cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ƴancin yin taro a Rasha
Doka
A watan Yunin shekarata 2012, majalisar dokokin Rasha ta kada kuri'a kan dokar da ta nemi a kara tsayuwar tara ga gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izini ba daga 5,000 rubles (kusan $ 150) zuwa 300,000 rubles (kusan $ 10,000) ga mahalarta kowane mutum kuma ya karu zuwa 600,000 rubles ga masu shirya zanga-zangar. . Tarar masu shirya zanga-zangar da suka gaza bin ka'idojin tarayya game da zanga-zangar za su ƙaru daga 50,000 rubles ($ 1,160) zuwa rubles miliyan 1.5 ($ 48,000). Hakanan, za a hana masu zanga-zangar sanya abin rufe fuska, ɗaukar makamai ko abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su azaman makamai. Kuma Jama'a ba za su iya shirya gangami ba, waɗanda aka samu da laifin keta zaman lafiya da tsaro na jama'a ko kuma an fuskanci hukunci na gudanarwa saboda cin zarafi sau biyu ko fiye a cikin shekara guda.
Tun daga shekara ta 2014, gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, ko da na lumana na mutum ɗaya, ana iya hukunta shi ta hanyar tara ko tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki 15, ko kuma ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari idan wannan shine karo na uku.
Kididdiga
Bisa kididdigar da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Rasha ta fitar,
Rigingimu
Gabaɗaya gwamnati ba ta mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. A watan Mayun shekarata 2005, 'yan sanda na Moscow, bayan sun tarwatsa zanga-zangar a gaban zauren birnin, sun tsare 10 jama'a da magoya bayan Cocin Emmanuel Pentecostal. Mambobi da magoya bayan cocin sun cigaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar, suna zargin cewa ana nuna musu wariya daga hukumomi da suka ƙi izinin cocin na gina coci da kuma gyara gine-gine a birnin Moscow da kuma wata gunduma. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2005 an kama da yawa daga cikin waɗannan masu zanga-zangar yayin zanga-zangar. Hukumomin birnin sun ce zanga-zangar ta sabawa doka, kuma sun shawarci masu zanga-zangar da su gudanar da zanga-zangar a wani wuri na daban. Masu zanga-zangar sun ce zanga-zangar ta doka ce kuma ba su taba samun irin wannan umarni daga hukumomin birnin ba. Kuma An tuhumi wasu masu zanga-zangar da laifin gudanar da zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki biyar. Wata kotun gundumar Moscow ta yanke hukunci a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2005, cewa hukumomin yankin sun keta tsarin doka na tsara al’amuran jama’a a yadda suke tafiyar da zanga-zangar da Coci ta yi akai-akai. Kotun dai ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 cewa jami’an ‘yan sanda 13 sun tsare mambobin Emmanuel bisa zalunci bayan wata zanga-zanga mako guda da ya gabata. Limamin cocin ya tabbatar da cewa tsoma bakin 'yan sanda ya kare bayan wadannan hukunce-hukuncen kotuna.
A watan Mayun shekarar 2006 an hana masu fafutukar kare hakkin ' yan luwadi da aikace-aikacensu don gudanar da taron girman kai, Moscow Pride.
A cikin kwanaki kafin sauran taron 'yan adawar siyasa na Rasha a Moscow a watan Yuli shekarata 2006, a cewar Human Rights Watch wato (Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin Dan adam), hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu halartar taron barin garuruwansu da ƙarfi.
Bayan shirya wani picket a Moscow a ranar 3 ga Satumba, shekarata 2006, don tunawa da wadanda ke fama da rikicin garkuwa da su a makarantar Beslan, an kama Lev Ponomaryov mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma an tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki uku, sabani kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, kamar yadda ya gabatar da shi. sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin taron, amma an zaɓi kar a kiyaye shawarar da ta biyo baya cewa ta faru a wani wuri ko a wata rana ta daban.
A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2006, 'yan sanda a Nazran sun watse da tashin hankali a zanga-zangar tunawa da Anna Politkovskaya, wanda aka kashe a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, tare da tsare masu fafutuka.
Maris masu sabani
Hukumomi sun dakatar da yawancin Maris na rashin jin daɗi, wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarata 2006, a Moscow, a ranar 3 Maris 2007, a Saint Petersburg, ranar 24 ga Maris 2007, a Nizhny Novgorod, 14 Afrilu shekarata 2007, a karo na biyu a Moscow, a ranar 15 Afrilu 2007, kuma a Saint Petersburg, a ranar 18 ga Mayu a Samara da kuma a ranar 19 ga Mayu a Chelyabinsk, ko kuma sun ba da shawarar canza wurin su. Yayin da masu zanga-zangar suka bijirewa takunkumin, ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma ( OMON ) sun lakadawa ko kuma tsare ’yan adawa masu yawa a lokacin zanga-zangar, tsare ko tashi daga jirgin kasa da bas wasu da ake sa ran shiga gaba (duba masu adawa da Maris ).
A ranar 17 ga Disamba, shekarar 2006, hukumomin birnin Moscow sun hana kusan mambobin jam'iyyar siyasa 300 Yabloko da magoya bayansu yin gangamin tunawa da 'yan jarida da aka kashe. An ba Yabloko damar ganawa, amma an ki ba shi izinin yin maci.
Moscow Pride
A ranar 27 ga Mayu, shekarata 2007, an sake gudanar da zanga-zangar 'yancin luwadi da Yury Luzhkov a matsayin " shaidan " a Moscow kuma a shekara ta biyu tana gudana. Duba Moscow Pride.
An gudanar da bugu na Moscow Pride na shekarar 2009 a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2009, a daidai wannan rana da wasan karshe na gasar wakokin Eurovision ta shekarar 2009 da Moscow ta shirya, da kuma jajibirin ranar yaki da 'yan luwadi ta duniya. An kira faretin " Slavic Pride ", saboda zai inganta 'yancin 'yan luwadi da al'adu daga dukkanin yankunan Slavic na Turai. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙi izini. Duba Moscow Pride.
Fursunonin Bolotnaya
Kwana daya gabanin rantsar da shugaba Putin, 'yan sanda sun dakatar da masu zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da zaben dandalin Bolotnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Sannan Masu zanga-zangar 19 sun fuskanci tuhume-tuhume da laifuka dangane da al'amuran da hukumomi suka bayyana a matsayin " tarzoma ". An bayyana sunayen manyan masu fafutukar siyasa da dama a matsayin shaidu a lamarin kuma an bincikar gidajensu a ayyukan da gidajen talabijin da gwamnati ke yadawa. Sama da 6 da 7 ga Mayu, an kama ɗaruruwan mutane masu zaman lafiya a duk faɗin Moscow.
"Sakin dan kasuwa Mikhail Khodorkovsky, mawaƙan Pussy Riot Maria Alyokhina da Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, da ɗimbin fursunoni na Bolotnaya (uku) da ake tsare da su bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani aikin jinƙai ba, amma wani yunkuri na siyasa a cikin gudu har zuwa Gasar Olympics ta Sochi ," in ji John Dalhuisen, Daraktan Amnesty International. “Wadanda aka sako an daure su ne kawai saboda bayyana ra’ayoyinsu. Yayin da suke da 'yanci, har yanzu ana tuhumarsu da tuhumar da ake musu. Afuwar ba ta zama madadin ingantaccen tsarin adalci ba.”
Dabaru-31
Tun a ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarata 2009 aka fara gudanar da gangamin neman ‘yancin yin taro a dandalin Triumfalnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Ana yin su ne a kowace rana ta 31 ga wata, wanda irin wannan rana ta kasance. Wannan ra'ayi, wanda ake kira Strategy-31, Eduard Limonov ya gabatar da shi kuma yana goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin adawa daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, Kuma ciki har da Moscow Helsinki Group karkashin jagorancin Lyudmila Alexeyeva. Tun shekarar 2010 ana gudanar da zanga-zangar neman 'yancin yin taro a wasu biranen Rasha. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Maris, babu wani gangami a Moscow ko St.Petersburg da hukumomi suka yarda. 'Yan sanda sun tarwatsa tare da tsare mahalarta taron.
Zaɓin mutum ɗaya
A watan Mayun shekarata 2015, an yanke wa wasu masu fafutuka biyu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki goma a kan masu satar mutum daya a dandalin Bolotnaya na Moscow. A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, wata kotu a Murmansk ta ci tarar wata mace 20,000 rubles saboda gudanar da zanga-zangar da ba a ba da izini ba a ranar 1 ga Maris - wani shiru-mutum daya na juyawa na tunawa da Boris Nemtsov. Wata kotu a Moscow ta ci tarar wani mutum 10,000 rubles saboda zaɓen mutum ɗaya da ya yi a kan Ramzan Kadyrov.
A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2015, an yanke wa Ildar Dadin hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari saboda wasu mutane guda daya a cikin shekarar 2014. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, "Hukuncin ban mamaki da aka yanke wa Ildar Dadin ya nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na amfani da doka kan tarukan jama'a wajen gaggauta kai masu zanga-zangar lumana zuwa gidan yari".
Martani na duniya
A watan Mayun shekarata 2016, Lithuania ta ba da mafaka ga Irina Kalmykova bayan Rasha ta zarge ta da shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ba ta da izini kuma ta aika da takardunta zuwa Interpol.
Butre, Ghana
Butre ƙauye ne a gundumar Ahanta ta yamma, gundumar a Yankin Yammacin Ghana. Butre ya ƙunshi Sansanin Batenstein.
Rage shara
Rage shara tsara tsare ne da ayyuka da aka yi niyya don rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa. Ta hanyar rage ko kawar da haɓakar ɓarna masu cutarwa da dawwama, rage sharar gida yana tallafawa ƙoƙarin haɓaka al'umma mai dorewa. Rage sharar gida ya haɗa da sake fasalin samfura da matakai da/ko canza tsarin al'umma na amfani da samarwa.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa da muhalli, ingantaccen tattalin arziki, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don sarrafa sharar gida sau da yawa shi ne rashin magance matsalar tun farko. Manajoji suna ganin rage sharar gida a matsayin babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ga yawancin dabarun sarrafa shara. Magani mai kyau da zubarwa na iya buƙatar lokaci mai yawa da albarkatu; don haka fa'idodin rage sharar na iya zama babba idan an aiwatar da su cikin inganci, aminci da dorewa.
Gudanar da sharar al'ada yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa sharar bayan an ƙirƙira shi, yana mai da hankali kan sake amfani da shi, sake yin amfani da shi, da juyar da sharar-zuwa makamashi. Rage sharar gida ya ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don guje wa ƙirƙirar sharar yayin masana'anta. Don aiwatar da aikin rage sharar yadda ya kamata, manajan yana kuma buƙatar sanin tsarin samarwa, bincike-binciken jariri-zuwa-kabari (binciken kayan daga hako su zuwa komawar su ƙasa) da cikakkun bayanai na abubuwan da ke cikin sharar dama yadda sa'a rage ta.
Babban tushen sharar gida ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. A cikin Burtaniya, yawancin sharar gida suna fitowa daga gini da rushewar gine-gine, sannan kuma hakar ma'adinai da fasa dutse, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Sharar gida ta ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin rabo na duk sharar gida. Sharar gida sau da yawa ana ɗaure da buƙatun a cikin sarkar samarwa. Misali, kamfani da ke sarrafa samfur na iya cewa yakamata a tura shi ta amfani da marufi na musamman saboda ya dace da buƙatun ƙasa baki ɗaya.
Amfani
Rage sharar gida na iya kare muhalli kuma sau da yawa yakan zama yana da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mai kyau. Rage sharar gida na iya ingantawa:
Masana'antu
A cikin masana'antu, yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin masana'antu da mafi kyawun kayan gabaɗaya yana rage samar da sharar gida. To Kuma Aiwatar da dabarun rage sharar gida ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin samfuran maye gurbinsu da cin nasara na kasuwanci.
Ƙoƙarin rage sharar gida sau da yawa yana buƙatar saka hannun jari, wanda yawanci ana biya shi ta hanyar tanadi. Kuma Koyaya, raguwar sharar gida a wani yanki na aikin samarwa na iya haifar da samar da sharar a wani bangare.
Marufi ya wuce kima. Kawar da shi zai iya haifar da raguwar tushe, rage sharar gida kafin a samar da shi ta hanyar ƙirar kunshin da ya dace da aiki. Amfani da ƙaramin marufi shine mabuɗin aiki zuwa marufi mai dorewa.
Tsarin samfur
Rage sharar gida da haɓaka albarkatu don samfuran da aka ƙera ana iya yin su cikin sauƙi a matakin ƙira. To Amman Rage adadin abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin samfur ko sauƙaƙe samfur ɗin don ware su na iya sauƙaƙe gyarawa ko sake yin fa'ida a ƙarshen rayuwarsa mai amfani.
A wasu lokuta, yana iya zama mafi kyau kada a rage girman ɗanyen da ake amfani da su don yin samfur, a maimakon haka, a rage ƙarar ko gubar sharar da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarshen rayuwar samfurin, ko kuma tasirin muhalli na amfanin samfurin. (Duba sashe Durability ).
Daidaita abin da aka yi niyya
A cikin wannan dabarun, samfura da fakiti an tsara su da kyau don saduwa da abin da aka yi niyya. Wannan ya shafi musamman ga kayan marufi, wanda yakamata ya kasance mai ɗorewa kamar yadda ya cancanta don biyan manufar da aka yi niyya. A gefe guda kuma, zai iya zama mafi ɓarna idan abinci, wanda ya cinye albarkatu da makamashi a cikin samar da shi, sannan Kuma ya lalace kuma ya lalace saboda matsanancin matakan rage amfani da takarda, karafa, gilashi da robobi a cikin marufi.
Dorewa
Haɓaka ɗorewa samfurin, kamar tsawaita rayuwar amfanin mai tsabtace injin zuwa shekaru 15 maimakon 12, na iya rage sharar gida kuma galibi yana haɓaka haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa.
Amma a wasu lokuta yana da mummunan tasirin muhalli. Idan samfurin yana da ɗorewa sosai, maye gurbinsa tare da ingantacciyar fasaha na iya jinkirtawa. Don haka, tsawaita rayuwar amfanin tsohuwar na'ura na iya sanya nauyi mai nauyi a kan muhalli fiye da goge ta, sake sarrafa karfe da siyan sabon salo. Hakazalika, tsofaffin motocin suna cin man fetur kuma suna fitar da hayaki fiye da takwarorinsu na zamani.
Yawancin masu goyon bayan rage sharar sun yi la'akari da cewa hanyar gaba mai yiwuwa ita ce duba duk wani samfurin da aka ƙera a ƙarshen rayuwarsa a matsayin hanyar sake amfani da shi da sake amfani da shi maimakon sharar gida.
Yin kwalaben gilashin da za a iya cika su da ƙarfi don jure tafiye-tafiye da yawa tsakanin mabukaci da masana'antar kwalba yana buƙatar sanya su kauri da nauyi, wanda ke haɓaka albarkatun da ake buƙata don jigilar su. Tunda sufuri yana da babban tasirin muhalli, ana buƙatar kimantawa da kyau na adadin tafiye-tafiyen komawar kwalabe. Idan an jefar da kwalbar da za a iya cikawa bayan an cika ta sau da yawa, albarkatun da aka yi hasarar na iya zama mafi girma fiye da an yi kwalaben don tafiya ɗaya Kawai.
Zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa sun haɗa da ciniki na tasirin muhalli, kuma sau da yawa akwai rashin isasshen bayani don yanke shawara.
Iyali
Wannan sashe yayi bayani dalla-dalla wasu dabarun rage sharar gida ga masu gida.
Za a iya zaɓar adadin da ya dace da girma lokacin siyan kaya; siyan manyan kwantena na fenti don ƙaramin aikin ado ko siyan abinci mai yawa fiye da yadda ake iya cinyewa yana haifar da sharar da ba dole ba. Sannan Har ila yau, idan za a jefar da fakiti ko gwangwani, dole ne a cire duk abin da ya rage kafin a sake yin fa'ida.
Takin gida, al'adar mai da dafa abinci da sharar lambu a cikin takin ana iya la'akari da rage sharar gida.
Ana iya rage albarkatun da gidaje ke amfani da su sosai ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki da tunani (misali kashe fitilu da kayan aiki lokacin da ba a buƙata) da kuma rage yawan tafiye-tafiyen mota. Mutane da yawa za su iya rage yawan sharar da suke ƙirƙira ta hanyar siyan ƙananan kayayyaki da kuma siyan samfuran da suka daɗe. Gyara karya ko sawa kayan sawa ko kayan aiki shima yana taimakawa wajen rage sharar gida. Mutane za su iya rage yawan amfani da ruwa, kuma su yi tafiya ko kuma zagayawa zuwa inda suke maimakon amfani da motarsu don adana mai da rage yawan hayaki.
Adadin sharar da mutum ke samarwa kadan ne daga cikin sharar da al'umma ke samarwa, kuma rage sharar mutum ba zai iya yin tasiri kawai kan yawan sharar ba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin tasiri kan manufofin a wasu fagage. Kuma Ƙara wayewar mabukaci game da tasiri da ƙarfin wasu yanke shawara na siyayya yana ba masana'antu da daidaikun mutane damar canza yawan amfani da albarkatu. Masu amfani za su iya yin tasiri ga masana'antun da masu rarrabawa ta hanyar guje wa siyan samfuran da ba su da alamar yanayi, wanda a halin yanzu ba dole ba ne, ko zabar samfuran da ke rage amfani da marufi. A cikin Burtaniya, PullApart ya haɗu da binciken marufi na muhalli da na mabukaci, to a cikin tsarin rarrabuwa na sake amfani da marufi don rage sharar gida. Inda tsarin sake amfani da su ke akwai, masu amfani za su iya zama masu himma da amfani da su.
wuraren kiwon lafiya
Cibiyoyin kula da lafiya sune manyan masu samar da sharar gida. Manyan tushen sharar kiwon lafiya sune: asibitoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike, wuraren ajiyar gawa da gawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na binciken dabbobi da dakunan gwaje-gwaje, bankunan jini da ayyukan tattarawa, da gidajen kula da tsofaffi.
Rage sharar gida na iya ba da dama da yawa ga waɗannan cibiyoyi don amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu, zama ƙasa da ɓarna da haifar da ƙarancin sharar gida. Kyakkyawan gudanarwa da ayyukan sarrafawa a tsakanin wuraren kula da lafiya na iya yin tasiri sosai kan a rage sharar da ake samu kowace rana.
Ayyuka
Akwai misalai da yawa na ingantattun ayyuka waɗanda zasu iya ƙarfafa rage sharar gida a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da wuraren bincike
Rage tushe
Gudanarwa da matakan kulawa a matakin asibiti
Sarrafa hannun jari na sinadarai da samfuran magunguna
Gudanar da Sharar gida a India
Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Sauyin yanayi na kasar (MoEF&CC). A cikin shekarana 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shwk2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta kasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko.
Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.
Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030.
Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki
Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda haɓakar birane, masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi suka haifar da haɓakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum [1]. Ingantacciyar SWM babban ƙalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasar da ke samun saurin haɓakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana daɗa wahala a Indiya saboda ƙasa ce daban-daban da ke da ƙungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban.
Duk da cigaba a yankunan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da ƙima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da ƙasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi ɗorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya [4], duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka.
E-sharar gida a Indiya
Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5. kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida
An ƙaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun haɗa da:
Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya
Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara.
Haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, haɓakar al'ummar birane, haɓakar rayuwa da haɓaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin a duk faɗin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, haɓakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da ƙarin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin haɓakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20.
Shirye-shiryen tushen birni
A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta buɗe Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, ƙoƙarin tsaftace ƙasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabaɗaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin ƴan ƙasa da / ko ƙoƙarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin.
Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zaɓe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore (an ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun Karnataka ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen ɗan ƙasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci ƙarar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, Mumbai, yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh).
Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT).
MoEFCC ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka haɗa, yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.
Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu
Gwamnatin Indiya ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida,  duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin ƙwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana ɗaukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan buƙatun kafin cancanta. Ƙungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun haɗa da matsananciyar buƙatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zaɓin yanayin PPP; fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da haɗin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kuɗi a kuma ɓangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kuɗin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau waɗanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. Akwai fuskoki da yawa waɗanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara.
Peki
Peki birni ne a gundumar Dayi ta Kudu a Yankin Volta na Ghana. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi takwas, kowannensu yana da ƙaramin ƙarfi - Tsame, Avetile, Afeviwofe, Blengo, Dzake, Wudome, Dzobati da Adzokoe. Duk waɗannan ƙananan mayaƙan sun yi rantsuwar mubaya'a ga wani babban sarki da aka sani da Deiga. Babban shugaba na yanzu shine Deiga Kwadzo Dei XII. An san garin da Makarantar Sakandaren Peki, Seminar E.P da kwalejin horon gwamnati GOVCO. Makarantar ita ce cibiyar sake zagayowar ta biyu.
Tarihi
Kwadzo Dei Tutu Yao II ya gayyaci Rabaran Lorenz Wulf na Kungiyar Mishan ta Arewacin Jamus zuwa Peki. Wulf ya iso ne a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1847, ranar da ake bikin bikin kafuwar Ikklesiyoyin Ikklesiya ta Presbyterian a Ghana. A 1848 ya kafa makaranta. Wulf ya ba da bayanin Peki: Wulf provided a description of Peki: "Garin ya ƙunshi wurare uku. Lokacin da na wuce na farko (Dzake), ƙauyen Afirka ne mafi kyawu da na taɓa gani, tsabtatattun gidaje da layin bishiyoyi a ɓangarorin manyan titin. Mutane sun yi ihu da farin ciki kuma sun raka ni cikin ɗaruruwa. Haka ya faru da ni a matsayi na biyu (Avetile)."
Anloga
Anloga birni ne a gundumar Keta na Yankin Volta a kudu maso gabashin Ghana. Tana gabas da Kogin Volta kuma a kudu da Keta Lagoon. Anloga shine gari na arba'in da bakwai mafi yawan jama'a a Ghana, dangane da yawan jama'a, yana da yawan jama'a 35,933.
Tarihi
Anloga ya zama babban birnin gargajiya da na al'ada na Anlo Ewe a karni na goma sha bakwai bayan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin Keta Lagoon daga Notsie a Togo.
Bayan Yaƙin Anlo-Danish, Dane ya gina Fort Prinzenstein a Keta a 1784. Duk da haka ƙoƙarin su na yin duk wani ƙarfin da ya wuce iyakar bindigogin da ke cikin sansanin ya ci tura. A watan Yuni 1790 an kashe wani jami'in Danish a Keta. Ba tare da wani ingantaccen sojojin soja ba Danes sun yi hayar Anloga don azabtar da Keta. Da farko Anloga da Keta sun amince su yi yaƙi bayan haka Anloga zai ƙona wasu gidajen Keta sannan kuma su raba kuɗin da Danesan ya bayar. Amma faɗan izgili ko ta yaya ya zama ainihin yaƙi, ya bar gadon ƙiyayya tsakanin Anloga da Keta. Wannan ya raunana mutanen Anlo sosai. A cikin 1850 an sayar da Fort Prinzenstein ga Turawan Burtaniya, duk da haka ya ɗauki wasu shekaru ashirin da biyar don haɗa garuruwa kamar Anloga cikin mulkin su wanda suka kira daular Gold Coast.
Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand
Tarihi
Har zuwa kwanan nan, an kwashe sharar gida a cikin jujjuyawar gida ba tare da sanin inda aka ajiye su ba. Sau da yawa juji suna kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an ƙarfafa wuraren da ake zubar da juji kuma yanzu an gina su a matsayin wuraren tsabtace muhalli don hana zubar da abin cikin cikin ruwa. Tashoshin canja wuri, musamman a cikin birane, suna aiki ne a matsayin wurin da ake tarawa a cikin gida inda ake tattara sharar kafin a kai su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa mafi kusa.
Mass
Ana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara daga masana'antar gine-gine da rugujewa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50% na jimillar sharar gida.
Sharar abinci
Ba a san jimillar adadin abincin da aka zubar a New Zealand ba. An gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2014 game da sharar abinci, wanda gidaje ke samarwa, wanda aka zubar da shi ta hanyar tara shara. Binciken ya gano cewa tan 229,022 na abinci ana aika gida ne a duk shekara. Daga cikin wannan kusan kashi 50% ko tan 122,547 sharar abinci ce da za a iya kaucewa. Kudin sharar abinci na gida da za'a iya kaucewa zubar da shi a cikin shekarun 2014/2105 ya kai dala miliyan 872. Cikakken rahoto da ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon WasteMINZ yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da sharar abinci na gida. Babu wani bincike da aka gudanar ya zuwa yau game da sharar abinci na kasuwanci ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki.
Rage sharar gida
Majalisar gundumar Mackenzie da Majalisar gundumar Timaru ne ke gudanar da tarin sharar kwayoyin Kerbside. Majalisar birnin Christchurch ta bullo da tsarin tattara shara a matsayin wani bangare na sake amfani da kerbside. Wasu majalisu suna gudanar da gwaji.
Sharar gida don ƙonewa makamashi
Kwanan nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar sharar-zuwa-makamashi, inda sharar ke zama makamashi don amfani da al'umma. Duk da haka, bincike ya gano cewa wannan hanya za ta iya haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, tare da kimanin ton 1.2 na CO 2 da aka samar ga kowane tonne na sharar gida. Mai binciken gurbataccen robobi Trisia Farrelly ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan wata dabara ce mai ɓatacciya wacce "take lalata albarkatu masu kima da kuma ci gaba da yin sharar gida".
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hijira kyauta ko buɗaɗɗen shige da fice shine matsayin da ya kamata mutane su iya ƙaura zuwa kowace ƙasar da suka zaɓa ba tare da ƴan takurawa ba.
Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand
Dokokin sharar gida
New Zealand ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa Daga Jiragen Ruwa, a shekarata 1973 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1978 ta gyara, wanda akafi sani da MARPOL.
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam, ana iya ganin ƙaura kyauta don cika Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam:
Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand
Dokokin sharar gida
Jam'iyyar Green Party ta gabatar da Dokar Rana Sharar Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya zama doka a cikin shekarar 2008 azaman Dokar Rage Sharar gida. Manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun hada da: haraji kan sharar shara, inganta tsare-tsare na kula da kayayyaki, wasu bayanan sharar da suka wajaba, da fayyace rawar da hukumomin yankin ke takawa dangane da rage sharar, da kafa hukumar ba da shawara ga sharar gida.
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hijira 'yan gudun hijirar yaƙi/yan siyasa
Rikicin da ke da nasaba da yaki na iya haifar da wargajewar iyakoki da ba da damar yin hijira kyauta. Ƙoƙarin yanayi na guje wa jayayya, ko tserewa maƙiyi masu nasara, na iya kai ga miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da sauri. Ko a inda ake kula da kan iyakoki za su iya mamaye su da yawan mutane. Da zarar sun zauna a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, waɗannan baƙin haure na iya ɗaukar shekarun da suka gabata ko dai a mayar da su gida ko kuma a ba da su zuwa sabuwar ƙasarsu. Wannan shi ne halin da Falasdinawa suke ciki a Jordan.
Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand
Sharar gida (sharar gida)
Adadin wuraren zubar da shara a New Zealand yana raguwa. A cikin shekarata 1995 akwai 327 da 115 a cikin shekarar 2002 tare da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan da ke sanya adadin a ƙasa da 100. Fitattun wuraren zubar da shara suna nan a:
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hijira 'yan gudun hijirar yaƙi/yan siyasa
A lokacin yakin cacar baka, an sami sabani na ƙaura inda wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu suka hana ƙaura, yayin da " Duniya mai 'yanci " za ta karɓi waɗanda suka sauya sheƙa. Wannan manufar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ga Cubans da Hmong, waɗanda dukansu an ba su izinin ƙaura na musamman na ƙaura zuwa Amurka bisa matsayinsu na 'yan gudun hijira ko domin neman mafaka.
Yankuna masu ƙaura na waje kyauta
Duk mutane, ba tare da la’akari da ɗan ƙasa ba, ana ba su damar zama da aiki a Svalbard ba tare da biza ko izinin zama ba, muddin sun nuna cewa za su iya tallafa wa kansu.
Hanyoyi na ruhaniya game da ƙaura
Ta yanayi da gamuwa da yawa, ƙaura na iya zama gwajin ƙarfin tunani maimakon ƙarfin jiki. A cikin addinin Buddah, ana ɗaukar bodhisattva a matsayin jagora ga tadawa da zuwa Ƙasar Tsabta. "Buda ya bayyana cewa dukkanmu bodhisattvas ne wanda aka ƙaddara don samun cikakkiyar farkawa. Da alama kowannenmu, to, yana tsunduma cikin 'shige da fice na ruhaniya'. Buddha ya tabbatar da cewa kowa bodhisattva ne, ko kuma 'baƙi na ruhaniya', wanda dole ne ya sami halaye iri-iri wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga prajnaparamita, ko 'hikima mai wuce gona da iri'. Kasancewar Buddha da Mahasattvas — 'manyan halittu' waɗanda suka sami babban matsayi a kan hanyar farkawa — sun haifar da rassa daban-daban na imani kamar Buddha Mahayana, wanda shine nau'i na 'shigi na ruhaniya'. "Budanci wani nau'i ne na ƙaura daga duniyar wahala zuwa Nirvana. . . . Dukanmu baƙi ne waɗanda, a zahiri, muna neman zuwa da ƙasar da muka riga muka zauna a cikinta.” Dangane da 'shige da fice na ruhaniya', hanyar bodhisattva shine canjin ƙarfin tunani maimakon wurin sararin samaniya da ake gani.
A cewar koyarwar addinin Buddah, manufar 'shige da fice ta ruhaniya' ita ce a taimaka shiryar da mutum kan tafarkinsu na gaba. Kasa Mai Tsarkakkiya ita ce yanayin tunani maras kyau: isa ga wannan kasa mai tsarki na bukatar kokari da aiki dagewa. A cikin tafiya, daidaikun mutane suna koyon tunanin makomarsu a matsayin ƙasar dama. Manufar ƙasa mai tsafta ita ce tabbatar da cewa mutum ya cim ma burinsa na kansa a rayuwa — kyautatawa kansa don isa ga nirvana. Tare da waɗannan manufofin, masu yin aiki kuma suna koyo game da dangantakar 'kai' da 'wasu', wanda ke haifar da sabuntar dukkan halittu. Manufar ƙasashe masu tsafta suna tilasta ra'ayin 'shige da fice na ruhaniya' a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafa tunani.
Hijira tafiya ce ta ruhaniya wacce ke kafa wurin sadarwa tsakanin mutum da allahntaka. Ma’abota addini suna ƙaura daga wannan wuri zuwa wani a matsayin baƙi: which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". ref>Borders are the line between 'us' and 'them', Mark Krikorian, BBC News, April 13, 2004. or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. “A cikin Kiristanci, Allah ya yi hijira zuwa wannan duniya a cikin siffar Yesu ɗan adam;: which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". ref>Borders are the line between 'us' and 'them', Mark Krikorian, BBC News, April 13, 2004. or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism.
Kevin Okyere
Kevin Okyere (an haife shi a shekarar 1980). ɗan kasar Ghana ne kuma ɗan kasuwa a masana'antar Mai a Ghana. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Jami’in mai gudanarwa na Kamfanin Mai na Springfield Energy- dala biliyan daya. An kafa kamfanin a cikin 2008.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a shekara ta 1980, ga dangin Ashanti masu wadata. Duk da cewa ya fito daga gidan masu kuɗi ya sayar da ruwan kankara ga magoya bayan kwallon kafa a filin wasanni na Kumasi.
Ya halarci babbar makarantar sakandare ta Opoku Ware, daga baya ya tafi kasar Amurka don ci gaba da karatu a fannin Accounting a Jami'ar George Mason da ke Virginia.
Beyin
Beyin ƙauye ne a gundumar Jomoro, gundumar a Yankin Yammacin Ghana. Beyin ya ƙunshi Sansanin Apollonia.
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hanyoyi na ruhaniya game da ƙaura
Aqidar Hijira ta nuna cewa ’yancin yin tafiya haqqin xan Adam ne kamar yadda kuma wajibi ne ga Allah. Haɗin kai na duniya yana shafar ra'ayoyin addini game da ƙaura waɗanda ke neman hana "lalacewar rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam". Masu addini kamar Buddha da Yesu sun yi “tauhidin ƙaura”.A cewar masu bin doka, su sami haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da mazaunan doka saboda addinan duniya sun yi imanin cewa kowa allahntaka ne. Haka nan ya zo a cikin Alkur’ani cewa “baqi suna da hakkin a raba dukiya daidai gwargwado”.Duk da samun dukiya a cikin aya Alkur’ani yana cewa “ku sani kashi daya cikin biyar na ribar yakinku na Allah ne da manzo, na makusanta da marayu ko na mabukata da matafiya. (baqi)."
Kevin Okyere
Nasarorin da aka samu
An baiwa kamfanin Kevin Springfield katangar, wanda aka fi sani da West Cape Three Points Block 2, ta gwamnatin Ghana a cikin 2016 bayan da Kosmos ta yi watsi da shi. Har ila yau, kamfanin shi ne kan gaba wajen fitar da kayayyakin da ake tacewa zuwa kasashe makwabta kamar Mali da Burkina Faso da danyen Mai na Najeriya.
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hanyoyi na ruhaniya game da ƙaura
A cewar Wani Masani Collier and Strain, Cocin Roman Katolika na taimaka wa bakin haure shekaru da dama. Bangaskiya ta Kirista ta sami fahimtar adalci ga baƙi daga al'adun bangaskiyar Ibrahim. Katolika suna bin waɗannan jagororin don taimaka wa baƙi: "ga duk mutanen da ke tafiya". An kafa dalilan taimaka wa waɗanda suke ƙaura a shekara ta 1952 sa’ad da shugabannin Cocin Roman Katolika suka wallafa rubuce-rubucen da suka ƙarfafa koyarwar cocin. Ɗaya daga cikin furucin Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da baƙi shi ne “idan baƙo yana zaune tare da ku a ƙasarku, kada ku zalunci baƙo. Baƙon da yake zaune tare da ku zai zama ɗan ƙasa a cikinku. ku ƙaunaci baƙo kamar kanku, gama ku baƙi ne a ƙasar Masar: Ni ne Ubangiji Allahnku.” (Leviticus 19:33)
Kevin Okyere
Lambar yabo
An ba shi lambar yabo ta Emy Africa Awards na 2019 a matsayin "Man of the Year" don fannin mai da iskar gas.
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hanyoyi na ruhaniya game da ƙaura
Bako ko masu tafiya a yi daidai da su, ba kasa da kowa ba. Ya kamata al’ummar wannan kasa ta zamani ta bude iyakokinta domin jama’a na iya yin hijira saboda yanayi mara kyau. Cocin Katolika ta yi imanin kowa yana da hakkin yin ƙaura don tallafa wa iyalansa; wannan ra'ayin ƙaura na 'yanci yana ba da damar "mutum [ya riga ya riga] jihar". A wasu yanayi, Ikilisiya tana ba da taimako ga baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Katolika suna ba da ayyukan ilimi kan tsarin doka na ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Sauran nau'ikan taimako sun haɗa da abokantaka na ruhaniya, azuzuwan ESL ga waɗanda suke son koyon magana mafi kyawun Ingilishi, tsaftar asali, da abinci. Cocin Katolika na Roman ya gaskata cewa taimakon mabukata yana sa ruhun ’yan Adam ya girma, Kuma taimakon mabu ƙata ako Ina abu ne mai kyau.
Kafin musanyar Columbia, akwai manufar buɗe kan iyaka a cikin Amurkawa waɗanda ke bai wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar yin tafiye-tafiye cikin 'yanci da samun buɗaɗɗen kasuwanci tare da sauran al'adu. Akwai yaɗuwar ciniki tsakanin ƙasashen farko da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da ƴancin tafiya da tafiye-tafiye ga baƙi da yawa. A lokacin, akwai karancin kula da kan iyakokin da ke baiwa bakin haure damar tafiya wurare daban-daban don zama. Manufar shige da fice ta koma ga iko da kishin ƙasa bayan shekarata 1492. A cikin karni na 20, manufofin shige da fice sun karfafa iyakoki a Amurka, amma yawancin 'yan asalin Amurkawa sun ba da shawarar motsi na kyauta da baƙo ga baƙi. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a tarihi sun yi maraba da baƙi tare da karimci, wani lokaci suna mai da su dangi ta hanyar tsarin tallafi na yau da kullun. ƙaura a Amurka ta hanyar ra'ayoyin addini da al'adu na ƴan asalin Amirkawa.
Doka da xa'a
Kasashe da dama sun amince kuma sun samu sabani kan batun bude kan iyakokin kasa da yin hijira, inda wasu kasashen ke barin mutane su yi tafiya cikin walwala daga kasa zuwa kasa da jiha zuwa jiha ba tare da fuskantar kora ko hukunta su ba. Yarjejeniyar da ke cikin muhawarar kan iyakoki ta bude ita ce "kafa ra'ayi na ƙaura wanda ke nuna sadaukar da kai ga daidaiton ɗabi'a na dukan mutane wanda ya shafi ainihin ra'ayi na ƙaura ko hijira."
An yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daban-daban ga ra'ayin ƙaura na duniya, kamar ra'ayoyin wasu 'yan jarida kamar Johnathan Wolff da Avnir De-Shalit zuwa ƙaura. Wolff da De-Shalit sun bayyana cewa yin amfani da doka da ɗa'a abu ne mai kyau a cikin muhawarar ƙaura 'yanci. Muhawarar hijirar 'yanci ba ta shafi wata ƙasa ta musamman ba amma ta wuce sama, kuma tana ci gaba zuwa ga faffadan bakan don gabatar da 'yancin motsi tsakanin mutane, ga dukkan ƙasashe. Koyaya, wannan ra'ayi yana da mahimmanci musamman ga wuraren da suka fi fuskantar ƙaura-ciki har da ƙasashe ko jihohi masu karɓa da karɓa.
Hijira kyauta ba ta iyakance ga wani ɗan lokaci ba, amma ya fi dacewa kuma yana da rikici a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a Amurka. A Amurka, ya zama batun da ya fi jawo cece-kuce tun 9/11. Hijira kyauta ra'ayi ne da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin kwatanta ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙaura. "Takurawa motsi a mafi yawan lokuta saboda haka, rashin gaskiya ne kuma rashin da'a". Batun ƙaura 'yanci ba batu ne da za a yi muhawara shi kaɗai a tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe na ƙasashe daban-daban ba, amma tattaunawa ce ta duniya ga dukan mutanen dukan al'ummai kan muhawarar buɗe kan iyakoki da ƙaura 'yanci. A wannan yanayin, al'ummomi da mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya za su iya koyi da juna inda kowa da kowa ya shiga cikin yunƙurin cimma matsaya ta adalci da warware matsalolin da ke tattare da ƙaura da ƙaura Ko hijira na 'yanci iri ɗaya.
An taƙaita Hijira 'yanci sannu a hankali cikin tarihin kwanan nan saboda ci gaban da babu makawa na al'umma, yana haifar da ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar tsauraran dokoki, manufofi, da ƙa'idoji game da ƙaura. which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Yayin da al'ummomi ke rufe kansu tare da rufe iyakokinsu daga wadanda ba mazauna ba, yana da wuyar hijirar kyauta ta zama mai tsaro, tare da samun membobin al'umma sun ba da fifiko ga wani batu na hukumomi irin wannan. which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism.
Duk da cewa babu wata ma'anar da ta wajaba a kan wani abu da ake ganin yana da ɗabi'a, ko ɗa'a, ko kuma a yarda da shi a cikin al'umma, kowa yana da alaƙa da daidaikun mutane da abin da za a iya ɗauka yana da kyau ga al'umma da abin da za a iya ɗauka mara kyau ga al'umma. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya wasu tsauraran dokoki kan shige da fice wadanda ta ce za su samar da ingantaccen tsarin shige da fice. Sauran ƙasashe, ta hanyar amincewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, suna ba da izinin tsarin ƙaura na shekaru biyu mafi ƙanƙanta, tare da wasu ƙasashe kamar irin su Kanada da Switzerland suna aiki a cikin tsarin shekaru huɗu.
A cewar masanin harkokin siyasa Chandran Kukathas School of Economics, kula da shige da fice barazana ne ga 'yanci da kuma 'yancin kai na kasa. Yana mai cewa, “Kaddamar da shige-da-fice ba wai kawai hana mutanen waje yin tafiya ta kan iyakoki ba ne. Yana da game da sarrafa abin da mutanen waje ke yi sau ɗaya a cikin al'umma: ko suna aiki, zama, karatu, kafa kasuwanci, ko raba rayuwarsu tare da wasu. Amma sarrafa baƙon baƙi-baƙi ko masu son zama baƙi-yana buƙatar tsarawa, saka idanu, da kuma sanya takunkumi ga masu shiga ciki, waɗancan ƴan ƙasa da mazauna waɗanda za su iya yin hayar, kasuwanci da, gida, koyarwa, ko haɗa baki ɗaya tare da na waje."
Doka Akan Namun daji
Dokan ƙayyade kamun Naman daji wasu ƙa'idoji ne waɗanda ke tsara ƴancin farautar ko kama, kashe wasu nau'ikan kifaye da namun daji ( Namun daji ). An ƙayyade wasu daga cikin waɗan su iyakoki akan namun daji, Abubuwan da aka ƙayyade su na iya haɗawa da abubuwa masu zuwa: Ƙayyade kwanakin kamun kifi ko nama zai iya amfani dashi a wani lokaci, taƙaita adadin dabbobin da kowane mutum zai iya kamawa, taƙaita nau'in mutun farauta, da iyakance makamai da kayan kamun kifi da ake amfani da su ko yin farauta.Mafarauta, masunta da ƴan mahukunta gaba ɗaya sun yarda cewa makasudin irin waɗannan dokokin shine a daidaita buƙatun kiyayewa da da kuma kamun da sarrafa yanayi da yawan kifi da namun daji. Dokokin za su iya ba da tsarin doka mai kyau don tattara kuɗin lasisi da sauran kuɗi waɗanda ake amfani da su don tallafawa ƙoƙarin kiyaye namun daji tare da samun bayanan kamun shi da aka yi amfani da su a aikin sarrafa namun daji.
Dakar Namun daji a Burtaniya
A Burtaniya dokokin gandun daji sun samo asali daga dokokin gandun dazuka, wanda a zamanin sarakunan Norman waɗanda kasance masu zalunci. A ƙarƙashin William, babban laifi ne kashe ɗaya daga cikin barewa na sarki kamar kashe ɗaya daga cikin talakawansa. Wani matsayi da tsayin daka, ko mallakar wani adadi, sun kasance na dogon lokaci wajibi ne don baiwa kowa hakkin kamawa da kashewa. An kafa dokar cancantar kama dabbobi daji, ta farko a cikin 1389 ƙarƙashin Richard II. Ya bayyana cewa duk wanda ba shi da filaye ko takardar shela a tsawon shekaru 40, ko malami a kasa da fam 10 a shekara, an hana shi ajiye namun daji ko farauta, da sauran karnukan farauta, da duk wani kayan farauta. Gabatar da dokar ta nuna cewa talakawa sun kasance suna farauta a Ranakun zuwa ibadah lokacin da manyansu suka halarci coci don Bautar kiristoci kuma waɗannan tsarurrukan suna sabbaba tashin hankali a cikin al’umma. An kara yin karin haske game da cancantar mutane a ƙarƙashin James I da kuma Charles II. Waɗannan sabbin dokokin sun haɓaka ƙimar dukiya don kiyaye dabbobin farauta. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da cancantar musamman da suka shafi barewa, zomaye, ciyayi, da ɓangarorin. Dokokin wasa irin su Dokar Farautar Dare ta Burtaniya ta 1828 da Dokar gandun daji 1831, dukansu har yanzu suna kan aiki a cikin tsarin da aka gyara, kuma har yanzu suna da sauran magabata, irin su sanannen Dokar Baƙar fata ta 1723, sun zartar da hukunci mai tsauri don farauta. Amma Dokar dajin da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin William IV ta rage girman dokokin dajin: wajibcin kowane mutum don cancantar kamun namun daji, sai dai daga an soke dokar mallakar takardar shiga daji, kuma an ba wa kowa haƙƙin kashe dabbobin daji a ƙasarsa, ko kuma ta wani da izini.
Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta
Hujja game da ƙaura kyauta
Hujja game da shige da fice na kyauta yawanci suna da alaƙa da tattalin arziki, al'adu ko na tsaro. Hans-Werner Sinn, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Ifo ya ayyana "Jihohin jin daɗin jama'a ba su dace da 'yancin walwala na mutane ba" wanda yayi kama da bayanin Milton Friedman "A bayyane yake ba za ku iya samun shige da fice na kyauta ba kuma zaman lafiya". Wasu gardama na kishin ƙasa ne ko kuma abin da wasu masu sukar suka yi da'awar su " xenophobic ", ko kuma masu kama da hujjar adawa da ciniki cikin 'yanci, suna fifita kariya.
La'akarin tattalin arziki
A cewar John Kennan na shekarata (2012) bayanai na kwaikwayo (wanda aka tattara a cikin ƙasashe da yawa don kwatanta tasirin buɗe iyakokin), za a sami babban ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ta hanyar aiwatar da iyakokin bude. liberals, socialists, and anarchists advocate open immigration, as do Objectivists.
Kwaikwayon tattalin arziki sun nuna cewa ƙaura na rage albashi na ainihi ga ƙasashen biyu masu karɓa da aikawa da baƙi; duk da haka, tasirin wannan raguwa ya dogara ne akan kayayyaki da ayyukan da mutum ya cinye. Whilst not defending fully open borders, political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration. Masanin falsafa Adam James Tebble ya yi jayayya cewa karin taimakon kan iyaka yana ba da taimako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban mafiya talauci da ke aikewa kasashe, sabanin masu ra'ayin "kwakwalwa" na sukar hijira.
Khairy Beshara
Tarihin rayuwa
[[File:Tanks Hunger Shoot 1974.jpg|thumb|Khairy Beshara a lokacin daukar fim dinsa na farko (Tanks Hunter صائد الدبابات) a cikin shekarar 1974