cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ahmad Usman
Gwamnan jihar Oyo
An kashe mutane bakwai a ranar Mayun 1998 a arangamar da aka yi tsakanin ƴan sanda da masu zanga-zangar neman demokradiyya. Usman ya zargi "makiya kasashen waje" da goyon bayan tashin hankalin. A cikin wannan watan ne Usman ya ce an sanya jami’an tsaro jajircewa domin dakile duk wata zanga-zanga a babban birnin jihar Ibadan. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, an kama ƴan Najeriya 37, aka tuhume su da laifin yin zagon kasa, ciki har da malami kuma shugaban jam’iyyar Democratic Coalition na Jihar Oyo, Lam Adesina, wanda daga baya ya zama Gwamnan Jihar a shekarar 1999. Usman ya ce za a dauke su a matsayin fursunonin yaki. An tuhumi wasu mutane uku, daya fitaccen editan jarida ne da laifin zagon kasa. Sani Abacha ya rasu a watan Yuni 1998, kuma Usman ya samu mukamin gwamna a watan Agusta 1998.
Tajine
Tukwane
A al'adance ana dafa Tajine akan gawayi mai zafi yana barin isasshen sarari tsakanin garwashin da tukunyar tajine don gujewa tashin zafi da sauri. Ana amfani da manyan bulo na gawayi, musamman don iya zama da zafi na awanni. Sauran hanyoyin su ne yin amfani da tajine a cikin tanda a hankali ko kuma a saman murhu mai iskar gas ko lantarki, a kan mafi ƙarancin zafi da ake buƙata don kiyaye stew ɗin a hankali. Ana amfani da na'ura mai yatsa, kayan aikin madauwari da aka sanya tsakanin tajine da harshen wuta, ana amfani da shi don rarraba zafin murhu daidai gwargwado. Masana'antun Turai sun ƙirƙira tajin tare da babban simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe waɗanda za a iya dumama su a kan murhu mai zafi zuwa zafi mai zafi, wanda ke ba da izinin yin launin nama da kayan lambu kafin dafa abinci.
Ana iya maimaita girkin Tajine ta amfani da jinkirin mai dafa abinci ko makamancin haka, amma sakamakon zai ɗan bambanta. Yawancin tajin yumbu abubuwa ne na ado da kuma tasoshin dafa abinci. Wasu tajin, duk da haka, ana nufin kawai a yi amfani da su azaman kayan abinci na ado.
Tajine na Aljeriya da Morocco
Jita-jita tajine na Aljeriya da na Moroko su ne miya mai daɗin dafawa a hankali, yawanci ana yin su da yankakken nama, kaji ko kifi tare da kayan lambu ko 'ya'yan itace. Ana kuma amfani da kayan yaji, goro, da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa. Kayan yaji na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ginger, cumin, turmeric, kirfa, da saffron. Ana amfani da paprika da chili a cikin kayan lambu tajines. Haɗin zaki da tsami ya zama ruwan dare a cikin abinci tajine kamar rago tare da prunes da kayan yaji. Gabaɗaya ana ba da Tajine da burodi. Domin murfin tukunyar tajine mai siffar domed ko mazugi yana kama tururi kuma ya mayar da ruwan da aka dasa cikin tukunyar, ana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin ruwa don dafa nama da kayan lambu. Wannan hanyar dafa abinci tana da mahimmanci a wuraren da ruwa ke da iyaka ko kuma inda ba a samu ruwan jama'a ba.
Tajine na Tunisia
Abin da 'yan Tunisiya ke kira "tajine" ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan tasa. Tajine na Tunisiya ya fi kama da frittata na Italiyanci ko eggah. Da farko, ana shirya ragout mai sauƙi, na naman da aka yanka a ƙanana sosai, ana dafa shi da albasa da kayan yaji, kamar haɗaɗɗen busassun furen fure da kirfa na ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da baharat ko haɗakar daɗaɗɗen ciyawa da caraway tsaba; wannan ake ce ma tabil. Sannan a zuba wani abu mai sitaci domin ya kauri. Masu kauri na gama-gari sun haɗa da wake cannellini, chickpeas, breadcrumbs ko dankali mai cubed. Lokacin da naman ya yi laushi, ana haɗa shi tare da abubuwan da aka zaɓa don zama mafi yawan dandano. Misalai sun haɗa da faski, busasshen mint, saffron, busasshen tumatiri da rana, dafaffen kayan lambu da ƙwalwar maruƙa. Bayan haka, an wadatar da stew da cuku da ƙwai. A karshe ana toya wannan kwai da stew a cikin wani kwanon abinci mai zurfi, ko dai a kan murhu ko kuma a cikin tanda har sai an dahu sama da kasa sosai sannan a ajiye kwai. Idan tajine ta shirya sai a juye a faranti a yanka ta cikin murabba'i, tare da yankan lemo. Hakanan ana iya yin tajin Tunisiya da abincin teku ko a matsayin abinci mai cin ganyayyaki gaba ɗaya.
A yankunan karkarar Tunisiya, masu dafa abinci na gida suna sanya wani farantin ƙasa mai zurfi a kan garwashin itacen zaitun, su cika shi, a rufe shi da kasko mai lebur, sannan su tara garwashi a sama. Sakamakon tajine yana da ɓawon ciki a sama da ƙasa, ɗanɗano ne a ciki kuma ana zuba shi da ƙamshi mai ƙamshi.
Tagine na Yahudancin Maghrebi
Yahudawan Maghrebi kuma suna cin abinci kuma suna shirya tagine, saboda kasancewarsu na tarihi a Arewacin Afirka. Tagine abinci ne mai matukar muhimmanci a cikin abinci na Sephardi, kuma Yahudawan Moroko, Yahudawan Aljeriya, Yahudawan Tunisiya, Yahudawan Libya, Yahudawan Djerban, da Yahudawan Faransanci, Bayahude Ba’amurke, da Isra’ilawa ne suke cin su kuma suna shirya su. Sephardim a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe.
Tagine shine babban jigon abinci na Sephardic wanda aka saba shirya don abincin dare na Shabbat a cikin al'ummar Sephardi, kuma ana yin hidima tare da couscous. Sephardim daga yankuna daban-daban suna shirya nau'o'in Tagine daban-daban, misali Yahudawa na Moroccan sukan shirya tagine tare da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa, yayin da Yahudawan Tunisiya sukan shirya tagine na kayan lambu mai dauke da dankali, karas, da zucchini a yanka a cikin manyan dice. Hakanan ana shirya Tagine akai-akai don bukukuwan Yahudawa kamar Rosh Hashanah da kalacin Yom Kippur.
Ahmad Usman
Daga baya rayuwa
Bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999 Usman ya shiga kasuwanci na zaman kansa kuma bai shiga harkar siyasa ba har sai a watan Agustan 2008, inda ya bayyana cewa yana da niyyar tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Kogi a 2011. Da yake takara a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. Daga baya ya nuna sha’awarsa ta tsayawa takara a zaben gwamnan jihar Kogi a 2019 shi ma a jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, amma a karshe bai shiga takarar ba.
Rasuwa
Usman ya rasu ne a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2021 yana da shekaru 69 a Jos, Jihar Filato, sakamakon rashin lafiya. An dawo da gawarsa garinsu na Okura-Lafia a jihar Kogi domin yin jana'izar Musulunci. Gwamnan jihar Kogi Yahaya Bello ya mika ta'aziyyar rasuwar Usman.
Bregenz
Bregenz babban birni ne na Vorarlberg, jihar yammacin Austriya. Birnin yana kan gabas da kudu maso gabas na tafkin Constance, tafkin ruwa na uku mafi girma a tsakiyar Turai, tsakanin Switzerland a yamma da Jamus a arewa maso yamma. Bregenz yana kan tudu da ke faɗowa a cikin jerin filaye zuwa tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin dutsen Pfänder. Mahadar titin jijiya ce daga kwarin Rhine zuwa tsaunin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Jamus, tare da hidimomin jirgin ruwa a tafkin Constance.
Melinda Kgadiete
Melinda Kgadiete (an Haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1992) ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke buga wasan gaba ga Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies FC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Aikin kulob
Kgadiete ya buga wa Mamelodi Sundowns ta Afrika ta Kudu wasa.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Kgadiete ta fafata ne a kungiyar kwallon kafar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2018, inda ta buga wasa daya.
Manazarta
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Yanar Gizo na Duniya
Gidan yanar gizo na duniya ( WWW ),ya kuma kasan ce shi ne wanda akafi sani da yanar gizo, kuma tsari ne na bayanai inda ake gano takardu da sauran kayan yanar gizon ta Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, kamar su https://example.com/ ), wanda zai iya haɗawa da hyperlinks, kuma ana samun damar ta Intanet. Ana tura albarkatun Gidan yanar gizon ta hanyar Hanyar Canza Hanyar Hypertext (HTTP), mai yuwuwan samun damar ta hanyar aikace-aikacen software da ake kira burauzar yanar gizo, kuma ana wallafa su ta hanyar wata manhaja da ake kira sabar yanar gizo Gidan yanar gizo ba daidai yake da Intanet ba, wanda ya riga ya tsara gidan yanar gizon ta wata hanyar ta sama da shekaru 20 kuma akan fasahar da aka gina Gidan yanar gizon.
Wani Masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi Tim Berners-Lee ne ya kirkiro Yanar Gizon Duniya a shekarar 1989. Ya rubuta gidan yanar gizo na farko a cikin 1990 yayin aiki a CERN kusa da Geneva, Switzerland. An saki mai binciken ne a wajen CERN zuwa wasu cibiyoyin bincike wanda ya fara a watan Janairun shekarar 1991, sannan ga sauran jama'a a watan Agusta 1991. Yanar gizo ta fara amfani da yau da kullun a cikin 1993-4, lokacin da rukunin yanar gizo don amfanin gaba ɗaya suka fara samuwa. Gidan yanar gizon Duniya ya kasan ce tushen ci gaban Zamanin Bayanai ne, kuma shi ne babban kayan aikin biliyoyin mutane da suke amfani da su don mu'amala da Intanet.
Albarkatun gidan yanar gizo na iya zama kowane irin saukakkun kafofin watsa labarai, amma a shafukan yanar gizo rubutattun takardu ne wadanda aka tsara a cikin Harshen Markup watau (HTML). Special HTML ginin kalma nuni saka hyperlinks da URLs wanda izni masu amfani don Kewaya zuwa wasu yanar gizo albarkatu. Bugu da kari ga rubutu, shafukan yanar gizo na iya ƙunsar nassoshi images, video, audio, da kuma software aka gyara wanda ake ko dai a nuna ko ƙ kashe a cikin mai amfani da yanar gizo browser to sa shafukan ko kõguna na multimedia content.
Yawancin albarkatun yanar gizo tare da jigo ɗaya kuma yawanci suna yanki ɗaya, suna yin rukunin yanar gizo. Ana adana shafukan yanar gizo a cikin kwamfutocin da ke gudanar da sabar yanar gizo, wanda shine shiri wanda ke amsa buƙatun da aka yi ta Intanet daga masu binciken yanar gizo da ke aiki a kwamfutar mai amfani. Ana iya samar da abun cikin gidan yanar gizo ta hanyar mai bugawa, ko ta hanyar mu'amala daga abubuwan da mai amfani ya samar. An kuma samar da rukunin yanar gizo don dunbin dalilai na bayanai, nishaɗi, kasuwanci, da kuma dalilai na gwamnati.
Tarihi
Tunanin da ake amfani da shi na hypertexttext ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan da suka gabata daga shekarun 1960, kamar Hypertext Editing System (HES) a Jami'ar Brown, Ted Nelson 's Project Xanadu, da Douglas Engelbart 's oN-Line System (NLS). Dukansu Nelson kuma Engelbart sun bi da bi wahayi zuwa gare ta Vannevar Bush 's microfilm tushen memex, wanda aka bayyana a cikin shekarar 1945 muqala " Kamar yadda Muka yi zaton " Hangen nesa na Tim Berners-Lee game da tsarin haɗin yanar gizo wanda ya haɗu ya zama mai yuwuwa a rabin rabin 1980s. Zuwa 1985, Intanet na duniya ya fara yaduwa a Turai kuma Tsarin suna (wanda aka gina Uniform Resource Locator akansa ) ya kasance. A cikin 1988 farkon haɗin IP kai tsaye tsakanin Turai da Arewacin Amurka aka yi kuma Berners-Lee ya fara tattaunawa a fili game da yiwuwar tsarin yanar gizo a CERN.
Yayin da yake aiki a CERN, Berners-Lee ya zama mai takaici da rashin iya aiki da matsalolin da ake fuskanta ta hanyar nemo bayanan da aka adana akan kwamfutoci daban-daban. A ranar 12 ga Maris din 1989, ya gabatar da wata takarda, mai taken "Gudanar da Bayani: Ba da Shawara" ga gudanarwa a CERN na wani tsarin da ake kira "Mesh" wanda ya yi nuni da INQUIRE, aikin samar da bayanai da kayan aikin software da ya gina a 1980, wanda sun yi amfani da kalmar "yanar gizo" kuma sun bayyana ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa bayanai dangane da hanyoyin da aka saka a matsayin rubutu: "Ka yi tunanin, abubuwan nassoshi a cikin wannan daftarin duk suna da alaƙa da adireshin hanyar sadarwar abin da suka ambata, don haka yayin karatun wannan takaddar, za ku iya tsallake zuwa gare su ta hanyar danna linzamin kwamfuta. " Irin wannan tsarin, in ji shi, ana iya komawa zuwa ga amfani da ɗayan ma'anar kalmar hypertext, kalmar da ya ce an ƙirƙira ta a cikin shekarun 1950. Babu wani dalili, shawarar ta ci gaba, me yasa irin waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin hypertext ɗin ba za su iya haɗa da takardun multimedia ba har da zane-zane, magana da bidiyo, don haka Berners-Lee ya ci gaba da amfani da kalmar ''hypermedia. ''
Tare da taimako daga abokin aikinsa kuma dan uwansa mai son karin bayani Robert Cailliau ya wallafa wani tsari na yau da kullun a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1990 don gina "aikin Hypertext" da ake kira "WorldWideWeb" (kalma ɗaya, da aka taƙaita 'W3') a matsayin "yanar gizo" na "takardun hypertext "da" masu bincike "za su kalla ta amfani da tsarin gine-ginen abokin ciniki. A wannan lokacin HTML da HTTP sun riga sun kasance cikin ci gaba na kimanin watanni biyu kuma sabar gidan yanar gizo ta farko ta yi kusan wata ɗaya daga kammala gwajin farko na nasara. Wannan shawarar ta kiyasta cewa za a samar da yanar gizo mai karantarwa cikin watanni uku kuma zai dauki watanni shida kafin a cimma "kirkirar sabbin hanyoyin yanar gizo da masu karatu, don haka marubucin ya zama na duniya" da kuma "kai tsaye sanarwar mai karatu lokacin da aka samu wadatar sabbin kayan masarufi a gare shi ". Duk da yake burin da aka karanta kawai ya cika, samun damar rubutun kayan yanar gizo ya dau tsawon lokaci kafin ya girma, tare da ra'ayin wiki, WebDAV, shafukan yanar gizo, Yanar gizo 2.0 da RSS / Atom. An tsara shawarar ne bayan mai karanta SGML Dynatext ta hanyar Litattafan Litattafan Lantarki, tazarar da aka samu daga Cibiyar Bincike kan Bayanai da Sanin Karatu a Jami'ar Brown. Tsarin Dynatext, wanda CERN ke da lasisi, ya kasance babban mahimmin dan wasa a fadada SGML ISO 8879: 1986 zuwa Hypermedia a cikin HyTime, amma ana ganin yayi tsada sosai kuma yana da manufofin lasisin da bai dace ba don amfani dashi a cikin al'umman babban kimiyyar lissafi, watau a Kudin kowane takardu da kowane canjin takardu. NEXT Computer ne Berners-Lee yayi amfani dashi azaman sabar gidan yanar gizo ta farko sannan kuma ya rubuta farkon burauzar yanar gizo a shekarar 1990. Zuwa Kirsimeti 1990, Berners-Lee ya gina duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata don Gidan yanar gizo mai aiki: gidan yanar gizo na farko ( WorldWideWeb, wanda kuma editan yanar gizo ne ) da kuma sabar gidan yanar gizo ta farko. Shafin farko, wanda ya bayyana aikin kansa, an buga shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 1990.
Adham Hatem Elgamal
Adham Hatem Elgamal (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar alif 1998). ɗan wasan badminton ne na Masar. Ya lashe kambun gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2020 tare da abokin aikinsa Doha Hany. Elgamal ya fafata a Gasar Wasannin Afirka na shekarar 2019, ya samu lambar azurfa a mixed doubles, da lambobin tagulla biyu a cikin tawagar da ta maza. Ya kuma halarci Wasannin Mediterranean na shekarar 2018, da kuma a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.
Yanar Gizo na Duniya
Tarihi
An girka sabar farko a wajen Turai a watan Disambar 1991 a Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) a Palo Alto, California, don karɓar bayanan SPIERS -HEP.
Adham Hatem Elgamal
Wasannin Afirka
Men's doubles Mixed doubles
Yanar Gizo na Duniya
Tarihi
Ci gaban Berners-Lee shine ya auri hypertext ga Intanit. A cikin littafin saƙa yanar gizo, ya bayyana cewa ya sha ba da shawara ga mambobin bangarorin fasaha guda biyu cewa mai yiwuwa a yi aure tsakanin fasahohin biyu. Amma, lokacin da babu wanda ya ɗauki gayyatarsa, daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki aikin da kansa. A cikin hakan, ya haɓaka fasahohi masu mahimmanci guda uku:
Adham Hatem Elgamal
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka
Men's singles Men's doubles Mixed
Gasar Cin Kofin Larabawa
Mixed doubles
Yanar Gizo na Duniya
Tarihi
Yanar Gizon Duniya yana da bambance-bambance da yawa daga wasu tsarin hypertext da ake da su a lokacin. Gidan yanar gizon yana buƙatar haɗin haɗin unidirectional ne kawai maimakon na biyun hanya, yana ba da damar wani ya danganta zuwa wata hanyar ba tare da mai shi ba. Hakanan ya rage wahalar aiwatar da sabar yanar gizo da masu bincike (in aka kwatanta da tsarin da ya gabata), amma kuma ya gabatar da matsalar rashin tabbas na lalacewar mahada. Ba kamar magabata ba kamar HyperCard, Gidan yanar gizo na Duniya ba mallaki wami bane, yana ba da damar haɓaka sabobin da abokan ciniki da kansu kuma ƙara ƙari ba tare da ƙuntatawa lasisi ba. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1993, CERN ta ba da sanarwar cewa Yanar Gizon Duniya zai kasance kyauta ga kowa, ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba. Watanni biyu masu zuwa bayan sanarwar cewa aiwatar da sabar ta Gopher yarjejeniya bata da 'yanci yin amfani da ita, wannan ya haifar da saurin sauyawa daga Gopher da zuwa Gidan yanar gizo. Wani shahararren mai binciken gidan yanar gizo da wuri shine ViolaWWW don Unix da Tsarin Window na X.
Adham Hatem Elgamal
Challenge/Series na BWF (titles 8, runner-ups 12)
Men's singles Men's doubles Mixed doubles
Yanar Gizo na Duniya
Kasashen duniya
Ayyukan W3C na Internationalization yana tabbatar da cewa fasahar yanar gizo tana aiki a cikin duk yaruka, rubutu, da al'adu. Wanda ya fara daga 2004 ko 2005, Unicode ya sami ƙasa kuma a ƙarshe a cikin Disamba 2007 ya zarce duka ASCII da Yammacin Turai kamar yadda ake amfani da tsarin sau da yawa halin yanar gizo. Asali  ba da izinin albarkatu ta hanyar URI a cikin rukunin US-ASCII. RFC 3987 yana ba da damar ƙarin haruffa - kowane hali a cikin thea'idodin Universalaukacin Duniya - kuma yanzu IRI zata iya gano albarkatu a cikin kowane yare.
Aikin yara a Afirka
Nahiyar Afrika ce ta fi kowace kasa a duniya yawan masu aikin yi wa yara aikin yi. Wani rahoto da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2016 kusan kashi 1 cikin 5 cikin 100 na yara ne ke cin gajiyar aikin yara. Matsalar ta yi tsanani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara inda fiye da kashi 40% na dukkan yara masu shekaru 5-14 ke aiki don rayuwa, ko kuma kimanin yara miliyan 48.
Ko da yake ana ɗaukar talauci a matsayin babban dalilin yin aikin yara a Afirka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin aikin yara da talauci ba ta da sauƙi kamar alakar layi ta ƙasa. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin 2016 " Fahimtar aikin yara fiye da daidaitaccen tunanin tattalin arziki na talauci na kuɗi " ya nuna cewa abubuwa masu yawa - a kan buƙatu- da wadata-gefen da ƙananan matakan da macro - na iya shafar aikin yara; yana ba da hujjar cewa tsarin, yanki, alƙaluma, al'adu, yanayi da abubuwan samar da makaranta suma suna iya yin tasiri a lokaci guda ko yara suna aiki ko a'a, yana mai tambayar game da tunanin gama gari cewa talaucin kuɗi koyaushe shine mafi mahimmancin dalili. A cikin wani binciken, Oryoie, Alwang, and Tideman (2017) ya nuna cewa aikin yara gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da kowane mutum mallakar filaye (a matsayin mai nuni ga dukiyar iyali a yankunan karkara) yana ƙaruwa, amma ana iya samun ci gaba a cikin ƙasa. dangantaka tsakanin aikin yara da mallakar ƙasa kusa da tsakiyar kewayon ƙasar kowace mace. Baya ga talauci, Rashin wadata, tare da wasu abubuwa kamar takurawar bashi, matsalar samun kudin shiga, ingancin makaranta, da halayyar iyaye game da ilimi duk suna da alaƙa da aikin yara.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta yi kiyasin cewa noma shi ne kan gaba wajen aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki a Afirka. Yawancin ma'aikatan iyali ne marasa biyan kuɗi.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana shekarar 2021 a matsayin shekarar kawar da ayyukan yara ta duniya.
Tarihin al'adu
Yara a Afirka sun yi aiki a gonaki da a gida tsawon tarihi. Wannan ba Afirka kadai ba ce; Yawancin yara sun yi aiki a aikin noma da yanayin gida a Amurka, Turai da kowace al'ummar bil'adama, cikin tarihi, kafin shekarun 1950. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, wannan aiki, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani nau'i ne na makaranta da koyon sana'o'i, inda yara suka koyi fasaha da fasaha daga iyayensu, kuma tun lokacin da manya suka ci gaba da yin sana'ar gado. Ko da bayan sun yi ritaya daga aiki na yau da kullun, ’yan Afirka sukan koma kan dabarun da suka koya lokacin da suke kanana, misali noma, don rayuwa ko kasuwanci. Bass ya yi iƙirarin wannan gaskiya ne musamman a mahallin Afirka. Afirka nahiya ce mai bambancin al'adu. A sassan wannan nahiyar, ƙungiyoyin noma suna bin tsarin zuriya da dangi. Jirgin kasa na matasa tare da manya. Iyali da dangi suna ba da tsarin al'adu na yau da kullun wanda ke taimaka wa yara su koyi fasaha masu amfani kuma suna ba wa waɗannan al'ummomin damar samar da kansu a cikin tsara na gaba. A tarihi, babu makarantu na yau da kullun, maimakon haka, yara suna karatun boko ta hanyar yin aiki ba tare da dangi da danginsu ba tun suna kanana. Har ila yau ana kallon bautar da kananan yara a Afirka, kamar yadda ake yi a sauran sassan duniya, a matsayin wata hanya ta sanya tunanin daukar nauyi da tsarin rayuwa ga yara musamman a yankunan karkara, masu noma. A cikin karkarar Pare na arewacin Tanzaniya, alal misali, yara masu shekaru biyar za su taimaka wa manya wajen kula da amfanin gona, yara masu shekaru tara suna taimakawa wajen ɗaukar abincin dabbobi da nauyin nauyi da shekaru.
A arewacin Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara, musulunci shine babban tasiri. An dauki bara da aikin yara a matsayin hidima don musanya ilimin kur'ani, kuma a wasu lokuta yana ci gaba har yau. Waɗannan yara masu shekaru 7-13, alal misali, ana kiran su almudos a Gambia, ko talibés a Senegal. Iyaye sun sanya 'ya'yansu tare da marabout ko serin, malami ko malamin kur'ani. Anan sai su raba lokacinsu tsakanin bara da karatun Alqur'ani. Wannan aikin ya dace da daya daga cikin rukunan Musulunci guda biyar, alhakin shagaltar da zakka, ko sadaka.
Ci gaban mulkin mallaka a Afirka, daga 1650 zuwa 1950, da masu mulki irin su Birtaniya, Faransa, Belgium, Jamus da Netherlands suka karfafa tare da ci gaba da yin aikin yara. Masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka sun gwammace hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na gargajiya na Afirka, wanda ke ɗaukar gida don aiki ba kawai manya ba. Miliyoyin yara sun yi aiki a gonakin noma na mulkin mallaka, ma'adinai da masana'antar hidimar gida. Yara a cikin waɗannan yankuna tsakanin shekaru 5-14 an ɗauke su a matsayin masu koyo ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba don musanya koyan sana'a. Dokokin Biritaniya na mulkin mallaka, alal misali, sun ba ’yan asalin ƙasar mallaka ga wasu daga cikin ƙasar ta asali don yin aiki na mata da ’ya’ya don biyan bukatun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka kamar gonaki da kuma masu yin picannin. Sabbin dokokin haraji kuma sun sami kwarin gwiwar yin aikin yara. Masarautun mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa sun bullo da sabbin haraji don taimakawa wajen biyan kudaden kananan hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, mai suna Head Tax, ya sanya harajin da kowane mutum zai biya, a wasu lokuta yana da shekaru 8. Al’ummar yankin sun bijire wa irin wannan haraji, suna boye ‘ya’yansu, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta dole ne su tabbatar da ‘ya’yansu sun shiga harkar tattalin arziki don biyan irin wadannan haraji da kuma biyan bukatun rayuwarsu. Makarantun mishan na Kirista a Afirka tun daga Zambiya zuwa Najeriya su ma suna bukatar aiki daga yara, kuma a musayar sun ba da ilimin addini, ba ilimin boko ba.
A ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙarin gudanar da makarantu da ilmantar da yara a sassan Afirka. Gabaɗaya waɗannan ƙoƙarin bai yi nasara ba ta fuskar rajista da tasiri. Yara kaɗan ne suka yi rajista. Ko da yara sun yi rajista, ba lallai ba ne yana nufin halarta akai-akai. Rashin rashin zuwa na yau da kullun, ko kuma yara sun daina fita daga makarantu don a maimakon su "je teku tare da masunta." Jack Lord ya yi iƙirari a cikin sharhinsa na takardun masana na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Afirka, cewa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka ya nuna cewa yara da iyalai sun yanke shawara dangane da hadaddun abubuwan tattalin arziki kamar samun kuɗin gida, yanayin iyali, da al'adun al'adu waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yin aiki tare da iyalai. a matsayin nau'i na ilimi da kuma nau'i na bunkasa zamantakewa da zamantakewa.
Aikin yara na zamani
Noma kadai na daukar sama da kashi 30% na dukkan yaran Afirka masu shekaru 10-14. Tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun kamar ƙananan ma'adinan sana'o'in hannu wani muhimmin ma'aikaci ne na aikin yara.
Burkina Faso
A cewar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a cikin 2012, kashi 37.8% na yara a Burkina Faso, tsakanin shekaru 5-14, suna aiki ne a wuraren aikin dutsen dutse da ma'adinan zinare. Waɗannan yaran sun yi aiki kwanaki 6 zuwa 7 a mako har zuwa awanni 14 a kowace rana. Abin da ake kira "biyan kuɗi" yana cikin hanyar abinci don ci da wurin kwana. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne gwamnati ta amince da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na kasa, kuma tare da hadin gwiwar hukumar ‘yan sanda ta kasa da kasa (Interpol), ta ceto yara da dama daga safarar yara.
Asusun Tallafawa Yara na Kirista na Kanada (CCFC) ya hada hannu da EDUCO, wani memba na kungiyar ChildFund Alliance, don aiwatar da wani shiri da Tarayyar Turai ta tallafa a arewacin Burkina don hana yara aiki a ma'adinai.
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
A shekara ta 2008, Bloomberg ya yi ikirarin bautar da yara a cikin ma'adinan tagulla da cobalt na DR Congo wanda ke samar da kamfanonin China. Yaran suna tono ma'adinan da hannu, suna ɗaukar buhunan tama a bayansu, sannan waɗannan kamfanoni ke siya su. Sama da 60 daga cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayan masarufi 75 na Katanga mallakar kamfanonin kasar Sin ne kuma kashi 90 na ma'adinan yankin na zuwa kasar Sin. Wani rahoton kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Afirka ya yi ikirarin cewa ma'aikata 80,000 'yan kasa da shekaru 15, ko kuma kusan kashi 40% na dukkan masu hakar ma'adinai, suna samar da ma'adinai ga kamfanonin kasar Sin a wannan yankin na Afirka.
BBC, a cikin 2012, ta zargi Glencore da yin amfani da aikin yara wajen aikin hakar ma'adinai da narkar da su a Afirka. Glencore ya musanta yin amfani da aikin yara, kuma ya ce yana da tsauraran manufofin rashin amfani da aikin yara. Glencore ya yi iƙirarin sane da yara masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin kasancewa wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai. Ba tare da izini ba sun kai hari ga Glencore tun daga 2010, kuma kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana roƙon gwamnati da ta cire masu hakar ma'adinai daga amincewar ta.
Kimanin yara miliyan 4.7 masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki a Kongo. Bugu da ƙari, ma'adinan jan ƙarfe, yara tare da iyalansu suna shiga aikin haƙar ma'adinai na cobalt, wolframite, cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, zinariya, lu'u-lu'u. Yawancin waɗannan suna amfani da guduma don yantar da ma'adinan, zuba jarurruka masu tsauri ba tare da kayan kariya ba, da kuma jigilar duwatsu da hannu daga rami mai zurfi ko buɗaɗɗen ramuka. Har ila yau, yara suna aikin noma kuma ana ci gaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin yara sojan soja ga sojojin Kongo da ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. Ana yawan ganin aikin yara a titunan yankin Kinshasa.
Ghana
Yan dako, a cikin gida da ake kira kayaye, suna aiki a cikin birane kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun kai shekaru 6. Noma, kamun kifi da ma'adinan sana'a sune manyan ma'aikata.
A kudancin yankin Volta, yara suna aikin bautar addini na tsawon lokaci tsakanin 'yan watanni zuwa shekaru uku. An san su da trokosi (a zahiri: matar allah), fiashidi, ko vudusi. Wannan al'ada tana buƙatar 'yan mata su yi aiki da hidimar addini, don yin kaffara ga laifukan da ake zargin 'yan uwa ko kuma a matsayin hadaya don sa'ar iyali. Ana kuma ikirarin cewa wannan al’adar tana nan a kasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita, duk da cewa an haramta ta da kuma sanya zaman gidan yari a karkashin dokokin Ghana da makwabta.
A cikin 2013, kididdigar ayyukan yara ba ta canza sosai ba kuma bisa ga binciken da DOL ta yi kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara a Ghana, yawancin yaran da ke aiki suna yin ayyuka masu haɗari kamar feshin magungunan kashe qwari wajen samar da koko, kamun kifi da hakar gwal. Jerin Kayayyakin da Sashen ke samarwa na 2014 wanda ake yi ta aikin yara ko aikin tilastawa ya haɗa da kifi da tilapia musamman, koko da zinariya a matsayin kayayyakin da ake samarwa a irin waɗannan yanayin aiki a Ghana.
Kenya
Suda, a cikin 2001, an kiyasta cewa Kenya tana da yara miliyan 3 da ke aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma waɗanda ake gani. Adadin ma'aikatan yara marasa ganuwa, in ji Suda, sun fi girma sosai. Ayyukan yara da ake gani a Kenya sun tsunduma cikin aikin noma, masana'antar yawon bude ido, ma'adanai da ma'adinai, aikin makiyaya, hakar ma'adinai, kwashe shara, sana'ar kamun kifi, da kuma harkar sufuri inda suke tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri kamar yadda "Matatu" ke takawa.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahoton bayanan kasarta na Kenya a cikin 2009, an kiyasta kusan kashi daya bisa uku na duk yara masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki. Noma da kamun kifi sune manyan ma'aikata, waɗanda a da suka kai kusan kashi 79% na aikin yara.
Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kiyasta, a cikin rahotonta na 2010, kusan kashi 32% na duk yaran Kenya masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki, ko sama da miliyan 2.9. Noma da kamun kifi sune manyan ma'aikata. Sassan na yau da kullun da ke shaida mafi munin aikin yara sun haɗa da noman rake, wuraren kiwon kiwo, shayi, kofi, miraa (kayan shuka mai ƙara kuzari), shinkafa, sisal, taba, tilapia da kamun sardines. Sauran ayyukan tattalin arzikin da yara ke yi a Kenya sun hada da zubar da juji, tattarawa da sayar da kayan juji, gilashi da karafa, sayar da titi, kiwo da bara. Rahoton ya yi ikirari na tilasta wa yara cin zarafin yara a wuraren yawon shakatawa na jima'i a manyan biranen kasar kamar Nairobi, Kisumu, Eldoret da kuma garuruwan da ke gabar tekun Kenya.
Talauci da rashin samun damar karatu sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da bautar da yara a Kenya. Kasar dai na fuskantar karancin malamai da makarantu, da cunkoso a makarantu, da kuma tabarbarewar tsare-tsare daga halin da yara ke ciki. Dokokin Kenya sun hana yaro shiga makarantu idan ba shi da rajista a matsayin ɗan ƙasa da hukumomin Kenya. A halin yanzu, kashi 44% na yaran Kenya a yankunan karkara ba su yi rajista ba. Don haka, ko da ana samun makarantu, yaran karkara ba sa iya tabbatar da zama ɗan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan yaran da ba su yi rajista ba suna iya rasa damar zuwa makaranta.
Madagascar
Yara suna da yawa a cikin ƙananan ma'adinai na Madagascar. Wasu yara suna shiga aikin haƙar gishiri, aikin kwalta, duwatsu masu daraja da tara taman gwal. Kimanin kashi 58% na yaran da ke cikin wadannan ma'adanai ba su wuce shekaru 12 ba. A cewar IPEC, yara ma'aikata a cikin wadannan ma'adanai yawanci sun fito ne daga iyalai da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziki.
A cewar wani rahoto na 2010 na Amurka, kusan kashi 22% na yaran Madagascar masu shekaru 5-14, ko sama da 1.2 miliyan aiki. Wata kungiyar da ke da tushe a Faransa ta ba da shawarar yin aikin yara a Madagascar ya wuce 2.4 miliyan, tare da yara sama da 540,000 masu shekaru 5-9 suna aiki. Kusan kashi 87 cikin 100 na yara masu aikin noma suna cikin aikin noma, galibi a cikin samar da vanilla, shayi, auduga, koko, kwakwa (busashen naman kwakwa), sisal, girbin jatan lande da kamun kifi. Yaran Malagasy da ke yin hidimar gida suna aiki kusan sa'o'i 12 a kowace rana.
Ƙoƙari da dama da aka samu daga ƙasashen duniya sun shiga cikin Madagascar don taimakawa ragewa da hana ayyukan yara. Sai dai kuma hakan ya tsaya cik, bayan da gwamnati ta sauya bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 2009, domin an dakatar da yawancin kudaden da ake samu daga masu ba da taimako na kasa da kasa, da suka hada da Tarayyar Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya da kuma Amurka.
Maroko
Wani rahoto na 2010 ya kiyasta kimanin yara 150,000 masu shekaru tsakanin 5 zuwa 14 suna aiki a Maroko. Aikin noma da na cikin gida sune manyan ma'aikata. ’Yan mata, da ake kira ƙanana ƙasusuwa (kananan kuyangi), ana tura su aiki a matsayin bayin gida, da yawa masu shekaru 10 ko ƙasa da haka. Waɗannan ƙasusuwan ƙananan ƙasusuwan suna fitowa daga iyalai marasa galihu, suna fuskantar yanayin bautar da ba son rai ba, gami da dogon sa'o'i ba tare da hutu ba, rashin hutu, ta jiki, magana da jima'i, hana albashi har ma da ƙuntatawa kan motsi. An hana su ilimi. Ƙarin nau'o'in aikin yara da ake iya gani sun haɗa da yara kan titi a Casablanca, Marrakech, Fès da Mèknes. Waɗannan yaran suna rayuwa ta hanyar sayar da sigari, bara, takalma masu walƙiya, wankin motoci da aikin ƴan dako da dillalai a tashoshin ruwa.
The Ministry of Planning in Morocco estimates that there are between 60,000 and 100,000 petites bonnes in the country. Studies commissioned by the Morocco government finds poverty and lack of school, often in combination, are primary causes of the little maids phenomenon in Morocco. Additionally, rural parents do not believe that an education or a diploma of any sort can help their girls find a job.
Najeriya
A cikin 2006, akwai kimanin yara miliyan 15 masu aikin kwadago kasa da shekaru 14 a Najeriya. Yawancin waɗannan sun yi aiki a cikin yanayi mai haɗari kuma na tsawon sa'o'i. Talauci shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da bautar da yara, kuma kudaden shigar da wadannan yaran ke samu shi ne babban bangare na kudaden shigar iyalansu da ke fama da talauci. Mafi akasarin masu yi wa yara aiki a Najeriya suna aiki ne a aikin noma da tattalin arziki na wucin gadi ko na yau da kullun. Ma'aikatan cikin gida sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in aikin yara, kuma galibi ana lalata da su. Daga cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun ba da wuraren jama'a, siyar da titin yana da aikin 64%. Kamfanoni na yau da kullun na tsakiya a wuraren jama'a, galibi ana lura da yara a matsayin injiniyoyi da masu gudanar da bas.
Kimanin yaran Najeriya miliyan shida ne ba sa zuwa makaranta kwata-kwata. A halin da ake ciki, waɗannan yaran ba su da lokaci, kuzari ko kayan aiki don zuwa makaranta.
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Habasha, Matan ƙasar Habasha  suna wakiltar Habasha a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya. Hukumar kula da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Habasha ce ke kula da su. Tun daga watan Yunin 2017, suna a matsayi na 97 a duniya. An fi sanin su da Lucy da Dinknesh dangane da burbushin Australopithecus.
Aikin yara a Afirka
Rwanda
ILO ta kiyasta Rwanda tana da yara ma'aikata 400,000. Daga cikin wadannan, 120,000 ana kyautata zaton suna da hannu a cikin mafi munin sana’ar yi wa kananan yara aiki, sannan 60,000 kuma yara ma’aikatan gida ne.
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha
Tarihi
Ƙungiyar ƙasar Habasha ta fara buga wasan ne a watan Satumban 2002 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2002, inda ta doke Uganda har ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe, inda ta kare a rukuninta na ƙarshe, inda ta yi kunnen doki da Mali. Daga baya ta buga wasannin All-African 2003, da rashin nasara a dukkan wasanni uku.
A shekara ta 2004 sun sake samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika, inda suka kai matakin wasan kusa da na karshe bayan da suka doke Afirka ta Kudu da canjaras da Zimbabwe. Bayan da Najeriya ta yi waje da su, ta yi rashin tagulla a hannun Ghana a bugun fanariti. Ya zuwa shekarar 2013 ya kasance mafi kyawu a ƙasar Habasha a gasar.
Aikin yara a Afirka
Zambiya
Gwamnatin Zambiya ta kiyasta cewa akwai kananan yara 595,000 da ke aiki a kasar. Daga cikin waɗannan, 58% suna da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa da haka. Mutane da yawa suna aiki a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na yau da kullun.
Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kiyasta, a cikin rahotonta na 2010, kusan kashi 33% na yaran Zambia masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki. Aikin noma shine babban ma'aikata, kuma tare da hakar ma'adinai yana ɗaukar kashi 98% na duk aikin yara a Zambia. Sassan na yau da kullun da ke shaida mafi munin aikin yara sun haɗa da noman auduga, taba, kamun kifi, shayi, kofi da gawayi. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare a aikin hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka, ana shaida hakan a cikin ƙananan ma'adinan fasaha da na gargajiya, inda yara ke fitar da emeralds, amethyst, aquamarines, yawon shakatawa da garnets. Hakanan ana yin aikin yara a ma'adinan gubar, zinc da tagulla. Ba sa sanya wani kayan kariya don kare idanuwa ko fuska ko jikinsu; raunuka na kowa.
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha
Tarihi
Habasha ta fice daga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2006, kuma ita ma ba ta shiga gasar ta shekarar 2008 ba. Duk da haka, ta shiga cikin 2007 All-Africa Games, da rashin nasara wasanni biyu. A lokacin da ta koma gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2010 ta sha kashi a gasar share fage da Tanzania. A daya hannun kuma, a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara na shekarar 2012, Habasha ta kai wasan zagayen ƙarshe bayan ta doke Congo DR da Ghana, inda daga karshe ta yi rashin nasara a gasar Olympics a hannun Afrika ta Kudu.
A shekarar 2012 kungiyar ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika bayan shekaru 8, inda ta daidaita maki tsakaninta da Tanzaniya. Ba a samu nasarar zura ƙwallo a raga ba, sai dai sun yi kunnen doki da Kamaru.
Aikin yara a Afirka
Zambiya
Fataucin yara don dalilai masu haɗari ya zama ruwan dare a Zambia. Yara a aikin gona da hidimar gida ana musayar kudi, kaya da kuma kyauta ga ’yan uwa. Zambiya tana da tsauraran dokoki na hana fataucin yara da bautar da yara. Duk da haka, aiwatarwa da aiwatar da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da wahala.
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha
Laƙabi
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Habasha ana yi mata laƙabi da " Lucy ".
Manazarta
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Aikin yara a Afirka
Dynamics
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta bayyana cewa, da farko, talauci shi ne babban karfi guda daya da ke kai yara zuwa wuraren aiki. Wani babban abin da ke jefa yara cikin mummunan aiki shi ne rashin makarantu da rashin ingancin makaranta.
Dokokin aikin yara a Afirka
Yawancin gwamnatocin Afirka sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) guda uku a hukumance. Bugu da kari, da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da ILO don kaddamar da wani shiri a karkashin shirin kasa da kasa don kawar da aikin yara (IPEC).
Najeriya, alal misali, yanzu ta zama memba mai himma a cikin IPEC. Haka kuma tana aiwatar da aikin noman koko na yammacin Afirka. Dokar kare hakkin yara a Najeriya yanzu tana cikin dokar ta na kwadago, kuma ta haramta cin zarafin yara. Wasu jihohi, kamar Anambra, sun kuma hana yara yin aiki a lokutan makaranta.
Kasar Afrika ta Kudu ta mayar da yaro dan kasa da shekaru 15 aiki a matsayin wani laifi na laifi, sai dai da izinin Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta daukar yara aikin fasaha. Sashe na 43 zuwa 47 na Dokar Aiki ya kuma haramta ɗaukar yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18 aiki idan aikin bai dace da shekarun su ba ko kuma wani abu da ke jefa su cikin haɗari.
Kenya ta zartar da dokar yara a 2001. Sashi na 10 na wannan doka yana kare yara da matasa masu kasa da shekaru 18 daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da duk wani aiki da zai iya zama haɗari ko kuma ya kawo cikas ga ilimin yaron, ko kuma ya zama cutarwa ga yaro a ruhaniya, ɗabi'a ko ci gaban zamantakewa. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta daukar duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 aikin soja ba ko kuma a duk wani rikici na makami.
Yayin da ake aiwatar da dokoki masu mahimmanci a kusan dukkanin Afirka, aiwatar da doka ya kasance kalubale. Sakamakon rashin shiga tsakani da gwamnati ta yi, ana ci gaba da samun karuwar masu yi wa yara aikin yi. 14.2% na yara kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɗari tun sama da shekaru uku. Rashin sakamako ga masu daukan ma'aikata, ya haifar da yara zabar ci gaba da aiki saboda tsoron tashin hankali da/ko buƙatar wadata iyalansu ya tilasta musu su ci gaba da aiki.
Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu
ILO tana da ayyuka da yawa a Afirka da ke neman ragewa, da kuma kawar da ayyukan yi wa yara a Afirka hidima. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin, wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2006 yana mai da hankali kan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka na Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Saliyo, Togo. Wannan aikin, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2009, yana da niyya ne ga mafi munin ayyukan aikin yara a yammacin Afirka. Yana da manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko zai tallafa wa kokarin kasa na kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki, na biyu kuma na nufin hada kan masu tsara manufofin shiyya da inganta hadin gwiwar kananan hukumomi don kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a tsakanin kowa da kowa. Kasashe goma sha biyar na kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS).
Aikin KURET, wanda shi ne taƙaitaccen bayani na Yaƙi da Ƙwararrun, wani yunƙuri ne na yanki don hana cin zarafin yara ta hanyar ilimi. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta ba da tallafi kuma World Vision, Cibiyar Ci gaban Ilimi, da Kwamitin Ceto ta Duniya, KURET ta fara aiki a cikin Satumba 2004. Ofishin yankin yana Kampala, Uganda. Wani rahoto a shekara ta 2009 ya ce ya kawo sauyi a rayuwar dubban yara a wannan yanki na Afirka.
Patriots Ghana wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce take a Ghana. Manufar kungiyar ita ce al'umma mai cike da kishin kasa masu ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Ghana. Ƙungiyar tana mai da hankali kan samun ci gaba ta hanyar ayyuka iri-iri na gida. Manufar su ita ce karfafawa 'yan kasar Ghana damar gudanar da ayyuka masu ma'ana dangane da kawar da fataucin yara da kwadago, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, 'yancin dan adam, da ci gaban tattalin arziki, don inganta rayuwar 'yan kasar Ghana marasa gata. Don haka masu kishin kasar Ghana suna da burin cimma burinsu ta hanyar da ta dace da hakkinsu wanda ke bayyana a cikin ayyukansu. Kungiyar ta jaddada bukatar samar da hanyar da ta dace saboda sakamakon saurin karuwar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke haifar da rashin kula da lafiya ga talakawa. Samun wadata ga babban iyali ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudi na dogon lokaci, musamman a yankunan karkara. Saboda bukatar da ake yi na ciyar da iyalansu, yara kan hana su ’yancinsu na neman ilimi, su yi aiki. Don kawar da talauci na dogon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta mai da hankali kan ayyukan da ke ƙarfafa al'umma don sake kafa 'yancin ɗan adam ta hanyar rage ayyukan yara a Ghana.
Judith Ledeboer
Judith Geertruid Ledeboer OBE (takwas ga Satumba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da daya zuwa Ashirin da hudu ga Disamba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in) 'yan ƙasar Holland ne mai ginin gine-ginen Ingilishi. Ta kasance mai himma a London da Oxford, inda ta tsara makarantu iri-iri, gine-ginen jami'a da ayyukan gidajen jama'a.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Tare da Jessica Albery, Ledeboer ta shafe watanni shida akan ginin gine-gine a cikin birnin London, yana koyo da hannaye kan hanyar tuntuɓar jami'an tsaro, magatakarda na ayyuka, da kuma faɗuwar sana'ar gini.
Sana'ar ta
Ɗaya daga cikin wahayi na farko na Ledeboer shine mai zane Elisabeth Scott, wanda ta taimaka a Shakespeare Memorial Theatre (yanzu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Shakespeare ) a Stratford-kan-Avon. Ledeboer ta fara aiki tare da David Booth a cikin 1939 a matsayin Booth da Ledeboer, inda ta fi aiki akan ƙananan ayyukan zama. Ta bar kamfanin a cikin 1941 don yin aiki ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ita ce ma'aikaciyar mace ta farko a ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin gidaje, kuma ta kasance sakatariyar kwamitocin Dudley da Burt kan gidaje na jama'a.
Ledeboer ta tsara rukunin gidaje da yawa a London don Majalisar Lewisham da Newham Borough. Aikin da aka fi sani da ita shine gidan tsofaffi a kan Lansbury Estate a Poplar, London, wanda ta tsara don bikin Birtaniyya a 1951. Ta tsara rukunin unguwanni a cikin Hemel Hempstead a cikin 1950-1955, wanda ya ƙunshi gidaje, filaye, gidajen abinci da shaguna.
Ledeboer ta bar aikin sirri a cikin 1970 amma ta kasance memba mai ƙwazo a Cibiyar Sarauta ta Masarautar Biritaniya da Cibiyar Tsarin ƙasa har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s. Ta mutu a cikin 1990 a gidanta a Hambledon, Surrey.
Legacy
Lynne Walker ta bayyana Ledeboer a cikin ƙamus na Oxford na Biography na Ƙasa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan muryoyi a manufofin gidaje bayan yaƙi". An nada ta Jami'ar Mafi kyawun Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (OBE) a cikin 1966.
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( bapt. 26 Afrilu 1564 - 23 Afrilu 1616)  marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingilishi, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana yi masa kallon babban marubuci a cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Ana kiransa sau da yawa mawaƙin ƙasa na Ingila da " Bard of Avon" (ko kuma kawai "Bard"). Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwar, sun ƙunshi wasu wasan kwaikwayo 39, 154 sonnets, dogayen wakoki guda uku, da wasu 'yan wasu baiti, wasu daga cikin marubuta marasa tabbas. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su sau da yawa fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance a iya cewa shi ne marubuci mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma ana ci gaba da nazari da sake fassara ayyukansa.
An haifi Shakespeare kuma ya girma a Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya auri Anne Hathaway, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Susanna, da tagwaye Hamnet da Judith. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1592, ya fara aiki mai nasara a London a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma mai mallakar wani kamfani mai suna Lord Chamberlain's Men, wanda daga baya akafi sani da King's of Men. Yana da shekaru 49 (a kusan 1613), ya bayyana ya yi ritaya zuwa Stratford, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru uku. 'Yan kaɗan na bayanan sirri na Shakespeare sun tsira; wannan ya jawo hasashe mai yawa game da al'amura kamar kamanninsa, Sexuality, imaninsa na addini da kuma ko wasu ne suka rubuta ayyukan da aka dangana masa.
Shakespeare ya samar da mafi yawan sanannun ayyukansa tsakanin 1589 da 1613. Wasanninsa na farko sun kasance masu ban dariya da tarihi kuma ana daukar su a matsayin wasu mafi kyawun ayyukan da aka samar a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in. Daga nan ya rubuta mafi yawan tragedies har zuwa 1608, daga cikinsu Hamlet, Romeo da Juliet, Othello, King Lear, da Macbeth, duk an dauke su daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin harshen Ingilishi. A cikin lokaci na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta abubuwan ban tausayi (wanda aka fi sani da romances) kuma ya yi aiki tare da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo. Yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare an buga su a cikin bugu na inganci da daidaito a cikin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 1623, John Heminges da Henry Condell, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da abokan Shakespeare, sun buga wani rubutu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da Folio na Farko, wani bugun da aka tattara na Shakespeare na ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa da duka amma biyu daga cikin wasanninsa. Gabatarwansa wata waka ce ta Ben Jonson, tsohon abokin hamayyar Shakespeare, wanda ya yaba Shakespeare tare da sanannen yanzu: "ba na zamani ba, amma na kowane lokaci".
Ƙuruciya
Shakespeare ɗa ne ga John Shakespeare, alderman kuma ƙwararren mai yin sana'ar safar hannu (mai yin safar hannu) asali daga Snitterfield a Warwickshire, da Mary Arden, 'yar dangin masu affluent landwning. An haife shi a Stratford-Upon-Avon, inda aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1564. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, amma bisa ga al'ada ana kiyaye shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Ranar Saint George. Wannan kwanan wata, wanda za a iya gano shi zuwa William Oldys da George Steevens, ya tabbatar da sha'awar masu tarihin saboda Shakespeare ya mutu a daidai wannan ranar a 1616. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, kuma mafi girma da ya tsira. ɗa. Kodayake ba a sami bayanan halarta na wannan lokacin ba, yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yarda cewa tabbas Shakespeare ya sami ilimi a Sabuwar Makarantar King a Stratford,   makarantar kyauta da aka yi hayar a 1553,  kusan mil (mile kwata). 400 m) daga gidansa. Makarantun nahawu sun bambanta da inganci a lokacin Elizabethan, amma tsarin karatun nahawu sun kasance kama da haka: ainihin rubutun Latin an daidaita shi ta dokar sarauta,  kuma makarantar za ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin nahawu bisa ga marubutan gargajiya na Latin.