cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nneka Ezeigwe
Nneka Ezeigwe yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya kuma ta kafa kuma Shugaba na RideSafe Nigeria, mafita mai ba da kariya ga hawan keke. Kwarewar kwarewa ta sirri, Ezeigwe ta gane buƙatar ingantattun matakan tsaro a fannin sufuri. A cikin martani, ta haɓaka RideSafe, aikace-aikacen wayar hannu wanda ke haɗa mahayan tare da tabbatattun direbobi da horarwa, tabbatar da ingantaccen ƙwarewar sufuri. RideSafe yana haɗa fasali kamar bin diddigin GPS, faɗakarwar gaggawa, da duba bayanan direba don samarwa masu amfani da kwanciyar hankali. Yunkurin da Ezeigwe ta yi na kare lafiyar fasinjoji da kerawa ya samu karbuwa, kuma ta yi fice a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban saboda rawar da ta taka a harkar sufuri. Tafiya ta kasuwanci tana nuna ƙarfin amfani da fasaha don magance ƙalubalen al'umma da haɓaka abubuwan yau da kullun.
Kek Din Rogo
Wainar rogo ta kasance abinci na ƴan ƙasar Filipino da aka yi da rogo, da madarar kwakwa, da madara mai ƙamshi tare da laushi a sama. Wani shahararren abinci ne a cikin Filipinas, inda ake cin sa don merienda. Hakanan ana hidimtawa yayin taro da lokuta na musamman.
Asali da tarihi
Rogo na ɗaya daga cikin albarkatun gona da aka shigo da su daga Latin Amurka ta hanyar gallan Manila daga aƙalla ƙarni na 16. Gwanin rogo wani nau'in bibingka ne (wanda aka toya a gargajiya), yana da asalinsa daga yin amfani da girke-girke na gari amma yana amfani da rogo a maimakon dunkulen galapong ( shinkafa mai yalwar kasa). Hakanan an san shi da wuya kamar rogo bibingka ko bibingkang kamoteng kahoy, duk da cewa an fi amfani da sunan Ingilishi.
Bayani
Ana yin wainar rogo daga rogo wanda aka gauraya da gata ( madarar kwakwa ), madara mai hade, da farin kwai. Wasu girke-girke kuma suna ƙara man shanu (ko margarine ), vanilla, madara mai ɗaci, da ƙarin sukari. Ana zub da waɗannan a cikin kwanon ruɓaɓɓen lebur wanda aka liƙa tare da ganyen ayaba ko man shafawa. Ana toya shi har sai ya yi dai-dai kuma launi ne mai ruwan kasa mai sauƙi.
Za'a iya gyara yanayin yanayin biredin ta hanyar canzawar adadin rogon da aka yi amfani da shi. Gurasa da abun da ke ƙasa da rogo ya fi laushi da moister, yayin da kek ɗin da ke da kayan rogo ya fi ƙarfi da taunawa. Mahadan kayan dafa shi daban. Shi ne bisa ga al'ada kwakwa-tushen custard, sanya tare da kwai yolks gauraye da takaice madara, sugar, kuma kakang gata ( kwakwa cream ). Ana zuba shi a saman wainar sannan a sake gasa shi na wasu 'yan mintoci kaɗan har sai da saman saman ya kahu. Adadin ya banbanta, tare da wasu nau'ikan da ke da siririn laushi mai yawa, yayin da a wasu sifofin, layin custard ya yi kauri kamar kek. Wasu sifofin zamani suma suna amfani da kayan kwalliyar madara lokacin da babu kwakwa a ciki, ko kuma yin gasa a saman sama kwata-kwata.
Makamantan jita-jita
Keken Rogo yana da kamanceceniya da Vietnamese bánh khoai mì, wanda wani lokacin kuma ana kiran sa kamar "cake na rogo", amma na karshen baya amfani da madara kuma bashi da kayan kwalliya. Rogo cake kuma yayi kama da Caribbean da kuma Afirka rogo pone (wanda kuma ake kira yuca cake), amma karshen ne denser da na'urar busarwa a irin zane.
Anthony Joshua
OBE Anthony Oluwafemi Obaseni Joshua (An haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan oktoban shekara ta alif 1989A.c). Dan damben boksin ne na ƙasar Birtaniya.
Shine Wanda ya lashe gasar (world heavyweight champion) sau biyu. Kuma ya riƙe WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, da Kuma IBO tun daga disamban shekara ta 2019 zuwa  shekara ta 2016.
Farkon Rayuwa
An Haifa Anthony a shekara ta 1989 a birnin Watfort, Hertfordshire. Shi da nega Yeta da Robert Joshua. Mamar shi yar asalin Nigeria ce babanshi Kuma Dan asalin Najeriya ne da irish. Asalin Joshua ga Nigeria dai Yana komawa be ga jinshin yarabawan nigeria. Joshua yayi farkon rayuwar shi a Nigeria inda yayi makaranta Mayflower a Ikenne. Sanadiyyar rabuwan iyayen nasa ya dawo Nigeria tun Yana Dan shekaran 12.￼
Ƙwarewar Aiki
A 11 ga watan Juli na shekara ta 2013 an tabbatar da Joshua a matsayin kwarerren Dan wasa a karkashin (Matchroom Sport promotional banner). Joshua ya Fara a matsayin kwarerren Dan Wasa ne a 5 ga watan oktoba 2013 shekara ta a filin (02 Arena London), a babbar wasa (Main-Event of a card). Inda ya samu nasara Janasalinalin Italiya Emmanuel
Dala
Dala ƙaramar hukuma ce mai ɗauke da jama'a da dama a jihar Kano, Najeriya a cikin birnin Kano, wadda aka ƙirƙira a cikin watan Mayun shekarar 1989, daga tsohuwar ƙaramar hukumar Kano. Dala tana can arewa maso yamma na cikin birnin Kano. Hedikwatar Ƙaramar hukumar Dala tana cikin unguwar Gwammaja a cikin birnin Kano. Ita ce karamar hukuma mafi girma a jihar Kano.
Tarihi
Ƙaramar Hukumar Dala tana ɗauke da Tudun Dalla wanda sunan Ƙaramar Hukumar ya samo asali ne daga Sunan "Tudun Dala" kuma ta taba zama babban birnin masarautar Kano.
Yanayin yanki
Tana da yanki 19 km2 da yawan jama'a 2 a lissafin ƙidayar shekarar 2006. Dala ita ce ƙaramar hukuma mafi girma a Najeriya.
Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 700.
Tattalin Arziki
Daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan tattalin arziki da kasuwanci a Dala su ne rini, ƙira, yin burodin, yin tukunya, noma, kamun kifi, yin takalma da sauran ayyukan kasuwanci.
Siyasa
Ƙaramar hukumar cibiyar siyasa ce yankin ( Hausa  ) ma'ana 'Cibiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Najeriya'.
Mutane
Ƙaramar hukuma ce fitaccen ɗan siyasar nan Malam Aminu Kano wanda haifaffen ƙaramar hukumar Sudawa Gwale ne, amma yana da gidansa na ƙashin kansa a ƙaramar Hukumar Dala, gidan nasa ne gwamnatin tarayya ta mayar da shi cibiyar bincike da horas da dimokaradiyya domin girmamawa gareshi da kuma dawwamar da sunansa, adana koyarwarsa da ra'ayoyinsa ga al'ummai masu zuwa.
Ijem Onwuamaegbu
Mai shari'a Ijem Onwuamaegbu (an haife ta a shekarar 1954) ita ce mace ta farko Babbar Alkali a Jihar Anambra. An nada ta shugabar kwamitin sake duba dokokin jihar Anambra a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2018.
Aiki
Ta yi aiki a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Majalisar Dokoki/Gwamna/Majalisar Dokoki a Jihar Nasarawa da Jihar Ondo a 2007 da 2008. An rantsar da Mai Shari'a Onwuamaegbu a matsayin mukaddashin babban alkalin jihar Anambra a ranar 1 ga Maris 2019 sannan daga baya aka nada shi kuma aka rantsar da shi a matsayin babban alkalin jihar Anambra a watan Agustan 2019 ya zama Babban Alkalin Mata na jihar Anambra. Ta yi ritaya a ranar 3 ga Satumbar 2019 a kan samun isasshen shekarun yin ritaya na tsarin mulki na shekaru 65.
Odunayo Eweniyi
Farkon rayuwa
Odun ce ɗaya ta fari ga iyayenta kuma dukkan su uwa da uba furofesoshi ne. Ta fito daga jihar Oyo, Najeriya.
Ilimi da Aiki
Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Alkawari a 2013 tare da digiri na farko a Injiniyan Kwamfuta. Odun ta fara ƙaddamar da Push CV tare da Somto Ifezue da Joshua Chibueze bayan kammala karatun ta a 2013. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ukun sun ci gaba da fara PiggyVest a cikin 2016.
Lambar yabo
A cikin 2018, Odun ta lashe lambar yabo ta Future Awards Africa Prize in Technology. A cikin 2019, ta kasance a cikin Forbes Afirka 30 ƙarƙashin jerin Fasaha 30. An ba ta suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Masu ƙalubalen Afirka na Quartz.
Tana cikin jerin Forbes Africa na Sabbin Mawadata 20 a Afirka 2019. An ba ta lambar yabo ta The Future Awards Africa Prize for Young Person of The Year in 2020. An kuma jera She Odun a Bloomberg 50 2020. An jera ta akan Lokaci 100 na gaba 2021 don gudummawar da ta bayar a yayin zanga -zangar Karshen SARS na Oktoba 2020.
Aiki da ENDSARS
A yayin zanga -zangar End SARS a shekarar 2020 kan cin zarafin 'yan sandan Najeriya, Eweniyi ya tara gudummawa don kula da lafiya da tallafin doka ga wadanda aka zalunta da cin zarafin' yan sanda a lokacin da bayan zanga -zangar.
A watan Janairu 2021, Eweniyi ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Eloho Oname don ƙaddamar da First Check, wani dandamali na kasuwanci na mata, da su ka mai da hankali kan tallafawa jagorancin mata da fara mai da hankali kan mata a Afirka.
Amaigbo
Amaigbo babban gari ne a jihar Imo a Najeriya. Garin nan ne hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar Nwangele. Masana tarihi da yawa suna kallon Amaigbo a matsayin jigon wayewar Igbo.
Akwai ofishin gidan waya na hukuma a garin.
Fitattun mutane
Fasto Chidi Ezimako-Pastor, mai wa'azi.
Olorunsogo
Olorunsogo Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin Kananan hukumomin dasuke a jihar Oyo wadda ke a shiyar Kudu maso Yamma a kasar Nijeriya.
Mr442
Mubarak Abdulkarim Wanda aka fi sani da Mr 442 And haifeshi a cikin garin Zaria jihar Kaduna 13-9-1995.
KARATU
yayi karatun Firamare da sakandiren sa a Cikin garin zaria sannan Ya karanci ilimin halayyar dan adam (Sociology) a jami'ar Amurka ta Addinai a jamhuriyar Benin.
SHAHARA
Yafara Shahara ne lokacin da ya saki wakar sa da yayi akan wani Sanata mai taken Sanatan nan yayi leaking da kuma wacce yayi wa jarumar masana'antar Kannywood Maryam booth Mai taken Zindir. Mr 442 ya cigaba da yin sunane a cikin kasa Najeriya da Nijer bayan cigaba yin wakoki masu jawo cece kuce a cikin Al'umma, inda ake Alakanta wakokin nasa da Wakokin Batsa wanda hakan Ya saba da Al'adar Hausawa. Inda shi kuma yake kare kansa da cewa jama'a ne suke masa fahimtar da ba dai-dai ba, Shi yanayi hakane Domin janyo Hankalin mutane Su fahimci sakon dake cikin Wakokinsa.
Mr442 da Safaa
Haduwar 442 da Safiyya Yusuf Wacce aka fi sani da Safaa Safaa Tayi tasiri matuka Wajen Kara fito da shaharar 442 a idon duniya Bayan Sun saki wakarsu ta farko mai Taken Kwalele tare da Gudunmawar Madox Tbb
WAKOKIN MR 442
Wasu daga cikin wakokin 442 Tee R Da sauran su
ANKAMA 442 A KASAR NIGER
An kama Mr 442 da Ola of Kano a Jamhuriyar Nijar a lokacin da suke kokarin yin fasfo din kasar da takardun Bogi na Asalin zama Dan kasar nijar. An kama sune a wata cibiyar yin fasfo da ke Maradi ta iyakar Nijar da hukumar kula da shige da fice, '''the Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire, DST.'''
Oyo ta Gabas
Oyo ta Gabas ƙaramar hukuma ce, kuma ta kasance daya daga cikin Ƙananan hukumomin da suke a jihar Oyo wadda ke a shiyyar Kudu maso Yammacin Nijeriya.
TS
TS ko Ts na iya nufin to:
Yan bundu
yan bundu Qauye ne a qaramar hukumar bichi a jihar kano
Abincin da ya kamata mai azumi ya ci da wanda bai kamata ba
Gabatarwa
Watan azumi lokaci ne da mutane suke kaurace wa abinci tun kafin ketowar alfijir har zuwa faduwar rana. Hakan yana sanya mutane jin yunwa da kishirya. Masu azumi sukan ci abinci nau'o'i daban-daban a lokutan sahur da kuma na buda baki. Sai dai likitoci sun bayyana nau'in abincin da ya kamata mai azumi ya ci da wanda ya kamata ya kaucewa.
Masu fama da wasu cututtuka
Masu azumi sun kasu kashi-kashi: misali, akwai wanda da ma kafin azumin, saboda da wata larura a asibiti za a dora shi kan abincin da ya kamata ya ci ko kada ya ci. Misali a nan shi kamar wanda yake da ciwon suga za a dora shi kan dokoki na yanayin abincin da zai ci, ko wanda yake da ciwon hanta, shi ma za a dora shi kan dokoki na abinci da zai ci. Haka kuma wanda yake da food allergy, wato wanda jikinsa ba ya karbar wasu nau'o'in na abinci: to, ka ga wannan tun kafin azumi akwai dokoki na yanayin abincin da yake ci, don haka idan azumi ya zo zai ci gaba da bin dokokin.
Mutanen da lafiyarsu lau
Sai kuma mutanen da su da ma lafiyarsu kalau. Su ma ya danganta da inda kuma suka samu kansu lokacin azumi. Misali, idan mutum yana zaune a irin kasashenmu masu zafi inda mutane suke bukatar yawan shan ruwa akai-kai, su ma akwai yadda ya kamata su yi. Ga jerin abinci da abubuwan dasuka kamata masu azumi su yi:
Ebere Orji
Ebere Orji (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya a halin yanzu tana taka leda a Sundsvall DFF a  Elitettan Sweden. Ta taba taka leda a kungiyoyi da yawa a Najeriya, Sweden da Hungary amma musamman tayi wasa Ferencváros a  Női NB I na Hungary da   Rivers angels a cikin ƙasarta a gasar Premier ta Mata ta Najeriya. Ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a matakin kasa da kasa a matsayin kungiyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a shekarar 2011, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekara 20 da 'yan kasa da shekaru 17.
Aikin kulob/kungiya
Tare da Rivers angels, ta taba zira kwallaye uku hat-trick a kulob ɗin COD United Ladies a nasarar 6-1 akan hanyarsu ta ƙarshe ta lashe gasar cin kofin Federation a shekara ta 2014.
A cikin shekarar 2015 tare da Ferencváros, ta lashe gasar zakarun Hungary (Női NB I) da Kofin Hungarian. A cikin kakar 2016 zuwa 2017, Orji ta ƙare a matsayin wanda ta fi zira kwallaye a Női NB I da kwallaye 27.
A cikin shekarar 2019 Orji ta kuma lashe kambin Elitettan tare da Umeå IK, inda ta zira kwallaye 11 a wasannin gasar 26.
Ayyukan kasa
A lokacin da take da shekaru 15, Orji ta fara buga wasanta na farko a duniya ga mata 'yan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na mata na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2008 a wasan da suka doke Koriya ta Kudu da ci 2-1 a matakin rukuni. Orji ta ci kwallonta ta farko ta kasa da kasa a 'yan kasa da shekaru a gasar daya tak a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Brazil. Kwanaki 17 bayan Brazil, ta korosu a gasar Orji ta sake wakiltar Najeriya, a wannan karon a matakin kasa da 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar 2008. Orji ta zura kwallo a wasanta na farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Ingila sannan kuma ta kara zura kwallaye biyu yayin da Falconets ta yi waje da ita a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a hannun Faransa da ci 2-3.
Orji ta fara bugawa Najeriya wasa a wasan sada zumunta da Jamus, amma bayan mintuna 29 aka sauya ta, sannan Najeriya ta sha kashi da ci 8-0.
Orji na cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata a shekarar 2010. Ta kuma fitowa a gasar cin kofin matan Afirka ta shekarar 2012.
Ta fara wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta zo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na shekara ta 2011, wanda ta fara a duk wasanni uku na rukuni. Najeriya ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa matakin rukuni na gaba.
A cikin shekarar 2012, Orji ta sake wakiltan 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya na mata na U-20 na shekarar 2012, ta bayyana a matsayin mai maye gurbi a duk wasannin Najeriya har sai da Amurka ta fitar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. Orji ta buga wasanni 15 a Najeriya ‘yan kasa da shekara 20 tsakanin shekara ta 2008 zuwa 2012, inda ta ci kwallaye 5.
Hisbah
Dogarawan {Kungiyar Hisbah ( حسبة  isbah ) rukunan musulunci ne wanda yake nufin "hisabi".Hisbah aiki ne na mutum ko na gama gari (ya dogara da makarantar shari'a) don shiga tsakani da “ umarni da kyakkyawa da hani da mummuna ” don kiyaye ka'idojin sharia (Shari'ar Musulunci).Koyarwar ta dogara ne akan wata magana daga Alqurani ( الأمر بالمَعْرُوف والنَهي عن المُنْكَر ).Bambance-bambancen da ke cikin bahasin malamai game da wajibcin “umarni da daidai da hani da mummunan abu” ya samo asali ne daga matsayin da masana fikihu suka dauka (ʿulamāʾ) kan tambayoyi dangane da wane ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da aikin, ga wanda za'a ba shi,da kuma abin da yake aiwatarwa wanda aka sanya Sau da yawa,ana shirya waɗannan muhawara ne bisa ga abin da Michael Cook ya kira al'adar "hanyoyi uku", hadisin da ke kan hadisi na annabci wanda ke nuna "zuciya" (qalb), "harshe" (lisān), da "hannu" (yad) kamar yadda ya dace da "halaye" guda uku wanda yakamata mutum ya cika farilla. Dogaro da dalilai da yawa na asali da na waje ga makarantun lauyoyinsu,malamai sun rarraba wannan aikin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wasu suna keɓe aiwatar da haƙƙin ta hanyar “harshe” ga malamai da “hannu” ga hukumomin siyasa ko waɗanda, kamar kamar yadda muḥtasib,sanya hannun jari tare da iko don aiwatar da aikin a madadin su, da sauransu suna jayayya cewa waɗannan hanyoyin sun faɗaɗa ga duk masu imani da suka cancanta.A wannan zamani, an yi amfani da kalmar a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin dalilin 'yan sandan addinin Musulunci.
Bayani
Hisbah tana da manyan al'amura kamar haka:
Duniyar zamani
Misali, a cikin kasar Saudiyya, cibiyar da ke da alhakin hisbah ita ce Kwamitin Inganta nagarta da Rigakafin Mataimakin, ko hay'a.
A cikin tsirarun jihohin Islama, wato Saudi Arabia,Sudan,lardin Aceh na Indonesia, da Iran, an kafa 'yan sanda masu addinin Islama. A wasu wurare, an kafa ta; a cikin wasu, tanada 'yancin kanta daga jihar.
Masu shigar da kara na Islama sun nemi koyarwar Hisbah a yayin shari'ar ridda da ayyukan sabo .A Misira, kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Freedom House ta koka, "daruruwan karar hisba aka yi wa rajista kan marubuta da masu fafutuka, galibi suna amfani da sabo ko ridda a matsayin hujja". A cikin wani babban magana, Nasr Abu Zayd, wani malamin Addini musulunci "mai sukar tsohuwar tunanin Musulunci da zamani" an gurfanar da shi a karkashin dokar, lokacin da aka gudanar da aikinsa na ilimi don zama shaidar ridda.
Shola Akinlade
Shola Akinlade yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Paystack, babban dandalin sarrafa biyan kudi wanda ke baiwa ‘yan kasuwa damar karbar kudade ta yanar gizo. Akinlade ya fahimci kalubalen da ‘yan kasuwar Najeriya ke fuskanta wajen karbar kudaden ta yanar gizo sannan ya kafa Paystack a shekarar 2015 don cike wannan gibin. Paystack yana ba kasuwancin amintattun kayan aikin biyan kuɗi, haɗe tare da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban da kuma ba da APIs masu sauƙin amfani. Karkashin jagorancin Akinlade, Paystack ya samu ci gaba cikin sauri kuma ya zama muhimmin bangare na tsarin fintech na Najeriya. Bidi'o'in da Akinlade ya yi game da biyan kuɗi ya ba shi yabo, ciki har da kasancewa cikin jerin "30 Under 30" na Forbes na Afirka a cikin 2016.
Blessing Edoho
Blessing Edoho (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba,shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyu1992A.C) a Najeriya. 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Najeriya ce wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a tawagar mata ta kasar Najeriya.
Ayyukan kasa
Edoho ta fara buga wasanta na kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA U-20 na 2010. A watan Mayun 2015 an kira Edoho ta buga wa tawagar Najeriya wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta a shekarar 2015.
All People's Party (Ghana)
All People's Party ta kasance tsohuwar jam’iyyar siyasa a Ghana. An kafa shi ne ta haɗuwa tsakanin Popular Front Party (PFP) wanda Victor Owusu ke jagoranta, United National Convention (UNC) wanda William Ofori Atta ya jagoranta da wasu jam'iyyun a watan Yunin 1981. Ta zama babbar jam'iyyar adawa a Ghana a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Uku har zuwa juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar 31 ga Disambar 1981 bayan haka kuma Provisional National Defence Council ta hana dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa. Jam’iyya mai mulki a lokacin ita ce People's National Party a karkashin Shugaba Hilla Limann.
Sinima a Misra
Sinima a Masar na nufin masana'antar fina-finai da ke ci gaba da bunƙasa a birnin Alkahira wanda aka sani da Hollywood na yankin MENA. Tun daga shekara ta alif 1976, babban birnin kasar ya gudanar da kuma bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Alkahira na shekara-shekara, wanda kungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta amince da shi. Akwai kuma wasu bukukuwa guda 12. Daga cikin fina-finai sama da 4,000 gajere da tsayin daka da aka yi a yankin MENA tun daga shekara ta alif 1908, fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na fina-finan Masar ne. Masar fina-finai suna yawanci magana a cikin kasar Masar Larabci yare.
All People's Party (Ghana)
Asali
Da farko jam’iyyun adawa biyar sun fara shirin kafa APP. Waɗannan su ne PFP, UNC, Action Congress Party (ACP), Social Democratic Front (SDF) da Third Force Party (TFP). Sabuwar jam’iyyar ta zabi Victor Owusu na PFP a matsayin shugabanta sannan Mahama Iddrisu na UNC a matsayin mataimakin shugaba. Obed Asamoah, shi ma na UNC ya zama Babban Sakatare tare da Obeng Manu a matsayin mataimakin sa. John Bilson, shugaban TFP an zabe shi a matsayin shugaba yayin da Nii Amaa Amarteifio da J. H. Mensah na PFP aka zaba a matsayin mataimakan shugabannin. ACP duk da haka ta janye daga hadewar kafin a kammala ta.
Sinima a Misra
Farko
An yi taƙaitaccen adadin fina-finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Masar tun daga shekara ta alif 1896; Laila ta shekara ta alif 1927, ta shahara a matsayin siffa mai cikakken tsayi ta farko. Masana'antar fina-finai ta Alkahira ta zama wani yanki na yanki tare da fitowar sauti. Tsakanin shekara ta alif 1930, zuwa shekara ta alif 1936, ƙananan ɗakunan studio daban-daban sun samar da aƙalla fina-finai 44. A cikin shekara ta alif 1936, Studio Misr, wanda masanin masana'antu Talaat Harb ya ba da kuɗi, ya fito a matsayin jagorar Masarawa daidai da manyan ɗakunan ɗaukar shiri na Hollywood, rawar da kamfanin ya riƙe tsawon shekaru talatin.
Masana tarihi sun yi saɓani wajen tantance farkon silima a Masar. Wasu sun ce a shekarar alif 1896, lokacin da aka fara kallon fim na farko a Masar, yayin da wasu suka fara daga ranar 20 ga watan Yunin, shekara ta alif 1907, tare da wani gajeren fim na Documentary game da ziyarar Khedive Abbas Hilmi na biyu a Cibiyar Mursi Abul-Abbas da ke Iskandariya. A cikin shekara ta alif 1917, darekta Mohammed Karim ya kafa kamfanin samar da kayayyaki a Alexandria. Kamfanin ya samar da fina-finai guda biyu: Matattu Flowers da Honor the Bedouin, wanda aka nuna a birnin Alexandria a farkon shekara ta alif 1918.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, fiye da fina-finai 4,000 ne aka shirya a Masar, kashi uku cikin huɗu na jimlar Larabawa. Kasar Masar ita ce kasa mafi albarka a yankin gabas ta tsakiya a fagen shirya fina-finai, kuma kasar da ta fi samun ci gaban tsarin yaɗa labarai.
Zamanin Zinare
A cikin 1940, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai fassara Anis Ebeid ya kafa "Anis Ebeid Films", a matsayin kamfani na farko na fassara fim a Masar da sauran Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana kawo ɗaruruwan fina-finan Amurka da na duniya zuwa Masar. Daga baya ya shiga harkar rarraba fina-finai shima.
Lokacin canzawa
A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980 masana’antar shirya fina-finan Masar ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa, tare da bunkasar abin da aka kira “fim ɗin kwangila”. Jarumi Khaled El Sawy ya bayyana wadannan a matsayin fina-finai "inda babu labari, babu wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samar da ingancin kowane nau'i ... fina-finai na asali wadanda ke da nufin yin kudi mai sauri." Yawan fina-finan da ake samarwa kuma ya ragu: daga kusan fina-finai 100 a shekara a fagen masana'antar zuwa kusan dozin a 1995. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin rani na 1997, lokacin da "Ismailia Rayeh Gayy" (fassara: Ismailia baya da gaba) ya girgiza masana'antar silima, yana jin daɗin nasara mara misaltuwa da riba mai yawa ga furodusoshi, gabatar da Mohamed Fouad ( shahararren mawaki) da Mohamed Henedi, sannan ya yi fice. Jarumin da ba a san shi ba wanda daga baya ya zama tauraron barkwanci na daya. Bisa nasarar wannan fim ɗin, an fitar da fina-finan barkwanci da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Yanzu
Tun daga shekarun 1990, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Masar ya tafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ƙananan fina-finai na fasaha suna jan hankalin wasu ƙasashen duniya, amma ba sa halarta a gida. Shahararrun fina-finai, galibin manyan barkwanci irin su What A Lie!, da kuma ayyuka masu fa'ida sosai na ɗan wasan barkwanci Mohamed Saad, yaƙi don ɗaukar masu sauraro ko dai sun ja hankalinsu zuwa fina-finan yammacin duniya ko kuma, suna ƙara yin taka tsantsan game da lalatar fim ɗin.
Wasu ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, irin su Sahar el Layali na 2003 ( Sleepless Nights ), labarun da suka haɗa da ma'auratan bourgeois guda huɗu da 2006 na Imrat Yacoubian ( Ginin Yacoubian ) sun haɗu da wannan rarrabuwa ta hanyar haɗuwa da babban ingancin fasaha da kuma babbar mashahuriyar sha'awa.
A cikin 2006, an fitar da fim ɗin Awkat Faragh ( Lokacin hutu ). Sharhin zamantakewa game da raguwar matasan Masar, an shirya fim ɗin a kan ƙananan kasafin kuɗi kuma yana da ma'aikacin ƙananan ƙimar samarwa. Fim ɗin, duk da haka, ya zama nasara. Batun sa mai cike da cece-kuce, wato, yanayin jima'i a cikin al'ummar yau, ana ganinsa a matsayin tabbatar da cewa masana'antar ta fara yin kasada.
Babban ƙalubalen da ke gaban masanan Masar da na duniya, dalibai da masu sha'awar fina-finan Masar, shi ne rashin wadatattun kayan aiki ta fuskar ayyukan da aka buga, da adanawa da samun kwafin fina-finan da kansu, da ci gaba a Masar na cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu da suka sadaukar da bincike da adanawa. na fim. Cibiyar Fina-Finai ta Masarawa (ENFC), wacce bisa ka'ida ta ke rike da kwafin dukkan fina-finan da aka yi bayan 1961, a cewar wani mai binciken fina-finan Masar, "da nisa da zama dakin karatu, akwai tarin gwangwani masu tsatsa da ke ɗauke da kwafi masu inganci."
Bukukuwa
Tun shekara ta alif 1952, Alƙahira ta gudanar da bikin fina-finai na Cibiyar Katolika. Shi ne bikin fina-finai mafi daɗewa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ya kware a Cinema na Masar. Tun daga shekara ta alif 1976, Alkahira ta gudanar da bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Alkahira na shekara-shekara, wanda kungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta kasa da kasa ta amince da shi. Ana gudanar da wani bukukuwan fina-finai a Masar da haɗa da:
Adaku Ufere-Awoonor
Adaku Ufere-Awoonor (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yuli, 1985) ya kasan ce ƙwararren ƙwararren masanin makamashin Najeriya ne kuma ƙwararren lauya na mai da iskar gas, jinsi da haɓaka. Ita ce Babban Darakta kuma Babban Mashawarci a DAX Consult da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar na yanzu, Shirin Makamashin Yammacin Afirka na USAID.
Ilimi
Adaku ta halarci makarantar Corona Apapa da Grange School Ikeja, duk a Legas don karatun firamare. Ta fara zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da Vivian Fowler na 'Yan mata sannan ta tafi Kwalejin Sarauniya don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatun digiri a jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka ; inda ta sami digiri na farko na Laws (LL. B) a 2007. Daga nan Adaku ta zarce zuwa Makarantar Koyar da Lauyoyi ta Najeriya, Campus Abuja a 2008 don kammala shirinta na digiri na uku (BL). Bayan kammala hidimarta na Matasa ta Ƙasa, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin mai da iskar gas daga Jami'ar Aberdeen. Adaku ya halarci shirye -shiryen ilimin zartarwa da yawa kuma ya sami Takaddun shaida a cikin Jinsi & Jima'i: Aikace -aikace a cikin Society, daga Jami'ar British Columbia, Kanada, Takaddun Shaida a Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar California, Davis a matsayin Mandela Washington Fellow, da Takaddun shaida Jagorancin Makamashi daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu (Unisa) bayan kammala shirin Matan Matasa a Ikon Afirka wanda Cibiyar Shugabancin Matasan Afirka (YALI) ta gabatar a Cibiyar Shugabancin Yankin Kudancin Afirka (RLC-SA).
Yenagoa
Yenagoa itace babban birnin jihar Bayelsa dake kudu maso kudun Nijeriya, kuma a nan ne fadar gwamnatin jihar take.
Ibarapa ta Arewa
Ibarapa ta Arewa Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin Kananan hukumomin dasuke a jihar Oyo wadda ke a shiyar Kudu maso Yamma a kasar Nijeriya.
Manufar ECOWAS akan Kimiyya da Fasaha
A cikin shekara ta 2011, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta karɓi Manufar Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST).
Wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na ƙudurin 2020
ECOPOST wani muhimmin bangare ne na Shirin Ci gaban Vision 2020 na yankin. Vision 2020 ya tsara wani shiri don ingantaccen shugabanci, saurin tattalin arziki da haɗin kuɗi da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs). Yana tallafawa shirin daidaita ka'idojin saka hannun jari a Yammacin Afirka kuma yana ba da shawara kan tura kafa hukumar inganta saka hannun jari ta yanki "tare da ƙarfi". Ana ba da shawara ga ƙasashe su goyi bayan ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici (SMEs), da kuma fallasa aikin gona na gargajiya ga fasahar zamani, kasuwanci, da kirkire-kirkire, don haɓaka samarwa.
Tsarin manufofi na kasa
ECOPOST tana ba da tsari ga jihohin membobin da ke son ingantawa ko bayyana manufofinsu na ƙasa da shirye-shiryen aiki don kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire. Bugu da ƙari, ECOPOST ya haɗa da hanyar saka idanu da kimanta aiwatar da manufofin, wani bangare da ake watsi da shi.
Ba ta yi watsi da kudade ba maimakon haka tana ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar asusun hadin kai wanda Darakta a cikin ECOWAS za ta gudanar don taimakawa kasashe su zuba jari a manyan cibiyoyin da inganta ilimi da horo; Hakanan za'a yi amfani da asusun don jawo hankalin zuba jari kai tsaye na kasashen waje. Ya zuwa farkon shekara ta 2015, ba a kafa asusun ba.
Manufofin yankin suna ba da shawarar ci gaban al'adun kimiyya a duk bangarorin al'umma, gami da ta hanyar yaduwar kimiyya, yada sakamakon bincike a cikin mujallu na gida da na duniya, kasuwanci na sakamakon bincike, canja wurin fasaha mafi girma, kariya ta dukiyar ilimi, karuwar alaƙar jami'a da masana'antu da haɓaka ilimin gargajiya.
ECOPOST tana ƙarfafa kasashe su hada kai da:
Zuba jari a cikin bincike da ci gaba
Kasashen ECOWAS har yanzu suna da dogon lokaci don isa ga burin Tarayyar Afirka na ba da kashi 1% na GDP ga kudaden cikin gida akan bincike da ci gaba (GERD). Mali ta zo mafi kusa (0.66% a cikin 2010), sannan Senegal (0.54% a cikin 2010). Ghana (0.38% a cikin 2010), Najeriya da Togo (0.22% a cikin 2007 da 2012 bi da bi), Burkina Faso (0.20% a cikin 2009), Gambiya (0.13% a cikin 2011) da Cabo Verde (0.07% a cikin 2007). Babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da yankin ya samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda bunkasa kayayyaki, ba shakka, ya sa ya zama da wuya a inganta rabo na GERD / GDP, tunda GDP na ci gaba da tashi. Kasashe da yawa sun kara jajircewarsu ga bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Mali ta ba da gudummawa kawai 0.25% na GDP ga bincike da ci gaba a cikin 2009, alal misali, kuma Senegal ta kara ƙarfin bincikenta daga 0.37% a cikin 2008.
Kodayake gwamnati ita ce babbar hanyar GERD, hanyoyin kasashen waje suna ba da gudummawa mai yawa a Ghana (31%), Senegal (41%) da Burkina Faso (60%). Gambiya tana karɓar kusan rabin GERD daga masu zaman kansu marasa riba.
GERD ana amfani da shi galibi a ko dai a bangarorin gwamnati ko jami'a, dangane da kasar, kodayake Ghana da Senegal ne kawai suka ba da bayanai ga dukkan bangarori huɗu masu aiki. Wadannan bayanan sun nuna cewa rabon GERD da bangaren kasuwanci ya yi a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe biyu ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan zai buƙaci canzawa idan yankin ya kara saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaba.
Iyinoluwa Aboyeji
Iyinoluwa Aboyeji ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya kuma wanda ya kafa Flutterwave, babban kamfani na fintech wanda ke ba da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da abubuwan more rayuwa a faɗin Afirka. Tafiya ta kasuwanci ta Aboyeji ta fara ne da kafa kamfanin fasaha na Andela da ke horarwa da hada kan masu haɓaka software na Afirka da ƙungiyoyin duniya. Daga baya, ya kafa Flutterwave a cikin 2016, wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin biyan kuɗi mafi sauri a Afirka. Flutterwave yana bawa 'yan kasuwa da daidaikun mutane damar yin da karɓar kuɗi ba tare da wata matsala ba a cikin tashoshi daban-daban na biyan kuɗi. Kokarin da Aboyeji ya yi wajen samar da hada-hadar kudi da karfafa kasuwancin Afirka ya sa ya samu karbuwa, ciki har da sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen Forbes na "30 Under 30" na Afirka a cikin 2018.
Manufar ECOWAS akan Kimiyya da Fasaha
Zuba jari a cikin bincike da ci gaba
Duk da manufofi da ke inganta daidaiton jinsi, shiga mata a cikin bincike ya kasance ƙasa. Cabo Verde, Senegal da Najeriya suna da wasu mafi kyawun rabo: kusan ɗaya cikin uku (Cabo Verde) da ɗaya cikin masu bincike huɗu. Game da bangaren aiki, abin mamaki ya zo ne daga Mali, inda rabin (49%) na masu bincike ke aiki a bangaren kasuwanci a cikin 2010, a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Kididdiga ta UNESCO.
Iyinoluwa Aboyeji
Shola Akinlade: Shola Akinlade ’yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Paystack, babban dandalin sarrafa biyan kudi wanda ke baiwa ‘yan kasuwa damar karbar kudade ta yanar gizo. Akinlade ya fahimci kalubalen da ‘yan kasuwar Najeriya ke fuskanta wajen karbar kudaden ta yanar gizo sannan ya kafa Paystack a shekarar 2015 don cike wannan gibin. Paystack yana ba kasuwancin amintattun kayan aikin biyan kuɗi, haɗe tare da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban da kuma ba da APIs masu sauƙin amfani. Karkashin jagorancin Akinlade, Paystack ya samu ci gaba cikin sauri kuma ya zama muhimmin bangare na tsarin fintech na Najeriya. Bidi'o'in da Akinlade ya yi game da biyan kuɗi ya ba shi yabo, ciki har da kasancewa cikin jerin "30 Under 30" na Forbes na Afirka a cikin 2016.
Manufar ECOWAS akan Kimiyya da Fasaha
Tasirin kimiyya da fasaha a Yammacin Afirka
Sashin noma yana fama da rashin saka hannun jari a Yammacin Afirka. A shekara ta 2010, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar da Senegal ne kawai suka kara kudaden da jama'a ke kashewa zuwa kashi 10% na GDP, burin da aka kafa ta hanyar Maputo Declaration (2003). Gambiya, Ghana da Togo sun kasance a kan ƙofar cimma wannan burin. Najeriya ta ba da kashi 6% na GDP ga noma kuma sauran ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka kasa da 5%.
Sauran yankunan da ba su da ci gaba sune ruwa, tsaftacewa da bangarorin wutar lantarki, waɗanda ke da damar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Yanayin ya fi gaggawa a Benin, Ghana, Guinea da Nijar, inda kasa da kashi 10% na yawan jama'a suka ji daɗin ingantaccen tsabta a cikin 2011. Kodayake mutane suna da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta fiye da tsaftacewa, wannan kayan masarufi har yanzu yana kauce wa fiye da rabin yawan jama'a a yawancin ƙasashe. Samun wutar lantarki ya bambanta sosai, daga 13% a Burkina Faso zuwa 72% a Ghana (ƙididdigar 2011).
Har ila yau, shiga Intanet ya kasance mai jinkiri a Yammacin Afirka, sabanin biyan kuɗi na wayar hannu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kashi 5% na yawan jama'a ko ƙasa da haka suna da damar yin amfani da intanet a Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nijar, Saliyo da Togo. Sai kawai Cabo Verde da Najeriya zasu iya samar da daya daga cikin 'yan ƙasa uku tare da haɗin intanet.
Me ya sa bangaren bincike ya yi tasiri kadan a kan ci gaban fasaha a Yammacin Afirka? Baya ga abubuwan da ke bayyane kamar rashin saka hannun jari, wannan halin ya haifar da ƙarancin sadaukarwar siyasa ga kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire daga kowane ƙasashe. Akwai rashin dabarun bincike na kasa da sababbin abubuwa ko manufofi tare da bayyane ma'anar manufofi masu auna da kuma rawar da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taka; rashin shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin aiwatar da bayyana bukatun bincike na kasa, fifiko da shirye-shirye; da kuma rashin cibiyoyin da aka sadaukar da su ga sababbin abubuwa wanda zai iya yin alaƙa tsakanin bincike da ci gaba.
A cikin ilimi, tsarin digiri uku (bachelor's -master's-PhD) yanzu an haɗa shi zuwa yawancin ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka. Game da ƙasashen WAEMU, wannan galibi godiya ne ga Taimako ga Ilimi mafi girma, Kimiyya da Fasaha, wanda aka ba da tallafi daga Bankin Raya Afirka. Tsakanin 2008 da 2014, WAEMU ta saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 36 a cikin wannan sake fasalin.
Motsawa don inganta tattara bayanai
Ana ƙarfafa ƙasashe suyi aiki tare da Hukumar ECOWAS don inganta tattara bayanai. Daga cikin kasashe 13 da suka halarci matakin farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Innovation na Afirka (ASTII), hudu ne kawai daga kasashe na ECOWAS suka ba da gudummawa ga tarin bayanai na farko na ASTII game da bincike don bugawa a cikin African Innovation Outlook (2011): Ghana, Mali, Najeriya da Senegal. ASTII an ƙaddamar da shi ne a cikin 2007 ta hanyar Sabon Hadin gwiwar Tarayyar Afirka don Ci gaban Afirka (NEPAD), don inganta tattara bayanai da bincike a fagen bincike.
ECOWAS ya kasance mafi bayyane a cikin hangen nesa na biyu na Afirka, tare da kasashe shida kawai da ke ba da gudummawa game da bincike da ci gaba daga cikin 19 a fadin nahiyar: Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Ghana, Mali, Senegal da Togo. Najeriya ba ta nan gaba ɗaya kuma Ghana da Senegal ne kawai suka ba da cikakken bayanai ga dukkan bangarori huɗu na aiki.
ECOWAS ta shirya bitar horo na yanki ga ƙasashe a cikin 2013 da 2014 kan alamun kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire da kuma yadda za a tsara shawarwarin bincike. ECOWAS ta dauki wasu matakai kwanan nan don magance rashin tasirin fasaha na bangaren bincike. Misali, a cikin 2012, ministocin da ke kula da bincike sun karɓi Manufofin Bincike na ECOWAS yayin da suke ganawa a Cotonou, a Benin.
Tushe
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030​, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}
Ogunlola Olubunmi
Ogunlola Omowumi Olubunmi ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. (An haife ta ranar 19 ga watan Yuli, 1965). Ƴar siyasa ce, mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ijero/Ekiti ta yamma/Efon a majalisar wakilai.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Banditry wani nau'in laifi ne da aka shirya ta hanyar aikata laifuka da suka shafi barazana ko amfani da tashin hankali. Mutumin da ya shiga aikin 'yan fashi an san shi da ɗan fashi kuma da farko yana aikata laifuka kamar ƙwace, fashi, da kisan kai, ko dai a matsayin mutum ɗaya ko cikin ƙungiyoyi. Banditry ra'ayi ne mara ma'ana game da aikata laifi kuma a cikin amfani na zamani na iya zama daidai da ƙungiya -ƙungiya, ɓarayi, ɓarayi, da ɓarayi.
Caroline Adoch
Caroline Adoch lauya ce 'yar Uganda kuma mai kare hakkin bil'adama. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na uku (LL. D) digiri daga Jami'ar Makerere wanda aka ba ta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2022.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Ma'anoni
Kalmar ɗan fashi (wanda aka gabatar da Ingilishi ta hanyar Italiyanci kusan 1590) ya samo asali ne daga farkon aikin shari'ar Jamus na haramtattun masu laifi, wanda ake kira *bannan ( haramcin Ingilishi). Kalmar doka a Daular Roman Mai Tsarki ita ce Acht ko Reichsacht, wanda aka fassara shi da " haramtacciyar sarauta ". A cikin Italiyanci na zamani kalmar daidai "bandito" a zahiri tana nufin haramtacce ko wanda aka hana.
Caroline Adoch
Ilimi
Adoch ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Katolika ta Naggalama, inda ta sami takardar shaidar kammala firamare. Ta halarci Maunt St. Mary's Namagunga don karatun O-level da A-level. Ta halarci Jami'ar Dar es Salaam dan Bachelors of Laws daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2007, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na Dokokin (LL. M) a shekarar 2010 daga Jami'ar Cambridge a Burtaniya bayan an ba ta tallafin karatu na Commonwealth. Ta sami digiri na Dokoki (LL. D) daga Jami'ar Makerere a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2022, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu digirin digirgir (LL. D) daga jami'a.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Ma'anoni
The New English Dictionary kan Historical Principles (Ned) ayyana "ɗan fashi" a 1885 a matsayin "wanda aka proscribed ko haramta . Saboda haka, a m matsananciyar marauder, a brigand : yawanci amfani da mambobi ne na shirya gangs wanda infest da duwatsu gundumomi na Italiya, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey ”.
A cikin amfani na zamani kalmar na iya zama ma'anar "ɓarawo", saboda haka kalmar " ɗan fashi da makami ɗaya " don injin caca wanda zai iya barin mai caca ba tare da kuɗi ba.
Caroline Adoch
Sana'a
A cikin 2012, Adoch ta shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Makerere a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa. Daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar malama a wannan jami'a inda ta gabatar da kwasa-kwasan da suka hada da kare hakkin dan adam, dokokin cikin gida, dokokin gudanarwa da tsarin mulki. A watan Maris 2019, Ta zama babbar abokiyar tarayya a CivSource.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Lokacin Medieval
Paparoma Sixtus na V ya kashe kimanin bandan bindiga dubu biyar 5,000 a cikin shekaru biyar kafin mutuwarsa a dubu daya da dari biyar da casa'in 1590, amma akwai ƙarin dubu ashirin da bakwai 27,000 a cikin 'yanci a duk tsakiyar Italiya.
Nazi Jamus
A cikin Nazi Jamus, koyarwar Bandenbekämpfung ("yaƙin 'yan fashi") yana nufin cewa an nuna abokan adawar jam'iyyar Nazi a matsayin "' yan fashi" - masu laifi masu haɗari waɗanda ba su cancanci la'akari da su a matsayin mutane ba. Duk wani 'yan adawa da aka mur da matsakaicin karfi da kuma, yawanci, da taro kisan fararen hula da suke zaune a partisan -controlled yankunan.
Kasar China
Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) a cikin Ming China dubu daya da dari uku da sittin da takwas zuwa dubu daya da dari shida da arbain da hudu (1368 - 1644) gwamnatin Ming ta ayyana shi a matsayin “'fashi da karfi' wanda hukuncin kisa ne”. Amma a cikin daular, mutane sun shiga aikin 'yan fashi don dalilai daban -daban kuma aikin ɗan fashi yana da ruwa kuma na ɗan lokaci.
Dalilai da dama
Ming China galibi al'umma ce ta aikin gona kuma masu sa ido na zamani sun lura cewa yunwa da wahalar da ke biyo baya kan haifar da fashi. A cikin littafinsa na dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991 Rashin Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Sama: Rikicin gama -gari a daular Ming, James W. Tong yana amfani da bayanai daga gazetteers na lardin da na lardin Ming da daular Qing don nazarin tsarin tashin hankali a lokacin daular Ming. Tong yayi nazarin cewa dole manoma su yi "zaɓin hankali" tsakanin tsira da mawuyacin yanayi da tsira ta hanyar ayyukan haram na 'yan fashi. Ya gano muhimman abubuwa da yawa a cikin lissafin manoma na ko su zama 'yan fashi ko a'a, kamar ikon gwamnati na hukunta' yan fashi. Tong ya kammala da cewa "ƙirar zaɓin sa mai hankali ya yi hasashen cewa za a sami ƙarin tawaye da 'yan fashi inda yuwuwar tsira da wahala ta kasance kaɗan amma yuwuwar rayuwa a matsayin mai ƙetare iyaka ce mafi girma." A sakamakon haka, Tong ya gano cewa 'yan fashi, kamar sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin gama gari, yana da yanayin sarari da na ɗan lokaci. Yan fashi sun mamaye ko'ina a lardunan kudancin (galibi Guangdong da Fujian) da rabi na daular dubu daya da dari biyar da shida zuwa dubu daya da dari shida da arba'in da hudu (1506-1644).
Koyaya, Arewacin China da tsakiyar Ming (1450 - 1525) suna da rabonsu na fashi. Bandan fashi da makami sun kasance babba da yaɗuwar ofan fashin da ke addabar hanyoyi a kusa da babban birnin Beijing da kewayenta, ana sarrafa su kuma ana kiransu da Babban Birnin. Xiangmazei ('yan fashin kibiya masu busawa) wani rukuni ne na' yan fashin da aka saka mai suna bayan aikinsu na harba kibiyoyi don fadakar da wadanda abin ya shafa. Itsan bindiga masu harba iska sun dami yankin Babban Birnin a cikin shekaru talatin na farko na ƙarni na sha shida. Sun yi irin wannan babbar barazanar cewa an ba su kulawa ta musamman ta 'yan sanda kuma rashin kama su a kan lokaci ya haifar da hukunci mai tsanani (ana iya samun ƙarin bayani kan tsarin shari'ar Ming a Tarihin shari'ar manyan laifuka).
Masanin tarihin Ming David M. Robinson ya gano wasu fitattun abubuwan da ke haifar da fashi a Yankin Babban Birnin. Yankin ya kasance talaucin aikin gona saboda ambaliyar ruwa akai -akai, don haka manoma ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Bugu da ƙari, tattalin arzikin Yankin ya ba da dama mai yawa na satar manyan hanyoyi. Baya ga bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin Beijing, Yankin ya kuma kunshi biranen kasuwanci da yawa; wadannan garuruwa ba wai kawai sun ja hankalin 'yan kasuwa ba har ma da' yan fashi. Har ila yau, Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa babba da yawa a Beijing sun koma yin fashi. Kamar yadda Shih-Shan Henry Tsai ya yi bayani, jefa kai kawai wata hanya ce ta kubuta daga talauci; kuma lokacin da gungun bābān ya kasa samun aikin yi a cikin gidan sarauta, sukan juya zuwa tashin hankalin jama'a.
Yankin Babban Birnin kuma ya ƙunshi sojoji da yawa tare da tsarin Ming na sojoji na gado kuma babban ɓangaren 'yan fashi ainihin sojoji ne da aka girke a yankin. A shekara ta 1449, sojojin Mongoliya da ke aikin Ming sun kai hari da kwace yankin Beijing. Wani rahoto na 1489 ya tabbatar da cewa sojoji sun kai hari a lardin Henan. Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa "matsanancin matsin tattalin arziki" ya tilasta wa sojoji amfani da haramtattun hanyoyi don yin rayuwa. Hakanan, manufofi da yanayi a Yankin Babban Birnin sun ba da dama ga sojoji/'yan bindiga su guji hukuncin gwamnati. A lokacin daular Ming, an raba ikon soja da na farar hula. Wannan ya kasance abin damuwa musamman lokacin da sojoji ke zaune nesa da manyan su: lokacin da sojoji suka yi fashi, jami'an farar hula ba su da ikon kama su. Manufar jigilar garuruwan da ke kusa zuwa Beijing don horon shekara -shekara ya kuma samar da damar yin fashi da makami. Wani jami'i ya ba da rahoton cewa sojojin da ke tafiya ta Babban Canal daga garuruwan da ke kusa da su zuwa babban birnin sun yi fashi da kisa kan matafiya da 'yan kasuwa; a kasa, wadannan sojoji sun fada cikin 'yan fashi ma.
Dabaru, ƙungiya, rayuwa, da haɗari
Dabarar itsan bindiga ta ƙunshi dabarun yaƙi don amfani da makamai iri -iri, daga baka da kibiyoyi zuwa takubba. Wata muhimmiyar fasaha kuma ita ce dokin dawakai, musamman a yankin Babban Birnin Arewa, inda 'yan fashi da makami suka fi yawa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, da yawan itsan fashi actuallyan haƙiƙanin sojoji ne kuma suna da damar yin amfani da damar amfani da makamai da makamai. Wata fasaha ita ce iya tura tubalan hanyoyi don tsayawa da farautar matafiya.
Da zarar sun mallaki kayayyaki da kayayyaki da karfi, sai 'yan bindiga su sayar da su. Wani rahoton hukuma na 1485 ya bayyana cewa mutanen yankin, wataƙila wasu suna aiki azaman shinge (duba Fences a Ming China ), sun sayi dabbobin da aka sata da kayayyaki daga 'yan fashin manyan hanyoyi a farashi mai rahusa. Robinson ya ci gaba da nuna cewa "[cibiyar sadarwa] mai tartsatsi don zubar da garuruwan da aka sace da aka haɗa" a cikin Babban Birnin zuwa lardunan da ke kusa.
Yan gwarzo
yan gwarzo Qauye ne a qaramar hukumar bichi a jihar kano
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Dabaru, ƙungiya, rayuwa, da haɗari
'Yan ta'adda galibi suna yin aiki a ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin shugabanni ɗaya ko fiye. Waɗannan shuwagabannin masu kwarjini ba ƙwararru ba ne kawai wajen faɗa da hawa amma kuma sun mallaki jari da jari. Daya daga cikin jagororin abin koyi shine Zhang Mao na Wenan. Ya tara dimbin mabiya kuma ta hanyar amfani da alaƙar sa da dukiyar sa, ya sami damar cin hanci da yin mu'amala da manyan fāda a kotun.
Tabbas, gwamnatin Ming ta yi amfani da hannu mai ƙarfi don murƙushe 'yan fashi. Kwamandoji da 'yan sanda na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin cafke' yan fashi, amma sarakuna kan aika da naurar musamman don shawo kan matsalar 'yan fashi. Ning Gao yana daya daga cikin masu tace 1509, kuma ya yi amfani da munanan hanyoyi kamar nuna kawunan da aka yanke da sassan jiki don kashe 'yan fashin da ke akwai da kuma tsoratar da wadanda za su iya. Ban da tserewa zuwa filaye masu wahala, 'yan fashi masu ƙarfi sun yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar su da manyan mutane a babban birnin don tattauna lafiya. A wani lokaci, mashahurin marubuci Zhang Zhong ya taimaki ɗan'uwansa da aka rantsar Zhang Mao don tattaunawa da kwamandan da aka aika don farautar 'yan fashin. Koyaya, irin wannan tallafin bai bada garantin rigakafi ba. Wani jami'i mai tasiri da ƙuduri, wanda manyan masu fada aji ko fadawa ke ba da karfi, na iya yin babbar barazana ga rayuwar 'yan fashi. Ta hanyar kai farmaki mai kyau, Ning Gao, abokin hulɗar wani babban mashahurin Liu Jin, ya sami nasarar raunata kuma ya kama Zhang Mao, wanda daga nan aka kai shi Beijing aka kashe shi.