cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri
Ayyuka
Wasu daga cikin waɗannan littattafan an koyar da su a makarantun hauza na Shi'a a ƙarni na goma sha tara LuVE. Wanda ya gaje shi, Saadat Ali Khan, ya kafa gidan kallo a LuVE. Nawab Ghaziuddin Haider da Nawab Nasiruddin Haider sun tallafawa ilimin kimiyyar zamani.
Yin aiki tare da James Dinwiddie
A cikin 1792, masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar Scotland James Dinwiddie, ya gwada sa'arsa a China amma ya kasa burge Sarkin. Da yake fuskantar matsalar kuɗi, a cikin 1794 ya yi ƙaura zuwa Calcutta da fatan kyakkyawan fata, kuma ya fara jerin laccoci kan kimiyyar ƙasa da gabatar da zanga-zangar abubuwan mamaki na kimiyya. Ya kuma ba da horo na musamman a kan ilimin lissafi, ilmin taurari da lissafi. Ya yi imani cewa ba tare da tunanin lissafi ba mutum ba zai iya zurfafa zurfin ilimin kimiyya ba. Ya ce:"'Sai a wadancan bangarorin ilimin kimiyya wadanda aka yi la'akari da su ta hanyar lissafi, wannan falsafar na dabi'a na iya yin alfahari da ci gaba da gudanar da binciken ta da tabbaci, nasara da kuma amfani.'"Ya yi imanin cewa ba tare da bayanin ilimin lissafi ba, ba za a iya wuce fahimtar ɗaliban makaranta game da kimiyya ba. Allama Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri ya riga ya fassara " Principia" na Newton zuwa larabci a cikin 1789. Bayan Dinwiddie ya fara koyarwa a Calcutta, a cikin Oktoba 24, 1794, tsohon Allama ya sanya kansa a matsayin dalibi. Dinwiddie ya fara koyar dashi ilimin kimiyyan roba sannan kuma ilimin lissafi na zamani. Abin mamaki, Tafazzul yana fama da ilimin lissafi. Ya sake yin rajista:"'Ba shi da wata ma'ana cewa duk mutumin da ya karanci ka'idoji da yawa ya zama ya jahilci ilimin lissafi'." Allama kuma an ɗora masa nauyin aikin jakadan Awadh, kuma dole ne ya dakatar da karatun. Dawowa cikin LuVE, nawab baiyi farin ciki ba kuma ya kira shi 'bawan Ingilishi', saboda ya shagaltu da koyo da fassarar ilimin kimiyya na zamani. A watan Nuwamba 1795, ya sake komawa kuma wannan lokacin Dinwiddie ya koya masa ilimin taurari na gwaji. Musayar musayar ta kasance tsakanin juna, kamar yadda Tafazzul ya kuma sanar da Dinwiddie game da ilimin taurari na Indiya da larabci.
Adawa daga Orthodoxy
Shahararren malamin addini na lokacin, Shah Abdul Aziz, dan Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, ya dauke shi mai ridda.
Mutuwa
A shekarar 1799, ya yi fama da zubar jini a kwakwalwa wanda ya bar jikinsa cikin halin inna. Ya mutu yana tafiya daga Banaras zuwa Lucknow a ranar 3 ga Maris 1801. Mirza Abu Talib Khan ya rubuta wadannan 'yan matan ne bayan samun labarin mutuwarsa a Landan: "Alas! The zest of Learning's cup is gone; Whose taste ne’er cloy’d, tho’ deep the draughts; Whose flavor yet upon the palate hangs Nectareous, nor Reason's thirst assuag’d But yes; – rent is the garment of the morn; And all dishevell’d floats the hair of night; All bath’d in tears of dew the stars look down With mournful eyes, in lamentation deep; For he, their sage belov’d, is dead; who first To Islam's followers explain’d their laws, Their distances, their orbits, and their times, As great Copernicus once half divin’d, And greater Newton proved; but, useless now, Their work we turn with idle hand, and scan With vacant eye, our own first master gone."
Knapp, Jackson County, Wisconsin
Knapp birni ne, da ke a gundumar Jackson, a ƙasar Amirka. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a na shekarar 2000, yawan mutanen garin ya kasance 275. Ƙungiyar da ba ta da haɗin gwiwa ta Lapham Junction tana cikin garin.
Tarihi
An kafa Knapp daga wani yanki na garin Millston a cikin 1889.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, garin yana da jimillar yanki na 71.6 murabba'in kilomita (185.3 km 2 ), wanda, 69.1 murabba'in kilomita (179.0 km 2 ) nata kasa ce da 2.4 murabba'in mil (6.3 km 2 ) daga ciki (3.38%) ruwa ne.
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 275, gidaje 113, da iyalai 89 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 4.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (1.5/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 131 a matsakaicin yawa na 1.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (0.7/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 99.27% Fari, 0.36% Asiya, da 0.36% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye.
Akwai gidaje 113, daga cikinsu kashi 29.2% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 72.6% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 3.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 20.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 15.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance na mutane ne, kuma 4.4% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.43 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.73.
A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 21.8% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 6.5% daga 18 zuwa 24, 30.9% daga 25 zuwa 44, 24.0% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 16.7% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 111.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 106.7.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $40,446, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $41,771. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $35,500 sabanin $21,607 na mata. Kuɗin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $19,212. Kusan 6.1% na iyalai da 7.0% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 6.3% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 10.3% na waɗanda 65 ko sama da su.
Nicole Ramalalanirina
Mafi kyawun lokacinta a cikin tseren hurdles mita 100 shine daƙiƙa 12.76, wanda aka samu a watan Nuwamba 2000 a La Chaux-de-Fonds.
Knapp, Jackson County, Wisconsin
Manazarta
44.25806°N, -90.50528°W44.25806°N, -90.50528°W
Juanjo Narvaez
Juan José " Juanjo " Narváez Solarte (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kolombiya wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar CD Leganés ta Sipaniya, a matsayin aro daga Real Valladolid. Yafi ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, kuma zai iya taka leda a matsayin gaba.
Deportivo Pasto
An haife shi a cikin Pasto, Sashen Nariño, kuma samfurin ƙungiyar matasan garin Deportivo Pasto, Narváez ya shafe shekaru biyu na farko a matsayin babban jami'in Deportivo Pasto, ya zira ƙwallaye huɗu; uku a Copa Colombia da kuma wani a cikin Categoría Primera B. Ya yi musu muhawara a cikin Categoría Primera B a ranar 9 ga watan Maris 2011 yana ɗan shekara 16 da kwanaki 25, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta na ƙungiyar, kuma a cikin Categoría Primera A ranar 28 Afrilun 2012.
Real Madrid
A watan Nuwambar 2012, Narváez shiga matasa Academy of Real Madrid. Tsohon dan wasan Real Madrid Zinedine Zidane ya ba shi shawarar da ya yi amfani da tsarin samarin su kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin ' Falcao na gaba' saboda iya cin ƙwallaye. Narváez ya fara buga wa kulob ɗin wasa a gasar Copa del Rey Juvenil ta 2013, inda ya zura ƙwallaye biyu a wasanni uku da ya buga yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe kofin, kodayake bai buga wasan ƙarshe ba. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2012, inda ya buga wasan gaba daya a wasan da suka doke Zamalek SC da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Alkass. Narváez ya sake zura ƙwallo a ragar Rayo Vallecano a ci 2-0 bayan mako guda. A lokacin hutun ƙasa da ƙasa a watan Oktoba, Narvaez ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da ƙungiyar ta doke Don Bosco da ci 6-1.
Wana Udobang
Wana Udobang, wacce aka fi sani da Wana Wana, marubuciya ce a Nijeriya, mawaƙi, ɗan jarida, ɗan fim, kuma ɗan gidan talabijin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a BBC, Al Jazeera, Huffington post, BellaNaija, da The Guardian,  An bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗayan manyan zakarun sabuwar kalmar da muke magana da su ta hanyar farfaɗowa tana ɗaukar tsalle zuwa cikin fanko . "
Nicole Ramalalanirina
Nicole ta kammala aikinta ta hanyar lashe gasar tseren 60m Hurdles na cikin gida na Faransa a cikin shekarun 2004 da 2006.
Wana Udobang
Tarihin rayuwa da aiki
Udobang ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a aikin jarida daga jami'ar kere kere. Bayan ta kammala karatu, ta yi aiki da Gidan Rediyon BBC na Duniya a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye masu zaman kansu. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Wise Buddah Productions, Sama da Production Production, da Somehin 'Else.
Bayan ta dawo Legas, ta yi aiki a gidan rediyo na 92.3 Inspiration FM a Legas, Nijeriya, na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin mai gabatar da rediyo da kuma furodusa.
An wallafa almararta da wakokinta a cikin Littafin Brittle da sauran wurare ta yanar gizo kuma a buga. Ita tsohuwar daliba ce a cikin Karatun Fasaha na Marubuta na Farafina wanda Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ke gabatarwa duk shekara.
Jinin mutum
Jinin mutum shuka ne.
Wana Udobang
Tarihin rayuwa da aiki
A matsayinta na mawakiya, ta yi wasanni a duk fadin Najeriya. Faifinta na farko da aka fara magana da ita, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2013, an yi masa taken Dirty Laundry
A shekarar 2017, ta fitar da kundi na biyu, mai taken A Memory of Manta. An bayyana faifan a matsayin "jarumi mai ban mamaki", "murushin kare dan mata"  wanda ke juyawa "kusan gaba ɗaya game da mata masu juriya, nasarorinsu da gwagwarmayar da suka yi, mummunan halin da suka samu da kuma epiphanies.  Udobang ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tarin abubuwan tunanin da ke kewaya abubuwan da suka samo asali daga wuraren fashewa da tambayoyi zuwa sabunta kai."
A cikin 2020, an zaɓi Wana don shiga cikin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Rubuta na Duniya na 54 a Jami'ar Iowa, ladabi da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. Zuwa yau, masana adabin rubutu 35 na Nijeriya sun shiga cikin Fadawar IWP Fall. Fitattun daga cikinsu akwai Elechi Amadi (1973), Cyprian Ekwensi (1974), Ola Rotimi (1980), Femi Osofisan (1986), Niyi Osundare (1988), Festus Iyayi (1990), Lola Shoneyin (1999), Obari Gomba (2016) ), Tade Ipadeola (2019).
Saidu Ayodele Balogun
Manjo Janar Saidu Ayodele Balogun (an haife shi a shekarar 1941), an naɗa shi Gwamnan na farko na Jihar Ogun, Nijeriya bayan an kafa ta daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Jihar Yamma a watan Maris na shekarar 1976, yana riƙe da ofis har zuwa watan Yulin na shekarar 1978 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo.
Balogun an dakaru birged kwamandan a lokacin da juyin mulki a watan Yuli na shekarar 1975 lokacin da Janar Yakubu Gowon da aka hambarar da janar Murtala Mohammed. Lokacin da magajin Murtala Mohammed, Olusegun Obasanjo ya nada shi sabon gwamnan jihar Ogun, ya gamu da matsaloli iri daban-daban kamar neman masauki ga ma’aikatan gwamnati, wadanda da farko sun fara zirga-zirga daga Ibadan a cikin sabuwar Jihar Oyo zuwa Abeokuta, kodayake a karshen wa'adin mulkinsa mafi yawanci ya sami masauki na gari. Sannan Ofisoshin Gwamnati galibi an yi hayar su da farko. Ya kafa Makarantar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun da ke Ilese-Ijebu, da farko a shafin wucin gadi. .
Salawa Abeni
Salawa Abeni Alidu (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Mayun 1961) mawaƙa ce ta Nijeriya. Wata Yarbawa yar Ijebu ce daga Ijebu Waterside, a jihar Ogun, ta fara sana'ar waka ne a lokacin da ta fitar da kundi na farko mai taken, Late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed, a 1976, akan Leader Records. Ya zama rikodi na farko da wata mata mai fasaha ta yi a cikin Wakokin Yarbanci don sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan a Najeriya.
Abeni ta ci gaba da daukar fim din jagora har zuwa shekarar 1986, lokacin da ta kulla alaka da mai rikodin, Lateef Adepoju. Ta auri Kollington Ayinla kuma ta shiga lakabin rikodinsa a maimakon haka, ta kasance tare da shi har zuwa 1994.
Rigima
A lokacin da take zantawa da Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Najeriya, Abeni ta haifar da rikici lokacin da ta shawarci ‘yan uwanta mawaka da “su nisanci yin luwadi”, inda ta kamanta shi da shan kwayoyi. Masu fafutuka sun kira kalaman nata "nuni ne na rashin sani", sai dai kuma 'yar Najeriya Olajumoke Orisaguna ta faɗi maganganunta kwanan nan a cikin bidiyon YouTube Olajumoke Sauce 7: Trends and Acceptance da aka ɗora a watan Fabrairun 2018. A karkashin dokar Najeriya bisa dogaro da shari'ar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, alaƙar jinsi tsakanin mutanen LGBT ta kasance laifin laifi, tare da hukunci mai yawa wanda ya fara daga ɗaurin shekaru 14 zuwa hukuncin kisa.
Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci
A cikin dokokin duniya a siyasance ƙasa tana buƙatar cika ƙa'idodi daban-daban don zama ƙasa. Ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin shi ne sauran ƙasashe dole ne su yarda da kuma ita a matsayin ƙasa. Idan dukkan ƙasashe suka amince da ita, zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko zai kasance mai sauki.
Mafi yawan ƙasashen dake a wannan jerin ƙasashe ne waɗanda suka ɓalle (rabu da kansu) daga asalin ƙasashen su, kuma saboda haka ake kiransu ƙasashe masu neman ɓallewa ko marasa cikakken 'yanci ko iko. Suna iya samun wasu kariya ta soja da wakilcin diflomasiyya na yau da kullun a ƙasashen waje. Wata ƙasar na iya taimaka musu don guje wa sake yin rubutun dole cikin asalinta. Kwanciyar hankali ya dawo.
Ƙasashe wadanda suka samu amincewar wasu ƙasashen.
Ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda kawai aka tantance su gaba daya sauran mambobin Majalisar ba a lissafa su a nan. (Misali, kasashe 39 ba su amince da Isra’ila ba . )
Ƙasashen ko hukumomin da suka gabata a tarihi waɗanda basu samu amincewar wasu ƙasashen ba
Waɗannan ƙasashe sune aka samu kafa gwamnati biyu a cikin su. Waɗan nan suna da iko da yankin ƙasar da yawancin jihohi suka amince da wata gwamnatin daban a matsayin halattacciyar gwamnati:
Ingawa
Ingawa Karamar hukuma ce a jihar Katsina a Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Ingawa.
Ekwele na Equatorial Guinea
Ekuele ko ekuele ita ce kudin Equatorial Guinea tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1985. Ko da yake an raba su zuwa centimos 100, ba a bayar da rabe-rabe ba. An yi amfani da sunan ekuele (jam'i iri ɗaya) har zuwa 1979, yayin da ekwele (jam'i bipkwele ) aka yi amfani da shi bayan. Sauya sunan kudin zuwa "ekwele" daga "peseta" ya samo asali ne daga wani babban shiri na Afirka wanda ke nufin kawar da kasar daga mulkin mallaka ta hanyar cire sunayen Mutanen Espanya da nassoshi daga cikin jama'a; ekpele kudin ƙarfe ne kafin mulkin mallaka wanda mutanen Fang da Beti ke amfani da shi.
Ingawa
Garin Ingawa na da yanki na 892 km2 da yawan jama'a 2 a ƙidayar shekarar 2006. Kuma Shugaban Karamar Hukumar a halin yanzu shi ne Alhaji Labaran Magaji da kuma Hakimin hukumar a halin yanzu wato Alhaji Babangida Sule Abubakar Dambo Sarkin Fulani Dambo.
Ekwele na Equatorial Guinea
Ekuele ya maye gurbin peseta guineana daidai, yayin da aka maye gurbin ekwele da CFA franc ta Tsakiyar Afirka (rubuta franco akan tsabar kudi na Equatorial Guinean da takardun banki) a kan adadin 1 Franco = 4 bipkwele.
Ingawa
Lambar ofishin tura sakonni na yankin ita ce 823.
Ekwele na Equatorial Guinea
Tsabar kuɗi
An fitar da tsabar kudin ekuele na farko a cikin 1975. Duk ƙungiyoyin sun nuna shugaban farko Francisco Macías Nguema akan maƙasudin maƙasudi da ƙa'idodi akan baya. Waɗannan su ne aluminium-bronze 1 ekuele da jan karfe nickel 5 da 10 ekuele. A cikin 1980 da 1981, an fitar da tsabar kudi na 1 ekweta, 5, 25 da 50 bipkwele, wanda ya maye gurbin tsabar kuɗin da aka yi a baya waɗanda aka cire daga rarrabawa. An sake fitar da mafi ƙanƙanta mazhabobi a cikin aluminum-tagulla yayin da manyan ƙungiyoyin ke cikin nickel na jan karfe. A wannan karon dukkan ƙungiyoyin sun fito ne da shugaban ƙasa na biyu, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo kuma suna da tsarin ƙira irin na 1969 Equatorial Guinean peseta. Wannan fitowar ta biyu an yi ta cikin ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda suka gabata kuma waɗannan tsabar kudi ba su da yawa a yau. Bayan 1985 Equatorial Guinea ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma an maye gurbin duk tsabar kudi na gida da tsabar kudin CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka.
Takardun kuɗi
"Banco Popular" ya fitar da bayanin kula a cikin ƙungiyoyin 25, 50, 100, 500, da 1000 ekwele daga 1975 wanda kamfanin Thomas De La Rue ya buga. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Macías an sake fasalin tsarin hada-hadar kudi tare da "Banco de Guinea Ecuatorial" ta dauki nauyin samar da kudin takarda a shekarar 1979 tare da ba da sanarwa a cikin majami'u 100, 500, 1000, da 5000 bipkwele. Wannan jeri na biyu kamar yadda Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre ta buga a Spain. Bayan 1985 an cire duk takardun banki na gida kuma aka maye gurbinsu da takardun banki na CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka.￼
Ingawa
Tarihi
Ingawa ta zama karamar hukuma ne a watan Mayun 1989. Ciyaman ne ke jagorantar harkokin karamar hukuma a hukumance. Mafi akasarin mazauna karamar hukumar Hausawa ne da Fulani. Muhimmin aikin su shine noma da kiwo.
Haka kuma, A kan lambobin lasisin ababen hawa, an taƙaita Ingawa a matsayin NGW.
Gwyneth Paltrow
Paltrow ta sami sanarwa game da aikinta na farko a fina-finai kamar Bakwai (1995), Emma (1996), Ƙofofin Zama (1998), da Cikakken Kisan (1998). Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ta yi a matsayin Viola de Lesseps a cikin tarihin soyayya Shakespeare in Love (1998) wanda ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best Actress. Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar a cikin The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Shallow Hal (2001), da Sky Captain and the World of Gobe (2004).
Ingawa
Tarihi
An kafa hukumar ilimi ta Karamar Hukumar Ingawa a shekarar 1989 bayan kafa karamar hukumar Ingawa daga tsohuwar karamar hukumar Kankia.
Wadannan sun zama sakatarorin ilimi daga 1999 zuwa yau.
Gwyneth Paltrow
Bayan zama iyaye a cikin 2004, Paltrow ya rage yawan aikin ta. Ta yi fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin fina-finai, kamar Hujja ta wasan kwaikwayo (2005), wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. A cikin 2009, ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award don Mafi kyawun Kundin Magana don Yara don littafin mai jiwuwa na yara Brown Bear da Abokai. Bugu da kari, ta sami lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don Fitacciyar Jarumar Baƙi a cikin jerin ban dariya don rawar baƙonta a matsayin Holly Holliday akan jerin talabijin na kiɗan Fox Glee a cikin 2011. Daga 2008 zuwa 2019, ta nuna Pepper Potts a cikin Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Tun daga 1995, Paltrow ya kasance fuskar turaren Estée Lauder 's Pleasures; a baya ta kasance fuskar Coach iri na Amurka. Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na kamfanin salon rayuwa Goop, wanda aka soki don inganta pseudoscience, kuma ya rubuta littattafan dafa abinci da yawa.
Ingawa
Tarihi
1. Alhaji Tukur Saude - 1999 – 2002
Gwyneth Paltrow
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Gwyneth Kate Paltrow a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1972, a Los Angeles, ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Blythe Danner da mai shirya fina-finai Bruce Paltrow. Tana da ƙane, Jake, wanda darekta ne kuma marubucin allo. Mahaifin Paltrow Bayahude ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta Kirista ce. An taso ta tana bikin "biki na Yahudawa da na Kirista." Dan uwanta yana da Bar Mitzvah na gargajiya lokacin da ya cika shekara 13. Iyalin Yahudawa Ashkenazi na mahaifinta sun yi hijira daga Belarus da Poland,    yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da Pennsylvania Dutch (Jamus) da kuma wasu zuriyar Irish da Ingilishi. Kakan kakan mahaifin Paltrow Rabbi ne a Nowogród, Poland, kuma zuriyar sanannen dangin Paltrowicz na rabbai daga Kraków.
Paltrow rabin kani ne ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Katherine Moennig, ta wurin mahaifiyarta, kuma kani na biyu na tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokokin Amurka Gabby Giffords ( AZ-08 ) ta hanyar mahaifinta. Ta hanyar Giffords, suruki ne na biyu na Sanatan Amurka Mark Kelly na Arizona. Mahaifinta shine darekta Steven Spielberg. Kawunta mawaƙin opera ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Harry Danner, wanda 'yarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Hillary Danner, ƙanwar Paltrow ce kuma aminin ku. Paltrow ya tuna da taron danginsu: “Ni da Hillary koyaushe muna da wannan abu guda ɗaya, kuma har yau… dafa abinci ga mutanen da muke ƙauna, ci, ratayewa a matsayin iyali. Haka aka tashe mu. Abin da muke yi shi ne.” Wani dan uwan shine Rebekah Paltrow Neumann, wanda matarsa ita ce miloniya dan Isra'ila-Ba'amurke Adam Neumann, wanda ya kafa WeWork.
Ingawa
Tarihi
2. Alhaji Yusuf Bara'u - 2002 - 2012
3. Alhaji Abdu Ibrahim Yandoma - 2012 - Kwanan wata.
Gwyneth Paltrow
Rayuwar farko
Paltrow ta girma a Santa Monica, California, inda ta halarci Makarantar Crossroads, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Spence, makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu a Manhattan. Daga baya, ta karanci tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, kafin ta bar aiki. Ita 'yar da aka ɗauke ta Talavera de la Reina (Spain) ce, inda tana da shekaru 15, ta yi shekara ɗaya a matsayin ɗalibin musayar kuma ta koyi magana da Mutanen Espanya. Hakanan tana iya magana cikin Faransanci, yayin da danginta ke yawan tafiya zuwa Kudancin Faransa a duk lokacin ƙuruciyarta.
1989-1995: Aikin farko
Farawar aikinta za a iya ba da lamuni ga danginta na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da wasanta na farko ya kasance a High (1989), fim ɗin TV da mahaifinta ya ba da umarni, kuma bayan ta shafe lokacin bazara da yawa tana kallon mahaifiyarta a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown a Massachusetts, Paltrow ya sanya mata sana'a. mataki na farko a can a 1990. Fim ɗinta na halarta na farko ya biyo baya tare da fim ɗin soyayya na kiɗan Shout (1991), wanda ke nuna John Travolta, kuma ubangidanta Steven Spielberg ya jefa ta a cikin fasalin kasada mai nasara na kasuwanci Hook (1991) a matsayin matashin Wendy Darling. Matsayin Paltrow na gaba sun kasance a cikin wani yanki na wasan opera sabulu na Scotland Take The High Road (1992) da fina-finan da aka yi don talabijin Cruel Doubt (1992) da Mutuwar dangantaka (1993).
Mutanen Ogu
Mutanen Ogu, wani lokacin ana kiransu mutanen Egun, ƙabilu ne da ke mafi yawa a cikin Legas da jihar Ogun a yankin Kudu Maso Yammacin Najeriya. Mutanen Ogu suna da yarurruka daban-daban da suka haɗa da Thevi, Xwela, Seto da Toli kuma suma suna da kusan kashi 15% na 'yan asalin jihar Legas.
Asali
Mutanen Ogu sun kasance baƙi a cikin tsohuwar Dahomey da ake kira Jamhuriyar Benin. Tarihin baka ya nuna cewa mutanen Ogu sun kasance daga zuriyar waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Whydah, Allada da Weme waɗanda yanzu suke cikin Jamhuriyar Benin sakamakon Yakin Dahomean da ya faru a ƙarni na 18. A cewar Mesawaku, wani masanin tarihi; mutanen Ogu sun yi ƙaura zuwa Badagry tun farkon karni na 15 saboda bukatar tsaro.
Wajen zama da mutane
Ana samun mutanen Ogu a Badagry da kuma a yankin Yewa da Ipokia na jihar Ogun. Hakanan suna cikin wasu yankuna na Jamhuriyar Benin. Tunda kuma yanayinsu yana kewaye da ruwa, yawancin mutanen Ogu suna sana'ar kamun kifi, sarrafa kwakwa da kuma samar da gishiri yayin da wasu ke harkar kasuwanci da noma. Mutanen Ogu sun yi imani da al'adunsu duk da cewa galibinsu mabiya wasu addinai ne, ana ganinsu suna bautar gumaka da ake kira Zangbeto. (Wani Mai Dare).
Mutanen Ogu suna kamanceceniya da Yarabawa saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin 17-18 Daular Dahomey tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Oyo Empire, don haka ƙarfafa dangantaka tsakanin ƙabilun biyu.
Mashi
Mashi karamar hukuma ce a jihar Katsina a Najeriya, tana iyaka da Jamhuriyar Nijar. Hedkwatar ta tana cikin garin Mashi da ke kudu maso yammacin yankin a12.98333°N, 7.95°W.
Tana da yanki na 905 km2 da yawan jama'a 2 a ƙidayar 2006.
Lambar ofishin tura sakonni na yankin ita ce 823.
Mashi gari ne mai dumbin tarihi da saurautu daban daban tun daga zamanin mulkin turawa har zuwa samun yancin kai na nigeria da kuma kafuwar jihar katsina
Tarihin Jamhuriyar Nijar
Nijer Afirka.
Nijar kafin tarihi
’Yan Adam sun rayu a yankin da ake kira Nijar a yanzu tun da farko. An gano gawar Australopithecus bahrelghazali mai shekaru 2 zuwa 3.5 a maƙwabciyar ƙasar Chadi. Masana tarihi a Nijar na da aiki da yawa a gabansu, ba tare da sanin tarihin al'ummomin da ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar ba, gidan mafi yawan 'yan Nijar na zamani. Hamada da tsaunukan arewa, duk da haka, sun ba da hankali ga tsoffin garuruwan da aka yi watsi da su da kuma zane-zanen dutsen da aka riga aka samu a tsaunin Aïr da hamadar Ténéré.
Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 60,000 da suka shige, ’yan Adam sun zauna a hamadar Sahara ta arewacin Nijar tun daga lokacin. Daga baya, a kan ƙasa mai albarka a lokacin, daga aƙalla 7,000 KZ an yi kiwo, kiwo da tumaki da awaki, manyan ƙauyuka da tukwane. An gabatar da shanu zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya ( Ahaggar ) daga 4,000 zuwa 3,500 KZ. Hotunan dutse masu ban sha'awa, da yawa da aka samu a tsaunin Aïr, kwanan wata 3,500 zuwa 2,500 KZ, suna nuna ciyayi da kasancewar dabbobi fiye da yadda ake tsammani na zamani.
Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa yankin da a yanzu ke sahara na arewa maso gabashin Nijar ya kasance gida ne ga al'ummomin zamanin Holocene. Wani rukunin yanar gizo na Saharan ya kwatanta yadda mafarauta-masu kamun kifi suka zauna a gefen tafkuna masu zurfi a kusa da 7700-6200 KZ, amma sun ɓace a lokacin matsanancin fari wanda wataƙila ya daɗe har tsawon shekaru sama da 6200-5200 KZ. Wasu tsoffin ƙauyuka na arewa da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi sun kasance tun daga zamanin Green Sahara na 7500-7000 zuwa 3500-3000 BCE. Lokacin da yanayin ya koma ciyayi na savanna—wanda ya fi yanayin yau—kuma tafkuna sun sake bayyana a cikin hamadar Ténére ta zamani, yawan jama’a da ke yin farauta, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Wannan yawan jama'a na ƙarshe ya rayu har zuwa kusan lokutan tarihi, daga 5200-2500 BCE, lokacin da lokacin bushewar yanzu ya fara.
Kamar yadda Sahara ta bushe bayan 2000 KZ, arewacin Nijar ya zama hamada a yau, tare da matsuguni da hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke manne da iska a arewa, da Kaouar da gaɓar tafkin Chadi a yamma, da (ban da tarwatsawa. oases) galibin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin da a yanzu ke kan iyakar kudu da Najeriya da kuma kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.
Daɗaɗɗen yanayin yanki mai yiwuwa
Arewacin Afirka yana jin daɗin yanayi mai kyau a lokacin da ake fama da talauci; Abin da ake kira Sahara a yanzu yana tallafawa nau'in halittu na savanna, tare da giwaye, raƙuman ruwa, da sauran dabbobin ciyawa da na daji a yanzu suna kama da yankin Sahel da ke kudu da hamada. Masanin tarihi kuma ɗan Afirka Roland Oliver ya bayyana lamarin kamar haka. [A] tsaunuka na tsakiyar Sahara bayan hamadar Libya ,... a cikin babban ɗimbin yawa na Tibesti da Hoggar, tsaunin tsaunuka, a yau babu dutse, an rufe su a wannan lokacin da gandun daji na itacen oak da goro, lemun tsami, alder. da elm. Ƙananan gangaren, tare da waɗanda ke goyon bayan bastions - Tassili da Acacus zuwa arewa, Ennedi da Air zuwa kudu - dauke da zaitun, juniper da Aleppo Pine. A cikin kwaruruka, koguna masu gudana na shekara-shekara suna cike da kifaye kuma suna iyaka da ciyayi masu ɗauke da iri.
Fasahar aikin ƙarfe
Wani bincike da UNESCO ta buga a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa ƙarfen ƙarfe a Termit, a gabashin Nijar na iya farawa tun daga 1500 BC. Wannan binciken, wanda zai kasance da matukar muhimmanci ga tarihin Nijar da kuma tarihin yaɗuwar fasahar sarrafa ƙarafa a duk yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, har yanzu yana da cece-kuce. Tsofaffin karatun da aka yarda da su sun sanya yaɗuwar fasahar tagulla da ƙarfe har zuwa yau daga farkon ƙarni na farko AZ: Shekaru 1500 bayan Termit Massif ya gano.
Tsohon tarihi
Aƙalla a ƙarni na 5 KZ, Carthage da Masar sun zama matattarar zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi na cinikin gishiri, tufa, beads, da kayayyakin ƙarfe na Yammacin Afirka. Da wannan fatauci, Nijar ta kasance a kan hanya tsakanin daulolin Sahel da dauloli na tekun Bahar Rum.
Kasuwanci ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin Romawa. Kodayake akwai nassoshi na gargajiya game da tafiya kai tsaye daga Bahar Rum zuwa Afirka ta Yamma (Daniels, p. 22f), galibin wannan ciniki an gudanar da su ta hanyar ƴan tsaka-tsaki waɗanda ke zaune a yankin don haka suna sane da amintattun hanyoyin shiga wuraren bushewa.
Binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan a Bura (a kudu maso yammacin Nijar) da kuma kusa da kudu maso gabashin Burkina Faso sun tabbatar da wanzuwar al'adun Bura na zamani tun daga ƙarni na 3 AZ zuwa ƙarni na 13 AD. Tsarin matsugunan Bura-Asinda da alama ya mamaye kwarin Neja na ƙasa. Amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar rawar da wannan wayewar ta farko ta taka a daɗaɗɗen tarihi da na tsakiyar Afirka ta Yamma.
Gabatarwar rakumi
Bayanan farko na raƙuma na gida a yankin sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 3. Mutanen Berber sun yi amfani da su, sun ba da damar yin hulɗa akai-akai a duk faɗin Sahara, amma hanyoyin kasuwanci na yau da kullun ba su ci gaba ba har sai farkon musulunta na yammacin Afirka a ƙarni na 7 da 8. Manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu sun haɓaka. Na farko ya bi ta hamada ta yamma daga Maroko na zamani zuwa Niger Bend, na biyu daga Tunisiya ta zamani zuwa yankin tafkin Chadi. Waɗannan shimfiɗawa sun kasance gajeru kuma suna da mahimmancin hanyar sadarwa na oases na lokaci-lokaci waɗanda suka kafa hanyar tuƙi a matsayin wanda ba shi da ƙarfi kamar fil a taswira. Gabashin Fezzan tare da hanyar kasuwancinsa ta kwarin Kaouar zuwa tafkin Chadi, Libya ba za ta iya wucewa ba saboda rashin tudun ruwa da iska mai zafi. An yi watsi da hanyar da ta tashi daga Niger Bend zuwa Masar a ƙarni na 10 saboda hatsarori.
Masarautar Nijar
An kafa Masarautar Agadez a shekara ta 1449 kuma ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci da addini na yankin. Daga baya daular Songhai ta mamaye ta a shekara ta 1500.
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara sun taimaka wajen yaɗa addinin musulunci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu. A cikin ƙarni na 17, yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani da fari sun haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a da ayyukan tattalin arziƙin arewacin Nijar.
Nijar ta kasance muhimmiyar mashigar tattalin arziƙi, kuma daulolin Songhai, Mali, Gao, da Kanem-Bornu, da kuma wasu jihohin Hausa, sun yi iƙirarin iko da wani yanki na yankin. A cikin ƙarnukan baya-bayan nan, Tuareg ƴan ƙabilar makiyaya sun kafa manyan ƙungiyoyin tarayya, suka yunƙura zuwa kudu, suka yi wa jihohin Hausa daban-daban, suka yi taho-mu-gama da Daular Fulani ta Sakkwato, wadda ta mamaye yawancin ƙasar Hausa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Daga ƙarshe ya zama yankin da ake kira daular Bornu, wanda ya ƙare a 1893.
Daular Usmaniyya ta yi iƙirarin mulkin mallaka na yankin Agadez ; ya zama wuri mafi nisa na daular a Afirka kuma ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mallaka har zuwa mamayewar Faransa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.
Mulkin mallaka
Tarihin mulkin mallaka da ci gaban Nijar ya yi daidai da na sauran yankunan Faransa na yammacin Afirka. Faransa ta yi mulkin mallaka a yammacin Afirka ta hannun wani gwamna a Dakar, Senegal, da gwamnoni a kowane yanki, ciki har da Nijar. Baya ga bayar da iyakacin izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ga mazauna yankunan, kundin tsarin mulkin Faransa na shekara ta 1946 ya tanadi raba madafun iko da iyakacin shiga harkokin siyasa ga majalisun ba da shawara na cikin gida.
Zuwa ga 'yancin kai
An sake yin bita a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen ketare tare da zartar da dokar sake fasalin ƙasashen waje ( Loi Cadre ) na 23 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1956, sannan kuma matakan sake tsarawa da Majalisar Faransa ta kafa a farkon shekara ta 1957. Baya ga kawar da rashin daidaiton kaɗa ƙuri'a, Waɗannan dokokin sun tanadi samar da sassan gwamnati, tare da tabbatar wa yankuna wani ma'auni na cin gashin kansu kan al'amuran cikin gida kamar ilimi, lafiya, da ababen more rayuwa.
Bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar Faransa ta biyar a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban, shekarar 1958, an bai wa yankunan Faransa ta Yamma da Afirka ta Equatorial Afirka 'yancin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan zama membobin su a cikin Al'ummar Faransa, wani tsari na Tarayyar Faransa wanda ya ba da damar wasu iyaka. mulkin kai kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin hanyar samun 'yancin kai daga ƙarshe.
Zaɓen da za a yi ranar 4 ga Disamba (kan ko za a ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin al'ummar Faransa, ba da jimawa ba na 'yan majalisar dokokin Jamhuriyar Nijar) sun fafata da ɓangarori biyu na siyasa na majalisar yankin. Jam'iyyar Neja Progressive Party (PPN), wadda asalinta reshe ne na African Democratic Rally (RDA), ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta UCFA kuma shugaban PPN kuma mataimakin kakakin majalisar Hamani Diori. Ɗaya bangaren kuma shi ne jagoran masu rinjaye na majalisar, Djibo Bakary. Shi kuwa Movement Socialist Africain (wanda aka sani da sunan Sawaba – ƴancin kai a cikin harshen Hausa ) ya yi kira da a kaɗa ƙuri’a: ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsare-tsare guda biyu a Faransa ta Yamma don yin hakan.
Duk da yake akwai tambayoyi game da tasirin Faransa a cikin jefa ƙuri'a. An tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓen biyu a ranar 16 ga watan. Jam'iyyar PPN ta jagoranci UCFA (e 358,000) ta doke Sawaba (babu 98,000), inda ta samu kujeru 54 zuwa 4 a majalisar wakilai 60. A ranar 18 ga wata ne Nijar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a cikin al'ummar Faransa kuma majalisar yankin ta zama majalisar wakilai. Ana bikin wannan rana (18 Disamba 1958) a matsayin ranar jamhuriya, ranar hutun ƙasar Nijar, kuma ana la'akari da ranar kafuwar ƙasa. A cikin Maris 1959 wannan ya zama Majalisar Dokoki.
A shekarar 1958 Diori ya zama shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi, sannan ya zama firaministan Nijar a shekarar 1959. Bayan da aka shirya gamayyar haɗakar shugabannin Hausawa, Fula, da Djerma, musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da sarakuna da shugabannin gargajiya, domin nuna goyon bayansu ga ƙuri'ar "Eh" ta Nijar a zaɓen raba gardama na 1959, Diori ya samu tagomashi a Faransa. A lokacin 1959-1960, gwamnatin Faransa ta haramtawa duk jam'iyyun siyasa ban da PPN, wanda hakan ya sa Nijar ta zama ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya. Shugabannin Sawaba sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira, kuma aka naɗe jam'iyyun UCFA cikin PPN.
'Yanci
A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1960 Faransa ta amince Nijar ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai. Jamhuriya ta biyar ta Faransa ta zartar da bita ga Al'ummar Faransa da ke ba da izinin zama membobin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli ne majalisar dokokin Nijar ta zama majalisar dokokin Nijar. An ayyana ‘yancin kai a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1960 a karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Diori. Bayan haka, a watan Nuwamba 1960 Majalisar Dokoki ta zaɓi Diori a matsayin sabon shugaban Nijar. A lokacin shugabancinsa, gwamnatin Diori ta fi son kiyaye tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da kuma ci gaba da kulla dangantakar tattalin arziƙi da Faransa. An sake zaɓe shi ba tare da hamayya ba a shekara ta 1965 da 1970.
Jam'iyyar PPN ta yi aiki a matsayin wani dandali na wasu 'yan siyasa na 'yan siyasa da suka taru a kusa da Diori da masu ba shi shawara Boubou Hama da Diamballa Maiga, wadanda ba su canza ba daga zabensu na farko a 1956. A shekara ta 1974 jam'iyyar ba ta gudanar da taro ba tun 1959 (wanda aka shirya a ƙarshen 1974 a lokacin yunwar da ta haifar da rikicin siyasa, amma ba a gudanar da shi ba). Jerin sunayen zaɓukan PPN na ƙunshe da sarakunan gargajiya daga manyan ƙabilun ƙasar waɗanda bayan zaɓen majalisar wakilai, an ba su ikon biki kawai. Rikicin ƙabilanci ma, ya tashi a lokacin mulkin Diori. Ɓangaren siyasa da majalisar ministocin da suka biyo baya sun kasance kusan na ƙabilun Djerma, Songhai da Maouri daga yammacin ƙasar, ƙabila ɗaya da Faransawa suka dogara da ita lokacin mulkin mallaka. Babu wata ƙungiyar Siyasa da ta taɓa ƙunshe da ɗan ƙabilar Hausa ko Fulani, duk da cewa Hausawa ne na yawan jama’a, wanda ya zama sama da kashi 40% na ‘yan Nijar.
Rikicin jama'a ya biyo bayan zargin cewa wasu ministocin gwamnati na karkatar da hannun jarin tallafin abinci tare da zargin Diori da ƙara ƙarfin mulki. Diori ya iyakance naɗin majalisar ministoci ga Djerma, dangi, da abokai na kurkusa. Bugu da ƙari, ya samu sabbin madafun iko ta hanyar ayyana kansa a matsayin ministan harkokin waje da tsaro.
1974 zuwa 1990
A ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1974, Laftanar Kanar Seyni Kountché ya jagoranci juyin mulkin soja wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Diori. An tsare Diori har zuwa 1980 kuma ya kasance a tsare a gida. Gwamnatin da ta biyo baya, yayin da take fama da yunƙurin juyin mulkin da kanta, ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa shekarar 1993. Yayin da ake samun wadatar zuci, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta wancan lokacin ta ba da damar 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki da kuma ɗauri da kisa ba gaira ba dalili. An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1993 (shekaru 33 bayan samun ‘yancin kai), kuma zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na farko ya faru ne a shekarar 2007.
Bayan mutuwar Kountché a cikin 1987, Shugaban Ma’aikatansa kuma ɗan uwansa, Col. Ali Saibu. Saibou ya 'yantar da wasu dokoki da manufofin Nijar, tare da fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Ya saki fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da Diori da tsohon ɗan siyasarsa Djibo Bakary. Sai dai ƙoƙarin da shugaba Saibou ya yi na shawo kan sauye-sauyen siyasa ya ci tura ta fuskar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da ɗalibai na kafa tsarin dimokuradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa. Gwamnatin Saibou ta amince da waɗannan buƙatun a ƙarshen 1990. Sabbin jam’iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin jama’a sun kunno kai, aka kuma kira taron ƙasa a watan Yulin 1991 don shirya yadda za a amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma gudanar da zaɓe na gaskiya da adalci. Muhawarar ta kasance mai yawan cece-kuce da zargi, amma a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa. André Salifou, taron ya samar da yarjejeniya kan tsarin gwamnatin riƙon kwarya.
1990s
Tun a shekarar 1990, ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa da Toubou da ke jagorantar Tawayen Abzinawa suna iƙirarin cewa ba su da kulawa da wadata daga gwamnatin tsakiya. Yayin da aka fara aiwatar da shirin a 1991, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Afrilun 1995 tare da Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Gwamnati ta amince da shigar da wasu tsoffin 'yan tawaye a cikin soja, tare da taimakon Faransa, taimaka wa wasu su koma rayuwar farar hula.
Guguwar gwamnati tsakanin Shugaban ƙasa da Firimiya da ba su yarda ba ya baiwa Col. Ibrahim Baré Mainassara shine dalilin hamɓarar da jamhuriya ta uku tare da hamɓarar da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Nijar na farko ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya, a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1996. Yayin da yake jagorantar hukumar soji da ke tafiyar da gwamnati (Conseil de Salut National) a lokacin miƙa mulki na watanni shida, Baré ya sanya ƙwararrun ƙwararru don tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Jamhuriya ta huɗu da aka sanar a watan Mayu 1996.
Baré ya shirya zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Yuni 1996. Ya fafata da wasu ‘yan takara huɗu ciki har da Ousmane. Kafin a kammala kaɗa ƙuri'a, Baré ya rusa kwamitin zaɓen ƙasar ya naɗa wani wanda ya sanar da shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen da sama da kashi 50% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A lokacin da ƙoƙarin da ya yi na tabbatar da juyin mulkin da ya yi da kuma zaɓen da ya biyo baya ya kasa shawo kan masu hannu da shuni su maido da taimakon tattalin arziƙi na ɓangarori daban-daban da na ƙasashen biyu, Bare mai tsananin son rai ya yi biris da takunkumin ƙasa da ƙasa da Libya ta ƙaƙaba mata na neman kuɗaɗe don tattalin arziƙin Nijar. A ci gaba da take haƙƙin jama'a da gwamnati ta yi, an ɗaure shugabannin adawa; 'yan jarida sukan kama, duka, da korarsu daga wani jami'in tsaro da ba na hukuma ba wanda ya ƙunshi 'yan sanda da sojoji; sannan an wawashe ofisoshin yaɗa labarai masu zaman kansu tare da ƙona su ba tare da hukunta su ba.
A cikin Afrilu 1999, an kashe Baré a juyin mulkin da Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké wanda ya kafa kwamitin sulhu na rikon ƙwarya na ƙasa don sa ido kan rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta biyar mai tsarin shugaban ƙasa na Faransa. A ƙuri'un da masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa suka gano cewa suna da 'yanci da adalci, al'ummar Nijar sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a watan Yulin 1999 tare da gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisa da na shugaban ƙasa a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 1999. Da yake jagorantar ƙawancen MNSD/CDS, Tandja Mamadou ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Majalisar ta koma mulkin farar hula a watan Disambar 1999.
2000s
A watan Yulin shekarar 2004, Nijar ta gudanar da zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi a duk faɗin ƙasar a wani ɓangare na shirin raba madafun iko. An zaɓi wasu mutane 3,700 a sabbin ƙananan hukumomi 265 da aka kafa. Jam'iyyar MNSD mai mulki ta sami muƙamai fiye da kowace jam'iyyar siyasa; sai dai jam'iyyun adawa sun samu gagarumar nasara.
A watan Nuwamba da Disamba 2004, Nijar ta gudanar da zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa. An zaɓi Mamadou Tandja a wa'adin shugabancinsa na shekaru biyar na biyu da kashi 65% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a zaɓen da masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa suka kira na gaskiya da adalci. Wannan shi ne zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na farko tare da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa bisa tafarkin dimokuraɗiyya, kuma ya zama zakaran gwajin dafi ga matasan jamhuriyar Nijar.
A zaɓukan ‘yan majalisar dokoki na 2004, MNSD, CDS, Rally for Social Democracy (RSD), Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP) na Nijar, da Social Party for Niger Democracy Jam'iyyar (PSDN) wacce ke marawa Tandja baya, ta samu kujeru 88 daga cikin 113 na majalisar dokokin ƙasar.
Rikicin Abzinawa na biyu a Nijar ya fara ne a shekara ta 2007 lokacin da wata ƙungiya da ba a san ta ba, Mouvement des Nigeriens pour la Justice (MNJ) ta ɓulla. Ƙungiyar Abzinawa mafi rinjaye ta fitar da buƙatu da dama, waɗanda suka shafi ci gaban arewa. Ta kai hari kan sojoji da sauran wurare tare da binne nakiyoyi a arewacin ƙasar. Rashin tsaro da ya haifar ya durƙusar da masana'antaryawon buɗe ido ta Nijar tare da hana saka hannun jari a harkar haƙar ma'adinai da mai. Aljeriya ta taimaka wajen tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Mali a watan Agustan 2008, wadda wani ɓangare na 'yan tawaye ya karya a watan Disamba, wanda sojojin Mali suka murƙushe tare da wasu 'yan tawaye da suka sauya sheƙa zuwa gwamnati. Nijar ta fuskanci ƙazamin faɗa da katsewar samar da sinadarin Uranium a arewaci mai tsaunuka, kafin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Libya ta goyi bayan, tare da taimakon wani ɓangare na 'yan tawaye, ya kawo tsagaita buɗe wuta da yin afuwa a cikin watan Mayun 2009.
A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2009, shugaba Tandja ya rusa majalisar dokokin ƙasar bayan da kotun tsarin mulkin ƙasar ta yanke hukuncin ƙin amincewa da shirin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan ko za a ba shi damar wa'adi na uku. Bisa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, an zaɓi sabuwar majalisar dokoki cikin watanni uku. Hakan dai ya taɓo gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin Tandja, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin tsawaita wa'adinsa mai iyaka har zuwa shekara ta 2009 ta hanyar kafa jamhuriya ta shida, da kuma 'yan adawar da suka buƙaci ya sauka daga mulki a ƙarshen wa'adinsa na biyu a watan Disambar 2009. Dubi rikicin tsarin mulkin Nijar na 2009. Sojoji sun mamaye ƙasar kuma an tsare shugaba Tandja a gidan yari, bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa.
An yi yunƙurin juyin mulki a daren ranar 30 zuwa 31 ga Maris, 2021, kwanaki kaɗan gabanin rantsar da Mohamed Bazoum, zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2021, aka rantsar da Mohamed Bazoum kuma ya karbi mulki.
Maryama Antin
Mary Antin (an haife ta ne Maryashe Antin ; Sha uku ga watan Yuni, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da daya - zuwa Mayu sha biyar ga wata, alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da tara) marubuciya Ba’amurke ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin shige da fice. An fi saninta da tarihin tarihin rayuwarta na 1912 The Alkawari, asusun ƙaura da Amurkawa na gaba.
Rayuwa
Mary Antin ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara shida da aka haifa wa Isra'ila da Esther Weltman Antin, dangin Yahudawa da ke zaune a Polotsk, a cikin gundumar Vitebsk na Daular Rasha ( Belarus a yau). Isra'ila Antin ta yi hijira zuwa Boston a 1891, kuma bayan shekaru uku ya aika a kira Maryamu da mahaifiyarta da 'yan'uwanta.
Ta auri Amadeus William Grabau, masanin ilimin kasa, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da daya, kuma ta koma birnin New York inda ta halarci Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia da Kwalejin Barnard. An san Antin don tarihin rayuwarta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma Sha biyu The Alkawari, wanda ke bayyana iliminta na makarantar jama'a da kuma shiga cikin al'adun Amurka, da kuma rayuwar Yahudawa a cikin Czarist Rasha. Bayan fitowar ta, Antin ta yi lacca kan yadda ta yi hijira ga jama'a da dama a fadin kasar.
Rimi (Nijeriya)
Karamar Hukumar Rimi karamar hukuma ce dake a Jihar Katsina arewa maso yammacin Nijeriya wadda ke kan hanyar daga Katsina zuwa jihar kano Nijeriya.
Maryama Antin
Rayuwa
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, yayin da ta ke yaƙin neman zaɓen ƙawance, ayyukan da mijinta ya yi wa Jamusawa ya sa suka rabu da kuma raunin jiki. An tilasta Amadeus barin mukaminsa a Jami'ar Columbia don yin aiki a kasar Sin, inda ya zama "mahaifin ilimin kasa na kasar Sin." Ba ta da karfin jiki ta kai masa ziyara a can.
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Jafanawa sun kama Amadeus kuma ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan an sake shi a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. Mary Antin ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji a ranar Sha biyar ga watan Mayu, 1949.
Legacy
Ana tunawa da ita akan Hanyar Gadon Mata ta Boston.
Magana
"All three children carried themselves rather better than the common run of 'green' pupils that were brought to Miss Nixon. But the figure that challenged attention to the group was the tall, straight father, with his earnest face and fine forehead, nervous hands eloquent in gesture, and a voice full of feeling. This foreigner, who brought his children to school as if it were an act of consecration, who regarded the teacher of the primer class with reverence, who spoke of visions, like a man inspired, in a common schoolroom, was not like other aliens, who brought their children in dull obedience to the law; was not like the native fathers, who brought their unmanageable boys, glad to be relieved of their care. I think Miss Nixon guessed what my father's best English could not convey. I think she divined that by the simple act of delivering our school certificates to her he took possession of America. . .."
Mohamed Akid
Mohamed Ali Akid (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yuli shekarar alif dari tara da arba'in da tara 1949 - ya mutu a Ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1979) ya Tunisia kwallon kafa a gaba wanda ya taka leda a Tunisiya a shekara ta 1978 FIFA World Cup. Ya kuma buga wa CS Sfaxien da Al-Riyadh. Sanarwar da hukuma ta bayar ita ce, an yi walkiya a Akid a yayin atisaye a kulob dinsa na Saudi Arabia na Al-Riyadh a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1979.
Mutuwa
Yanayin da ke tattare da mutuwar ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin danginsa da ke raye da hukuma. Bayan juyin juya hali, danginsa sun nemi a binciki gawar don tantance musabbabin mutuwarsa. Binciken da aka gudanar kan 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2012 ya kuma tabbatar da kasancewar harbi biyu a jikinsa kuma dan Akid ya tabbatar da tasirin yarima mai jiran gado Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
Barakat!
Barakat! Fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasashen Faransanci / Aljeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda Djamila Sahraoui ta jagoranta. An fara shi a bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2006.
Kyauta
A bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrica na 2007 na Ouagadougou, Barakat! ya lashe kyautar Oumarou Ganda a matsayin mafi kyawun aiki na farko, kyautar mafi kyawun kiɗa da kuma kyautar mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, ta lashe kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finan Larabawa a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Dubai na uku.