cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mama Teresa
Wani wurin
Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978) da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania, inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron. Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu "kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida", ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala ".  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga "matalauta", tare da gaya masu su "yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma".  A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya". Ta ki ta amince da taron, tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between."
Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving."
A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup, jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa.
Suuka
Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar Hell's Angel (1994) kuma marubucin labarin Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : "Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin talauci . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. " Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. Hitchens ya ce "niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba", kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. "Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci", in ji shi, "tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. ' Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta " mai ba da shawarar shaidan ", wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.
Rayuwar ruhaniya
Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart." Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her postulator, Brian Kolodiejchuk, "She felt no presence of God whatsoever, ... in her heart or in the eucharist". Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: "Where is my faith? Even deep down ... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness. ... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul."
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba. Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da Yesu, wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: " Eli Eli lama sabachthani? " ("Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?" ). Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar " Duhun Duhun Jiya ". Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi "daren rashin kome") sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya. A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.
Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga "dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar." Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.
Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan). Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa "mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu." Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na. Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. "
Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.
Mu'ujiza da beatifaication
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta. Ko da yake ya ce, "Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba  ... ", dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263. . A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint. A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa jaridar New York Times cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: "Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane  . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. " A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba. . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. " Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar Lokaci, kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.
A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin The Final Verdict, wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan. Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da kewar ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999. Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani. Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah. An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da "Masu Albarka".
Canonization
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican Pope Francis ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.
Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida, karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese. D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.
Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.
Abun Tunawa
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya. Ranar Iya Teresa (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania. A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, Arewacin Makidoniya. An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa. Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo. Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa, a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu. Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry. Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi. Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya. Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da "Mother Express", sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a Chennai wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta. Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya.
A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo. Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.
Rukunnan Musulunci
Rukunnan Musulunci Biyar (arkān al-Islām, larabci أركان الإسلام; ko arkān al-dīn, larabci أركان الدين, Rukunnan addini, Shika-shikan addini) abubuwa ne ko ayyuka wadanda ginshikai ne, guda biyar a Musulunci, wadanda wajibai ne akan kowane mai imani, kuma sune farkon ginshikin rayuwar Musulmi. Suna nan tattare a shahararren hadisin nan na mala'ika Jibril.
Shia, da Ahmadiyya, da Sunni dukkanin su sun yarda da muhimman bayani da ayyukan wadannan abubuwan, amma Shi'a basa kiran su da irin wannan sunan (see Ancillaries of the Faith, na Twelvers, da kuma Seven pillars of Ismailism). Sune suka hada rayuwar musulmi, sallarsa, taimakawa gajiyayyu, tsarkake kai daga zunubbai, da aikin hajji, ga wanda yake da ikon zuwa.
Shahada: (Imani)
Shahada ita ce mika wuya da tabbatar da Imani da bada gaskiya dake yarda da cewar babu wani abun bauta inba (Allah) ba, kuma Annabi Muhammad Manzon Sa ne, Kalman shahada dai rukuni ne na farko daga cikin Rukannan Musulunci guda biyar, wanda wajibi ne sosai mutum ya kiyaye ta, tana shigar da mutum cikin Musulunci in har ya furta , kuma ya kudur ce a zuciyar shi ,kuma yayi aiki da ma`anan abinda ya firta,  kuma tana fitar da Mutum daga Musulunci idan ya saba ma`anar kalman ta hanyan yin sabo ko shirka ko ya aikata wani aiki dake fitar da mutum daga Musulunci
Kalmar da kuma Ma`anarta
Kalma itace kamar haka:- Na shaida babu abinda bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad Manzo n Allah ne. Ma`anarta shine kayar da akan karan kanka ba tilasta ka akayi ba cewa Allah shi kadai zaka bautamawa, shine ka tsayar da Tauhidi guda uku Rububiyya da Uluhiyya da Asma`i wassifat , kuma baza ka hada shi da kowa ba a gurin bauta , wato baza kayi Shirka ba ko Tsafi ko wani nauyin na hakan , kuma kaji ka yarda cewa Annabi Muhammad manzan Allah. Ma`ana dan aike ne daga Allah. Ma`ana duk abinda Annabi Muhammad yace zaka yarda kuma ka gasgata ,abinda yayi umurni dashi kuma ko yayi hani, zaka aika ta sau da kafa. . Jawabi ne dayake a tsare, kuma ana furta shine da Larabci: lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh, (لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله) "Babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah (kuma) Annabi Muhammad Manzon Allah ne. Furta wannan jawabin nada muhimmanci sosai, Kafin mutum yazama Musulmi, ko yadawo musulunci.
Zakāh: (Zakkah)
Zakkāh Zakka rukuni ne daga cikin Rukannan Musulunci guda biyar ana bayar da wani sashi ne na dukiyar mutum idan dukiyar ta kai nisabi.
Sawm: Azumi
Azumi rukuni ne daga cikin Rukannan Musulunci guda biyar, ana kin cin abinci ne da kuma kin shan abun sha tin daga fitowar alfijir har zuwa faduwar rana , haka za`a tayi har sai anyi wata daya na watan Ramadan tukunnan aka sauke nauyin farillan. ref>.
Hajj: Aikin Hajji
Hajj itace ziyarar ibada dake faruwa a kowace watan musulunci na Dhu al-Hijjah zuwa Makkah. Kowani musulmi baligi dake da iko yazama wajibi yayi aikin hajji a rayuwarsa koda sau dayane, Hajji rukuni ne daga cikin Rukannan Musulunci guda biyar ga wanda Allah ya bashi ikon zuwa ,ana yin aikin hajji ne kadai a makkah ,kuma ba`a son mutum ya tafi aikin hajji alhali akwai bashi akan shi ko iyalansa na cikin wani hali ,ko kuma zasu shiga in har ya tafi. .
Manazarta
[[Category:Kalma shahada]
Ƙofar Ƴanɗaka
Kofar Yandaka tana daga cikin Tsofuwar kofa a Jihar Katsina wadda aka gina a ƙarni na Shabiyar (15).
Tarihi
Ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Basaraken Habe na garin ‘Yandaka da ke yammacin birnin jihar Katsina. Ta wannan kofar ce ‘Yandaka ke bi idan zai fita zuwa ‘Yandaka, ta nan ne kuma yake shiga in ya dawo Kofar ‘Yandaka ta yi makwabtaka da Gafai daga arewa; Masanawa daga gabas, tare da Marinar Kadabo da ‘Yantaba, duk daga gabas din.
A wajen kofar, akwai wasu wurare masu muhimmanci da za mu yi magana a kansu, kamar garin babbar Ruga da Filin Folo na Katsina, wadanda duk suke a yamma da kofar ‘Yandakan.
Thomas Fontaine
Thomas Fontaine (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan May 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta TFF First League Gençlerbirliği. An haife shi a yankin Réunion na Faransa, Fontaine yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Madagascar a duniya.
Aikin kulob
Fontaine ya fara wasan sa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli 2012, ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yacoub Meite a 4-0 da aka doke Monaco.
A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu 2022, Fontaine ya sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Nancy.
Zalika Souley
Zalika Souley (7 Oktoba 1947 - 27 Yuli 2021 ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ƴar ƙasar Nijer, ƴar wasan fim ta farko a kudu da hamadar sahara, kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan farko na Sinimar Afirka.
Thomas Fontaine
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Fontaine ya wakilci tawagar kasar Faransa U21 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekarar 2011. Fontaine ya fara bugawa Madagascar wasa a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2019 da Sudan a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2017. Ya wakilci tawagar kasar a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na shekarar 2019.
Girmamawa
Lorient
Zalika Souley
Rayuwa
Tana da shekaru 19, Zalika ta taka rawar gani a fim ɗin Moustapha Alassane na 1966 Le Retour d'un aventurier. Yawancin aikinta daga baya shine Oumarou Ganda : Cabascabo (1968), Le Wazzou polygame (1971), Saïtane (1972) da L'Exilé (1980). Ta kuma yi aiki a Shirin Moustapha Alassane na Women Cars Villas Money (1972), a cikin Yeo Kozoloa 's Petanqui (1983) da Djingarey Maïga 's Aube noire (1983).
Zalika ta ji daɗin tarkon dukiya da shahara, inda ya yi fice wajen ɗabi'ar jama'a sannan ana ɗaukarsa abin tayar da hankali, kamar sanya wando. Sai dai masana'antar fina-finai ta Nijar ta ragu daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba. Rahmatou Keïta na 2004 Al'lessi. . . Jarumar Afrika yana kwatanta rayuwar Souley. A lokacin da Keita ta yi fim dinta, Souley da 'ya'yanta huɗu suna zaune a wani gida mai daki biyu a Yamai, babu abinci ko ruwa. Fim din ya kare ne da bayanin cewa a yanzu Zalika tana ƙasar turai tana aikin kuyanga, bayan da aka tilasta mata yin hijira a shekarar 2000.
Alice Mogwe
Alice Bahumi Mogwe (an haife ta 14 ga watan Fabrairu 1961) 'yar gwagwarmayar Motswana ce kuma lauya. Ita ce ta kafa kuma darekta na kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam Ditshwanelo.
A shekarar 2019, an zabe ta zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku a matsayin shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa.
Ayyukan Mogwe sun mayar da hankali kan kare yancin siyasa, soke hukuncin kisa, da tabbatar da haƙƙin tsiraru, mata, yara, mutanen LGBTQ, ma'aikatan gida, da 'yan gudun hijira da sauran baƙin haure.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Alice Mogwe a shekara ta 1961 a Molepolole, Botswana. Ta fara jami'a a Afirka ta Kudu lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Jami'ar Cape Town. Bayan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1982 sannan ta yi digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1985, ta koma Ingila don samun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Kent a shekarar 1990.
Sana'a/Aiki
Bayan ta koma Botswana, Mogwe ta fara aikinta a matsayin lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam, inda ta zama memba ta kafa kungiyar Mata da Doka a Kudancin Afirka.
A shekarar 1993, ta kafa kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam Ditshwanelo, wacce ta ci gaba da jagorantarta. Kungiyar, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Botswana, tana ba da agajin shari'a da kuma masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama.
Ayyukanta na kare hakkin ɗan adam tare da Ditshwanelo sun haɗa da tallafawa haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Botswana kamar Basarwa. An kuma san ta da shirya yakar shari'a da shari'ar hukuncin kisa da kuma korar 'yan gudun hijira.
Mogwe ta kafa tare da yin aiki tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban a Botswana, gami da Gidauniyar Ma'aikatan Cikin Gida da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Botswana. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai sa ido a zabuka a Botswana da kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Tanzaniya Elections Watch.
Anglican mai aiki, ita memba ce ta Anglican Peace and Justice Network. A farkon aikinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya ga Majalisar Coci ta Duniya.
A shekarar 2019, an zabi Mogwe a matsayin shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa (FIDH), wata babbar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam mai zaman kanta da kuma kungiyar sa ido. An shirya wa’adin mulkinta na shekaru uku zai kare a shekarar 2022. A baya ta taba zama mataimakiyar babban sakatare, sannan kuma ta zama babbar sakatariyar kungiyar. Mogwe ta kuma yi wa'adi biyu a hukumar kula da kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa.
Rex Adams
Rex Adams (an haife a shekara ta 1928 - ya mutu a shekara ta 2014) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Steve Adams (1958)
Steve Adams (an haife a shekara ta 1958) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Steve Adams (1959)
Steve Adams (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Zubairu Dada
Zubairu Dada (an haifeshi ne a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif dari tara da hamain da biyu 1952 a Minna, Jihar Neja.
Karatu
Yayi makarantar firamare a Minna, daga shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da takwas 1958 zuwa shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da hudu 1964 Ya kammala karatun Turanci da Faransanci a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello zaria 1974 sannan ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin shari’a da diflomasiyya a Jami’ar Jos 1990.
Jakada
An nada shi jakadan Najeriya a kasar Poland daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003 da kuma babban kwamishinan Najeriya a jamhuriyar Mozambique tare da samun karbuwa a jamhuriyar Madagascar daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi Minista, ya yi Kwamishinan kudi da Tattalin Arziki 2011 – 2016.
Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Adamawa
Makarantar Kimiyya ta Fasaha ta Adamawa babbar makarantar koyarwa ce a Numan, Jihar Adamawa, Nijeriya. An kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1991 ta hanyar haɗin Kwalejin Nazarin Yola da Cibiyar Raya Ma'aikata Numan. Sabuwar fasahar kere-kere ta samar da shirye-shiryen difloma na kasa a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Kididdiga, Akawu, Nazarin Kasuwanci da Nazarin Sakatariya. Kwalejin kimiyya, wanda jihar ke gudanarwa, Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Fasaha ce ta amince da ita. A shekara ta 2007 makarantar kere-kere ta dauki ma'aikata guda 200 wadanda suka dace da daidaitattun al'adu da addinai. Bayan sun kwashe shekaru biyu ba tare da biyan su albashi ba kungiyar ta gurfanar da gwamnatin jihar a gaban kotu inda ta nemi a biya ta albashi da alawus. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2009 babban alkalin da ke sauraron karar ya ba da shawarar cewa wadanda ke azabtarwa da cin zarafi kan malaman ya kamata su daina. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 wani kwamitin da ke nazarin kwalejin ya fitar da wani rahoto mai tsauri tare da yin kira ga Gwamna Murtala Nyako da ya dauki matakin bayar da belin cibiyar daga matsalar tabarbarewar ilimi. Kwamitin ya lura da cewa kwalejin tana da shirye-shirye uku da aka amince da su a cikin 33 da ta bayar, kuma ta bayyana "rashin kulawa, rashin kwanciyar hankali" a tsakanin ma'aikatan da kuma "fahimtar kabilanci da nuna son kai." A watan Disambar shekara ta 2009 ne gwamnatin jihar ta ba da izinin kashe Naira miliyan 20.1 a harabar dakin karatun da gidan malamai da kuma katange makarantar, wanda aka yi watsi da shi tun shekara ta 2001.
Yanayin muhalli a libiya
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Libya sun hada da kwararowar hamada da karancin albarkatun ruwa.
Ruwan ruwa
Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin milimita 200 zuwa 600 ne kawai a mafi yawan wuraren noma na Libya. Babban aikin kogin da ɗan adam ya yi, wanda aka ƙera don kawo ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan burbushin halittu a ƙarƙashin Sahara, ba shi da wani tasiri na dogon lokaci saboda yanayin ƙayyadaddun burbushin halittu. Sannan Wani babban abin da ke damun muhalli a kasar Libiya shi ne karancin ruwan karkashin kasa sakamakon yawan amfani da shi wajen raya aikin gona, lamarin da ke haifar da ruwan gishiri da kuma shigar ruwan teku a cikin magudanan ruwa na gabar teku. Babban aikin kogin da mutum ya yi, a halin yanzu ana cigaba da aikin jigilar ruwa daga manyan magudanan ruwa da ke karkashin hamadar Sahara zuwa garuruwan da ke gabar teku, shi ne aikin samar da ruwa mafi girma a duniya.
Maganin sharar ruwa
A Libya, akwai babban kamfani ne ke kula da kula da ruwan sha na birni don samar da ruwan sha a Libiya, wanda ya dace da ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ayyukan Gwamnati. Akwai kusan masana'antun sarrafa najasa 200 a duk faɗin ƙasar, to amma tsare-tsire kaɗan ne ke aiki. A gaskiya ma, manyan tsire-tsire 36 suna cikin manyan biranen; sai dai guda tara ne kawai ke aiki, sauran kuma ana kan gyara su.
Sinima a Angola
Sinima a Angola a halin yanzu tana fama da matsalolin kuɗi game da tallafin sabbin fina -finai. A farkon shekarun 2000, gwamnatin Angola ta taimaka wajen tara kuɗi kaɗan na fina -finai, duk da haka wannan shirin ya tsaya a ƙarshen shekaru goma. A cikin wannan lokacin an yi fim ɗin The Hero a Angola kuma ya lashe Babbar Kyautar Cinema Jury ta Duniya a bikin Fina -Finan Sundance na 2005. An gina gidajen sinima na farko a Angola a shekarun 1930, tare da jimlar 50 da aka gina a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Yanzu haka kuma da yawa sun lalace, amma akwai ƙoƙarin maido da wasu daga cikin su.
Yanayin muhalli a libiya
Gurbacewa da Hamada
Wata babbar matsalar muhalli a Libya ita ce gurbatar ruwa .Kuma Haɗin tasirin najasa, albarkatun mai, da sharar masana'antu na barazana ga gabar tekun Libiya da Tekun Bahar Rum gabaɗaya. Libya na da kilomita 0.8 na albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa tare da kashi 87% ana amfani da su wajen aikin noma da 4% don dalilai na masana'antu. Kusan kashi 68% na mutanen da ke zaune a karkara ne ke da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Biranen Libya na samar da kusan tan miliyan 0.6 na sharar gida a kowace shekara. Ana fama da kwararowar hamadar wurare masu albarka ta hanyar dasa itatuwa a matsayin iska.
Abdelkrim Ghallab
Abdelkrim Ghallab (31 ga Disamba, 1919 - 14 ga Agusta, 2017) ɗan jaridar Maroko ne ɗan siyasa, mai sharhi kan al'adu, kuma marubuci. An haifeshi a Fes, Morocco. Ya kasance muhimmin mutum a fagen adabi da siyasa. Yayi karatunsa duka a Jami'ar Al-Karaouine da ke Fez da kuma ta Alkahira.
Yanayin muhalli a libiya
Nau'in da ke cikin haɗari
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa na Libya 11 da 2 na nau'in tsuntsayenta na cikin hadari. Kimanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire 41 kuma suna cikin haɗari. Dabbobin da ke cikin hatsari a Libya sun hada da hatimin rufaffiyar Bahar Rum, damisa, da kuma siririn kaho. Bubal hartebeest da Sahara oryx sun bace.
Abdelkrim Ghallab
Ghallab shi ne marubucin littattafai biyar da tarin gajerun labarai. Babban sanannen labarinsa shine Dafann al-m'd (Wanda aka binne a baya), 1966. A cewar Simon Gikandi salon sa na larabci an san shi da "kyakkyawa kuma a wasu lokutan ilimin gargajiya".
A cikin 2000, Haɗaɗɗiyar marubutan Larabawa a Misira sun haɗa da littafinsa mai suna Al-Mu`alîm `Ali (Master Alí) daga cikin ingantattun litattafan Larabci guda 100 a tarihi. A cikin 2001, sashen Al'adu na Maroko ya buga cikakken aikin Ghallab cikin mujalladai biyar. A cikin 2004 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Maghreb na Tunis. An fassara aikinsa a cikin harsuna da yawa.
Ghallab ya mutu a El Jadida a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2017, yana da shekara 97.
Ƙofar Marusa
Kofar Marusa tana ɗaya daga cikin kofofin dake cikin birnin Katsina.
Tarihi
An gina kofar Marusa a wajen karni na Shabiyar 15 ne. lokacin da aka gina sauran ganuwowin jihar Katsina, kuma ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga wani Basarake na Habe da ke mulkin Dutsi, wanda ake kira da suna Marusa Usman. Ta wannan kofar ce Marusa din ke bi in zai tafi Dutsi, ta nan ne kuma yake shiga idan ya dawo. Daga nan ne aka sanya ma kofar suna Basaraken ta zama kofar Marusa Usman. Kofar Marusa, ta yi makwabtaka da wasu unguwanni da ke cikin kofar.
Wasu Unguwannin da kofar take
Akwai dai unguwar Kerau daga cikin ta wanda shekarunta ba su wuce sitinba 60 da kafuwa ba, koda yake, a da can, tun lokacin mulkin Habe har ya zuwa na Dallazawa, an yi wani wuri da ake kira unguwar Dantura, wadda a halin yanzu babu wannan unguwa saboda Kerau ta hade ta, ta koma cikin Kerau din. sai ita kanta kofar marusan da sauransu...
Mali Bero
Mali Bero (Mali babba) ko kuma Zarmakoy Sombo ƙwararren shugaban al'ummar Zarma ne na yammacin Nijar wanda ya jagorance su wajen ƙaura daga wani yanki da ba a san ko su waye ba a Mali zuwa gabas zuwa yammacin Nijar shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Labarin Mali Bero ya fito a nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin al'ummar Zarma daga ƙasidu, waƙoƙi da kuma maganganun baka na griots. Sai dai babu wanda ya buga sigar labarin Mali Bero wanda ya wuce layuka ɗari. Mali Bero, duk da haka, an yi imanin ɗan Zabarkane ne, wani ɗan wasan almara na Zarma.
Al'adar Baka
Ga Zarmas, mafi mahimmancin saƙon shine ƙauransu zuwa gabas wanda Mali Bero ke jagoranta ta hanyar "Barma Daba", ƙasan gero mai tashi (wani fili da zagaye da aka yi da bambaro na katako wanda ke zama tushe na silo na ɗan lokaci). Lamarin da ya haifar da hijirar, wanda ya kasance faɗa tsakanin ƴaƴan Zarma, Abzinawa da Fulani, ya nuna tarihin wani rikici na kai-da-kai da ke nuna dangantaka da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin uku har zuwa yau.
Hijira
Bisa al'adar baka, ƙasar Mali Bero wata rana ya yanke shawarar barin ƙauyensa sakamakon faɗa tsakanin wani ɗan ƙauyensa da wani yaro ɗan ƙauyen Fulani da ke maƙwabtaka da Abzinawa a lokacin da suke iyo a tafkin "Mallé". Yaran waɗannan ƙauyukan sun kasance da ɗabi'ar ɗaukar tufafin yaran ƙauyen Mali Béro domin shafe jikinsu bayan sun yi wanka a cikin tafki. Yaran ƙauyen Mali Béro sun yanke shawarar wata rana ba za su yarda da hakan ba kuma sun shirya ramuwar gayya idan aka sake yin hakan. A lokacin da aka sake yin hakan, wani yaro ɗan ƙauyen Mali Bero ya kashe wani yaro ɗaya daga ƙauyen. Da jin labarin cewa ɗaya daga cikin ƴaƴansa ya kashe wani yaro ɗan ƙauyen da ke maƙwabtaka da shi, sai Mali Béro ya tattara ƙauyensa ya ba su da su gaggauta ficewa don hana al’amura taɓarɓarewa idan ɗayan ƙauyen ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar fansa. Ya umarce su da su gaggauta tattara ciyawar gero don yin “Barma Daba”. Da sauri suka yi "Barma Daba" inda suka shiga jirgi domin neman sabon yanki. Bayan sun tsaya tsayin daka, a ƙarshe sun sauka a wani ƙauyen Sargane a Nijar a yau. Mali Béro ya kasance a Sargane har ya mutu. An binne shi a wannan ƙauyen da ke cikin Sashen Ouallam. Kabarin da aka binne Mali ya kasance abin jan hankali ga masu yawon buɗe ido da ɗalibai da masu bincike.
Gbarnga
Gbarnga babban Birni ne na Gundumar Bong, Laberiya, tana arewa maso gabashin Monrovia. A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia na Farko, shi ne tushe ga Charles Taylor na National Patriotic Front of Liberia. Kwalejin Cuttington, mai zaman kansa, kungiyar hadin gwiwar Episcopal, tana kusa da garin. Harabarta ta kasance gida ga Gidan Tarihi na Afirka, wanda aka lalata yayin yakin basasa. Kamar yadda yake a cikin kidayar skekarar 2008, Gbarnga tana da yawan jama'a 34,046. Daga cikin wannan, 16,080 maza ne yayin da mata 17,966; ita ce birni na hudu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Laberiya. Gbarnga ita ce garin Tamba Hali, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa na Kansas City Manyan thewallon Nationalwallon Nationalasa a Amurka. Garin ya kasance tagwaye da Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka.
Mexico (birni)
Mexico (lafazi: /mekesiko/) ko Ciudad de México (lafazi: /siyudad de mekesiko/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Mexico. Ita ce babban birnin kasar Mexico. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2014, Mexico tana da yawan jama'a kimanin miliyan ashirin.(20,000,000). An gina birnin Mexico a shekara ta Alif dari uku da ashirin da biyar (1325), ƙarƙashin sunan Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan (lafazi: /mekesiko tenotecitelan/),kasar mexico takasan ce kudancin amurka. Mexico Kasa ce mai arziki da ke da tarihi, al'ada da al'ada, Mexico ta ƙunshi jihohi 31 da gundumar tarayya ɗaya. Ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka kuma tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafiya yawan jama'a-sama da miliyan 100-wanda ya sa ta zama gidan masu magana da Sifanisanci fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Duk da sauye-sauyen siyasa da zamantakewar da suka faru tsawon ƙarnuka, shaidar al'adu da abubuwan da suka gabata sun bayyana ko'ina a cikin Meziko. Yawancin yankunan karkara na Mexico har yanzu 'yan asalin ƙasar suna zaune wanda salon rayuwarsu ya yi daidai da na kakanninsu. Bugu da kari, yawancin kango kafin lokacin Columbian har yanzu suna nan a duk Mexico, gami da tsohon garin Teotihuacán da Mayan pyramids a Chichén Itzá da Tulum. Tunatarwa game da rayuwar mulkin mallaka a bayyane suke a cikin gine-ginen garuruwa kamar Taxco da Querétaro.
Gbarnga
Ilimi Makarantar sakandaren Gboveh Makarantar Katolika ta Katolika ta St. Martin Williams VS Tubman-Gray babbar makarantar sakandare AB Francis SDA Makaranta.
Bayani Stephen Ellis, Maskin Rashin Da'a "Kidayar Jama'a da Gidaje ta Kasa ta 2008: Sakamakon Farko (PDF). Cibiyar Lissafi ta Laberiya da Sabis din Ba da Bayani. Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Yuni 2008. An dawo da shi daga 2008-11-14 Ofishin Magajin Garin Baltimore na Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da Bali - Shirin 'Yan Uwan Garuruwa". An adana daga asali ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2008. An dawo da shi daga 2009-07-18. "Yanayi: Gbarnga - Jadawalin Yanayi, Jadawalin Yanayi, Teburin Yanayi". Sauyin Yanayi-. An dawo a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2013.
Mexico (birni)
Al'ummar Farko
Olmecs, sanannun al'umma na Meziko, sun sauka a gabar Tekun Fasha kusa da abin da ke yanzu Veracruz. Ana tunawa da manyan hotunan da suka sassaka daga dutse na asali, Olmecs yana da manyan cibiyoyin jama'a biyu: San Lorenzo, wanda ya bunkasa daga kusan 1200 zuwa 900 KZ, da La Venta a Tabasco, wanda ya kasance har zuwa kusan 600 BC.
Shin kun sani? Launuka uku na tutar Mexico suna da mahimmancin gaske ga ƙasa da citizensan ƙasa: kore yana wakiltar fata da nasara, farin yana tsaye ne ga tsarkakakkun manufofin Mexico kuma ja yana tuna da jinin da aka zubar da jaruman ƙasar.
A shekara ta 300 kafin haihuwar Yesu, ƙauyuka da suka danganci noma da farauta sun ɓullo ko'ina a kudancin Mexico. Monte Albán, gidan mutanen Zapotec, yana da kimanin mazauna 10,000. Tsakanin 100 B.C. da 700 A.D, Teotihuacán, birni mafi girma kafin pre-Columbian a cikin Amurka, an gina shi kusa da Mexico City na yanzu. Wayewar da ta gina shi ana kiranta Teotihuacán, kuma ana iya ganin tasirin wannan al'ada ko'ina cikin yankunan Veracruz da Mayan. A zenith, tare da yawan mutanen da aka kiyasta a 200,000, wayewar wayewar ana tunanin ta mallaki babban yanki na kudancin Mexico. An kifar da daular Teotihuacán a cikin karni na 7, amma birni mai ban mamaki ya tsira a yau.
Tarihin Tsakiya
Spaniard Hernán Cortés ya isa Veracruz a 1519. Ganin cewa Cortés na iya zama allahn macijin Quetzalcoatl, Aztec King Moctezuma II ya gayyaci mai nasara zuwa Tenochtitlán. Wannan isharar ta zama bala'i saboda Cortés ya kafa abokai da yawa akan hanyarsa ta zuwa birni. A watan Mayu 1521, Cortés da mabiyansa sun kai hari da mamayar Aztec. Cortés ya mallaki yankin kuma ya sanya mata suna Nueva España (Sabuwar Spain). A shekara ta 1574, Spain ta mallaki babban yanki na daular Aztec kuma ta bautar da yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Mafi muni, cututtukan da mutanen Spain suka kawo a cikin al'umma sun lalata mazaunan asalin Nueva España, inda suka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan 24 tsakanin 1521 da 1605.
An ji tasirin cocin Katolika a yankin lokacin da mishaneri suka fara zuwa a 1523. Mishan sun gina gidajen ibada da yawa kuma sun mai da miliyoyin mutane zuwa Katolika.
A wannan lokacin tashin hankalin, masu mulkin mallaka a Nueva España waɗanda aka haifa a Spain (peninsulares) sun yi arangama da Mutanen Spain waɗanda aka haifa a Mexico (criollos). Yawancin criollos sun zama masu wadata kuma suna son ikon siyasa daidai, wanda yanzu yake tare da yankin teku.
Ya damu da yadda cocin Katolika ke daɗa ƙaruwa, Sarki Carlos III na Spain ya kori Jesuit daga Nueva España a ƙarshen 1700s. Mamayar Napoleón Bonaparte da ta mamaye kasar Spain a shekarar 1808 ya kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda hakan ya raunana damuwar Spain din a kan Nueva España.
1810
A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, wani limamin cocin daga garin Dolores, ya ba da kira ga tawaye. A martanin da ya mayar, shugaban ‘yan tawaye Vicente Guerrero da wanda ya sauya sheka daga masarautar janar Agustín de Itúrbide sun hada kai don samun‘ yancin Mexico daga Spain a 1821. Tare suka tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Mexico. Koyaya, a 1822, Itúrbide ya ayyana kansa sarkin ƙasar. Bayan shekara guda, Antonio López de Santa Anna ya hambarar da Itúrbide kuma ya kirkiro da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa jamhuriyyar Mexico ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi jihohi 19 da yankuna hudu. Daga 1823 zuwa 1836, Santa Anna ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa, ta murkushe matsayin Texas na ‘yancin kai a yakin Alamo a shekarar da ta gabata a ofis. Daga baya sojojin Amurka suka kayar dashi a lokacin Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka kuma, zuwa 1855, ya tafi gudun hijira. Bayan mamayar Mexico da Faransawa suka yi a tsakiyar 1800s, Porfírio Díaz ya zama shugaban ƙasa daga 1876 zuwa 1909.
Duk da shigo da zamanin masana’antu da inganta ci gaban kasa sosai, Díaz ya kasance mai mulkin kama-karya wanda ya nuna fifikon siyasa ga dan kasa mai matukar dukiya, ya yi biris da talakawa kuma ya yi mulkin danniya da karfi.
Mutanen kasar Mexico, wadanda suka gaji da rabe-raben dukiya da iko, suka fara juyin juya halin Mexico a shekarar 1910. Yakin basasar shekaru 10 ya haifar da akalla mutane miliyan 2 da suka rasa rayukansu. Aƙarshe, a cikin 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma ya sake kafa tsohon tsarin eidido, wanda ya kafa filayen filayen gona tare. Tsarin ya amfani 'yan ƙasa da tattalin arziki. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙara haɓaka ci gaban ƙasar ta hanyar haɓaka hanyoyi, gina masana'antu da kuma kafa tsarin ban ruwa.
Mexico A yau
Yawan mutanen Mexico ya ƙaru ƙwarai tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, amma rabon arzikin bai kasance daidai ba. Saboda ba da taimako na taimakon doka, talakawa gaba ɗaya ba sa iya inganta matsayinsu na zamantakewar al'umma. Jihar Chiapas tana misalta matsalolin da rashin daidaiton kuɗi ya haifar. A cikin 1994, rundunar Zapatista National Liberation Army ta tashi don kalubalantar nuna wariya ga matalautan Chiapas.
Kodayake tawayen nasu bai yi nasara ba, amma Zapatistas na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da rashin mallakar mallakar ƙasa da rarraba wutar, ba tare da wata nasara ba. Arin abin da ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin zamantakewar al'umma shi ne matsalar ta safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, wacce ta ba da gudummawa ga cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa da 'yan sanda kuma ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa rata tsakanin manyan mutane da marasa galihu.
A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, gina masana’antu da shuke-shuke mallakar kasar waje (maquiladoras) a wasu yankunan karkara na kasar Mexico ya taimaka wajen jan hankalin jama’a daga garin na Mexico da kuma sake raba wasu arzikin kasar. Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Yankin Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) na 1994 ta haɓaka dangantakar kuɗi ta Mexico da Amurka da Kanada, amma tattalin arzikin Mexico ya kasance mai rauni. Duk da matsalolinsa, tattalin arzikin Mexico, tare da haɓakar tushen masana'antu, albarkatun ƙasa da yawa da masana'antun sabis daban-daban, ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga Latin Amurka.
A yau, yawon shakatawa babban taimako ne ga tattalin arzikin Mexico. Mutane suna tururuwa zuwa Meziko daga ko'ina cikin duniya don yin samfurin bambancin al'adun ƙasar, yin kwalliya a cikin saitunan wurare masu dausayi da kuma amfani da ƙananan farashi masu sauƙi. Yawon bude ido na Amurka shine mafi yawan baƙi zuwa ƙasar. A da, masu yawon bude ido sun yi tafiye-tafiye musamman zuwa garin Mexico da kuma garuruwan da suke kewaye da mulkin mallaka na Mesa Central; abin takaici, mutuncin babban birnin ya gamu da matsala saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da muhalli, musamman manyan matakan gurbatar iska da aikata laifi. Masu yawon bude ido har yanzu suna tururuwa zuwa rairayin bakin teku na shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na duniya a Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Mazatlán, Cancún da Puerto Escondido.
Gaskiya & Figures
• Cikakken Suna: Unitedasar Mexico ta .asar Mexico
• Babban birnin: Mexico City (Distrito Tarayya)
• Manyan Garuruwa (yawan jama'a): Mexico City (8,720,916), Ecatepec de Morelos (1,688,258), Guadalajara (1,600,940), Puebla (1,485,941), Tijuana (1,410,700), Juárez (1,313,338), León (1,275,7) Nezahualcóyotl (1,140,528), Monterrey 1,133,814
• Kasashen kan iyaka: Belize da Guatemala zuwa kudu maso gabas; Amurka zuwa arewa
• Girman / Yanki: Gabaɗaya: murabba'in mil 758,249 (kilomita murabba'in 1,972,550) - Ruwa: kashi 2.5
• Yawan Jama'a: 103,263,388 (Kidayar 2005)
• 'Yanci: An Bayyana shi a ranar 16 ga Satumbar, 1810 - Mutanen Spain sun amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1821 etaryungiyar Kuɗi: Pesos
Gaskiyar Gaskiya
• Launuka uku na tutar Mexico suna da mahimmancin gaske ga ƙasa da citizensan ƙasa: kore yana wakiltar fata da nasara, farin yana tsaye ne ga tsarkakakkun manufofin Mexico kuma ja yana tuna da jinin da aka zubar da jaruman ƙasar.
• Mexico ita ce kasa ta uku mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka bayan Brazil da Argentina.
• A farkon karni na 21, yawan mutanen Mexico ya haura miliyan 100.
• Kasar Mexico ce ta fi kowace kasa yawan masu magana da harshen Sifen a duniya.
• Tare da kusan mazauna miliyan 25, garin Mexico yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen birni a duniya.
• Mexico ita ce ta biyu a duniya mafi yawan Katolika bayan Brazil.
• A kusan mil 2,000, iyakar tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ita ce ta biyu mafi tsayi a duniya, bayan iyakar tsakanin Amurka da Kanada.
• Mutanen Mexico sun kunshi mafi yawan rukunin bakin haure a Amurka.
• Mexico tana cikin yankin da aka sani da Pacific "Ring of Fire" Wannan yankin, ɗayan ɗayan yankunan tectonic masu saurin motsa jiki, yana da alamun dutsen mai fitad da wuta da kuma yawan girgizar ƙasa. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, Citlaltépetl (wanda ake kira Orizaba) da kuma dutsen mai fitarwa mai suna Popocatépetl suna daga cikin kololuwar tsaunuka masu yawa a Mexico. Babbar Kotun Kwallo a Chichén Itzá Mexico, wacce tsoffin Mayans suka yi amfani da ita don wasannin motsa jiki, ita ce babbar kotu mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna 166 da mita 68 (545 da ƙafa 232). Wasan, wanda ya shafi abubuwa kwatankwacin na kwallon kafa da na kwallon kwando, kungiyoyi biyu ne suka buga wasan wanda yawan su ya sha bamban da na yanki. Tequila, giyar da Meziko ta shahara da ita, ana yin ta ne daga shuɗaɗɗen shu'ummu na agave. An lakafta shi bayan garin da ya samo asali, an samar da Tequila ne da farko kusa da Jalisco, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 65 (nisan mil 40) arewa maso yammacin Guadalajara.
• Mexico ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da azurfa. Wani yanki da ake kira Silver Belt-wanda ya kunshi Guanajuato da Zacatecas a cikin Mesa Central, Chihuahua a cikin Mesa del Norte da San Luis Potosi mafi nisa gabas - sun ga gagarumin aikin hakar ma'adanai a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
• Kasar Mexico ta dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 1968 da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarun 1970 da 1986.
• Filin wasa na Mexico City - ɗayan manyan fagen fama da faɗa a duniya — yana ɗaukar kujeru 50,000. Sauran fagage 35 suna ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Alamu
Chichén Itzá
Chichén Itzá tsohuwar gari ce ta Mayan da ke yankin Yucatán. A lokacin da ya kai kololuwa, a wajajen 600 A.D., ita ce cibiyar ƙarfi a yankin. Da yawa daga cikin manyan gidajen sarauta na dutse, gidajen ibada da kasuwanni sun kasance a cikin garin.
Teotihuacán
Teotihuacán, wani tsohon birni ne wanda olan Toltec suka gina, yana cikin ƙasar Meziko. Birnin ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 150 bayan hijira kuma ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga al'adun Mayan. Hakanan shine wuri na uku mafi girma a duniya, Pirámide del Sol (Pyramid of the Sun).
Paquimé Rushewa
Paquimé, wanda ke cikin jihar Chihuahua, ya kasance cibiyar al'adu a arewacin Mexico sama da shekaru 300. A tsawan ikonta a karni na 13, ana tunanin yawan mutanen birnin sun kai 10,000, tare da yawancin ‘yan kasar suna zaune a cikin bene hawa biyar ko shida masu kama da gidajen zamani.