don tantance nau'in tantanin halitta, yawanci likita zai iya faɗi ko ana samun irin wannan nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin sassan jikin da aka ɗauko samfurin nama.
Misali, kwayoyin cutar kansar nono suna kama da juna ko an same su a cikin nono ko kuma sun yada zuwa wani sashe na jiki. Don haka, idan samfurin nama da aka ɗauka daga ƙari a cikin huhu ya ƙunshi sel masu kama da ƙwayoyin nono, likita ya ƙayyade cewa ƙwayar huhu ita ce ƙari na biyu. Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya zama da wahala sau da yawa, kuma likitan ilimin likitanci na iya amfani da wasu fasahohin adjuvant, irin su immunohistochemistry, FISH ( fluorescent in situ hybridization ), da sauransu. Duk da amfani da dabaru, a wasu lokuta cutar ta farko ta kasance ba a gano ta ba.
A baya an yi tunanin cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji suna da ƙananan yuwuwar metastatic kuma cewa akwai ƙwayoyin da ba kasafai ba waɗanda ke haɓaka ikon haɓaka ta hanyar haɓakar maye gurbin somatic. Bisa ga wannan ka'idar, ganewar asali na ciwon daji na metastatic yana yiwuwa ne kawai bayan abin da ya faru na metastasis. Hannun al'ada na gano cutar kansa (misali biopsy ) zai bincika ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kawai kuma ba zai iya yin samfuri daga yawan jama'a tare da yuwuwar metastatic ba.
Ba a tabbatar da ka'idar maye gurbin somatic na ci gaban metastasis a cikin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam ba. Maimakon haka, da alama yanayin kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayar cuta ta farko tana nuna ikon wannan ciwon daji don daidaitawa. Bincike da aka kwatanta maganganun kwayoyin halitta tsakanin adenocarcinomas na farko da na metastatic ya gano wani yanki na kwayoyin halitta wanda furcinsu zai iya bambanta ciwace-ciwacen daji daga ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "sa hannu na metastatic." Ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka tsara a cikin sa hannu sun haɗa da: SNRPF, HNRPAB, DHPS da securin. Actin, myosin da MHC aji II ƙa'ida kuma an haɗa su da sa hannu. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma lura da bayyanar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji na farko, wanda ke nuna cewa ana iya gano ƙwayoyin da ke da yuwuwar metastasize a lokaci guda tare da ganewar ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun gano wani nau'i na rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwon daji da ake kira rashin zaman lafiya na chromosome (CIN) a matsayin direba na metastasis. A cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa masu ƙarfi, ɓangarori na DNA daga chromosomes marasa ƙarfi suna zubo a cikin cytosol wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da kunna hanyoyin rigakafi na asali, waɗanda ƙwayoyin kansa ke sace su yada zuwa gabobin nesa.
Bayanin wannan sa hannu na metastatic an haɗa shi tare da rashin fahimta mara kyau kuma an nuna shi daidai a cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. An nuna hasashen ya zama mafi muni ga mutane waɗanda ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suka bayyana sa hannun metastatic. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna bayanin waɗannan kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da metastatic don amfani da wasu nau'in ciwon daji ban da adenocarcinoma. Metastases na ciwon nono, medulloblastoma da ciwon gurguwar prostate duk suna da irin wannan salon magana na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da metastasis.
Gano wannan sa hannu mai alaƙa da metastasis yana ba da alƙawarin gano ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke da yuwuwar metastatic a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta farko da kuma bege don inganta hasashen waɗannan cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da metastatic. Bugu da ƙari, gano ƙwayoyin halittar da aka canza bayanin su a cikin metastasis yana ba da yuwuwar maƙasudi don hana metastasis.
Gudanarwa
Ana ƙayyade jiyya da rayuwa, zuwa matuƙar, ta hanyar ko ciwon daji ya kasance a wuri ko yaduwa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Idan ciwon daji ya ƙaru zuwa wasu kyallen takarda ko gabobin yawanci yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar mutuwa ga majiyyaci. Wasu ciwon daji-kamar wasu nau'in cutar sankarar bargo, ciwon daji na jini, ko kuma rashin lafiya a cikin kwakwalwa - na iya kashewa ba tare da yaduwa ba.
Da zarar ciwon daji ya ƙaru har yanzu ana iya bi da shi tare da radiosurgery, chemotherapy, radiation far, nazarin halittu, hormone far, tiyata, ko hade da wadannan tsokoki ("multimodal far"). Zaɓin magani ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, ciki har da nau'in ciwon daji na farko, girman da wuri na metastases, shekarun mai haƙuri da lafiyar jiki, da kuma nau'in jiyya da aka yi amfani da su a baya. A cikin marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da CUP sau da yawa har yanzu yana yiwuwa a bi da cutar koda lokacin da ba a iya gano ƙwayar cuta ta farko.
Jiyya na yanzu ba kasafai suke iya warkar da ciwon daji ba ko da yake wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, irin su ciwon daji na testicular da kansar thyroid, galibi ana iya warkewa.
Kulawa mai laushi, kulawa da nufin inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke da manyan cututtuka, an ba da shawarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen gudanarwa don metastasis. Sakamako daga nazari na yau da kullun na wallafe-wallafen akan jiyya na radiation don metastases na kwakwalwa sun gano cewa akwai ƙaramin shaida don sanar da tasirin kwatancen da sakamakon da ke da alaƙa da haƙuri akan ingancin rayuwa, matsayin aiki, da tasirin fahimi.
Bincike
Kodayake metastasis an yarda da shi don zama sakamakon ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin tumo, akwai hasashe da ke cewa wasu metastases sune sakamakon matakan kumburi ta ƙwayoyin rigakafi marasa al'ada. Kasancewar ciwon daji na metastatic a cikin rashin ciwace-ciwacen farko kuma yana nuna cewa metastasis ba koyaushe ke haifar da mugayen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke barin ciwace-ciwacen farko ba.
Binciken da ƙungiyar Sarna ta yi ya tabbatar da cewa ƙwayoyin melanoma masu launin launi suna da nauyin matasa kimanin 4.93, yayin da a cikin waɗanda ba su da launi ya kasance 0.98 kawai. A wani gwaji kuma sun gano cewa elasticity na sel melanoma yana da mahimmanci ga metastasis da girma: ciwace-ciwacen da ba su da launi sun fi girma fiye da launi kuma yana da sauƙin yadawa. Sun nuna cewa akwai sel masu launi da marasa launi a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta na melanoma, ta yadda za su iya zama masu jure wa ƙwayoyi da metastatic.
Tarihi
A cikin Maris 2014 masu bincike sun gano mafi tsufa cikakken misali na ɗan adam da ciwon daji na metastatic. Ciwon daji ya samo asali ne a cikin kwarangwal mai shekaru 3,000 da aka gano a cikin 2013 a wani kabari a Sudan tun daga shekara ta 1200 BC. Anyi nazarin kwarangwal ta hanyar amfani da radiyo da na'urar duban abin gani na lantarki. An buga waɗannan binciken a cikin mujallar Kimiya ta Jama'a.
Etymology
Metastasis kalmar Helenanci ce ma'ana "maura", daga μετά, meta, "na gaba", da στάσις, stasis, "jeri".
Haƙƙin Siyayya
Haƙƙin Siyayya tsari ne a cikin Burtaniya (ban da Scotland tun daga 1 ga Agustan shekara ta 2016 da Wales daga ranar 26 ga Janairun shekara ta 2019) wanda ke ba amintattun masu haya na majalisa da wasu ƙungiyoyin gidaje haƙƙin doka don siye, akan babban ragi, gidan majalisar da suke zaune a ciki   Hakanan akwai Haƙƙin Nema ga masu hayar da aka tabbatar na gidajen ƙungiyoyin gidaje da aka gina tare da tallafin jama'a bayan shekara ta 1997, akan ƙaramin ragi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1997 sama da gidaje guda 1,700,000 a Burtaniya an sayar da su a karkashin tsarin tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1980, tare da bayyana shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da raguwar yawan gidajen jama'a a Burtaniya, wanda ya ragu daga kusan kusan. Raka'a miliyan 6.5 a cikin shekara ta 1979 zuwa kusan raka'a miliyan 2 a cikin 2017, yayin da kuma ana lasafta shi a matsayin babban direban haɓakar 15% na mallakar gida, wanda ya tashi daga 55% na masu gida a shekara ta 1979 zuwa kololuwar 71% a shekara ta 2003 (wannan adadi. ya ragu tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 2000 zuwa 63% a cikin shekara ta 2017 [wannan adadi ya ware Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa]).
Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar ta haifar da ƙarancin gidaje ga mutanen da ba su da kuɗi, ta ƙaddamar da kumfa na farashin gidaje, kuma ta haifar da abin da aka fi sani da ƙaura da ƙauracewa al'ummomin gargajiya.
Haƙƙin Siye shine ikon Karamin Ministan Gidaje.
Tarihi
Hukumomin yankin sun sami ikon sayar da gidajen majalisa ga masu haya tun daga Dokar Gidajen 1936, amma har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970 irin wannan tallace-tallace ya iyakance: tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1964, an sayar da wasu gidajen majalisa 16,000 a Ingila. Da farko dai jam'iyyar Labour ta gabatar da ra'ayin 'yancin masu haya na mallakar gidan da suke zaune a cikin littafinsu na babban zaben 1959, wanda suka sha kaye. A cikin shekara ta 1968 an ba da wata da'ira ta iyakance tallace-tallace a birane amma wata gwamnati mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta janye a 1970.
The Conservative Greater London Council (GLC) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata 1960s aka lallashe Horace Cutler, shugabanta na Housing, don ƙirƙirar wani general tallace-tallace makirci. Cutler ya ƙi yarda da ƙa'idodin ƙananan hukumomi na zama masu samar da gidaje, kuma ya goyi bayan tsarin kasuwanci na kyauta. Ba a yarda da siyar da gidaje na GLC ba a lokacin gwamnatin Ma'aikata na tsakiyar 1970s amma an sake ɗauka da zarar Cutler ya zama Jagora a shekara ta 1977. Sun tabbatar da shahara sosai. Cutler ya kasance kusa da Margaret Thatcher (MP na Finchley ), wanda ya ba da damar sayen gidaje na majalisa manufofin Jam'iyyar Conservative a kasa. Manufar ita ce mafi girma a cikin tsarin shekara ta 1974 Conservative manifesto amma ba ta tabbatar da wata kadara ba a zabukan gama gari guda biyu na waccan shekarar saboda yawan riba da kuma yawan biyan jinginar gida da kuma haɓakar rashin daidaito yayin da farashin gidaje ya faɗi.
Ana cikin haka, tallace-tallacen gidajen majalisa ga masu haya ya fara karuwa. An sayar da wasu guda 7,000 ga masu haya a cikin 1970; wannan ya haura zuwa sama da 45,000 a shekara ta 1972.
manufofin Thatcher
Ya ce: “A kasar nan akwai sha’awar mallakar gida sosai. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a inganta wannan ruhu. Yana nuna muradin al'umma, tabbatar da yalwar arziki ta hanyar al'umma, yana karfafa sha'awar mutum don ingantawa da zamanantar da kansa, bai wa iyaye damar tara dukiya ga 'ya'yansu da kuma zaburar da dabi'un 'yancin kai da dogaro da kai wanda shine ginshikin al'umma mai 'yanci."
Farashin siyar da gidan kansila ya dogara ne akan kimar kasuwa, wanda aka yi rangwame da farko tsakanin kashi 33 zuwa 50% (har zuwa kashi 70% na gidajen kansiloli), wanda aka ce yana nuna hayar hayar da masu haya ke biya da kuma ƙarfafa ɗaukar nauyi. ; Matsakaicin ragi an haɓaka zuwa 60% a cikin shekara ta 1984 da 70% a cikin shekara t 1986. Ya zuwa shekarar 1988, matsakaicin rangwamen da aka bayar a lokacin shine 44%. Dole ne karamar hukuma ta ba da jinginar gida ba tare da ajiya ba. Rangwamen ya ta’allaka ne da tsawon lokacin da ‘yan hayan suka zauna a gidan, tare da cewa idan daga baya suka sayar da gidan nasu cikin kankanin lokaci sai su mayar da wani kaso na rangwamen. Manufar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan Thatcherism.
Manufar ta zama sananne nan da nan. Wasu kananan hukumomin da ke karkashin ikon Labour sun yi adawa da su, amma dokar ta hana su hana sayayya da ba su damar karbar bashi. Tallace-tallace sun fi girma a kudu da gabashin Ingila fiye da na London na ciki da arewacin Ingila. An iyakance tallace-tallace zuwa gidajen buƙatun gabaɗaya; kaddarorin da aka daidaita da waɗanda aka gina musamman don tsofaffi an keɓe su daga tsarin.
A cikin shekara ta 1982, an sayar da gidajen majalisa guda 200,000 ga masu haya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1987, an sayar da fiye da gidajen kansiloli 1,000,000 a Burtaniya ga masu haya, kodayake adadin gidajen kansilolin da masu haya suka saya ya ragu a shekarun 1990.
Jam'iyyar Labour ta fara adawa da tallace-tallace kuma ta yi alkawarin yin adawa da su a babban zaben 1983 amma ta yi watsi da adawa a hukumance ga shirin a 1985. Duk da haka, a babban zaben 1987, gwamnatin Conservative ta gargadi masu jefa kuri'a cewa har yanzu gwamnatin Labour za ta soke shirin.
Lokacin da Labour ta dawo kan mulki a babban zaɓe na 1997, ta rage rangwamen da ake samu ga masu haya a cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a kan gidajensu; wannan ya hada da kusan daukacin birnin Landan.
Haƙƙin Siyan Dokokin bayan 2005
An canza Dokokin Haƙƙin Siyayya a cikin 2005. Yanzu ana buƙatar hayar shekaru biyar don sabbin masu haya su cancanci, kuma kadarorin da aka saya bayan Janairu 2005 ba za a iya sanya su nan da nan a buɗe kasuwa ba idan mai shi ya yanke shawarar siyar. Irin waɗannan masu yanzu dole ne su kusanci mai gidansu na baya (majalisa ko ƙungiyar gidaje) kuma su ba su haƙƙin kin farko. Idan mai gida na baya baya wanzuwa, misali a lokuta inda tsohon mai gidan ya kasance mai rijistar jama'a wanda ya daina kasuwanci, to dole ne a fara ba da kayan ga hukumar gidaje ta gida.
Lokacin da Haƙƙin Siyan ya kamata ya gudana daga watanni 12 zuwa watanni 3. Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi (FCA) yanzu tana mulki kuma ta tsara yawancin nau'ikan siyar da jinginar gida.
Gwamnatin FCA ta Haƙƙin Siyan sayayya wani ɓangare ne don magance matsalar da ta yaɗu ta Haƙƙin Siyan siyar da bata gari daga dillalai da lauyoyi iri ɗaya. Dukkansu suna da nasu manufofin, kuma da yawa suna cajin kuɗaɗen da ya wuce kima waɗanda aka cire daga rangwamen abokin ciniki. Ayyukan da aka yi a sama tare da ƙarshen lokacin haɓaka da alama sun shawo kan wannan matsala.
A cikin 2009, cibiyar tunani ta Localis ta ba da shawarar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin ƙa'idodin sake fasalin gidaje na zamantakewa, cewa ya kamata a ba da haƙƙin siye zuwa cikin ɓangarorin ãdalci, wanda za a iya samu ta hanyar zama ɗan haya mai kyau.
Lokacin cancantar ya canza daga shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 3 a cikin 2018.
Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan
A taron Jam'iyyar Conservative na 2011, David Cameron ya ba da shawarar haɓaka Haƙƙin Siyan rangwame don sake farfado da kasuwar gidaje da kuma samar da rasit waɗanda za a iya kashewa a kan sabbin gidaje. Ma'aikatan gidaje na zamantakewa sun nuna damuwa game da wannan tsari.
Tun daga ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2012, Haƙƙin Siyayya ya ƙaru zuwa matsakaicin £75,000 ko 60% na ƙimar gidan (70% na faffada) dangane da wanda yake ƙasa. A cikin Maris 2013, an ƙaru mafi girman rangwame a London zuwa £ 100,000. Matsakaicin haƙƙin siyan ragi yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara ta kuɗi daidai da CPI kamar a watan Satumbar da ta gabata.
Manufar shirin ita ce, ga kowane ƙarin gida da aka sayar, za a gina sabon gida don 'hayar haya mai araha' a kusan kashi 80% na hayar kasuwa, da nufin kiyaye matakin gidaje masu araha tare da haɓaka adadin Properties akwai ga waɗanda ke cikin jerin jira. Ma'auni na hayar shekara biyar zai kasance, kuma idan an sayar da kadarorin a cikin shekaru biyar na farkon siyar, za a buƙaci a mayar da wani ɓangare ko duk ragi.
Kudirin Gidaje da Tsare-tsare 2016 ya tsawaita haƙƙin siye ga masu hayar ƙungiyoyin gidaje.
Wales
A lokacin bazara na 2017, Gwamnatin Welsh ta ba da shawarar wata doka don soke Haƙƙin Siyayya a Wales. Majalisar Welsh ta zartar da wannan doka a cikin Disamba 2017, kuma shirin ya ƙare a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2019.
Suka
An soki tsarin Haƙƙin Sayi saboda dalilai masu zuwa:
Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2013 da memba na Majalisar London Tom Copley, Daga Haƙƙin Siyan Siyayya Don Bayar, ya nuna cewa 36% na gidajen da aka sayar a ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Siyayya a London (gidaje 52,000) majalisa ce ta hayar daga masu gidaje masu zaman kansu., abin da ke haifar da zargi da cewa makircin "yana wakiltar ƙimar kuɗi mai ban sha'awa ga masu biyan haraji" tun lokacin da "ya taimaka wajen haifar da karuwa a cikin lissafin fa'idar gidaje, ya haifar da ƙarin matsin lamba kan jerin jiran ƙananan hukumomi kuma ya haifar da ƙarin 'yan London da aka tilasta su shiga cikin ƙasa. sashen haya mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa". Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 ya nuna kusan kashi daya bisa uku na hakkin Siyan gidaje yanzu mallakar masu gidaje ne masu zaman kansu, yayin da dan marigayi Ian Gow (ministan gidaje na Thatcher) ya mallaki gidaje kusan 40.
A cikin 2015, Alan Murie ya kammala da cewa "ba za a iya daidaita batun tsawaita haƙƙin siye ba cikin sauƙi tare da 'yancin kai da matsayin sadaka na ƙungiyoyin gidaje" da kuma cewa "ƙara haƙƙin siye ga masu hayar gidaje ya farfado da majalisar da ta gabata. muhawara da kuma tada tambayoyi game da matsayin doka na kungiyoyin agaji da kuma hadarin da ke tattare da kungiyoyin gidaje da masu ba da kudade."
Wani bincike da BBC ta gudanar a shekara ta 2017 a yankunan kansilolin da ake tashe-tashen hankula, ya nuna cewa majalisun sun dawo da gidajen da aka tilasta musu sayar da su, wani lokacin kuma a lokuta da dama farashin na asali. Kungiyoyin agaji na gidaje sun soki rashin saka hannun jari a gidaje masu saukin kudi.
Tawagar majalisar dokokin Najeriya daga jihar Rivers
Tawagar majalisar dokokin Najeriya daga Rivers ta kunshi Sanatoci uku masu wakiltar Rivers Gabas, Rivers West, Rivers South East da kuma wakilai goma sha uku masu wakiltar Degema/Bonny, Okrika/Ogu-Bolo, Asalga/Akulga, Ahoada West/Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni, Fatakwal 1., Ikwerre/Emohua, Khana/Gokana, Etche/Omuma, Tai/Eleme/Oyigbo, Abua-Odual/Ahoada East, Obio/Akpor, Port Harcourt 2, Andoni/Opobo/Nkoro.
Patrick Kwame Kusi Quaidoo
Patrick Kwame Kusi Quaidoo (1924-2002) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya yi aiki a ofisoshin ministoci daban -daban a jamhuriya ta farko sannan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa a jamhuriya ta farko da ta biyu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Republican kuma memba mai kafa kuma shugaban All People's Republican Party.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Maris 1924 a Opon Valley a Yankin Yammacin Ghana.
Aiki
Bayan karatunsa a Kwalejin St. Augustine, ya ɗauki alƙawarin koyarwa na shekara guda a makarantar kafin karatunsa a Kwalejin Achimota. Daga baya ya dawo ya koyar a Kwalejin St. Augustine sau biyu; daga 1948 zuwa 1949 kuma daga 1953 zuwa 1954. A 1967 shekara guda bayan kifar da Nkrumah aka nada shi Shugaban Black Star Line.
Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi
Tasirin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi yana da mahimmanci, saboda makamashi da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa suna da alaƙa. Samar da, sufuri, ko cinye makamashi duk suna da tasirin muhalli. ’Yan Adam sun yi amfani da makamashi tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Da farko ya kasance tare da amfani da wuta don haske, zafi, dafa abinci da aminci, kuma ana iya gano amfani da shi aƙalla shekaru miliyan 1.9. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami ci gaba zuwa karuwar tallace-tallace na hanyoyin samar da makamashi daban-daban. Yarjejeniya ta kimiyya akan wasu manyan ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar duniya ana ɗaukar su ƙara haɓakar iskar gas, haifar da sakamako mai zafi, sauye-sauye na duniya zuwa farfajiyar ƙasa, irin su sare gandun daji, don tasirin dumamar yanayi, haɓaka haɓakar aerosols, galibi. don sakamako mai sanyaya.
Patrick Kwame Kusi Quaidoo
Siyasa
An fara harkar siyasa a hukumance a 1954 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa a ƙasar Gana mai cin gashin kanta, ya kasance mai goyan bayan majalisar. An sake zabensa a shekarar 1957 a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Amenfi-Aowin. A shekarar 1956 an nada shi sakataren minista (mataimakin minista) a ma'aikatar kasuwanci da kwadago. Bayan shekara guda an kara masa girma zuwa ministan kasuwanci da kwadago. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har na shekara guda. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har na shekara guda. A shekarar 1958 aka nada shi ministan sadarwa, a wannan shekarar aka mayar da shi ma'aikatar kasuwanci da masana'antu a matsayin minista. A 1960 an nada shi ministan walwala da jin dadin jama'a. A lokacin da yake zaman ministan walwala da jin dadin jama'a ya yiwa 'yan jarida tambayoyi kan "rashin mutuwa" Nkrumah. An kore shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1961 kuma aka daure shi a karkashin Dokar Tsare Tsare.
Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi
Fasaha na ci gaba da sauri na iya samun yuwuwar samun canjin samar da makamashi, sarrafa ruwa da sharar gida, da samar da abinci zuwa ingantattun hanyoyin amfani da muhalli da Kuma makamashi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ilimin halittu na tsarin da muhallin masana'antu.
Patrick Kwame Kusi Quaidoo
Daraja
Marigayi Emperor Haile Selassie na Habasha ya yi masa ado a matsayin Knight Companion na zaki na Yahuda. An kuma bashi Mabuɗin girmamawa ga Birnin Tokyo.
Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi
Canjin yanayi
Ko da yake akwai musantawa da yawa game da canjin yanayi, yawancin masana kimiyya da ke aiki a cikin ilimin yanayi sun yarda cewa yana faruwa ne saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Rahoton na IPCC Canjin Yanayi na shekarata 2007: Canjin Yanayi da Tasirin Canjin Yanayi, Daidaitawa da Ragewa ya yi hasashen cewa sauyin yanayi zai haifar da ƙarancin abinci da ruwa da kuma ƙara haɗarin ambaliya da zai shafi biliyoyin mutane, musamman waɗanda ke fama da talauci.
Ana iya samun ma'auni ɗaya na alaƙar iskar gas da sauran kwatancen waje tsakanin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin aikin ExternE na Cibiyar Paul Scherrer da Jami'ar Stuttgart wacce Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da tallafi. Bisa ga wannan binciken, wutar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki yana samar da mafi ƙarancin hayaƙin CO2, iska tana samar da mafi ƙasƙanci na biyu, makamashin nukiliya yana samar da mafi ƙasƙanci na uku kuma hasken rana photovoltaic yana samar da mafi ƙasƙanci na huɗu.
Patrick Kwame Kusi Quaidoo
Rayuwar mutum
Ya auri Victoria Quaidoo (née Wood). Tare sun haifi 'ya'ya mata huɗu da maza biyu. Abubuwan sha'awarsa sun haɗa da; wasa piano da violin, da kuma wasan tebur wasan tennis. Shi Kirista ne.
Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi
Canjin yanayi
Hakazalika, irin wannan binciken (ExternE, Externalities of Energy), da aka gudanar daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 2005, ya nuna cewa farashin samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal ko mai zai rubanya fiye da yadda yake a halin yanzu, kuma farashin wutar da ake samarwa daga iskar gas zai karu da kusan kashi 30%. idan farashin waje kamar lalacewa ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, daga abubuwan da ke cikin iska, nitrogen oxides, chromium VI da iskar arsenic da waɗannan kafofin suka samar, an yi la'akari da su. An yi kiyasin a cikin binciken cewa wadannan farashin man fetur na waje, na kasa, sun kai kashi 1 – 2% na daukacin GDP na kungiyar EU, kuma wannan ya kasance kafin a hada kudin waje na dumamar yanayi daga wadannan hanyoyin. Har ila yau, binciken ya gano cewa farashin muhalli da lafiya na makamashin nukiliya, a kowace naúrar makamashin da aka bayar, ya kasance € 0.0019 / kWh, wanda aka gano ya kasance ƙasa da na yawancin hanyoyin da za a iya sabuntawa ciki har da abin da ya haifar da biomass da photovoltaic solar panels, kuma ya kasance. sau talatin kasa da kwal a €0.06/kWh, ko 6 cents/kWh, kuma tare da tushen makamashi na mafi ƙanƙanta muhalli da kiwon lafiya na waje da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar wutar lantarki a €0.0009/kWh.
Amfani da Biofuel
Biofuel an ayyana shi azaman mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko gaseous man fetur da aka samu daga ɗan kwanan nan mara rai ko kayan halitta mai rai kuma ya bambanta da burbushin mai, Duk waɗanda aka samo daga kayan halitta da suka mutu da dadewa. Ana amfani da tsire-tsire iri-iri da kayan da aka samo daga shuka don kera man fetur.
Patrick Kwame Kusi Quaidoo
Mutuwa
Ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2002 a Accra bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya.
Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi
Bio-dizal
Yawan amfani da man dizal yana haifar da sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa gami da sare itatuwa.
Itacen wuta
Unsustainable firewood harvesting can lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion due to loss of forest cover. An example of this is a 40-year study done by the University of Leeds of African forests, which account for a third of the world's total tropical forest which demonstrates that Africa is a significant carbon sink. A climate change expert, Lee White states that "To get an idea of the value of the sink, the removal of nearly 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by intact tropical forests is at issue.
A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, nahiyar Afirka na asarar gandun daji sau biyu fiye da sauran kasashen duniya. "A kuma wani lokaci, Afirka tana alfahari da gandun daji mai fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan bakwai amma kashi uku na wannan an yi hasarar, yawancinsa ga gawayi ."
Amfanin mai
Nau'o'in burbushin mai guda uku sune gawayi, man fetur da iskar gas. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta yi kiyasin cewa a shekarar 2006 tushen makamashi na farko ya kunshi man fetur 36.8%, kwal 26.6%, iskar gas 22.9%, wanda ya kai kashi 86% na albarkatun mai a samar da makamashi na farko a duniya.
A shekara ta 2013 konewar albarkatun mai ya samar da kusan tan biliyan 32 ( gigaton 32) na carbon dioxide da ƙarin gurɓataccen iska. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan waje na dala tiriliyan 4.9 saboda dumamar yanayi da matsalolin lafiya (> 150 $/ton carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide daya ne daga cikin iskar gas da ke kara kuzari da kuma taimakawa wajen dumamar yanayi, yana haifar da matsakaitan zafin jiki na saman duniya ya tashi a matsayin martani, Kuma duk wanda masana kimiyyar yanayi suka yarda zai haifar da mummunar illa.
Kwal
Tasirin muhalli na hakar ma'adinan kwal da ƙonawa ya bambanta. Dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar a shekarar 1990 sun bukaci Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta fitar da wani shiri na kawar da gurbacewar iska daga masana'antar sarrafa kwal. Bayan jinkiri da shari'a, EPA yanzu tana da wa'adin da kotu ta kayyade na ranar 16 ga Maris, a shekarata 2011, don fitar da rahotonta.
Man fetur
Tasirin muhalli na man fetur sau da yawa mara kyau ne saboda yana da guba ga kusan kowane nau'in rayuwa. Yiwuwar canjin yanayi ya wanzu. Kuma Man fetur, wanda aka fi sani da man fetur, yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da kusan dukkanin al'amuran al'ummar yanzu, musamman na sufuri da dumama gidaje da kuma harkokin kasuwanci.
Gas
Ana bayyana iskar gas sau da yawa a matsayin mafi tsaftataccen mai, wanda ke samar da ƙarancin carbon dioxide a kowace joule da ake bayarwa fiye da ko dai gawayi ko mai, da ƙarancin ƙazanta masu ƙazanta fiye da sauran albarkatun mai. Koyaya, a cikin cikakkiyar ma'auni, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayaƙin carbon a duniya, kuma ana hasashen wannan gudummawar za ta yi girma. Bisa ga rahoton kimantawa na huɗu na IPCC, a cikin 2004 iskar gas ta samar da kusan 5,300 Mt / yr CO 2 hayaki, yayin da kwal da mai suka samar da 10,600 da 10,200 bi da bi (Hoto 4.4); amma nan da shekarar 2030, bisa ga wani sabon salo na yanayin fitar da hayaki na SRES B2, iskar gas zai zama tushen 11,000 Mt/yr, tare da kwal da mai yanzu 8,400 da 17,200 bi da bi. (An kiyasta jimlar fitar da hayaƙin duniya na shekarata 2004 sama da 27,200 Mt. )
Bugu da kari, iskar gas ita kanta iskar gas ce da ke da karfi fiye da carbon dioxide idan aka fito da ita cikin sararin samaniya amma ana fitar da shi da kadan. Tasirin muhalli na iskar gas shima ya bambanta sosai akan hanyoyin hako su, iskar gas da yawa sakamakon hakar mai mai gurbatar yanayi ne kuma sabbin fasahohin fasahohin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa sun sanya ajiyar iskar gas wanda a baya ba a iya tuhumar su, to amma tare da sauran munanan muhalli da lafiya. yana tasiri da hakar iskar gas na gargajiya.
Samar da wutar lantarki
Tasirin muhalli na samar da wutar lantarki yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda al'ummar zamani na amfani da wutar lantarki da yawa. Kuma Ana samar da wannan wutar ne a masana'antar wutar lantarki waɗanda ke canza wani nau'in makamashi zuwa wutar lantarki. Kowane irin wannan tsarin yana da fa'ida da rashin amfani, amma yawancin su suna haifar da matsalolin muhalli.
Tafkunan ruwa
Tasirin muhalli na tafkunan tafkunan tana zuwa a koyaushe ana ci gaba da bincike yayin da duniya ke ƙaruwa da buƙatar ruwa da makamashi da adadin da girman tafki. Sannan kuma Za a iya amfani da madatsun ruwa da tafkunan don samar da ruwan sha, samar da wutar lantarki, ƙara yawan ruwan sha don ban ruwa, samar da damammaki na nishaɗi da kuma kula da ambaliyar ruwa. Koyaya, an gano munanan tasirin muhalli da ilimin zamantakewa yayin da bayan ginin tafki da yawa. Ko ayyukan tafki na da fa'ida ko lahani - ga mahalli da kewayen jama'a - an yi ta muhawara tun a shekarun 1960 kuma mai yiwuwa tun kafin hakan. A cikin shekarar 1960 gina Llyn Celyn da ambaliya na Capel Celyn sun haifar da hazo na siyasa wanda ke ci gaba har yau. Kwanan nan, gina madatsar ruwa ta Gorges guda uku da sauran ayyuka makamantan su a duk fadin Asiya, Afirka da Latin Amurka sun haifar da muhawara mai yawa game da muhalli da siyasa.
Makaman nukiliya
Tasirin muhalli na makamashin nukiliya yana haifar da sake zagayowar makamashin nukiliya, aiki, da kuma tasirin haɗarin nukiliya.
Hatsarin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun da hayaƙin iskar gas daga ƙarfin fission na nukiliya sun yi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kwal, mai da iskar gas. Sannan Koyaya, akwai yuwuwar "mummunan haɗari" idan abun ciki ya gaza, wanda a cikin injinan nukiliya za a iya haifar da shi ta hanyar narkewar mai mai zafi fiye da kima da fitar da samfuran fission masu yawa a cikin muhalli. Sharar gida mafi dadewa da suka hada da makamashin nukiliya da aka kashe, dole ne a ƙunshe su kuma a keɓe su daga mutane da muhalli na dubban ɗaruruwan shekaru. Jama'a suna kula da waɗannan haɗarin kuma an sami babban adawar jama'a game da ikon nukiliya. Sannan Kuma Duk da wannan yuwuwar afkuwar bala'i, gurɓataccen mai da ke da alaƙa da mai na yau da kullun yana da illa sosai fiye da kowane bala'in nukiliya da ya gabata.
Hatsarin tsibirin Mile Uku na shekarata 1979 da bala'in Chernobyl na shekarar 1986, tare da tsadar gine-gine, ya kawo ƙarshen saurin haɓaka ƙarfin ikon nukiliya na duniya. Wani ƙarin mummunan sakin kayan aikin rediyo ya biyo bayan tsunami na Japan na shekarar 2011 wanda ya lalata tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I, wanda ya haifar da fashewar iskar hydrogen da fashewar wani yanki da aka lasafta a matsayin matakin mataki na 7. Yawaitar sakin aikin rediyo ya haifar da korar mutane daga 20 yankin keɓe kilomita da aka kafa a kusa da tashar wutar lantarki, mai kama da 30 km radius Chernobyl Exclusion Zone har yanzu yana aiki.
Ikon iska
Tasirin muhalli na wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da tasirin muhalli na burbushin mai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi. Bisa ga IPCC, a cikin kima na rayuwa-zagayowar duniya dumamar yanayi m makamashi kafofin, iska turbines da matsakaici darajar tsakanin 12 da kuma 11 ( g CO eq / kWh ) dangane, bi da bi, a kan idan a cikin teku ko kan teku turbines ana kasancewa. kimanta. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙananan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, injin turbin iska suna da mafi ƙarancin yuwuwar dumamar yanayi a kowace naúrar makamashin lantarki da aka samar.
Yayin da tashar iska na iya rufe babban yanki na ƙasa, yawancin amfani da ƙasa kamar aikin noma sun dace da shi, Kuma saboda ƙananan wuraren tushe na turbine da kayayyakin more rayuwa ba su da amfani.
Akwai rahotannin mace-macen tsuntsaye da jemagu a injin injina kamar yadda ake samu a kusa da wasu gine-gine na wucin gadi. Ma'auni na tasirin muhalli yana iya ko ba zai zama mai mahimmanci ba, Kuma ya danganta da takamaiman yanayi. Rigakafi da rage yawan asarar namun daji, da kuma kariya ga peat bogs, yana shafar wurin zama da aiki na injin injin iska.
Abubuwan kyawawa na injin turbin iska da sakamakon canje-canje na yanayin gani suna da mahimmanci. Rikice-rikice na tasowa musamman a yanayi na ban mamaki da kariyar gado.
Kiyaye makamashi
Kiyaye makamashi yana nufin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don rage yawan amfani da makamashi. Ana iya samun adana makamashi ta hanyar ƙara ingantaccen amfani da makamashi, tare da kuma rage yawan amfani da makamashi da/ko rage amfani daga tushen makamashi na al'ada.
Hakanan za'a iya rage yawan amfani da makamashin duniya ta hanyar magance karuwar yawan mutane, kuma ta hanyar amfani da matakan da ba na tilastawa ba kamar samar da ayyukan tsara iyali da kuma karfafa (ilmantarwa) mata a kasashe masu tasowa.
Manufar makamashi
Manufar makamashi ita ce hanyar da wani abu da aka ba (sau da yawa na gwamnati) ya yanke shawarar magance matsalolin ci gaban makamashi ciki har da samar da makamashi, rarrabawa da amfani. Kuma Halayen manufofin makamashi na iya haɗawa da dokoki, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga saka hannun jari, jagororin kiyaye makamashi, haraji da sauran dabarun manufofin jama'a.
Victor Owusu
Victor Owusu (26 ga Disamba 1923 - 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2000) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma lauya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan Janar da Ministan Shari’a da kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje sau biyu. Shi ne Shugaban ‘Yan adawa a Jamhuriya ta Uku daga 1979 zuwa 1981.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Owusu a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1923 a Agona, Yankin Ashanti. Owusu masanin tattalin arziki ne wanda daga baya ya sami horo a matsayin lauya. Ya kasance fitaccen memba na National Liberation Movement wanda ya tsaya takarar zaɓen 1956 a yankin Gold Coast kafin zaɓe. A lokacin Jamhuriya ta farko, gwamnatin Kwame Nkrumah ta tsare shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsare Tsare (1958). An sake shi bayan juyin mulkin 24 ga Fabrairu 1966 wanda ya kawo gwamnatin National Liberation Council (NLC). NLC ce ta nada shi Atoni Janar da Ministan Shari’a.
Ilimi
Victor Owusu ya halarci Makarantar Achimota tsakanin 1937 zuwa 1945. A can, mutanen zamaninsa sun haɗa da K. B. Asante da Joe Reindorf. Ya ci gaba da zuwa Burtaniya a 1946 don yin karatun tattalin arziƙi a Jami'ar Nottingham sannan daga baya ya karanci shari'a a Jami'ar London. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Lincoln's Inn a 1952.
A Gwamnati
Ya kasance memba na Progress Party da ta ci zaɓen 1969. Kofi Abrefa Busia ya nada shi ministan harkokin waje sau biyu a jamhuriya ta biyu. Karo na farko ya kasance a cikin 1969 kuma na biyu shine tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1971. A lokuta biyu, ya karɓi fayil daga Patrick Dankwa Anin, wanda shi ma ya yi aiki sau biyu. Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta ƙare tare da juyin mulkin ranar 13 ga Janairun 1972 wanda Janar (a lokacin Kanal) I. K. Acheampong ya jagoranta.
Jagoran 'yan adawa
Owusu memba ne wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Popular Front Party a Jamhuriya ta Uku. Shi ne mai biye da Dr. Hilla Limann na People's National Party (PNP) a zaben shugaban kasar Ghana na 1979 da kashi 38% na kuri'un bayan zagaye na biyu na zaben. Bayan zaben, PFP ta hade da sauran jam'iyyun adawa don kafa Jam'iyyar All People (AFP) karkashin jagorancin Owusu. An dakatar da AFP tare da wasu jam'iyyun siyasa bayan juyin mulkin ranar 31 ga watan Disamban 1981 wanda Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa na Flt Lt. Jerry Rawlings ke jagoranta.
Rayuwa daga baya
Daga 1991 har zuwa mutuwarsa, Victor Owusu ya zauna a Putney, London, United Kingdom. Ya rasu a Landan ranar 16 ga Disamba 2000. Ya auri Agnes Owusu.
Trivia
John Kufuor, shugaban Ghana, ya ce ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙarami a kamfanin lauyoyin Victor Owusu. Ya kasance kawun Dr Charles Wereko-Brobby kuma ɗan uwan ​​uwa ga Kobina Annan, wani jami'in diflomasiyya mai ritaya wanda shima ɗan uwan ​​Kofi Annan ne.
Yasmin Mabet
Yasmin Mrabet ( ياسمين مرابط ; an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar FC Levante Las Planas ta La Liga kuma a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Maroko.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mrabet a Madrid ga mahaifin Moroko da mahaifiyar Ingila. Tana iya magana da Sifen, gwagwalad Ingilishi, Faransanci da Catalan.
Aikin kulob
Mrabet ya taka leda a Madrid CFF, Rayo Vallecano da Levante Las Planas a Spain.
Lokacin da yake matashi, Mrabet ya kasance dan wasa na yau da kullun a gwagwalada kungiyar CFF ta Madrid yana wasa a La Liga Iberdrola kuma ya buga wasanni sama da 50 a babban filin wasa kafin ya tafi ya koma Rayo Vallecano a shekarar 2020. Koyaya, bayan wani mummunan rauni jim kaɗan bayan isowarta, farkon farkon sabon kulob ɗinta zai zo ne kawai a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2021.
A cikin kakar shekarar 2021-22, Mrabet ya zira kwallaye takwas a wasanni 27 don taimakawa Levante Las Planas lashe gasar Reto Iberdrola tare da samun ci gaba zuwa gasar La Liga F a kakar wasa mai zuwa.
Ta ci gaba da zama gwagwalad dan wasa na yau da kullun a kulob din a kan komawar su a matakin farko.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Mrabet ta wakilci Spain a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 na UEFA ta 2018, inda ta lashe lambar zinare. Daga baya ta koma mubaya'a ga Maroko kuma ta fara wasan farko a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2021 a matsayin ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Senegal da ci 2-0.
An zabi Mrabet a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata ta shekarar 2022 a Morocco, kuma, a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2022, ta ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Botswana wanda ya baiwa Morocco damar tsallakewa zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA shekarar ( 2023 edition). ).
Kwallonta ta biyu a ragar Morocco ta zo ne a gasar cin kofin mata ta Turkiyya ta shekarar 2023 a wasan da ta doke Slovakia da ci 3-0.
Girmamawa
Maroko
Levante Las Planas
Armie Hammer
Armand Douglas “Armie” Hammer (an haife shi a watan Agusta 28, 1986) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ofan ɗan kasuwa Michael Armand Hammer kuma babban jikan hamshaƙin attajirin mai Armand Hammer, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da baƙo a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa. Matsayin jagoran farko na Hammer shine kamar Billy Graham a cikin fim ɗin 2008 Billy: Shekarun Farko, kuma ya sami babban yabo saboda kwatancin tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin David Fincher The Social Network (2010), wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fasahar Fina -Finan ta Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.
Hammer ya nuna Clyde Tolson a cikin biopic J. Edgar (2011), ya buga halayen taken a yammacin The Lone Ranger (2013), kuma ya yi tauraro a matsayin Illya Kuryakin a cikin fim ɗin aikin Mutumin daga UNCLE (2015). A cikin 2017, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayon soyayya na Luca Guadagnino Kira Ni da Sunan ku, wanda ya sami lambar yabo don Golden Globe don Mafi Tallafin Jarumi da nadin Kyautar Ruhu Mai 'Yanci don Kyakkyawan Tallafin Namiji. A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Martin D. Ginsburg a cikin biopic On the Basis of Sex (2018). A kan Broadway, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da madaidaicin Farin Maza a cikin 2018. A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cin zarafin fasikanci da cin abincin dabbobi a kan Hammer, gami da zargin BDSM da ba a yarda da shi ba, fyade, da cin zarafin jiki da tausayawa. Hammer ya musanta zargin, inda ya kira su da "hari ta yanar gizo". Daga baya ya yi watsi da ayyuka da yawa na gaba kuma mukaddashin hukumar da mai tallata shi ya yi watsi da shi.
Rayuwar farko da asali
An haifi Armand Douglas Hammer a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1986, a Santa Monica, California. Mahaifiyarsa, Dru Ann ( née Mobley), tsohuwar jami'ar bada lamuni ce ta banki, kuma mahaifinsa, Michael Armand Hammer, ya mallaki kasuwanci da yawa, ciki har da Knoedler Publishing da Armand Hammer Productions, kamfanin fim/talabijin. Yana da ɗan ƙarami, Viktor.