cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu
Sharar gida
An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan China ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su ɗorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare.
e-sharar gida
e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaɗuwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke ƙarewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana ɗaukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da ƙarfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba.
Ghassan Maatouk
Aikin gudanarwa
Maatouk ya kasance babban kocin Al-Muhafaza a lokacin gasar Premier ta Siriya ta 2015–16 ; ya gabatar da murabus dinsa a  watan Agusta shekarar 2016. Maatouk ya kasance mataimakin kocin tawagar kasar Syria a shekarar 2019.
Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu
e-sharar gida
Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a ƙasashe da yawa, amma ba a ƙaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin ƙasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Ƙarshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke ƙarewa a wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin waɗannan na'urorin lantarki.
Ghassan Maatouk
Aikin gudanarwa
A watan Disamba Shekarar 2019, an nada shi daraktan fasaha na sashin matasa na Al-Wahda. Maatouk ya zama babban kocin kungiyar a watan Maris 2020. Ya taimaka musu wajen cin Kofin Siriya, da kuma samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin AFC ta 2021. Yayin da a watan cikin watan Disamba shekarar 2020 Al-Wahda ya ki amincewa da mika takardar murabus din Maatouk, sun amince da bukatarsa ta biyu a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2021.
Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu
Dokar sarrafa shara
An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai ƙarin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da haɗe-haɗe a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar gine-gine da rushewa, da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don ɗaukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kuɗin sharar ƙarar tare da biyan kuɗi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga waɗanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara.
Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba
Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki.
Ghassan Maatouk
Aikin gudanarwa
Maatouk yana cikin ma'aikatan tawagar kasar Siriya a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA ta shekarar 2021. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2022, an nada shi babban kocin kungiyar ta kasa; shi ne kocin Syria na biyar da aka nada a lokacin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2022.
A cikin watan Yuni shekarar 2022, Maatouk ya zama kocin kungiyar Premier League ta Bahrain ta Gabashin Riffa.
Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu
Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi
Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don haɓaka ƙimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki. Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan ƙara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050.
Ghassan Maatouk
Mai kunnawa
Al-Wahda
Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu
Ƙalubalen kwanan nan
Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga ƙasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ƙi ya zama maƙwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda.
A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta ƙunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida.
Ghassan Maatouk
Mai kunnawa
Siriya
Manager
Al-Wahda
Cathrine Nøttingnes
Cathrine Nøttingnes (an haife ta 5 Satumba 1974, a Bergen) 'yar wasan nakasassu ce ta Norway. Ta halarci wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 2000 a Sydney, inda ta sami lambobin yabo guda uku a tseren keke. Ta kuma halarci wasannin na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1994 a Lillehammer, da 1998 na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi, a Nagano, a cikin tseren kankara.
Tana da nakasar gani, tana gasa a aji B2 kuma tana hawan keke tare da Marianne Bruun.
Aiki
Ta fafata a wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 2000, inda ta lashe lambar azurfa a tseren keke, tandem, tseren mita 3,000, lambar tagulla a tseren keke, tandem, gwajin lokaci na kilomita 1, da lambar tagulla a tseren keke, tandem, tseren hanya.
A wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1998, a Nagano, ta sanya matsayi na tara a cikin 5 km Classical Technique B2-3.
FreedomBox
FreedomBox tsarin sabar gida ce ta software kyauta bisa Debian, wanda Gidauniyar FreedomBox ke goyan bayan
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2010, FreedomBox ya girma daga tsarin software zuwa tsarin muhalli wanda ya haɗa da al'ummar DIY da kuma wasu samfuran kasuwanci.
Tarihi
An sanar da aikin Eben Moglen, Farfesa na Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia, a cikin jawabin da ake kira "'Yanci a cikin Cloud" a taron New York ISOC a ranar Fabrairu 2, 2010. A cikin wannan jawabin, Moglen ya yi hasashen irin barnar da Facebook zai yi wa al'umma:. "Mista Zuckerberg ya samu wani tarihi da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba: ya cutar da bil'adama fiye da kowa da shekarunsa." A cikin martani kai tsaye ga barazanar da Facebook ke yi a cikin shekara ta 2010, Moglen ya bayar da hujjar cewa FreedomBox yakamata ya samar da tushe don madadin gidan yanar gizo. Kamar yadda Steven J. Vaughan Nichols ya lura, “[Moglen] ya ga rudanin da muke fuskanta kusan shekaru 10 da suka wuce. . . . Hakan ya kasance kafin Facebook ya nuna cewa bai dace da tsaro ba tare da sayar da bayanan ku ga Cambridge Analytica don zamba ga masu amfani da Facebook miliyan 50 na Amurka tare da farfagandar anti-Clinton da farfagandar goyon bayan Trump a zaɓen shekara ta 2016."
A ranar 4 ga Fabrairun shekara ta, 2011, Moglen ya kafa Gidauniyar FreedomBox don zama hedkwatar gudanarwa na aikin, kuma a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2011, gidauniyar ta fara yaƙin neman zaɓe don tara $ 60,000 a cikin kwanaki 30 akan sabis na tattara kuɗi, Kickstarter. An cimma burin a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, da kuma ranar 19 ga Maris, 2011, yakin ya ƙare bayan tattara $86,724 daga masu goyon bayan 1,007. Masu haɓakawa na farko sun yi niyya don ƙirƙira da adana keɓaɓɓen keɓaɓɓen keɓaɓɓu ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen dandamali don gina ƙaƙƙarfan aikace-aikacen dijital. Sun yi niyya ga software na FreedomBox don toshe kwamfutoci da kwamfutoci guda ɗaya waɗanda za su iya kasancewa cikin sauƙi a cikin gidaje ko ofisoshi. Bayan 2011, aikin FreedomBox ya ci gaba da girma a karkashin jagorancin daban-daban.
A cikin shekara ta 2017, aikin ya yi nasara sosai cewa "kamfanin fasaha na duniya mai zaman kansa ThinkWorks ya dauki hayar masu haɓaka biyu a Indiya don yin aiki a kan FreedomBox cikakken lokaci." Aikin FreedomBox yanzu yana da tsarin muhalli na software na kansa, tare da gudummawa daga sama da masu haɓaka 60 a tsawon tarihin aikin. The goal was met on February 22, The early developers aimed to create and preserve personal privacy by providing a secure platform for building decentralized digital applications.
A cikin shekara ta 2019, Gidauniyar FreedomBox ta ba da sanarwar cewa samfurin FreedomBox na kasuwanci na farko Olimex, mai kera kayan masarufi ne zai siyar da shi.
FreedomBox da Debian
FreedomBox shine Debian Pure Blend. Duk aikace-aikace akan FreedomBox an shigar dasu azaman fakitin Debian. Aikin FreedomBox da kansa yana rarraba software ta wurin ajiyar Debian.
Dangane da Debian don kula da software shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa FreedomBox ya ƙare da yawa makamantan ayyukan da suka yi amfani da rubutun shigarwa na hannu maimakon. FreedomBox yana zuwa tare da sabunta software ta atomatik wanda Debian ke ƙarfafawa.
Hardware neutrality
FreedomBox an ƙera shi don ya zama tsaka-tsakin hardware: Masu haɓakawa suna nufin a iya shigar da shi akan kusan kowace kayan aikin kwamfuta. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin kasancewar Debian Pure Blend shine FreedomBox ya gaji dacewa da kayan aikin Debian iri-iri.
Tun daga Afrilun shekara ta 2019, FreedomBox yana kunshe cikin hotunan tsarin aiki na al'ada don kwamfutoci 11 guda 11. An yi bayanin kayan aikin da aka gabatar don amfani da software na FreedomBox akan shafin Hardware. An fi son ƙirar OSHW, kamar Olimex A20 OLinuXino Lime 2 ko BeagleBone Black,. Rufe allo allo kamar DreamPlug, Cubietruck  da Rasberi Pi   ne mai yiwuwa zažužžukan, yayin da wasu suna kan hanya. Hakanan akwai hoton VirtualBox. Hakanan za'a iya shigar da FreedomBox akan ingantaccen shigarwar Debian.
Samfur na kasuwanci
A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2019, Gidauniyar FreedomBox ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da siyar da samfuran FreedomBox na kasuwanci na farko. Olimex, kamfani wanda ke ƙirƙirar Hardware na Buɗewa shine ke samarwa da sayar da "Pioneer Edition FreedomBox Home Server Kit". Dan jaridar fasaha Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols ya ce game da ƙaddamar da samfurin FreedomBox,
Ahmad Hijazi
Aikin kulob
Bayan shafe yanayi uku a kan lamuni daga Ahed -a Racing Beirut, Nabi Chit, da Akhaa Ahli Aley, bi da bi-Hijazi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da Akhaa Ahli Aley a lokacin rani shekarar 2019. An aika shi aro ga Ansar a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, don yin takara a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2020.
Lionel Mpasi
Lionel Mpasi-Nzau (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1994) a Faransa ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida Rodez AF, kuma yana taka leda a tawagar kasar DR Congo.
Ahmad Hijazi
Aikin kulob
A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2020, Hijazi ya koma Ansar na dindindin kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2021, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe Gasar Firimiya ta Lebanon ta shekarar 2020 – 21, taken gasarsu ta farko tun shekarar 2007—da kuma na 14 gabaɗaya — inda suka ci 2 – 1 da abokan hamayyarsu Nejmeh a wasan fafatawa na Beirut a ranar wasan ƙarshe na kakar. Hijazi ya kuma taimaka wa Ansar lashe sau biyu, inda ta doke Nejmeh a gasar cin kofin FA na Lebanon shekarar 2020-21 a bugun fenareti.
Lionel Mpasi
Sana'a/Aiki
Samfurin matasa na PSG, Mpasi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko tare da Toulouse kafin ya koma Rodez a cikin shekarar 2016. Mpasi ya fara taka leda tare da Rodez a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a gasar Ligue 2 da Le Mans FC a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2020.
Ahmad Hijazi
Aikin kulob
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekarar 2023, Hijazi ya koma Safa ; a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu, an ba shi rance ga 'yan sanda na Nepal a kan lamunin watanni biyu na ragowar lokacin shekarar 2023 na Martyr's Memorial A-Division League.
Lionel Mpasi
Ayyukan kasa
An haifi Mpasi a Faransa, kuma dan asalin Kongo ne. Shi matashi ne na duniya na Faransa. Ya fara buga wa tawagar kasar DR Congo wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Bahrain ta doke su da ci 1-0 a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu 2022.
FreedomBox
Samfur na kasuwanci
An ƙirƙiri samfurin don sauƙaƙe wa masu zaman kansu damar ɗaukar sabar nasu. Marubucin fasaha Glyn Moody ya lura cewa “aikin FreedomBox yana da matukar amfani, ba ko kadan ba a matsayin hujja cewa ana iya gina tsarin rarrabawa. Sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci ana maraba da ita musamman don rage shingen shiga har yanzu gaba."
Ciwon nono
Ciwon nono shine alamar rashin jin daɗi a cikin ƙirjin ɗaya ko duka biyun. Ciwo a cikin ƙirjin biyu sau da yawa ana kwatanta su azaman taushin nono, yawanci ana danganta shi da lokacin haila amma ba mai tsanani bane. Ciwon da ya shafi sashe ɗaya kawai na nonon ya fi damuwa, musamman idan yazaman yayi tauri ko kuma yana zubar da ruwa
A cikin fiye da 75% na mutane ciwon yana warwarewa ba tare da wani takamaiman magani ba. In ba haka ba magunguna na iya haɗawa da paracetamol ko NSAIDs. Rigar mama mai kyau zata iya taimakawa. A cikin masu fama da ciwo mai tsanani ana iya amfani da tamoxifen ko danazol. Kimanin kashi 70% na mata suna fama da ciwon nono a wani lokaci. Ciwon nono yana daya daga cikin alamun nono da aka fi sani, tare da yawan nono da fitar nono.
Dalilai
Ciwon nono na zagayawa sau da yawa yana haɗuwa da fibrocystic nono canje-canje ko duct ectasia kuma ana tunanin zai haifar da canje-canje na amsawar prolactin zuwa thyrotropin. Wani nau'i na taushin nono na cyclical na al'ada ne a cikin al'ada, kuma yawanci ana danganta shi da ciwon haila da/ko ciwon premenstrual (PMS).
Ciwon nonon da ba na cyclical yana da dalilai daban-daban kuma yana da wuyar ganewa kuma akai-akai tushen dalilin yana wajen nono. Wasu nau'ikan taushin nono waɗanda ba na cyclical ba na iya kasancewa a al'ada saboda canjin hormonal a cikin balaga (duka a cikin 'yan mata da maza), a cikin menopause da lokacin daukar ciki. Bayan ciki, ciwon nono zai iya haifar da shayarwa. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon nono ba tare da cyclical sun hada da shan barasa tare da lalacewar hanta (watakila saboda rashin lafiyar steroid metabolism), mastitis da magunguna irin su digitalis, methyldopa ( antihypertensive ), spironolactone, wasu diuretics, oxymetholone (mai steroid anabolic ), da chlorpromazine ( na hali antipsychotic ). Hakanan, shingles na iya haifar da kurji mai raɗaɗi a kan fatar ƙirjin.
Ahmad Hijazi
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Hijazi ya buga gwagwalad wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Lebanon a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2019, a wasan da suka tashi gwagwalad 0-0 da Falasdinu a gasar WAFF na 2019.
Girmamawa
Ansar
Ilubirin Estate
Estate na Ilubirin wani aikin gidaje ne na jama'a na gaba wanda ake ginawa akan filin da aka kwato a tsibirin Ikoyi, Legas a gindin gadar Mainland ta Third Mainland, tana fuskantar mashigin ruwan Legas a tsibirin Legas.
Dubawa
Gwamnatin jihar Legas tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin First Investment Property Company ne suka kaddamar da aikin gina gidaje ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPP). Ma'aikatar Gidaje ta Jihar Legas ta amince da tsarin ƙirar farko ta hanyar tsarin mallakar gidaje da jinginar gidaje na Legas (LAGOSHOMS). An shirya kammala kashi na farko na Ilubirin a shekarar 2019. An fara tsara Ilubirin da Ikoyi Foreshore Estate, Ikoyi, Legas kuma yanzu an sake gyara shi daga wurin zama kawai zuwa gaɓar yanayin ci gaban gidaje, kasuwanci da wuraren shakatawa.
Samfuran toshewar mazaunin da za a kammala a cikin matakai sune cakuɗa 126m 2 na ɗakunan kwana 2; 183m 2 na falo mai dakuna 3 da 76m 2 na falon dakuna 1.
Yankin wurin aikin yana da kusan kaɗaɗa 15.1. Ilubirin yana nufin hada fa'idodin gidaje masu araha tare da alatu na tsakiyar kasuwa.
Sai dai an soki gwamnatin jihar Legas da korar wasu daga cikin mazauna yankin da ke makwabtaka da wurin ginin.
Abdulaziz Djerad
Abdelaziz Djerad ( عبد العزيز جراد ; an haife shi 12 watan Fabrairu 1954)  ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Aljeriya daga 28 Disamba 2019 zuwa 30 Yuni 2021. A cikin Satumba 2021, an nada shi jakadan Sweden.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Djerad a garin Kenchela a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 1954. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na farko a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Algiers a 1976, ya koma Jami'ar Paris Nanterre inda ya sami digiri na uku. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Algiers kuma ya buga littattafai da yawa.
Tsakanin,1989 zuwa 1992 Djerad ya kasance darektan Makarantar Gudanarwa ta kasa (ENA) ta Algiers.
1990s
Daga 1996 zuwa 2000, Abdelaziz Djerad shiene babban darektan hukumar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Aljeriya.
Premiership (2019-2021)
A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2019, Shugaba Abdelmadjid Tebboune ya nada Djerad Firayim Minista a Aljeriya kuma nan take aka dora masa alhakin kafa sabuwar gwamnati.
A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2019, ya nada Brahim Bouzeboudjen a matsayin Darakta na majalisar ministoci da Mohamed Lamine Saoudi Mabrouk a matsayin shugaban ofishin Firayim Minista.
An nada gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2020.
A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2020, Shugaba Tebboune ya nemi Abdelaziz Djerad da ya shirya wata doka da ta hukunta duk wani nau'in wariyar launin fata, yanki da kalaman kiyayya. A cikin Oktoba 2020, an gwada shugaba Tebboune mai inganci don COVID-19 kuma ya tashi zuwa Jamus don magani. A halin yanzu, Djerad ya ɗauki ayyukansa. A ranar 29 ga Disamba 2020, shugaba Tebboune ya ci gaba da aikinsa.
Bayan Premiership (2021-yanzu)
A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2021, Shugaba Tebboune ya nada Djerad jakada a Sweden.
Yusuf
Yusuf ( يوسف Yūsuf ) sunan namiji ne ma'ana " Allah yana karuwa" (a cikin takawa, iko da tasiri). Yana da Larabci daidai da sunan Ibrananci Yosef da Turanci sunan Yusufu. Ana amfani da ita sosai a sassa da dama na duniya Larabawa na dukan addinai na Ibrahim, ciki har da Yahudawa na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Larabawa Kirista, da Musulmai.
Hakanan ana fassara shi ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Yousef, Yousif, Youssef, Youssif, Yousuf da Yusef.
Randle General Hospital
Babban asibitin Randle babban asibitin jiha ne a gundumar Surulere a Legas, Najeriya. Cif Majekodunmi ne ya kafa shi don amfanin al’umma a shekarar 1964 kuma yana daya daga cikin asibitocin kula da lafiya na farko a Surulere.
Asibitin yana aiki tuƙuru, musamman a sashen haɗari da gaggawa.
Tarihi
An kafa wannan asibitin ne don bayar da kulawar lafiyar mata da yara, aikin hakora, aikin likita da tiyata da dai sauransu. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da Babban Asibitin Surulere.  Daraktan lafiya na asibitin Dr. Aduke Odutayo.
Asibitin ya bayyana jimlar marasa lafiya 6929 da suka ziyarci sashin hakori na tsawon watan Janairu zuwa Disamba a cikin shekara ta 2020.
Dam ɗin Roodeplaat
Amfani
Dam ɗin Roodeplaat asalinsa madatsar ruwa ce, kuma nan da nan ya zama sananne don nishaɗi. Daga baya ya zama muhimmiyar madogara ga Magalies Water, hukumar ruwa mallakin gwamnati da ke samar da ruwan sha ga wani yanki mai girma da ke arewacin Pretoria. An yi la'akari da yuwuwar haɗarin dam. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high.
ingancin ruwa
Matsakanin Dam ɗin Roodeplaat ya ƙunshi babban ɓangare na faɗaɗa cikin sauri : Municipality na Tshwane, wanda ya haɗa da Pretoria. Ayyukan kula da najasa guda biyu suna ciyar da dam ɗin da aka sarrafa, wanda ya haifar da yanayin eutrophic sosai kwatankwacin waɗanda aka samu a Dam ɗin Hartbeespoort. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun riga sun bayyana a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s kuma ba su inganta ba. Sakamakon eutrophication sun hada da furanni na algae da cyanobacteria, da matsi mai yawa na hyacinth na ruwa (Eichhornia crassipes ).
Ma'aikatar Kula da Ruwa ta Daraktan Sabis na Ingantattun Sabis na Sabis na Ma'aikatar Ruwa tana zaune ne a kan bankunan Dam na Roodeplaat, kusa da bango. Wannan sashe yana da alhakin kula da ƙasa na albarkatun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu.
Samar da makamashi ta hanyar shara
Tarihi
An gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a Nottingham, UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer.
An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a New York, New York.
An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a Denmark a cikin 1903 a Frederiksberg. "Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . . . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfadowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004)"
Konawa
Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da makamashi, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( MSW saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar karafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su.
Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata.
Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida).
Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki.
Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi"
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye.
Man fetur daga robobi
Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis. Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik.
Sauran
Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin. Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: Fasahar jiyya na thermal :
Fasaha mara zafi:
Ci gaban duniya
A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara – Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado. A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373.
Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV. An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW.
Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta. A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba.
Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel. Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai.
Carbon dioxide watsi
A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). Dattin datti na birni (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na 1 metric ton na MSW yana samar da kusan 1 metric ton na CO.
Idan aka cika sharar, 1 metric ton na MSW zai samar da kusan 62 m3 methane ta hanyar bazuwar anaerobic na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da 1 metric ton na CO, wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar.
Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass. Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1).
Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa. Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba.
Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass
MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida.
Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS 15440 ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da zaɓin hanyar rushewa. An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu.
Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon. Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866.
Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira hanyar daidaitawa ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish.
Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya.
Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari.
Sanannen misalai
A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya.
Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE.
Tsirrai masu samar da mai
A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya:
Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire
Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara.
Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling.
Ostiraliya
Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen.
Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din
Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din (1870 - Disamba 28, 1932) ya kasance fitaccen jigo a harkar Ahmadiyya na farko kuma marubucin ayyuka masu yawa game da Musulunci.
Rayuwa
An haifi Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din a Punjab, Indiya a cikin 1870. Kakansa, Abdur Rashid, mawaƙi, ya kasance a wani lokaci babban alƙalin musulmi na Lahore a lokacin Sikh. Kamal-ud-Din ya yi karatu a Forman Christian College, Lahore inda ya shaku da addinin Kiristanci, amma daga baya ya fuskanci rubuce-rubucen Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya, kuma ya samu sabon salo na ibada ga Musulunci. A cikin 1893, ya shiga harkar kuma ya zama babban almajirin Ghulam Ahmad, Kamal-ud-Din ya yi aiki a matsayin malami sannan ya zama shugaban kwalejin Islamia, Lahore. Bayan kammala karatun lauya a 1898, ya fara aikin shari'a a Peshawar. A cikin 1912 ya tafi Ingila a madadin abokin ciniki kuma Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, khalifa na farko (magaji) ga Ghulam Ahmad, ya umarce shi da ya yi ƙoƙarin ganin an sake buɗe Masallacin Shah Jahan da ba a yi amfani da shi ba. A birnin Landan, Kamal-ud-Din ya gana da sauran musulmi inda suka yi aikin gyara da bude masallacin. Anan ya kafa ƙungiyar Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust da mujallar, The Islamic Review.
Kamal-ud-Din ya ƙare aikinsa na shari'a a shekara ta 1912, kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen yada addinin Islama na marasa addini a Birtaniya. Ya kai ziyarar gani da ido da dama a Ingila, ya kuma zagaya wasu kasashe na Turai, Afirka da Asiya, ciki har da kasarsa ta Indiya, inda ya gabatar da laccoci kan Musulunci. A cikin 1923, ya yi aikin Hajjinsa na biyu tare da babban abokinsa Lord Headley, tubabbun Bature. A wannan shekarar, an kuma zabe shi memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya. Bayan rarrabuwar kawuna a harkar Ahmadiyya a 1914, Kamal-ud-Din ya hada kai da kungiyar Lahore Ahmadiyya karkashin Muhammad Ali. A cikin 1920, Kamal-ud-Din ya zagaya Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya inda ta hanyar jawabai na jama'a, ya sami amincewar wasu Musulman Indonesiya. Ya gabatar da jawabai da dama a Surabaya da Batavia wadanda suka ja hankalin kanun labarai a manyan jaridu da dama.
Aikin adabi
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin littattafan Turanci na Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din, waɗanda za a iya karanta su a kan layi: (Littattafan Urdu na Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din suma ana iya samun su akan layi. )
Open Rights Group
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga ( ORG ) ƙungiya ce ta Birtaniya da ke aiki don kiyaye haƙƙin dijital da yancin kai ta hanyar yin kamfen kan batutuwan haƙƙin dijital da kuma haɓaka al'umma na masu fafutuka na asali. Yana yaƙin neman zaɓe akan batutuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sa ido na jama'a, tacewa ta intanit da sahihanci, da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha.
Tarihi
Danny O'Brien ne ya fara ƙungiyar, Cory Doctorow, Ian Brown, Rufus Pollock, James Cronin, Stefan Magdalinski, Louise Ferguson da Suw Charman bayan wani taron tattaunawa a Open Tech 2005. O'Brien ya ƙirƙira jingina akan PledgeBank, wanda aka sanya akan 23 Yuli 2005, tare da ranar ƙarshe na 25 Disamba 2005: "Zan ƙirƙiri tsari na tsaye na fam 5 a kowane wata don tallafawa ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙin neman yancin dijital a Burtaniya amma kawai idan sauran mutane 1,000 ma za su yi." Alkawarin ya kai mutane 1000 a ranar 29 ga Nuwambar shekara ta 2005. An ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga a wani taron "sayarwa" a Soho, London. O'Brien created a pledge on PledgeBank, placed on 23 July 2005, with a deadline of 25 December 2005: "I will create a standing order of 5 pounds per month to support an organisation that will campaign for digital rights in the UK but only if 1,000 other people will too." The pledge reached 1000 people on 29 November 2005. The Open Rights Group was launched at a "sell-out" meeting in Soho, London.
Aiki
Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da bincike ga Ƙungiyar Intanet ta Duk Jam'iyyar (APIG) game da sarrafa haƙƙin dijital
An girmama ƙungiyar a cikin 2008 Privacy International Big Brother Awards tare da No2ID, Liberty, Genewatch UK da sauransu, a matsayin amincewa da ƙoƙarin da suke yi na ci gaba da sa ido kan jama'a na jihohi da na kamfanoni.
A cikin 2010 ƙungiyar ta yi aiki tare da Digiri na 38 don adawa da gabatarwar Dokar Tattalin Arziki na Dijital, wanda aka zartar a cikin Afrilu 2010.
Wuraren sha'awa
Ƙungiyar, ko da yake ta mai da hankali kan tasirin fasahar dijital kan 'yancin ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya, tana aiki tare da fa'ida da yawa a cikin wannan rukunin. Abubuwan sha'awa sun haɗa da:
Tsarin
ORG yana da ma'aikacin da ake biya, wanda membobinsa sun haɗa da:
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta yamma a shiyyar tsakiya a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party.
Open Rights Group
Tsarin
Tsoffin ma'aikatan sun hada da Suw Charman-Anderson da Becky Hogge, Dukkan Daraktocin Gudanarwa, Mai Gudanar da Zabe na e-Voting Jason Kitcat, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Peter Bradwell, mai yakin neman zabe Katie Sutton da shugaba Katerina Maniadaki. Majiɓincin ƙungiyar shine Neil Gaiman. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2019 kungiyar tana da magoya baya sama da 3,000 da ke biyan albashi.
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Abban a ranar 6 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1973 kuma ya fito ne daga Gomoa Dawurampong a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana. Ya sami digirinsa na Jagora a fannin Shari'a a Banki da Dokar Kuɗi daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston a 2008. Yana da lasisin likita daga Majalisar Likita da Haƙori. Ya kuma yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Halittar Dan Adam a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, Digiri na farko a fannin likitanci da tiyata daga wannan jami’a. Ya kara samun digirinsa na biyu a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga Makarantar Koyar da Kimiyya ta Hamburg. Ya kuma samu takardar shedar Jamusanci daga Cibiyar Goethe da ke Accra.
Open Rights Group
Majalisar shawara da kwamitin gudanarwa
Baya ga ma’aikata da masu aikin sa kai, akwai kwamitin ba da shawara mai mambobi sama da talatin, da kwamitin gudanarwa, wanda ke kula da ayyukan kungiyar, ma’aikata, tara kuɗaɗe da manufofin ƙungiyar. Mambobin hukumar na yanzu sune kamar haka:
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Aiki
Abban ya kasance mashawarcin shari'a daga 2013 zuwa 2014 a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Ghana. Ya kasance malami a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Ghana daga 2009 zuwa 2010. Ya kasance malami na wucin gadi a Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana daga 2010 zuwa 2015. Ya kasance ma'aikacin House daga 2009 zuwa 2012 a Kiwon Lafiyar Ghana. Sabis da Jami'in Lafiya a wannan cibiyar daga 2012 zuwa 2016.
Open Rights Group
Majalisar shawara da kwamitin gudanarwa
A cikin Janairu 2015, Ƙungiyar Buɗaɗɗen Haƙƙin Ƙungiyoyin ta sanar da kafa Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Scotland wacce za ta gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi haƙƙin dijital da kamfen na Scotland. Majalisar Shawara ta ƙunshi:
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Siyasa
Abban mamba ne a New Patriotic Party. Ya kasance tsohon dan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta yamma a yankin tsakiyar Ghana.
Open Rights Group
Majalisar shawara da kwamitin gudanarwa
Daga Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Burtaniya:
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Zaben 2016
A yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2016, Abban ya lashe zaben kujerar majalisar dokokin mazabar Gomoa ta Yamma. Ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 22,741 inda ya samu kashi 49.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Samuel Fletcher ya samu kuri'u 21,004 da ya samu kashi 45.8% na kuri'un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokoki na PPP Charles Yawson ya samu kuri'u 2,086 da ya samu kashi 4.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Dan takarar majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar CPP Stephen Afriyie ya samu kuri'u 0 da ya zama kashi 0.0% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
Open Rights Group
Majalisar shawara da kwamitin gudanarwa
Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko shine ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da adawa ga Database Identity na Scotland.
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Kwamitoci
Abban ya kasance mamba a kwamitin tabbatar da gwamnati sannan kuma mamba a kwamitin lafiya.
Open Rights Group
ORGCON
ORGCON ita ce taro na farko da aka sadaukar don haƙƙin dijital a cikin Burtaniya, an tallata shi azaman "Tsarin haɗari a haƙƙin dijital". An gudanar da shi a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 2010 a Jami'ar City da ke Landan kuma ya hada da manyan jawabai daga Cory Doctorow, 'yan siyasa da kungiyoyin matsa lamba irin su Liberty, NO2ID da Big Brother Watch. An gudanar da ORGCON a cikin shekara ta 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, da 2019 inda Edward Snowden ya ba da mahimmin bayani. </ref
Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban
Minista
Shi ne tsohon mataimakin ministan lafiya. Kuma tsohon mataimakin ministan sadarwa ne.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Shi Kirista ne (Katolika). Yana auren Misis Anastasia Antoinette Abban, kuma ma’auratan suna da ’ya’ya huɗu.
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Dynamic
Gidan kayan tarihi na Dynamic sanannen wajen yawon shakatawa ne, na ɗaya daga cikin gidan kayan tarihi a cikin Dakar, Senegal.
Tarihi
Gidan kayan tarihin wani bangare ne na jerin ayyukan al'adu wanda Shugaba Léopold Sédar Senghor ya kafa. Senghor da André Malraux ne suka bude gidan kayan gargajiyan a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 1966 kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a bikin Dakar na Negro Arts, wanda ya gudana daga watan Afrilu 1 zuwa Afrilu 24, 1966. An tsara gidan kayan tarihin ne don yin aiki a matsayin bikin ƙaddamar da al'adun Afirka, kuma ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi da tarihi daga al'adun zamanin Nok na Iron Age har zuwa zamanin yau. Baje kolinsa na farko ya nuna sama da 600 na fasahar Afirka da aka aro daga gidajen tarihi 50 a duniya. Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris kuma ya ba da rancen Ayyukan Gidan Tarihi na Dynamic daga Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger, da Amedeo Modigliani don nuni.