cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta Tunisiya
Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kwando ta Mata ta Tunisiya ko a cikin ( yaren Larabci : كأس تونس لكرة السلة للسيدات) gasar ƙwallon kwando ce ta mata a Tunisiya. An kirkiro gasar ne a shekarar 1966 da Hukumar Kwallon Kwando ta Tunusiya ta mulki da kuma gudanar da ita, kuma tun ana gudanar da ita kowace shekara. Kulob din da ke da rinjaye shi ne Zitouna Sports daga Tunis mai jumullar kofuna 13 a matsayin tarihin Stade Tunisien Shima daga Tunis mai Kofuna 9, sai matsayi na uku CS Sfaxien daga Sfax mai kofuna 7.
Davis Allen
Davis Allen (Yuli 13,1916 - Mayu 13,1999) ɗan Amurka ne mai zanen ciki da mai tsara kayan daki.An lura da shi a matsayin majagaba a cikin tsara yanayin kamfanoni na ciki kuma yana da shekaru arba'in a Skidmore,Owings &amp; Merrill. A cikin 1983 ya tsara kujerar "Andover" don Stendig International (wanda aka sake dawo da ita azaman kujerar "Exeter" ta kamfanin Knoll furniture a 1993). A cikin 1985,an shigar da it's cikin Zauren Zane na Mujallar Cikin Gida.
Taron kasa da kasa kan yaran Afirka
Taron kasa da kasa kan yaran Afirka ko taron kan yaran Afirka taron ne na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a Geneva a watan Yunin 1931.
Kungiyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa ta shirya, ta biyo bayan amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 1924 na ayyana ‘yancin yara, wanda kungiyar ta tsara a shekarar 1923. Ta mayar da hankali ne kan yanayin da yara ke ciki a Afirka, musamman a fannin mace-macen jarirai, aikin yara da ilimi.
Taron ya hadu a Geneva a lokacin rani na shekarar 1931, tsakanin 22 da 25 ga watan Yuni. Ana la'akari da sauyi a dabi'un yammacin Turai zuwa yara a Afirka: "wannan taron ya sake gina hotunan yara a Afirka tsakanin 'yan mishan, masu jin dadin yara da kuma masana kimiyyar zamantakewa". 'Yan Afirka biyar ne kacal a cikin mahalarta taron, duk da cewa hatta wannan matakin ba a saba gani ba a lokacin. Daya daga cikin wadannan shi ne Jomo Kenyatta na kungiyar Kikuyu ta tsakiya. Kenyatta ya rubuta game da taron daga baya, game da batun kaciya da kaciyae mata, wanda ya kare a matsayin al'ada a tsakanin Kikuyu:
"A cikin wannan taron wakilan Turai da dama sun yi kira da cewa lokaci ya yi da za a kawar da wannan "al'ada mai banƙyama", kuma kamar sauran al'adun "arna", ya kamata a soke shi nan da nan ta hanyar doka."
Sakatariyar taron ita ce marubuciya Evelyn Sharp, wadda ta rubuta littafi game da shi mai suna The African Child. Wani mai ba da gudummawa shi ne ɗan mishan, Dora Earthy.
ZB
ZB ko Zb  na iya nufin to:
Masarautar Nagash
Masarautar Nagash wata masarauta ce ta farko wacce take a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. A cewar Al-Yaqubi, tana daya daga cikin gwamnatocin Beja guda shida da suka wanzu a yankin a karni na 9. Yankin masarautar yana tsakanin Aswan da Massawa.
Amadou Sanogo
Rayuwar farko
Sanogo yana daya daga cikin yaya shida na Mamadou Sanogo da matarsa suka haifa. Ana yi wa Amadou Sanogo lakabi da “Bolly” a wajen ‘yan uwa.
Haihuwa
Sanogo ya fito ne daga Ségou daya daga cikin manyan biranen kasar Mali da ke gabar kogin Niger. Sanogo ya shafe shekaru 22 a rundunar sojin kasar Mali. Kafin juyin mulkin, Sanogo ya rike mukamin soja na matsakaicin matsayi. Mahalarta shirin Ilimi da Horar da Sojoji na Duniya, ya sami horo "a shirye-shiryen horo a Amurka, a Jojiya da kuma Marine Corps Base Quantico a Virginia",  amma malamansa na Amurka "ba su taba yi masa alama ba. fita a matsayin kayan jagoranci na gaba". Ya kuma karanci harshen turanci a sansanin sojojin sama na Lackland dake Texas.
CRNDRE
Ayyukansa na farko a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa sun hada da dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki da ayyukan wasu kungiyoyi, da kuma kafa dokar hana fita da kuma rufe kan iyakokin kasar. Ko da yake dalilin juyin mulkin shi ne zargin Amadou Toumani Touré na rashin gudanar da tawaye na tawayen Abzinawa na 2012, sojojin Mali sun rasa iko da babban birnin yankin Kidal, Gao, da Timbuktu a cikin kwanaki goma da hawan Sanogo ofishin, jagoranci Reuters don kwatanta juyin mulkin a matsayin " burin kai na ban mamaki". A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, jaridar New York Times ta ba da rahoton cewa yana ƙoƙarin kawar da hankali daga juyin mulkin zuwa gwagwarmayar arewa, yana gaya wa wani ɗan jarida, "Ya kamata mu manta da kaɗan kaɗan Kwamitin, Majalisa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki - wannan zasu iya jira. Babban batu, shi ne arewa. Wannan shi ne mafi mahimmanci."
Bayan takunkumin tattalin arziki da kakabawa kasar takunkumin da kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika ECOWAS ta yi, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da shugaban kasar Blaise Compaore ya kulla a Burkina Faso a karkashin inuwar kungiyar ECOWAS, wadda za ta sa Sanogo ya mika mulki ga Dioncounda Traoré., wanda zai zama shugaban kasa na wucin gadi har sai an gudanar da zabe. Bayan da sabon shugaban kasar na rikon kwarya Dioncounda Traoré da firaministan kasar Cheick Modibo Diarra suka hau karagar mulki, gwamnatin mulkin sojan da Sanogo ke jagoranta ta bayyana karara cewa sun janye na wani dan lokaci ne kawai kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja za ta ci gaba da rike mukamin sa ido har zuwa lokacin zabe. ECOWAS ta bai wa gwamnatin rikon kwarya shekara guda ta gudanar da zabe.
Addini
A ranar 11 ga Disamban shekarar 2012, gwamnatin mulkin Sanogo ta kama Firai Minista Modibo Diarra tare da tilasta masa yin murabus. Matakin da ECOWAS ta yi Allah wadai da shi, ya biyo bayan nadin Django Sissoko a matsayin Firayim Minista a wannan rana.
Kama da saki yana jiran shari'a
A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, an kama Sanogo tare da tuhume shi da hannu wajen yin garkuwa da bacewar abokan hamayya a cikin sojojin Mali. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare yayin da yake jiran shari'a. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, an sanar da cewa za a saki Sanogo har sai an gurfanar da shi gaban kotu. Hakan dai ya biyo bayan hukuncin da kotu ta yanke na sakin Sanogo bayan an dage zaman shari’ar Sanogo a minti na karshe.
Nu'uman Barau Danbatta
Nuuman Barau Danbatta ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ya kai matsayin babban sakataren ma'aikatar sufuri, Tarayyar Najeriya, tsohon shugaban Bankin Unity plc, shugaban Gracefield Island a yanzu. Yana kuma sarautar gargajiya na "Ajiyan Kazaure " Jihar Jigawa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Nu'uman a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, shekarar ta alif 1955 a ƙaramar hukumar birni ta Kano, ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Kwalli, Kano, sannan ya halarci kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano don yin karatunsa na sakandare. Ya yi Digiri a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Bayero University College Kano (wanda a yanzu aka canza mata suna Bayero University Kano).
Ƙonewa
Konewa nau'in rauni ne ga fata, ko wasu kyallen takarda, wanda zafi, sanyi, wutar lantarki, sinadarai, gogayya, ko radiation ke haifarwa. Yawancin konewa saboda zafi daga ruwan zafi (wanda ake kira ƙonawa), daskararru, ko wuta. Yayin da farashin ya yi kama da maza da mata abubuwan da ke haifar da sau da yawa sun bambanta. A cikin mata a wasu wuraren, haɗarin yana da alaƙa da amfani da buɗaɗɗen gobarar girki ko murhun girki marasa aminci. A cikin maza, haɗari yana da alaƙa da yanayin aiki. Shaye-shaye da shan taba wasu abubuwan haɗari ne. Har ila yau kuna iya faruwa a sakamakon cutar da kai ko tashin hankali tsakanin mutane.
Konewar da ke shafar saman saman fata kawai an san shi da ƙonewa na sama ko matakin farko. Suna fitowa ja ba tare da blisters ba kuma zafi yana ɗaukar kusan kwanaki uku. Lokacin da raunin ya yadu zuwa wasu daga cikin Layer na fata, yana da kashi-kauri ko ƙona digiri na biyu. Kumburi na faruwa akai-akai kuma galibi suna da zafi sosai. Waraka na iya buƙatar har zuwa makonni takwas kuma tabo na iya faruwa. A cikin cikakken kauri ko ƙona digiri na uku, raunin ya kai ga duk sassan fata. Sau da yawa babu ciwo kuma yankin da ya ƙone yana da ƙarfi. Magance yawanci baya faruwa da kanta. Ƙunna digiri na huɗu kuma ya haɗa da rauni ga kyallen takarda masu zurfi, kamar tsoka, tendons, ko kashi. Ƙunƙarar sau da yawa baƙar fata kuma akai-akai yana haifar da asarar ɓangaren da ya ƙone.
Ana iya hana ƙonewa gabaɗaya. Jiyya ya dogara da tsananin kona. Ana iya sarrafa ƙonawa na zahiri tare da ɗan ƙaramin magani mai sauƙi, yayin da manyan ƙonawa na iya buƙatar dogon jiyya a wuraren ƙonawa na musamman. Yin sanyi tare da ruwan famfo na iya taimakawa ciwo da rage lalacewa; duk da haka, tsawan sanyi na iya haifar da ƙarancin zafin jiki. Ƙona kaɗan na kauri na iya buƙatar tsaftacewa da sabulu da ruwa, sannan sutura. Ba a bayyana yadda ake sarrafa blisters ba, amma mai yiwuwa yana da kyau a bar su gaba ɗaya idan ƙanana kuma a zubar da su idan babba. Cikakkun ƙonawa yawanci yana buƙatar jiyya na fiɗa, kamar dashen fata. Ƙunƙara mai yawa sau da yawa yana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa na ciki, saboda zubar da ruwa na capillary da kumburin nama. Mafi yawan rikice-rikice na kuna sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta. Ya kamata a ba da toxoid na tetanus idan ba na zamani ba.
A cikin 2015, wuta da zafi sun haifar da raunuka miliyan 67. Wannan ya haifar da kusan asibiti miliyan 2.9 da mutuwar 176,000. Galibin mace-mace sakamakon konewa na faruwa ne a kasashe masu tasowa, musamman a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yayin da manyan ƙonawa na iya zama m, jiyya da aka haɓaka tun 1960 sun inganta sakamako, musamman a yara da matasa. A cikin Amurka, kusan kashi 96% na waɗanda aka shigar a cibiyar kuna suna tsira daga raunin da suka samu. Sakamakon dogon lokaci yana da alaƙa da girman ƙonawa da shekarun mutumin da abin ya shafa.
Masarautar Qita'a
Masarautar Qita'a, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Qata, wata masarauta ce ta farko wacce ta kasance a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. A cewar Al-Yaqubi, tana ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin Beja guda shida da suka wanzu a yankin a karni na 9. Yankin masarautar yana tsakanin Aswan da Massawa.
Edwards Township, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota
Edwards Township birni ne, da ke cikin gundumar Kandiyohi, a Jihar Minnesota, a ƙasar Amirka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 304 a ƙidayar 2000.
An shirya garin Edwards a cikin 1871, kuma an sanya masa suna don SS Edwards, farkon mazaunin.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da yawan yanki na 35.7 sqmi, wanda daga ciki 35.4 sqmi   ƙasa ce kuma 0.4 sqmi   (1.04%) ruwa ne.
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 304, gidaje 101, da iyalai 84 da ke zaune a cikin garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance 8.6/mi 2 (3.3/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 106 a matsakaicin yawa na 3.0/mi 2 (1.2/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 97.37% Fari, 1.64% Ba'amurke, 0.33% Ba'amurke, 0.33% Ba'amurke, 0.33% daga sauran jinsi. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 2.30% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 101, daga cikinsu kashi 36.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 78.2% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 2.0% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 16.8% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 12.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 6.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.98 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.32.
A cikin garin yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 29.3% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 9.2% daga 18 zuwa 24, 25.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 24.0% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 12.2% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka. . Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 37. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 109.7. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 117.2.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $ 44,063, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $48,125. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $26,719 sabanin $21,375 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $16,256. Kusan 5.5% na iyalai da 5.7% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 7.1% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara sha takwas ba da 16.7% na waɗanda 65 ko sama da haka.
Majingini
Tarihi
Wannan gari yana da malamai na addinin musulunci waɗanda suke bada gudunmawa dari bisa dari. sannan garin yayi iyaka da wurobagga daka yamma da iyaka da Gurdo daka Gabas da iyaka da garin Bagwai daka arewa da iyaka da Galawa daka kudu
Mordechai Limon
Mordechai Limon ( מרדכי לימון , Janairu 3, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da ashirin da hudu 1924 - May 15, 2009) shi ne kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Isra'ila na hudu, yana aiki daga Disamba 14, 1950 har zuwa Yuli 1, 1954.
An haifi Limon a Baranovichi kuma ya yi aliyah zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi a 1932. Ya girma a Tel Aviv kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Hashomer Hatzair.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Limon ya shiga Palmach, kuma ya yi aiki a Palyam.
Limon yana lura da aikin Cherbourg wanda ya hada da safarar jiragen ruwa na makamai masu linzami guda biyar da Isra'ila ta siya tun farko kuma  Faransa ta saka mata takunkumi. Daga baya za a kore shi daga Faransa. 'Yarsa, Nili Limon (an haifi 1951), ta auri Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild, ɗan Élie de Rothschild.
Oshkosh Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
Garin Oshkosh birni ne, da ke cikin gundumar Yellow Medicine, Minnesota, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 249 a ƙidayar 2000.
Tarihi
An ƙirƙiri garin Oshkosh a cikin 1879, kuma an sanya masa suna bayan Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da yawan yanki na 36.3 murabba'in mil (94.0 km 2 ), duk kasa.
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 249, gidaje 83, da iyalai 66 da ke zaune a cikin garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 6.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (2.6/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 88 a matsakaicin yawa na 2.4/sq mi (0.9/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 96.39% Fari, 0.40% Ba'amurke, 0.80% Asiya, 1.20% daga sauran jinsi, da 1.20% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.20% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 83, daga cikinsu kashi 42.2% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 75.9% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 3.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 19.3% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 14.5% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance na mutane ne, kuma 6.0% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 3.00 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.31.
A cikin garin yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 33.7% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 8.4% daga 18 zuwa 24, 26.1% daga 25 zuwa 44, 20.9% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 10.8% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka. . Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 33. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 126.4. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 111.5.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $43,750, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $46,667. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $27,083 sabanin $20,556 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $14,263. Kimanin kashi 6.8% na iyalai da 10.4% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 16.9% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara sha takwas ba kuma babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda 65 ko sama da haka.
LG Corporation
Kamfanin LG (ko LG Group) ( Korean ), tsohon Lucky-Goldstar daga shekarar alif ta  1983 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1995 (Koriya: Leokki Geumseong ; Korean   ), Shi ne a Kudu Korean manyan conglomerate kamfani kafa ta Koo In-hwoi da kuma gudanar da m ƙarnõni na iyalinsa. Ita ce chaebol na huɗu mafi girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin ginin LG Twin Towers a Yeouido-dong, Gundumar Yeongdeungpo, Seoul. LG yana kera kayan lantarki, sunadarai, da samfuran sadarwa kuma yana aiki da rassa kamar LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus, LG Innotek, LG Chem, da LG Energy Solution a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda tamanin 80.
Tarihi
An kafa LG Corporation a matsayin Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. a shekarar alif ta 1947 ta Koo In-hwoi. A cikin shekarar alif ta 1952, Lak Hui (락희) (mai suna "Sa'a"; yanzu LG Chem) ya zama kamfani na Koriya ta Kudu na farko da ya shiga masana'antar robobi. Yayin da kamfanin ke fadada kasuwancinsa na robobi, ya kafa GoldStar Co. Ltd. (yanzu LG Electronics Inc.) a cikin shekarar alif ta 1958. Dukansu kamfanonin Lucky da GoldStar sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Lucky-Goldstar a shekarar alif ta 1983.
GoldStar ya samar da rediyon ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu na farko. An sayar da kayan lantarki da yawa masu amfani a ƙarƙashin sunan GoldStar, yayin da wasu sauran samfuran gida (babu su a wajen Koriya ta Kudu) an sayar da su ƙarƙashin sunan Lucky. Alamar Lucky ta shahara da kayayyakin tsafta kamar sabulun sabulun wanki da sabulun wanki na HiTi, amma galibin alamar tana da alaƙa da man goge baki na Lucky da Perioe. LG yana ci gaba da kera wasu waɗannan samfuran don kasuwar Koriya ta Kudu, kamar kayan wanki.
Masarautar Jarin
Masarautar Jarin wata masarauta ce ta farko wacce take a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. A cewar Al-Yaqubi, daya ce daga cikin masarautun Beja guda shida da suka wanzu a yankin a karni na 9. Yankin masarautar tana tsakanin Gash-Barka da Massawa. Sarkin Jarin ya taso ne tun daga Massawa da ke gabar tekun Bahar Maliya, har zuwa iyakar Gash-Barka mai iyaka da masarautar Baqlin. Tana daya daga cikin masarautun Beja biyar da Al-Yaqubi ya lura da su.
LG Corporation
Tarihi
Koo In-hwoi ya jagoranci kamfanin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar alif ta 1969, a lokacin, dansa Koo Cha-kyung ya hau kan karagar mulki. Daga nan ya ba da jagoranci ga ɗansa, Koo Bon-moo, a shekarar alif ta 1995. Koo Bon-moo ya sake sunan kamfanin zuwa LG a shekarar alif ta 1995. Kamfanin kuma yana alakanta haruffan LG tare da alamar kamfanin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau". Tun daga shekara ta 2009, LG ya mallaki sunan yankin LG.com.
Gabriele Berghofer
Gabriele Berghofer 'yar wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Austria ce kuma 'yar wasa. Ta wakilci Austriya a wasan tseren tsalle-tsalle, tseren kankara na Nordic da wasannin motsa jiki a wasannin nakasassu na hunturu da bazara daban-daban. Ta lashe lambobin yabo guda bakwai, ciki har da lambar yabo daya. zinare, lambobin azurfa uku da tagulla uku.
LG Corporation
Tarihi
Koo Bon-moo ya mutu sakamakon bugun kwakwalwa a ranar 20 gawatan Mayu shekara ta  2018. A watan Yulin Shekara ta 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa Koo Kwang-mo, dan dan uwan kuma dan Koo Bon-moo, zai zama sabon Shugaba na LG. Koo Bon-moo ya karɓi ɗan ɗan'uwansa a cikin shekara ta 2004, bayan ya rasa ɗansa guda ɗaya a shekarar alif ta 1994, yana ambaton "al'adar iyali ta maye gurbin maza kawai".
Masarautar Jarin
Tarihi
A lokacin middle ages an kafa masarautun Beja guda biyar. Wadannan masarautu sun taso daga Eritrea zuwa Aswanin Masar. Masarautar Beja sun mamaye da yawa daga cikin tsohon yankin daular Axum. Wadannan masarautun dai sanannen malamin tarihi na Larabawa Al-Yaqubi ne ya fara bayyana su a karni na 9 miladiyya Sunayen masarautun su ne Naqis, Baqlin, Bazin, Jarin da Qat’a. Masarautun suna da iyaka da juna da kuma masarautar Nubian Alodia. A kudancin masarautun Beja akwai daular kiristoci da ake kira Najashi. An samu zinariya, duwatsu masu daraja da emeralds a yawancin masarautu. Al-Yaqubi ya lura cewa Larabawa musulmi sun ziyarci masarautun ne domin kasuwanci. Ya kuma lura cewa Larabawa suna aiki a ma'adinan gwamnati. Babban ayyukan kasuwanci na masarautun Beja sune hakar ma'adinai da cinikin bayi. An kafa wata muhimmiyar cibiyar cinikin bayi a tsibirin Dahlak. An yi cinikin bayi daga cikin Afirka zuwa yankin Larabawa da sauran su. A tsakiyar mulkin Beja, yawancin zuriyar daular Axum ko dai an kore su daga yankin ko kuma an sayar da su a matsayin bayi.
Gabriele Berghofer
Aiki
Ta fafata a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta bazara ta shekarar 1980. Ta kare a matsayi na hudu a rukunin B na pentathlon, da maki 4105.
LG Corporation
Hadin gwiwa
LG da Hitachi sun kirkiro haɗin gwiwa mai suna Hitachi-LG Data Storage a shekarar ta 2000 da LG Hitachi Water Solutions a shekara 2011; tsakanin sauran haɗin gwiwar da ta yi, LG yana da dangantaka mai tsawo tare da Hitachi tun farkon shekarun Goldstar. Tun daga wannan lokacin Hitachi ya canza fasaha don samfuran LG kamar rediyo, wayoyi, talabijin, kayan gida, semiconductors, da sauransu. JV na farko tsakanin su biyun shine LG Hitachi, wanda ya kasance tun shekara ta 1980s lokacin da aka kafa shi don shigo da kwamfutoci zuwa Koriya.
Masarautar Jarin
Tarihi
Garuruwan da ke cikin masarautar Jarin sun hada da Suakin da Aydhab. Duk da haka, garuruwan biyu sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga harkokin siyasa kuma suna ƙarƙashin kariya ta Masar.
Gabriele Berghofer
Aiki
Ta yi takara a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin bazara ta 1984. Berghofer ya lashe lambar zinare a wasan pentathlon da maki 2014, da lambar tagulla a harbin da aka yi da sakamakon 7.35 m (a bayan Janet Rowley da 9.14 m da Michelle Message da 8.51 m.
A wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 1984, Berghofer ya ƙare na uku a cikin giant slalom na B2 da lokaci na 3:09.74 (a wuri na 1 Vivienne Martin wanda ya gama tseren a 3: 02.85 kuma a matsayi na 2 Connie Conley a 3: 09.45).
LG Corporation
Hadin gwiwa
LG yana da haɗin gwiwa guda biyu tare da Royal Philips Electronics : LG Philips Display da LG Philips LCD, amma Philips ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2008.
Gabriele Berghofer
Aiki
A wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 1988, a Innsbruck, ta sami lambar azurfa a cikin giant slalom B2 (tare da ingantaccen lokacin 2:04.13), da lambar tagulla a cikin rukunin B2 na tseren ƙasa a 0:54.28 (bayan ƴan ƙasa Elisabeth Kellner a cikin 0: 53.24 da Edith Hoelzl a cikin 0: 54.10).
A wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1998, Berghofer kuma ya fafata a gasar tseren motsa jiki ta Nordic na nakasassu, inda ta sami lambobin azurfa biyu: a tseren kilomita 7.5 a cikin nau'in B2-3 (a filin wasa, a matsayi na 1 Miyuki Kobayashi kuma a matsayi na 3 Susanne Wohlmacher), kuma a gudun ba da sanda 3x2.5 km bude mata, tare da abokan aikinta Renata Hoenisch da Elisabeth Maxwald.
LG Corporation
Hadin gwiwa
a cikin shekara ta 2020, LG da kamfanin samar da motoci na Kanada Magna International sun ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa wanda aka sani da LG Magna e-Powertrain. Sabuwar haɗin gwiwar za ta ƙera abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motocin lantarki kamar injin lantarki, inverters da caja na cikin ruwa.
Kasashen duniya
A ranar 30 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 2012, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar hannu na Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 wanda ya gano LG ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayi na biyu a cikin kasuwar wayar hannu ta Amurka ga Apple Inc.
A ranar 20 gawatan Janairu shekara ta 2013, Binciken Counterpoint ya ba da sanarwar cewa LG ya wuce Apple don zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kasuwar Amurka.
A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar Wayar salula na watan Yuni na shekara ta 2013 wanda ya sami LG ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na biyar a cikin kasuwar kasuwancin Amurka.
Tsarin da matsayin kuɗi
LG Corporation kamfani ne mai riƙewa wanda ke aiki a duk duniya ta hanyar kamfanoni sama da guda talatan 30 a filayen lantarki, sinadarai, da filayen sadarwa. Kamfanoni na lantarki suna kera da siyar da samfura daga kayan lantarki na gida da na dijital zuwa talabijin da wayoyin hannu, daga Nunin-fim-transistor ruwa-crystal nuni zuwa na'urorin tsaro da semiconductors. A sinadaran masana'antu, rassa tsirar da sell kayayyakin ciki har da kayan shafawa, masana'antu Textiles, sauya baturin da Toner kayayyakin, polycarbonates, magunguna, da kuma surface ado kayan. Kayayyakin sadarwarsa sun haɗa da sabis na waya mai nisa da na ƙasa da ƙasa, sabis na sadarwa ta wayar hannu da ta wayar hannu, da sabis na tuntuba da tallan tallan. LG kuma yana aiki da Coca-Cola Korea Bottling Company, yana sarrafa kadarori, yana ba da shawarwari na gudanarwa, kuma yana gudanar da ƙwararrun kungiyoyin wasanni.
Hardware Ƙoƙarin magudi na akwati
A watan Yuni shekara ta 2021, tashar YouTube Hardware Unboxed ta buga bidiyon da ke zargin yunƙurin wakilin LG don yin amfani da bita na ɗaya daga cikin masu saka ido na caca na LG. Wakilin, a cikin imel ɗin da aka nuna a bidiyon, yana ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga sakamakon edita na bita ta hanyar nuna hanyoyin gwaji da fannonin nuni da tashar za ta bi. Wannan ya zo 'yan watanni bayan irin wannan lamari tsakanin masu kirkira da Nvidia inda Nvidia ya gargaɗe su cewa idan sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan rasterization maimakon raƙuman ruwa a cikin katunan zane na Nvidia, ba za su ƙara samun samfuran bita ba.
Tallafin wasanni
LG ya mallaki LG Twins kuma shine babban mai tallafawa Changwon LG Sakers kuma abokin tarayya na Texas Rangers.
Tanya Aguiñiga
Tanya Aguiñiga (an haife ta 1978,San Diego, California) ɗan wasa ne na tushen Los Angeles,mai zane,kuma mai fafutuka.
Aikin fasaha da zane
Aguiñiga ta fara kera kayan daki a cikin 1997 yayin da take karatun digiri na farko. Aikinta na ƙira na farko yana aiki azaman mai ƙira da ƙirƙira kashe kyamara don nunin hanyar sadarwa ta DIY mai suna Freeform Furnitur. A duk tsawon aikinta,aikin Aguiñiga ya ɗauki nau'i da yawa amma ta kasance gabaɗaya ya kasance mai dogaro da kayan sakawa,galibi tana haɗa ƙira ta zamani tare da abubuwan fasaha na fasaha na gargajiya da gwagwarmaya. Yin amfani da kewayon kayan halitta daga ƙudan zuma zuwa ulu zuwa gashin ɗan adam,Aguiñiga kayan sana'a,kayan yadi,guntun sawa,sassaka,da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki.Ban da zayyana kayan daki,kayan ado,da sauran ƙananan sikeli,ta faɗaɗa kayan aikinta zuwa fiber kuma ta kera saƙa da kayan kamar su jute,ulu,siliki,da auduga.Tana kula da ƙungiyar kusan dukkan mataimakan mata wajen ƙirƙirar katanga mai girma,rataye da aka saka, ta hukumar.
An nuna aikin Aguiñiga a cikin jerin PBS Craft a Amurka da kuma a cikin wani nuni na musamman na 2011 a Craft and Folk Art Museum, a tsakanin sauran wurare.Mai tsara kayan kwalliya Ulla Johnson,ta ba da izini wani yanki ta Aguiñiga don shagonta a New York.
Daga Yuli 23 zuwa Satumba 17,2016,Aguiñiga's "Teetering of the Marginal" na Aguiñiga tare da Lenore Tawney da Loie Hollowell a cikin wani zane mai suna 3 Mata.Fim ɗin 1977 na 3 Mata,wanda Robert Altman ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni kuma tare da Shelley Duvall,Sissy Spacek,da Janice Rule,ta ba da wahayi ga The Landing don tara masu fasaha don nunin.
A watan Mayu zuwa Oktoba 2018 Aguiñiga tana da nunin solo na aikinta a gidan kayan gargajiya na fasaha da ƙira a birnin New York mai taken "Tanya Aguiñiga:Craft da Kulawa".Nunin ya fito da aikinta na AMBOS ("Art Made Tsakanin Sides"),wanda ke magana game da rayuwa akan iyakar Mexico da Amurka. A cikin Mutanen Espanya "ambos" yana nufin duka biyu kuma bisa ga gidan yanar gizon aikin aikin AMBOS shine "bayyana da kuma rubuta tunanin kan iyaka ta hanyar fasahar da aka yi a bangarori daban-daban ta hanyar samar da dandamali ga masu fasaha na kasa da kasa a kan iyaka." Har ila yau,an nuna aikinta a cikin Rushe Craft:Renwick Invitational 2018 a Smithsonian American Art Museum 's Renwick Gallery.
A cikin 2021,Aguiñiga ya sami lambar yabo ta Heinz na shekara ta 26 don Fasaha.
A farkon 2022, Aguiñiga yana jagorantar musayar adalci ta zamantakewa da aka mayar da hankali kan musayar BIPOC a sabuwar sabuwar Frieze Los Angeles.
Aguiñiga, tare da wasu masu fasaha goma sha huɗu na asalin Latin Amurka da Caribbean, an ba su suna Latinx Artists Fellows a cikin 2022. Haɗin gwiwar yana ba da $50,000 kuma Gidauniyar Ford Foundation da Mellon Foundation ne suka tallafa da sakamakon haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Latinx ta Amurka da Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York.
Hakanan an nuna aikin Aguiñiga a cikin Nunin Armory a cikin 2022 yayin da ya koma Cibiyar Javits.
Aguiñiga tana da alhakin abubuwa da yawa na "ƙwarewar ayyuka", gami da ɗaure kanta da alamar Beverly Hills da saƙa yayin da take sanye da kayan gargajiya na Mexico.
Bayan ta girma a kan jirgin Amurka/Mexico, Aguiñiga tana amfani da abubuwan rayuwarta dangane da aikinta na sana'a don haɓaka ƙirƙirar haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomi, jagorantar ayyukan bayar da shawarwari na tushen fasaha gami da Border Art Workshop/Taler de Arte Fronterizo a Maclovio Rojas, Mexico, da AMBOS (Ana Yin Tsakanin Hannun Hannu), wanda ya ke kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico, wanda ke neman rubuta motsin motsin fasinjojin da ke tsallakawa da shi kuma yana ba da murya ga masu fasaha na ƙasashen biyu.
Sheikh Abbas
Abbas el Hocine Bencheikh da ake kira Sheikh Abbas (1912, a Mila Algeria – 3 Mayu 1989, a Paris ), jami’in diflomasiyya ne na Aljeriya, limami marubuci, kuma shugaban Cibiyar Musulmi na Babban Masallacin Paris har zuwa rasuwarsa. An san shi a fagen siyasa da na addini ta hanyar hikima da yanayin juriya, ya bar almajirai da yawa ciki har da dansa, Soheib Bencheikh, mai bincike a tauhidi kuma tsohon Maibada fatawa na Musulunci, da Ghaleb Bencheikh, masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma mai gabatar da shirin " Islam ". watsa shirye-shirye a Faransa 2.
Akiva Librecht
An haifi Librecht a shekara ta 1876 a birnin Kudus, sannan a daular Usmaniyya. Mahaifinsa ya yi Aliyah a cikin 1840s, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu gina sababbin unguwannin Yahudawa na Urushalima a wajen katangar Tsohon birnin. Akiva Librecht ta sami ilimin addini, kuma ta yi karatu a Jamus da Ostiriya.
Librecht ya kula da gidan inabi a Petah Tikva, kuma ya gina kudan zuma na zamani na farko a ƙasar Isra'ila.
Ya auri Shoshana Levit Gotlieb, yana da ’ya’ya biyu, David da Lai’atu.
Cleo Baldon
Cleo Baldon (Yuni 1,1927-Oktoba 12,2014) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne,mai zanen shimfidar wuri,da mai tsara kayan daki wanda ke Los Angeles,inda ta ba da gudummawa ga sanannun gine-gine,musamman wuraren waha.Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan zane na Galper-Baldon Associates,hedkwata a Venice,California. Baldon an yaba da yin tasiri sosai a masana'antar kayan adon California tare da ƙirar kayanta na waje.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Baldon a cikin Leavenworth,Washington, amma danginta suna zaune a cikin ƙaramin yanki na Peshastin,Washington. Ta koma California,inda ta halarci kuma ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Woodbury.
Baldon ta kafa haɗin gwiwar Galper-Baldon Associates,wani kamfani na ƙirar gine-gine,tare da Sid Grapher.Baldon ta kula da kusan dukkan ayyukan na Galper-Baldon Associates,ban da shukar shimfidar wuri. A cikin 1985,Baldon ya gaya wa Los Angeles Times cewa "Ban fahimci tsire-tsire ba." Abokin aikinta Sid Galper shi ne likitan horticulturist.Baldon ya tsara wuraren shakatawa sama da 3,000 a Kudancin California kuma ya riƙe takardar izinin ƙira don wurin shakatawa tare da wurin zama na karkashin ruwa ergonomic.An yaba mata da haɓaka tafkin cinya,wanda ta yi iƙirarin gabatar da ita zuwa California a 1970.
Baya ga aikinta na gine-gine,Baldon ta tsara kayan daki kuma ta kafa kamfanin California Terra tare da abokin Galper-Baldon Sid Galper.Kamfanin ya kera kuma ya sayar da kayan daki na waje masu inganci.
Baldon ta yi aure,fiye da shekaru 50 ga marubuci,marubucin allo da kuma daraktan fina-finai Ib Melchior,wanda ta haɗu da littattafan da ba na almara ba Reflections on Pool:California Designs for Swimming and Steps & Stairways.Ya kasance ɗan wasan operatic tenor kuma tauraruwar fim Lauritz Melchior.Ma'auratan sun zauna a Hollywood Hills.
Baldon ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2014. Melchior ya mutu bayan watanni biyar,a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2015.
Masarautar Bazin
Masarautar Bazin wata masarauta ce ta farko wacce take a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. A cewar Al-Yaqubi, tana ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin Beja guda shida da suka wanzu a yankin a karni na 9. Yankin masarautar yana tsakanin Aswan da Massawa.
Yawancin jama'ar 'yan asalin Kunama ne, da ake kira "Bazin" (ko wani lokacin Baden, Bazen da dai sauransu), waɗanda suke yin addinin gargajiya. Mutanen Bazin sun kasance karkashin kariyar daular Abyssiniya. An bayyana wannan a cikin abin da ake kira Dutsen Ezana,  inda aka ce wani Sarkin Aksumite da ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya kare Bazin daga mamaye Noba. Da rugujewar Masarautar Aksum a kusan shekara ta 700 AD, dangin Beja sun mamaye kuma suka kafa masarautu da dama a Eritrea ta yau, ciki har da Bazin.
Garry Knox Bennett
Garry Knox Bennett (Oktoba 8,1934-Janairu 28,2022) ɗan Amurka ne ma'aikacin katako,mai yin kayan daki,ma'aikacin ƙarfe kuma mai fasaha daga Alameda,California,wanda aka san ta sha'awar sa, ƙirƙira da amfani da kayan aiki da ƙira a cikin aikinsa.Bitarsa da ɗakin studio ya kasance a Oakland,California.
A cikin shahararrun al'adu
A cikin wani yanayi na 7 na wasan kwaikwayon NBC na Parks da Recreation - na uku,"William Henry Harrison"-Bennett an jera shi ta babban hali Ron Swanson a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran mutane biyu kawai da ya gane.(Sauran kuma shine Magnus,ɗan bijimin gida.)
Ƴancin yin aiki
Haƙƙin yin aiki shine tunanin cewa mutane suna da haƙƙin yin aiki, ko kuma yin aiki mai fa'ida, da sanin cewa kuma bai kamata a hana su yin hakan ba. A basu damar ayyukan sosai a ƙasashen suHaƙƙin yin aiki yana ƙunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na Ƴancin Ɗan Adam kuma an gane shi a cikin dokokin ƴancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta hanyar shigar da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adunsu, inda ƴancin yin aiki ya jaddada ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Bayani
Yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya ta bayyana a cikin Mataki na 23.1: (1) Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin ya yi aiki, da ƴancin zaɓin aikin yi, da adalci da yanayin aiki mai kyau, da kariya daga rashin aikin yi. — Sanarwa ta Duniya game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ta faɗi a cikin Sashe na III, Mataki na 6: (1) Ƙungiyoyin Jihohin da ke cikin wannan alƙawari sun amince da ƴancin yin aiki, wanda ya haɗa da hakkin kowa na samun damar samun rayuwarsa ta hanyar aiki wanda ya zaɓa ko ya yarda da shi, kuma za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyaye wannan haƙƙin. (2) Matakan da Jam'iyyar Jiha za ta ɗauka zuwa ga Alƙawari na yanzu don cimma cikakkiyar nasarar wannan haƙƙin sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen jagoranci na fasaha da sana'a da horo, manufofi da dabaru don samun ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da ci gaba mai kyau da wadata. aiki a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan kiyaye muhimman ƴancin siyasa da tattalin arziki ga mutum. -   Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al’adu, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a yarjejeniyar Afirka kan ƴancin ɗan adam da al'umma ita ma ta amince da haƙƙin, tana mai da hankali kan yanayi da biyan kuɗi, watau haƙƙin ma'aikata. Mataki na 15, yana cewa: Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar sharaɗi kuma mai gamsarwa, kuma za a sami daidaiton albashi daidai da aikin. -- Yarjejeniya ta Afirka Kan Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka.
Tarihi
Shugaban gurguzu na Faransa Louis Blanc ne ya fito da kalmar "ƴancin yin aiki" bisa la'akari da rudanin zamantakewa a farkon ƙarni na 19 da kuma ƙaruwar rashin aikin yi bayan rikicin kuɗi na 1846 wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Faransa na 1848. Dukiya na iya zama tushen haƙƙoƙin da ke tabbatar da tabbatar da haƙƙin samun isasshiyar rayuwa kuma kawai masu mallakar ƙadara ne waɗanda aka fara ba da haƙƙin ɗan adam da na siyasa, kamar ' yancin zaɓe .Domin ba kowa ba ne ya sami damar mallakar dukiya ba, an ɗora haƙƙin yin aiki don ba da damar kowa ya sami ingantacciyar rayuwa. A yau an samu nuna wariya kan mallakar ƙadarori a matsayin babbar barazana ga cin moriyar haƙƙin ɗan adam daidai gwargwado ga kowa da kowa kuma ƙasidar rashin nuna bambanci a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya akai-akai sun haɗa da dukiya a matsayin tushen da aka haramta wa wariya (dubi hakkin daidaito a gaban doka ).
Suka akan haƙƙin yin aiki
Marxist na Faransa Paul Lafargue, a cikin The Right to be Lazy (1883), ya soki manufar haƙƙin yin aiki: "Kuma suyi tunanin cewa 'ya'yan jarumai ƴan ta'adda sun yarda da kansu su kaskantar da kansu ta hanyar addini na aiki, zuwa batu na yarda, tun 1848, a matsayin juyin juya hali mamaye, dokar iyakance ma'aikata aiki zuwa awanni goma sha biyu.Suna iƙirarin ƴancin yin aiki a matsayin ƙa'idar juyin juya hali. Abin kunya ga proletariat na Faransa!
Kidan Afirka
Idan aka yi la’akari da girman nahiyar Afirka, waƙarta ta bambanta, tare da yankuna da ƙasashe suna da al'adun kiɗa daban-daban. Waƙar Afirka ta ƙunshi nau'ikan amapiano, Jùjú, Fuji, Afrobeat, Highlife, Makossa, Kizomba, da sauransu. Har ila yau, kiɗan Afirka na amfani da manyan kayan kida iri-iri a duk faɗin nahiyar. Kiɗa da raye -rayen ƴan Afirka, waɗanda aka kafa zuwa digiri daban-daban akan al'adun kiɗan Afirka, sun haɗa da kiɗan Amurka kamar Dixieland jazz, blues, jazz, da yawancin nau'ikan Caribbean, irin su calypso (duba kaiso ) da soca. Salon kade-kade na Latin Amurka irin su cumbia, kidan salsa, dan cubano, rumba, conga, bomba, samba da zouk sun samo asali ne daga kidan bayin Afrika, kuma sun yi tasiri ga shahararriyar wakokin Afirka.
Kamar kiɗan Asiya, Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kiɗan kida ce mai ƙarfi. Haɗaɗɗen tsarin rhythmic sau da yawa kuma yana haɗar da waƙar da aka yi da wani don ƙirƙirar polyrhythm. Mafi yawan nau'in polyrhythm yana wasa uku a saman biyu, kamar sau uku da aka buga da madaidaiciyar bayanin kula. Al'adun kiɗan Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara akai-akai sun dogara da kayan kida iri-iri iri-iri, gami da xylophones, djembes, ganguna, da na'urorin samar da sauti irin su mbira ko "piano na yatsa."
Wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa na kiɗan Afirka shine yanayin kiransa da amsawa : murya ɗaya ko kayan aiki yana buga ɗan gajeren magana mai sauti, kuma wannan magana tana sake maimaita ta da wata murya ko kayan aiki. Halin kira-da-amsa ya miƙe har zuwa ƙwanƙwasa, inda ganga ɗaya zai yi salon ƙwanƙwasa, wanda wani gangunan yana wasa iri ɗaya ne. Har ila yau, kiɗan Afirka yana inganta sosai. Ana yin babban tsarin rhythmic, tare da ƴan ganga sannan suna inganta sabbin ƙira sama da tsayayyen tsarin asali.
Kade-kade na gargajiya a galibin nahiyar ana watsa su ne da baki (ko a zahiri) kuma ba a rubuta su ba. Akwai bambance-bambance a hankali a cikin sauti da sauti waɗanda ba sa sauƙin fassarawa zuwa alamar Yammacin Turai. Kiɗa na Afirka sun fi dacewa da tetratonic na Yamma (bayanin kula-hudu), pentatonic (bayanin kula biyar), hexatonic (bayanin kula shida), da ma'auni na heptatonic (bayanin kula-bakwai). Ana yin jituwa da waƙar ta hanyar yin waƙa a layi daya zuwa kashi uku, na huɗu, ko na biyar (duba haɗin kai na al'adar yankin Saharar Afirka ).
Waka na da muhimmanci ga addini a Afirka, inda al'adu da bukukuwan addini ke amfani da waka wajen yada labarai daga tsara zuwa tsara tare da rera waka da rawa. Bugu da ƙari, kiɗa yana da mahimmanci ga al'ada gaba ɗaya, ba kawai a matsayin nau'i na addini da maganganun kai ba, har ma a matsayin hanyar watsa labaru don sadarwa game da muhimman batutuwan al'umma, siyasa, da ɗabi'a.
Wasu al'adu da yawa sun yi nazarin kiɗan Afirka ko da yake lokaci, don haka yawan tasirin da ya yi akan wasu. Alal misali, a cikin Disamba na 2002, Ƙungiyar Swiss Society for Ethnomusicology ta gudanar da taro da yawa a ƙoƙarin nazarin kiɗan Ghana. Wadannan masana ilimin kide-kide da kide-kide da suka shiga cikin binciken sun duba koyan fannonin tarihi ta hanyar waka, tare da al'adu. Bugu da ƙari, wasu masana ilimin kida, irin su John Collins sun nemi yin nazarin takamaiman fannoni na kiɗa daga Ghana, irin wannan yana da kasancewar Kiristanci a cikin mashahurin kiɗan.
Waƙar Afirka tana da dangantaka mai zurfi da al'umma. An yi waƙar Afirka don jin daɗin jama'a da shiga jama'a; wanda ke sa wakokin Afirka su faɗo a ƙarƙashin rukunin kiɗan al'umma, inda ake ƙarfafa al'umma masu ƙwazo da shiga jama'a a harkar kiɗa. Wannan mahimmancin al'umma ne ya kafa ra'ayin Christopher Small na Farin Ciki da kiɗan Jama'a, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan al'ada.
Arewacin Afirka da Kahon Afirka
Arewacin Afirka ita ce wurin zama na tsohuwar Masar da Carthage, wayewa da ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma wacce ta yi tasiri ga tsoffin al'adun Girka da na Romawa. Daga karshe Masar ta fada karkashin mulkin Farisa sannan mulkin Girka da na Roma suka biyo baya, yayin da Romawa da Vandals suka yi mulkin Carthage. Daga baya Larabawa suka mamaye Arewacin Afirka, wadanda suka kafa yankin a matsayin Magrib na kasashen Larabawa. Kamar nau'ikan kiɗa na Kogin Nilu da Kahon Afirka (yankin sama-shuɗi da duhu kore akan taswira), kiɗan sa yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma yana amfani da nau'ikan waƙoƙi iri ɗaya ( maqamat ). Waƙar Arewacin Afirka tana da kewayo mai yawa, tun daga kiɗan tsohuwar Masar zuwa Berber da kiɗan Abzinawa na makiyayan hamada. Kidan fasaha na yankin ya dade shekaru aru-aru yana bin tsarin kidan gargajiya na Larabci da Andalusian: shahararrun nau'ikansa na zamani sun hada da Raï na Aljeriya.
Tare da waɗannan ana iya haɗa su da kiɗan Sudan da na Kahon Afirka, gami da kiɗan Eritrea, Habasha, Djibouti da Somaliya. Kiɗa na Somaliya yawanci pentatonic ne, ta yin amfani da filaye biyar a kowace octave sabanin ma'auni na heptatonic (bayanin kula bakwai) kamar babban sikelin. Kiɗa na tsaunukan Habasha yana amfani da tsarin ƙa'ida mai mahimmanci wanda ake kira qenet, wanda akwai manyan hanyoyi guda huɗu: tezeta, bati, jakada, da anchihoy. Ƙarin hanyoyi guda uku bambance-bambance ne akan abubuwan da ke sama: ƙaramar tezeta, manyan bati, da ƙaramar bati. Wasu waƙoƙin suna ɗaukar sunan qenet ɗin su, kamar tizita, waƙar tunawa.
Yamma, Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas da Afirka ta Kudu
Majagaba na ƙabilanci Arthur Morris Jones (1889-1980) ya lura cewa ka'idodin rhythmic na al'adun kiɗan Bantu na Afirka sun zama babban tsari ɗaya. Hakazalika, babban mashahuran ƙwararru kuma masani CK Ladzekpo ya tabbatar da "cikakkiyar kamanni" na ƙa'idodin Bantu na Afirka.
Kidan gargajiya na Afirka akai-akai yana aiki a yanayi. Ayyuka na iya zama tsayi kuma galibi sun haɗa da sa hannun masu sauraro. Akwai, alal misali, waƙoƙin aiki na musamman, waƙoƙin da ke tare da haihuwa, aure, farauta da ayyukan siyasa, kiɗa don kawar da mugayen ruhohi da kuma girmama ruhohi masu kyau, matattu da kakanni. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da aka yi a waje da mahallin zamantakewa da aka yi niyya kuma yawancinsa yana da alaƙa da wani raye-raye. Wasu daga cikinsa, waɗanda ƙwararrun mawaƙa ne ke yin su, kiɗan sacral ne ko kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da ake yi a kotunan sarki.
Kudanci, Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma suna cikin al'adar kiɗan da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, suna da tasiri da yawa, daga yankunan Musulmi na Afirka, da kuma a zamanin yau, Amurka da Yammacin Turai. Afrobeat, Juju, Fuji, Highlife, Makossa, da Kizomba ana yin su a yammacin Afirka. Kide-kiden Afirka ta Yamma yana da bambancin yanki, tare da yankunan musulmi da suka hada da abubuwa na kidan Musulunci da kuma yankunan da ba musulmi ba sun fi tasiri da al'adun 'yan asali, a cewar masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf da masanin ilimin kabilanci Gerhard Kubik. A cewar Diouf, waƙar musulmin gargajiya na yammacin Afirka sun haɗa da abubuwa na kiran sallah na Musulunci (wanda ya samo asali daga Bilal ibn Rabah, wani musulmin Afirka na Habasha a farkon ƙarni na 7), gami da waƙoƙin yabon Allah, waƙa, canje-canjen bayanin kula, "kalmomi masu kama da juna. quiver and shake" a cikin waƙoƙin murya, canje-canje masu ban mamaki a ma'aunin kiɗa, da shigar hanci. A cewar Kubik, salon murya na mawakan musulmi na yammacin Afirka "ta yin amfani da melisma, wavy intonation, da dai sauransu, gado ne na wannan babban yanki na yammacin Afirka wanda ke hulɗa da Larabci - Musulunci na Magrib tun daga bakwai da kuma karni na takwas." Dangane da kayan aiki, Kubik ya lura cewa kayan kida (ciki har da kakannin banjo ) a al'adance Musulmin Afirka ta Yamma ne ke son yin kida, yayin da al'adar mutanen yammacin Afirka wadanda ba musulmi ba musulmi ke son yin kida.
Kayan kida
Bayan surutu, wanda ke amfani da dabaru daban-daban kamar hadaddun melisma da yodel, ana kuma amfani da kayan kida iri-iri. Kayayyakin kiɗan na Afirka sun haɗa da ganguna iri-iri, ƙwanƙolin tsagewa, ƙarara da ƙararrawa biyu, garayu iri-iri, da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe irin na kora da ngoni, da kuma fidda-kai, nau’ikan xylophone da lamellophone iri-iri irin su. mbira, da nau'ikan kayan aikin iska kamar sarewa da ƙaho. Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma amfani da kayan kirtani, tare da lute -kamar oud da Ngoni waɗanda ke zama abin rakiyar kiɗa a wasu wurare.
Akwai rukunoni biyar na kayan kida na yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na Afirka : wayoyi na membrano, wayoyi na kade-kade, wayoyin iska, wayoyi, da kade-kade. Membranophones sune ganguna, gami da kettles, tukwane, da ganga. Wayoyin kaɗe-kaɗe kayan kida ne kamar garayu da garayu. Aerophones wani suna ne na kayan aikin iska. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da sarewa da ƙaho, kama da kayan kida da kuke ji a cikin kiɗan Amurka. Wayoyin wayoyi masu raɗaɗi ne da girgiza, yayin da kaɗa na iya zama sauti kamar taka ƙafa da tafa hannu. Yawancin kayan aikin katako suna da siffofi ko hotuna da aka zana a cikinsu don wakiltar zuriyarsu. Wasu an yi musu ado da gashin fuka-fukai ko beads.
Ganguna da ake amfani da su a wakokin gargajiya na Afirka sun haɗa da ganguna na magana, bougarabou da djembe a Afirka ta Yamma, da gangunan ruwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma, da kuma nau'ikan gangunan ngoma (ko engoma) a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka. Sauran kayan kaɗe-kaɗe sun haɗa da raye-raye da masu girgiza, irin su kosika (kashaka), sandar ruwan sama, ƙararrawa da sandunan itace. Har ila yau, Afirka tana da sauran nau'ikan ganguna da yawa, da sarewa da kirtani da kayan aikin iska.
Wasan polyrhythm yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun halayen kiɗan ƙasashen kudu da hamadar sahara, sabanin yawan waƙar da ake yi a ƙasashen yamma. Na'urori da aka ƙirƙira na musamman sun samo asali a can tsawon lokaci don sauƙaƙe kunna kida masu bambanta lokaci guda. Mmbira, kalimba, Kora, Ngoni da dousn'gouni misalan waɗannan kayan kida ne waɗanda ke tsara bayanin kula ba a cikin tsarin layi ɗaya na yau da kullun daga bass zuwa treble ba, amma a cikin tsararrun matsayi guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙarin sauƙi a cikin kunna waƙoƙin giciye. Ana iya ganin ci gaba da tasirin wannan ka'ida a cikin karni na 20 na Amurka kayan kidan gravi-kora da gravikord wadanda sabbin misalan zamani ne.
Dangantaka da harshe
Yawancin harsunan da ake magana da su a Afirka harsunan tonal ne, wanda ke haifar da kusanci tsakanin kiɗa da harshe a wasu al'adun gida. Waɗannan musamman al'ummomin suna amfani da sautunan murya da motsi tare da kiɗan su ma. A cikin rera waƙa, ƙirar sautin ko rubutun yana sanya wasu maƙasudi a kan salon waƙar. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin kiɗan kayan aiki mai magana da harshen harshe sau da yawa kan iya fahimtar rubutu ko rubutu a cikin kiɗan. Wannan tasirin kuma ya zama tushen harsunan ganga ( ganguna masu magana ).