cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gidauniyar CryptoRights
Gidauniyar CryptoRights, Inc. (CRF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) da ke San Francisco. Gidauniyar CryptoRights tana taimakawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu amfani da boye-boye don kare hanyoyin sadarwar su ta yanar gizo. Kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙa'idodin ɓoyewa kamar OpenPGP,  IPsec da GnuPG. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1998 yayin kusufin rana gaba daya (kusa da iyakar tsibirin tsibirin Montserrat na Caribbean mai aman wuta ) a cikin kwale-kwalen da mahalarta taron International Financial Cryptography Association suka shirya akan Anguilla  da Dave Del Torto da ƙungiyar gungun masana "cypherpunk" masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.
Muhimman ayyukan fasaha sun hada da ci gaban HighFire (" H uman r igh ts Fire bango"), dandamalin sadarwar da aka rarraba don sadarwar masu zaman kansu na NGO (a kan PC mai karamin aiki wanda ake kira FireBox, game da girman modem na kebul), da kuma HighWire da ke da alaƙa, aikin sadarwar mara waya na yancin dan adam wanda ya zama shine budi na bude tushen bayanin Rediyon da aka ayyana Software a GnuRadio. CRF tana ba da horo na tsaro kyauta da tallafi ga 'yancin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin aikin jarida kan amfani da rubutun kalmomi. Aungiyar CRF kuma ta haɓaka toshe GPG don SquirrelMail.
Saratou Traore
Saratou Traoré (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2002) ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce 'yar ƙasar Mali, wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga Fatih Karagümrük a gasar Super League ta mata ta Turkiyya da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Mali.
Aikin kungiya
Traoré ta taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Super Lionnes d'Hamdally a kasarta. Ta ji dadin matsayin tawagarta a matsayi na biyu a gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Mali da Gwagwala kuma zakara a gasar 2020-21 Mali w, gasar kwallon kafa ta mata.
A watan Disamba 2021, ta koma Turkiyya, kuma ta rattaba hannu da sabuwar kungiyar Super League ta mata Fatih Karagümrük a Istanbul. Ta zira kwallaye 15 a wasanni 25 na kakar Super League ta mata ta 2021-22.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Ita mamba ce a kungiyar mata ta kasar Mali.
Tashar wutar Lantarki ta Shatura
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Shatura (wanda kuma ake kira Shaturskaya GRES ko GRES-5 a cikin gida) yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Rasha. Wurin yana cikin Shatura, Moscow Oblast, kuma yana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da raka'a 210 MW guda biyu, raka'a 200 MW uku, da na'urar MW 80, don jimlar 1,100 MW. An gina shi a cikin 1925, tashar wutar lantarki ta fara amfani da peat a matsayin tushen mai. Daga baya kuma, an karkasa tashar wutar lantarki zuwa man fetur da yawa. A shekara ta 2010, an shigar da wani sabon haɗakar toshe mai ƙarfin megawatt 400. Abubuwan 80 da 400MW ba za su iya aiki akan peat ba.
Ma'auni na man fetur
A cikin shekara ta 2005 amfani da man fetur shine:
Manazarta
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Osman Yusuf Kenadid
Osman Yusuf Kenadid ( Somali  ; عثمان يوسف كيناديد   ; 1889 - 14 ga Agusta 1972) mawaƙin Somaliya ne, marubuci, malami kuma mai mulki. An haife shi a Ceel Huur a 1889, ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar haruffa Osmanya don rubutun Somaliya. Ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1972 a birnin Mogadishu.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Kenadid ya taso ne a garin Galkayo, dake arewa ta tsakiyar Somalia a yau. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora a masarautar Majeerteen ta Hobyo kuma ɗan wanda ya kafa siyasar, Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid. Shi ne kuma mahaifin Yasin Osman Kenadid. Kenadid ya fito ne daga dangin Osman Mahamuud Majeerteen Darod.
Har ila yau marubuci, Kenadid ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi tarihin Somaliya da kimiyya, ciki har da litattafai a kan harshen Somaliya, ilmin taurari, labarin kasa da falsafar Somaliya. Ya yi rance mai mahimmanci daga ɗimbin tsoffin ma'ajiyar al'adun Somaliya, yana aiki don sake farfado da wannan arziƙin da.
A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin matasan Somaliya sun ga yana da matukar muhimmanci a sami rubutun kasa amma kishin ƙasa ba na Larabawa ba ne. Domin tabbatar da ikon mallakarsu, mutane da yawa sun ji cewa ya kamata yaren Somaliya, wanda ya bambanta a duniya, ya kamata ya kasance yana da rubutu na musamman, don haka a mayar da martani ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa don daidaitawa kan daidaitaccen rubutun harshen Somaliya (wanda ya daɗe akan asalin Rubutun da), Kenadid ya ƙirƙiri wani haruffan sauti mai suna Osmanya don wakiltar sautunan Somaliya.
A wannan lokacin an rubuta cewa Kenadid yana rubuta wa iyalinsa wasiƙu da rubutun Larabci mara kyau, sai ya ce a ransa: kai ɗan Somaliya ne, kana jin Somali, me ya sa ba ka da haruffan Somaliya? Sannan ya ƙirƙiro rubutun nasa wanda ba ya kama da Larabci ko Latin, ya fara karantar da shi.
Daga baya Osmanya na Kenadid aka shigar da shi cikin makarantun gida a cikin Sarkin Musulmi. Lokacin da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Italiya suka sami wannan labari, ba tare da bata lokaci ba suka tsare shi a birnin Mogadishu tun da suna jin tsoron cewa rubutun ya kasance alama ce ta kishin ƙasa. Tare da kama Kenadid, duk ƙoƙarin samar da daidaitaccen rubutun harshen Somaliya ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa.
Haɓaka ra'ayin kishin ƙasa wanda ya biyo bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu - musamman ma haihuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta matasan Somaliya, wanda Kenadid ya kasance memba na kafa - ya haifar da farfadowa na sha'awa da amfani da rubutun Osmanya. Wannan farfaɗowar za ta ɗore har sai an zaɓi gwamnatin shugaban ƙasar Somaliya na lokacin Mohamed Siad Barre a shekara ta 1972 don samar da ingantaccen rubutun Latin wanda Shire Jama Ahmed ya ƙirƙira a matsayin tsarin rubutu na hukuma.
Muskat
Muscat ( مَسْقَط , Masqaṭ pronounced [ˈmasqatˤ] ) babban birni ne kuma birni mafi yawan jama'a a Kasar Oman. Ita ce wurin zama na Gwamnan Muscat. Bisa ga Cibiyar Kididdiga da Bayani ta Kasa (NCSI), jimillar yawan jama'ar Gwamnatin Muskat ya kasance miliyan 1.4 tun daga Satumba 2018. Yankin babban birni ya kai kusan kusa kilomita 3,500   kuma ya haɗa da larduna shida da ake kira wilayats. tun farkon karni na 1 AD a matsayin tashar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin yamma da gabas, Muskat tana karkashin ikon Kabilu daban-daban na asali da kuma wasu kasashen waje irin su Farisa, daular Portugal da daular Usmania a wurare daban-daban. a cikin tarihinsa. Ƙarfin soja na yanki a ƙarni na 18, tasirin Muscat ya kai har zuwa Gabashin Afirka da Zanzibar. A matsayin muhimmiyar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Oman, Muscat ya jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje da mazauna kamar Farisa, Balochis da Sindhis. Tun bayan hawan Qaboos bin Said a matsayin Sarkin Oman a shekara ta 1970, Muscat ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri na samar da ababen more rayuwa wanda ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai fa'ida da al'ummar kabilu daban-daban. Ana kiran Muscat a matsayin Beta- Birnin Duniya ta Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya da Biranen Duniya.
Toponymy
Taswirar Larabawa ta Ptolemy ta gano yankunan Cryptus Portus da Moscha Portus. Malamai sun kasu kashi biyu a kan wane ne daga cikin biyun yake da alaka da birnin Muscat. Hakazalika, Arrianus ya ambaci Omana da Moscha a cikin Voyage na Nearchus. Fassarar aikin Arrianus na William Vincent da Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville sun kammala cewa Omana yana magana ne ga Oman, yayin da Moscha ke nuni ga Muscat. Hakazalika, wasu malaman sun gano cewa Pliny dattijon ya ce Amithoscuta ya zama Muscat.
Protection International
Kungiyar Kariya ta Duniya (PI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya wacce aka keɓe don kare masu kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam (HRDs). Manufarta ta bayyana shi ne dan inganta tsaro da kariya daga "'yan kungiyar farar hula da aka yi wa barazana da hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba, musamman ma wadanda ke gwagwarmayar neman hakkokinsu da na wasu kamar yadda dokar jin kai ta duniya da ta' yancin dan adam ta tabbatar da su. taro ".
Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta fara ayyukanta a shekara ta alib 1998 a matsayin tsohon Ofishin Turai na Peace Brigades International (PBI-BEO) kuma tana da hedikwata a Brussels. Tana Yin aiki a kan ka'idar cewa "masu kare hakkin dan'adam suna daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da ke yaki da rashin hukunci da sunan adalci", PI tana gudanar da ayyukan filaye a kasashe da dama ( Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo, Uganda, Nepal, Thailand, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras ) da yankuna masu fama da rikici kamar Gabas da kusurwar Afirka tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida.
Tana bai wa masu kare hakkin dan Adam (watau kungiyoyin kwadago, 'yan jarida, ' yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu jinsi biyu da masu kare kansu, mambobin kungiyoyin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da sauransu) horo, ilimi da kayan aiki, kamar Dokar Kariya ga Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ", don samar da matakan kariya a cikin aikinsu tare da basu damar "kare dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam".  Kungiyar kare hakkin dan'adam ta kasa da kasa tana da niyyar tattara jama'ar kasa da na duniya (majalisu, gwamnatoci, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kafofin yada labarai da ra'ayoyin jama'a ).
Tarihi
Kariya ta Duniya ita ce tsohon ofishin Tarayyar Turai na Peace Brigades International (PBI-BEO). A watan Oktoba shekarata 2007, PBI-BEO a hukumance ta zama Kariya ta Duniya, bayan rabuwa da kungiyar PBI da aka aiwatar ta yarda daya. Koyaya, ayyukan yau da kullun da kungiyoyi Kariya ta Duniya ke gudanarwa sakamako ne mai ma'ana na shirye-shiryen kariyar waɗanda suka fara sama da shekaru goma da suka gabata.
A shekara ta alif 1998, ta shirya sauraro a zauren Majalisar Tarayyar Turai inda masu kare hakkin dan'Adam daga kasashen Colombia da Guatemala suka halarta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, PI na tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da "sabbin dabaru da kayan aiki don kariya ga HRDs ta hanyar inganta dabarun tsaro nasu, don haka kuma ba su damar inganta kariyar wasu" (ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa, shaidu, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu al'ummomi, matan HRD's, LGBTI, da sauransu).
Daga shekara ta alib 1999 zuwa shekara pta 2002, PI ta shirya taron karawa juna sani game da Dabarun Lura da Kasashen Duniya don kungiyoyin INGOs da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a duk Turai. A lokaci guda, ana gudanar da ayyukan horo kan tsaro da kariya na HRD a cikin kasashe sama da ashirin (a tsakanin wasu, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Bolivia, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Uganda, Kenya, Ingushetia, Serbia, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India da Thailand ).
Yayin haɓaka gabanta a cikin yankuna masu mahimmanci, PI ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2003 tare da mambobin majalisar dokoki a cikin ƙasashen Turai daban-daban kan zartar da ƙudiri da motsi game da kariyar masu kare su. Sakamakon haka, PI ta taimaka wa Majalisar Beljam da Majalisar Dattawa wajen tsarawa da kuma zartar da su a watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, wani ƙuduri na kaiwa ga duniya wanda ya nemi Gwamnatin Beljiyam da ta "buƙaci ofisoshin jakadancinta da su kula sosai da kuma tsara yanayin masu kare haƙƙin ɗan'Adam a cikin ƙasashen da suke na sake aiki. ". A shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag ta zartar da irin wannan kudurin kuma Spain ta bi shi a 2007 ta hanyar zabar nata dokokin.
A cikin mafi yawan shekarun da suka gabata, kungiyar Kariya ta Duniya ta haɓaka kanta cikin sauri. Daga Agusta na shekarata 2008 zuwa Disamba na shekarata 2009, ta ba da horo game da matakan tsaro da kariya ga kusan 1500 HRD a cikin ƙasashe masu aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ana bayar da shawarwari na yau da kullun ga HRDs 600 da ƙungiyoyin su ta hanyar Daraktan Tsaron ta na dindindin da kuma yin hulɗa da cibiyoyin duniya kamar Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Bil'adama da Jama'a ta Afirka (ACHPR) da Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman game da halin masu kare haƙƙin bil'adama. domin tsarawa da aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin kariya.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, PI kuma ta bayar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara na farko wanda ke wakiltar "shekarun kwarewa a cikin kariya ta filin".
Manufofi
A cikin kowane aiki, Layin Kariya yana bin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya a cikin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya da musamman Sanarwar Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Masu Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam (1998), Sharuɗɗan EU game da HRD da Ka'idodin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga' Yan Gudun Hijira ( Ka'idodin Deng ).
Yayinda yake sanya fifikon inganta ingantattun masu kare hakkin bil'adama game da kula da tsaro, kariya da kuma koyar da ilimin halayyar dan'adam, da kansu da kuma wadanda suka amfana da aikinsu, shirin Kariya na Duniya na PI shima ya maida hankali ne kan ayyukan siyasa da shawarwari, domin hukumomin kasa da na kasa da kasa da sauran manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin lamuran kariya suna aiwatar da ayyukansu dangane da kariya ga masu kare hakkin dan adam.
Aikin Kariya na Duniya
Dangane da gabatarwar shekara-shekara ta 2008, rawar International ba ta "maye gurbin gwamnatoci" a cikin nauyin da ke kansu na kare masu kare hakkin bil'adama ba amma don "ba da shawara ga masu karewa kan inganta tsaronsu ta bin hanyoyin da aka gwada-da-gwaji" da kuma haɓaka aikin da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin duniya ke yi a wannan fagen. Sabili da haka, PI yana ɗaukar fannoni da yawa na ayyuka :
Teburin Kariya
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Kungiyar Kare Kariyar Kasa da Kasa ta karkata akalarta zuwa saiti da cigaba na asali da kuma dogon zango : teburin kariya (PDs). PDs tsari ne na dindindin wanda ke baiwa masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sani da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don fifita batutuwan tsaro da kariya a cikin shirin su na aiki (watau : a cikin jarida ko ƙungiyar kwadago) kuma don haɓaka nasu tsarin tsaro dangane da horon da masu horar da PI suka bayar a filin. An haɓaka PDs tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar da aka yi niyya da ƙungiyoyin abokan tarayya na cikin gida. An buɗe Teburin Kariyar farko a Nepal a cikin shekarata 2006 kuma ya yi aiki tare da "ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na NGO a yankuna masu rikici tare da ƙananan kabilu, waɗanda abin ya shafa da kwamitocin al'umma da kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro kamar fataucin mutane". Tun daga wannan lokacin, International Protection ta bunkasa sosai kuma ta buɗe sabon PD a cikin Uganda, Colombia, Guatemala da Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Congo. Haka kuma, kungiyar na shirye-shiryen kafa sabon Teburin Kariya a Thaïland wanda ya kamata ya kasance mai aiki a kasashe daban-daban na yankin, daga Pakistan zuwa Indonesia.
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
A shekara ta 2004, Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta kasa da kasa ta jagoranci aikin lura a DRC kuma ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani guda biyu kan Jagororin EU akan HRDs. Daga shekarata 2006 har zuwa shekarata 2007, ya ci gaba tare da horar da masu kare su: daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, akwai kungiyoyi 185 na kungiyoyin farar hula da suka fito daga yankuna 13 na rikici. Tare da wannan, Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta kasa da kasa ta bunkasa ayyukan bayar da shawarwari na yau da kullun don inganta kariya ga HRDs, galibi ana nufin ofisoshin jakadancin Turai, da MONUC da kuma masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa da na cikin gida, musamman wadanda ke da hannu a sake fasalin bangaren shari'ar Congo.
A watan Yulin shekarata 2006, PI ta shirya wani taro tare da 30 Congo HRDs, Michael Matthiessen, Javier Solana 's sirri wakilin domin yancin yan Adam da kuma wahala ' s Special Duniya, Reine Alapini. A shekarata 2006, PI ta samar da "Les armes de l'impunité" ("Makamai na Rashin Hukunci"), shirin fim wanda ya ba da labarin kisan Pascal Kabungulu, wani mai kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasar Kwango, wanda ya yi aiki a "Ligue des Droits de l'Homme dans la Région des Grands Lacs "(kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Babban Lakes) da NGOungiyar Furotesta ta" Héritiers de la Justice "(Magadan Adalci), kuma suna yin tir da tsoratar da kai tsaye ko cin zarafin zahiri ga masu kare waɗanda suka yi rubuce-rubucen cin zarafin da aka yi yakin Congo na biyu.
A watan Mayun na shekarata 2009, Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta nemi a sake yi masa shari'ar Maheshe. Serge Maheshe dan jaridar Kwango ne da ke aiki da Rediyon Okapi, rediyon da Monuc ke tallafawa, wanda aka kashe a Bukavu a watan Yunin na shekarata 2007. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta International, shari'ar "wacce ta gudana a gaban Sojojin da ke Bukavu a matakin farko da kuma daukaka kara, ba ta mutunta ka'idojin adalci da adalci ba ballantana a kai ga bayyanar da gaskiya. Duk da wannan, an yankewa farar hula uku hukuncin kisa a cikin Mayu 2008 ". kungiyarta sake bayyana duk abin da aka gani game da shari'ar ɗaukaka ƙara a cikin cikakken rahoto mai taken Rapport d'observation du procès d'appel «Maheshe» devant la cour militaire du Sud-Kivu (RD Congo) da kuma suivi des recours. 'Yar jaridar Beljiyam Colette Braeckman, kwararriyar DRC ce ta dauki nauyin aikin da kiran sake-jarrabawa da sake fitinar, "duk sun fi dacewa kamar Didace Namujimbo, wani dan jarida daga Bukavu wanda shi ma ya yi aiki da Monuc— wanda bai dauki wani mataki na farar hula ba ga duk wadanda suka bayar da gudummawar nasa - an kashe shi a irin wannan yanayi a shekarar 2008 ".
A cikin watan Agusta na 2009, bayan kisan Bruno Koko Chirambiza, dan jarida a gidan Bukavu mai zaman kansa Radio Star Protection International, tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda hudu (Action des chrétiens pour l'abolition de la azaba, Fédération de l'action des chrétiens pour l ' abolition de la azaba, Frontline et Diakonie), ta nemi hukumomin Congo da su kawo karshen rashin hukunta masu laifi, tana mai cewa "halin da 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin dan Adam ke ciki a DRC ya fi damuwa".
Duba kuma
Masu kare hakkin dan adam
Bayanan kula
a. ^ Wannan kudurin ya yi la’akari da kirkirar wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman na Sakatare Janar a kan masu kare hakkin Dan-Adam (wanda Hina Jilani ke zaune a lokacin, wanda Margaret Sekaggya ta gaje ta a shekarar 2008) a matsayin “babbar nasara ga dukkan mutanen da ke yakar kowace rana don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam "kuma sun gane cewa masu kare haƙƙin bil'adama" a ƙasashe da yawa sun fi fuskantar cin zarafi saboda ayyukansu, [...] suna buƙatar kariya daga al'ummomin duniya ".
Bruno Fernandes
Bruno Miguel Borges Fernandes Portuguese Portuguese: [ˈbɾunu fɨɾˈnɐ̃dɨʃ] ; (an haife shi ne a ranar 8 watan Satumba a shekarata 1994)  ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kungiyar kwallon kafan Premier League wato  Manchester United, wanda ya kasance shine jagora, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasa ta Portugal. An yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsakiya a duniya, an san shi don wucewa, wasan kwaikwayo, ɗaukar hukunci, da ƙimar aiki.
Fernandes ya fara aikinsa a kungiyar Novara ta Serie B ta Italiya amma nan da nan ya koma Udinese ta Serie A a shekarar 2013, sannan Sampdoria ta biyo baya bayan shekaru uku. Bayan shekaru biyar a Italiya, ya kulla da Sporting CP a 2017, inda aka nada shi kyaftin din kungiyar din .Ya lashe gasar Taças da Liga ta baya-baya a 2018 da 2019, da kuma Taça de Portugal, wanda hakan ya sa aka nada shi a cikin ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Primeira Liga da kuma Gwarzon Dan Wasan lig na bana a duk lokutan biyu.A cikin 2018. – 19, ya zira kwallaye 33 a duk gasa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan tsakiya na Portugal mafi yawan zura kwallo a raga kuma dan wasan tsakiya mafi yawan zura kwallo a Turai a cikin kakar wasa guda. (Fam miliyan 47), wanda ya zama a lokacin, mafi tsada na biyu mafi girma ga dan wasan Portugal da ya bar gasar cikin gida. A watan Yuli ne kuma a shekarata 2023, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar.
Roger Haitengi
Roger Nikanor Haitengi (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba 1983) ɗan wasan Namibia ne wanda ya kware a wasan tsalle-tsalle sai uku. Ya lashe babbar lambarsa ta farko, tagulla, a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2014.
Mohd Rafiq Naizamohideen
Mohd Rafiq bin Naizamohideen ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Melaka (EXCO) a karo na biyu a cikin gwamnatin jihar Barisan Nasional (BN) a ƙarƙashin Cif Minista Sulaiman Md Ali daga Maris 2020 zuwa Nuwamba 2021 kuma a karo na farko a cikin gwamnatin Jihar Pakatan Harapan (PH) a ƙarƙashin tsohon Cif Ministan Adly Zahari daga Mayu 2018 zuwa rushewar gwamnatin jihar PH a watan Maris 2020 da kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Mela ka (MLA) na Paya Rumput daga Nuwamba 2018. Har ila yau, memba ne na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), wata jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar BN. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), wata jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar Perikatan Nasional (PN) da kuma hadin gwiwarsa ta PH a baya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban BERSATU daga watan Agustan 2020 zuwa murabus dinsa a watan Oktoba 2022, Shugaban Jihar PN da BERSATu na Melaka daga Janairun 2021 zuwa murabusarsa a watan Nuwamba 2021.
Nene Dorgeles
Nene Dorgeles (An haifeshi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, 2002). Ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Mali wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga kulob ɗin Bundesliga na Austrian Bundesliga SV Ried, a matsayin aro daga Red Bull Salzburg da tawagar ƙasar Mali.
Mohd Rafiq Naizamohideen
A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2022, Rafiq ya yi murabus daga mukaman jam'iyyar BERSATU kuma ya bar jam'iyyar saboda rashin jin daɗinsa game da rarraba kujerar don babban zaben 2022. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2023, Rafiq ya koma UMNO bayan ya bar shi shekaru bakwai da suka gabata.
Nene Dorgeles
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Dorgeles ya fara aikinsa da FC Guidars da JMG Academy Bamako. A ranar 4 ga Janairu 2021, kulob din Red Bull Salzburg na Austria ya ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Dorgeles tare da Mamady Diambou da Daouda Guindo. Dukkansu sun sanya hannu kan kwangiloli na kwararru tare da kulob din har zuwa 31 ga Mayu 2025 kuma sun zama 'yan wasan hadin gwiwa a Liefering. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2021 a gasar Liefering da ci 3–1 da Austria Lustenau.
A ranar 27 Janairu 2022, Dorgeles ya koma a lamuni zuwa SV Ried.
Ayyukan kasa
Dorgeles ya yi wasa da tawagar kasar Mali a 1-0 2022 2022 na neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a Tunisia a ranar 25 ga Maris 2022.
Islamic Golden Age
Abubuwan da ke ciki Tarihin dabaru Dalilin 2.1 Tasirin addini 2.2 Tallafin Gwamnati 2.3 Gudummawa iri-iri 2.4 Sabon fasaha 3 Ilimi 4 Doka 5 Tiyoloji 6 Falsafa 6.1 Tsarin Jari 6.2 Epistemology 7 Lissafi 7.1 Algebra 7.2 Geometry 7.3 Trigonometry 7.4 Lissafi 8 Kimiyyar Halittu 8.1 Hanyar kimiyya 8.2 Falaki 8.3 Kimiyyar lissafi 8.4 Chemistry 8.5 Geodesy 8.6 Ilimin halittu 9 Injiniya 10 Ilimin zamantakewa 11 Kiwon lafiya 11.1 Asibitoci 11.2 Pharmacy 11.3 Magunguna 11.4 Yin tiyata 12 Kasuwanci da tafiya 12.1 Noma 13 Arts da al'adu 13.1 Adabi da waka 13.2 Art 13.3 Kiɗa 13.3.1 Masu tunani da polymaths na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Larabawa suna mai da hankali kan kiɗa 13.4 Gine-gine 14 Ragewa 14.1 Ragewa 14.2 Tattalin Arziki 14.3 Al'adu 15 Duba kuma 16 Bayanan kula 17 Nassoshi 18 Kara karantawa 19 Hanyoyin waje
Tarihin dabaru Fadada Kalifofi, 622-750 Fadada a karkashin Muhammad, 622-632 Fadada yayin daular Rashidun, 632-661  Fadada yayin daular Umayyawa, 661-750 An fara amfani da kwatancen zamanin zinare a cikin littattafan ƙarni na 19 game da tarihin Islama, a cikin yanayin yanayin kyawawan halaye na yamma waɗanda ake kira Orientalism. Marubucin Littafin Jagora don Matafiya a Siriya da Falasdinu a 1868 ya lura cewa mafi kyawun masallatan Dimashƙu sun kasance "kamar Mohammedanism kanta, yanzu yana saurin lalacewa" da abubuwan tarihi na "zamanin zinariya na Islama Babu cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar, kuma ya danganta da ko ana amfani da shi tare da mai da hankali kan al'adu ko cimma nasarar soja, ana iya ɗauka don yin nuni zuwa ga ɓarna tsakanin lokacin. Don haka, marubuci na ƙarni na 19 zai so ya ƙara tsawon lokacin halifancin, ko zuwa "ƙarni shida da rabi yayin da wani zai ce ya ƙare bayan 'yan shekaru kaɗan na yaƙin Rashidun, tare da mutuwar Umar da Fitina ta Farko. A farkon karni na 20, ana amfani da kalmar ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma galibi ana kiranta da nasarorin soja na farko na khalifofin Rashidun. Ya kasance ne kawai a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 20 lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar tare da kowane irin yanayi, yanzu galibi ana magana ne akan cigaban al'adun kimiyya da lissafi a ƙarƙashin halifofi a lokacin ƙarni na 9 zuwa 11 (tsakanin kafa malanta a cikin Gidan Hikima da farkon yakin jihadi), amma galibi ana fadada shi har ya hada da wani bangare na karshen 8 ko 12 zuwa farkon karni na 13. Ma'anar har yanzu na iya bambanta da yawa. Daidaita ƙarshen zamanin zinariya da ƙarshen khalifofi abu ne mai sauƙi na yankewa dangane da tarihin tarihi, amma ana iya jayayya cewa al'adun Islama sun fara raguwa sannu a hankali da wuri; don haka, Khan (2003) ya nuna zamanin da ya dace na kasancewa ƙarni biyu tsakanin 750 da 950, yana mai cewa farkon asarar yankuna a ƙarƙashin Harun al-Rashid ya taɓarɓare bayan mutuwar al-Ma'mun a shekara ta 833, kuma yaƙin jihadi ne a cikin.
Dalilin Tasirin addini Babban Labari: Halayyar Musulunci ga kimiyya Umarnin Alkur'ani daban-daban da Hadisi (ko ayyukan Muhammad), wadanda suke fifita dabi'u kan ilimi da kuma jaddada mahimmancin neman ilimi, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin tasiri ga musulmin wannan zamanin a cikin neman iliminsu da ci gaban jikin kimiyya.
Tallafin gwamnati Daular Musulunci ta kasance mai daukar nauyin malamai. Kudin da aka kashe akan Harkar Fassara don wasu fassarar an kiyasta sun kai kusan biyu na kasafin kudin bincike na shekara shekara na Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta United Kingdom. Mafi shahararrun malamai kuma fitattun masu fassara, kamar su Hunayn ibn Ishaq, suna da albashi wanda aka kiyasta sun yi daidai da kwararrun 'yan wasa a yau. Gidan Hikima dakin karatu ne wanda khalifa al-Mansur ya kafa a zamanin Abbasiyya na Baghdad, Iraki.
Gudummawa iri-iri Manyan labarai: Gudummawar Girka ga duniyar Islama, tasirin Indiya akan kimiyyar Islama, tasirin Kirista a cikin Islama, da tasirin China a kan tukwanen Islama A wannan lokacin, Musulmai sun nuna babbar sha'awa ga mamaye ilimin kimiyya na wayewar kan da aka ci da yaki. Yawancin ayyukan gargajiya na zamanin dā waɗanda watakila sun ɓace an fassara su daga Girkanci, Syriac, Persian na Tsakiya, da Sanskrit zuwa Syriac da Larabci, wasu daga baya kuma daga baya aka juya su zuwa wasu harsunan kamar Ibrananci da Latin Kiristoci, musamman mabiya Cocin Gabas (Nestorians), sun ba da gudummawa ga wayewar Musulunci a lokacin mulkin Ummayads da Abbasiyawa ta hanyar fassara ayyukan masana falsafa na Girka da tsohuwar ilimin kimiyya zuwa Syriac sannan daga baya zuwa Larabci.Sun kuma yi fice a fannoni da yawa, musamman falsafa, kimiyya (kamar Hunayn bin Ishaq, Yusuf Al-Khuri, Al Himsi, Qusta ibn Luqa,  Masawaiyh, 27 Eutychius na sarki,  da Jabril bn Bukhtishu  da tiyoloji. Na dogon lokaci likitocin Khalifofin Abbasiyawa galibi Kiristocin Assuriya ne.  Daga cikin mashahuran dangin Krista da suka yi aiki a matsayin likitoci ga khalifofi sun hada da daular Bukhtishu.Likitan kirista Hunayn ibn Ishaq ya jagoranci gidan Hikima.A cikin ƙarni na 4 zuwa 7, aikin malanta na Kirista a cikin Hellenanci da Syriac ya kasance sabon fassara ne ko kuma an adana shi tun zamanin Helenawa. Daga cikin shahararrun cibiyoyin ilmantarwa da yada hikimomin gargajiya akwai kwalejojin Kirista kamar Makarantar Nisibis] da Makarantar Edessa,cibiyar koyar da arna a Harran, da mashahurin asibiti da makarantar koyon aikin likita. na Jundishapur, wanda ya kasance cibiyar ilimi, tauhidi da kimiyya na Cocin na Gabas. Gidan Hikima an kafa shi a Baghdad a cikin 825, wanda aka tsara shi da Makarantar Koyon Kasuwancin Gondishapur. Likitan kirista Hunayn ibn Ishaq ne ya jagorance ta, tare da tallafin maganin Rumawa. Yawancin ayyukan falsafa da kimiyya masu mahimmanci na tsohuwar duniyar aka fassara, gami da aikin Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy da Archimedes. Yawancin malamai na gidan Hikima sun kasance asalin Krista ne. Daga cikin kasashe da al'adu daban-daban da aka ci nasara ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe na Musulunci a jere, ƙwararrun masanan kimiyya sun samo asali ne daga Farisa, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ƙwarai wajen bunƙasa ilimin kimiyya na zamanin Zamanin Islama. A cewar Bernard Lewis: "A al'adance, a siyasance, kuma mafi birgewa har ma ta fuskar addini, gudummawar mutanen Farisa ga wannan sabon wayewar ta Musulunci na da matukar muhimmanci. Ana iya ganin aikin Iraniyawa a kowane fanni na al'adu, gami da wakokin Larabci, zuwa wacce mawaka asalinsu Iraniyawa suke tsara wakokinsu cikin larabci sun bayar da gagarumar gudummawa.
Sabuwar fasaha Wani rubutu wanda aka rubuta akan takarda yayin zamanin Abbasiyyawa. Tare da sabon tsarin rubutu mai sauki da sauki, da kuma gabatar da takarda, bayanai sun kasance masu dimokiradiyya har ta yadda, mai yiwuwa karo na farko a tarihi, ya zama mai yuwuwar samun rayuwa daga kawai rubutu da sayar da littattafai. Amfani da takarda ya bazu daga China zuwa yankuna Musulmai a ƙarni na takwas, ya isa Al-Andalus a tsibirin Iberia (Spain da Fotigal na zamani) a ƙarni na 10. Ya fi sauƙin kerawa fiye da takarda, wanda ba zai iya fashewa fiye da papyrus ba, kuma zai iya shan tawada, yana mai da wuya a share shi kuma ya dace da adana bayanai. Masu yin takardu na Musulunci sun kirkiro hanyoyin hada-hadar rubuce-rubucen hannu don fitar da fitowar da ta fi duk wacce ake samu a Turai girma tsawon karnoni. Daga wadannan kasashe ne sauran kasashen duniya suka koyi yin takarda daga leda.
Ilimi Karin bayani: Madrasa Matsakaicin nassi da nazarinsa a cikin al'adun musulunci ya taimaka wajen mayar da ilimi ya zama ginshikin addinin a kusan kowane lokaci da wurare a tarihin Musulunci. Mahimmancin ilmantarwa a cikin al'adar addinin Islama ya bayyana a cikin hadisai da dama da aka danganta ga Muhammad, ciki har da wanda ke umurtar masu aminci da "neman ilimi, har ma a China An ga wannan umarnin da ya shafi malamai musamman, har ma zuwa ga sauran musulmin da yawa, kamar yadda misalin al-Zarnuji ya nuna, "an wajabta ilmantarwa gare mu baki daya ] Duk da yake ba zai yuwu a kirga yawan karatu da rubutu ba a cikin al'ummomin musulinci kafin zamani, amma kusan a iya cewa sun yi yawa, a kalla idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Turai. Shirya umarni a cikin Masallacin Al-Azhar na Alkahira ya fara ne a cikin 978 Ilimi zai fara ne tun yana karami tare da karatun larabci da alqurani, ko a gida ko a makarantar firamare, wanda galibi yake hade da masallaci. Wasu daliban za su ci gaba da samun horo a tafsiri (tafsirin Alqur'ani) da fiqhu (fikihun musulunci), wanda ake ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ilimi ya maida hankali kan haddacewa, amma kuma ya horar da daliban da suka ci gaba don su zama masu karatu da marubuta a al'adar sharhi a kan rubutun da aka karanta. Hakanan ya hada da tsarin zamantakewar malamai masu son zama, wadanda suka fito daga kusan dukkanin bangarorin zamantakewa, zuwa cikin malamai. A karnonin farko na Musulunci, tsarin ilimi bai kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma farawa a karni na 11 da 12, manyan masu mulki sun fara kafa cibiyoyin karatun addini da aka fi sani da madrasas a kokarin samun goyon baya da hadin kan malamai. Madrasas ba da daɗewa ba sun yawaita a duk duniyar musulinci, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗa ilimin addinin musulunci a bayan biranen birni da kuma haɗa kan al'ummomin musulmai daban-daban a cikin aikin al'adu da aka raba. Duk da haka, koyarwa ta kasance tana mai da hankali kan alaƙar mutum da ɗalibai da malamin su. Tabbacin shaidar samun ilimi, ijaza, wani malami ne ya bayar da shi maimakon cibiyoyin, kuma ya sanya mai shi a cikin tsatson asalin malamai, wanda shine kawai tsarin da aka sani a tsarin ilimi. Yayin da karatun boko a cikin madrasas ya kasance ga maza ne kawai, mata na manyan mashahuran iyalai na birane suna da ilimi koyaushe a kebantattun wurare kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun samu kuma daga baya sun ba da ijazas a karatun hadisi, rubutun rubutu da karatun waƙa. Mata masu aiki suna koyon rubuce-rubucen addini da dabarun aiki da farko daga juna, kodayake sun sami wasu koyarwa tare da maza a masallatai da gidajen masu zaman kansu.
Tiyoloji Babban Labari: Tauhidin Musulunci Tauhidin addinin Musulunci na gargajiya ya samo asali ne daga takaddama ta farko ta koyarwar da ta haifar da gwagwarmayar ahl al-hadisi, karkashin jagorancin Ahmad ibn Hanbal, wanda ya dauki Alqur'ani da ingantaccen hadisi a matsayin kawai karbabbun hukuma a al'amuran imani, da Mu'tazilites da sauran hanyoyin ilimin tauhidi. , wanda ya inganta koyaswar tiyoloji ta amfani da hanyoyin hankali. A shekara ta alif 833, khalifa al-Ma'mun ya yi kokarin sanya tiyolojin Mu'tazilite a kan dukkan malaman addini kuma ya kafa bincike (mihna), amma kokarin sanya khalifa a rubuce a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi ka'idojin addini daga karshe ya ci tura. [61] Wannan takaddama ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da al-Ash'ari (874–936) ya sami tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin Mu'tazilite da rubuce-rubucen Hanbalite, ta amfani da hanyoyin hankali da Mu'tazilites suka gabatar don kare akidun da Ahl al-hadisi ya inganta. Yarjejeniyar adawa tsakanin hankali da rubuce-rubuce ta samo asali ne daga aikin al-Maturidi (dc 944), kuma, kodayake wasu tsirarun malamai sun kasance masu aminci ga akidar ahl al-hadisi na farko, ilimin tauhidin Ash'ari da Maturidi sun mamaye musulunci na Sunni daga karni na 10 akan.
Falsafa Wani rubutun larabci daga karni na 13 wanda ke nuna Socrates (Soqrāt) yana tattaunawa tare da daliban sa Babban Labari: Falsafar Musulunci Ibn Sina (Avicenna) da Ibn Rushd (Averroes) sun taka rawa wajen fassara ayyukan Aristotle, wanda tunaninshi ya zo ya mamaye tunanin mara addini ga duniyar Kiristan da ta Musulmai. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Falsafa, fassarar matanin ilimin falsafa daga Larabci zuwa Latin a Yammacin Turai "ya haifar da sauya kusan dukkanin fannonin ilimin falsafa a duniyar Latin ta da Tasirin masana falsafa na Islama a cikin Turai yana da ƙarfi musamman a falsafar halitta, halayyar mutumtaka da ilimin tauhidi, kodayake hakan ma ya rinjayi nazarin dabaru da ɗabi'a
Epistemology A ilimin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Ibn Tufail ya rubuta labari mai suna Hayy ibn Yaqdhan sannan a martanin da Ibn al-Nafis ya rubuta littafin Theologus Autodidactus. Dukansu suna magana ne game da yanayin rayuwar mutum kamar yadda aka haskaka ta rayuwar yaro mai ɓarna kai tsaye wanda aka samar cikin kogo a tsibirin hamada.
Lissafi Babban Labari: Lissafi a cikin Daular Musulunci Algebra Tsarin lissafi: wata hanyar da ke bakin titin Sultan a cikin Masallacin Green Ottoman a Bursa, Turkey (1424), girih madauri ta samar da taurari 10 da pentagons Masanin lissafi dan kasar Farisa Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa algebra, lissafi da kuma adadi na Hindu-Arabiya. An bayyana shi a matsayin uba ko wanda ya kafa na aljebra Wani masanin ilmin lissafi na Farisa, Omar Khayyam, ana yaba shi da gano tushen ilimin lissafi. Omar Khayyam ya sami cikakken bayani game da yanayin lissafin sukari. Littafinsa mai suna Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra (1070), wanda ya shimfida ka'idojin algebra, wani bangare ne na lissafin Farisanci wanda daga karshe aka yada shi zuwa Turai. Har ila yau wani masanin ilmin lissafi dan kasar Farisa, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, ya samo maganin algebra da adadi ga lamura daban-daban na lissafin sukari. Ya kuma haɓaka tunanin aiki
Geometry Karin bayani: Tsarin alamomin Musulunci Ayyukan fasaha na Islama suna amfani da alamun geometric da alamomi a yawancin fasalolin fasaha, musamman a cikin girih tilings. Ana kirkirar waɗannan ta amfani da saiti na siffofin tayal guda biyar, waɗanda suka hada da kayan ado na yau da kullun, hexagon mai tsayi, kambun baka, rhombus, da pentagon na yau da kullun. Duk bangarorin wadannan tayal din suna da tsayi iri daya; kuma dukkan kusurwoyinsu sun ninka na 36 ° (π / 5 radians), suna ba da riba biyar da goma. An yi ado da fale-falen tare da layin madauri (girih), galibi ya fi bayyane fiye da iyakokin tayal. A shekara ta 2007, masanan kimiyyar lissafi Peter Lu da Paul Steinhardt sun yi gardama cewa girih daga karni na 15 ya yi kama da quasicrystalline Penrose tilings. Ayyukan tayal na aikin kere kere wani yanki ne na musamman a tsarin gine-ginen Morocco. Muqarnas vaults masu girma uku ne amma an tsara su cikin girma biyu tare da zane na ƙwayoyin geometrical.
Tsarin aiki Alwatiran da aka yiwa alama tare da abubuwan da dokokin zunubi ya ƙunsa. Babban birnin A, B da C sune kusurwa, kuma ƙananan ƙananan a, b, c sune gefen da ke gaba da su. (kishiyar A, da sauransu) Ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī ɗayan masana ilimin lissafi ne na Islama waɗanda aka jingina musu hukuncin zunubi; ya rubuta Littafinsa na Uncs Arcs of a Sphere a cikin karni na 11. Wannan dabara ta danganta tsayin bangarorin kowane alwatika, maimakon madaidaita murabba'i daya kawai, da sinadarin kusurwoyinta. [79] A cewar doka, {\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ sin A} {a}} \, = \, {\ frac {\ sin B} {b}} \, = \, {\ frac {\ sin C} {c}}. } \ frac {\ sin A} {a} \, = \, \ frac {\ sin B} {b} \, = \, \ frac {\ sin C} {c}. inda a, b, da c suke tsayin bangarorin alwatika, kuma A, B, da C sune kusurwa kusurwa (duba hoto).
Cididdiga Alhazen ya gano tsarin hada karfi na hudu, ta hanyar amfani da wata hanyar da za'a iya amfani da ita gaba daya wajen tantance kudin ga dukkan wani karfi. Yayi amfani da wannan don gano ƙarar paraboloid. Zai iya nemo tsarin da zai iya amfani da kowane irin abu ba tare da ya kirkiro wata dabara ba
Hanyar kimiyya Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) ya kasance mutum mai mahimmanci a tarihin hanyar kimiyya, musamman ma wajen tsarin gwaji, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin gaskiya na farko na duniya Avicenna ta yi dokoki don gwajin tasirin kwayoyi, gami da cewa sakamakon da kwayar gwajin ta samar ya kamata a gan shi akai-akai ko bayan maimaitawa da yawa, don a kirga shi. Likita Rhazes ya kasance farkon mai ba da shawarar gwajin gwaji kuma ya ba da shawarar amfani da iko don binciken asibiti. Ya ce: "Idan kuna son yin nazarin tasirin zub da jini a kan wani yanayi, sai ku raba marasa lafiya gida biyu, ku yi jini a wani rukuni kawai, ku kalli duka biyun, sannan ku gwada sakamakon."
Falaki Babban labarin: Falaki a cikin Daular Islama
Ma'aurata Tusi A wajajen 964 AD, masanin Falasdinu Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, yana rubutu a cikin Littafinsa na Kafaffen Taurari, ya bayyana “tabo mai ban tsoro” a cikin taurarin Andromeda, farkon bayanin tabbatacce ga abin da muka sani yanzu shine Andromeda Galaxy, the galaxy mafi kusa da galaxy din mu. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ya kirkiri wata fasahar kere-kere wacce ake kira Tusi-couple, wacce ke samar da layi daga lissafin motsi biyu domin maye gurbin matsalar Ptolemy mai matsala. Ma'auratan Tusi daga baya an yi musu aiki a tsarin ilimin ƙasa na Ibn al-Shatir da samfurin heliocentric na Nicolaus Copernicus [90] kodayake ba a san ko wanene mai shiga tsakani ba ko kuma idan Copernicus ya sake gano dabarar da kansa ba. Sunayen wasu taurari da aka yi amfani da su, gami da Rigel da Vega, har yanzu ana amfani da su.
Jiki Babban labarin: ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na Musulunci Alhazen ya taka rawa wajen bunkasa gani da ido. Oneaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hangen nesa a zamaninsa da wurinsa shine ka'idar watsi da Euclid da Ptolemy suka goyi bayansa, inda gani ya yi aiki ta hanyar hasken ido da ke fitar da haske, ɗayan kuma shine ka'idar Aristotelean cewa gani yayi aiki lokacin da asalin abubuwa ke gudana cikin idanu. Alhazen ya yi daidai da hujja cewa hangen nesa ya faru ne lokacin da haske, ke tafiya cikin layi madaidaici, yana nuna abu a cikin idanu. Al-Biruni ya rubuta bayanai game da haske, yana mai cewa dole ne hanzarta ta zama babba idan aka kwatanta ta da saurin sauti.
Chemistry Babban labarin: Alchemy da ilmin sunadarai a tsohuwar zamanin Islama Zamanin farko na musulunci ya ga kafa wasu daga cikin mafi tsayi tsarukan tsarin ilimin kimiya da ilmin sunadarai. Ka'idar sulphur-mercury na karafa, an fara tabbatar da ita a cikin karya-Apollonius na Tyana Sirr al-khalīqa ("Asirin Halitta", c. 750-850) kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen larabci da ake dangantawa da Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (an rubuta c. 850950), zai ci gaba da zama asalin dukkan ka'idojin kayan karafa har zuwa karni na goma sha takwas.Hakanan, Emerald Tablet, ƙaramin rubutu mai cike da annashuwa wanda duk masana masu zuwa har zuwa ciki har da Isaac Newton (1642-1727) za su ɗauka a matsayin tushen fasaharsu, ya fara faruwa a cikin Sirr al-khalīqa kuma a ɗayan ayyukan da ake dangantawa zuwa Jābir.Hakanan an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin kimiya. Ayyukan da aka danganta ga Jābir, da na masanin ilimin kimiya na Farisanci da kuma likita Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (854-925), sun ƙunshi farkon sanannun tsarin tsarin abubuwa masu sinadarai. Koyaya, masana alchemists ba wai kawai sha'awar ganowa da rarraba abubuwa masu sinadarai bane, har ma da ƙirƙirar su ta hanyar hannu. Muhimmin misalai daga duniyar musulunci ta daɗaɗɗen zamani sun haɗa da hadawar ammonium chloride daga abubuwan ƙirar jiki kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ayyukan da aka danganta su ga Jābir, da Abū Bakr al-Rāzī na gwaje-gwajen tare da vitriol, wanda a ƙarshe zai kai ga gano ƙwayoyin ma'adanai kamar sulfuric acid da nitric acid ta ƙarni na goma sha uku masanan alchemists kamar na ƙarya-Geber.
Geodesy Babban labarin: Tarihi da zane-zane a cikin tsohuwar daular Musulunci Al-Biruni (973–1048) ya kiyasta radius na duniya kamar kilomita 6339.6 (ƙimar zamani ta kai kimanin 6,371 km), mafi kimantawa a lokacin.
Biology Babban Labari: Magani a duniyar Musulunci ta da Ido, a cewar Hunain ibn Ishaq. Daga rubutun da aka rubuta kwanan nan kimanin 1200. A cikin tsarin jijiyoyin zuciya, Ibn al-Nafis a cikin Sharhinsa kan Anatomy a cikin Avicenna's Canon shi ne masanin da aka sani na farko da ya saba wa batun Makarantar Galen cewa jini na iya wucewa tsakanin sassan zuciya a cikin zuciya ta hanyar sassan jikin zuciya da ke raba su. , yana cewa babu hanyar wucewa tsakanin sassan ventricles a wannan lokacin. Madadin haka, ya yi daidai da hujja cewa duk jinin da ya isa ga kafar hagu ya yi ne bayan ya wuce ta huhun. Ya kuma bayyana cewa dole ne a sami kananan hanyoyin sadarwa, ko pores, tsakanin jijiyoyin huhu da jijiyar huhu, hasashen da ya gabata gabanin gano bakin ciki na Marcello Malpighi da shekaru 400. An sake gano Sharhin ne a karni na ashirin a cikin Laburaren Gwamnatin Prussia da ke Berlin; ko ra'ayin ta game da jujjuyawar jini ya shafi masana kimiyya irin su Michael Servetus bai tabbata ba. A cikin tsarin juyayi, Rhazes ya bayyana cewa jijiyoyi suna da motsa jiki ko aiki na azanci, yana bayanin 7 cranial da 31 jijiyoyin jijiyoyi. Ya sanya lamba ta lamba ga jijiyoyin kwanyar daga gani zuwa jijiyoyin hypoglossal. Ya rarraba jijiyoyin jijiyoyi zuwa 8 mahaifa, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 3 sacral, da kuma jijiyoyin coccygeal 3. Ya yi amfani da wannan don danganta alamun asibiti na rauni zuwa daidai wurin raunuka a cikin tsarin juyayi. Masu sharhi na zamani sun kamanta bayanan zamani na "gwagwarmayar rayuwa" a masarautar dabbobi da tsarin ka'idar juyin halitta. Don haka, a bincikensa na tarihin ra'ayoyin da suka haifar da ka'idar zabin yanayi, Conway Zirkle ya lura cewa al-Jahiz na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tattauna a kan "gwagwarmayar rayuwa", a cikin Kitāb al-Hayawān (Littafin Dabbobi ), an rubuta shi a karni na 9. A karni na 13, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ya yi amannar cewa mutane an samo su ne daga dabbobin da suka ci gaba, yana mai cewa, "Irin wadannan mutane [watakila birai anthropoid]] suna zaune ne a Yammacin Sudan da sauran bangarorin duniya masu nisa. Suna kusa da juna. ga dabbobi ta hanyar dabi'unsu, ayyukansu da halayensu. A cikin 1377, Ibn Khaldun a cikin Muqaddimah ya ce," Mulkin dabba ya sami ci gaba, nau'ikansa sun yawaita, kuma a hankali tsarin Halitta, ya ƙare da mutum kuma ya samo asali daga duniyar birai
Injiniya Duba kuma: Jerin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire a duniyar Musulunci ta da 'Yan uwan ​​Banū Mūsā, a cikin Littafinsu na Ingantattun Na'urori, sun bayyana mai sare sarewa ta atomatik wanda watakila ita ce na'urar da aka fara amfani da ita. An samar da sautunan sarewa ta hanyar tururi mai zafi kuma mai amfani zai iya daidaita na'urar zuwa wasu alamu don su sami sautuna daban-daban daga gare ta.
Kimiyyar zaman jama'a Ibn Khaldun ana ganin yana daga cikin wadanda suka assasa ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar zamani, tarihin tarihi, dimokradiyya, da kuma tattalin arziki.] [n 2] Taskar kayan tarihi matsayi ne mai daraja a wannan lokacin a musulunce kodayake yawancin takaddun mulki sun ɓace akan lokaci. Koyaya, daga wasiƙa da sauran takaddun suna ba da alamun yanayin zamantakewar jama'a tare da nuna cewa wuraren adana bayanai suna da yawa kuma suna da yawa a lokacinsu. Duk wasiƙun da aka karɓa ko aika a madadin hukumomin an kwafa, adana su kuma an lura da su don yin rajistar. An ga matsayin mai binciken tarihin a matsayin wanda dole ne ya sami babban sadaukarwa yayin da suke rike da dukkan ayyukan da suka dace.
'''Kiwon lafiya Asibitoci''' Babban labarin: Bimarestan
Ofar shiga Qalawun hadaddun wanda ke dauke da sanannen asibitin Mansuri a Alkahira An gina asibitin Musulunci na farko a shekarar 805 a Bagadaza bisa umarnin Harun Al-Rashid, kuma mafi mahimmancin asibitocin Baghdad an kafa shi ne a cikin 982 ta mai mulkin Buyid 'Adud al-Dawla. Mafi kyawun rubutattun asibitocin musulinci na farko sune manyan cibiyoyin Siro-Misra na ƙarni na 12 da na 13. Zuwa karni na goma, Baghdad na da karin asibitoci biyar, yayin da Dimashka ke da asibitoci shida a ƙarni na 15 kuma Córdoba ita kaɗai ke da manyan asibitoci 50, da yawa na sojoji ne kawai. Asibiti na asibiti ya kasu kashi zuwa sassa kamar cututtukan tsari, tiyata, da kuma kasusuwa, tare da manyan asibitoci masu fannoni daban daban. "Cututtukan tsarin" ya kasance daidai da maganin cikin gida na yau kuma an ƙara raba shi zuwa ɓangarori kamar zazzabi, cututtuka da lamuran narkewa. Kowane sashe yana da mai kula da aiki, shugaban majalisa da ƙwararren mai kulawa. Hakanan asibitocin suna da dakunan wasan kwaikwayo da dakunan karatu. Ma’aikatan asibitocin sun hada da masu kula da tsabtace jiki, wadanda ke tsara tsafta, da akawu da sauran ma’aikatan gudanarwa. Asibitocin galibi ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar mutane uku da suka hada da wani mai kula da marasa magani, babban likitan magunguna, da ake kira shaykh saydalani, wanda ya yi daidai da matsayin babban likita, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mutwalli (shugaban makaranta). A al'adance ana rufe wuraren kiwon lafiya kowane dare, amma zuwa karni na 10 an zartar da dokoki don barin asibitoci bude awanni 24 a rana. Don ƙananan maganganu, likitoci sun ba da asibitin shan magani. Garuruwa kuma suna da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji na farko wanda likitoci ke aiki da su game da abubuwan da ke faruwa na gaggawa wanda galibi ana sanya su a wuraren taruwar jama'a, kamar manyan tarurruka don sallar Juma'a. Hakanan yankin yana da rukunin wayoyin hannu da ke aiki da likitoci da masana harhada magunguna wadanda ya kamata su biya bukatar al'ummomin da ke nesa. An kuma san Baghdad da samun wani asibiti na daban na wadanda aka yankewa hukunci tun a farkon karni na 10 bayan da vizier ‘Ali ibn Isa ibn Jarah ibn Thabit ya rubuta wa babban hafsan likitancin na Baghdad cewa“ dole ne gidajen yari su kasance da likitocin su da ya kamata su duba su a kowace rana ”. Asibiti na farko da aka gina a Misira, a yankin kudu maso yamma na Alkahira, shine wuri na farko da aka tanada don kula da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa. A asibitin Arghun na Aleppo, kula da cutar tabin hankali ya haɗa da haske mai yawa, iska mai tsabta, ruwan famfo da kiɗa.