cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Pilar Khoury
Grenoble
Ta koma Grenoble don lokacin 2018 – 19 a cikin Division 2. Bayan da aka tashi a hankali, inda ta ci sau daya a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, Koury ta ci kwallaye 10 a wasanni 10 na gaba. Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na Coupe de France féminine.
Saint-Étienne
A cikin shekara 2019, Khoury ta shiga rukunin na biyu na Saint-Étienne inda, a cikin kakar 2019-20, ta zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 11. Ta kuma zura kwallo daya tilo a wasanta na Coupe de France. A cikin 2020-21, Khouri ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu, kafin a soke kakar wasa saboda annobar COVID-19 a Faransa. Ta kammala da kwallaye 11 a wasanni 18 a dukkan gasa.
Nantes
A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021, Khouri ya koma Nantes. Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 5 ga Satumba, a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 da Lens. A ranar 10 Oktoba, Koury ta  zira kwallonta ta farko ga Nantes, inda ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe 3-0 da Orléans. Ta ƙare kakar 2021 – 22 tare da kwallaye shida a cikin wasannin gasar 20, ta rasa ci gaban  Division 1 da maki ɗaya. Khoury ta kuma ci kwallo daya a wasanni biyar na Coupe de France, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne. Ta bayyana sha'awarta ta taka leda a Lebanon fiye da Kanada, tana mai cewa ta yi mafarkin wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon tun tana karama.
An fara kiran Khoury ne zuwa kasar Lebanon a watan Afrilun 2021, gabanin wasan sada zumunci da za a yi a Armenia. Game da kiran da aka yi mata na farko, ta ce: “Ina da wahalar bayyana ma’anar hakan a gare ni. Don in wakilci ƙasar iyayena bayan duk sadaukarwar da suka yi don harkar ƙwallon ƙafata.” Koyaya, saboda sakamakon tabbatacce ga COVID-19, ta kasa tafiya.
Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta taimakawa Lebanon ta doke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta mata ta AFC ta 2022. An kira Khoury don wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon a Gasar Mata ta WAFF ta 2022 ; ta taimaka wa gefenta ya zo na biyu, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a gwagwalad duniya a kan Syria a ranar 4 ga Satumba.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Kakan mahaifiyar Khoury, Louis Saad, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne;  ya mutu a shekara ta 2013. Khoury ya bayyana cewa ya koya mata yadda ake buga kwallo. Kwanaki kadan kafin rasuwarta, kakanta ya mika mata takardar shaidar zama dan kasar Faransa, wanda ya taimaka mata wajen taka leda a Faransa shekaru uku bayan haka.
Yayin wasa don Ottawa Gee-Gees, Khouri ya gkammala digiri na farko a kimiyyarlafiya tare da ƙarami a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam. Khoury ita ma daliba gwagwalad ce a lokacin da take Albi.
Girmamawa
Lebanon
Mutum
Rubuce-rubuce
Ciwon Dajin Dake Haifar da Radiation
An san kuma bayyanar da ionizing radiation don ƙara yawan ciwon daji na gaba, musamman cutar sankarar bargo. An fahimci tsarin da wannan ke faruwa da kyau, amma ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa suna tsinkayar matakin haɗari sun kasance masu jayayya. Mafi kyawun samfurin da aka yarda da shi ya nuna cewa abubuwan da suka faru na ciwon daji saboda ionizing radiation yana karuwa a layi tare da tasiri mai tasiri a cikin adadin 5.5% a kowace sivert ; idan daidai ne, asalin yanayin radiation shine tushen mafi haɗari na radiation zuwa lafiyar jama'a, sannan kuma hoton likita a matsayin kusa da na biyu., yawancin cututtukan da ba su da haɗari ba su ne cututtukan fata wadanda ba melanoma ba wanda ke haifar da radiation ultraviolet (wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin ionizing da rashin ionizing radiation). Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki, da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO don Bincike kan Ciwon daji, amma haɗin gwiwar ya kasance ba a tabbatar da shi ba.
Dalilai
Dangane da samfarin da ake yin amfani da shi, duk wani tasirin radiation zai iya ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji. Abubuwan da aka saba ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan haɗarin sun haɗa da hasken baya na asali, hanyoyin likita, fallasa sana'a, haɗarin nukiliya, da sauran su. An tattauna wasu manyan masu ba da gudummawa a ƙasa.
Maguɗi
Maguɗi wannan kalmar na nufin yin abu ta hanyar cuta ba tare dayinshi ta yanda ya kamata ba. A turance kuma ana kiranshi da da Dishonesty.
Ciwon Dajin Dake Haifar da Radiation
Radon
Shaidar cututtukan cututtuka na nuna alamar alaƙa tsakanin ciwon huhu na huhu da kuma yawan radon, tare da 21,000 radon da ke haifar da mutuwar ciwon daji na Amurka a kowace shekara — na biyu kawai ga shan taba sigari — a cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. Don haka a cikin wuraren da radon ke kasancewa a cikin haɓakar haɓaka, ana ɗaukar radon a matsayin babban gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida.
Bayyanar mazaunin ga radon gas yana da irin wannan haɗarin kansa kamar shan taba. Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi ƙarfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, irin su radon gas ɗin da ke shan taba.
Likita
A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, Hoto na likita yana ba da gudummawar kusan adadin radiation ga jama'a kamar na baya-bayan nan. Kashi na tara ga jama'ar Amurka daga hoton likitanci ya karu da kashi shida daga shekarae 1990 zuwa shekarar  2006, galibi saboda yawan amfani da sikanin 3D wanda ke ba da ƙarin kashi a kowace hanya fiye da na gargajiya. CT scans kadai, wanda ke lissafin rabin kashi na hoto na likita ga jama'a, an kiyasta cewa yana da alhakin 0.4% na ciwon daji na yanzu a Amurka, kuma wannan na iya karuwa zuwa 1.5-2% tare da ƙimar 2007 na amfani da CT. ; duk da haka, ana jayayya da wannan kiyasin. Sauran dabarun maganin nukiliya sun haɗa da allurar magungunan rediyo kai tsaye zuwa cikin jini, da kuma jiyya na rediyo da gangan isar da allurai masu mutuwa (a matakin salula) zuwa ciwace-ciwace da kyallen jikin da ke kewaye.
An kiyasta cewa CT scan da aka yi a Amurka a cikin 2007 kadai zai haifar da sabbin cututtukan daji guda 29,000 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An soki wannan ƙididdiga ta Cibiyar Nazarin Radiology ta Amurka (ACR), wacce ke kula da cewa tsawon rayuwar marasa lafiya na CT ba na yawan jama'a ba ne kuma cewa ƙirar ƙididdige cutar kansa ya dogara ne akan bayyanar hasken jiki gabaɗaya kuma don haka kuskure ne.
Na sana'a
Dangane da shawarwarin ICRP, yawancin masu mulki suna ba da izinin ma'aikatan makamashin nukiliya su sami ƙarin adadin radiation har sau 20 fiye da yadda aka ba wa jama'a izini. Yawancin allurai ana ba da izini yayin amsa gaggawa. Yawancin ma'aikata ana kiyaye su da kyau a cikin iyakoki na tsari, yayin da wasu ƴan ma'aikatan fasaha za su kusanci iyakar su kowace shekara. Hatsarin wuce gona da iri na hatsari fiye da iyakoki na faruwa a duniya sau da yawa a shekara. 'Yan sama jannati a kan dogon ayyuka suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, duba ciwon daji da jirgin sama.
Wasu sana'o'in suna fuskantar radiation ba tare da an lasafta su a matsayin ma'aikatan makamashin nukiliya ba. Ma'aikatan jirgin sama suna samun fa'idodin sana'a daga hasken sararin samaniya saboda ragewar garkuwar yanayi a tsayi. Ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai suna samun fallasa sana'a ga radon, musamman a ma'adinan uranium. Duk wanda ke aiki a cikin ginin granite, kamar US Capitol, yana yiwuwa ya sami kashi daga uranium na halitta a cikin granite.
Hatsari
Hadarin nukiliya na iya haifar da sakamako mai ban mamaki ga kewayen su, amma tasirinsu a duniya kan cutar kansa bai kai na abubuwan da suka faru na halitta da na likitanci ba.
Babban hatsarin nukiliyar mai yiwuwa shine bala'in Chernobyl. Baya ga mace-mace na al'ada da kuma mutuwar cututtukan cututtuka na radiation, yara tara sun mutu da ciwon daji na thyroid, kuma an kiyasta cewa za a iya samun mutuwar ciwon daji fiye da 4,000 a cikin kusan 600,000 mafi yawan fallasa mutane. Daga cikin miliyan 100 curies (4 exabecquerels ) na kayan aikin rediyo, gajeriyar isotopes na rediyoaktif kamar Chernobyl da aka saki sune farkon mafi haɗari.131I Saboda gajeriyar rabin rayuwar su na kwanaki 5 da 8 yanzu sun lalace, sun bar mafi tsawon rayuwa 137Cs(tare da rabin rayuwar shekaru 30.07) da 90Sr (tare da rabin rayuwar shekaru 28.78) a matsayin babba. hatsarori.
A cikin Maris 2011, girgizar kasa da tsunami sun haifar da lalacewa wanda ya haifar da fashe-fashe da narkewar wani bangare a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I a Japan. Muhimmiyar sakin kayan aikin rediyo ya faru ne biyo bayan fashewar hydrogen a wasu injina guda uku, yayin da masu fasaha suka yi kokarin yin turbaya a cikin ruwan teku domin sanyaya sandunan man Uranium, suka zubar da iskar gas na rediyoaktif daga na'urorin da za su ba da damar ruwan tekun. Damuwa game da babban sakin aikin rediyo ya haifar da 20 An kafa yankin keɓe kilomita a kusa da tashar wutar lantarki da mutane a cikin 20-30 km zone ana ba da shawarar zama a cikin gida. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2011, jami'an Japan sun ba da sanarwar cewa "an gano radioactive iodine-131 wanda ya wuce iyakokin tsaro ga jarirai a masana'antar tsabtace ruwa 18 a Tokyo da wasu larduna biyar".
A shekara ta 2003, a cikin binciken gawarwakin da aka yi wa yara 6 da suka mutu a gurɓataccen yanki kusa da Chernobyl, inda kuma suka ba da rahoton bullar cutar ta pancreatic ciwace-ciwacen daji, Bandazhevsky ya sami yawan adadin 137-Cs na 40-45 fiye da na hanta, don haka ya nuna cewa pancreatic. Nama shine mai ƙarfi mai tara ceium na rediyoaktif. A cikin 2020, Zrielykh ya ba da rahoton bullar cutar kansar pancreatic mai girma a cikin Ukraine na tsawon shekara 10, akwai lokuta na rashin lafiya kuma a cikin yara a cikin 2013 idan aka kwatanta da 2003.
Sauran munanan hadurran radiyo sun haɗa da bala'in Kyshtym (ƙimantawa 49 zuwa 55 mutuwar ciwon daji), da wutar Windscale (kimanin mutuwar kansar 33).
Hadarin Transit 5BN-3 SNAP 9A. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1964, tauraron dan adam mai dauke da plutonium ya kone a sararin samaniya. Dokta John Gofman ya yi iƙirarin ƙara yawan cutar kansar huhu a duniya. Ya ce “Ko da yake ba zai yiwu a yi kiyasin ba  adadin cutar kansar huhu da hatsarin ya haifar, babu shakka cewa tarwatsawar Plutonium-238 da yawa zai ƙara yawan cutar kansar huhu da aka gano a cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa."
Makanikai
Ciwon daji wani tasiri ne na stochastic na radiation, ma'ana lamari ne wanda ba a iya tsammani ba. Yiwuwar abin da ya faru yana ƙaruwa tare da tasiri mai tasiri na radiation, amma tsananin ciwon daji ya kasance mai zaman kanta daga kashi. Gudun da ciwon daji ke ci gaba, tsinkaye, matakin zafi, da kowane nau'i na cutar ba ayyuka ne na kashi na radiation wanda aka fallasa mutum ba. Wannan ya bambanta da ƙayyadaddun sakamako na ciwo mai tsanani na radiation wanda ke ƙaruwa da tsanani tare da kashi sama da kofa. Ciwon daji yana farawa da kwayar halitta guda daya wanda aikinsa ya lalace. Ayyukan tantanin halitta na yau da kullun ana sarrafa su ta tsarin sinadarai na kwayoyin DNA, wanda kuma ake kira chromosomes.
Lokacin da radiation ya adana isasshen makamashi a cikin nama na kwayoyin halitta don haifar da ionization, wannan yana kula da karya ginshiƙan kwayoyin halitta, kuma don haka canza tsarin kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin da ba su da iska. Ƙananan radiation mai ƙarfi, kamar hasken da ake iya gani, kawai yana haifar da tashin hankali, ba ionization ba, wanda yawanci ana watsawa azaman zafi tare da ƙananan lalacewar sinadarai. Hasken ultraviolet yawanci ana rarraba shi azaman rashin ionizing, amma a zahiri yana cikin kewayon matsakaici wanda ke haifar da ionization da lalata sinadarai. Don haka tsarin carcinogenic na ultraviolet radiation yayi kama da na ionizing radiation.
Ba kamar abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai ko ta jiki don cutar kansa ba, raɗaɗin raɗaɗi yana shiga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sel ba da gangan ba. Kwayoyin da suka karye ta hanyar radiation na iya zama radicals masu aiki sosai waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarin lalacewar sinadarai. Wasu daga cikin wannan lalacewar kai tsaye da kaikaice za su yi tasiri ga chromosomes da abubuwan epigenetic waɗanda ke sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin salula za su gyara wasu daga cikin wannan lalacewa, amma wasu gyare-gyaren ba daidai ba ne kuma wasu rashin daidaituwa na chromosome za su zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba.
DNA biyu-strand breaks (DSBs) gabaɗaya an yarda da su zama mafi mahimmancin rauni ta ilimin halitta wanda ionizing radiation ke haifar da ciwon daji. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa ionizing radiation yana haifar da DSBs a cikin adadin 35 DSBs a kowace tantanin halitta kowace Gray, kuma yana cire wani yanki na alamomin epigenetic na DNA, wanda ke tsara yanayin magana. Yawancin DSBs da aka jawo an gyara su a cikin 24h bayan bayyanarwa, duk da haka, 25% na gyare-gyaren da aka gyara ba daidai ba ne kuma game da 20% na ƙwayoyin fibroblast da aka fallasa zuwa 200mGy sun mutu a cikin kwanaki 4 bayan bayyanarwa. Wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a yana da tsarin gyara DNA mara kyau, don haka suna fama da zagi mai girma saboda fallasa ga radiation.
Babban lalacewa yakan haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta ko rashin iya haifuwa. Wannan tasirin yana da alhakin mummunan ciwo na radiation, amma waɗannan ƙwayoyin da suka lalace sosai ba za su iya zama masu ciwon daji ba. Lalacewa mai sauƙi na iya barin barga, wani ɓangaren tantanin halitta mai aiki wanda zai iya yaduwa kuma a ƙarshe ya haɓaka zuwa kansa, musamman idan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari sun lalace. Binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa al'amuran mutagenic ba sa faruwa nan da nan bayan haskakawa. Madadin haka, sel masu rai sun bayyana sun sami rashin zaman lafiya na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da karuwar adadin maye gurbi a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. Tantanin halitta zai ci gaba ta matakai da yawa na canjin neoplastic wanda zai iya ƙarewa zuwa ƙari bayan shekaru da yawa. Ana iya raba canjin neoplastic zuwa manyan matakai masu zaman kansu guda uku: Canje-canjen Halittu zuwa tantanin halitta, samun rashin mutuwa ta salula (rasa al'ada, tsarin tafiyar da rayuwa mai iyaka), da daidaitawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin samuwar ƙwayar cuta.
A wasu lokuta, ƙaramin kashi na radiation yana rage tasirin sakamako na gaba, mafi girman adadin radiation. Wannan an kira shi 'amsa mai karɓuwa' kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin hasashen da ake yi na hormesis.
Tsawon shekaru da yawa na ɓoye na iya wucewa tsakanin bayyanar radiation da gano ciwon daji. Waɗancan cututtukan daji waɗanda za su iya tasowa a sakamakon bayyanar radiation ba za a iya bambanta su da waɗanda ke faruwa ta zahiri ko kuma sakamakon kamuwa da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogens. Bugu da ƙari, wallafe-wallafen Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Ƙasa ya nuna cewa haɗarin sinadarai da na jiki da abubuwan rayuwa, kamar shan taba, shan barasa, da abinci, suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga yawancin waɗannan cututtuka. Shaidu daga masu hakar uranium sun nuna cewa shan taba yana iya samun mu'amala mai yawa, maimakon ƙari, tare da radiation. Ana iya yin kimanta gudunmawar radiation ga cutar kansa ta hanyar manyan nazarin annoba tare da cikakkun bayanai game da duk wasu abubuwan haɗari masu rikitarwa.
Ciwon daji na fata
Tsawon tsawaitawa zuwa hasken ultraviolet daga rana zai iya haifar da melanoma da sauran cututtukan fata. Shaida bayyananniya ta kafa ultraviolet radiation, musamman maras ionizing matsakaici kalaman UVB, a matsayin dalilin mafi yawan wadanda ba melanoma fata cancers, waxanda suke da na kowa nau'i na ciwon daji a duniya.
Ciwon daji na fata na iya faruwa bayan bayyanar ionizing radiation bayan wani lokaci mai ɓoye wanda ya kai shekaru 20 zuwa 40. Keratosis na yau da kullun na radiation wani rauni ne na fata na keratotic wanda zai iya tasowa akan fata shekaru da yawa bayan fallasa ga radiation ionizing. Malignancies iri-iri na iya tasowa, yawancin ciwon daji na basal-cell wanda ke biye da kansar squamous-cell. Haɗarin haɓaka yana iyakance ga wurin da aka fallasa hasken. Yawancin karatu kuma sun ba da shawarar yuwuwar alaƙar alaƙa tsakanin melanoma da bayyanar ionizing radiation. Matsakaicin haɗarin ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga ƙananan matakan fallasa ya fi rikice-rikice, amma shaidar da ake da ita tana nuna ƙarin haɗarin da ya yi daidai da adadin da aka karɓa. Masu aikin rediyo da masu daukar hoto suna daga cikin rukunin sana'o'in farko da aka fallasa ga radiation. Shi ne abin lura na farkon masu aikin rediyo wanda ya haifar da gane cutar kansar fata da ke haifar da radiation-canza ta farko mai alaƙa da radiation-a cikin 1902. Yayin da cutar kansar fata ta biyu zuwa radiation ionizing ta likita ta kasance mafi girma a baya, akwai kuma wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa haɗarin wasu cututtuka, musamman ciwon daji na fata, na iya karuwa a tsakanin ma'aikatan radiation na likita na baya-bayan nan, kuma wannan na iya zama dangantaka da takamaiman ko canza ayyukan radiologic. Shaidu da ake da su sun nuna cewa yawan haɗarin cutar kansar fata yana ɗaukar shekaru 45 ko fiye bayan haskakawa.
Epidemiology
Ciwon daji wani tasiri ne na stochastic na radiation, ma'ana cewa kawai yana da yuwuwar faruwa, sabanin tasirin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa waɗanda koyaushe ke faruwa akan takamaiman matakin kashi. Yarjejeniyar masana'antar nukiliya, masu kula da makamashin nukiliya, da gwamnatoci, shine cewa za'a iya ƙirƙira abubuwan da suka faru na cutar kansa ta hanyar ionizing radiation kamar yadda ake haɓaka daidai gwargwado tare da ingantacciyar ƙwayar radiation a cikin ƙimar 5.5% a kowane gefe. Nazari guda ɗaya, madadin samfura, da sigogin farko na yarjejeniya masana'antu sun samar da wasu ƙididdiga masu haɗari da suka warwatse a kusa da wannan ƙirar yarjejeniya. Akwai yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya cewa haɗarin ya fi girma ga jarirai da 'yan tayi fiye da manya, mafi girma ga masu matsakaicin shekaru fiye da tsofaffi, kuma mafi girma ga mata fiye da na maza, kodayake babu wata ƙima game da wannan. An yarda da wannan ƙirar don radiation na waje, amma ana jayayya game da aikace-aikacensa ga gurɓataccen ciki. Alal misali, samfurin ya kasa yin la'akari da ƙananan ciwon daji a cikin ma'aikata na farko a Los Alamos National Laboratory waɗanda aka fallasa su da ƙurar plutonium, da kuma yawan ciwon daji na thyroid a cikin yara bayan hadarin Chernobyl, dukansu biyu sun kasance abubuwan da suka faru na ciki. . Chris Busby na kansa mai suna "Kwamitin Turai kan Hatsarin Radiation", ya kira tsarin ICRP "mai rauni mai rauni" idan ya zo ga fallasa cikin gida.
Radiation na iya haifar da ciwon daji a mafi yawan sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi, da kuma kowane shekaru, duk da cewa radiation-induced tabarbarewar ciwace-ciwacen daji yakan dauki shekaru 10-15, kuma zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 40, ya bayyana a asibiti, kuma radiation-jawowa. cutar sankarar bargo yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru 2-9 don bayyana. Wasu mutane, irin su waɗanda ke da ciwon basal cell carcinoma ko retinoblastoma, sun fi sauƙi fiye da matsakaici don bunkasa ciwon daji daga bayyanar radiation. Yara da matasa suna da yuwuwar haɓaka cutar sankarar bargo da ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma.
Fitar da hasken Radiation na iya haifar da ciwon daji a cikin kowane nau'in nama mai rai, amma babban kashi gaba ɗaya na bayyanar waje na waje yana da alaƙa da cutar sankarar bargo, yana nuna babban radiyo na bargo. Abubuwan da ke cikin ciki suna haifar da ciwon daji a cikin gabobin da ke tattare da kayan aikin rediyo, don haka radon ya fi haifar da ciwon huhu, iiodine-131 don ciwon daji na thyroid yana iya haifar da cutar sankarar bargo.
Bayanan bayanai
Ƙungiyoyin da ke tsakanin ionizing radiation fallasa da ci gaban ciwon daji sun dogara ne da farko a kan "Ƙungiyar LSS " na mutanen da suka tsira daga bam na Japan, mafi yawan yawan mutane da aka taɓa fuskantar manyan matakan ionizing radiation. Sai dai kuma wannan rukunin ya fuskanci zafi mai zafi, duka daga farkon hasken nukiliya na hasken infrared da kuma biyo bayan fashewar wutar da suka yi da gobarar da ta taso a garuruwan biyu, don haka wadanda suka tsira sun kuma yi maganin Hyperthermia zuwa digiri daban-daban. Hyperthermia, ko bayyanar da zafi bayan haskakawa sananne ne a fagen jiyya na radiation don ƙara girman tsananin zagi ga sel bayan haskakawa. A halin yanzu duk da haka babu wani yunƙuri da aka yi don magance wannan lamari mai ruɗani, ba a haɗa shi ko gyara shi a cikin matakan amsa kashi na wannan rukunin.
An tattara ƙarin bayanai daga waɗanda aka zaɓa na hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da bala'in Chernobyl na 1986. Akwai madaidaicin hanyar haɗi (duba Rahoton UNSCEAR 2000, Volume 2: Effects ) tsakanin hatsarin Chernobyl da adadi mai yawa wanda ba a saba gani ba, kamar 1,800, na cututtukan daji na thyroid da aka ruwaito a cikin gurɓatattun wurare, galibi a cikin yara.
Don ƙananan matakan radiation, illolin halittu suna da ƙanƙanta ba za a iya gano su ba a cikin nazarin annoba. Ko da yake radiation na iya haifar da ciwon daji a babban allurai da yawan adadin kuzari, bayanan lafiyar jama'a game da ƙananan matakan fallasa, ƙasa da kusan 10 mSv (1,000 mrem), sun fi wuya a fassara. Don tantance tasirin lafiyar ƙananan allurai na radiation, masu bincike sun dogara da tsarin tsarin da radiation ke haifar da ciwon daji; samfura da yawa waɗanda ke hasashen matakan haɗari daban-daban sun fito.
Nazarin ma'aikatan sana'a da aka fallasa ga ƙananan matakan radiation na yau da kullum, sama da asali na al'ada, sun ba da shaida mai gauraya game da ciwon daji da kuma tasirin da ke faruwa. Sakamakon ciwon daji, ko da yake ba shi da tabbas, ya yi daidai da alkaluman hadarin da ya danganci wadanda suka tsira daga bam din atomic kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan ma'aikata suna fuskantar ƙananan karuwa a yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankarar bargo da sauran cututtuka. Ɗaya daga cikin kwanan nan kuma mai zurfi na nazarin ma'aikata an buga ta Cardis, et al. a shekarar 2005. Akwai shaida cewa ƙananan matakin, taƙaitaccen fallasa hasken wuta ba su da lahani.
Yin samfuri
Samfurin amsawar kashi na layi yana nuna cewa duk wani karuwa a cikin kashi, komai kankantarsa, yana haifar da haɓakar haɓakar haɗari. Samfurin ba-kofi na layi (LNT) yana karɓar karɓa daga Hukumar Kula da Kariyar Radiyo ta Duniya (ICRP) da masu gudanarwa a duk duniya. Bisa ga wannan samfurin, kimanin kashi 1% na al'ummar duniya suna fama da ciwon daji a sakamakon radiation na asali a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Don kwatanta, 13% na mace-mace a cikin 2008 ana danganta su da ciwon daji, don haka hasken baya zai iya zama ƙaramin mai ba da gudummawa.
Jam'iyyu da dama sun soki amincewar ICRP na tsarin ba-kofa na layi don wuce gona da iri na ƙananan allurai na radiation. Mafi sau da yawa da aka ambata a madadin su ne samfurin "mai layi na quadratic" da kuma "hormesis" model. Ana kallon ƙirar madaidaicin madaidaiciya a cikin aikin rediyo azaman mafi kyawun ƙirar rayuwa ta salula, kuma shine mafi dacewa ga bayanan cutar sankarar bargo daga ƙungiyar LSS. A cikin dukkan shari'o'i uku, dole ne a ƙayyade ƙimar alpha da beta ta hanyar koma baya daga bayanan fallasa ɗan adam. Gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje akan dabbobi da samfuran nama suna da iyakacin ƙima. Yawancin ingantattun bayanan ɗan adam da ake samu daga manyan mutane ne, sama da 0.1 Sv, don haka duk wani amfani da samfuran a ƙananan allurai ƙari ne wanda zai iya zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ko fiye da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Babu isassun bayanan ɗan adam da ke akwai don daidaita tsayuwar wanne daga cikin waɗannan ƙirar zai iya zama daidai a ƙananan allurai. Ijma'in ya kasance a ɗauka ba tare da kofa na layi ba saboda shine mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya na ukun.
Radiation hormesis shine hasashe cewa ƙaramin matakin ionizing radiation (watau, kusa da matakin radiation na yanayin yanayin duniya) yana taimakawa "alurar rigakafi" kwayoyin halitta daga lalacewar DNA daga wasu dalilai (kamar radicals kyauta ko manyan allurai na ionizing radiation), kuma yana raguwa. hadarin ciwon daji. Ka'idar ta ba da shawarar cewa irin waɗannan ƙananan matakan suna kunna hanyoyin gyaran DNA na jiki, yana haifar da matakan da suka fi girma na sunadaran gyaran gyare-gyare na DNA a cikin jiki, inganta ƙarfin jiki don gyara lalacewar DNA. Wannan ikirari yana da matukar wahala a iya tabbatarwa a cikin mutane (amfani, alal misali, nazarin ciwon daji na ƙididdiga) saboda tasirin ƙananan matakan ionizing radiation sun yi ƙanƙanta da za a iya ƙididdige su a cikin "hayan" na yawan ciwon daji na yau da kullum.
Ra'ayin radiation hormesis ana ɗaukarsa wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba ta hanyar hukumomin gudanarwa. Idan samfurin hormesis ya zama daidai, yana yiwuwa cewa ka'idoji na yau da kullum bisa tsarin LNT zasu hana ko iyakance tasirin maganin hormetic, don haka yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiya.
An lura da wasu abubuwan da ba na layi ba, musamman ga allurai na ciki. Misali, aidin-131 sananne ne a cikin cewa yawancin allurai na isotope wasu lokuta ba su da haɗari fiye da ƙarancin allurai, tunda suna kashe ƙwayoyin thyroid waɗanda ba za su zama masu cutar kansa ba sakamakon radiation. Yawancin nazarin I-131 mai girma don maganin cutar Graves sun kasa samun karuwa a cikin ciwon daji na thyroid, ko da yake akwai karuwa a layi daya a cikin hadarin ciwon daji na thyroid tare da sha na I-131 a matsakaicin allurai.
Amincin jama'a
Ƙananan bayyanar cututtuka, irin su rayuwa kusa da tashar makamashin nukiliya ko tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ke da hayaki mafi girma fiye da na nukiliya, yawanci an yi imanin cewa ba shi da wani tasiri ko kadan akan ci gaban ciwon daji, hana haɗari. Abubuwan da suka fi damuwa sun haɗa da radon a cikin gine-gine da kuma yawan amfani da hoton likita.
Hukumar Kula da Kariyar Radiyo ta Duniya (ICRP) ta ba da shawarar iyakance isar da iska na wucin gadi na jama'a zuwa matsakaicin 1 mSv (0.001 Sv) na ingantacciyar kashi a kowace shekara, ban da haɗaɗɗun bayanan likita da na sana'a. Don kwatantawa, matakan radiation a cikin ginin babban birnin Amurka sun kasance 0.85 mSv/yr, kusa da ƙayyadaddun tsari, saboda abun ciki na uranium na tsarin granite. Bisa ga tsarin ICRP, wanda ya shafe shekaru 20 a cikin ginin babban birnin kasar zai sami karin daya a cikin dubun damar kamuwa da cutar kansa, fiye da duk wani hadarin da ke akwai. (20 yr X 0.85 mSv/yr X 0.001 Sv/mSv X 5.5%/Sv = ~0.1%) Wannan "hadarin da ke wanzu" ya fi girma; Matsakaicin Ba'amurke zai sami kashi ɗaya cikin goma na damar kamuwa da cutar kansa a cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru 20, ko da ba tare da fallasa ga radiation ta wucin gadi ba.
Lalacewar ciki saboda sha, shaka, allura, ko sha yana da damuwa ta musamman saboda kayan aikin rediyo na iya zama a cikin jiki na tsawon lokaci, "aikawa" batun tattara kashi na tsawon lokaci bayan bayyanar farko ta ƙare, duk da haka a. low kashi rates. Fiye da mutane ɗari, ciki har da Eben Byers da 'yan mata na radium, sun karɓi allurai fiye da 10 Gy kuma sun ci gaba da mutuwa daga ciwon daji ko kuma abubuwan halitta, yayin da adadin adadin ƙwayar waje zai iya haifar da mutuwar farko ta hanyar radiation mai tsanani. ciwo.
Ana sarrafa fallasa cikin jama'a ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun tsari akan abun cikin rediyoaktif na abinci da ruwa. Waɗannan iyakoki galibi ana bayyana su a cikin becquerel /kilogram, tare da iyakoki daban-daban da aka saita don kowane gurɓataccen abu.
Tarihi
An gane tasirin kwayoyin halitta na radiation, gami da tasirin haɗarin kansa, da yawa daga baya. A cikin 1927 Hermann Joseph Muller ya buga bincike yana nuna tasirin kwayoyin halitta, kuma a cikin 1946 an ba shi kyautar Nobel don bincikensa. Ba da daɗewa ba an danganta radiation zuwa kansar kashi a cikin masu zanen radium dial, amma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba har sai an gudanar da nazarin dabbobi masu yawa bayan yakin duniya na biyu. An ƙididdige haɗarin ta hanyar nazarin dogon lokaci na waɗanda suka tsira daga bam ɗin atomic.
Kafin a san illolin halittu na radiation, likitoci da kamfanoni da yawa sun fara tallata sinadarai na rediyoaktif a matsayin likitan haƙƙin mallaka da kuma quackery na rediyoaktif. Misalai sune jiyya na radium enema, da ruwa mai ɗauke da radium da za a sha azaman tonics. Marie Curie ta yi magana game da irin wannan nau'in magani, tana mai gargadin cewa ba a fahimci tasirin radiation a jikin ɗan adam ba. Curie daga baya ya mutu da aplastic anemia, ba ciwon daji ba. Eben Byers, sanannen zamantakewa na Amurka, ya mutu daga cututtuka masu yawa a cikin 1932 bayan ya cinye radium mai yawa a cikin shekaru da yawa; Mutuwar tasa ta ja hankalin jama'a game da illolin radiation. A cikin 1930s, bayan adadin necrosis na kashi da kuma mutuwa a cikin masu sha'awar, samfuran likitancin da ke ɗauke da radium sun kusan ɓacewa daga kasuwa.
A cikin Amurka, kwarewar abin da ake kira Radium Girls, inda dubban masu zane-zane na radium-dial suka kamu da ciwon daji na baka, sun yada gargadin lafiyar sana'a da ke hade da hadarin radiation. Robley D. Evans, a MIT, ya samar da ma'auni na farko don halatta nauyin jikin radium, wani muhimmin mataki na kafa magungunan nukiliya a matsayin filin nazari. Tare da haɓaka injinan nukiliya da makaman nukiliya a cikin 1940s, an ba da ƙarin kulawar kimiyya don nazarin kowane nau'in tasirin radiation.
Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa
Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa a taƙaice ( NIMC ), kungiya ce da ta kafa doka a Najeriya wacce ke gudanar da tsarin sarrafa shaidar kasa. Dokar NIMC mai lamba 23 ta shekarar 2007 ta kafa ta ne don ƙirƙira, da sarrafa bayanan katin shaidar ɗan Najeriya, haɗa bayanan da ake da su a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati, yi wa daidaikun jama'a da masu zaman ƙasar bisa kaida rajista, ba da lambar shaida ta ƙasa ta musamman da kuma bada katin shaidar zama ɗan kasa na din-din-din.
Tarihi
Tun a shekarar 1977 aka fara aiwatar da tsarin katin shaidar ɗan kasa amma aikin haƙa bata cimma ruwa ba. A cikin 2003, an ƙaddamar da wani sabon tsari wanda Hukumar Kula da Rijistar Jama'a ta Ƙasa (DNCR) ke gudanarwa kuma kusan yan Najeriya miliyan 54   ne suka yi rajista, sai dai shirin ya gaza cimma burin hukumar, sannan kuma ya samu cikas sakamakon zargin almundahana da almubazzaranci da kuɗaɗe. Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Kasa ta fara aiki ne a shekarar 2010 kuma ta fara kasafin kudi na biliyan 30 An fitar da naira biliyan 1 a kasafin kudin tarayya na shekarar 2011. Daga nan ne hukumar ta kulla yarjejeniya da Hukumar Kula da Rajistar Database &amp; Registration ta Pakistan don samar da na’urar tantance katin shaidar ɗan kasa ga ‘yan Najeriya. Hukumar ta kuma yi hadin gwiwa da wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu, na farko ƙarƙashin jagorancin Chams Nigeria sai na biyu, OneSecureCard consortium wanda ya hada da Interswitch, SecureID, da Iris Technologies don samar da ayyukan tattara bayanai.
Lambar shaida ta ƙasa (NIN)
Lambar tantancewa ta kasa wani ɓangare ne na tsarin kula da sha’anin shaida na kasa a Najeriya, ɗayan bangaren kuma shi ne Katin Manufofi da yawa. Lambar tana adana keɓaɓɓen bayanan mutum cikin ma'ajin bayanai. Yana daga cikin ma'auni don ƙirƙirar bayanan sirri na ƙasa da kuma hana sake yin katin a karo na biyu ga masu zamba.
Katin shaida
Kungiyar ta fara atisayen shiga rajista a watan Satumbar 2010 kuma ta fara bayar da kati mai amfani da yawa a cikin 2013. Za a iya samun katin shaidar da aka bayar a shekarar 2013 ga 'yan Najeriya masu shekaru goma sha shida ko kuma sun zauna a kasar na tsawon shekaru biyu ko fiye da haka a lokacin da suke rajista suna ba da takardar shaida mai hoto kamar lasisin tuki ko fasfo na duniya. Katin ID na kunshe da lambar Shaida ta Kasa, da hotuna biyu na mai katin, da kuma sauran bayanan mai katin. Hukumar ta kuma yi hadin gwiwa da MasterCard wajen ƙara wani abin da aka riga aka biya a katin kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman katin ATM a cikin ATMs na MasterCard.
Nura Noujaim
Nour Fadi Noujaim ( نور فادي نجيم ; an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta Fabrairu shekarar 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Lebanon wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Vermont Fusion ta kasar Amurka da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Lebanon.
Lebanon
Tsakanin shekarar 2012 da shekara ta 2016, Noujaim ya taka leda a matakin matasa a kulob din yaro. Ta shiga Zouk Mosbeh a shekara ta 2016, inda ta yi wasa da ’yan kasa da shekara 17, da ‘yan kasa da shekara 19 da kuma manyan kungiyoyin har zuwa shekarar 2018. Daga nan Noujaim ya koma SAS, yana wasa shekara guda don 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, da 19 da manyan kungiyoyi, kafin su shiga EFP a cikin shekarar 2019, kuma suna wasa don matasan su da manyan kungiyoyin.
Amurka
Noujaim ya buga wa Central Methodist Eagles, ƙungiyar Jami'ar Methodist ta Tsakiya. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris shekarar 2022, ta koma Iowa Raptors FC a cikin Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mata.
A cikin shekara ta 2022, ta shiga Coker Cobras, ƙungiyar Jami'ar Coker. Jami'ar ta zabe ta 'yar wasan wata a watan Agusta, kuma an sanya mata suna zuwa Babban Taron Kudancin Atlantic (SAC) Duk-Taro na Uku na shekarar  2022.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Noujaim ya wakilci Lebanon a duniya a ƙarƙashin 15, under-16, under-18 da under-19 matakan. Ta yi babban wasanta na farko a Lebanon a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2021, a matsayin ta farko a gasar sada zumunci da Armeniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Noujaim ya halarci Collège des Sœurs des Saints Cœurs - Beit Chabab. A cikin Shekarar 2022, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Coker don yin manyan kan harkokin kasuwanci.
Girmamawa
Zouk Mosbeh
EFP
Lebanon U15
Lebanon U18
Mutum
Khadija Ismayilova
Khadija Rovshan qizi Ismayilova, ko Ismailova (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da saba'in da shida (1976)). Ƴar jarida ce mai binciken Azabaijan kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo wanda a halin yanzu tana aiki da sabis na Azerbaijan na Rediyo Free Europe/Radio Liberty, har zuwa kwanan nan tana matsayin mai gabatar da shirin muhawara na yau da kullun İşdən Sonra. Ita mamba ce a shirin bayar da rahoton laifuffuka da cin hanci da rashawa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Khadija Ismayilova an haife ta a Baku. Ta bayyana cewa ta sami farin ciki lokacin ƙuruciya, ta koyi yin iyo a cikin Tekun Caspian. Ta girma a lokacin yakin cacar baka kuma ta sami 'yancin kai a lokacin kuruciyarta, har ta kai ga yaki. Ta halarci Makarantar Baku #135 kuma ta kammala a Shekarar alif 1992, lokacin da Azerbaijan ta sami 'yancin kai daga Tarayyar Soviet. Ta yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Jihar Baku da digiri a fannin ilmin kimiyya a shekarar 1997.
Rahoton bincike
=Hari== Gwamnatin Ilham Aliyev a kasar Azarbaijan ta sha kai wa Ismayilova hari saboda rahotannin da ta bayar kan almundahanar kudi a tsakanin masu rike da madafun iko na Azabaijan. A cikin watan Disambar Shekara ta 2014, an kama Ismayilova bisa zargin ingiza kashe kanta, zargin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka yi ta suka da shi a matsayin shirme. A ranar 1 ga Satumbar shekarar 2015, an yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai da rabi a gidan yari bisa zargin almubazzaranci da kuma kin biyan haraji. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, Shekarar 2016, kotun kolin Azerbaijan ta ba da umarnin a saki Ismayilova a lokacin gwaji.
Lambar yabo
A cikin watan Disamban shekara ta 2017, Ismayilova ta sami lambar yabo ta Dama, wanda aka fi sani da "Alternative Nobel Prize", "saboda ƙarfin zuciya da tsayin daka wajen fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a manyan matakan gwamnati ta hanyar aikin jarida na bincike mai ban mamaki da sunan gaskiya da rikon amana." Ba a ba ta damar tafiya daga Azerbaijan zuwa Sweden don karbar kyautar ba.
Ruwa mai gishiri
ruwa Mai gishiri shine tsari na kwararar gishiri da ke gurɓata yanayin ruwa, wanda zai iya cutar da nau'in ruwa a wasu adadi kuma yana lalata ruwan sha. Sau da yawa ana auna shi ta hanyar ƙara yawan adadin ma'adanai da aka narkar da fiye da abin da aka yi la'akari da shi na al'ada don yankin da ake kallo.
Ana kiran salinization na halitta a matsayin salinization na farko; wannan ya hada da ruwan sama, yanayin dutse, kutsawar ruwan teku, da ma'adinan iska. Salinization da ɗan adam ya haifar ana kiransa salinization na biyu, tare da yin amfani da gishirin hanya mai ƙazantawa a matsayin mafi yawan nau'in zubar da ruwa. Kimanin kusan kashi 37% na magudanar ruwa a Amurka an yi su ne ta hanyar salinization a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata. EPA ta ayyana kofa biyu don ingantaccen matakan salinity a cikin muhallin ruwan ruwa: 230 mg/L Cl - don matsakaicin matakan salinity da 860 mg/L Cl - don shigarwar gaggawa.
Salinization na farko
Salinity plays a major role in a freshwater organism's attempts to maintain an osmotic balance between ion concentration and their internal fluids. Salinization increases osmotic pressure, thus negatively affecting the chance of an organism's fitness and survival. Higher levels of salinity present in freshwater environments can lead to declining species richness in general observations, though toxicity varies among freshwater species and the identity of the ions that are causing the salinization. Excluding an organism's death, excess salinity may also lead to a decrease in both individual and population fitness via stunted growth during adolescence, decreased feeding ability, oxidative stress, and overall bodily disfigurement.
Yawan ruwan gishiri mai yawa a wuraren da ruwa mai dadi kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa akan ma'auni masu yawan jama'a; za su iya canza mu'amala mai zafi a cikin yanayin halittu kuma su canza zagayowar sinadarai na zamani zuwa 'sababbin' ta hanyar canza kwararar hanyar fili. Haɓaka yanayin muhalli na iya sauƙaƙe kutsawa na nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda ke da ikon sarrafa yanayin ruwan gishiri da gishiri
Tasiri kan lafiyar dan adam
Yawancin ruwan da mutane ke amfani da su da kuma cinye su a kullum suna samo asali ne daga tushen ruwa mai kyau. Yawan gishiri mai yawa a cikin wuraren ruwan sha na iya haifar da illoli da yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Wani bincike da aka yi kan wasu kauyuka biyu da ke gabar teku a Bangladesh ya nuna cewa idan aka sha ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa mai yawan gishiri, yana iya haifar da al’amuran lafiya kamar su zubar gashi, cututtukan fata, matsalolin ciki, gudawa, da hawan jini. Yawan gishiri mai yawa a cikin ruwan sha kuma an gano yana da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya irin su (CVD). Ruwan ruwan da ke da alkaline da gishiri kuma na iya tattarawa da sakin nau'ikan sinadarai da ke tafiya tare a cikin magudanar ruwa, suna gurɓata tushen ruwan ɗan adam, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani iri-iri ga lafiyar ɗan adam idan an sha. Wadannan sinadarai masu guba, galibi suna kunshe da karafa da nitrogen mai dauke da mahadi, ko dai an tilasta musu fitar da su daga cikin kasa mai rafi da ions gishiri, ko kuma gishirin da ke cikin ruwa ya lalata bututu ta hanyar wucewa, yana sakin sinadarai zuwa tushen ruwa. Misalin abin da ya faru shine a Flint, Michigan. Saboda yawan gishirin da ake samu a kogin Flint daga magudanar ruwan gishirin da ke kusa da titin, ruwan da ke ratsa bututun mazauna ya taimaka wajen lalata da kuma sakin gubar a cikin ruwan sha.
Salinization na biyu
Haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam yana haɓaka ƙimar salinization na farko. Ci gaban ƙasa, kamar gine-gine da hakar ma'adinai, yana haifar da abubuwan da aka samu a cikin gadon gado don sakin su daga wuraren da suke da ƙarfi su zo saman, wanda daga nan sai a fallasa su ga haɓakar yanayin yanayi, a ƙarshe yana haifar da leaching ions a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na kusa. Har ila yau, sannan ayyukan noma suna haifar da ban ruwa mai gishiri wanda zai iya shiga cikin ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar shigar da magungunan kashe qwari iri-iri ko zubar da ruwa mai alaka da kiwo, kuma a dabi'a za a iya kawo ruwan gishiri a fili ta hanyar share ƙasa.
Chloride a cikin nau'i na chlorine an gane shi a matsayin mafi yawan nau'in gishirin ɗan adam da aka fallasa ga muhalli. A cikin ayyukan noma, chlorine yana haɗe tare da wasu mahadi don samar da kaushi na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su don magance ruwa. Wannan ruwan da aka yi da shi yana motsawa daga filayen zuwa magudanar ruwa inda zai iya wanzuwa na dogon lokaci gaba daya. Tarin chlorine yana yaɗu musamman inda rashin ban ruwa ya faru. Haɓaka matakan chloride na iya haifar da acidification, motsi na mahadi na metalloid ta hanyar musayar ion tare da gadon rafi, ɓata jadawalin hada tafki, ƙoramai da gyare-gyaren alaƙar biotic na ruwa.
Tasiri akan kwayoyin ruwa mai dadi
Saboda raɗaɗin jiki, salinity na yanayin ruwa na kwayoyin halitta zai iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan kwanciyar hankali ta salula. Halittu da ke zaune a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi suna buƙatar kiyaye ma'aunin osmotic tsakanin ruwan jikinsu da yawan ion a cikin ƙwayoyin su. Canje-canje a cikin matsa lamba osmotic yana buƙatar makamashi mai yawa kuma zai iya haifar da lalacewar salula da mutuwar salula a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Canje-canje a cikin matakan salinity yana shafar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin muhallin ruwa kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice. Matakan mai guba na ions gishiri na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen ilimin lissafi a cikin nau'in halitta wanda zai iya haifar da illa ga ba kawai mutum ba, har ma da yawan nau'in. Daban-daban tasirin akan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya yin tasiri a kaikaice gabaɗayan yanayin yanayin ruwan ruwa ta hanyar gyara tsarin al'ummar ruwa da ayyukansu. Yayin da salinity ke ƙaruwa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi, galibi wannan yana haifar da raguwar bambance-bambancen biota da wadata. Adadin bacewa ga kwayoyin ruwa mai tsafta yana daga cikin mafi girma a cikin duniya, kuma yayin da matakan gishiri a cikin waɗannan halittun ruwa ke ci gaba da karuwa, ƙarin nau'ikan da mahallin su za su zama barazana da Illa.
Salin salin ruwan daɗaɗɗen ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga wadatar nau'ikan, bambance-bambance, da abun da ke tattare da al'umma a cikin matakan trophic da yawa. Haɗin gwiwar gasa tsakanin zooplankton na iya canzawa yayin da salinity ke ƙaruwa, manyan nau'ikan Simocephalus vetulus sun ƙetare mafi rinjayen Daphnia galeata a ƙarƙashin manyan jiyya na salinity. Wadatar nau'ikan invertebrate suna raguwa yayin da gishiri ya karu. Mayflies, stoneflies, da caddisflies, waɗanda ake la'akari da su zama alamomi masu kyau na lafiyar rafi, sun nuna raguwa musamman saboda karuwar salinity. Wasu nau'in kifi suna yin mummunan tasiri ta hanyar salinization. A cikin ƙananan kogin Pecos, 13 daga cikin nau'in kifi na asali 44 sun bace a wuraren da ake yawan gishiri. Koyaya, wasu kifin suna nuna raguwa ne kawai lokacin da gishiri ya kai matsananciyar matakan.
Wani bincike da aka yi a Baltimore ya nuna cewa, a cikin ƙananan matakan chloride, ƙara yawan matakan chloride yana hana tsarin cirewa a cikin tafkuna, wanda ke da mahimmanci don cire nitrate, sakamakon ammoniya daga kifi da sauran kwayoyin ruwa. Ma'aunin Chloride a Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka yana karuwa akan lokaci zuwa kusan giram 5 a kowace lita daga gishirin titi da ake amfani da su a lokacin sanyi. Dukkanin Wannan ɓarkewar yana sa al'ummomin ruwan da ke kusa da birane su sami raguwar bambance-bambancen halittu dama kuma yanayin zafi.
Biomodification na gishiri mai guba
Saboda yawan damuwa da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomin ruwa, ƙara yawan matakan salinization na iya samun tasirin da ba a zata ba ta hanyar hulɗa tare da wasu mahadi. Ciwon salinization na ruwa (FSS) an ambaci shi ya zama sanannen barazana ga ruwan ruwan da ke Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Haɗin kai tsakanin gishiri da pH, abubuwan gina jiki, karafa, da cations tushe ba a san su sosai ba, kodayake na iya ƙara tsananta al'amuran da ke akwai don yin mummunan tasiri ga ingancin ruwa, ƙididdigar carbon dioxide, da bambancin halittu. Matsakaicin ion na guba na gishiri na iya canza matakin sake kunnawa wani nau'in zai amsa da shi. Don samun damar gane da kyau wasan kwaikwayon barazanar salinity yana buƙatar daidaitattun adadin kowane ion da ake ciki don a lissafta su. Hankali kuma ya bambanta tsakanin jinsuna. Nazarin da ke mayar da hankali kan hulɗar abiotic tare da kwayoyin ruwa mai tsabta sun gano cewa salinity yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan mahadi masu lahani da ake lura da su a mafi yawan lokuta, to amma ba koyaushe ba, wanda ke sa tsarin tsinkaya ya zama mai wahala ga masana kimiyya.
An haɗu da salinization da alkalization ta hanyar nazarin yankuna masu bushewa a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka kuma sun yi mummunan tasiri kimanin 37% da 90% na wuraren magudanar ruwa, bi da bi. An fi lura da hulɗar su ta matakan haɓaka pH a cikin rafuka da koguna da aka auna a cikin 232 USGS shafukan a 2018. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 66% sun nuna babban haɓakar pH, sannan Kuma a yankin da aka fi fama da shi shine birni mai yawan gaske a gabas da tsakiyar yamma. Tare da masu laifin salinization na yau da kullun na kwararar ruwa da kankara na hanya, lemun tsami da siminti suna saurin saukowa don ba da gudummawar ions da gishiri cikin rafukan ruwa. Sanann alamun FSS sun haɗa da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa, raguwar rabe-raben halittu, da ƙara yawan gurɓata yanayi a cikin tsarin ruwa. Tare da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na photoynthetic, matakan asali na pH na iya shigar da madaidaicin ra'ayi ta hanyar rashi na narkar da carbons a cikin ruwa dangane da adadin da aka narkar da carbon dioxide, don haka ya kara tsananta FSS.