cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Energy industry
Tarihi
Tun lokacin da dan Adam ya gano albarkatun makamashi daban-daban da ake da su a cikin yanayi, yana ƙirƙira na'urori, waɗanda aka sani da injuna, waɗanda ke ƙara jin daɗin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun makamashi. Don haka, ko da yake tsohon mutum ya san amfanin wuta don dafa abinci, ƙirƙira na'urori kamar masu ƙona gas da tanda na microwave ya ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi don wannan dalili kaɗai. Halin ya kasance iri ɗaya a kowane fanni na ayyukan zamantakewa, ya kasance gina gine-ginen zamantakewa, masana'anta na yadudduka don sutura; tashar jiragen ruwa; bugu ; kayan ado, alal misali yadudduka, kwandishan ; sadarwar bayanai ko don motsi mutane da kaya ( motoci ).
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Haɓaka da amfani da albarkatun makamashi na da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Duk ayyukan tattalin arziki na buƙatar albarkatun makamashi, ko don kera kayayyaki, samar da sufuri, sarrafa kwamfutoci da sauran injuna.
Yaduwar bukatar makamashi na iya ƙarfafa gasa ga kayan aikin makamashi da samar da kasuwannin makamashin dillalai. Lura kasancewar sashin "Sabis ɗin Makamashi da Sabis na Abokin Ciniki" (EMACS).
Bangaren makamashi yana da kashi 4.6 cikin 100 na rancen da aka yi amfani da su, idan aka kwatanta da 3.1% shekaru goma da suka gabata, yayin da haɗin gwiwar makamashi ke da kashi 15.7% na dala 1.3.Tiriliyan junk bond kasuwa, ya karu daga 4.3% akan lokaci guda.
Gwamnati
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ci gaba da Rarraba Matsayin Masana'antu na Duniya, wanda shine jerin rabe-raben tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Babu wani nau'i na musamman don masana'antar makamashi, saboda tsarin rarraba ya dogara ne akan ayyuka, samfurori, da kuma kashe kuɗi bisa ga manufa.
Kasashe a Arewacin Amurka suna amfani da Tsarin Rarraba Masana'antu ta Arewacin Amurka (NAICS). Sassan NAICS #21 da #22 (haƙar ma'adinai da kayan aiki) na iya ƙayyadadden ma'anar masana'antar makamashi a Arewacin Amurka. Hukumar Tsaro da Canjin Amurka tana amfani da wannan rarrabuwa.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Cibiyar tarihi ta Florence wani yanki ne na quartiere 1 na birnin Florence na Italiya. UNESCO ta nada wannan kwata a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya a cikin 1982.
Energy industry
Kasuwar kudi
Ma'aunin Rarraba Masana'antu na Duniya da Morgan Stanley ke amfani da shi ya ayyana masana'antar makamashi kamar yadda ya ƙunshi kamfanoni da farko waɗanda ke aiki da mai, gas, kwal da mai da ake amfani da su, ban da kamfanonin da ke aiki da wasu iskar gas na masana'antu. Ƙara kuma don faɗaɗa wannan sashe: Matsakaicin Masana'antar Dow Jones
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Tarihi
An gina shi akan wurin zama na Etruscan, Florence, alamar Renaissance, ta tashi zuwa fifikon tattalin arziki da al'adu a ƙarƙashin Medici a ƙarni na 15 da 16. Shekaru 600 na aikin fasaha na ban mamaki ana iya gani a sama da duka a cikin babban coci na karni na 13 (Santa Maria del Fiore), Cocin Santa Croce, Uffizi da Fadar Pitti, aikin manyan masters kamar Giotto, Filippo Brunelleschi, Sandro Botticelli da Michelangelo.
Energy industry
Tasirin muhalli
Ƙarfafa gwiwar gwamnati ta hanyar tallafi da tallafin haraji don ƙoƙarin kiyaye makamashi ya ƙara haɓaka ra'ayin kiyayewa a matsayin babban aikin masana'antar makamashi: adana adadin makamashi yana ba da fa'idodin tattalin arziki kusan daidai da samar da adadin makamashi iri ɗaya. Wannan yana haɓaka da gaskiyar cewa tattalin arziƙin isar da makamashi yakan zama farashi don iya aiki sabanin matsakaicin amfani. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilai na kayan aikin grid mai kaifin baki shine daidaita buƙatu ta yadda iya aiki da masu lankwasa buƙatu su daidaita sosai. Wasu sassa na masana'antar makamashi suna haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, gami da iskar gas mai guba da gurɓataccen iska daga konewar mai, sharar nukiliya daga samar da makamashin nukiliya, da malalar mai sakamakon hakar mai. Dokokin gwamnati don shigar da waɗannan abubuwan waje suna haɓaka wani ɓangare na yin kasuwanci, kuma cinikin kuɗin carbon da ƙididdige ƙima a kan kasuwa kyauta na iya haifar da ceton makamashi da matakan sarrafa gurɓatawa don zama mafi mahimmanci ga masu samar da makamashi.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Al'amari
An rufe cikin hanyoyin da aka binne kan tsoffin ganuwar na zamanin da, cibiyar tarihi ta Florence tana tattara mahimman wuraren tarihi na al'adu na birni. Iyakance da kewayen bango na karni na 14, wanda aka gina saboda karfin tattalin arziki da kasuwanci da aka cimma a lokacin, ya san girman girmansa a cikin karni biyu masu zuwa.
Energy industry
Tasirin muhalli
Amfani da albarkatun makamashi, (misali kunna haske) yana buƙatar albarkatu kuma yana da tasiri akan muhalli. Yawancin kamfanonin wutar lantarki suna ƙone kwal, mai ko iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki don bukatun makamashi. Yayin da ake kona wadannan burbushin mai yana samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki da gaggawa, kuma yana haifar da gurbacewar iska da suka hada da carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide da trioxide (SOx) da nitrogen oxides ( NOx ). Carbon dioxide wani muhimmin iskar iskar gas ne da ake kyautata zaton zai haifar da wani kaso daga cikin saurin karuwar sauyin yanayi da aka gani musamman a cikin bayanan yanayin zafi a karni na 20, idan aka kwatanta da dubun dubatan shekaru na bayanan zazzabi da za a iya karantawa. daga kankara da aka dauka a yankunan Arctic. Har ila yau, kona burbushin halittu don samar da wutar lantarki yana fitar da karafa irin su beryllium, cadmium, chromium, jan karfe, manganese, mercury, nickel, da azurfa a cikin muhalli, wadanda kuma suke aiki a matsayin gurbataccen yanayi.
Todd Stroud
BTodd Stroud (an haife shi Disamba 17, 1963) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. Shi ne mataimakin babban koci kuma kocin layin tsaro a Jami'ar Miami a Coral Gables, Florida, matsayin da ya rike tun 2019. A baya ya kasance kocin layin tsaro na Jami'ar Akron. Stroud ya taka leda a hanci don jihar Florida daga 1983 zuwa 1985, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bob Crenshaw a 1984, kuma ya kasance kyaftin din kungiyar a 1985. Ya kasance mataimakin koci a Jami'ar Memphis, Jami'ar Samford, da Jami'ar Auburn, kuma ya kasance shugaban kocin kwallon kafa a Jami'ar West Alabama daga 1994 zuwa 1996. Daga 2004 zuwa 2007, ya kasance mai horar da layin tsaro a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina kuma daga 2007 zuwa 2009 shine mai ƙarfi da kociyan koci na jihar Florida.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Al'amari
Cibiyar ruhaniya ta birni ita ce Piazza del Duomo tare da Cathedral na Santa Maria del Fiore, gefen Giotto's Campanile kuma yana fuskantar Baptistry na Saint John tare da 'Ƙofofin Aljanna' na Lorenzo Ghiberti. Daga nan zuwa arewa akwai Palazzo Medici Riccardi na Michelozzo, Basilica na Saint Lawrence na Filippo Brunelleschi, tare da sacristies masu daraja na Donatello da Michelangelo. Bugu da ƙari, Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Marco tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ta Fra Angelico, Gidan Gallery ɗin Accademia wanda ke tsakanin sauran ayyukan David ta Michelangelo (1501-1504), da Piazza della Santissima Annunziata tare da Loggia na Innocenti ta Filippo Brunelleschi.
Energy industry
Tasirin muhalli
Babban amfani da fasahohin makamashi mai sabuntawa zai "ragewa ko kawar da tasirin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam da yawa na amfani da makamashi". Sabbin fasahohin makamashi sun haɗa da makamashin halittu, dumama hasken rana da sanyaya, wutar lantarki, wutar lantarki, da wutar lantarki. Ƙaddamar da makamashi da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi zai taimaka.
Bugu da kari, ana zargin cewa akwai kuma yuwuwar bunkasa bangaren makamashi mai inganci. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar:
Mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samu (BAT) tana ba da matakan ingancin wadatar kayayyaki sama da matsakaicin duniya. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da kwal suna tasiri ta hanyar haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu inganci. Bisa ga kimanta tasirin da aka yi wa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, matakan da ake amfani da su na makamashi na makamashin da aka gina a yanzu sun karu zuwa 46-49% masu dacewa, idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da aka gina kafin 1990s (32-40%). Koyaya, a lokaci guda gas na iya kaiwa 58-59% matakan inganci tare da mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samu. A halin yanzu, haɗuwa da zafi da ƙarfi na iya ba da ƙimar inganci na 80-90%.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Al'amari
A yankin yammacin Duomo akwai babban gidan sarauta Palazzo Strozzi (gidan manyan nune-nune da cibiyoyin al'adu) da Basilica na Santa Maria Novella, tare da facade da Leon Battista Alberti ya tsara.
Energy industry
Siyasa
Tunda yanzu makamashi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu, ikon mallakar da sarrafa albarkatun makamashi na taka rawa a siyasa. A mataki na kasa, gwamnatoci suna neman yin tasiri a cikin rabo (rarraba) albarkatun makamashi a tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na al'umma ta hanyoyin farashi; ko ma wanda ya mallaki albarkatun cikin iyakokinsu. Hakanan suna iya neman yin tasiri ga amfani da makamashi ta daidaikun mutane da kasuwanci a yunƙurin magance matsalolin muhalli.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Al'amari
Ana iya jin daɗin tsohon garin gaba ɗaya daga tsaunukan da ke kewaye, musamman daga Forte Belvedere, daga Piazzale Michelangelo tare da Basilica Romanesque na San Miniato al Monte da tuddai na Fiesole, wanda ke ba da ɗayan kyawawan ra'ayoyi na kwarin Arno. .
Energy industry
Siyasa
Rigimar siyasar duniya ta baya-bayan nan game da albarkatun makamashi tana cikin yanayin yakin Iraki. Wasu manazarta harkokin siyasa sun tabbatar da cewa, boyayyar dalilin yakin 1991 da 2003 na iya zuwa ga dabarun sarrafa albarkatun makamashi na kasa da kasa. Wasu kuma suna fuskantar wannan bincike tare da lambobi masu alaƙa da tattalin arzikin sa. A cewar ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe na manazarta, Amurka ta kashe kusan dala biliyan 336 a Iraki idan aka kwatanta da ainihin ƙimar dala biliyan 25 a kowace shekara don duk dogaron shigo da mai na Amurka
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Al'amari
Yankin arewacin tsohon garin yana kewaye da hanyoyin Viali di Circonvallazione, jerin manyan hanyoyi guda shida da aka yi wahayi daga boulevard na Paris wanda aka kirkira lokacin Florence shine babban birnin Italiya.
Energy industry
Siyasa
Manufar makamashi ita ce hanyar da wani abu da aka ba (sau da yawa na gwamnati) ya yanke shawarar magance matsalolin ci gaban makamashi ciki har da samar da makamashi, rarrabawa da amfani. Halayen manufofin makamashi na iya haɗawa da dokoki, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarfafawa ga saka hannun jari, jagororin kiyaye makamashi, haraji da sauran dabarun manufofin jama'a.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence
Al'amari
Cibiyar Florence, tare da ɗaruruwan ayyukan kasuwanci shine aljanna don siyayya da nishaɗi: kyawawan boutiques, wuraren shakatawa na tarihi, kasuwannin tituna masu rai, gami da ɗaukar manyan wuraren shakatawa na dare, discos, mashaya na Amurka da wuraren tarukan sha (da) An haifi shahararren Negroni cocktail a nan).
Duman rafi
Duman rafi (dúmán rààfìì) (Ipomoea asarifolia) shuka ne.
Energy industry
Tsaro
Tsaron makamashi shine hanyar haɗin gwiwar tsaron ƙasa da samar da albarkatun ƙasa don amfani da makamashi. Samun makamashi mai arha ya zama mahimmanci ga ayyukan tattalin arziƙin zamani. Sai dai rashin daidaituwar rarraba wutar lantarki a tsakanin kasashen ya haifar da babbar illa. Barazana ga tsaron makamashi sun hada da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na kasashe masu samar da makamashi da dama, sarrafa makamashin lantarki, gasar neman makamashi, hare-hare kan ababen more rayuwa, da hadarurruka, bala'o'i, ba da tallafi ga masu mulkin kama karya na kasashen waje, karuwar ta'addanci, da rinjaye. kasashen da suka dogara da albarkatun mai na kasashen waje. Iyakantattun kayayyaki, rarraba mara daidaituwa, da hauhawar farashin mai, kamar mai da iskar gas, suna haifar da buƙatar canzawa zuwa ƙarin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai dorewa a nan gaba. Tare da yawan dogaron da Amurka ke da shi a halin yanzu na mai da kuma iyakar iyakoki na samar da mai; tattalin arziki da al'ummomi za su fara jin raguwar albarkatun da muka dogara da su. Tsaron makamashi ya zama daya daga cikin batutuwan da ke kan gaba a duniya a yau yayin da mai da sauran albarkatu suka zama masu mahimmanci ga mutanen duniya. Duk da haka, tare da raguwar yawan albarkatun man fetur da kuma samar da man fetur a kusa da duniya ya zo don kare albarkatun da muka bari a duniya. Tare da sabbin ci gaba a albarkatu masu sabuntawa an rage matsin lamba kan kamfanonin da ke samar da mai a duniya, wadannan albarkatun sune, geothermal, wutar lantarki, wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki. Ko da yake waɗannan ba duka ba ne a halin yanzu da kuma abubuwan da za a iya yi a nan gaba don duniya za ta koma kamar yadda man fetur ya ƙare, batu mafi mahimmanci shi ne kare waɗannan muhimman albarkatun daga barazanar nan gaba. Wadannan sabbin albarkatun za su kasance masu amfani yayin da farashin fitar da mai da shigo da shi zai karu saboda karuwar bukatar.
Fifi Ejindu
Sarauniya Fifi Ekanem Ejindu 'yar asalin kasar Najeriya ce mai zanen gida da gine-gine,' yar kasuwa ce kuma mai taimakon jama'a. An haife ta a garin Ibadan, a Najeriya, ita babbar jika ce ga Sarki James Ekpo Bassey na Garin Cobham da ke Calabar, Najeriya, kuma mahaifinta ya kasance Farfesa ne mai suna Sylvester Joseph Una, mutumin Uyo ne, na Jihar Akwa Ibom.
Energy industry
Tsaro
Samar da makamashi don ci gaba da bukatun ɗan adam muhimmin aiki ne na zamantakewa, kuma ƙoƙari mai yawa yana shiga cikin aikin. Duk da yake mafi yawan irin wannan ƙoƙarin ya iyakance don haɓaka samar da wutar lantarki da mai, ana bincika sabbin hanyoyin samar da albarkatun makamashi mai amfani daga albarkatun makamashi da ake da su. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙoƙarin shine gano hanyoyin samar da man hydrogen daga ruwa. Ko da yake amfani da hydrogen yana da alaƙa da muhalli, samar da shi yana buƙatar makamashi da fasahar da ake da su don yin shi, ba su da inganci sosai. Ana ci gaba da bincike don gano ɓarnawar enzymatic na biomass.
Hakanan ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan albarkatun makamashi na yau da kullun ta sabbin hanyoyi. Gas gas da shayarwa sune fasahohi na baya-bayan nan waɗanda ke zama masu ban sha'awa bayan fahimtar cewa ajiyar mai, a halin yanzu ƙimar amfani, na iya zama ɗan gajeren rayuwa. Duba madadin mai.
Fifi Ejindu
Tarihin rayuwa
Princess Fifi itace babbar jikanyar James Ekpo Bassey, mai iko Efik monarch na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda wurin zama a Cobham Town, Calabar, Najeriya. Wakilan Sarauniya Victoria sun nada Sarki Bassey, kakan mahaifiyarta, a matsayin sarkin Cobham Town a shekarar 1893. Sakamakon wannan gadon, Gimbiya Fifi ta yi amfani da taken HH The Obonganwan King James na zamantakewa.
Energy industry
Tsaro
Makamashi shine batun mahimman ayyukan bincike a duniya. Misali, Cibiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Burtaniya ita ce wurin bincike na makamashi na Burtaniya yayin da Tarayyar Turai ke da shirye-shiryen fasaha da yawa da kuma dandamali don shiga ilimin zamantakewa da ɗan adam a cikin binciken makamashi.
Sufuri
Duk al'ummomi suna buƙatar kayan da abinci da za a yi jigilar su ta nisa, gabaɗaya a kan wani ƙarfi na rikici. Tunda yin amfani da karfi a kan nesa yana buƙatar kasancewar tushen makamashi mai amfani, irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da ƙima a cikin al'umma.
Fifi Ejindu
Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi gimbiya Offiong Ekanem Ejindu a garin Ibadan, babban birnin jihar Oyo, Nigeria. Ita ma can ta tashi.
Mahaifinta, Farfesa Sylvester Joseph Una, ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Trinity a Dublin da Jami'ar Brown a Amurka. Shi ne Ministan Lafiya na farko a tsohon yankin gabashin Najeriya, kuma dan majalisar dokokin kasar a gabanin samun ‘yancin kai. Daga nan kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa na ilimi kuma ya zama daya daga cikin malama ’yan asali na farko a Jami’ar Ibadan. Mahaifiyar Gimbiya Fifi, Obonganwan Ekpa Una, ita ma ta yi karatu a Ingila.
Energy industry
Sufuri
Yayin da albarkatun makamashi ke da mahimmanci ga kowane nau'in sufuri a cikin al'umma, jigilar albarkatun makamashi yana zama mahimmanci daidai. Abubuwan makamashi suna yawan kasancewa nesa da wurin da ake cinye su. Saboda haka, sufurin su ko da yaushe yana cikin tambaya. Ana jigilar wasu albarkatun makamashi kamar ruwa ko man gas ta hanyar amfani da tankuna ko bututun mai, yayin da sufurin wutar lantarki ke buƙatar hanyar sadarwa ta igiyoyi. Harkokin sufurin makamashi, ko ta hanyar tanki, bututu, ko layin watsawa, yana haifar da kalubale ga masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi, masu tsara manufofi, da masana tattalin arziki don sanya shi cikin haɗari da inganci.
Rikici
Rashin zaman lafiya da tattalin arziki na iya haifar da rikicin makamashi. Sanannen rikicin mai shine rikicin mai na 1973 da rikicin mai na 1979. Zuwan kololuwar mai, lokacin da aka kai matsakaicin adadin hako mai a duniya, zai iya haifar da wani rikicin makamashi.
Fifi Ejindu
Tarihin rayuwa
Princess Fifi ta halarci makarantar firamare ta manyan ma’aikata a harabar jami’ar sannan daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Queens, Yaba, Legas.
Tofa
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Energy industry
Haɗuwa da saye
Tsakanin 1985 zuwa 2018, an yi kusan yarjejeniyoyin 69,932 a fannin makamashi. Wannan ya haɗa zuwa jimlar ƙimar dalar Amurka biliyan 9,578. Shekarar da ta fi aiki ita ce 2010 tare da kusan yarjejeniyar 3.761. Dangane da ƙimar 2007 ita ce shekara mafi ƙarfi (biliyan 684. USD), wanda ya biyo bayan raguwa mai zurfi har zuwa 2009 (-55,8%).
Fifi Ejindu
Tarihin rayuwa
Daga nan Fifi ya ci gaba da karatun gine-gine a Cibiyar Pratt, kwalejin tsara zane mai zaman kanta a Brooklyn, New York. A shekarar 1983 ta kammala karatunta daga Pratt, inda ta zama bakar fata ta farko 'yar Afirka da aka ba B.Arch. daga makarantar. Bayan kammala karatu, Fifi ta yi kwasa-kwasai a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts kafin ta ci gaba da aiki a wani kamfani mai zaman kansa a Birnin New York. Daga nan sai Fifi ta koma Cibiyar Pratt domin neman digirin ta na biyu a cikin Shirye-shiryen Birane bayan ta dawo Najeriya.
Energy industry
Haɗuwa da saye
Ga jerin manyan yarjejeniyoyin 10 a tarihi a fannin makamashi:
Fifi Ejindu
Tarihin rayuwa
Bayan dawowarta Najeriya, Ejindu ta kafa rukunin kamfanoni na Starcrest. Kamfanin ya fara ne a 1995, kuma ya ƙunshi Starcrest Investment Ltd., Starcrest Associates Ltd. da Starcrest Industries Ltd, duk suna cikin harkar ƙasa, mai da gas, da ginin gine-gine.
Sabah Jazairi
Sabah Jazairi ( صباح جزائري  ) Ta kasance  yar'wasan fim ta ƙasar Siriya ce. Ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Al Ababid", "Aa'id ila Haifa" (Komawa zuwa Haifa) da kuma "Bab Al Hara" (Gateofar Alley).
Fifi Ejindu
Tarihin rayuwa
Princess Fifi ta bayyana salon gine-ginenta a matsayin sabon abu na gargajiya wanda ta bayyana a matsayin "gina sabon aiki [tare da] sabbin kayan aiki, amma tare da gargajiya da tsohon salon salo da fasali" don haka mafi yawan ayyukan nata, kamar yadda ta bayyana, dawo da lokacin Renaissance.
A shekarar 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta African Achievers African Arts da kuma Fashion Life Lifechiechie.
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (Larabci: أحمد بن كيغلغ) hafsan sojan Abbasiyawa ne dan asalin Turkiya wanda yayi gwamna a kasashen Siriya da Masar. Muhammad bn Tughj ya hambarar da shi a matsayin gwamnan Masar a shekara ta 935.
Aboh Mbaise
Abo Mbaise na daya daga cikin Kananan hukumomin dake a Jihar Imo a kudu maso Gabas, Nijeriya.
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh
Rayuwa
A watan Nuwamba 903 ya halarci yakin Hama da aka yi da Qarmatiyawa tare da dan uwansa Ibrahim, karkashin jagorancin Muhammad bn Sulayman al-Katib, inda 'yan'uwan biyu, da sauran hafsoshin sojojin suka samu riguna. Halifa al-Muktafi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 904.
Bayan Abbasiyawa sun kwato Siriya da Masar daga Tulunids a shekara ta 904-905, an nada Ibn Kayghalagh gwamnan lardunan Damascus da Jordan. Ba da da ewa ba sai aka tura shi ya fuskanci tawayen Tulunid na Muhammad bn Ali al-Khalanji. Na karshen ya yi nasarar kama Fustat tare da shelanta maido da Tulunids, yayin da kwamandan Abbasiyawa na yankin ya koma Alexandria. Al-Khalanji ya tabbatar da nasara a karon farko da Ibn Kayghalagh ya yi a al-Arish a watan Disamba 905, amma a karshe aka ci nasara da shi aka kama shi a watan Mayun 906 aka kai shi Bagadaza. A lokacin da Ibn Kayghalagh ba ya nan, sai mutanen Qarmatiyawa suka kai farmaki a kasar Jordan suka yi galaba a kan Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Bughamardi mataimakin Ibn Kayghalagh, suka kuma kashe su, suka janye kawai a lokacin da suke gabatowa da dakarun Bagadaza karkashin al-Husayn bn Hamdan.
A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 906, ya jagoranci farmakin shekara-shekara kan daular Rumawa daga Tarsus, tare da gwamna Rustam ibn Baradu. A cewar al-Tabari, sun yi galaba a kan Rumawa a "Salandu" inda suka kai har zuwa kogin Halys, inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane 4,000 ko 5,000 da dawakai da shanu da dama a matsayin ganima. Bugu da kari, an bayar da rahoton cewa daya daga cikin kwamandojin Rumawa na yankin ya mika kansa ya kuma musulunta.
A cikin watan Yuli na shekara ta 923, aka nada Ibn Kayghalagh a matsayin gwamnan Masar, amma nan da nan ya fuskanci tawaye daga dakarun sojojin, wadanda ba a biya su albashi ba, aka maye gurbinsa da Takin al-Khazari a watan Afrilun 924. Bayan shekaru hudu sai aka tura shi birnin Qasr. ibn Hubayra ya biyo bayan harin da Qarmatiya ya kai wa garin, amma a lokacin da ya isa Qarmatiyawa sun janye, sojojin kuma suka koma Bagadaza ba tare da sun shiga ba. A shekara ta 931 yana aiki a matsayin gwamnan Isfahan lokacin da Dalamite Lashkari suka kai masa hari, wanda ya ci Ibn Kayghalagh ya mamaye birnin. An ruwaito Ibn Kayghalagh ya ceci lamarin, duk da haka, ta hanyar hada kai da jagoran ‘yan tawayen a fada guda tare da kashe shi, inda mabiyan Lashkari suka gudu aka kwato birnin.
A cikin Maris 933 Takin ya mutu a Misira, amma dansa kuma wanda aka zaba, Muhammad, ya kasa kafa ikonsa a lardin. A watan Agusta ne aka nada gwamnan Damascus Muhammad ibn Tughj a matsayin sabon gwamna amma an soke nadin bayan wata guda kafin ya isa Masar. An sake nada Ibn Kayghalagh a matsayinsa, yayin da aka aika wani bābā mai suna Bushri don maye gurbin Ibn Tughj a Damascus ma. Ibn Tughj ya bijirewa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya ci nasara ya kama Bushri. Daga nan ne Halifan ya tuhumi Ibn Kayghalagh da cewa ya tilastawa Ibn Tughj mika wuya, amma duk da cewa na farko ya yi tattaki a kan Ibn Tughj, amma duk sun kaucewa fada kai tsaye. A maimakon haka mutanen biyu sun gana kuma suka cimma yarjejeniya na taimakon juna, tare da tabbatar da halin da ake ciki.
Tofa (shuka)
Tofa (tóófáá) (Imperata cylindrica) shuka ne.
Kogin Zambezi
Kogin Zambezi (kuma ana rubuta shi da Zambeze da Zambesi) shine kogi na huɗu a tsayi a Afirka, kogi mafi tsayi mai kwarara ta gabas a Afirka sannan kuma shine kogi mafi girma da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya daga Afirka. Yankin tafkinsa ya kai arabba'in kilomita 1,390,000 (540,000 sq mi), kaɗan ya rage ya kai rabin girman Kogin Nil. Kogin mai tsawon kilomita 2,574 (1,599 mi) ya taso a daga Zambiya kuma ya ratsa gabashin Angola, tare da iyakoki a arewa maso gabashin Namibia da arewacin Botswana, sannan kuma kan iyakar tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe zuwa Mozambique, inda ya ratsa ta. tashar da za ta shiga cikin Tekun Indiya.
Yankin da ya shahara na daga Kogin Zambezi shine Victoria Falls. Sauran fitattun Waterfall dinta sun hada da Chavuma Waterfall da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Angola, da Ngonye Waterfall, kusa da Sioma a Yammacin Zambiya.
Akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu na samar da wutar lantarki a kogin, Kariba Dam, wanda ke ba da damar Zambiya da Zimbabwe, da kuma Cahora Bassa Dam a Mozambique, wanda ke ba da damar ga Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai ƙarin ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki biyu tare da Kogin Zambezi a kasar Zambiya, ɗaya a Fadar ruwan Victoria ɗayan kuma kusa da Kalene Hill a Gundumar Ikelenge.
Tushen
Kogin ya tashi a cikin dambo mai duhu mai fari a cikin gandun dajin miombo mai nisan kilomita 50 (mil 3) a arewacin Mwinilunga da kilomita 20 (mil 12) kudu da Ikelenge a gundumar Ikelenge ta Lardin Arewa maso Yamma, Zambiya da kimanin mita 1,524 (5,000 ft ) sama da matakin teku. Yankin da ke kusa da asalin abin tunawa ne na kasa, wurin ajiyar gandun daji da kuma Yankin Tsuntsaye Mai Mahimmanci.
Jerin sunayen shugabannin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello
Wannan shine jerin sunayen shugabannin jami'ar Ahmadu Bello wacce aka kafa a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 1962. Shugaban jami’ar Ahmadu Bello shi ne shugaban gudanar da biki a jami'ar, mai mulki kuma wanda ba cikin jami'ar ya ke da zama ba.
Kogin Zambezi
Tushen
Gabas ta asalin, magudanar ruwan da ke tsakanin Kongo da Zambezi ya zama kyakkyawan bel na babban ƙasa, yana tafiya kusan gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya faɗi kwatsam zuwa arewa da kudu. Wannan ya yanke wannan kwatancen na Lualaba (babban reshe na babban Kwango) daga na Zambezi. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ba a bayyana take a sarari ba, amma tsarin kogin biyu bai haɗu ba.
Babban Zambezi
Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Angola na kimanin kilomita 240 (150 mi), sannan kuma ya haɗu da manya-manyan mashigai kamar su Luena da Chifumage da ke kwararowa daga tsaunuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. Ya juya kudu kuma ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa, tare da bambancin nisa tsakanin rani da damina. Yana shiga daskararren gandun daji na Cryptosepalum, kodayake ta gefen yamma, filayen yammacin Zambezian suma suna faruwa. Inda ya sake shiga Zambiya yana da kusan mita 400 (1,300 ft) faɗi a lokacin damina kuma yana gudana cikin hanzari, tare da saurin gudu zuwa ƙarewar Chavuma, inda kogin ke bi ta wani dutse mai ƙyama. Kogin ya sauke kimanin mita 400 (1,300 ft) a daga daga asalinsa a mita 1,500 (4,900 ft) zuwa Fadar Chavuma a mita 1,100 (3,600 ft), a tazarar kusan kilomita 400 (250 mi). Daga wannan lokacin zuwa Victoria Falls, matakin basin yana da kyau sosai, yana sauka kawai ta wani mitoci 180 (590 ft) a tazarar kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi).
Na farko daga cikin manyan rafuka wadanda suka shiga Zambezi ita ce Kogin Kabompo a lardin arewa maso yammacin lardin Zambiya. Babban fa'idar Kogin Kabompo shine ban ruwa. Savanna wanda kogin ya gudana ya ba da damar zuwa babban malalen ambaliyar ruwa, wanda aka cika shi da dabinon Borassus. Southan nisa kudu akwai haɗuwa da Kogin Lungwebungu. Wannan ita ce farkon Tsarin Ruwa na Barotse, sanannen fasalin babba na Zambezi, amma wannan ɓangaren na arewa ba ya ambaliya sosai kuma ya haɗa da tsibirai na ƙasa mafi tsayi a tsakiya.
Kusan kilomita tamanin da ke ƙasa, Luanginga, wanda tare da raƙuman ruwa take malale babban yanki zuwa yamma, ya haɗu da Zambezi. 'Yan kilomitoci sama sama da gabas babban rafin yana haɗuwa a lokacin damina ta ambaliyar tsarin Luampa/Luena.
Gajeriyar hanya mai nisa ta haduwa da Luanginga ita ce Lealui, ɗayan manyan biranen Lozi waɗanda ke da yawa a yankin Zambiya na Barotseland a lardin Yammaci. Shugaban Lozi yana kula da ɗayan mahadi biyu a Lealui; ɗayan yana a Limulunga, wanda yake kan dogaye kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban birni yayin damina. Matsayi na shekara-shekara daga Lealui zuwa Limulunga babban biki ne, wanda akeyi a matsayin ɗayan sanannun bukukuwan Zambiya, Kuomboka.
Bayan Lealui, kogin ya juya zuwa kudu maso kudu-gabas. Daga gabas yana ci gaba da karɓar ƙananan rafuka da yawa, amma a yamma ba tare da manyan kwastomomi na kilomita 240 ba. Kafin wannan, Ngonye Falls da rapids na gaba suna katse maɓallin kewayawa. Kudancin Fadar ruwan Ngonye, kogin yayi iyaka da Namibia ta Caprivi Strip. Ayyukan tsiri daga babban jikin Namibia, kuma sakamakonsa ne daga lokacin mulkin mallaka: an kara shi ne zuwa yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka na Jamus don bawa Jamus damar zuwa Zambezi.
A ƙasa da mahadar Kogin Cuando da Zambezi kogin ya kusan kusan gabas. A nan, kogin yana da fadi da zurfi, kuma yana gudana a hankali, amma yayin da yake kwarara gabas zuwa iyakar babban filin tsaunin tsakiyar Afirka sai ya isa wani rami wanda Fadar ruwan Victoria ta fada.
Tsakiyar Zambezi
Bikin Fadar ruwan Victoria ana ɗaukarsa iyaka tsakanin babba da tsakiyar Zambezi. A ƙasa da su kogin ya cigaba da malalawa saboda gabas na kimanin kilomita 200 (mi 120), yana yankan katangar bankwana na mita 20 zuwa 60 (66 zuwa 200 ft) baya ga tsaunuka 200 zuwa mita 250 (660 zuwa 820 ft) mai tsayi. Kogin yana gudana cikin hanzari ta cikin Ruwa na Batoka, raƙuman ruwa suna katsewa na yanzu. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan ɗayan tafiye tafiye na farin ruwa a duniya, babban ƙalubale ga masu tuƙin kaya da raƙuman ruwa iri ɗaya. A bayan kwazazzaben akwai jerin gwanon gudu wanda ya kare kilomita 240 (150 mi) a kasa Victoria Falls. A wannan nisan, kogin ya faɗi da mita 250 (820 ft).
Ahiazu Mbaise
Ahiazu Mbaise na daya daga cikin Kananan hukumomin dake a Jihar Imo a kudu maso Gabas, Nijeriya.
Kogin Zambezi
Tsakiyar Zambezi
A wannan gaba, kogin ya shiga Tafkin Kariba, wanda aka kirkira a 1959 biyo bayan kammala Dam din Kariba. Tabkin na daya daga cikin manya manyan tabkuna da ake yi a duniya, kuma wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a madatsar ruwan na samar da wutar lantarki ga yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe.
Luangwa da Kafue sune manya-manyan rairayin hagu na Zambezi. Kafue ya haɗu da babban kogi a cikin wani rafin mai zurfin nutsuwa kimanin mita 180 (ƙafa 590). Daga wannan lokacin an duba lanƙwar arewa ta Zambezi kuma rafin ya cigaba saboda gabas. A haɗuwa da Luangwa (15°37'S) ya shiga Mozambique.
Tsakiyar Zambezi ya ƙare inda kogin ya shiga Tafkin Cahora Bassa (shima an rubuta shi Cabora Bassa). A da wurin da ake saurin afkuwar hatsari da ake kira Kebrabassa, an kirkiro tafkin ne a shekarar 1974 ta hanyar gina Madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa.
Kananan Zambezi
Kasan kilomita 4750 na Zambezi daga Cahora Bassa zuwa Tekun Indiya ana iya zirga-zirga, kodayake kogin ba shi da zurfi a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. Wannan rashin zurfin zurfin yana tasowa yayin da kogin ya shiga cikin kwari mai fadi kuma ya bazu a wani babban yanki. Kawai a wani lokaci, Lupata Ruwa, kilomita 320 daga bakinsa, an tsare kogin tsakanin manyan tsaunuka. Anan yana da kusan faɗi 200 m. Wani wuri kuma daga 5 zuwa 8 kilomita faɗi, yana gudana a hankali cikin rafuka da yawa. Gadon kogin yashi ne, kuma bankunan sun yi ƙasa kuma sun yi ja-gora. A wurare, duk da haka, kuma musamman a lokacin damina, rafukan sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya kogi mai faɗi da sauri.
Kusan kilomita 160 daga teku Zambezi ya karɓi malalar Tafkin Malawi ta cikin Kogin Shire. Lokacin da ya kusanci Tekun Indiya, sai kogin ya rabe zuwa cikin wani yanki. Kowane ɗayan manyan masu rarraba huɗun, Kongone, Luabo da Timbwe, sandar yashi ta toshe su. Wani reshe mafi kusa da arewa, wanda ake kira da bakin Chinde, yana da ƙarami mai zurfi a ƙaramin ruwa na 2m a ƙofar kuma 4m kara ciki, kuma shine reshe da ake amfani dashi don kewayawa. 100 kilomita gabar arewa akwai wani kogi da ake kira Quelimane, bayan garin a bakinsa. Wannan rafin, wanda ke yin siliki, yana karɓar ambaliyar Zambezi a lokacin damina.
Yankin
Yankin tafkin Zambezi ya kai kusan rabin fadinsa kamar yadda yake gabanin gina madatsun ruwa na Kariba da Cahora Bassa suna sarrafa bambancin yanayi na yawan kwararar kogin.
Kafin a gina madatsun ruwan na Zambezi suna da tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittar yankin daga yau tunda ya kawo ruwan sha mai gina jiki zuwa tekun Indiya na gabar teku. Kananan Zambezi sun sami ƙaramar ambaliyar ruwa a farkon lokacin rani yayin da ruwan sama a cikin rafin Gwembe da arewa maso gabashin Zimbabwe suka bi ta ciki yayin da ruwan sama a cikin manyan Zambezi, Kafue, da tafkin Malawi, da kuma Luangwa zuwa wani ƙarami, an hana shi ta fadama da magudanan ruwa. Fitar da wadannan tsarin ya ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta fi girma a watan Maris ko Afrilu, tare da matsakaicin matsakaici a kowane wata na Afrilu na mita 6,700 cubic (240,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika a Delta. Rikodin ya ninka sau uku girma, mita dubu 22,500 (790,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika ana yin rikodin a shekarar 1958. Sabanin haka, fitar da aka yi a karshen lokacin rani ya kai kimanin cubic mita 500 (18,000 cu ft) a sakan daya.
A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970s ginin madatsun ruwa ya canza wannan salon kwata-kwata. A can kasan ma'anar mafi karancin wata-mafi-yawa ya kasance mita mai siffar sukari 500 (18,000 cu ft) zuwa mita 6,000 na cubic mita (210,000 cu ft) a sakan daya; yanzu yakai mita dubu 3 (35,000 cu ft) zuwa mita dubu uku da dari tara (140,000 cu ft) a sakan daya. Ambaliyar-matsakaici musamman, irin wanda yanayin yanayin Zambezi ya dace da shi, yakan faru sau da yawa kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kamar yadda tasirin Itezhi-Tezhi Dam yake a cikin Kaffun Flats, wannan yana da sakamako masu zuwa:
Lafiyar Qasa na Yankin
Yankin Zambezi yana da filaye da yawa, da kuma dausayi na dindin, savannas, da gandun daji na fadama. Tare da magudanan ruwa na Buzi, Pungwe, da Save koguna, kogin Zambezi ya kasance asusun Asusun Kula da dabbobin duniya na Zambezian da ke bakin ruwa savanna ecoregion a Mozambique. Savannas da ambaliyar ta yi ambaliya suna kusa da gabar Tekun Indiya. Mangroves yana gefen bakin tekun Delta.
Kodayake madatsun ruwa sun hana wasu daga cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta ƙananan Zambezi kuma sun sa yankin da ambaliyar ta ragu sosai ba su cire ambaliyar kwata-kwata ba. Ba za su iya sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa ba, kawai sun sanya ambaliyar matsakaiciyar ƙasa da ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi a ƙasan Zambezi ya haɗu tare da kyakkyawan kwararar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa har yanzu tana faruwa kuma yankuna masu dauƙi har yanzu wuri ne mai mahimmanci. Ko yaya, haka kuma ƙarancin gandun dajin na ƙara yin mummunan lahani ga dabbobin daji ya samo asali ne daga farautar dabbobi marasa ƙarfi kamar buffalo da buckbu a lokacin Yakin Basasa na Mozambique kuma yanzu rikicin ya ƙare da alama wuraren da za a yi ambaliyar za su fi yawan jama'a, kuma gaba An kuma tattauna batun lalatawa. Yankin da aka kiyaye shi kawai shine filin wasan Marromeu kusa da garin Beira.
Koday ake yankin ya ga raguwar yawan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, har yanzu yana gida ga wasu ciki har da reedbuck da ƙaura mai zuwa. Naman dabbobi da aka samo a nan sun hada da zaki (Panthera leo), damisa (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), hyena mai hangowa (Crocuta crocuta) da jackal mai taguwar gefe (Canis adustus). Wuraren ambaliyar sun zama matattarar tsuntsayen masu ƙaura da suka hada da pintails, garganey, African openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus), stork-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), da kuma babban farin feshin (Pelecanus onocrotalus).
Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun hada da kada (Crocodylus niloticus), kadangaren saka idanu na Nile (Varanus niloticus) da kuma dutsen Python na Afirka (Python sebae), da macijin tsutsar ciki na Pungwe (Leptotyphlops pungwensis) da wasu macizan guda uku wadanda kusan suke da jini; macijin ruwa mai ambaliyar ruwa (Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris), dodon kerkuku maciji (Lycophidion nanus) da maciji mai dausayi (Proatheris).
Akwai da yawa daga malam buɗe ido.
Yanayi
Arewacin tafkin Zambezi yana nufin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 1100 zuwa 1400mm wanda ke sauka zuwa kudu, ya kai kusan rabin wannan adadi a kudu maso yamma. Ruwan sama yana sauka a lokacin damina mai tsawon watanni 4 zuwa 6 lokacin da Yankin Haɓaka tsakanin Yankin ke motsawa daga ƙasan arewa daga tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Maris. Yawan kumburin ruwa yana da yawa (1600 mm-2300 mm) kuma an rasa ruwa da yawa ta wannan hanyar a cikin gulbi da koguna, musamman a kudu maso yamma na kwarin.
Dabbobin daji
Kogin yana tallafawa ɗimbin ɗumbin dabbobi. Dorinan-ruwa (Hippopotamuses) suna da yawa tare da yawancin sassan kwanciyar hankali na kogin, da kuma kadarorin Nilu. Ana samun kadangaru masu sa ido a wurare da yawa. Tsuntsaye suna da yawa, tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da heron, pelican, egret, ƙananan flamingo da gaggafa kifin Afirka da ke da yawa. Itacen kogin kuma yana tallafawa manyan dabbobi da yawa, kamar bauna, jakunan daji, rakumin dawa, giwaye.
Zambezi kuma yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da rafin kogi. Muhimmin nau'ikan sun hada da cichlids wadanda ake kifi da yawa don abinci, da kifayen kifi, tigerfish, kifi mai launin rawaya da sauran manyan halittu. Wani lokacin ana kiran sa da shark da sunan Zambezi shark bayan kogi, amma ana samun sa a duk duniya.
Igiyoyin ruwa
Babban Zambezi: 507,200 km2, ya sauke 1044 m3/s a ​​Fadar ruwan Victoria, wanda ya ƙunshi:
Ruwan Arewacin, 222,570 km2, 850 m3/s a ​​Lukulu:
Yankin tsakiyar filayen, 284,630 km2, 196 m3/s (Fadar ruwan Victoria – Lukulu):
Tsakiyar Zambezi wanda aka ƙididdige 1,050,000 km2, 2442 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Cahora Bassa Ruwa
''(Yankin tsakiyar ta kanta: 542,800 km2, fitarwa 1398 m3/s (C. Bassa – Fadar ruwan Victoria)''
Gwembe Kamawa, 156,600 km2, 232 m3/s (Kariba Gorge – Fadar ruwan Vic):
Kariba Ruwa zuwa C. Bassa mai kamawa, 386200 km2, 1166 m3/s (C. Bassa – Kariba Ruwa):
Kananan Zambezi ya cika yawa, 1,378,000 km2, 3424 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Marromeu
(Kananan sashe da kanta: 328,000 km2, 982 m3 / s (Marromeu-C. Bassa))
Delta na Zambezi, 12,000 km2
Adadin kogin Zambezi: 1,390,000 km2, 3424 m3/s aka sallamar da ita zuwa yankin Delta
Bayanai: Beilfuss & Dos Santos (2001) Ba a haɗa Kogin Okavango cikin waɗannan adadi saboda kawai lokaci-lokaci yana malalowa ta kowane fanni zuwa cikin Zambezi.
Saboda rabon ruwan sama, yankuna na arewa suna bayar da ruwa mai yawa fiye da na kudu, misali: yankunan arewacin tsaunuka na sama na Zambezi suna bada kashi 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa da Shire Rivers 16% kowane, jimlar 65% na ruwan Zambezi. Babban tafkin Cuando da ke kudu maso yamma a gefe guda yana ba da gudummawa kusan 2 m3/s saboda yawancinsu sun ɓace ta hanyar ɓarna a cikin tsarin fadamar. Shekarun 1940 da 1950 sun kasance shekaru masu yawa musamman a cikin kwandon ruwa. Tun daga 1975, ya fi bushewa, matsakaicin fitarwa ya zama kashi 70% kawai na wannan daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1958.
Tarihin kasa
Har zuwa Late Pliocene ko Pleistocene (sama da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce), kogin Babban Zambezi ya kasance yana kwarara kudu ta inda yake yanzu Makgadikgadi Pan zuwa Kogin Limpopo. Canjin hanyar kogin sakamakon motsawar epeirogenic ne wanda ya daukaka saman a rabe-raben ruwa na yau tsakanin kogunan biyu.
A halin yanzu, kilomita 1,000 (620 mi) gabas, yankin yamma na Kogin Shire a gabashin Rift ta gabashin Afirka ta hanyar Malawi ya lalata wani kwari mai zurfin kan rakiyar yamma. Dangane da kimar peran cm a kowace shekara, wannan kogin, Tsakiyar Zambezi, ya fara yanke gadon kogin nasa zuwa yamma, tare da taimakon riƙo (rift valleys) da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar gabas zuwa yamma. Kamar yadda ta yi haka ta kame wasu koguna da ke kwarara ta kudu kamar su Luangwa da Kafue.
Daga ƙarshe sai babban Zambezi ya kama babban kogin da ya makale a Makgadikgadi (ko kuma wani yanki daga gare shi) yana yankan baya zuwa gareshi, kuma ya wofintar da shi zuwa gabas. Hakanan an kame Babban Zambezi. Tsakiyar Zambezi ya kai kimanin mita 300 (ƙafa 980) ƙasa da Upper Zambezi, kuma wata ƙatuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka kafa a gefen ƙauyen mashigar da ƙoshin babban kogin yake gudana. Wannan shi ne Fadar ruwan Victoria na Farko, a wani wuri zuwa Ruwa na Batoka kusa da inda Tafkin Kariba yake yanzu.
Bayanin Lantarki
Bature na farko da yazo ketaren kogin Zambezi shine Vasco da Gama, a cikin Janairu 1498, wanda ya kafa abin da ya kira Rio dos Bons Sinais ("Kogin Kyakkyawan Omens"), yanzu Quelimane ko Quá-Qua, ƙaramin kogi a kan ƙarshen ƙarshen Delta, wanda a wancan lokacin ya haɗu da tashoshi masu amfani da shi zuwa rafin Zambezi daidai (haɗin da aka ƙulla da shi a cikin 1830s). A cikin fewan kaɗan daga cikin tsoffin taswirori, an fassara kogin duka kamar haka. Amma tuni zuwa farkon 1500s, sabon suna ya fito, kogin Cuama (wani lokacin "Quama" ko "Zuama"). Cuama shine sunan yankin da mazaunan Tudun Swahili suka ba shi don matsugunin da yake kan ɗayan tsibirai na kudu maso yamma (kusa da tashar Luabo). Mafi yawan tsofaffin taswirar jiragen ruwa suna nuna shigar Luabo a matsayin Cuama, duka yankin kamar "kogunan Cuama" da kogin Zambezi sun dace da "Kogin Cuama".
Duk da haka, tuni a cikin 1552, marubucin tarihin Fotigal João de Barros ya lura cewa mutanen wannan birni na Monomatapa suna kiran wannan kogin Cuama Zembere. Friar Fotigal Dominican João dos Santos, ta ziyarci Monomatapa a 1597, ta ba da rahoton as Zambeze (Harsunan Bantu suna canzawa tsakanin z da r) kuma sun bincika asalin sunan; an gaya masa an sa masa sunan mutane. ""A gefensu ana kiran Kogin Cuama da suna Zambeze; shugaban da yake da nisa a cikin Kasa har babu wani daga cikinsu da ya san shi, amma bisa al'adar magabata sun ce ya fito ne daga wani Tafki a tsakiyar nahiyar wanda ya hada da sauran manyan Koguna, hanyoyi daban-daban da ke ziyartar Tekun. Suna kiran shi Zambeze, na ofasar Cafres da ke zaune kusa da Tekun wanda ake kira da haka." —J. Santos Ethiopia Oriental, 1609" Don haka kalmar "Zambezi" ta kasance bayan mutanen da ke zaune a gefen babban tafki zuwa arewa. 'Yan takarar da ake ganin sun fi dacewa su ne "M'biza", ko mutanen Bisa (a tsofaffin rubutun da aka bayar a matsayin Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios da sauran bambance-bambancen), mutanen Bantu ne da ke zaune a yankin da ke tsakiyar gabashin Zambiya a yanzu, tsakanin Kogin Zambezi da Tafkin Bangweolo (a lokacin, kafin mamayewar Lunda, da alama Bisa zai kara fadada arewa, mai yiwuwa zuwa Lake Tanganyika). Bisa ya yi suna a matsayin manyan dillalan yadi a duk yankin.
A cikin sanarwa mai ban sha'awa, ɗan asalin Goas ɗin nan dan asalin ƙasar Portugal Manuel Caetano Pereira, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen Bisa a cikin 1796 ya yi mamakin nuna shi na biyu, keɓaɓɓen kogi da ake kira "Zambezi". Wannan "sauran Zambezi" wanda ya ba da mamaki ga Pereira shine wataƙila abin da majiyoyin zamani ke rubutawa na Kogin Chambeshi a arewacin Zambiya.
Maganar Monomatapa (Santos ta ruwaito) cewa Zambezi ya samo asali ne daga wani babban tafki na ciki yana iya zama ishara ga ɗayan Manyan tabkuna na Afirka. Ofayan sunayen da masu bincike na farko suka bayar da rahoto game da Tafkin Malawi shine "Lake Zambre" (wataƙila ɓarna ce ta "Zambezi"), mai yiwuwa saboda Tafkin Malawi ya haɗu da ƙananan Zambezi ta Kogin Malawi. Labarin Monomatapa ya yi daidai da tsohuwar tunanin Turai, wanda aka samo daga tsohuwar tarihi, cewa duk manyan kogunan Afirka-Kogin Nilu, da Senegal, da Kwango, yanzu ma Zambezi, duk an same su ne daga babban babban tafkin. Haka kuma an gaya wa Fotigal din cewa "kogin" na Mozambican Espirito Santo (a zahiri an gina shi ne daga kogin Umbeluzi, Matola da Tembe) daga wani tafki (saboda haka aka san hanyar da ake kira Delagoa Bay). A sakamakon haka, tsoffin taswirori da yawa suna nuna Zambezi da kogunan "Espirito Santo" suna haɗewa cikin zurfin ciki, a tafki ɗaya.
Koyaya, tushen asalin Bisa ba tare da jayayya ba. A 1845, WD Cooley, yana nazarin bayanan Pereira, ya kammala kalmar "Zambezi" ba daga mutanen Bisa bane, a'a daga kalmar Bantu "mbege"/"mbeze" ("kifi"), saboda haka yana iya nufin kawai "kogi" na kifi". David Livingstone, wanda ya isa Zambezi na sama a cikin 1853, yana kiranta da "Zambesi" amma kuma ya lura da sunan yankin "Leeambye" da mutanen Lozi ke amfani da shi, wanda ya ce yana nufin "babban kogi ko kogi daidai da kyau". Livingstone ya rubuta wasu sunaye na Zambezi - Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi da Zambesi - waɗanda mutane daban-daban suka yi amfani da su a yayin tafiyarta, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "dukkansu suna da irin wannan mahimmancin ra'ayi kuma suna bayyana ra'ayin asalin ƙasar na wannan kyakkyawan rafin kasancewar babban magudanar ruwa. ƙasa ".
A cikin bayanan Fotigal, lokacin "Kogin Cuama" ya ɓace kuma ya ba da kalmar zuwa "Kogin Sena" (Rio de Sena), wanda yake nuni ga tashar kasuwanci ta Swahili (kuma daga baya Portuguese) a Sena. A shekarar 1752, yankin Zambezi Delta, da sunan "Kogin Sena" (Rios de Sena) ya kafa gundumar mulkin mallaka ta Fotigal Mozambique. Amma amfani da yau da kullun na "Zambezi" ya haifar da zartar da hukunci a cikin 1858 a hukumance ya sauya sunan yankin "Zambézia".
Binciken kogin
Yankin Zambezi ya kasance sananne ne ga masanan tarihin zamanin da daular Monomotapa, kuma tafkin kogin, da kuma matsayin tabkuna Ngami da Nyasa, an ba su sosai daidai a farkon taswira. Waɗannan an gina su ne daga bayanan Larabawa.
Bature na farko da ya ziyarci rafin Zambezi shi ne yaren Portuguese da ke António Fernandes a cikin 1511 da kuma a cikin 1513, tare da manufar bayar da rahoto game da yanayin kasuwanci da ayyukan cikin tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Rahoton ƙarshe na waɗannan binciken ya bayyana mahimmancin tashoshin jiragen ruwan Zambezi na sama ga tsarin kasuwancin cikin gida, musamman cinikin gwal na Gabashin Afirka.
David Livingstone ne ya fara binciken farko na Zambezi na sama a bincikensa daga Bechuanaland tsakanin 1851 da 1853. Bayan shekara biyu ko uku sai ya sauko da Zambezi a bakinta kuma a cikin wannan tafiya ya sami Fadar ruwan Victoria. A tsakanin 1858-60, tare da John Kirk, Livingstone ya hau kogin ta bakin Kongone har zuwa Falls, sannan kuma ya bi tafkin ɗan kwali na Shire har ya isa Tafkin Malawi.
Domin shekaru 35 masu zuwa kadan binciken kogin ya faru. Wani ɗan Burtaniya mai bincike Serpa Pinto ya binciki wasu daga cikin yammacin rafin kogin kuma ya auna ma'aunin Fadar ruwan Victoria a 1878. A cikin 1884 ɗan mishan mission ɗan asalin Scotland wanda yake ɗan mishan mai suna Frederick Stanley Arnot ya yi tattaki a tsayin ƙasa tsakanin kogunan Zambezi da Kongo, kuma ya gano tushen Zambezi. Ya yi la'akari da cewa tsaunin da ke kusa da kuma Kalene Hill wuri ne da ya dace da manufa. Arnot ya kasance tare da ɗan kasuwar Fotigal da hafsan sojan António da Silva Porto. A cikin 1889 an ga tashar Chinde a arewacin manyan bakin kogin. Tafiya biyu da Manjo A. St Hill Gibbons ya jagoranta a shekarar 1895 zuwa 1896 da 1898 zuwa 1900 sun ci gaba da aikin binciken da Livingstone ya fara a cikin babban kwarin da tsakiyar kogin.
Tattalin arziki
Yawan kwarin kogin Zambezi ya kai kimanin miliyan 32. Kimanin kashi 80% na yawan kwarin sun dogara ne da aikin gona, kuma filayen ambaliyar ruwa na sama suna ba da ƙasar noma mai kyau.
Al’ummomin da ke bakin kogin suna kama shi sosai, kuma mutane da yawa suna yin tafiya daga nesa zuwa kifi. Wasu garuruwan Zambiya a kan hanyoyi da ke zuwa kogin suna karbar harajin da ba na hukuma ba 'harajin kifi' kan mutanen da ke daukar kifin Zambezi zuwa wasu sassan kasar. Hakanan kamun kifi don abinci, kamun kifi wasa muhimmin aiki ne akan wasu sassan kogin. Tsakanin Mongu da Livingstone, gidajen shakatawa na safari da yawa suna ba da baƙi don yawon buɗe ido waɗanda ke son kamun kifi don nau'ikan jinsuna, kuma da yawa kuma suna kama kifin don sayar wa aquaria.
Kwarin kogin yana da wadatattun ma'adanai da burbushin halittu, kuma hakar kwal na da mahimmanci a wurare. Hakanan madatsun ruwa tare da tsawonsu suna samar da aikin yi ga mutane da yawa da ke kusa da su, wajen kula da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma madatsun da kansu. Yankunan kogin da yawa kuma shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido ne. Fadar ruwan Victoria tana karɓar baƙi sama da 100,000 a kowace shekara, tare da baƙi 141,929 da aka ruwaito a cikin 2015. Mana Pools da Tafkin Kariba kuma suna zana adadi masu yawa na yawon bude ido.
Sufuri
Hanya, layin dogo da sauran mashigan kogin, sau ɗaya ne kaɗan da kuma nesa, suna ta ƙaruwa. Su ne, domin daga asalin kogin: