cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sankaran Nono
Tarihi
An yi Mastectomy don ciwon nono aƙalla a farkon AD 548, lokacin da likitan kotu Aetios na Amida ya ba da shawara ga Theodora. Sai da likitoci suka sami ƙarin fahimtar tsarin jini a cikin ƙarni na 17 da za su iya danganta yaduwar cutar kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin hammata. A farkon karni na 18, Likitan Faransa Jean Louis Petit ya yi jimlar mastectomies waɗanda suka haɗa da cire ƙwayoyin lymph na axillary, yayin da ya gane cewa wannan ya rage sake dawowa. Aikin Petit da aka gina akan hanyoyin likitan fiɗa Bernard Peyrilhe, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya kuma cire tsokar pectoral da ke ƙarƙashin ƙirjin, yayin da ya yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Amma rashin sakamako mai kyau da kuma babban haɗari ga majiyyaci yana nufin cewa likitoci ba su raba ra'ayin likitocin tiyata irin su Nicolaes Tulp, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya yi shelar "maganin kawai shine aikin da ya dace". Fitaccen likitan fida Richard Wiseman ya rubuta a tsakiyar karni na 17 cewa bayan mastectomies 12, marasa lafiya biyu sun mutu a yayin aikin, marasa lafiya takwas sun mutu jim kadan bayan tiyata daga ciwon daji na ci gaba kuma biyu kawai daga cikin 12 marasa lafiya sun warke. Likitoci sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin maganin da suka rubuta a farkon matakan ciwon nono. An yi wa marasa lafiya magani tare da cakuda kayan wankewa, barin jini da magungunan gargajiya waɗanda ya kamata su rage yawan acidity, irin su alkaline arsenic. Lokacin a cikin 1664 An gano Anne ta Ostiriya tana da ciwon nono, jiyya ta farko ta haɗa da matsewa cike da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen hemlock. Lokacin da kullu ya karu sai likitan sarki ya fara magani da man shafawa na arsenic. Mai haƙuri na sarauta ya mutu 1666 a cikin mummunan zafi. Kowace kasawar maganin cutar sankarar nono ya haifar da neman sababbin magunguna, ta haifar da kasuwa a cikin magungunan da aka yi tallar da su ta hanyar quacks, herbalists, chemists da apothecaries. Rashin maganin sa barci da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta sun sa mastectomy ya zama jaraba mai raɗaɗi da haɗari. A cikin karni na 18, nau'ikan bincike-bincike iri-iri sun kasance tare da sabbin ka'idoji game da sanadi da haɓakar cutar sankarar nono. Likitan binciken John Hunter ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan jijiya ya haifar da kansar nono. Sauran likitocin tiyata sun ba da shawarar cewa madara a cikin mammary ducts ya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji. An ci gaba da ra'ayoyin game da rauni ga ƙirjin a matsayin sanadin muggan canje-canje a cikin ƙwayar nono. Gano kutun nono da kumbura ya haifar da cece-kuce game da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji da kuma ko kullun matakan ciwon daji ne. Ra'ayin likita game da magani na gaggawa da ake bukata ya bambanta. Likitan fiɗa Benjamin Bell ya ba da shawarar cire nono gabaɗaya, koda kuwa wani yanki ne kawai ya shafa.
Ciwon daji na nono ya kasance ba a saba gani ba har zuwa karni na 19, lokacin da ingantuwar tsafta da kula da cututtuka masu saurin kisa ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a tsawon rayuwa. A baya, yawancin mata sun mutu suna ƙanana don kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. A cikin 1878, wata kasida a cikin Scientific American ta bayyana maganin tarihi ta hanyar matsin lamba da aka yi niyya don haifar da ischemia na gida a lokuta lokacin da cirewar tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. William Stewart Halsted ya fara aiwatar da mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin 1882, ya taimaka sosai ta hanyar ci gaban fasahar fiɗa ta gabaɗaya, kamar fasahar aseptic da maganin sa barci. Mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted sau da yawa ya ƙunshi cire ƙirjin biyu, ƙwayoyin lymph masu alaƙa, da kuma tsokoki na ƙirji. Wannan yakan haifar da jin zafi da nakasa na dogon lokaci, amma ana ganin ya zama dole don hana ciwon daji sake dawowa. Kafin zuwan mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted, adadin tsira na shekaru 20 ya kasance 10% kawai; Tiyatar Halsted ta haɓaka adadin zuwa kashi 50%.
An haɓaka tsarin sarrafa kansar nono a cikin 1920s da 1930s don tantance gwargwadon yadda ciwon daji ya haɓaka ta girma da yaduwa. Binciken farko da aka sarrafa akan cutar sankarar nono Janet Lane-Claypon ya yi, wacce ta buga wani binciken kwatankwacin a 1926 na cututtukan nono 500 da kuma sarrafa 500 na asali iri ɗaya da salon rayuwa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Burtaniya. Mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance daidaitattun kulawa a cikin Amurka har zuwa shekarun 1970, amma a cikin Turai, hanyoyin hana nono, galibi ana bi da su ta hanyar radiation far, gabaɗaya a cikin 1950s. A cikin 1955 George Crile Jr. ya buga Cancer and Common Sense yana jayayya cewa masu ciwon daji suna buƙatar fahimtar zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Crile ta zama abokiyar abokiyar muhalli Rachel Carson, wacce ta yi mastectomy na Halsted a 1960 don magance cutar kansar nono. Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji na Amurka Jerome Urban ya haɓaka mastectomy na sama, yana ɗaukar ƙarin nama, har zuwa 1963, lokacin da adadin tsira na shekaru goma ya yi daidai da ƙarancin mastectomy na raɗaɗi. Carson ya mutu a shekara ta 1964 kuma Crile ya ci gaba da buga labarai iri-iri, duka a cikin shahararrun jaridu da kuma a cikin mujallolin likita, yana ƙalubalantar yadda ake amfani da shi na mastectomy na Halsted. A cikin 1973 Crile ya buga Abin da Mata Ya Kamata Su Sani Game da Rigimar Ciwon Kan Nono. Lokacin da a cikin 1974 Betty Ford aka gano da ciwon nono, zažužžukan don magance ciwon nono an tattauna a fili a cikin manema labarai. A cikin shekarun 1970s, sabon fahimtar metastasis ya haifar da fahimtar ciwon daji a matsayin rashin lafiya na tsari da kuma wanda aka keɓe, kuma an ɓullo da ƙarin hanyoyin kiyayewa waɗanda suka tabbatar da tasiri daidai.
A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, dubunnan matan da suka yi nasarar kammala jiyya na yau da kullun, sannan suka nemi da dashen kasusuwa masu yawa, suna tunanin hakan zai haifar da mafi kyawun rayuwa na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da rashin tasiri, kuma 15-20% na mata sun mutu saboda rashin tausayi. Rahotonni na 1995 daga Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikatan Jiyya da kuma ƙarshen 2002 na gwajin Ƙaddamarwar Lafiyar Mata ya tabbatar da cewa maganin maye gurbin hormone yana ƙaruwa da kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.
Al'umma da al'adu
Kafin karni na 20, ana jin tsoron cutar kansar nono kuma ana tattaunawa da su cikin sautin murya, kamar abin kunya ne. Kamar yadda za a iya yin kadan cikin aminci tare da dabarun tiyata na farko, mata sun kasance suna shan wahala a shiru maimakon neman kulawa. Lokacin da aikin tiyata ya ci gaba, kuma adadin rayuwa na dogon lokaci ya inganta, mata sun fara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar da yiwuwar samun nasarar maganin. Jam'iyyar Fisher na '' ', al'ummar Amurka suna shirin karfin cutar kansa (daga baya Amurkawa na kasar Sin) a cikin 1930s da 1940s ya kasance daya daga cikin kamfen da aka shirya na farko. A shekara ta 1952, ƙungiyar tallafi ta farko-da-tsara, mai suna "Isa zuwa farfadowa", ta fara ba da bayan-mastectomy, ziyara a asibiti daga matan da suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono.
Motsin kansar nono na shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya samo asali ne daga manyan ƙungiyoyin mata da harkar lafiyar mata na ƙarni na 20. Wannan jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa da na ilimi, wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar AIDS na siyasa da zamantakewa, ya haifar da karɓuwar ra'ayi na biyu kafin tiyata, ƙarancin hanyoyin tiyata, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da sauran ci gaban kulawa.
Pink ribbon
Rubutun ruwan hoda shine fitacciyar alamar wayar da kan cutar sankarar nono. Ribbons masu ruwan hoda, waɗanda za a iya yin su da tsada, wasu lokuta ana siyar da su azaman masu tara kuɗi, kamar poppies a Ranar Tunawa. Ana iya sanya su don girmama waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar kansar nono, ko don gano samfuran da masana'anta ke son sayar wa masu amfani da ke sha'awar ciwon nono. A cikin 1990s kamfanoni na Amurka sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin wayar da kan cutar kansar nono. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan kamfen ɗin tallace-tallace masu alaƙa da kamfanoni sun ba da gudummawa ga nau'ikan ayyukan kansar nono don kowane samfurin ribbon ruwan hoda da aka siya. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta lura cewa "ƙarfin motsin zuciyar da ciwon nono ke haifarwa yana fassara zuwa layin kamfani". Yayin da yawancin kamfanoni na Amurka suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban cutar kansar nono wasu kamar su Avon sun kafa nasu tushen kansar nono a bayan samfuran ribbon ruwan hoda.
Al'adar ciwon nono
A cikin littafinta na 2006 Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy Samantha King ta yi iƙirarin cewa an canza kansar nono daga mummunar cuta da bala'i na mutum zuwa masana'antar tsira da kasuwancin kasuwanci. A cikin 2010 Gayle Sulik ya bayar da hujjar cewa dalilai na farko ko manufofin al'adar cutar kansar nono su ne don kula da kansar nono a matsayin babban abin da ya shafi lafiyar mata, don haɓaka kamannin cewa al'umma na yin wani abu mai tasiri game da cutar kansar nono, da ci gaba da faɗaɗa. ikon zamantakewa, siyasa, da kuɗi na masu fafutukar cutar kansar nono A cikin wannan shekarar Barbara Ehrenreich ta buga wani ra'ayi a cikin Mujallar Harper, tana kuka cewa a al'adar cutar kansar nono, ana kallon maganin kansar nono a matsayin al'ada maimakon cuta. Don dacewa da wannan nau'in, macen da ke fama da ciwon nono na buƙatar daidaitawa da kuma daidaita kamanninta, da kuma rage rushewar da al'amuran lafiyarta ke haifar da wani. Dole ne a rufe fushi, bakin ciki, da rashin fahimta. Kamar yadda yawancin nau'ikan al'adu, mutanen da suka dace da samfurin suna ba da matsayi na zamantakewa, a cikin wannan yanayin a matsayin masu tsira da ciwon daji. Matan da suka ƙi samfurin an guje su, azabtarwa da kunya. An soki al'adar game da daukar mata manya kamar kananan 'yan mata, kamar yadda abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na "jarirai" suka nuna irin su ruwan hoda na teddy bears da aka ba wa mata masu girma.
Jaddawa
A shekara ta 2009 wata 'yar jarida a kimiyyar Amurka Christie Aschwanden ta soki cewa fifikon da aka fi mayar da hankali kan tantance cutar sankarar nono na iya cutar da mata ta hanyar sanya su radiation, biopsies, da tiyata marasa amfani. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na cutar kansar nono da aka gano na iya komawa da kansu. Duban mammography da kyau yana gano marasa lafiya da rai, cututtukan daji na nono da asymptomatic, ko da yake ana yin watsi da manyan cututtukan daji. A cewar mai binciken cutar kansa, H. Gilbert Welch, mai binciken mammography ya ɗauki “hanyar mutuwa ta ƙwaƙwalwa wacce ta ce mafi kyawun gwajin ita ce wanda ke gano mafi yawan cutar kansa” maimakon wanda ke gano kansar masu haɗari.
A shekara ta 2002 an lura da cewa, sakamakon bayyanar cutar kansar nono, ana iya yin kuskuren fassara sakamakon ƙididdiga, kamar iƙirarin cewa mace ɗaya cikin takwas za ta kamu da cutar kansar nono a lokacin rayuwarsu - iƙirarin da ya dogara da zato maras tabbas cewa. babu wata mace da za ta mutu da kowace irin cuta kafin ta kai shekara 95. A shekarar 2010 yawan cutar kansar nono a Turai ya kai kashi 91% a shekara daya da kashi 65% a shekaru biyar. A cikin Amurka, adadin shekarun rayuwa na shekaru biyar don cutar kansar nono ya kasance 96.8%, yayin da a lokuta na metastases ya kasance kawai 20.6%. Domin hasashen cutar kansar nono a wannan mataki yana da kyau sosai, idan aka kwatanta da hasashen sauran cututtukan, cutar sankarar nono a matsayin sanadin mutuwar mata shine kashi 13.9% na yawan mace-macen cutar kansa. Abu na biyu da ya fi zama sanadin mutuwar mata daga cutar kansa shi ne kansar huhu, cutar daji da ta fi kamari a duniya ga maza da mata. Ingantacciyar adadin tsira ya sa kansar nono ya zama cutar kansa mafi yaɗuwa a duniya. A cikin 2010 kimanin mata miliyan 3.6 a duk duniya sun kamu da cutar kansar nono a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, yayin da maza ko mata miliyan 1.4 kawai suka tsira daga cutar kansar huhu suna raye.
Bambance-bambancen kabilanci
Akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci a cikin adadin mace-macen cutar kansar nono da kuma na maganin cutar kansar nono. Kansar nono ita ce cutar sankara mafi yaduwa da ke shafar mata na kowace kabila a Amurka. Yawan cutar kansar nono a tsakanin mata bakar fata masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama ya zarce na farare mata masu shekaru daya. Fararen mata masu shekaru 60-84 suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono fiye da matan Baƙar fata. Duk da haka, mata baƙar fata a kowane zamani sun fi kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.
Maganin ciwon daji na nono ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu baƙar fata ba sa samun magani idan aka kwatanta da farar fata. Abubuwan haɗari kamar yanayin zamantakewa, ƙarshen zamani, ko ciwon nono a ganewar asali, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in ciwon daji, bambance-bambancen samun damar kula da lafiya duk suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambance. Abubuwan da ke tabbatar da tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa da ke shafar rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da talauci, al'adu, da kuma rashin adalci na zamantakewa. A cikin matan Hispanic, kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ya yi ƙasa da na matan da ba na Hispanic ba amma galibi ana bincikar su a wani mataki na gaba fiye da farar fata masu ciwon sukari.
Talauci shine babban abin da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen da ke da alaka da ciwon nono. Mata masu karamin karfi ba su da yuwuwar a yi gwajin cutar kansar nono don haka ana iya samun cutar da wuri. Tabbatar da cewa mata na kowane kabila sun sami daidaiton kulawar lafiya [bayani da ake buƙata] na iya shafar waɗannan bambance-bambance.
Ciki
Ciki tun yana ƙarami yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono daga baya a rayuwa. Haɗarin cutar kansar nono kuma yana raguwa tare da adadin yaran da mace ke da su. Ciwon daji na nono ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 5 ko 10 bayan daukar ciki amma sai ya zama kasa gama gari fiye da yawan jama'a. An san waɗannan cututtukan daji da kansar nono bayan haihuwa kuma suna da sakamako mafi muni gami da ƙara haɗarin yaduwar cututtuka da mace-mace. Sauran ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin ko kuma jim kadan bayan daukar ciki suna bayyana a kusan daidai da sauran cututtukan daji na mata masu shekaru makamancin haka.
Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba ɗauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke hade da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan fiye da matsakaici a yawancin mata masu juna biyu ko kwanan nan. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, ultrasounds, da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana ɗaukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu, kamar PET scans ba su.
Magani gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation yawanci lokacin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a ƙarshen ciki. Bayarwa da wuri don saurin fara jiyya ba sabon abu bane. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar tiyatar lafiya yayin da take ɗauke da juna biyu, amma wasu magunguna, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da ake ba su a farkon watanni uku na farko, suna ƙara haɗarin lahani na haihuwa da asarar ciki (zubar da ciki da haihuwa da haihuwa). Ba a buƙatar zubar da ciki da aka zaɓa kuma baya inganta yuwuwar mahaifiyar ta tsira ko kuma ta warke.
Maganin radiyo na iya kawo cikas ga iyawar uwa wajen shayar da jaririnta saboda yana rage karfin nonon don samar da madara kuma yana kara haɗarin mastitis. Har ila yau, lokacin da ake ba da maganin chemotherapy bayan haihuwa, yawancin magungunan suna wucewa ta cikin nono zuwa jariri, wanda zai iya cutar da jariri.
Game da ciki nan gaba tsakanin masu tsira da ciwon nono, galibi ana jin tsoron sake bullowar cutar kansa. A gefe guda, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna la'akari da ciki da haihuwa don wakiltar al'ada, farin ciki da cikar rayuwa.
Kulawar haihuwa
A cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono, hanyoyin hana haihuwa waɗanda ba na hormonal ba kamar na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD) yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman zaɓin layin farko. Hanyoyin tushen progestogen irin su depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, IUD tare da progestogen ko progestogen kawai kwayoyin suna da mummunan bincike amma yiwuwar karuwar cutar ciwon daji, amma ana iya amfani da su idan tasiri mai kyau ya fi wannan haɗari mai yiwuwa.
Menopause hormone maye gurbin
A cikin wadanda suka tsira daga ciwon nono, ana bada shawara don fara la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan da ba na hormonal ba don tasirin menopause, irin su bisphosphonates ko masu zaɓin masu karɓar isrogen receptor (SERMs) don osteoporosis, da estrogen na farji don alamun gida. Nazarin lura na tsarin maye gurbin hormone bayan ciwon nono yana ƙarfafawa gabaɗaya. Idan maye gurbin hormone ya zama dole bayan ciwon nono, maganin estrogen-kawai ko maganin estrogen tare da na'urar intrauterine tare da progestogen na iya zama mafi aminci zaɓuɓɓuka fiye da haɗin tsarin tsarin.
Bincike
Ana kimanta jiyya a gwaji na asibiti. Wannan ya haɗa da magungunan mutum ɗaya, haɗaɗɗun magunguna, da hanyoyin tiyata da fasahar radiation Bincike ya haɗa da sabbin nau'ikan jiyya da aka yi niyya, rigakafin cutar kansa, oncolytic virotherapy, jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafi.
Ana ba da rahoton sabon bincike a kowace shekara a tarurrukan kimiyya kamar na American Society of Clinical Oncology, San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, da St. Gallen Oncology Conference a St. Gallen, Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da wasu ƙungiyoyi ne suke nazarin waɗannan karatun, kuma an tsara su cikin ƙa'idodi don takamaiman ƙungiyoyin jiyya da nau'in haɗari.
Fenretinide, wani retinoid, kuma ana nazarinsa a matsayin hanyar rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Musamman, haɗuwa da ribociclib tare da maganin endocrin sun kasance batun gwaji na asibiti.
Wani bita na 2019 ya sami tabbataccen tabbaci na matsakaici cewa bai wa mutane maganin rigakafi kafin tiyatar kansar nono ya taimaka wajen hana kamuwa da cutar ta wurin tiyata (SSI). Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don ƙayyade ƙa'idar maganin rigakafi mafi inganci da amfani ga matan da ke fuskantar gyaran nono nan take.
Layukan kwayar cutar kansar nono
Wani ɓangare na ilimin halin yanzu game da ciwon daji na nono ya dogara ne akan in vivo da in vitro binciken da aka yi tare da layin salula da aka samo daga ciwon nono. Waɗannan suna ba da tushe marar iyaka na kayan kwafin kai mai kama da juna, ba tare da gurɓata ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ba, kuma sau da yawa ana al'adarsu cikin sauƙi daidaitaccen kafofin watsa labarai. Layin kwayar cutar kansar nono na farko da aka kwatanta, BT-20, an kafa shi a cikin 1958. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kuma duk da ci gaba da aiki a wannan yanki, adadin layin dindindin da aka samu ya kasance mai ban mamaki (kimanin 100). Lallai, yunƙurin al'adar layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansar nono daga ciwace-ciwacen farko bai yi nasara ba. Wannan rashin inganci sau da yawa yakan faru ne saboda matsalolin fasaha da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta mai ƙarfi daga maƙarƙashiya da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin layukan sel kansar nono da ake samu daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta, galibi daga zubar da jini. Zubar da ciki yana ba da lambobi masu yawa na rarrabuwar kawuna, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu yuwuwa waɗanda ke da ɗan ko babu gurɓata ta fibroblasts da sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta. Yawancin layukan BCC da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu an kafa su a ƙarshen 1970s. Kadan daga cikinsu, wato MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231 da SK-BR-3, sun kai sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk binciken da aka yi a kan layukan ciwon nono, kamar yadda aka kammala daga Binciken tushen layi.
Metabolic markers
A asibiti, mafi amfani alamomi na rayuwa a cikin ciwon nono shine estrogen da progesterone masu karɓa waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsinkayar amsa ga maganin hormone. Sabbin alamomi ko yuwuwar sabbin alamun cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da BRCA1 da BRCA2 don gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, HER-2, [abubuwan da ake buƙata na likita] da SCD1, don tsinkayar martani ga tsarin warkewa, da urokinase plasminogen activator, PA1-1 da SCD1 don tantance hasashen.
Makamai
Makamai wannan kalmar Jam'in Makami ne wanda kuma take nufin abunda aka aje don kare kai daga abokan gaba. Makami sun rabu izuwa gida biyu kamar haka:
Luxmanda
Luxmanda wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake cikin gundumar Babati ta ,Tanzaniya ta tsakiya. An gano shi a cikin 2012. Binciken da aka yi a yankin ya gano shi a matsayin wurin zama mafi girma kuma mafi girma a kudu na Savanna, Pastoral Neolithic (SPN), al'adun makiyaya da aka gane da archaeologically a gabashin Afirka a lokacin da aka sani da Pastoral Neolithic (kimanin 5000-).1200 BP). Radiocarbon Dating na gawayi, collagen ɗan adam, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kayan aikin yumbu sun nuna cewa Luxmanda ya mamaye tsakanin shekaru 3,200 zuwa 2,900 da suka wuce. Ceramics (na Narosura nau'in), lithics, aiki kashi, hauren giwa, da jimina kwai taro ban da dabbobi da kasusuwan mutane an dawo dasu daga wurin Luxmanda. Mutanen Luxmanda ƙwararrun makiyaya ne, waɗanda suka dogara da shanu, tumaki, awaki, da jakuna don rayuwa. Ba a san dangantakarsu da harshe ba, amma wasu masana ilimin harshe na tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa mutanen SPN suna jin harsunan Kushitic. Pastoral Neolithic ya biyo bayan Zamanin Karfe na Pastoral da Fadada Bantu.
Makamai
Na zamani
Wannan sune kamar bindiga, jiragen yaƙi, bom, nukiliya da daisauransu.
Na gargajiya
Wannan sune kamar baushe, gwafa, gariyo da daisauransu.
Luxmanda
Binciken DNA na zamani
Binciken haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar kwarangwal na kwarangwal mace mai shekaru 3,100 da aka tono a Luxmanda ya gano cewa mutumin ya ɗauki kusan 38± 1% na zuriyarta mai alaƙa da al'adun Pre-Pottery Neolithic na Levant,. Sabbin bayanan kwayoyin halitta daga Luxmanda sun nuna cewa wannan dangantakar na iya yiwuwa saboda ko dai ƙaura zuwa Afirka na zuriyar manoman tukwane daga Levant, ko zuriya ta gama gari daga al'ummar kakannin Afirka waɗanda ba na Afirka ba da suka zauna a Afirka ko Gabas,ta Tsakiya shekaru dubu da dama da suka gabata. Duk mazan da aka gwada don Y chromosomal DNA sun taru tare da E1b1b subclades, tare da samari biyu ambivalent A1b subclades saboda rashin isasshen collagen.
Bangaren Afirka na zuriyar Luxmanda ya dace da kasancewarsa mafi kusanci da yawan mafarauta da ke zaune a Habasha ca. 4,500 BP (a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a biyu, tare da adadin zuriyarsu na 62.2-62.8% don ɓangaren mafarauta da 37.2-37.8% don ɓangaren Pre-Pottery Neolithic,B ) ko kuma daga yawan jama'a da ke da alaƙa da Dinka ( a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a uku, tare da ƙimar zuriyar zuriyar 39% ± 1% zuriyar Levantine). Bugu da ƙari, nazarin haplogroup ya nuna cewa samfurin Luxmanda ya ƙunshi haplogroup L2a1 (mtDNA). A baya masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen zuwan kakannin yammacin Eurasian a gabashin Afirka, wanda yanzu ya mamaye yankin, zuwa kusan 3000 BP a matsakaici. Sabbin bayanan kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa masu yin Savanna Pastoral Neolithic ne ke da alhakin yada tsoffin zuriyar da ke da alaƙa da Levant a cikin yankin lacustrine, inda suka kafa sabbin ƙauyuka. Al'ummar Luxmanda su ma sun gabatar da kiwo zuwa kudancin Afirka, tun lokacin da aka gano wani makiyayi mai shekaru 1,200 daga Western Cape yana da alaƙa da samfurin Luxmanda.
Ramil Hasanov
Ramil Hasanov ( Ukrainian  ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1996 a AR Crimea, Ukraine ) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ukraine wanda ke taka leda a matsayin aro ga Rubin Yalta.
Sana'a
Hasanov samfuri ne na tsarin makarantar wasanni na matasa na SC Tavriya. Ya taka leda a cikin Ukrainian Premier League Reserves for SC Tavriya da kuma bayan rushe kulob din, a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014 sanya hannu 3 shekaru kwangila tare da Azerbaijan kulob Gabala FK.
A watan Yuni shekarar 2017 ya tafi aro na shekara guda a sauran kungiyar Sumgayit FK ta Azerbaijan Premier League, amma a watan Disamba shekarar 2017 ya koma kulob dinsa.
Lafiya
Lafiya, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, shine "yanayin cikakkiyar lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewa ba kawai rashin cututtuka da rashin lafiya bane". An yi amfani da ma'anoni iri-iri da dalilai daban-daban na tsawon lokaci. Ana iya haɓaka lafiya ta hanyar ƙarfafa ayyukan lafiya, kamar motsa jiki na yau da kullun da isasshen barci, da rage ko guje wa ayyuka ko yanayi mara kyau, kamar shan taba ko damuwa mai yawa. Wasu abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya sun kasance saboda zaɓin mutum, kamar ko shiga cikin halayen haɗari mai haɗari, yayin da wasu kuma saboda dalilai na tsari, kamar ko an tsara al'umma ta hanyar da ta fi sauƙi ko wuya ga mutane su samu. ayyukan kula da lafiya da suka wajaba. Har yanzu, wasu dalilai sun wuce duka zaɓi na mutum da na rukuni, kamar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Karni
Ƙarni wannan kalmar na nufin lokacin da akayi abu walau mai daɗi ko akasin haka. A turance ana kiranshi da Century.
Rukunan Bahi Rock-Art
Shafukan fasaha na Bahi Rock-Art ko zane-zanen dutsen Bahi zane-zanen dutse ne da ke wurare uku a yankin Dodoma na Tanzaniya. Ana kyautata zaton cewa wadannan fararen zanen kayayyakin mutanen Wamia ne, wadanda suka mamaye yankin kafin mutanen Wagogo (mazauna yanzu) Zane-zanen da ke nuna shanu, da sifofin mutane, kwarangwal, gou, tsuntsu, da kibiya, da dai sauran alamomi, ana zaton an aiwatar da su ne a lokuta masu muhimmanci kamar jana'izar. Mutanen Wagogo, duk da cewa ba su da cikakkiyar masaniyar ainihin mahimmancin zanen ga Wamia, sun ci gaba da amfani da wuraren a matsayin wurare masu tsarki don bukukuwan,damina. An kiyasta cewa zane-zanen Bahi ya kai shekaru akalla 340 bisa ga tarihin sarkin Bahi a shekarar 1929, wanda ya bayyana kiyasin lokacin da kakansa, Kimanchambogo,ya isa yankin. Hanyar zanen fari gabaɗaya tana da alaƙa da yawan noma na Bantu.
EAS Airlines
Tarihi
An kafa kamfanin jirgin a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1983.
Wuraren
Kamfanonin jiragen sama na EAS sun gudanar da ayyuka zuwa wuraren da aka tsara zuwa gida (a watan Janairun 2005): Abuja, Enugu, Jos, Legas da Fatakwal.
Fleet
Jirgin EAS Airlines ya ƙunshi jirage masu zuwa:
Zokela
Zokela ƙungiya ce ta kiɗa daga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasiri a ƙasar. Ƙungiya ce ke da alhakin salon kiɗan Afirka mai suna iri ɗaya wanda ya fito a farkon shekarun 1980. Ƙungiya mai tushen Bangui tana da katatan guitar mai ɗauke lantarki da ganguna tare da kuma "ƙarfafa sauti mai mahimmanci na bukukuwa da raye-rayen jana'izar Lobaye".
Ilimin Taurari
Ilimin Taurari wannan kalmar na nufin wani ilimi da ɗan adam yake karantawa ko ya koya akan da Taurari watau a turance Shine Stars. Wanda ya karanta wannan karatu ana kiransu a turance Astronauts.
Amadou Diawara
Amadou Diawara (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Gini wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Roma da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea.
Fara aiki
An haifi Amadou Diawara a Conakry a Guinea.Diawara ya kuma koma Lega Pro San Marino a cikin shekara ta 2014.
Bologna
Yayin da yake taka leda a San Marino, Daraktan kwallon kafa na Bologna Pantaleo Corvino ya hango gwanintarsa kuma ya kawo shi Bologna a cikin yarjejeniyar da ke kashe £ 420,000 a cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2015. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, Diawara ya kuma fara buga gasar Seria A don Bologna, a wasan da ya wuce da Lazio, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Lorenzo Crisetig na mintina 84.
Napoli
A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2016, Diawara ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Napoli ta Serie A. A ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017, Diawara ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga Napoli daga bugun fanareti da Manchester City a gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, ya zira kwallaye na farko na Serie A da na biyu babban burin Napoli a kan Chievo Verona.
Roma
A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2019, Diawara ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da Roma har zuwa shekarar 2024.
Ayyukan kasa
An haifi Diawara a kasar Guinea, amma ya buga kwallon kafa a Italiya tun shekarar 2014, kuma ya samu takardar zama dan kasar Italiya. Kocin Azzurri Giampiero Ventura yana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar shi a cikin shekarar 2018. Duk da haka, ya yi alkawarin mubayi'a na kasa da kasa ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Guinea a watan Maris shekara ta 2018, kuma ya karbi kiran kira ga tawagar kasar a watan Oktoba shekarar 2018. Diawara ya yi karo da Guinea a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika da ci 2-0 2019 a kan tawagar kwallon kafar Rwanda a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2018.
Girmamawa
Roma
Haƙƙin Amsawa
A matsayin haƙƙin tsarin mulki
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Brazil ya ba da tabbacin ƴancin ba da amsa (direito de resposta).
Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Kasar Gambiya
Kungiyar wasan kurket ta Gambia ,ita ce tawagar da ke wakiltar Jamhuriyar Gambiya a wasan kurket na kasa da kasa. Sun zama memba mai alaƙa na Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) a cikin 2002 kuma memba na tarayya a cikin 2017. Wasansu na farko na kasa da kasa ya zo ne a gasar hadaka ta Afirka a 2004 inda suka kare a matsayi na shida. A shekara ta 2006 sun buga gasar dai-daita, wato Division Uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC, a wannan karon sun kare a matsayi na bakwai.
A cikin Afrilu 2018, ICC ta yanke shawarar ba da cikakken matsayin Twenty20 International (T20I) ga duk membobinta. Saboda haka, duk wasanni Ashirin20 da aka buga tsakanin Gambiya da sauran membobin ICC bayan 1 ga Janairu 2019 za su zama cikakkiyar T20I.
A cikin 2021 Gambiya tana cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar da aka cire daga Gasar Cin Kofin ICC T20I saboda rashin buga isassun matakan wasa a cikin lokacin da ya dace, sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19.
kwana daya
A ƙasa akwai rikodin wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa da Gambia ta buga a cikin tsarin kwana ɗaya tsakanin 2004 da 2009.
Ipalibo Banigo
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Banigo a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 1952 ga ahalin Harry na Obuama a Degema, Jihar Rivers. Lokacin da take matashiya, ta sami takardar shedar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (Division One) da kuma takardar shaidar sakandare a Kwalejin Queens, Legas. Ta samu kyaututtuka saboda kwazonta a fannin Chemistry, Biology da Adabin Turanci (Literature). A shekarar 1968, ta lashe kyautar BBC ta waƙar ɗalibai. Kafin ta kammala makarantar sakandare, ta kasance babbar dalibar da ta fi kowane ɗalibi a cikin shekarun karatun ta daga 1969 zuwa 1970 ƙwazo a kowane fanni. Ta samu digiri na farko a fannin likitanci, tayi digirin-digirgir a Kwalejin aikin asibiti a Jami’ar Ibadan, sannan ta halarci Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a ta Jami’ar Harvard. digirinta na biyu ya kasance tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1992, Banigo ta sami difloma a fannin Lafiyar fata daga Jami'ar London.
Aiki
Banigo ta fara aikinta ne a ma’aikatar lafiya ta tashar ruwa ta Jihar Ribas, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai yin rajista kuma mai ɗaukar rajistar masu haihuwa da kuma babbar jami’ar lafiya. Haka ta zamo mai ba da shawara ga likitan fata a Jami'ar Fatakwal, bayan ta zama shugabar Makarantar Fasaha ta Lafiya ta Jihar Ribas a shekara ta 1985. A lokacin da take a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar Ribas, ta rike ofisoshi guda biyar da suka haɗa da Daraktan Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Mukaddashiyar Kwamishinan, Darakta-Janar, kuma Babbar Sakatariya. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1995 aka naɗa Banigo a matsayin Sakatariyar Gwamnatin Jihar Ribas, ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 5 ga Yuli 1999. Ta kuma yi aiki na tsawon watanni biyar, daga watan Mayu 1998, a matsayin Shugabar Ma'aikatan Jihar Ribas. Yayin da ta yi ritaya, Banigo ta ci gaba da ba da gudunmawa ta a jihar inda daga baya aka naɗa ta mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kiwon lafiyar jama’a na kamfanin Shell Petroleum Development Company Nigeria. Bugu da ƙari, ta rike ofisoshin Babban Darakta da Sakatare a Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a matakin farko ta ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin mambobinta sun haɗa da Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Calabar, Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Najeriya, haka ta riƙe kwamitin Abinci Jihar Ribas, tayi aiki da hukumar Kula da Asibitin Jihar Ribas da Hukumar Bincike ta DFID. An kuma naɗa ta shugabar ayyuka na UNFPA, UNICEF da shugabar kwamitin agaji na jihar Ribas. A cikin Disamba 2014, an zaɓe ta don zama mataimakiyar dan takarar gwamna Ezenwo Wike a zaben 2015. Da ita dashi Dukkan su ƴan jam’iyyar PDP kuma an zaɓe su, sun karɓs ragamar mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015. A halin yanzu Banigo ita ce mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar Ribas ta 6 kuma mace ta farko. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2021, ta kasance daga cikin masu ba da shawara kan harkokin kiwon lafiya da suka halarci wani taron da St Racheal's Pharmaceuticals Nigeria ta shirya don tunawa da ranar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ta duniya na 2021 da aka gudanar a Legas, inda ta gabatar da wasu dabaru kan yadda za'a shawo kan matsalar zazzaɓin cizon sauro har sai ya koma Zero-Malaria a Najeriya nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2020, ta zama shugabar kwamitin mutane bakwai da gwamnan jihar Ribas, Nyesom Wike, ya ƙaddamar don ƙaddamar da wasu cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a jihar.
Lantarki
Lantarki wannan kalmar na nufin samar da wuta don amfani ko walwala. Ita wutar lantarki tana da mahimmanci a rayuwa musamman a birni, ita lantarki ita take samar da wuta wacce ake amfani dashi.
Dokar Daji
Dokar daji tana nufin dokokin ɗan adam daidai da dokokin da suka shafi na daji. Dokar daji ta tsara ɗabi'ar ɗan adam wanda ke ba da damar kiyaye mutunci da aiki na al'ummar Duniya gaba ɗaya a cikin dogon lokaci akan muradun kowane nau'in halitta (ciki har da mutane) a wani lokaci keɓantacce.
Ƙashin bayan dokar daji
An tsara dokokin daji don tsara shigar ɗan adam a cikin dazuka masu girma da faɗi Ana neman daidaita haƙƙoƙi da alhakin ɗan adam akan na sauran membobin al'umman halittu a cikin muhallin halittu wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa (misali tsirrai dabbobi, koguna, da muhalli) don kiyaye haƙƙin dukkan membobin namun daji a baki ɗayan Duniya. Ana iya bambanta dokokin daji da dokoki bisa fahimtar cewa Duniya wajene na halittu da abubuwa ne waɗanda ɗan adam ke da damar yin amfani da su don yin amfani dasu da kuma fa'idantuwa dasu (misali yawancin dokokin dukiya).Ci gaban ka'idodin daji yana motsawa ta hanyar imani cewa yana da kyawawa, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar nau'ikan halittu da yawa (watakila har da mutane), don mu canza dangantakarmu da duniyar halitta daga cin zarafi zuwa mafi 'dimokradiyya'. shiga cikin al'ummar sauran halittu.Wannan yana buƙatar dokoki waɗanda da farko, gane cewa sauran membobin al'ummar Duniya suna da haƙƙi, na biyu kuma, hana ɗan adam keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ko kuma wasu halittu (kamar yadda ake yi a tsakanin al'ummar duniya).
Agatha Christie
Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 Satumba 1890 - 12 Janairu 1976) marubuciyar birtaniya ce wacce aka sani da litattafan bincikenta 66 da tarin gajerun labarai 14, musamman waɗanda ke juyawa kan almara Hercule Poirot da Miss Marple. Ta kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsayi a duniya, sirrin kisan kai The Mousetrap, wanda aka yi a West End tun 1952. Marubuciyar, a lokacin "Golden Age of Detective Fiction", Christie an kira ta "Sarauniyar Laifi". Ta kuma rubuta litattafai shida a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary Westmacott. A cikin 1971, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta yi mata karramawar Dame (DBE) saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabi. Guinness World Records ta lissafta Christie a matsayin marubucin almara wacce labaranta suka sayu matuqa a kowane lokaci, litattafanta sun sayar da fiye da kwafi biliyan biyu.
Kaole
Kaole wani wuri ne na tarihi na kasa dake cikin gundumar Bagamoyo,na yankin Pwani a Tanzaniya. Wurin yana mil uku gabas da birnin Bagamoyo mai tarihi a gabar tekun Indiya. Yankin ya ƙunshi tsoffin rugujewar dutsen murjani na Swahili tun daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa ƙarni na 16.Wasu daga cikin kango sun samo asali ne tun karni na 13 kuma sun kunshi masallatai biyu da kaburbura 30.
An gina kaburburan da ke Kaole daga duwatsun murjani da ginshiƙan dutse waɗanda ke alamar wasu daga cikin kaburburan. Bisa al’adar yankin, wasu daga cikin kaburburan kaburburan sarakunan yankin ne wadanda aka fi sani da “diwanis”. “Diwanis” ana kyautata zaton zuriyar Sheikh Ali Muhamad al-Hatim al-Barawi ne. An kafa wani karamin gidan tarihi, inda aka fallasa wasu kayayyakin tarihi da aka samu a cikin kango. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kayan tarihi na kasar Sin ne don haka suna ba da shaidar dangantakar kasuwanci ta dā.
Tarihi
An fara zama Kaole a ƙarni na 8 a matsayin garin ciniki. Sandunan mangrove, sandalwood,ebony da hauren giwa sun kasance manyan abubuwan ciniki. Yawancin gidajen mutanen Kaole an gina su ne da itace, wanda hakan ya sa ba su dawwama fiye da masallatan dutse da kaburbura. Daga baya mutanen Zaramo da ke yankin suka kira wurin Kaole, ma'ana "ku je ku gani". Wanda ya fara nazarin Rukunin Kaole shine Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Biritaniya Neville Chittick, a kusa da 1958.
Duba kuma
Mazaunan Swahili na Tarihi
Haƙƙin bil'adama na yan jarida.
JHR ta yi imanin cewa, "Ƙirƙirar wayar da kan haƙƙoƙin shine matakin farko kuma mafi mahimmanci don kawo ƙarshen cin zarafi. Ta hanyar wayar da kan kafofin watsa labarai don yada wayar da kan 'yancin ɗan adam, JHR tana sanar da mutane game da 'yancin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa al'ummomin da aka sani da su tashi tsaye, magana da kare kansu." JHR ta yi hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin yada labarai sama da 400 a kasashe daban-daban har kimanin 29 don horar da 'yan jarida sama da 17,650 wadanda labarun kare hakkin dan Adam ya kai sama da mutane miliyan 76.
JHR yana amfani da tsarin "canji na musanya" na tushen haƙƙin, tsari wanda ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai na gida da sakamakon ci gaba da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar shawarwarin shiga tare da masu gyara da masu mallaka, 'yan jarida masu aiki, dalibai, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanki.
A halin yanzu JHR tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Darakta, Rachel Pulfer. A halin yanzu kungiyar tana da shirye-shirye a ƙasar Mali, Kenya, tare da 'yan jaridun Siriya a Turkiyya, Tunisia, Afirka ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Kanada.
Jordan
Ya zuwa yanzu, JHR ta horar da 'yan jarida sama da kimanin 250 na kasar Jordan, wadanda suka kammala aikin jarida da dalibai kan rahoton hakkin dan Adam, wadanda akasarinsu mata ne. JHR ta sadaukar da kai don inganta samun dama ana nunawa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar dandalin Maidan ta kan layi. Maidan wani dandali ne da ke baiwa jama'a damar shiga daga cikin tsarin tattara bayanai da bayar da rahoton take hakin bil'adama don daukar nauyin hukumomin gwamnati, kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen kafofin watsa labarai da CSOs. Ta hanyar horarwa, haɗin gwiwar jama'a da samar da labari, JHR ya yi aiki don ƙara 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin Jordan da kuma samar da sararin samaniya don ƙarin buɗewa, sanarwa da tattaunawa mai ma'ana kan al'amuran 'yancin ɗan adam da suka shafi ƙasar.
Afirka ta Kudu
A cikin shekarata 2017, JHR yayi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Witwatersrand da Jami'ar Ryerson don ƙaddamar da Lab ɗin Jarida da Media (JAMLab). Tawagogi shida na matasan 'yan jarida na Afirka ta Kudu da 'yan kasuwan watsa labaru sun shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje don haɓaka ko haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu na tsawon watanni shida. Ƙungiyoyin sun sami damar samun jagoranci, wurare, da abokan hulɗa waɗanda suka tallafa musu yayin da suke aiki don haɓaka sababbin ra'ayoyin a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, ƙayyade yadda za a kai ga sababbin masu sauraro da kuma gano yadda mafi kyau don ci gaba da kansu da sababbin kudaden shiga.
Siriya
Tun daga shekara ta 2017, JHR ta kirkiro wata hanyar sadarwa ta 'yan jaridun Siriya 175 da ke aiki a ciki da wajen Siriya, don tabbatar da cewa kantunan da ke aiki a yankuna daban-daban na iya raba albarkatu, hada kai kan labarai masu tsauri da kuma ba wa kantuna damar shiga yankunan da ba za su iya yin aiki cikin 'yanci ba. to Amman Aikin da ke aiki tare da 'yan jaridun Siriya yana samun tallafin Asusun Demokraɗiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Harkokin Duniya na Kanada.
Sudan ta Kudu
JHR ta yi hadin gwiwa da UNESCO da Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Sudan ta Kudu (UNMISS) don horar da 'yan jarida sama da kimanin 150, tare da inganta tare da bunkasa kwarewar manajojin yada labarai 20. Haka kuma JHR ta horas da wakilan gwamnati 50 kan sadarwa da kafafen yada labarai da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi hakkin dan Adam domin samar da aladu tsakanin gwamnati, kungiyoyin farar hula, da kafafen yada labarai don kara fahimtar rawar da kowane bangare ke takawa a rayuwar jama'a.
Kanada
Tun lokacin ƙaddamar da a shekarata 2013 na JHR's Indigenous Reporters Programme, JHR ta yi aiki a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin arewacin Ontario don ba da horon aikin jarida da karatun jarida. JHR ta horar da membobin al'umma sama da 850 a cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin 17 daban-daban a Kanada. Sun samar da labarai sama da 650 da sabbin taswirori, inda suka kai masu sauraron sama da mutane miliyan 2.2. JHR ta kuma samar da guraben karo karatu na 29 da horon horo na 40 don masu ba da rahoto na asali na asali don neman karatun gaba da sakandare da kaddamar da ayyukansu a aikin jarida.
Tallafawa
JHR Sadakin Kanada ne mai rijista. Tana samun tallafi daga hukumomi da gwamnatoci na duniya da na Kanada, da gidauniyoyi, da kuma masu ba da taimako.
Abokan Huldar JHR sun haɗa da: Al'amuran Duniya Kanada (GAC); Ontario Trillium Foundation (OTF); Asusun Dimokuradiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDEF); Sashen Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (DFID, Birtaniya); AusAid (Ostiraliya).
Kafofin watsa labarai da haɗin gwiwa
JHR ta karbi kulawar kafofin watsa labaru a Kanada, daga The Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada da CTV.ca. A cikin shekarata 2012, JHR ta haɗu tare da CBC da Labaran Duniya don aika 'yan jarida daga waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa zuwa ayyukan JHR don yin aiki a matsayin masu horar da aikin jarida na gajeren lokaci. A cikin Mayu shekarar 2013, babban editan CTV kuma mai ba da labari Lisa LaFlamme ya jagoranci hanyar sadarwar 'yan jarida masu alaƙa da JHR a Goma (DRC ta Gabas), cibiyar rikice-rikice da rikicin bil'adama da ke gudana tun daga shekarata 1998.
JHR tare da The Alva Foundation da Massey College akan Gordon N. Fisher-JHR Fellowship. Haɗin kai na shekara-shekara wani ɓangare ne na Shirin Fellowships na Jarida na Southam a Kwalejin Massey ta Jami'ar Toronto.
JHR tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Kanada don ba da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don bayar da rahoto game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da lambar yabo ga ɗan jarida mai tasowa. JHR kuma tana ba da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ga ƙungiyar labarai ko ƙungiya don mafi kyawun ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kanada.
Tafkin Togo
Tafkin Togo ( Faransanci : Lac Togo) yanki ne mafi girma a cikin tafkin a Togo, wanda ke raba shi da Tekun Atlantika ta wata kunkuntar bakin teku. Yana da m kuma sanannen wuri don wasanni na ruwa. Garuruwan da ke gabar tafkin sun hada da Agbodrafo da Togoville. Sufuri a tafkin gabaɗaya ta pirogue ne.
Tafkin Togo asalin
Wata babbar hanya ta ratsa bakin teku zuwa kudancin tafkin kuma hanyoyin gida suna zagaye tafkin, wanda ya haɗu da ƙananan kauyuka. Yankin ba shi da yawan jama'a kuma akwai ƙarancin yawon shakatawa. Tattalin arzikin ya dogara ne da yawan noma da kamun kifi, inda ake amfani da tarunan seine da kuma sayar da kifi a garuruwan gida. Ana noman kwakwa a tsakanin tafkin da bakin teku, kuma akwai gonakin kwakwa da dabino mai a filayen da ke ambaliya a arewacin tafkin.
Dabbobin daji
Tafki, ciyayi mai dausayi, lagos da yashi na bakin teku na wannan yanki suna ba da wuraren hutawa ga tsuntsayen ruwa da masu ƙaura a kan hanyoyinsu na yammacin Afirka. Kifi a cikin tafkin duka na asali ne na ruwa da na kogi, kuma mafi yawan nau'in nau'in sune Tilapia da carfish Chrysichthys. Invertebrates sun haɗa da gastropod molluscs Pachymelania spp. da Tympanotonos fuscatus, da crustaceans Farfantepenaeus duorarum da Callinectes latimanus.
Manazarta
Coordinates: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"> 6°15′N 1°25′E﻿ / ﻿6.25°N 1.42°E﻿ / 6.25; 1.42
Fazao Malfakassa National Park
A halin yanzu ana la'akari da rukunin yanar gizon don haɗawa a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya masu "fitacciyar ƙimar duniya" ga duniya. An ƙara wannan rukunin yanar gizon zuwa cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2002, a cikin nau'in Mixed (Cultural + Natural).
Fauna
A 1990, giwaye sun zama ruwan dare a arewa maso gabashin Togo. Yayin da kasar ke cikin tashin hankali a farkon shekarun 1990, farauta ta zama babbar matsala. A shekara ta 2007, an rage yawan jama'a zuwa saura a wurin shakatawa. An kiyasta adadin giwayen da ke wurin dajin ya kai kusan 50 a shekarar 2003. Gidan shakatawa yana daya daga cikin wurare biyu a Togo a cikin shirin CITES na Sa ido kan Kisan giwaye ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Jimlar adadin sanannun nau'in tsuntsayen shine 244, kamar na 2008, amma akwai yiwuwar da yawa.
Naby Keïta
Naby Laye Keïta (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya na tsakiya a Premier League ta Liverpool da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea.
Keïta ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da kulob din Ligue 2 FC Istres a shekarar 2013, kuma bayan shekara guda ya koma Red Bull Salzburg, inda ya lashe gasar Bundesliga ta Austrian Bundesliga da kuma gasar cin kofin Austrian sau biyu a cikin lokutansa biyu. Daga nan ya koma RB Leipzig a shekarar 2016, inda ya zama kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar wasa a shekararsa ta farko da kuma kungiyar UEFA Europa League na kakar wasa a karo na biyu. Ya amince ya koma Liverpool a shekarar 2017, kuma ya kammala tafiyar shekara guda, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta gaba.
Keita ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Guinea a shekarar 2012. Ya buga wasanni sama da 40 kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2015, 2019 da 2021.
FC Istres
Keïta ya koma kulob din Horoya AC yana da shekara tara. Ya koma Faransa a Shekarar 2012, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa na FC Istres bayan wasan da bai yi nasara ba a FC Lorient da Le Mans FC.
A cikin shekarar shekarar 2013, an mai da shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Istres. Ya fara buga gasar Ligue 2 a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, Shekara ta 2013 da Nîmes Olympique. Ya zira kwallaye 11 a wasanni 23 a kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin mai sana'a, yayin da tawagarsa ta koma ga Championnat National.
Red Bull Salzburg
A cikin shekarar 2014, ya shiga kungiyar Red Bull Salzburg ta babban rukuni na Austrian. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2014 da Wiener Neustadt. Keïta ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye biyar da taimakawa biyu a wasanni 30, inda ya lashe gasar lig da kofin sau biyu. A kakar wasa ta gaba, an zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na Austriya.
RB Leipzig
A watan Yuni 2016, Keïta ya koma Red Bull Salzburg 'yar'uwar kulob RB Leipzig, wanda aka kawai ciyar da Jamus Bundesliga. Ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasansa na farko a gasar lig da ta buga da Borussia Dortmund kuma ya ci karin kwallaye bakwai a kakar wasansa ta Bundesliga. An sanya sunan shi a cikin qungiyar lig ta kakar wasa.
An kira Keïta a cikin 'yan wasan kakar wasa na 2017-18 UEFA Europa League, wanda tawagarsa ta kasance 'yan wasan kusa da na karshe.