cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Dokar ingancin iska
Kanada
Tare da wasu keɓancewar masana'antu, ƙa'idodin gurɓacewar iska na Kanada an yi amfani da su bisa ga al'ada a matakin lardi. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada, 1999, ƙasar kwanan nan ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri na kasa mai suna Canadian Air Quality Management System (AQMS). Shirin ya ƙunshi manyan hanyoyin sarrafawa guda biyar: Ka'idodin Ingantacciyar iska ta Kanada (CAAQS); Abubuwan Buƙatun Ƙirar Masana'antu na Tushen (BLIERs) (sarrafawa da fasaha); kula da ingancin iska ta gida ta hanyar kula da Yankunan Jiragen Sama; kula da ingancin iska na yanki ta hanyar kula da Yankunan Airsheds; da haɗin gwiwa don rage fitar da tushen wayar hannu.
Gwamnatin Canada ta kuma yi kokarin samar da wasu dokoki da suka shafi hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar. Ta zartas da dokokin da suka shafi tattalin arzikin man fetur a cikin motocin fasinja da manyan motoci masu nauyi, da manyan motocin dakon kaya, da sabuntar mai, da bangaren makamashi da sufuri.
Ƙasar Sin
Kasar Sin wadda ke da mummunar gurbacewar iska a manyan biranen manyan birane da cibiyoyin masana'antu, musamman a arewacin kasar, ta daidaita tsarin rigakafin gurbacewar iska da sarrafa iska wanda ke da nufin rage gurbacewar iska da kashi 25% nan da shekarar 2017 daga matakin 2012. An ba da tallafin dala biliyan 277 daga gwamnatin tsakiya, shirin aikin ya yi niyya ga ɓangarori na PM 2.5 waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam.
Ƙasar Niyuzilan
Niyuzilan ta zartar da dokarta mai tsafta ta 1972 don mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwar masana'antu da gurɓacewar iska a birane. Wannan Dokar ta ware maɓuɓɓuka, ta sanya buƙatun ba da izini, kuma ta ƙirƙiri tsari don tantance fasahar sarrafawa da ake buƙata. Hukumomin yankin an ba su izinin daidaita ƙananan masu gurbata muhalli. A cikin Yankin Tsabtataccen iska na Christchurch, an aiwatar da hana ƙonawa da sauran matakan sarrafa hayaki.
An maye gurbin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama na 1972 da Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 1991. Dokar ba ta tsara ma'auni na ingancin iska ba, amma ya tanadi jagorar kasa don bunkasa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaddamar da ƙa'idodin muhalli na New Zealand don ingancin iska a cikin 2004 tare da gyare-gyare na gaba.
Ƙasar Ingila
Dangane da Babban Smog na 1952, Majalisar Biritaniya ta gabatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama na 1956. Wannan doka ta tanadi yankunan da aka kona masu hayaki tare da mayar da tashoshin wutar lantarki zuwa yankunan karkara. Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta 1968 ta gabatar da amfani da dogon bututun hayaƙi don tarwatsa gurɓacewar iska ga masana'antun da ke kona kwal, ruwa ko gas.
Amurka
Dokar farko da ke daidaita ingancin iska a Amurka ita ce Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Amurka. An fara aiwatar da dokar ne a matsayin dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta 1955. Canje-canje a cikin 1967 da 1970 (tsarin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka ta yau) ta ƙaddamar da buƙatun ingancin iska na ƙasa, tare da sanya alhakin gudanarwa tare da sabuwar Hukumar Kare Muhalli da aka ƙirƙira. Manyan gyare-gyare sun biyo baya a cikin 1977 da 1990. Gwamnonin Jihohi da na Kananan Hukumomi sun kafa irin wannan doka, ko dai aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tarayya ko kuma cike wasu muhimman gibi a cikin shirye-shiryen tarayya.
Joely Andrews
Aiki
Andrews ita memba ce a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arewacin Ireland. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2020, ta sami kiranta na farko zuwa ga babbar ƙungiyar Ireland ta Arewa. Ta fara wasanta na farko da Tsibirin Faroe a ranar 18 ga Satumba, inda ta zo a madadinta.
Jami'ar Caleb
Jami'ar Caleb babbar makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke Imota, Legas, Najeriya.
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha (Accra)
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha a Accra, Ghana an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1963 kuma ya fara buɗe ƙofofinsa a shekarar 1965. Gidan kayan tarihin yana ƙarƙashin hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da ababen tunawa na Ghana da hukumar al'adu ta ƙasa.
Jami'ar Caleb
Tarihi
Tsarin tarihin Jami'ar Caleb ya samo asali ne tun 1986 lokacin da Yarima Oladega Adebogun ya shuka iri na farko na makarantar Naziri da firamare a tsakiyar Mainland Legas. Faduwar makarantun gwamnati da ake gani wadanda ba za a iya warwaresu ba da kuma buƙatun da ke tsakanin yawancin iyaye na makarantun da ke da ma'auni na ilimi, da kuma koyar da ɗabi'un Kiristanci ya zama abin da ya dace don ƙirƙirar Makarantar Nursery da Firamare ta Caleb.
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha (Accra)
Fage
Manufar kafa gidan tarihin shine don a samar da wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da suka faru a baya da na yanzu a kimiyya da fasaha a Ghana. Malamai biyu daga Jami'ar Ghana sun gabatar da shawara ga Kwame Nkrumah, wanda shi ne shugaban Ghana a lokacin. An rufe ainihin ginin gidan kayan gargajiya kuma abubuwan baje kolin sun yi ƙaura zuwa ginin da yake yanzu wanda ke fuskantar tsaiko mai yawa a gininsa.
Wuri
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana tsakiyar birnin Accra. Tana kusa da mahadar titin Barnes zuwa gabas da titin Laberiya a kudu a birnin Accra. Yammacin gidan kayan tarihi shine Jami'ar Ghana Accra City Campus kuma a arewa akwai ofisoshin Hukumar Kula da Hidima ta Kasa da Majalisar Gudanarwa na Yanki.
Simeon Adebo
Cif Simeon Olaosebikan Adebo (Oktoba 4, 1913 - 30 ga Satumba, 1994) ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gudanarwa na Najeriya, lauya kuma jami'in diflomasiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya kasance tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnati a tsohuwar yankin yammacin Najeriya. A matsayinsa na basaraken kabilar Yarbawa da ke zaune a tsaunin tarihi na Abeokuta, ya rike mukamin Okanlomo na Egbaland.
Jami'ar Caleb
Ilimi mai zurfi
Nasarar ilimi mai zurfi a makarantar, tare da kyawawan halaye na ɗalibai sun ƙarawa janyo ra'ayoyi na neman gurbi a makarantar. Iyaye kuma sun fara sha'awar samun makarantar sakandare da ke jaddada wadannan manufa, buri, dabi'u da hanyoyin koyarwa iri wannan. Wannan, a cikin wani salo, ya share fagen kafa Kwalejin Kasa da kasa ta Caleb a Magodo GRA, Legas, a 1995.
Simeon Adebo
Ilimi
Ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a Kwalejin King da ke Legas a shekarar 1932, sannan ya karanta fannin shari’a a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta Landan (London School of Economics), inda bayan ya kammala ya samu gurbin shiga mashaya.
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha (Accra)
Ayyuka
Baya ga baje kolin ga jama'a, gidan kayan gargajiya yana dauke da dakin karatu. Har ila yau, tana tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa ga yaran makaranta. A cikin shekarar 2019, akwai wani nunin Juyin Halitta na Kimiyya wanda Wellcome ya ba da tallafi wanda ya ba da haske kan ayyukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da binciken sararin samaniya.
Awannin budewa
Gidan kayan gargajiya yakan buɗe kowace rana a cikin kwanakin mako daga 9:00 na safe zuwa 4:30 na yamma. Hakanan yana karɓar kuɗaɗen kofa.
Jami'ar Caleb
Ilimi mai zurfi
Kwalejin ta kasance hanyar cigaban karatun ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda suka halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Caleb. A cikin ƴan shekaru da aka kafa, hazakar ɗaliban kwalejin a jarrabawar Junior da Senior Secondary School Certificate (JSCE/SSCE) da sauri sun janyo Caleb ta shiga jerin manyan manyan makarantun sakandare a Ƙasa. Kolejin ta faɗaɗa shirinta na ƙarin manhaja, ta faɗaɗa ƙungiyar kiɗan ta, kuma ta haɗa da darussa ziyarar ƙasashen waje ga ɗalibanta daga 1999.
Simeon Adebo
Sana'a
Adebo ya yi aiki a ma’aikatar kudi ta tarayya kuma a shekarar 1961 ya zama shugaban ma’aikatan gwamnati kuma babban sakataren gwamnatin yankin yammacin lokacin. An nada shi a matsayin wakilin Najeriya na din-din-din a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1962 zuwa 1967 sannan kuma yayi matsayin mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma Babban Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Horo da Bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya har zuwa 1972.
Jami'ar Caleb
Lasisi
Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta ba Jami'ar Caleb lasisin fara aiki a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta. Jami'ar ta fara cikakken shirin karatu tare da karbar dalibanta na farko, jimlar dalibai 83 maza da mata 58 a ranar Litinin, 7 ga Janairu, 2008.
Simeon Adebo
Sana'a
Bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya, shugaban kasar Janar Yakubu Gowon ya kafa wata hukumar da za ta duba albashi da albashin ma'aikatan Najeriya da kuma duba hanyoyin da za a bi wajen inganta tattalin arzikin ma'aikata, muhimmancin hukumar ya samu ne sakamakon hauhawar farashin ma'aikata. a cikin tsadar rayuwa sakamakon hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ba a iya magancewa a lokacin yakin basasa. An kira Simeon Adebo don ya jagoranci wata hukuma wadda daga baya ta zama hukumar Adebo (Adebo Commission). Ma’aikatan da suka bukaci a kara musu albashi sun yi farin ciki da zaben Adebo, ana ganinsa a matsayin mai gudanar da harkokin siyasa wanda zai yi nazari sosai kan halin da ma’aikata ke ciki tare da binciki damuwar ma’aikata a bangaren farar hula da masu zaman kansu. Gwamnati da farko ta yi nazari kan albashi, wanda ya bukaci karin albashi a 1964, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun biyo baya.
A rahotonta na farko, hukumar a karkashin Adebo, ta ba da shawarar bayar da lambar yabo ta COLA ko Cost of Living Award ga dukkan ma’aikata, daga dala 10 zuwa dala 24. Sai dai hukumar ta bukaci yin aiki cikin tsarin gudanarwa na shekarun 1960 kuma ta mayar da hankali ne kawai kan yadda za a sake duba tare da daidaita matsalolin tsarin a maimakon yin garambawul ga tsarin albashi da albashi na Gwamnatin Tarayya ko kuma gaba daya na Najeriya.
Jami'ar Caleb
Nasara
A cikin shekara ta 1999, neman gurbi a Kwalejin ya kai matakan da ba a taɓa gani ba, yayin da kowanne gurbi na dalibai ya cika makil. Irin wannan kyakkyawar sha'awa ta tayar da buƙatar babban wuri. Caleb International College ya ci gaba da kyawawan al'adar kyawawan halaye da ilimi kuma wani lokaci a cikin 2003, an kafa reshe na Kwalejin a Lekki don neman dalibai da ke zaune a cikin Ikoyi, Victoria Island da yankin Lekki na Legas. Don kiyaye matsayinsa a matsayin babban mai ba da ilimi mai inganci da amsa buƙatun makarantu na gaskiya na duniya, kafa ta ya janyo tsarin da ya dace don gabatar da matakin karatu irin na Cambridge da Babban Takaddun Ilimi na Duniya (IGCSE) a shekara ta 2004. An amince da matsayin Caleb sosai a idanun a cikin shekarata 2004 lokacin da aka shigar da ita a matsayin cikakkiyar memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantun Duniya (ISA).
Lambar yabo
Jami'ar Caleb ta sami lambar yabo ta babbar jami'ar kasa da kasa tare da inganta ilimi da lambar yabo ta kyawawan halaye.
Simeon Adebo
Sana'a
Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Chancellor na Jami’ar Legas a 1992.
Fatima Bara
Fatima Bara ( فطيمة بارة ; an haife ta a ranar i 21 ga watan  Fabrairu shekarar 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Cibiyar ASE Alger da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Aljeriya.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Fatima Bara ta fafata ne a Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata ta shekarar 2018, inda ya buga wasanni biyu.
Manazarta
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Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Garun Malam
Karamar Hukumar Garun Malam ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu goma (10) a karkashinta.
Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka;
Filin Jirgin Sama Na Rundu
Filin jirgin sama na Rundu (        filin jirgin sama ne mai hidima Rundu, babban birnin yankin Kavango a Ƙasar Namibiya . Filin jirgin saman yana da 6 km kudu maso yammacin tsakiyar Rundu.
Runway 26 yana da ƙarin 300 m na kofa da aka yi gudun hijira akwai don tashin. Babu hanyoyin IFR ko kayan aiki, amma kewayawa yana samun goyan bayan NDB arewacin filin jirgin sama, a kan iyaka a Angola.
Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa
Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa suna gudanar da ayyukan su da aka tsara akai-akai a filin jirgin.
Gasar Tseren Guje-Guje da Tsalle-Tsalle ta Afirka
Gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Afirka, ta kasance gasar  tsere ta shekara hudu na 'yan wasa da ke wakiltar kasashe daga Afirka, wanda hukumar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Afirka (CAA) ta shirya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ya nuna tseren tsere don manyan maza (kilomita 20) da mata (kilomita 10 a cikin shekarar 1999, kilomita 20 daga 2005 akan). An gudanar da bugu na 2005 tare da Gasar Haɗaɗɗen Abubuwan Haɗin Kan Afirka. Buga na 2009 kuma ya ƙunshi ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru (kilomita 10 maza da mata). Taron maza na 2013 wani bangare ne na IAAF Kalubalen Tafiya na Duniya.
Nana Oye Lithur
Nana Oye Lithur yar Ghana ce kuma barista kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance ministar kula da jinsi, yara da kare zamantakewa a Ghana daga 2013 zuwa 2017, wanda shugaba John Mahama ya nada bayan babban zaben Ghana. Ita mamba ce ta National Democratic Congress.
Tarihin rayuwa
Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Cocin Ridge da Wesley Girls' High School. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a, 'yancin ɗan adam da dimokraɗiyya a Afirka daga Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu. Ta rike mukaman babban darektan cibiyar kare hakkin bil adama da kuma mai kula da yankin (Ofishin Afirka) na kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Commonwealth. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Zubar da ciki da kuma mamba mai ba da shawara na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya kan Gane Haƙƙin Haihuwa.
Jigida
Jigida wannan kalmar na nufin wasu 'yayan ƙwallaye da mata ke sawa a ƙugunsu don ƙwalliya.
Sophie Roman Haug
Sophie Román Haug (an haife ta 4 ga Yuni 1999) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Norway wacce ke buga wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Seria A ta Italiya AS Roma da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Norway.
Aikin kulob
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2022, Haug ta shiga Roma.
Fadar Wa Naa's
Fadar Wa Naa's gida ce ga Sarkin Wala wanda aka ce su ne mafi rinjaye a Wa a yankin Upper West na Ghana. Tana cikin tsakiyar garin ne kuma gidane ga daukacin dangi, ma'aikatan fadar da jami'an masarautar. Wuri ne mai mahimmanci na al'adu, siyasa, addini da zamantakewa ga al'ummar yankin. A cikin fadar, sarki yana zaune a kan fatar zaki ko tururuwa inda wasu ke zama a kan fatar saniya ko tunkiya.
Tarihi
Masana tarihi sun ce mutanen Wa sun yi hijira ne daga Sudan a yankin arewacin Afirka. Yawancinsu makiyaya ne kuma sun yi tafiyar mil mil don ciyar da dabbobinsu. Bayan sun zauna a kasarsu ta yanzu, sai suka nada sarki suka yi wa lakabi da Wa Naa's a matsayin babban shugaban mutane. An yi iƙirarin a cikin ƙarni na 19, an gina ginin ne ta amfani da bangon laka mai kauri da kuma ginshiƙan katako masu siffar Y don tallafa wa rufin rufin dajin da aka rufe da laka. An gina wurin ne domin hana kai hare-hare da makamai idan an taba kai musu hari. An kuma san wurin kabari ne na tsoffin sarakunan da aka binne a kofar fada.
Haɗin kai
A cikin 2009, Asusun Abubuwan Tunawa na Duniya ya haɗu tare da Hukumar Gidajen Tarihi da Monuments na Ghana don yin tunani a kan hanyoyin da za a kiyaye tsarin Y mai siffa. An yi iƙirarin kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'mafi kyau' kuma na ƙarshe na tsoffin gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda dole ne a adana su. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">] An kammala wannan aikin a shekara ta 2012.
Eko Hotels and Suites
Eko Hotels and Suites otal ne mai taurari biyar a Legas.
History
An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1977 azaman Ekó Holiday Inn  kuma an gina shi akan Tsibirin Victoria, shine otal mafi girma a Najeriya. Architect Oluwole Olumuyiwa tare da haɗin gwiwar Amurkawa ne suka tsara shi. Daga baya aka sake masa suna Le Meridien Eko Hotel and Suites, Legas. L'Hotel Eko Le Meridien wani bangare ne na rukunin kamfanoni na Chagoury.
Zane
Ginin otal ɗin ya ƙunshi ɗakuna 825 da suites  a cikin gine-gine masu benaye guda huɗu, sanye da fararen fata tare da ra'ayoyin Tekun Atlantika da Lagon Kuramo. Otal ɗin da ke kusa da cibiyoyin kuɗi na tsibirin Legas: Victoria Island. Eko Hotels & Suites yana da otal kanwa a Fatakwal mai suna Hotel Presidential.
Abubuwan da suka faru
Eko Hotels & Suites yana da Cibiyar Taro mafi girma a Najeriya. Abubuwan da suka faru a otal din sun haɗa da; kiɗe-kiɗe da wake-wake, fitattun fina-finai, nune-nunen nune-nunen kasa da kasa, bukukuwan aure, tarurruka da kuma bikin bayar da lambar yabo. Yawancin lokuta ana amfani da Cibiyar Taro don waɗannan al'amuran kuma tana iya ɗaukar mutane 6,000.
Gidajen abinci
Akwai gidajen abinci da mashaya guda takwas a cikin rukunin otal ɗin:
Anita Erskine
Anita Erskine (an haife ta Vered - Marian Anita Erskine; 3 Disamba 1978) mai magana da yare biyu (Ingilishi da Faransanci) mai watsa shirye-shiryen Ghana ce, kwararriyar kwararriya, mai gabatar da jawabi, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimin 'yan mata. Ita ce Babbar Furodusa kuma mai masaukin baki Sheroes of Our Time, wanda ke fitowa a Akwaaba Magic a tashar DSTV. Ita ce kuma mai masaukin baki kuma mai ba da shawara na 2020 edition na Africa Netpreneur Prize Initiative (shirin samar da taimakon agaji na gidauniyar Jack Ma a Afirka).
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Anita a birnin Kudus na kasar Isra'ila ga tsohon sojan Ghana kuma 'yar siyasa, Laftanar Janar Emmanuel Erskine da Rose Anastasia Erskine. Ta girma a Ghana kuma a ƙarshen samari ta koma Kanada.  Anita tana da digiri na farko na Arts a cikin Nazarin Al'adu daga Jami'ar Trent.
Ilimi
Ta yi karatun Firamare a Christ the King International School da Sakandarenta a Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Ghana. Erskine yana da digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Al'adu daga Jami'ar Trent a Peterborough, Ontario Canada.
Aiki
Fitowar shirin talabijin na farko da Anita ta yi a gidan Talabijin na Ghana shine a shekarar 1998 lokacin da ta dauki nauyin Bakwai da Kyawun Maganar Omnibus a tashar talabijin ta Metro. A Kanada ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gudanarwa sannan kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a FLOW 93.5 a Toronto. A 2006, ta zama mai masaukin baki na TV3's Mentor. Bayan da aka duba ta a shekarar 2007, ta zama wakiliyar Ghana a gidan rediyon MNET na Studio 53. Daga baya a shekarar 2009, a lokacin da take hutun haihuwa, ta fara aiki a Viasat 1 a Ghana a matsayin jagorar shirya shirye-shiryen gidan rediyon. Bayan fitowarta daga Viasat 1 da Modern African Productions, ta zama mai masaukin baki na Ifactory Live's Pamper Your Mum, Cooking With and Making of a Mogul.
Tsakanin 2007 zuwa farkon 2009, Anita ita ce Daraktan Sadarwa na Kamfanin Tigo (mallakar Millicom), tana taka rawa a Ghana da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.
Ta dawo zuwa Viasat 1 zuwa "The One Show" a cikin 2014. A lokaci guda kuma, ta kuma karbi bakuncin +233 Discovery wanda ƙungiyar Discovery Learning Alliance ta haɓaka - yanzu Impact Ed International.
A cikin 2015, ta zama mai masaukin baki ga Accra - tushen Starr FM's "Starr Drive" tare da Bola Ray sannan tare da Giovanni Caleb. Ta yi murabus daga kungiyar a watan Nuwamba 2017 don mai da hankali kan gina kamfanin bayar da shawarwari da samarwa.
Ta kafa Consultancy Communications Consultancy, Anita Erskine Media a watan Yuni 2016 kuma ta gina wani reshe daya mai suna Bosslady Productions.
Kayayei
Kayayei ko Kaya Yei kalmar Ghana ce ga 'yar dako ko mai ɗaukar kaya. Yawancin waɗannan mata sun yi ƙaura daga ƙauyuka zuwa kowane birni na Ghana don neman aiki. Gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar nauyinsu a kawunansu.
Etymology
Kalmar kayayei (maɗaukaki, kaya yoo) wani fili ne da aka kafa daga harsuna biyu da ake magana a Ghana. Kaya na nufin "kaya, kaya, kaya ko kaya" a yaren Hausa, yei kuma yana nufin "mata ko mata" a yaren Ga. Mutanen Kumasi suna kiran ’yan ɗora a matsayin paa o paa.
Matsayi
Kaya sun kasance ma'aikatan hannu koyaushe. Suna jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasuwanni, musamman kayan noma. Yawanci, Kaya suna ɗaukar kayansu a cikin babban kwanon rufi da aka ɗora a kawunansu, ta yin amfani da ɗanyen zane a matsayin maƙalli.
Sharuɗɗa
Kaya Yei har yanzu yana aiki a kasuwanni a Ghana a yau, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma yana da karancin kudin shiga. Lokaci-lokaci, ana kawo Kaya cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu don yin ayyukan gida, inda za su sami ƙarin kuɗi kaɗan. Kaya galibi suna wucewa, kuma galibi ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba. Asalin tsafta da yanayin abinci ma ba su da kyau. A cikin manyan biranen kamar Accra & Kumasi, Kaya galibi bakin haure ne daga yankuna masu nisa wadanda suka zo biranen neman ingantacciyar damar aiki.
A watan Mayun 2016, ministar kula da jinsi da yara da walwalar jama’a Nana Oye Lithur ta tabbatar da cewa sama da kayayei 1,000 daga kasuwannin Agbogbloshie da Mallam Atta da ke birnin Accra an yi musu rajista bisa tsarin inshorar lafiya na kasa, don taimaka musu wajen samar da ayyukan yi na asali. A cikin kasafin shekara ta 2017, Ministan Kudi Ken Ofori-Atta ya cire kayayei daga biyan kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kasuwa zuwa majalisu daban-daban.
Francis Kingsley Ato Codjoe
Francis Kingsley Ato Codjoe dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazabar Ekumfi a shiyyar tsakiya a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Ya kasance tsohon mataimakin ministan kiwon kifi da raya ruwa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Codjoe a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1971 kuma ya fito ne daga Ekumfi Essarkyir a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin kudi a jami'ar Ghana.
Siyasa
Codjoe memba ne na New Patriotic Party.
Zaben 2016
A babban zaben kasar Ghana na 2016, ya lashe zaben majalisar dokokin mazabar Ekumfi da kuri'u 12,240 da ya samu kashi 50.1% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar NDC Abeiku Crentsil ya samu kuri'u 11,632 da ya samu kashi 47.6% na kuri'un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokoki na PPP Stephen Quansah. Ya samu kuri'u 505 wanda ya zama kashi 2.1% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada kuma dan takarar majalisar dokoki na jam'iyyar CPP Kweku Esuoun ya samu kuri'u 70 wanda ya zama kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
Minista
Codjoe ya kasance Mataimakin Ministan Kifi & Ruwa daga 11 Afrilu 2017 zuwa 7 ga Janairu 2021.
Zaben 2020
A babban zaben Ghana na 2020, ya sha kaye a zaben mazabar Ekumfi a hannun dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Abeiku Crentsil. Ya fadi ne da kuri'u 13,468 wanda ya zama kashi 45.0% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Abeiku ya samu kuri'u 16,037 wanda ya samu kashi 53.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada, 'yar takarar majalisar dokokin GUM Regina Amoah ta samu kuri'u 371 wanda hakan ya zama kashi 1.2% na kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar CPP Ibrahim. Anderson ya samu kuri'u 0 wanda ya zama kashi 0.0% na jimlar kuri'un da aka kada.
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Yankin Volta
Gidan Tarihi na Yankin Volta gidan kayan gargajiya ne a Ho, Ghana. An sadaukar da gidan kayan gargajiya don tarihi da al'adun yankin Volta. Hukumar Gidajen tarihi da Monuments na Ghana ce ke kula da gidan kayan gargajiya.
Tarihi
Kafin a yi amfani da shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya, ginin ya kasance Ofishin Majalisar Sarakunan Yanki. An sayar da ginin ga gwamnati a shekarar 1967 kuma an bude gidan kayan gargajiya a shekarar 1973. A cikin watan Afrilu 2014, gidan kayan gargajiya ya haɗu da Kwalejin Jami'ar Evangelical Presbyterian don gudanar da lacca na farko don ba da gudummawa ga masu ba da gudummawa da yawa waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don nazarin yaren Ewe, waɗannan masu ba da gudummawar likitocin Ghana ne, Godfried Kportufe Agamah da Emmanuel Ablo, a cikin Baya ga Farfesa Komla Amoaku, kuma laccar ta kuma nuna girmamawa ga Rabaran Jamus Jakob Spieth. A cikin shekarar 2018, jakadan Jamus a Ghana, Christoph Retzlaff, ya ziyarci gidan tarihin inda ya yi magana game da shirin gyara wuraren da ke yankin Volta. A cikin shekarar 2021 an kammala gyaran gidan kayan gargajiya wanda gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da kuɗin Euro 25000 da Hukumar Gidajen Tarihi da Monuments na Ghana waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar cedi na Ghana 200000. Gyaran gidan kayan gargajiya ya ɗauki shekaru 3. A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, 2021, wani taron ci gaban yawon buɗe ido a yankin ya shirya da Tourism Aid Ghana a gidan kayan gargajiya.
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Yaa Asantewaa
Gidan kayan tarihi na Yaa Asantewaa gidan kayan gargajiya ne a gundumar Ejisu Municipal a Ghana. An gina shi don girmama shugaban Ashanti Yaa Asantewaa, wacce ita ce sarauniya uwar Ejisu.
An kafa gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin shekarar 2000, don bikin cika shekaru ɗari na Yaa Asantewaa War. Yana da nufin sake ƙirƙirar gidan sarauta na Asante na yau da kullun daga ca. 1900.
A shekara ta 2004 gobara ta kone gidan kayan gargajiyar. Yawancin kayayyakinta da ke ciki sun lalace, kuma tukwane kaɗan ne kawai suka rage. Sakamakon gobara da rufe gidan tarihin, yawon bude ido a yankin ya ragu matuka.
A cikin watan Oktoban 2009, shugabannin yankin sun nuna sha'awar sake fasalin gidan kayan gargajiyan, kuma a cikin shekarar 2016 UNICEF ta amince da ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don sake gina shi. Za a gina sabon wurin a kan fili mai girman eka 14.
Gidan Adana Kayan Tarihi Na Ghana
Gidan adana kayan tarihi na Ghana ya kasance a Accra. Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar taskokin ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1946 kuma babban ma'aikacin tarihin Ghana na farko shine JM Akita a cikin shekarar 1949. An maye gurbin Rukunin Tarihi na Ƙasa da Sashen Kula da Rubuce-rubucen Jama'a da Ma'ajiyar Tarihi a cikin shekarar 1997.
An kafa sashe a ofishin Wakilin Gwamnati, Kumasi a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1959. Asalin niyya ita ce ta tanadi wuraren adana kayan tarihi na yankunan Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo da Arewacin Ghana. Daga baya kuma an bude wani ofishi a ofisoshin gudanarwar na yankin da ke garin Tamale babban birnin yankin Arewa.
Duba kuma
Unesco Memory of the World Register–Africa
List of national archives
Wei Yan (ilimin halittu)
Wei Yan kwararre ne na ilimin haifuwa Ba-Amurke, a halin yanzu Farfesan likitanci a Makarantar Magunguna ta David Geffen a UCLA kuma Babban Jami'in Bincike a Cibiyar Lundquist don Ƙirƙirar Halittu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harbor-UCLA. Shi ne kuma Farfesa na Gidauniyar Jami'ar a  Nevada, Reno, Amurka  da kuma Zaɓaɓɓen Abokin Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya. Shi ne Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Haihuwar Maza kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan mujallar dake bayani akan ilimin halitta n{ Biology of Reproduction}
Littafi
An haifi Wei Yan a birnin Liaoning na kasar Sin. Ya sami digirinsa na likitanci daga Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta China a shekarar 1990 sannan ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Turku ta Finland a shekarar 2000. Ya kammala karatun digirinsa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Baylor, Houston, TX a shekarar 2004. Ayyukansa sun fi mayar da hankali kan sarrafa kwayoyin halitta da epigenetic na haihuwa, da kuma gudummawar epigenetic na gametes (maniyida ƙwai) zuwa hadi, haɓakar amfrayo na farko da lafiyar girma. A matsayinsa na babban mai bincike a maaikatar, Dr. Yan an ba shi jimlar tallafi 15 ( dalar Amurka miliyan 15 a farashi kai tsaye) tun daga 2004. Har zuwa yau, ya zuwa yanzu ya buga   bincike fiye da 150 da aka yi bita-binciken labaran bincike da surori na littattafai a cikin mujallu masu tasiri tare da> 11,000 citations da h-index of 58.
Taimakon shari'a a Amurka
Taimakon shari'a a Amurka shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu a Amurka ba. A cikin Amurka, tanadin taimakon shari'a ya bambanta ga dokar laifi da na farar hula. Taimakon shari'a na laifuka tare da wakilcin doka yana da garantin ga waɗanda ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin tuhumar aikata laifuka (wanda ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen) waɗanda ba za su iya ɗaukar lauya ba. Ba a ba da garantin taimakon shari'a na farar hula a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, amma ana ba da ita ta nau'ikan kamfanonin lauyoyi masu amfani da jama'a da asibitocin shari'a na al'umma kyauta ( pro bono ) ko kuma a rage farashi. Ana samun wasu nau'ikan taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar sabis na shari'a na tarayya, lauyoyin pro bono, da masu sa kai masu zaman kansu.
Taimakon shari'a
A cikin shekara ta 1942, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a Betts v Brady cewa kotuna za su ba da taimakon shari'a bisa ga shari'a. Sa’ad da aka soke wannan shari’ar, kotu ta yi a Gideon v Wainwright cewa talakawan ‘yan ƙasa “ba su da fasaha da kuma ilimin da ya dace don shirya kāriyarsa, ko da yake yana da cikakken. Yana bukatar hannun jagora a kowane mataki a cikin shari’ar da ake yi masa.” Daga baya, kotun ta kuma faɗaɗa haƙƙin haɗawa da laifuffuka, da manyan laifuka. Gwamnatin tarayya da wasu jihohi suna da ofisoshin masu kare hakkin jama'a wadanda ke taimaka wa marasa galihu, yayin da wasu jihohin ke da tsarin ba da aikin ga lauyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ko da yake ana buƙatar samar da masu kare jama'a a matakin gwaji, ba sa samun sabis na lauyoyi kyauta don ɗaukaka ƙara da kotun daukaka kara. Kuɗaɗe don taimakon aikata laifuka na zuwa ne daga jihohin Amurka da gwamnatin tarayya.
Taimakon shari'a na farar hula
Mahimmanci, kotu ba ta ba da wannan garantin taimakon shari'a ga al'amuran jama'a a cikin Lassiter v Sashen Sabis na Jama'a , yana mai cewa tanadin ya kasance ƙasa da mahimmanci a cikin al'amuran da 'yanci ba a cikin hadari. Ƙungiya mai haɗin kai zuwa ga Taimakon Shari'a na Jama'a a Amurka bai ci gaba ba sai tsakiyar shekara ta 1900s. Farkon abubuwan da suka faru sun samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1876, tare da sanannun ƙungiyar taimakon doka, an kafa Ƙungiyar Baƙi ta Jamus a New York. A shekara ta 1965, akwai ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin doka kusan 157 a duk faɗin ƙasar, waɗanda ke hidima kusan kowane babban birni. Hukuncin Kotun Koli Gideon v. Wainwright ya ba da tabbacin damar ba da shawara a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi laifuka, amma ya bar batun taimakon farar hula ba a warware ba. Yunkurin tsawaita Gideon ga al'amuran jama'a na ci gaba da samun karbuwa, kamar yadda Jihohi irin su New York da California ke kan gaba wajen samar da ingantaccen tsarin taimakon doka. Taimakon shari'a ga shari'o'in jama'a a halin yanzu ana ba da su ta nau'ikan kamfanoni masu amfani da doka da kuma asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, waɗanda galibi suna da "taimakon shari'a" ko "ayyukan shari'a" a cikin sunayensu. Ayyukan sha'awar jama'a sun fito ne daga manufar haɓaka samun daidaiton adalci ga matalauta kuma hakan ya samo asali ne daga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin baƙi na Turai. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya sanya kuɗin shiga da rufin albarkatu gami da ƙuntatawa kan nau'ikan shari'o'in da za su ɗauka, saboda koyaushe akwai yuwuwar abokan ciniki da yawa kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗi don zagayawa. Nau'o'in shari'o'in gama gari sun haɗa da: hana ko hana fa'idodin gwamnati, korar mutane, tashin hankalin gida, matsayin shige da fice, da nuna wariya. A shekara ta 2006, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta amince da wani kuduri wanda ya ayyana irin waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin "tushen buƙatun ɗan adam," kuma ta bukaci gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da sabis na shari'a a irin waɗannan lokuta. Wasu kungiyoyin ba da agajin doka suna aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na waje ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai waɗanda ba su da shawara a cikin gida.
Yawancin aikin taimakon shari'a na yau da kullun sun haɗa da shawarwari, shawarwari na yau da kullun, da bayyanuwa a cikin ƙararrakin gudanarwa, sabanin ƙarar shari'a a cikin kotuna. Duk da haka, gano rashin adalci mai tsanani ko maimaituwa tare da adadi mai yawa na wadanda abin ya shafa wani lokaci zai ba da hujjar farashin babban tasirin shari'ar.
Ayyukan Shari'a ga Talakawa
Yunƙurin farko na Amurka na samar da maganin shari'a ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1965. Ofishin Damar Tattalin Arziƙi ya ƙirƙiri shirin Ayyukan Shari'a don Talakawa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sargent Shriver. Akidun da ke cikin shirin sun yi amfani da "samfurin adalci", kamar yadda ya wuce samar da damar samun taimakon doka. Abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tarwatsa shingen da waɗanda ba za su iya samun kariyar doka ke fuskanta ba bisa dalilan wariyar launin fata, jinsi, da/ko aji. Ta haka ne jihar ta yi kokarin rage radadin talauci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da doka ta tanada, tare da magance matsalolin da ke haifar da talauci. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar a cikin "yaƙin talauci" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Johnson. Sabuwar rukunin lauyoyin yaki da talauci sun yi aiki don canza rayuwar waɗanda talauci ya zalunta ga jama'a. Yin amfani da haɗin kai na musamman na fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da talauci yayin da ake bin adalci na tattalin arziki, wannan aikin yana nufin canza yanayin zamantakewar wanda ya gina da kuma samar da yanayin talauci.
A ƙarshen shekara ta 1960s duk da haka, Amurka ta ga koma baya yayin da waɗanda suka fuskanci wariya da talauci suka zama masu karɓar bunƙasa shirin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Za a maye gurbin "samfurin adalci" da tsarin "samun adalci" don mayar da martani ga saurin sauye-sauyen al'umma da ke faruwa a tsakanin al'ummar Amurka a karkashin gwamnatin Nixon. Wannan sabuwar hanyar za a ƙirƙira ta a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a (LSC), kuma za ta sami ƙarin mayar da hankali na mutum-mutumi tare da iyakancewar tasirin zamantakewa, kamar yadda Amurka ba ta ayyana cewa sabis na shari'a na da haƙƙin samun garanti ba. "Samar da adalci" shine samfurin da ofisoshin ba da agajin doka da ayyuka za su bi don ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa.
Kamfanin Sabis na Legal (LSC)
Taimakon shari'a na farar hula ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1870. A farkon shekarun 1960 wani sabon tsari na ayyukan shari'a ya fito. Gidauniyar, musamman Gidauniyar Ford, ta fara ba da tallafin shirye-shiryen sabis na shari'a da ke cikin hukumomin zamantakewar jama'a da yawa, bisa falsafar cewa ayyukan shari'a ya kamata ya zama ɓangaren ƙoƙarin yaƙi da talauci gaba ɗaya. A cikin shekara ta 1974, Majalisa ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Sabis na Shari'a (LSC) don samar da kuɗin tarayya don ayyukan taimakon doka na farar hula (marasa laifi). A shekara ta 1975, Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ta karɓi aikin OEO, wanda ya bar tsarin ƙungiyarsa da yawa bai canza ba. Kudade yawanci yana fitowa ne daga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta gwamnatin tarayya (LSC), Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts, agaji, masu ba da taimako, da wasu gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi. Ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin shari'a waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗin LSC suna da ƙarin ma'aikata da ayyuka kuma suna iya taimakawa ƙarin abokan ciniki, amma kuma dole ne su bi tsauraran ƙa'idodin gwamnati waɗanda ke buƙatar kiyaye lokaci mai tsauri da kuma hana shiga da ayyukan aji. Ƙungiyoyin da ke karɓar tallafin LSC ba za su iya karɓar kuɗi daga wuraren da ba na LSC ba don bin yunƙurin majalisa wanda ya saba wa dokokin LSC. Baya ga zaɓe da ayyukan aji, ƙungiyoyin LSC ba za su iya yin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da zubar da ciki ba kuma ba za su iya ciyar da wasu ƙalubalen jin daɗi na jiha ko tarayya ba. Ƙungiyoyin LSC ba za su iya gudanar da tarurrukan bita da suka shafi harkokin siyasa da bayar da shawarwari ba..
Koyaya, ko da tare da ƙarin tallafi daga LSC, jimillar taimakon shari'a da ake samu don shari'o'in farar hula har yanzu bai wadatar ba. Bukatar sabis na doka ya kasance mai girma. A cikin shekara ta 2018, kimanin Amurkawa miliyan 58.5 sun cancanci shirye-shiryen LSC. A cewar rahoton farko na Justice Gap na LSC, wanda shugabar LSC Helaine M. Barnett ta qaddamar a shekara ta 2005, duk ofisoshin ba da agajin shari'a a duk faɗin ƙasar, LSC - tallafi ko a'a, tare suna iya biyan kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na buƙatun doka na masu karamin karfi. mutane a Amurka. . "
Taimakon shari'a a matakin jiha
Bayar da sabis na shari'a a matakin tarayya ta hanyar LSC bai isa ba, kuma yana barin babban buƙatun da ba a biya ba. Idan babu wani babban hukunci daga Kotun Koli da ke tabbatar da hakkin lauyan farar hula, kamar yadda ya faru game da batutuwan da suka shafi laifuka ta hannun Gideon v. Wainwright, Jihohi an bar su ga nasu na'urorin don cika babban buƙatar sabis na doka.
Wani muhimmin ci gaba a wannan yanki ya zo yayin da kowace jiha, ta fara da Florida, ta ƙirƙiri wani nau'in Sha'awar shirin Asusun Amintattun Lauya.
New York
A tarihi, taimakon shari'a a Amurka ya fara ne a New York tare da kafa Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a na New York a Shekara ta 1876. A cikin shekara ta 2017, Birnin New York ya zama wuri na farko a Amurka don ba da tabbacin sabis na shari'a ga duk masu haya da ke fuskantar korar tare da zartar da "Haƙƙin Shawarar Doka". Wakilan Majalisar Birnin New York Mark D. Levine da Vanessa Gibson ne suka gabatar da kudurin tun a shekara ta 2014 kafin a fadada shi zuwa yadda yake a yanzu. Kuɗaɗe don ayyukan shari'a da ke kewaye da korar da gidaje zai karu a cikin shekaru biyar, ya kai dala miliyan 155 nan da 2022. Ofishin Adalci na Birnin New York (OCJ) ne zai aiwatar da ayyukan ga gidaje waɗanda ba su wuce kashi 200% na layin talauci na tarayya ba.
Dokar ta ƙunshi tanadi ga OCJ don samar da rahotanni na shekara-shekara don sa ido kan ci gaba da tasiri na ayyukan da ake bayarwa. Rahoton na shekara ta 2017 ya gano cewa korar ta ragu da kashi 27% tun daga shekara ta 2013, kuma "a cikin shekaru hudu na shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2017, an kiyasta cewa New Yorkers 70,000 sun kasance a gidajensu sakamakon raguwar korar."
California
Dokar Bayar da Shawarar Jama'a ta Sargent Shriver ta 2009 ta ƙirƙiri wasu shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi waɗanda ke haɓaka wakilci a cikin lamuran taimakon jama'a game da ainihin buƙatun ɗan adam don tantance fa'idodin taimakon shari'a, da dabaru na aiwatarwa. Wani bincike na shekara ta 2017 ya bincika 10 daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka, kuma ya gano cewa masu karɓar taimakon sun inganta haɓaka sosai a cikin shari'o'in korar. Kashi 67% na shari'o'in sun daidaita, karuwa da kashi 33% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ake wakilta a kowane hali. Mahimmanci, binciken ya gano cewa, "yayin da duk abokan cinikin Shriver suka sami sanarwar korar, kashi 6% ne kawai aka fitar da su daga gidajensu ." Idan ba a cika buƙatun samun kuɗin shiga ba, ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin doka a California da Hukumar Sabis ɗin Shari'a ke ba da tallafi ba za su iya ba da sabis ga waɗanda aka zaɓa ba. Wannan rashin daidaituwa yana shafar Latinos/kamar yadda suke zaune a California.
Hukumar Kula da San Francisco ta zartar da wata doka a cikin shekara ta 2012 tana bayyana niyyarta ta sanya San Francisco birni na farko don ba da tabbacin haƙƙin shawara. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2018, San Francisco ta aiwatar da shirin "Haƙƙin Ba da Shawara" wanda ke ba da tabbacin wakilcin doka ga masu haya da ke fuskantar kora.
A halin yanzu, Lauyan Birnin Los Angeles yana duban dokar "Haƙƙin Ba da Shawara" wanda zai yi kama da waɗanda aka kafa a New York da San Francisco.
Dangantakar Lauya-Abokin ciniki a cikin ayyukan pro bono
Muhawara mai mahimmanci game da ayyukan pro bono ta mai da hankali kan dangantakar lauya da abokin ciniki da kuma rarraba iko a cikinsa. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, yancin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin ra'ayin jama'a sun ƙirƙira kuma sun yi amfani da manufar "mallakar lauyoyi", wanda shine hasashe cewa lauyoyi suna aiki bisa ga imaninsu na sirri game da wane hanyar aiki zai fi dacewa ga abokin ciniki. Ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ko tsirarun abokan ciniki, ana ganin ƙaddamar da su ga ikon lauyoyi da yanke shawara mai iko a matsayin "farashin shiga kotuna". Tare da ƙarancin kuɗin da abokan ciniki ke da shi a kan shawarar su, lauyoyi sun kasance a tarihi sun riƙe ƙarin dabi'un uba don aikin bono, sabanin hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Ta fuskar lauyoyin sabis na shari'a, zato shine "abokin ciniki yana sha'awar sakamako kuma ya zo gare ku mai yiwuwa saboda kun san hanya mafi kyau, ko kuma hanyar da za ta iya samun sakamakon. . . Don haka, dole ne a sami dogaro da gwanintar lauya wajen kafawa da kuma ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi.” A cikin kashi talatin da biyu bisa dari na shari'o'i, lauyoyin sun yi ishara da yin shawarwari masu mahimmanci ba tare da shiga daga abokin ciniki kwata-kwata ba.
Masu suka suna jayayya cewa hulɗar tsakanin lauyoyi da abokan ciniki yakamata ta kasance ta hanyar jagororin da aka shimfida a cikin Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin Ƙwararrun Lauyoyin Amurka. Baya ga wannan lambar, babu wani bayanin ko jagororin dangantakar abokin ciniki-lauyi da babban nau'in bambancin, sakamakon, a aikace. Bayar da rigingimu na kundin yana tabbatar da cewa lauyoyi suna ba da fifiko ga aminci ga burin abokan cinikinsu fiye da bukatunsu ɗaya ko na waje. Gaba ɗaya, lambar tana ba lauyoyi da ƙarin iko akan 'hanyoyin' kuma suna barin abokan ciniki alhakin manyan yanke shawara na shari'a (ciki har da idan abokin ciniki yana son sasantawa ko ɗaukaka ƙara).
Taimakon shari'a na gudanarwa
Wasu jihohi (misali, California) sun kuma ba da garantin yancin yin shawara ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu a cikin "laifi-laifi" ko shari'o'in gudanarwa kamar ƙarewa na haƙƙin iyaye na son rai da ayyukan uba.
Taimakon shari'a na al'umma
Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a na al'umma yawanci suna samuwa ne don mayar da martani ga mutanen da ke fuskantar rashin haƙƙin mallaka ko rashin ayyuka, lokacin da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba. Misalin irin wannan tsarin taimakon shari'a na al'umma shine ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta New York, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1876 don taimakawa baƙi Jamus su magance jerin batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummominsu. Rashin (ko rashin iya kewayawa da fahimtar tsarin shari'ar Amurka) ya sa Jamusawa-Amurkawa haɓaka wannan rukunin yanar gizon don taimakawa mutane, waɗanda ke da rauni ga cin zarafi, aikata laifuka, da sauran batutuwan shari'a waɗanda suka addabi rayuwarsu. Wasu ƙungiyoyi za su yi amfani da hanyoyin doka a matsayin matakai masu amfani wajen canza muhimman dabi'u da al'adun jama'ar Amurka. Ƙasar Kasa ta Kasa don Ci gaban mutane masu launi (NAACP), da kuma kungiyar 'yar' yanci ta Amurka (ACLU), sune guda biyu daga cikin masu ba da taimakon A cikin Amurka, amma za a samu daga baya, kafa a cikin shekara ta 1909 da 1920 da 1920 da bi da shi. An kafa kungiyoyin ba da agajin shari’a ba bisa ka’ida ba, ta hanyar yin amfani da doka don bi, kalubalanci, da canza dokokin da ake da su da suka yi aiki a kan ’yan kasa mafiya rauni bisa dalilai na kabilanci, jinsi, dan kasa, da sauran nau'ikan da talakawa ke fama da su. .
Asibitocin shari'a sun zama cibiyoyin taimakon shari'a, nasiha, da kuma wuraren da ake bi don fuskantar talauci. A cikin waɗannan wurare, matalauta suna samun damar yin adalci, tare da ƙarancin ilimin shari'a na musamman wanda ke magance mafi yawan korafe-korafe da ke tasiri a rayuwar yau da kullum, wanda aka sani da tsarin "jam'a", samar da nau'in nau'i. "Kantin tasha ɗaya" wanda ke ƙoƙarin samun duk buƙatun shari'a na abokin ciniki ya hadu a cikin sarari guda, rage kashe kuɗi na samun lauyoyi da yawa a cikin shafuka masu yawa don batutuwan shari'a da yawa. Har ila yau, waɗannan shafuka suna la'akari da al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa da ke taimakawa wajen ƙiyayya da tunani da zamantakewa don samun damar neman taimakon shari'a ta al'ummomin marasa galihu. Muhimmin sashi na wannan ƙirar shine saduwa da abokin ciniki a inda suke, ko aƙalla, kasance a cikin wani wuri mai yuwuwa, kuma dacewa ga abokin ciniki ya ziyarta. Saka asibitocin shari'a na unguwanni, da tsarinsu mai ban sha'awa ga al'amura masu yawa. Saboda dokar talauci “ba wani fanni na musamman ba ne,” za a iya samun batutuwa da yawa da abokin ciniki ɗaya zai iya fuskanta, maiyuwa a lokaci guda, kuma maiyuwa ba su da alaƙa da wani lamari na musamman, ko haɗa kai zuwa irin wannan matakin da ke magance wani ɓangare na matsalar ke haifar da.
Tasiri
A cikin shekara ta 2003, an buga wani bincike wanda ya danganta taimakon shari'a na jama'a zuwa ga raguwar ƙimar tashin hankalin Abokan Hulɗa (IPV). Shirye-shiryen da LSC ke tallafawa sun rufe shari'o'i guda 120,944 da suka shafi tashin hankali cikin gida a cikin shekara ta 2017 kaɗai. A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo bayan wannan binciken, ɗimbin ƙungiyar bincike sun fara ɗaukar hoto don bincika ingantaccen tasirin taimakon shari'a. Nazarin ya kafa taimakon doka kamar samar da irin wannan fa'idodi kamar rage rashin matsuguni da kuma buƙatar matsuguni na gaggawa ta hanyar rage korar jama'a. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, sabis na taimakon shari'a na farar hula ya nuna don ceton gidajen fiye da masu haya mutane 6,000 a New York bisa ga binciken shekara ta 1996 na Ƙungiyar Bar na Birnin New York. Saboda rarrabuwar kawuna na taimakon shari'a a Amurka, nazarin fa'idar farashi galibi yana keɓanta da wata ƙasa. Wani labarin na 2010 wanda ya tattara wasu bincike da yawa ya gano cewa fa'idodin ya wuce rage yawan tashin hankali a cikin gida, gano cewa samun damar ba da agaji yana kawo ƙarin kudade a cikin jihar ta hanyar taimakawa mutane su sami fa'idodin tarayya, kare yara, da taimakon zaɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyi kamar tsofaffi da tsoffin sojoji. wadanda ake yawan amfani da su. .
Cibiyar Shari'ar Al'ummar Gabashin Bay (EBCLC)
Cibiyar Shari'a ta East Bay Community tana ba da sabis na doka kyauta ga mazauna gundumar Alameda. Akwai asibitocin shari'a iri-iri daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Berkeley Boalt da rarrabuwar doka a cikin EBCLC kuma kowanne yana da nasa sharuɗɗan da ke tabbatar da cancantar abokan ciniki don karɓar ayyukansu. EBCLC tana da wurare biyu a Berkeley tare da wuri ɗaya akan Jami'ar Ave da ɗaya akan titin Adeline. EBCLC tana ba da Sabis na Tsabtace Tsabtace, Sabis na Clinical Adalci na tattalin arziƙin Al'umma, Adalci na Mabukaci da Sabis na Babban Clinic, Tsaro na Ilimi da Adalci don Sabis na Matasa, Ayyukan Lafiya da Jin Dadi, Sabis na Gidaje, da sabis na Shige da Fice.
Dokar Ayyukan Siyan Bashi Mai Gaskiya
An haife shi daga aikin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, Dokar Ayyukan Siyan Bashi mai Adalci ya koma ga ainihin hangen nesa na taimakon doka; samun adalci da canji na asali zuwa tsari tun daga tushe, samar da sauyi mai ma'ana ta al'umma daga kangin talauci, canza al'adun da wuraren zaman jama'ar Amurka ke aiki a karkashinsu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar yunƙurin yi wa al’umma hidima, ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen kofa Janar Clinic taron, wanda ya jagoranci EBCLC don sanin yawan adadin abokan ciniki da ba su dace ba duk ana tuhumar su kan bashin katin kiredit. Saboda Babban Clinic ya ba da izini ga duk abokan cinikin da ke fuskantar nau'ikan lamuran shari'a daban-daban don neman taimakon doka, ya sami damar kama abokan ciniki tare da shaida da bayanan da ke goyan bayan matsayin cewa wannan abin da ya faru na dabarun kasuwanci ne da aka yi niyya, yana cin zarafin jahilai. marasa galihu, kuma mafiya talauci. Ikon isar da magunguna na doka ga abokan ciniki wani yanki ne kawai na maganin da EBCLC ta tura.
Tarkacen sharar gida
Sharar gida ko tarkace, kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.”