cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Dziga Vertov
Man with a Movie Camera
Tare da shigar da Lenin na iyakance masu zaman kansu ta hanyar Sabon Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (NEP) na 1921, Rasha ta fara karɓar fina-finai na almara daga nesa, lamarin da Vertov yayi la'akari da zato maras tabbas, yana kiran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin "lalacewar tasiri" akan ma'anar proletarian ("On"). Kinopravda' ", 1924). A wannan lokacin Vertov ya kasance yana amfani da jerin shirye-shiryensa na labarai a matsayin tudu don ba da labarin almara mai ban mamaki tsawon shekaru da yawa; ya ci gaba da sukarsa ko da bayan liyafar da Sergei Eisenstein na Battleship Potemkin (1925) ya yi. Potemkin wani fim ne na almara wanda ya ba da labarin kisan gilla da aka yi a kan wani jirgin ruwan yaki wanda ya faru a sakamakon zaluncin da matukan jirgin suka yi; Fim ɗin wani yanki ne na farfaganda a bayyane amma ƙwararre da ke ɗaukaka masu fafutuka. Vertov ya rasa aikinsa a Sovkino a cikin Janairu 1927, maiyuwa ne sakamakon sukar wani fim wanda ya yi wa'azin layin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci sosai. An kore shi saboda yin Sashe na shida na Duniya: Talla da Tarayyar Soviet don Kungiyar Kasuwancin Jiha a cikin fim ɗin farfaganda, yana sayar da Soviet a matsayin al'umma mai ci gaba a ƙarƙashin NEP, maimakon nuna yadda suka dace da tattalin arzikin duniya.
Studio State na Ukraine ya ɗauki Vertov don ƙirƙirar Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim. Vertov ya ce a cikin makalarsa "Mutumin da ke da kyamarar fim" yana fafutukar "domin tsaftace harshen fim, don rabuwa da harshen wasan kwaikwayo da wallafe-wallafe". Ta hanyar sassan Kino-Pravda na baya, Vertov yana yin gwaji sosai, yana neman watsi da abin da ya yi la'akari da clichés na fim (da kuma karbar zargi); Gwajin nasa ya ma fi fitowa fili da ban mamaki a lokacin Mutum mai kyamarar Fim, wanda aka yi fim a Ukraine. Wasu sun soki shirye-shiryen da aka bayyana a cikin wannan fim da cewa sun yi hannun riga da koyarwar Vertov na "rayuwa kamar yadda take" da "rayuwar da ba a sani ba": yanayin da mace ta tashi daga gado kuma ta yi ado a fili an shirya shi, kamar yadda aka juya baya. harbin chess da ake turawa daga kan allo na dara da kuma hoton bidiyon da Mikhail Kaufman ke hawa a cikin mota yana daukar mota ta uku.
Duk da haka, takardun shaida guda biyu na Vertov, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su a tare, a zahiri sun bambanta, kamar yadda Yuri Tsivian yayi sharhi a cikin waƙar sharhi akan DVD don Man with the Movie Camera: na Vertov, "rayuwa kamar yadda yake" yana nufin rikodin rayuwa kamar yadda zai kasance. ba tare da kamara ba. "Rayuwar da ba a sani ba" na nufin rikodin rayuwa lokacin da aka yi mamaki, kuma watakila an tsokane shi, ta gaban kyamara. Wannan bayanin ya saba wa zato na kowa cewa ga Vertov "rayuwar da aka kama" tana nufin "rayuwar da ba ta san kyamara ba". Duk waɗannan harbe-harbe na iya yin daidai da ka'idar Vertov "wanda aka kama ba tare da sani ba". Mikhail Kaufman ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a hankali. Ya zama gaskiya gaskiyar fahimta. Misali, a cikin Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim, an nuna jiragen kasa biyu kusan suna narkewa cikin juna. Ko da yake an koya mana ganin jiragen kasa ba sa tafiya kusa da haka, Vertov ya yi ƙoƙari ya nuna ainihin abin da jiragen kasa biyu ke wucewa. Mikhail ya yi magana game da fina-finan Eisenstein da cewa sun bambanta da nasa da na ɗan'uwansa a cikin cewa Eisenstein "ya fito daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo mutum ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo, beads guda ɗaya". "Dukkanmu mun ji ... cewa ta hanyar fim din za mu iya haɓaka sabon nau'in fasaha. Ba wai kawai zane-zane na rubuce-rubuce ba, ko kuma fasahar tarihin tarihi, amma fasahar da ta danganci hotuna, ƙirƙirar aikin jarida mai ma'ana, "in ji Mikhail. Fiye da gaskiyar fim ma, Mutumin da ke da kyamarar Fim ya kamata ya zama hanyar da za ta sa waɗanda ke cikin Tarayyar Soviet suka fi dacewa da ayyukansu. Ya rage motsinsa, kamar yanke shawarar tsalle ko a'a. Kuna iya ganin yanke shawara a fuskarsa, rarrabawar tunani ga masu sauraro. Yana son zaman lafiya tsakanin ayyukan mutum da na injina, domin su kasance, a wata ma'ana, daya.
Cine-Eye
"Cine-Eye" hanya ce da Dziga Vertov kuma ya fara tsara shi a cikin aikinsa "WE: Variant of a Manifesto" a 1919.
Dziga Vertov ya yi imani da ra'ayinsa na Kino-Glaz, ko "Cine Eye" a Turanci, zai taimaka wa "mutum" na zamani ya samo asali daga wata halitta marar lahani zuwa mafi girma, mafi daidaitaccen tsari. Ya kwatanta mutum da injuna: “A fuskar injin muna jin kunyar gazawar mutum don sarrafa kansa, amma me za mu yi idan muka ga hanyoyin da ba su dace ba na wutar lantarki sun fi farin ciki fiye da gaggawar rashin ƙarfi na mutane masu aiki [. . . ]" Kamar yadda ya sanya shi a cikin 1923 credo, "Ni ne Cine-Eye. Ni ne idon injina. Inji na nuna muku duniya kamar yadda ni kadai nake iya gani. Ina 'yantar da kaina daga yanzu har abada daga rashin motsin mutum. Ina cikin motsi akai-akai. . . Hanyara tana kaiwa zuwa ga ƙirƙirar sabon fahimtar duniya. Don haka zan iya fahimtar duniyar da ba ku sani ba."
Kamar sauran masu yin fina-finai na Rasha, ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa ra'ayoyinsa da dabarunsa don ci gaban manufofin Tarayyar Soviet. Yayin da Sergei Eisenstein ya kalli abubuwan jan hankali nasa a matsayin kayan aikin kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar da jama'a masu kallon fina-finai za su iya fuskantar "tasirin tunani da tunani" don haka suna iya fahimtar "bangaren akida" na fina-finan da suke kallo, Vertov ya yarda da Cine. -Ido zai rinjayi ainihin juyin halittar mutum, "daga ɗan ƙasa mai ɓarna ta hanyar waƙar injin zuwa cikakken mutumin lantarki".
Vertov ya kewaye kansa tare da wasu waɗanda kuma suka kasance masu cikakken imani a cikin ra'ayoyinsa. Waɗannan su ne Kinoks, sauran masu yin fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda za su taimaka masa a cikin begen sa na samun nasarar a "cine-eye".
Vertov ya yi imanin cewa fim ɗinsa ya kasance "mai ban sha'awa" da "wasan kwaikwayo" saboda tasirin wallafe-wallafe, wasan kwaikwayo, da kiɗa, kuma waɗannan fina-finai na tunanin mutum-wasan kwaikwayo "sun hana mutum zama daidai a matsayin agogon gudu kuma yana hana sha'awar dangi da na'ura". ". Ya so ya nisa daga “samfurin ‘tatsuniya’ kafin juyin juya hali” na yin fim zuwa wanda ya dogara da yanayin injina, yana neman “kawo farin ciki na kere-kere ga duk aikin injiniya” da kuma “kawo maza kusa da injina”.
A watan Mayu 1927 Vertov ya koma Ukraine, kuma ra'ayin Cine-Eye ya mutu.
Ayyukan karshe
Ayyukan nasara na Vertov sun ci gaba har zuwa 1930s. Sha'awa: Symphony na Donbass (1931), jarrabawa a cikin masu hakar ma'adinan Soviet, an kira shi 'fim mai sauti', tare da rikodin sauti akan wurin, kuma waɗannan sauti na inji an haɗa su tare, suna haifar da sakamako mai kama da sauti.
Bayan shekaru uku,Three Songs about Lenin (1934) sun kalli juyin juya hali ta idanun manoman Rasha. Don fim ɗinsa, duk da haka, Mezhrabpomfilm ya ɗauki Vertov hayar, ɗakin studio na Soviet wanda ya samar da yunƙurin farfaganda. Fim ɗin, wanda aka ƙare a cikin Janairu 1934 don Lenin's obit, an fito da shi a bainar jama'a ne kawai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin Nuwamba na waccan shekarar. Daga Yuli 1934 an nuna shi a wani nuni na sirri ga manyan jami'an Soviet daban-daban da kuma ga manyan kasashen waje ciki har da HG Wells, William Bullitt, da sauransu, kuma an nuna shi a bikin Fim na Venice a watan Agusta 1934. An fitar da sabon sigar fim ɗin a cikin 1938, gami da jerin tsayin daka don nuna "nasarar" Stalin a ƙarshen fim ɗin tare da barin fim ɗin "maƙiyi" na lokacin. A yau akwai sake gina 1970 ta Yelizaveta Svilova. Tare da haɓakawa da takunkumin hukuma na hakikar gurguzu a cikin 1934, Vertov an tilasta masa ya yanke kayan aikin sa na fasaha sosai, daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗan edita na labaran Soviet. fim na ƙarshe wanda Vertov ya iya kiyaye hangen nesa na fasaha, an sake shi a cikin 1937.
Dziga Vertov ya mutu sanadiyyar ciwon daji a Moscow a 1954.
Iyali
Ɗan'uwan Vertov Boris Kaufman ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya yi aiki tare da Jean Vigo a cikin shirin L'Atalante (1934) kuma da yawa daga baya ga daraktoci irin su Elia Kazan a Amurka wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Oscar saboda aikinsa a kan Waterfront. Wani ɗan'uwansa, Mikhail Kaufman, ya yi aiki tare da Vertov a kan fina-finansa har sai da ya zama ɗan jarida a kansa. Mikhail Kaufman na darektan halarta na halarta na farko shine fim ɗin In Spring (1929).
A shekara ta 1923, Vertov ya auri abokin aikinsa na dogon lokaci Elizaveta Svilova.
Tasiri da abunda ya bari
Abubuwan da Vertov ya bari har yanzu yana nan a yau. Ra'ayoyinsa sun sake bayyana a cikin cinema vérité, motsi na 1960 mai suna bayan Vertov's Kino-Pravda. 1960s da 1970s sun ga farfaɗowar sha'awa ta duniya a Vertov.
Bincikensa masu zaman kansa, salon bincike na Vertov ya rinjayi kuma ya karfafa yawancin masu yin fim da daraktoci kamar Situationist Guy Debord da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu irin su Vertov Industries a Hawaii. Kungiyar Dziga Vertov ta aro sunansa. A cikin 1960, Jean Rouch yayi amfani da ka'idar yin fim na Vertov lokacin yin Chronicle of a Summer. Abokin aikinsa Edgar Morin ya kirkiro kalmar cinéma vérité lokacin da yake kwatanta salon, ta amfani da fassarar kai tsaye na Vertov's KinoPravda.
Ƙungiyar sinima ta Kyauta a Ƙasar Ingila a cikin shekarun 1950, Gidan Cinema kai tsaye a Arewacin Amirka a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, da kuma Candid Eye a Kanada a cikin 1950s duk suna da bashi ga Vertov.
Wannan ya farfaɗo da gadon Vertov ya haɗa da sake gyara sunansa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, tare da jujjuyawar fina-finansa, ayyukan tarihi, da rubuce-rubuce. A cikin 1962, an buga littafin tarihin Soviet na farko akan Vertov, sannan kuma wani tarin, "Dziga Vertov: Articles, Diaries, Projects". A cikin 1984, don tunawa da cika shekaru 30 na mutuwar Vertov, ƙungiyoyin al'adu na New York guda uku sun fara nazarin aikin Vertov na farko na Amurka.
New Media theorist Lev Manovich ya ba da shawarar cewa Vertov a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon majagaba na nau'in cinema na bayanai a cikin maƙalar Database a matsayin siffa ta alama.
Teslim Balogun Stadium
Filin wasa na Teslim Balogun filin wasa ne da ake amfani da shi da yawa a Surulere, Legas, Najeriya. Ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma yana aiki azaman filin gida na bankin First Bank FC. Kungiyar Rugby ta Najeriya ma na amfani da wurin. Filin wasan yana da damar daukar mutane 24,325, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da shi wajen wasannin kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa. Ya taɓa zama filin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA ta Najeriya, kafin ta ɗauki bakuncin wasu wasanni a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 da aka gudanar a Najeriya a shekarar 2009. Yana zaune kusa da babban filin wasa na Legas.
Dubawa
Sunan sa ne bayan ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Teslim Balogun.
An fara shi a shekarar 1984 a karkashin gwamnatin gwamna Gbolahan Mudasiru, gine-gine ya ci gaba da tsayawa a lokacin mulkin soja kuma filin wasa ya zama farar giwa. A lokacin da aka kammala filin wasan a shekarar 2007, an kwashe shekaru 23 ana ginawa kuma an kashe sama da Naira biliyan 1.3.
Kwanan nan kamar 2006, mutanen da ba su da matsuguni da yara maza na yanki sun mamaye shi.
Wasan farko da aka gudanar a filin wasan shi ne gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Mobil na 18 a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu. Wasan kwallon kafa na farko shine wasan sada zumunci na kasa da kasa a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu tsakanin Enyimba da Asante Kotoko. Filin wasan ya kuma karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin Firimiya ta Najeriya Super Four a waccan kakar da kuma gasar cin kofin FA ta Najeriya a shekarar 2007. An gudanar da wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin tarayya ta 2009 tsakanin Enyimba da Sharks a filin wasa.
Kwamishinan wasanni na matasa da ci gaban jama'a na jihar Legas, Prince Ademola Adeniji-Adele ya bayyana a dakin taron manema labarai na FIFA na filin wasa na Teslim Balogun a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu, 2009 kan shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 cewa "tare da filin wasa na FIFA Star Two na wucin gadi., FIFA Grade kujeru tare da baya hutawa, damar wurin zama 24,325, 70 kVA samar da wutar lantarki saitin don dijital scoreboard, yanayin canza fasaha ga 'yan wasa da jami'ai, tsaro na'urorin da CCTV kyamarori, 1,000 kVA da 500 kVA samar da sets da kuma sauran daidaitattun wurare, na san an saita mu don daukar nauyin gasar cin kofin duniya mai nasara."
A shekarar 2018, a lokacin ranar 'yancin kai na Najeriya (1 Oktoba 2018); An gudanar da gasar maki ta Crawford Age a wurin shakatawa na Olympic Standard na filin wasa.
Gine-gine
Architect OC Majoroh na Majoroh Partnership ne ya tsara filin wasan.
Manazarta
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Tagina
Tagina da Hausa sai kuma Tegina da yaren garin, Tagina gari ne da ke a Jihar Neja a tsakiyar Arewacin Najeriya. Wacce take a ƙarkashin karamar hukumar Rafi wato a cikin Jihar Neja Kagara.
A garin Tegina ne aka sace wasu ɗaliban Islamiyya
Gina-gine
Gina-gine wannan kalmar na nufin gasa wurin gina gidaje masu tsawo, wannan yana yawaita a ƙasashen turai inda suke gina-gine na alfarma.
Mubi (Birni)
Mubi birni ne, da ke a gundumar Arewa a Jihar Adamawa, dake arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Mubi ta rabu zuwa kashi biyu. Mubi ta arewa da Mubi kudu
Jama'a
Manyan kabilun garin sun hada da Fali, Gude, Kamwe, Margi da Mundang (Godo-godo).
Ilimi
Mubi tana da manyan cibiyoyin koyo guda uku: Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, College of Health Technology (Mubi Campus), da Jami'ar Jihar Adamawa, Mubi.
Boko Haram ta kwace garin
Wasu kafafen yada labarai sun bada sanarwa cewa an canzawa birnin suna zuwa Madinatul Islam, ma'ana birnin Musulunci da kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi ikirarin cewa a watan Oktoban 2014 lokacin da suka kwace garin da ke karkashin ikonsu.
Kashe-kashe
An kai harin bam a Mubi a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekarata 2014.
A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani masallaci a lokacin sallar asuba ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 25-50. Boko Haram ne ake zargi ta aikata laifin.
An kai harin kunar bakin wake a wani masallaci da kasuwa a garin Mubi a shekarar 2018.
Yanayi
Tsarin kasafin yanayi na Köppen-Geiger yana rarraba yanayin garin azaman Tropical wet and dry climate (Aw).
Kasuwar shanu
Mubi gidan shahararriyar kasuwar shanu ta kasa da kasa wadda aka fi sani da kasuwan shanu ko kuma Kasuwan tike dake tsakiyar garin, kwastomomi masu yawan gaske ne suke siyan shanu da tumaki musamman daga arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ana rarraba su zuwa sassa daban-daban na kudancin kasar Najeriya ta tireloli da manyan motoci.
Sanannen mazauna
Mubi gida ce ga fitattun yan Najeriya da suka hada da:
Laburare Na Ƙasar Gambia
Laburare na kasar Gambia yana cikin Banjul, Gambia. Majalisar Biritaniya ce ta fara sarrafa ɗakin karatu har zuwa 1946 kuma an sake masa suna zuwa National Library na Gambia a 1971. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Laburare ta Gambia (GNLSA) ce ke kula da kuma gudanar da ɗakin karatu. Tun daga 2016, ɗakin karatu yana da tarin litattafai 115,500 da na lokaci-lokaci 85. Tana da ma'aikata sama da 42 da mambobi sama da 276.
Mubi (Birni)
Manazarta
wuri 10.26667°N, 13.26667°W
Laburare Na Ƙasar Gambia
An kuma mai da ɗakin karatu a matsayin babban mai rikodin ma'ajiyar doka da kuma babbar Cibiyar Littattafai ta ƙasar. Kimanin abubuwa 2,000 da aka adana ana adana su a cikin ɗakin karatu, wanda ya shafi Gambiya da tarihinta. Laburaren yana ba da ɗakin karatu na manya, ɗakin karatu na yara, sabis na ba da lamuni na makaranta, sabis na wayar hannu da sabis na akwatin saƙo.
Tarihi
Majalisar Biritaniya ce ta fara sarrafa ɗakin karatun har zuwa 1946 kuma an sake masa suna zuwa National Library na Gambia a 1971. Gambiya ba ta da wani ɗakin karatu da kanta har 1962. Har zuwa lokacin dakin karatu shi kadai ne irinsa a kasar nan in ban da na makarantu, ma'aikatun gwamnati, gidajen mishan da kungiyoyi. Lokacin da aka canja wurin, ɗakin karatu yana da tarin littattafai 25,000 da litattafai guda 500. An nada Sally Njie Babban Jami’in Karatu a shekarar 1963. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da gudummawar £575,000 ga Gambiya don kula da ɗakin karatu a 1974. An gina sabon hadaddiyar giyar kuma an mayar da ɗakin karatu zuwa sabon ginin a cikin shekarar 1976 ta Dokar Hukumar Laburare. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Laburare ta Gambia (GNLSA) ce ke kula da kuma gudanar da ɗakin karatu. A cikin shekarun 70s, tarin da ke cikin ɗakin karatu ya kusan ninka ninki biyu. An kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Laburare ta Gambiya a cikin shekarar 2009 ta wata doka a cikin majalisa, wacce ta ba da ƙarin iko da cin gashin kai ga ɗakin karatu. Book Aid International ita ce abokin ɗakin karatu a ƙasashen waje, tare da haɗin gwiwar wanda ɗakin karatu ya ba da gudummawar littattafai ga reshen likitancin Jami'ar Gambia. Laburaren yana samun duk tarinsa ta hanyar gudummawa, kyaututtuka, sayayya, hukumomin gwamnati da bincike.
Ayyuka
Tun daga 2016, ɗakin karatu yana da tarin litattafai 115,500 da na lokaci-lokaci 85. Laburaren yana cikin Reg Pye Lane a babban birnin Banjul. Laburaren yana da wuraren yin kwafi, sabis na makaranta kuma yana da sabis na ISBN da samun damar buga littattafan UNESCO. Laburaren yana daidaita ɗakin karatu da batutuwan bayanai a matakin ƙasa kuma yana iya zartar da hukunci don rashin bin doka. An buɗe reshe na ɗakin karatu a Brikama a cikin Western Division a shekarar 1990. An kuma mai da ɗakin karatu a matsayin babban mai rikodin ma'ajiyar doka da kuma babbar Cibiyar Littattafai ta ƙasar. Kimanin abubuwa 2,000 da aka adana ana adana su a cikin ɗakin karatu, wanda ya shafi Gambiya da tarihinta. Laburaren yana ba da ɗakin karatu na manya, ɗakin karatu na yara, sabis na ba da lamuni na makaranta, sabis na wayar hannu da sabis na akwatin saƙo. Har ila yau ɗakin karatu ya adana manyan taswirorin tarihi da na Gambiya da garuruwanta, kaset na faifan sauti da kuma yanke manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙasar.
Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta
Wannan yankin na musamman ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan halittu a duniya, kuma ta kunshi ɗimbin tsirrai da dabbobi daban daban, filayen da ke iya noma na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan shukoki iri-iri kamar, katako ko bishiyoyin noma, da ƙarin nau'ikan kifin ruwa mai daɗi fiye da duk wata muhalli a yankin yammacin Afirka. Yankin tana iya rasa kashi 40% na filayen ƙasar ta a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa sakamakon gagarumin aikin gina madatsar ruwa a yankin. Haka kuma fara haƙar man fetur a yankin ya janyo manyan matsaloli a yankin Neja-Delta a dalilin malalar man fetur tun daga tsawon shekaru 50 da suka wuce, lamarin da ya sa yankin a cikin yankuna mafi gurbacewar muhalli a duniya. An yi ƙiyasin cewa, yayin da Tarayyar Turai ta fuskanci saura 10 na malalar mai a cikin shekaru 40, Najeriya ta samu bullar cutar guda 9,343 a cikin shekaru 10. Rikicin da masana'antar man fetur ke yi shi ma ya haddasa wannan lamari, wanda watakila za a iya fidda shi da rahoton 1983 da NNPC ta fitar, tun kafin tashin hankalin jama'a ya kunno kai:
Sakamakon lalacewar muhalli daga hura wutar iskar gas, toshe manyan koguna, malalar mai da sake farfado da filaye sakamakon hakar mai da iskar gas a yankin Neja Delta ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 758 duk shekara. Abin baƙin ciki shine, kashi 75% na kuɗin da al'ummomin yankin ke ɗaukar su ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa, filayen noma mara haihuwa da kuma asarar nau'ikan halittu.
Yawan matsalar
Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta yi kiyasin cewa ganga miliyan 1.89 na man fetur ne aka zubar a yankin Neja Delta tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1996 daga cikin ganga miliyan 2.4 da ta zubar a cikin al’amura 4,835. (kimanin mitoci dubu 220). Wani rahoto da hukumar raya kasashe ta MDD UNDP ta fitar ya bayyana cewa, an samu malalar mai guda 6,817 tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 2001, wanda ya janyo asarar ganga miliyan uku na mai, wanda sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 ba a samu ba. 69% na waɗannan zubewar sun faru ne a bakin teku, kwata ɗaya yana cikin fadama kuma 6% ya zube a ƙasa.
Hukumar kula da albarkatun man fetur ta Najeriya ta sanya yawan man da ake jibgewa a cikin muhalli a duk shekara kan 2,300 m³ tare da matsakaicin zubewar mutum 300 a shekara. Duk da haka, saboda wannan adadin bai yi la’akari da malalar “ƙananan” ba, Bankin Duniya ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin man fetur da aka zubar a muhalli zai iya ninka adadin da aka ce a hukumance. Mafi girman zubewar mutane sun haɗa da fashewar wani tashar Texaco a bakin teku wanda a cikin 1980 ya zubar da ƙiyasin da ya kai 400000 oilbbl na Sabotage (64,000). na danyen mai zuwa cikin Gulf of Guinea da Royal Dutch Shell 's Forcados Terminal tankin tanki wanda ya haifar da malalar da aka kiyasta a 580000 oilbbl. A shekara ta 2010 Baird ya ba da rahoton cewa tsakanin ganga miliyan 9 da miliyan 13 aka zubar a yankin Niger Delta tun 1958. Wata majiya ma ta yi kiyasin cewa adadin man da aka zubar a cikin ganga tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1997 ya haura 100 Moilbbl. Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa yankin Neja Delta yana da gurbacewar muhalli wanda zai iya daukar shekaru 25 zuwa 30 kafin a dawo da sakamakon da ake samu.
Dalilai
Zubewar mai abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya. Rabin duk malalar da ake samu na faruwa ne sakamakon hadurran bututun mai da na tanka (50%), sauran abubuwan da suka haifar sun haɗa da zagon ƙasa (28%) da ayyukan samar da mai (21%), inda kashi 1% na malalar da aka samu ana samun isassu ne ko kuma rashin aiki na kayan aikin. . Lalacewar bututun mai da tankokin yaƙi shine rugujewa ko zubar da tsoffin kayayyakin samar da kayayyaki wadanda galibi basa samun dubawa da kulawa.
Shell ya yarda cewa "An gina yawancin wuraren a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa lokacin da ake amfani da su. SPDC [Kamfanin Man Fetur da Ci gaban Shell] ba zai gina su haka ba a yau.” Ana yin sabotage da farko ta hanyar abin da aka sani da " bunkering ", ta yadda masu zagon kasa ke ƙoƙarin famfo bututun. A cikin aikin hakar wani lokacin bututun ya lalace ko lalata shi. Ana iya sayar da man da aka haƙo ta wannan hanya sau da yawa.
Yayin da shaharar sayar da man sata ke karuwa, adadin waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon fashewar ya kuma karu. A ƙarshen watan Disambar 2006 sama da mutane 200 ne suka mutu a yankin Legas na Najeriya a wani fashewar wani layin mai.
Dokokin Najeriya na masana'antar mai suna da rauni kuma ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, wanda ke ba da damar a zahiri, masana'antar ta sarrafa kanta.
Sakamako
Zubewar mai yana da babban tasiri akan tsarin halittar da aka fitar dashi kuma yana iya zama ecocide. Manyan gandun daji na gandun daji na mangrove, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da mai (musamman saboda ana adana shi a cikin ƙasa kuma ana sake sake shi kowace shekara a lokacin inundations), an lalata su. Kimanin kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100 na muhallin mangrove na Najeriya an shafe su ko dai ta hanyar sulhu  ko kuma mai. Dajin damina wanda a baya ya mamaye wasu 7,400 km²  na kasa kuma ya bace. Zubewar da ake samu a wuraren da jama'a ke yawan bazuwa zuwa wani yanki mai faɗi, yana lalata amfanin gona da kiwo ta hanyar gurɓata ruwan kasa da kasa. Amfanin narkar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ciyar da abubuwan da suka zubar shima yana haifar da mutuwar kifin. A cikin al'ummomin noma, galibi ana iya lalata kayan abinci na shekara guda nan take. Saboda rashin kula da ayyukan mai a Delta,
Mutanen da ke yankunan da abin ya shafa sun koka game da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da matsalolin numfashi da raunukan fata; da yawa sun rasa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar lafiya, samun abinci, ruwan sha mai tsafta, da ikon yin aiki.
A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2013 wata kotu a kasar Holland ta yanke hukuncin cewa kamfanin Shell na da alhakin gurɓatar muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. A watan Janairun 2015, Shell ya amince ya biya dala miliyan 80 ga al'ummar Ogoniland na Bodo kan malalar mai guda biyu a 2008 bayan wata kotu a London.
Tsaftacewa
A shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Najeriya ta shiga tsakani a lokacin da wata sanarwa daga ofishin shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ta umurci kamfanin mai na Najeriya da ta karbe rijiyoyin mai na Ogoni daga hannun Shell "tare da tabbatar da sake shigar da shi cikin sauki." Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar kare rayukan al’ummar Ogoni sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da matakin da aka dauka.
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta hannun kamfanin mai na Najeriya ta fitar da dala miliyan 180 a matsayin kuɗin cirewa wasu kamfanoni 21 da aka zabo daga cikin kamfanoni 400 da suka nemi kwangilar.
Misali
Misali na baya-bayan nan na wani babban bala'i da ya malale a yankin Neja Delta shi ne malalar mai a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2010 na ExxonMobil a wani dandalin mai na ExxonMobil a bakin teku mai 20 to 25 nmi daga gabar teku. Fashewar ta haihu sama da 1 e6USgal na danyen mai zuwa cikin Delta. Musamman ma, sabanin malalar mai na Deepwater Horizon da aka fara kwanaki 10 da suka gabata a mashigin tekun Mexico, domin wannan malalar mai na ExxonMobile ta watan Mayun 2010 ya faru a Afirka, manyan ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na Yamma sun samu labari kadan don haka, kamar yawancin malalar mai a yankin Delta, ya ragu. Jama'a na Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su sani ba.
Asarar gandun daji na mangrove
Tasirin dan Adam daga rashin kula da filaye a sama tare da gurbacewar man fetur akai-akai ya sa kashi biyar zuwa goma na wadannan dazuzzukan mangrove suka bace. Halin da ba a iya jurewa, da saurin shiga, da kaddarorin man fetur sun shafe manyan wuraren ciyayi. Lokacin da malalawa ke faruwa kusa da kuma a cikin magudanar ruwa, ƙarfin ruwa na kogi da ƙarfin kogin ya zubar da mai don ƙaura zuwa wuraren ciyayi.
An haɗa gandun daji na Mangrove a cikin tsarin trophic mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Idan mai kai tsaye ya shafi kowace kwayar halitta a cikin yanayin halitta, zai iya shafar wasu halittu a kaikaice. Waɗannan al'ummomin furen sun dogara da hawan keke na gina jiki, ruwa mai tsafta, hasken rana, da kuma abubuwan da suka dace. Tare da kyawawan yanayi suna ba da tsarin wurin zama, da shigar da kuzari ta hanyar photosynthesis ga kwayoyin da suke hulɗa da su. An san tasirin zubar da man fetur a kan mangroves na acidify ƙasa, dakatar da numfashin salula, da kuma yunwar tushen iskar oxygen mai mahimmanci.
Wani yanki na mangroves wanda man fetur ya lalata yana iya fuskantar wasu matsaloli. Waɗannan yankuna bazai dace da kowane tsiro na ƙasa ba har sai ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zasu iya gyara yanayin. Wani nau'in mangrove na musamman, Rhizophora racemosa yana rayuwa mafi girma a cikin tsarin delta. Yayin da ƙasan da ke goyon bayan R. racemosa ya zama mai guba sosai, nau'in dabino ba na asali ba, Nypa fruticans, da sauri ya mamaye yankin. Wannan nau'in cin zarafi yana da tsarin tushe mai zurfi wanda ke lalata bankunan da ke kan magudanar ruwa, yana ƙara yin tasiri ga rarraba ƙasa a cikin tsarin delta. N. Fruticans kuma yana hana kewayawa kuma yana rage yawan nau'in halittu. A wuraren da N. fruticans suka mamaye, al'ummomi suna binciken yadda mutanen gida za su iya amfani da dabino.
Tarihin garuruwa
Tarihin garuruwa wannan ya ƙunsa labarai na garuruwa da ababen da suka faru a garuruwan. Duk garin da yake labari da yiyuwan abubuwa tarihi sun faru a chan.
Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta
Asarar gandun daji na mangrove
Asarar dazuzzukan mangrove ba wai kawai wulaƙanta rayuwa ne ga tsirrai da dabbobi ba, har ma ga mutane. Wadannan tsare-tsare suna da kima sosai daga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Dazukan Mangrove sun kasance babban tushen itace ga mutanen yankin. ga ƙungiyoyin gida na gida, waɗanda abin takaici ba su ga wani abu ba daga fa'idodin tattalin arzikin man fetur. Mangroves kuma suna ba da matsuguni masu mahimmanci ga nau'ikan da ba su da yawa kuma masu haɗari kamar manatee da hippopotamus pygmy. Mummunan matsayar siyasa dangane da rabon kudaden shigar man fetur ya haifar da tarzomar siyasa a Najeriya. Wannan rikici da ya barke tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, da kamfanonin mai, da kuma al’ummar Najeriya, ya haifar da zagon kasa ga bututun mai, lamarin da ya kara ta’azzara barazanar dazuzzuka.
Makomar gandun daji na mangrove da sauran al'ummomin fure ba duka ba ne. Ƙungiyoyin gida da waje sun ba da kuɗi da aiki don gyarawa tare da dawo da gulmar mangrove da aka lalata. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa hukumar raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) a shekarar 2000 da ke da nufin dakile illar muhalli da muhalli da man fetur ya yi a yankin. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu kuma sun yi amfani da fasaha don gano tushe da motsin malalar man fetur.
Rage yawan kifin
Fiye da kifaye ba shine kawai tasiri ga al'ummomin ruwa ba. Sauyin yanayi, hasarar wurin zama, da gurɓacewar yanayi duk ƙarin matsi ne ga waɗannan mahimman halittu masu rai. Bankunan kogin Niger suna da kyawawa kuma wurare masu kyau don mutane su zauna. Kogin yana ba da ruwan sha, wanka, tsaftacewa, da kamun kifi don teburin cin abinci da kasuwanci don samun riba. Yayin da jama'a suka zauna a bakin koguna da bakin teku, ana asarar matsugunan ruwa da na kasa kuma ana samun canjin yanayi sosai. Matsakaicin gaɓar kogin Neja na da matukar muhimmanci wajen kiyaye yanayin ruwan domin ko kaɗan canjin yanayin ruwan na iya zama sanadin mutuwar wasu nau'in na ruwa. Bishiyoyi da shrubs suna ba da inuwa da wurin zama ga nau'in ruwa, tare da rage sauyin yanayi a yanayin zafi.
Kogin Neja wani yanki ne mai muhimmanci da ya kamata a kiyaye shi, domin yana da iyalai 36 da kuma nau'in kifi kusan 250, wanda 20 daga cikinsu suna da yawa, ma'ana ba a samun su a duniya. Tare da asarar wurin zama da kuma yanayin da ke samun dumi, kowane rigakafin karuwar zafin jiki ya zama dole don kula da wasu yanayin ruwa. Baya ga maido da wurin zama, ana iya rage gurɓacewar muhalli. Matsaloli irin su magungunan kashe qwari daga gonakin noma za a iya ragewa idan an yi amfani da maganin kashe qwari, ko kuma an matsar da filayen nesa da magudanar ruwa. Hakanan za'a iya rage gurɓacewar mai; idan an rage zubewa to za a iya rage yawan muhalli da illolin muhalli. Gurbacewar Man Fetur yana shafar yawan kifin kuma yana shafar manoman da ke dogaro da kamun kifi don tallafawa danginsu. Ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki da kuma sanya kamfanonin mai da alhakin ayyukansu ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta sosai. Ta hanyar iyakance barnar da ke haifar da hargitsi ga muhallin ruwa, kamar gurbatar yanayi, kifayen kifaye, da asarar wuraren zama, yawan aiki da nau'in halittun halittun ruwa zai karu.
Ruwa hyacinth mamayewa
Wani nau'i ne na cin zarafi wanda aka shigo da shi cikin Afirka a matsayin shuka na ado, kuma yana bunƙasa a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli. Water hyacinth yana da ikon toshe magudanan ruwan da yake girma a cikin su gaba ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa kusan ba zai yuwu a kewaya kwale-kwalen kamun kifi ba. A shekarun baya-bayan nan ta samu hanyar shiga kogin Neja, inda ta shake hasken rana da iskar oxygen ga halittun ruwa da ke zaune a can.
Lokacin da nau'in nau'in nau'in hyacinth na ruwa ya shiga cikin yanayin yanayin, yana yin gasa tare da tsire-tsire na asali don hasken rana, yana rage albarkatun makamashi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Tare da asarar makamashi wasu al'ummomi ba za su iya rayuwa ba, ko kuma adadin su na iya raguwa fiye da wata ma'auni, haifar da rashin tsaro da rashin daidaiton halittun da ba a daidaita su ba tare da asarar makamashi, water hyacinth kuma yana ɗaukar ruwan oxygen. wanda ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittun ruwa.
Gas
Najeriya ta fi kowace kasa hasarar iskar iskar gas da ake hako mai fiye da kowace kasa, inda alkaluma suka nuna cewa daga cikin iskar gas mai cubic feet biliyan 3.5 (100,000,000 m³) na iskar gas (AG) da ake samarwa duk shekara, biliyan 2.5 cubic feet (70,000,000 m³), ko kuma kusan kashi 70%, ana ɓata ta da walƙiya. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 25% na yawan iskar gas da Burtaniya ke amfani da shi kuma daidai yake da kashi 40% na iskar gas da Afirka ke amfani da shi a shekarar 2001. Kididdigar da ke da alaƙa da fashewar iskar gas ba su da tabbas, amma Najeriya na iya yin asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2 a kowace shekara ta hanyar hura wutar lantarki.
Fitar da iskar gas tana fitar da methane mai yawa, wanda ke da yuwuwar dumamar yanayi. Methane yana tare da sauran manyan iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi, carbon dioxide, wanda aka ƙiyastaasta cewa Najeriya ta fitar da sama da tan miliyan 34.38 na a shekarar 2002, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 50% na hayakin masana’antu a kasar da kuma kashi 30% na jimillar. CO2 watsi. Yayin da aka rage tashe-tashen hankula a yammacin ƙasar, a Najeriya an samu ƙaruwar yawan man da ake hakowa.
Kasashen duniya, gwamnatin Najeriya, da kamfanonin mai sun yi ittifaki cewa ya kamata a dakile tashin iskar gas. Ƙoƙarin yin hakan, ya kasance yana da iyaka ko da yake an bayyana harabar ba bisa ka'ida ba tun 1984 a ƙarƙashin sashe na 3 na "Associated Gas Reinjection Act" na Najeriya.
Yayin da OPEC da Shell, mafi girma a cikin iskar gas a Najeriya, sun yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 50 cikin 100 na dukkan iskar gas ɗin da ke da alaƙa ke ƙonewa ta hanyar walƙiya, waɗannan bayanan suna jayayya. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 cewa, "Nijeriya a halin yanzu tana hasarar kashi 75% na iskar gas da take hakowa."
Gas flares yana da yiwuwar illa ga lafiya da rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kusa, yayin da suke fitar da sinadarai masu guba ciki har da nitrogen dioxides, sulfur dioxide, m kwayoyin mahadi kamar benzene, toluene, xylene da hydrogen sulfide, da carcinogens kamar benzapyrene da dioxins. Mutanen da suka kamu da irin waɗannan abubuwan suna iya fama da matsalolin numfashi. Wadannan sunadarai na iya kara tsananta asma, haifar da matsalolin numfashi da zafi, da kuma mashako na kullum. Benzene, wanda aka sani yana fitowa daga filayen iskar gas a adadi mai yawa, an san shi da kyau a matsayin dalilin cutar sankarar bargo da sauran cututtuka masu alaka da jini. Wani bincike da Climate Justice yayi kiyasin cewa kamuwa da sinadarin benzene zai haifar da kamuwa da cutar kansa guda takwas duk shekara a jihar Bayelsa kadai.
Fuskantar iskar gas galibi suna kusa da al'ummomi kuma a kai a kai ba su da shinge ko kariya ga mazauna ƙauye waɗanda ke fuskantar yin aiki kusa da zafinsu. Yawancin al'ummomi suna da'awar cewa gobarar da ke kusa tana haifar da ruwan sama na sinadari wanda ke lalata gidajensu da sauran gine-gine, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da rufin zinc. Wasu mutane suna yin amfani da kayan asbestos, wanda ya fi ƙarfi wajen tunkude lalacewar ruwan acid. Abin takaici, wannan yana taimakawa wajen raguwar lafiyarsu da lafiyar muhallinsu. Bayyanar asbestos yana ƙara haɗarin haifar da ciwon huhu, pleural da mesothelioma na peritoneal, da asbestosis.
Ko flares yana ba da gudummawar ruwan acid ko a'a abu ne mai yuwuwa, kamar yadda wasu bincike masu zaman kansu da aka gudanar sun gano cewa sulfur dioxide da abun ciki na nitrous oxide na yawancin flares bai isa ya kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin flaring da ruwan sama na acid ba. Wasu bincike daga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka (EIA) sun ba da rahoton cewa fashewar iskar gas "babban mai ba da gudummawa ce ga gurɓataccen iska da ruwan sama na acid."
Ba a cika ƙaura tsofaffin gobarar ba daga ƙauyuka kuma an san su suna lulluɓe ƙasa da al'ummomin da toka da lalata ciyayi da ke kusa. Kusan babu ciyayi da za su iya girma a yankin kai tsaye da ke kewaye da gobarar saboda zafinsu.
Gyaran halittu
An kuma aiwatar da yin amfani da maganin ilimin halittu a yankunan da ke yankin Delta don lalata da kuma dawo da yanayin da ya lalace sakamakon malalar mai. Kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da abubuwan halitta a cikin gyara ko tsaftace wani takamaiman wuri. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a garin Ogbogu dake daya daga cikin yankunan da ake hako mai a Najeriya ya yi amfani da nau'in tsiro guda biyu wajen kawar da malalar. Matakin farko na tsaftacewa ya haɗa da Hibiscus cannabinus, wani nau'in tsiro na asali na yammacin Afirka. H. cannabinus tsire-tsire ne na shekara-shekara wanda aka fara amfani da shi don samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara. Wannan nau'in yana da nau'i mai yawa na sha kuma ana iya kwantar da shi a saman ruwa don sha mai. Ana cire kayan shukar da aka cika da mai sannan a aika zuwa wani wuri mai aminci inda za a iya rushe sinadarin hydrocarbon da kuma lalata su ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Mataki na biyu na bioremediation ya ƙunshi shuka da aka sani da Vetiveria zizanioides, nau'in ciyawa mai tsayi. V. zizanioides yana da tushen cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi mai zurfi wanda zai iya jure wa sinadarai a cikin ƙasa kuma yana iya lalata ƙasa ta hanyar lokaci mai buƙatar kulawa kaɗan. Mutanen Ogbogu na fatan yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin na gyaran halittu domin inganta ingancin ruwan sha, yanayin ƙasa, da lafiyar muhallin su.
Sai dai kuma wannan yanayi na iya zama kamar rashin fahimta ga yankin na Neja Delta akwai wasu hanyoyi da za a iya aiwatar da su don ceto shi daga gurbacewar yanayi a nan gaba. Za a iya sanya hotunan tauraron dan adam haɗe da amfani da Tsarin Bayanai na Geographical (GIS) don aiki don ganowa da bin diddigin mai da ya zubo. Don hanzarta tsaftace zubewa, wuraren tsabtace yanki tare da wuraren da ke da matsala na iya taimakawa wajen ɗaukar zubewar cikin sauri. Domin tabbatar da wadannan ayyuka dole ne masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar man fetur su samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su ci gaba da yaƙi da illolin mai, amma ba za su yi nasara ba su kaɗai.
Harkar kare yankin Neja Delta
Rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya yi tashin gwauron zabi a farkon shekarun 1990 sakamakon taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli ga mazauna yankin da ya samo asali daga manyan malalar mai da sauran ayyukan hakar mai na manyan kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje da 'yan kwangilar su. Da yawa daga cikin mazauna yankin Neja-Delta da suka haɗa da wasu tsiraru musamman ƴan Ogoni da kabilar Ijaw, suna ganin ana amfani da su, kuma ana tauye musu abin dogaro da kai a kasarsu. Rikicin kabilanci da na siyasa ya ci gaba a tsawon shekarun 1990 duk da komawar dimokradiyya da kuma zaɓen gwamnatin Obasanjo a 1999.
The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) kungiya ce mai tushe ta zamantakewa ta al'ummar Ogoni na yankin Niger Delta ta tsakiya. MOSOP wata kungiya ce ta kungiyoyi goma sha daya da ke wakiltar yankin Ogoni sama da 700,000 a wani kamfen na rashin tashin hankali na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. An kafa MOSOP a cikin 1990 ta mai fafutukar kare muhalli Ken Saro-Wiwa.
Salomón Obama
Salomón Asumu Obama Ondo (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Equatoguine wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar Andorran Primera Divisió UE Santa Coloma da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Equatorial Guinea.
Sana'a/Aiki
Obama ya koma Spain tun yana matashi daga Equatorial Guinea, kuma ya girma a Torrejón. Salmón ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Atlético Madrid a 2008.
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, 2019, Obama ya rattaba hannu kan Celta de Vigo, daga Atletico Madrid.
Ayyukan kasa
Obama, yana da shekaru 18, an kira shi zuwa ga babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Equatorial Guinea a watan Agustan 2018. A baya dai ya buga wasa a kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta kasar Sipaniya kamar yadda kuma yake da shaidar zama dan kasar Sipaniya.
Ya buga wasansa na farko na tawagar kasar a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsu da Sudan a gasar neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Tagwayen Obama, Federico Obama, shi ma dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Atlético Madrid (a matakin matasa) kuma babban jami'in kasa da kasa na Equatorial Guinea.
Jon Santacana Maiztegui
Jon Santacana Maiztegui (an haife shi a ranar 1ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan  B2 classified ne na wasan zamiya na naƙasassu na para-alpine dan kasar Sifaniya. Mai jagorancinsa wajen wasan ski na makafi shine Miguel Galindo Garces. Santacana ya fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IPC Alpine Skiing, a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai da na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, da kuma gasar kasar Spain. Ya wakilci Spain a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2002, na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2006 da na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2010, inda ya sami lambar zinare da lambobin azurfa biyu a wasannin na shekarar 2010.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Santacana a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba a shekara ta, 1980 a San Sebestian, Guipúzcoa, a yankin Basque na Spain. Tun daga shekara ta, 2012, yana zaune a Getxo, Vizcaya, Spain kuma dalibi ne na INEF.
Santacana yana da matsalar hangen nesa, wanda shine sakamakon matsalar kwayoyin halitta da ta bayyana kanta a lokacin yana dan shekara takwas.
Gudun kankara
Santacana skier ne mai rauni na gani na B2. Miguel Galindo Garces ne jagoransa.
Santacana ya sami lambar zinare a Switzerland wanda ya karbi bakuncin gasar shekara ta, 2000 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship. A shekara ta 2005, yayin da yake yin gudun hijira a La Molina, Spain, ya faɗi ya ji wa kansa rauni sosai kuma ya kasa yin gudun hijira har sai da kusan farkon wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar, 2006. Santacana ya sami lam bar zinare don gaba ɗaya kakar shekara ta, 2006 zuwa 2007 na gasar cin kofin Turai. Ya gama gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007 IPC Alpine Skiing a matsayi na biyu. A zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin Turai a watan Maris na shekarar, 2008, wani taron da aka gudanar a La Molina, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gudun hijira na Spain da suka fafata. Ya kammala gasar cin kofin Turai na shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 a matsayi na biyu bayan abubuwan gwaji guda biyar. Galindo shine jagoransa na kakar wasa. Ya kammala gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 a matsayi na uku. A karshen gasar cin kofin duniya na farko a kakar shekara ta, 2008 zuwa 2009, ya zauna a matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya. Wannan ne karo na takwas da ya buga wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya sami lambar zinare da lambobin azurfa biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2009 a Koriya ta Kudu. Zinarensa na farko ya zo a gasar Super Combined. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shida da jagorori huɗu waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya.
A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar, 2010 Alpine Skiing for Disabled a Abtenau, Austria, Santacana da jagoransa sun sami tagulla a cikin katafaren taron slalom bayan gudu na farko da suka yi a matsayi na biyar da na biyu inda suka zo na biyu. Bai samu damar shiga gasar Super Combined ba saboda an soke shi. Sannan ya fafata a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai a watan Janairu a La Molina. Ya kare na biyar a taron slalom. A taron karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010, wani taron da aka gudanar a watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010 a Aspen, Colorado, ya sami lambar zinare a wani taron tare da jagoran Galindo. Wannan shi ne babban taron na ƙarshe kafin Wasannin shekarar, 2010. Ya kuma sami lambar tagulla a gasar Giant Slalom, yayin da ya kare na shida a cikin Super Combined. Ya zo gasar cin kofin duniya na Aspen tare da maki 625 na gasar cin kofin duniya. Santacana ya halarci gasa ta watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2010 Vancouver wanda Federación Española de Deportes de Personas con Discapacidad Física (FEDDF), Federación Española de Deportes para Paralíticos Cerebrales (FEDPC) da Federación Española Deportes para Ciegos (FEDC) suka shirya. Ya fafata a gasar tseren kankara na watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2010 a Landgraaf, Netherlands inda ya sami lambar zinare a gasar kasa da kasa. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, wadda aka gudanar a birnin Arta Terme na kasar Italiya, Santacana da Galindo sun kare a matsayi na biyu a farkon wasanni hudu da aka gudanar. A gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2011 da aka gudanar a Sestriere, Italiya, ya zo na daya a gasar Super-G. Ya halarci wasan a shekara ta, 2012 Campeonatos de España de Esquí da aka gudanar a Valle de Arán, inda aka fafata a gasar Slalom, Giant Slalom da Super G. Ya lashe zinari a cikin dukkan abubuwan guda uku. Kusa da ƙarshen lokacin ski na shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya a Italiya inda ya gama na farko a gasar slalom mai girma a cikin ƙungiyar masu fama da hangen nesa. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar, 2012, ya yage Achilles tendon. A watan Janairun shekara ta, 2013 gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Switzerland, inda ya yi gudun hijira tare da Galindo, ya samu lambar zinare a babbar gasar slalom. Duk da yake bai samu lambar yabo ba a wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gasar, ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa a saman shugaban hukumar gasar cin kofin duniya na kakar wasa. Ya lashe lambobin zinare uku a gasar IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships.
A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar, 2017 Santacana ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin tudu, da slalom, lambar tagulla a cikin giant slalom, da kamun kifi na huɗu a cikin babban haɗe.
Paralympics
Santacana ya sami lambar zinare da tagulla biyu a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar, 2002.
A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2009, Santacana ya halarci wani taron a Madrid wanda Shirin Babban Ayyuka na Paralympic (Shirin ARPA) ya shirya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen Wasannin Vancouver. Kafin ya tashi zuwa Vancouver, ya halarci bikin tashi wanda Sakataren Jiha na Wasanni Jaime Lissavetzky, babban sakatare na manufofin zamantakewa Francisco Moza, shugaban kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Spain Miguel Carballeda, da kuma manajan daraktan kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Spain Alberto Jofre suka halarta. Dukan tawagar Spain sun isa Whistler gabanin wasannin shekarar, 2010 nan da 7 ga watan Fabrairu. Jagoransa don wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2010 shine Galindo. Fog a Vancouver ya haifar da canji a cikin jadawalin abubuwan da ya faru na ski. Ma'auratan sun sami lambar zinare a gasar hangen nesa ta maza. Kambun zinare da ya samu shi ne zinare na farko da dan kasar Spain ya ci a gasar. Shiga Vancouver, ya kasance a matsayi na biyu a duniya a cikin ƙasa. Ya kasance na biyu a cikin gudu na farko da na biyu na hangen nesa na maza wanda ya raunana Giant Slalom taron. Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a babban taron da aka yi a Wasanni. Ya kammala wasannin na shekarar, 2010 da lambar zinare daya da lambobin azurfa biyu. Bayan wasannin, tawagar 'yan wasan nakasassu ta Spain sun halarci bikin maraba da dawowa gidauniyar ONCE wadda ita ma Infanta Elena, Duchess na Lugo ya halarta.
Sheikh Shi'itu Ghali
Imam Shi'ithu Ghali Kadawa shi ne Sarkin Madina Malamai na biyu, Jagoran Ruhaniya kuma limamin Kadawa, Warawa, an haife shi a gidan Banu Gha mai daraja kuma dan kabilar Madina ne, Majalisar Masarautar Kano ta naɗa shi bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Imam Ghali.