cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Boggo Road Gaol
Shahararrun al'adu
An ambaci titin Boggo a cikin gidan yarin opera na sabulu a matsayin gidan yarin da Joan Ferguson yayi aiki kafin ya zo Melbourne. An kuma ziyarce shi a wasan karshe na The Amazing Race Australia 2.
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Soja da muhalli
Tsaron ɗan adam a al'ada yana da alaƙa da ayyukan soji da tsaro. Masana da cibiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a yanzu suna ƙara yin kira da a samar da cikakken tsarin tsaro, musamman ma mai da hankali kan alaƙa da haɗin kai da ke tsakanin ɗan adam da muhalli. Ayyukan soja yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yanayi. Ba wai kawai yaki zai iya zama barna ga al'umma ba, amma ayyukan soja suna samar da iskar gas mai yawa (wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic ), gurbatawa, da haifar da raguwar albarkatu, a tsakanin sauran tasirin muhalli.
Felicia Abban
Rayuwar iyali
Felicia ta auri Robert Abban, mutumin da ya kera katangar don tunawa da bikin samun ‘yancin kai a Ghana a shekarar 1957 tare da hoton Kwame Nkrumah da ke dauke da furanni masu dauke da taswirar Ghana. Mista Abban ya kasance daraktan kirkire-kirkire na tsohon kamfanin masana'antu da masana'antu na Ghana (GTMC). Ta taka rawar gani wajen baiwa mai shirya fina-finan Seminal Kwaw Ansah jagoranci, da kuma mai tsara kayan kwalliya Kofi Ansah wanda dukkansu daya ne daga cikin ‘yan uwanta.
Yitzhak Nebenzahl
Yitzhak Ernst Nebenzahl ( יצחק ארנסט נֶבֶּנְצָל   1907 – 1992) an nada shi Kwanturolan Jihar Isra'ila bayan kafa kasar a shekarar 1948. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwanturolan Jiha da Ombudsman daga shekarar 1961 – 1981.
An haife shi a Frankfurt a shekarar 1907, Nebenzahl ya yi hijira zuwa Palestine a 1933 kuma ya zauna a Urushalima. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a Haganah kuma ya rike manyan mukamai a Bankin Isra'ila da Bankin Wasika. A cikin 1973 an nada shi zuwa Hukumar Agranat cikin Yaƙin Yom Kippur. Nebenzahl da matarsa Hildegard sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu. Ɗansa, Avigdor Nebenzahl, shi ne Babban Malami na Tsohon birnin Urushalima, da 'yarsa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Gwamnatin Isra'ila don yawancin aikinta na ƙwararru.
Boggo Road Gaol
Shahararrun al'adu
Titin Boggo kuma shine saitin kashi na biyu na kashi na shida na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Amurka The Mole (jerin talabijin na Amurka).
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Fitar da iskar gas da gurbatar yanayi
Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan soja sun haɗa da fitar da hayaki mai yawa. Daraktan muhalli, aminci da lafiyar sana'a na Pentagon, Maureen Sullivan, ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da gurɓatattun wurare kusan 39,000. Tabbas, ana kuma daukar sojojin Amurka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da gurbatar yanayi a duniya. A haɗe, manyan kamfanoni biyar na Amurka suna samar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na gubar da Pentagon ke samarwa. A Kanada, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa ta yarda da ita cewa ita ce mafi girman masu amfani da makamashi na Gwamnatin Kanada, kuma mabukaci na "mafi yawa na kayan haɗari".
Boggo Road Gaol
Nassoshi
<references group="" responsive="0">
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Fitar da iskar gas da gurbatar yanayi
Gurbacewar soji ta zama ruwan dare gama duniya. Sojoji daga ko'ina cikin duniya ne ke da alhakin fitar da kashi biyu cikin uku na chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) waɗanda aka haramta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 don yin lahani ga sararin samaniyar ozone. Bugu da kari, hadurran jiragen ruwa a lokacin yakin cacar baka sun ragu a kalla manyan makaman nukiliya 50 da na'urorin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya 11 a cikin tekun, suna nan a kan tekun. ￼
Amfani da ƙasa da albarkatu
Bukatun amfani da filin soji (kamar sansanonin, horo, ajiya da sauransu) galibi suna korar mutane daga filaye da gidajensu. Ayyukan soji suna amfani da abubuwan kaushi, mai da sauran sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya fitar da gubobi zuwa cikin yanayin da ya kasance a can shekaru da yawa har ma da ƙarni. Bugu da ƙari, manyan motocin sojoji na iya yin lahani ga ƙasa da ababen more rayuwa. Gurbacewar hayaniyar da sojoji ke haifarwa na iya rage ingancin rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da kuma iyawarsu ta kiwon ko farautar dabbobi don tallafawa kansu. Masu ba da shawara suna tayar da damuwa game da wariyar launin fata da/ko rashin adalci na muhalli saboda yawancin al'ummomin da aka raba su da muhallansu da/ko abin ya shafa.
Sojoji kuma suna da karfin kayan aiki. Makamai da kayan aikin soja su ne na biyu mafi girma a fannin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. Hukumar kula da zaman lafiya ta kasa da kasa ta ce sama da kashi hamsin cikin dari na jirage masu saukar ungulu a duniya na amfani da sojoji ne, kuma kusan kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na man jiragen da ake amfani da su na motocin sojoji ne. Waɗannan motocin kuma ba su da inganci, masu ɗaukar carbon, da fitar da hayaki mai guba fiye da na sauran motocin.
Martanin masu fafutuka
Tallafin soja, a halin yanzu, ya fi kowane lokaci, kuma masu fafutuka sun damu da abin da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Suna bayar da shawarar kawar da sojoji, suna yin la'akari da yawan hayaƙin iskar gas da kuma tallafawa sake karkatar da waɗannan kudade zuwa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. A halin yanzu duniya tana kashe kusan kashi 2.2% na GDP na duniya kan tallafin soja a cewar Bankin Duniya. An kiyasta cewa zai kashe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na GDP na duniya a kowace shekara har zuwa 2030 don kawar da rikicin yanayi. Haka kuma, masu fafutuka sun jaddada bukatar yin rigakafi da kuma nisantar tsaftar tsadar kayayyaki. A halin yanzu, kuɗin da ake kashewa don tsaftace gurɓataccen wurin soji ya kai aƙalla dala biliyan 500. A ƙarshe, masu fafutuka suna yin nuni ga al'amuran zamantakewa kamar matsanancin talauci da bayar da shawarwari don ƙarin kudade don a karkatar da su daga kuɗin soja zuwa waɗannan dalilai.
Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don lalata da zaman lafiya sun haɗa da Ofishin Aminci na Duniya, Muryar Kanada na Mata don Aminci, Cibiyar Rideau, Ceasefire.ca, Project Plowshares, da Codepink. Duba Jerin ƙungiyoyin yaƙi don ƙarin ƙungiyoyi.
Kyakkyawan tasirin sojoji akan muhalli
Akwai misalai daga ko'ina cikin duniya na sojojin ƙasa da ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa filaye da kiyayewa. Alal misali, a Bhuj, Indiya, sojojin da aka jibge a wurin sun taimaka wajen sake farfado da yankin; a Pakistan, Sojojin sun shiga cikin tsunami Biliyan, suna aiki tare da fararen hula don sake dazuzzuka a cikin KPK da Punjab .; a Venezuela, yana daga cikin nauyin da ke da alhakin kare albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari, amincewar soja na fasahar da ta dace da muhalli kamar makamashi mai sabuntawa na iya samun damar samar da goyon bayan jama'a ga waɗannan fasahohin. A ƙarshe, wasu fasahohin soja kamar GPS da jirage marasa matuƙa suna taimaka wa masana kimiyyar muhalli, masu kiyayewa, masu ilimin halittu da masu ilimin halitta don gudanar da ingantaccen bincike, sa ido, da gyarawa.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Types of nonpoint source water pollution include sediment, nutrients, toxic contaminants and chemicals and pathogens. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution.
Kwararar ruwa
Tsari
Dusar ƙanƙara suna narke ne kawai a wuraren sanyi da ya isa ya zama na dindindin. Yawanci dusar ƙanƙara tana narkewa a cikin bazara kuma glacier yana narkewa a lokacin rani,  yana haifar da maxima maxima a cikin kogunan da suka shafa. Ƙayyadaddun adadin narkar da dusar ƙanƙara ko dusar ƙanƙara shine yanayin zafin iska da tsawon lokacin hasken rana. A yankuna masu tsayin tsaunuka, Kuma ƙoramu kan tashi a cikin ranakun rana kuma suna faɗowa kan gajimare saboda irin wannan dalili.
A wuraren da babu dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama zai fito daga ruwan sama. Duk da haka, ba duk ruwan sama ba ne zai haifar da zubar da ruwa saboda adanawa daga ƙasa na iya ɗaukar ruwan sama mai haske. A kan daɗaɗɗen ƙasa na ƙasar Ostiraliya da Kudancin Afirka, tushen furotin tare da manyan hanyoyin sadarwar tushen gashin su na iya ɗaukar ruwan sama mai yawa don hana kwararar ruwa ko da a lokacin yawan ruwan sama. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, har ma a kan ƙasan yumbu mai fashe ƙasa da ƙasa, ana buƙatar yawan ruwan sama da yuwuwar ƙanƙara don haifar da zubar da ruwa daga sama, wanda ke haifar da gyare-gyare na musamman zuwa magudanan ruwa masu canzawa (yawanci ephemeral).
Kutsawa wuce gona da iri
Hakan na faruwa ne a lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a saman sama ya zarce adadin da ruwa ke iya kutsawa cikin kasa, kuma an riga an cika duk wani ajiyar bakin ciki. Wannan kuma ana kiransa Hortonian overland flow (bayan Robert E. Horton ), ko kwararar ƙasa mara kyau. Wannan ya fi faruwa a wasu yankunan da ba su da ɓarke da ɓarke, inda ruwan sama ya yi yawa kuma ana rage ƙarfin shigar ƙasa saboda rufe saman ƙasa, ko kuma a cikin biranen da shingen shinge na hana ruwa shiga.
Lokacin da ƙasa ta cika kuma aka cika ajiyar baƙin ciki, kuma ruwan sama ya ci gaba da faɗuwa, ruwan sama zai haifar da zubar da jini nan da nan. Matsayin damshin ƙasa na farko shine abu ɗaya da ke shafar lokaci har sai ƙasa ta cika. Wannan guguwar ana kiranta saturation wuce gona da iri, cikakkar kwararar kan kasa,  ko ruwan Dunne.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Ruwan ruwa
Labe (sako da ƙasa ) ya hada da silt (lafiya barbashi) da kuma dakatar da daskararru (manyan barbashi). Ruwan ruwa na iya shiga cikin ruwan saman daga ɓangarorin magudanan ruwa, da kuma zubar da ruwa a saman saboda rashin kyawun tsiron da aka rufe a birane da ƙauyuka. Ruwan ruwa yana haifar da irin su turɓaya (girgije) a cikin ruwa, yana rage adadin hasken da ke kaiwa ƙasa mai zurfi, wanda zai iya hana haɓakar tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma saboda haka yana shafar nau'ikan da suka dogara da su, kamar kifi da kifi. Matakan turbidity kuma suna hana tsarin tsaftace ruwan sha.
Kwararar ruwa
Komawar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Bayan ruwa ya kutsa cikin ƙasa a kan wani yanki mai hawa sama na tudu, ruwan zai iya gudana a kaikaice ta cikin ƙasa, kuma ya fitar (fitowa daga cikin ƙasa) kusa da tashar. Wannan shi ake kira kwararar dawowar karkashin kasa ko kuma kwarara.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Ruwan ruwa
Hakanan za'a iya fitar da ruwa daga tushe Ko ɓangare daban-daban. Tushen sun haɗa da wuraren gine- gine (ko da yake waɗannan tushen tushe ne, waɗanda za'a iya sarrafa su tare da sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa da sarrafa ruwa ), filayen noma, bankunan rafi, da kuma wuraren da ke da matsala sosai.
Kwararar ruwa
Komawar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Yayin da yake gudana, za'a iya rage yawan zubar da ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa: karamin sashi na iya ƙafewa ; Ana iya adana ruwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin ɓacin rai na microtopographic; kuma wani yanki nasa yana iya kutsawa yayin da yake gudana a kan kasa. Duk sauran ruwan saman da ya rage daga ƙarshe yana gudana zuwa cikin ruwa mai karɓa kamar kogi, tafki, bakin ruwa ko teku.
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Yaƙi da dokar muhalli
Ta fuskar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyara Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Abubuwan gina jiki
Phosphorus wani sinadari ne wanda ke faruwa ta nau'i-nau'i da yawa waɗanda ba a iya samun su. Sanannen yana da yawa a cikin sludge na najasa na ɗan adam. Yana da babban sinadari a yawancin takin zamani da ake amfani da su don noma da kuma kan kaddarorin zama da na kasuwanci, kuma yana iya zama ƙayyadaddun sinadirai a cikin tsarin ruwan ruwa da wasu guraben ruwa. Phosphorus galibi ana jigilar su zuwa ga ruwa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa saboda yawancin nau'ikan phosphorus suna da alaƙa da barbashi na ƙasa. Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin tsarin ruwa (musamman tafkunan ruwa, tafkunan ruwa, da tafkunan) yana haifar da yaduwar ƙananan algae da ake kira phytoplankton. Haɓaka samar da kwayoyin halitta saboda yawan girma na phytoplankton ana kiransa eutrophication. Alamar gama gari ta eutrophication ita ce furen algae wanda zai iya samar da tarkace mara kyau, ya fitar da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu fa'ida, samar da mahadi masu haifar da ɗanɗano da wari, da guba ruwa saboda gubar da algae ke samarwa. Wadannan gubar matsala ce ta gaske musamman a tsarin da ake amfani da su wajen shan ruwan sha domin wasu guba na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar dan Adam kuma cire gubar yana da wahala da tsada. Rushewar ƙwayoyin cuta na furen algal yana cinye narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, yana haifar da hypoxia tare da lahani ga kifaye da invertebrates na ruwa.
Nitrogen shi ne babban sinadari mai mahimmanci DA Ake amdani DA Shi a cikin takin mai magani, kuma gabaɗaya ya zama gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan gishiri ko tsarin estuarine brackish inda nitrogen ke iyakance abinci mai gina jiki. Hakazalika da phosphorus a cikin ruwa mai kyau, yawan adadin nitrogen da ake iya samu a cikin tsarin ruwa yana haifar da eutrophication da furen algae. Hypoxia wani sakamako ne na gama gari na eutrophication a cikin tsarin ruwa kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga manyan wuraren tudu, bays, da kusa da bakin tekun. Kowace lokacin rani, yanayi na hypoxic yana samuwa a cikin ruwa na ƙasa inda kogin Mississippi ya shiga Gulf of Mexico. A lokacin bazara na baya-bayan nan, iyakar iska ta wannan "yankin da ya mutu" ya yi daidai da yankin New Jersey kuma yana da babban illa ga kamun kifi a yankin.
Nitrogen yawanci ana jigilar shi ta ruwa azaman nitrate (NO 3 ). Yawanci ana ƙara nitrogen zuwa magudanar ruwa a matsayin Organic-N ko ammonia (NH 3 ), don haka nitrogen ya kasance a haɗe zuwa ƙasa har sai oxidation ya canza shi zuwa nitrate. Tun da an riga an shigar da nitrate gabaɗaya a cikin ƙasa, ruwan da ke tafiya cikin ƙasa (watau magudanar ruwa da magudanar tile ) shi ne ya fi dacewa ya kwashe shi, maimakon zubar da ruwa a Ko Ina.
Gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba da sinadarai
Abubuwan da suka haɗa da ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar gubar, mercury, zinc, da cadmium, Organics kamar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), masu kashe wuta, da sauran abubuwa suna da juriya ga rushewa. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da najasar ruwan ɗan adam, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, hayakin motoci, konewar mai, zubar da ruwa a birane, ayyukan masana'antu da wuraren share fage.
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Yaƙi da dokar muhalli
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyaran yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yarjejeniya tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba da sinadarai
Sinadarai masu guba sun haɗa da mahadi masu guba da mahaɗan inorganic. Waɗannan mahadi sun haɗa da wasu magungunan kashe qwari kamar DDT, acids, da salts waɗanda ke da tasiri mai tsanani ga yanayin muhalli da jikin ruwa. Wadannan mahadi na iya yin barazana ga lafiyar mutane da nau'in ruwa yayin da suke jure wa rugujewar muhalli, don haka ba su damar dagewa a cikin muhalli. Waɗannan sinadarai masu guba za su iya fitowa daga filayen noma, gandun daji, gonakin gonaki, wuraren gini, lambuna, lawns da wuraren share ƙasa.
Acids da gishiri galibi sune gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta daga filayen ban ruwa, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, zubar da ruwa a birane, wuraren masana'antu da wuraren share ƙasa.
Cutar cututtuka
Kwayoyin cuta su ne kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake iya samu a cikin ruwa kuma suna haifar da cututtuka a cikin mutane. Yawanci, ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da cuta lokacin da suke cikin kayan ruwan sha na jama'a. Kwayoyin cututtuka da aka samu a cikin gurɓataccen ruwa na iya haɗawa da Kamar haka:
Akram Shammaa
Prince Akram Shammaa Al Zengi (Mohammad Akram Bin Mostafa Bin Mohammad Shammaa Al Zengi III ; Larabci: محمد اكرم شماع بن مصطفى بن محمد شماع الزنكي; August 8, 1930 - June 9, 2012) was a Prince of Al Zeid Ya kasance dan siyasa, lauya kuma mai saka jari. Ya kasance zuriyar Daular Zengid da ta yi mulkin Siriya da wasu sassan Iraki tsakanin 1127 zuwa 1234
Gurbataccen yanayi
Cutar cututtuka
Hakanan za'a iya gano ƙwayoyin cuta na Coliform da ƙwayoyin najasa a cikin ruwa. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da aka saba amfani da su na gurɓacewar ruwa, amma ba ainihin musabbabin cututtuka ba.
Kwayoyin cuta na iya gurɓata kwararar ruwa saboda rashin bin gudanar da ayyukan dabbobi, gurɓataccen tsarin najasa, rashin kulawa da sharar gida mara kyau, wuce gona da iri na najasar ɗan adam, gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa, da magudanar tsafta.
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari sune manyan tushen gurɓatar ƙasa saboda yawan zubar da ruwa da ake samu saboda yawan shimfidar shimfidar wuri. Filayen da aka shimfida, kamar kwalta da siminti ba sa iya shiga cikin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan saman zai gudana kuma yanayin da ke kewaye ya mamaye shi. Waɗannan filaye suna sauƙaƙa wa ruwan guguwa don ɗaukar ƙazanta zuwa cikin ƙasan da ke kewaye.
Akram Shammaa
Sana'a
Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya tsakanin 1964 zuwa 1967 lokacin da aka dakatar da shi daga yin aikin lauya bayan ya kai karar gwamnatin Syria saboda kwace kadarorin iyali a 1947. Tsakanin 1971 da 1982 ya yi aiki a masana'antar masaka a Lebanon. Bayan haka an ba shi izinin komawa Siriya kuma tun lokacin yana aiki a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a fannin gidaje.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari
Wuraren gine-gine sun kasance suna da ƙasƙan da ke cike da damuwa wanda ke saurin lalacewa ta hanyar hazo kamar ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, da ƙanƙara. Bugu da ƙari, tarkacen da aka jefar a wurin za a iya kwashe su ta hanyar ruwa mai gudu kuma su shiga cikin yanayin ruwa.
Akram Shammaa
Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin 1953 ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Shugaba Adib al-Shishakli. A shekarar 1967 bayan da tattaunawar dangi ta ruguje da gwamnatin Siriya, Yarima Akram ya shigar da kara da dama a kan gwamnatin Siriya karkashin jam'iyyar Al Baath da firaministanta Yusuf Zuaiyin, saboda dakatar da kadarorin iyali da kadarorin da aka ba da lamuni ga gwamnatin Musulunci (الاوقاف). ) tun 1856; daga baya kuma shari'ar ta fadada har ta kai karar gwamnatin kama-karya kan cin hanci da rashawa, kama-karya da karbar 'yan kasar Siriya, sai da hukumar leken asirin kasar ta Siriya Mukhabarat ta yi garkuwa da shi kuma a cewar nasa bayanan an bukaci ya janye kararrakin tare da kawo karshen zanga-zangar da kuma musayar yawu. saboda shirun da ya yi da hadin kai an ba shi mukamin magajin garin Aleppo ko kuma ma'aikatar shari'a a gwamnati. Lokacin da ya ki yarda an azabtar da shi, an kore shi daga kungiyar lauyoyin Syria kuma aka kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Lebanon . A kasar Labanon ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafutuka a fagen siyasa kuma a shekara ta 1971 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya juyin mulkin da ba a yi ba ( Revolution Revolution ) wanda ya kawo Hafez al-Assad kan karagar mulki. An kai harin ne a kan wani babban bangare na jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma har ya kai ga tsokanar abin da Assad da magoya bayansa suka gani a matsayin manufofin kasashen waje masu ban sha'awa da rashin alhaki (musamman tsoma bakin Siriya a rikicin Black Satumba a Jordan, bayan haka Black Satumba). An sanya sunan bangaren Falasdinawa). Sakamakon juyin mulkin, an kori shugaban jam'iyyar Salah Jadid, aka kuma wanke jam'iyyar. Daga baya kuma ya yi arangama da dan uwan shugaban kasar Rifaat al-Assad wanda shi ne shugaban manyan jami'an tsaron cikin gida da kuma 'Kamfanonin Tsaro' (Saraya al-Difaa) domin a cewarsa sun yi amfani da juyin juya hali ba wai kawai ya jagoranci juyin juya hali ba. don kawar da gwamnatin kama-karya da aka yi ta shekaru masu yawa na mulkin soja mara kyau, kuma kwanan nan aka shirya tare da tsarin jam'iyya daya bayan juyin mulkin Baathist. Amma kuma ya baiwa Hafez al-Assad da manyansa da ke kewaye da shi damar kara danniya da tabbatar da mamaye kowane bangare na al'umma ta hanyar yanar gizo na 'yan sanda da masu ba da labari. A karkashin mulkinsa, Siriya ta zama mai iko ta gaske. Ya zauna a Labanon har zuwa 1982 lokacin da yakin basasar Lebanon ya barke; an ba shi damar komawa Siriya amma an hana shi yin duk wani aiki na siyasa ko na shari'a.
Zuri'a
Ta hanyar kakan mahaifinsa, Yarima Akram ya fito daga zuriyar Yarima Imad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi, Nur ad-Din Zengi, As-Salih Ismail al-Malik da Imad ad-Din Zengi II.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari
gurɓataccen ruwan guguwa da aka wanke a wuraren ajiye motoci, tituna da wasu manyan gurare, da lawn (yawanci suna ɗauke da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari ) ana kiransa ruwan gudu na birni. Ana yawan rarraba wannan zubar da jini a matsayin nau'in gurɓatawar NPS. Wasu mutane kuma na iya la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushe domin sau da yawa ana ratsa shi cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni kuma ana fitar da shi ta bututu zuwa ruwan saman da ke kusa. Duk da haka, ba duk kwararar ruwa na birane ke gudana ta hanyar magudanar ruwa kafin shiga cikin ruwa ba. Wasu na iya kwarara kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwa, musamman a yankunan masu tasowa da na bayan gari. Har ila yau, ba kamar sauran nau'o'in tushe ba, kamar fitar da masana'antu, masana'antun sarrafa najasa da sauran ayyuka, gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane ba za a iya danganta shi da aiki ɗaya ko ma rukuni na ayyuka ba. Saboda haka, saboda ba a iya ganowa da tsari cikin sauƙi ba, ana ɗaukar maɓuɓɓugar gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birni a matsayin tushen gaskiya na gaskiya yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke aiki don rage su Kawai.
Kwararar ruwa
Tasirin dan Adam
Urbanization yana ƙara zubar da ruwa ta hanyar samar da ƙarin wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar shinge da gine-gine waɗanda ba sa ƙyale ruwa ya gangara ta cikin ƙasa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. A maimakon haka sai a tilasta shi kai tsaye cikin rafuka ko magudanar ruwa na guguwa, inda zaizayar kasa da siltation na iya zama manyan matsaloli, ko da ambaliya ba. Kuma Yawan zubar da ruwa yana rage yawan ruwan da ke karkashin kasa, ta yadda za a rage yawan ruwan da ake fama da shi da kuma kara tsananta fari, musamman ga manoman noma da sauran wadanda suka dogara da rijiyoyin ruwa.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari
Yawanci, a yankunan karkara, ana amfani da sinadarai don kula da lawn. Wadannan sinadarai na iya ƙarewa a cikin ruwa kuma su shiga cikin kewaye ta hanyar magudanar ruwa a cikin birni. Tun da ba a kula da ruwan da ke cikin magudanar ruwa kafin ya shiga cikin ruwa da ke kewaye, sinadarai suna shiga cikin ruwan kai tsaye.
Sauran mahimman hanyoyin zubar da ruwa sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren wurin zama da silviculture ( gandun daji).
Ayyukan noma
Abubuwan gina jiki ( nitrogen da phosphorus ) yawanci ana amfani da su zuwa gonaki DA Ake amfani DA su azaman taki na kasuwanci, takin dabbobi, ko fesa ruwan sharar gari ko masana'antu (dabo) ko sludge. Hakazalika abubuwan gina jiki na iya shiga kwararowar ruwa daga ragowar amfanin gona, ruwan ban ruwa, namun daji, da kuma yanayin yanayi. Labe (sako da ƙasa ) da aka wanke daga filayen wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen aikin gona. gonakin da ke da manyan ayyukan kiwo da kiwon kaji, kamar gonakin masana'anta, galibi masu fitar da tushe ne. Ana kiran waɗannan wuraren "ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi" ko "masu ciyar da abinci" a cikin Amurka kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin gwamnati.
Kwararar ruwa
Tasirin dan Adam
Wani rahoto na shekarata 2008 na Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka ya gano ruwan guguwar birni a matsayin babban tushen matsalolin ingancin ruwa a cikin Amurka
Gurbataccen yanayi
Ayyukan noma
Ayyukan noma suna da kaso mai yawa na duk gurɓacewar tushen tushe a Amurka. Lokacin da ake noma manyan gonaki don shuka amfanin gona, yakan fallasa kuma ya sassauta ƙasa da aka binne. Wannan yana sa ƙasan da aka fallasa ta zama mafi haɗari ga zaizayar ƙasa yayin damina. Hakanan yana iya ƙara yawan taki da magungunan kashe qwari da ake ɗauka a cikin ruwa na kusa.
Kwararar ruwa
Tasirin dan Adam
Yayin da mutane ke ci gaba da canza yanayin yanayi ta hanyar haɓakar iskar gas zuwa sararin samaniya, ana sa ran yanayin hazo zai canza yayin da ƙarfin sararin samaniya na tururin ruwa ke ƙaruwa. Wannan zai haifar da sakamako kai tsaye akan adadin zubar da ruwa.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Abubuwan shigar da yanayi
Tushen yanayin shine tushen abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba saboda ana jigilar su daga tushen gurɓataccen iska zuwa masu karɓa a ƙasa. Yawanci, wuraren masana'antu, kamar masana'antu, suna fitar da gurɓataccen iska ta wurin hayaƙi. Ko da yake wannan mahimmin tushe ne, saboda yanayin rarraba, sufuri mai nisa, da maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na gurɓataccen abu, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen da ba shi da ma'ana a yankin da aka ajiye. Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi waɗanda ke shafar ingancin kwararar ruwa na iya zuwa daga bushewa a bushewa tsakanin abubuwan da ke faruwa na guguwa da jika a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa. Tasirin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan jika da busassun ajiyewa da ke faruwa a kan ko kusa da manyan tituna, titin titi, da wuraren ajiye motoci na haifar da rashin tabbas a girman ma'aunin yanayi daban-daban a cikin ruwa. Cibiyoyin sadarwar da suka wanzu waɗanda ke amfani da ƙa'idodi da suka isa don ƙididdige waɗannan ƙididdiga da lodi ba sa auna yawancin abubuwan abubuwan ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa ba su da wasu yawa don samar da ƙididdiga masu kyau a ma'aunin gida
Kwararar ruwa
Yazawa da kuma sakawa
Zubar da ruwan sama na iya haifar da zazzagewar saman duniya; Za'a iya ajiye kayan da ya lalace nesa da nisa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan zaizayar ƙasa guda huɗu: zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa da zaizayar gully. Yazawar ruwan sama shine sakamakon karo na inji na ɗigon ruwan sama tare da saman ƙasa: barbashi ƙasa waɗanda tasirin ya wargaza sannan su motsa tare da zubar da ruwa. Rushewar takarda shine jigilar ruwa ta kan ƙasa ta ruwa ba tare da ƙayyadaddun tashoshi ba. Ƙunƙarar saman ƙasa yana iya haifar da zubar da ruwa ya tattara cikin kunkuntar hanyoyin ɓuɓɓuga: kamar yadda waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tashoshi suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tashoshi waɗanda aka kafa da suna rills. Waɗannan tashoshi na iya zama ƙanana kamar faɗin santimita ɗaya ko girma kamar mita da yawa. Idan zubar da ruwa ya ci gaba da toka kuma ya kara girma, za su iya girma a karshe su zama gullies. Yazawar guly na iya jigilar abubuwa da yawa da suka lalace Duk a cikin kankanin lokaci wato a ƙurataccen lokaci Rage yawan amfanin gona yakan haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, kuma ana nazarin waɗannan tasirin a fagen kiyaye ƙasa. Barbashin ƙasa da ke ɗauke da ruwa ya bambanta da girman daga kimanin .001 millimeter zuwa kimanin milimita 1.0 a diamita. Manyan ɓangarorin suna daidaita kan ɗan gajeren nisa na sufuri, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin za a iya ɗaukar su ta nisa mai nisa an dakatar da su a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. Rushewar ƙasa maras nauyi wanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan ɓangarorin yana haifar da turɓaya kuma yana rage watsa haske, wanda ke rushe yanayin yanayin ruwa.
Duk sassan ƙasashe sun zama marasa amfani ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa. A kan babban tudun ƙasar Madagaska, kusan kashi goma na ƙasar ƙasar, kusan dukkan faɗin ƙasar ba ta da ciyayi, tare da ɓangarorin gully mai ƙazantawa yawanci fiye da zurfin mita 50 da faɗin kilomita ɗaya. Juyawa noma tsarin noma ne wanda wani lokaci yakan haɗa hanyar yanke yankan rago da ƙonawa a wasu yankuna na duniya. Zaizayar kasa yana haifar da asarar ƙasa mai albarka kuma yana rage yawan amfanin gonarta da Kuma ingancin amfanin gona.
Noman masana'antu na zamani wani babban abin da ke haifar da zaizayar kasa. Fiye da kashi uku na Masara Belt ta Amurka gaba ɗaya ta yi asarar samanta. Sauya ayyukan noma zai rage zaizayar ƙasa daga filayen noma na Amurka da fiye da kusan kashi 70 cikin ɗari.
Tasirin muhalli
Muhimman batutuwan muhalli masu alaƙa da kwararar ruwa sune tasirin ruwa, ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar jigilar gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa waɗannan tsarin. A ƙarshe waɗannan sakamakon suna fassara zuwa haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, rikicewar yanayin muhalli da tasirin kyawawan abubuwa ga albarkatun ruwa. Wasu daga cikin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke haifar da babban tasiri ga ruwan saman da ke tasowa daga zubar da ruwa sune abubuwan da ake amfani da su na man fetur, maganin ciyawa da takin mai magani. An yi nazari kan yawan adadin kuzari ta hanyar fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa tun daga shekarata 1960, kuma farkon tuntuɓar magungunan kashe qwari da ruwa an san yana haɓaka phytotoxicity. A cikin yanayin ruwan saman, tasirin yana fassara zuwa gurɓataccen ruwa, tun da koguna da koguna sun sami zubar da ruwa mai ɗauke da sinadarai daban-daban ko laka. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin samar da ruwan sha, za a iya lalata su game da haɗarin lafiya da ƙayatattun ruwan sha (wato, wari, launi da tasirin turbidity ). gurɓataccen ruwan saman ƙasa yana haɗarin canza tsarin rayuwa na nau'in ruwan da suke ɗaukar nauyi; Dukkanin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar kifin kisa, ko canza ma'auni na yawan jama'a. Sai Dai Sauran takamaiman tasirin su ne kan dabbar dabbar dabba, haifuwa, kwai da yuwuwar tsutsa, tsirar yara da yawan amfanin shuka. Wasu bincike sun nuna kwararar magungunan kashe qwari, irin su DDT, na Kuma iya canza jinsin nau'in kifi ta hanyar dabi'a, wanda ke canza namiji zuwa kifin mace.
Rushewar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin dazuzzuka na iya samar da tafkuna masu tarin yawa na ma'adinai na nitrogen da phosphorus wanda ke haifar da eutrophiation. Ruwan da ke gudana a cikin gandun daji na coniferous shima yana wadatar da acid humic kuma yana iya haifar da ƙasƙantar da jikin ruwa Bugu da ƙari, tsayin tsayi da tsibiran matasa a cikin wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na iya fuskantar ƙimar zaizayar ƙasa kuma suna ba da gudummawar manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga tekun bakin teku. . Irin wannan ƙasa da aka samu ta hanyar sinadarai na sinadarai, carbon, da gurɓatawa na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan zagayowar nazarin halittu na Duk duniya da yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku.
Dangane da ruwan karkashin kasa, babban lamarin shi ne gurbatar ruwan sha, idan an shafe magudanar ruwa don amfanin dan Adam. Game da gurɓacewar ƙasa, ruwan da ke gudana zai iya samun mahimman hanyoyi guda biyu na damuwa. Na farko, ruwa mai gudu zai iya fitar da gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma ya ɗauke su a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa matsugunan ruwa masu mahimmanci. Na biyu, zubar da ruwa na iya sanya gurɓataccen abu a kan ƙasa mai tsabta, haifar da lafiya ko sakamakon muhalli.
Batun noma
Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi aikin gona sun haɗa da jigilar sinadarai na noma (nitrates, phosphates, magungunan kashe qwari, maganin ciyawa, da sauran makamantan su) ta hanyar zubar da ruwa. Wannan sakamakon yana faruwa ne lokacin da amfani da sinadarai ya wuce kima ko rashin lokacin da ya dace dangane da hazo mai yawa. Sakamakon gurɓataccen ruwan da ya biyo baya yana wakiltar ba wai kawai ɓarna na sinadarai na noma ba ne, har ma da barazanar muhalli ga yanayin ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da bambaro don kare ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa da ci gaban ciyawa. Koyaya, girbi waɗannan amfanin gona na iya haifar da haɓakar zaizayar ƙasa.
Ambaliyar ruwa
Ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa ne lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta kasa isar da adadin ruwan da ke gudana a ƙasa. Mitar abin da wannan ke faruwa ana bayyana shi ta lokacin dawowa. Ambaliyar ruwa wani tsari ne na dabi'a, wanda ke kula da tsarin halittu da tsari, amma kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa kamar injiniyan kogi. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama da amfani ga al'umma ko kuma ta yi barna. Noma da ke gefen kogin Nilu sun yi amfani da ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi wanda ke tanadin abubuwan gina jiki masu amfani ga amfanin gona. Duk da haka, yayin da adadi da lalurar ƙauyuka ke ƙaruwa, ambaliya na ƙara zama haɗari na halitta. A cikin birane, kwararar ruwa daga saman ƙasa shine farkon abin da ke haifar da ambaliya na birane, wanda aka sani da maimaitawa da kuma tasiri mai tsada ga al'ummomi. Mummunan illar da ke tattare da asarar rayuka, hasarar dukiya, gurbacewar ruwan sha, haka Kuma asarar amfanin gona, da tarwatsa jama'a da rashin matsuguni na wucin gadi. Ambaliyar ruwa na daga cikin bala'o'in da suka fi yin barna. An kuma san yin amfani da ƙarin ban ruwa a matsayin wata muhimmiyar hanya wadda amfanin gona irin su masara za su iya riƙe takin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka samar da ruwan amfanin gona.
Ragewa da magani
Rage illolin da ke haifar da zubar da jini na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa:
Land use controls. Many world regulatory agencies have encouraged research on methods of minimizing total surface runoff by avoiding unnecessary hardscape. Many municipalities have produced guidelines and codes (zoning and related ordinances) for land developers that encourage minimum width sidewalks, use of pavers set in earth for driveways and walkways and other design techniques to allow maximum water infiltration in urban settings. An example of a local program specifying design requirements, construction practices and maintenance requirements for buildings and properties is in Santa Monica, California.
Kula da zaizayar kasa ya bayyana tun zamanin da lokacin da manoma suka fahimci mahimmancin noman kwane-kwane don kare albarkatun ƙasa. Tun daga shekarata 1950 waɗannan hanyoyin noma sun ƙara haɓaka. A cikin shekarun 1960 wasu gwamnatocin jahohi da na kananan hukumomi sun fara mai da hankali kan kokarinsu wajen rage kwararar gine-gine ta hanyar bukatar magina su aiwatar da matakan hana zaizayar kasa da nakasa ( ESCs ). Wannan ya haɗa da irin waɗannan fasahohin kamar: yin amfani da bas ɗin bambaro da shinge don rage gudu a kan gangara, shigar da shinge na silt, gina shirye-shirye na watanni waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin ruwan sama da raguwa da tsawon wuraren da aka fallasa. Lardin Montgomery, Maryland ta aiwatar da shirin kula da tsatsauran ra'ayi na karamar hukuma a cikin shekarar 1965, kuma wannan ya biyo bayan shirin a duk faɗin jihar Maryland a cikin shekarata 1970.
Shirye-shiryen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa tun farkon rabin farkon karni na ashirin ya zama mai ƙima a cikin hasashen kololuwar tsarin kogi. An samar da dabarun ci gaba don rage kololuwar ruwa da kuma rage saurin tashoshi. Wasu fasahohin da aka saba amfani da su sune: samar da riƙon tafkuna (wanda ake kira dakunan ajiyar ruwa ko daidaita tafkuna ) don hana kololuwar kogi, yin amfani da na'urorin watsa makamashi a cikin tashoshi don rage saurin magudanan ruwa da sarrafa amfani da ƙasa don rage kwararar ruwa.
Amfani da sinadarai da kulawa. Bayan aiwatar da dokar kiyaye albarkatu da dawo da albarkatun Amurka (RCRA) a cikin shekarata 1976, daga baya kuma Dokar Ingancin Ruwa ta 1987, jihohi da biranen sun ƙara yin taka tsan-tsan wajen sarrafa ƙunshe da adanar sinadarai masu guba, don haka hana fitar da zubewa. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sune: buƙatu don ninki biyu na tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rajistar amfani da kayan haɗari, raguwar adadin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yarda da shi da ƙarin tsauraran ƙa'idodin takin zamani da ciyawa a cikin kiyaye shimfidar wuri. A yawancin masana'antu, ana buƙatar gyaran sharar gida, don rage gudu daga gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa ko ruwan sama.
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (CWA) ta buƙaci ƙananan hukumomi a cikin birane (kamar yadda Ofishin Kidayar Jama'a ta ayyana) su sami izinin fitar da ruwan sama don tsarin magudanar ruwa. Mahimmanci wannan yana nufin cewa yankin dole ne ya yi aiki da shirin kula da ruwan guguwa don duk kwararar ruwan sama da ke shiga tsarin magudanar ruwa na daban na birni (" MS4 "). Dokokin EPA da na jihohi da wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa sun zayyana abubuwan asali guda shida waɗanda kowane shiri na gida ya ƙunshi:
Sauran masu mallakar kadarori waɗanda ke gudanar da tsarin magudanar ruwa mai kama da gundumomi, kamar tsarin babbar hanyar jiha, jami'o'i, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, suma suna ƙarƙashin buƙatun izinin na MS4.
Aunawa da ƙirar lissafi
Ana nazarin runoff ta amfani da ƙirar lissafi a haɗe tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na samfurin ingancin ruwa. Ana iya yin ma'auni ta amfani da ci gaba da sarrafa kayan aikin bincike na ingancin ruwa mai sarrafa kansa wanda aka yi niyya akan gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙayyadaddun sinadarai na Organic ko inorganic, pH, turbidity da dai sauransu ko aka yi niyya akan alamomi na biyu kamar narkar da iskar oxygen. Hakanan za'a iya yin ma'auni a cikin tsari ta hanyar cire samfurin ruwa guda ɗaya da gudanar da kowane adadin sinadarai ko gwaje-gwaje na zahiri akan wannan samfurin.
A cikin shekarata 1950s ko kuma samfuran jigilar ruwa na farko sun bayyana don ƙididdige yawan zubar da ruwa, musamman don hasashen ambaliyar ruwa. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s an ƙirƙira samfuran kwamfuta don nazarin jigilar kwararar ruwa da ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen ruwa, waɗanda ke yin la'akari da adadin narkar da sinadarai daban-daban, kutsawa cikin ƙasa da babban nauyin gurɓataccen ruwa da aka kai ga ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran farko da ke magance rushewar sinadarai a cikin guguwa da kuma abin hawa an haɓaka shi a farkon 1970s ƙarƙashin kwangilar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA). Wannan ƙirar kwamfuta ta samar da ginshiƙi na yawancin binciken ragewa wanda ya haifar da dabarun amfani da ƙasa da sarrafa sinadarai.
Ƙwarai, masu aikin ruwa na guguwa sun fahimci buƙatar ƙirar Monte Carlo don daidaita tsarin tafiyar da ruwa saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi a cikin sauye-sauye masu yawa waɗanda ke shafar inganci da yawan zubar da ruwa. Amfanin nazarin Monte Carlo ba shine don rage rashin tabbas a cikin kididdigar shigarwa ba, amma don wakiltar haɗuwa daban-daban na masu canji waɗanda ke ƙayyade haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan irin wannan nau'in samfurin ruwan guguwa shine stochastic empirical loading da dilution model ( SELDM ) shine samfurin ingancin ruwan hadari. An ƙirƙira SELDM don canza haɗaɗɗun bayanan kimiyya zuwa bayanai masu ma'ana game da haɗarin mummunan tasirin kwararar ruwa a kan karɓar ruwa, yuwuwar buƙatar matakan ragewa, da yuwuwar tasirin irin waɗannan matakan gudanarwa don rage waɗannan haɗarin. SELDM yana ba da hanya don kimanta bayanai cikin sauri waɗanda ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya samu ba saboda yana ƙirƙira ma'amala tsakanin masu canjin yanayi (tare da rabe-raben yuwuwar mabambanta) wanda ke haifar da yawan ƙima waɗanda ke wakiltar yiwuwar sakamako na dogon lokaci daga matakan gudu da kuma Na yuwuwar tasirin matakan raguwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, SELDM yana ba da hanyoyin yin bincike mai zurfi cikin hanzari don tantance tasirin zato daban-daban game da haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa.
Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Ruwan titin babbar hanya
Rushewar babbar hanya yana da ɗan ƙaramin kaso amma yaɗuwar duk gurɓatar tushen da ba ta da tushe. Harned a shekarata (1988) ya kiyasta cewa nauyin da ke gudu ya ƙunshi faɗuwar yanayi (9%), ajiyar abin hawa (25%) da kayan gyaran manyan hanyoyi (67%) ya kuma kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari na waɗannan lodin an sake horar da su a cikin yanayi.
Barzakh Editions
Barzakh Editions ( Éditions Barzakh; دار البرزخ للنشر) gidan buga littattafai ne mai zaman kansa a Aljeriya. Yana wallafa aikin sabbin tsararrun marubutan Aljeriya. Barzakh a cikin musulunci shine tsakanin wafatin wani da tashinsa a kiyama da kuma zaman akhirah daga baya.
Selma Hellal da Sofiane Hadjadj ne suka kafa Barzakh a shekara ta 2000, a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na Yaƙin Basasa na Aljeriya. A cikin wadannan shekaru rikice-rikice a kasar sun zama saniyar ware a duniya a waje. A cewar alkalan bayar da lambar yabo ta Prince Claus a shekarar 2010, kafuwar wannan gidan wallafe-wallafen ya kasance na farko don sake bude kofa tsakanin Aljeriya da sauran kasashen duniya.
Digital Rights Watch
Digital Rights Watch wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Australiya da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2016 da ke da nufin ilmantarwa da kiyaye haƙƙin dijital na ƴan Australiya.
Barzakh Editions
Da farko shine manufar buga aikin marubutan ƙasar Aljeriya kawai. Helal da Hadjadj sun lura cewa yakin basasa ya haifar da yawan marubuta sun gudu zuwa kasashen waje. Don haka sai aka mayar da hankali wajen wallafa ayyukan marubutan da suka yi zaman gudun hijira tare da ba da dama ga marubutan da ba za su sami dama ba.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Gandun daji
Ayyukan gandun daji suna rage adadin bishiyoyi a wani yanki, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen a yankin. Wannan aikin, haɗe tare da injuna masu nauyi (masu girbi, da sauransu) mirgina ƙasa yana ƙara haɗarin zaizayar ƙasa.
Barzakh Editions
Wani muhimmin mahimmanci ga wadanda suka kafa shi ne sha'awar littattafai da kuma amincewa da cewa 'yancin tunani da magana suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba.
Digital Rights Watch
Mayar da hankali
Manufar Digital Rights Watch ita ce tabbatar da cewa 'yan Ostiraliya suna da kayan aiki, ba su ƙarfi da ba su damar kiyaye haƙƙoƙin dijital su. Ƙungiyar tana aiki akan ba da shawarwari, sake fasalin manufofi da kamfen da ke fuskantar jama'a waɗanda ke tura bayanan da'a da kamfanoni ke amfani da su,   kyawawan ayyuka da manufofin gwamnati na dijital,   tsarin shari'a na tushen haƙƙin mallaka., da kuma karfafawa da kuma sanar da ’yan kasa.
Barzakh Editions
Har zuwa 2010 gidan ya buga littattafai fiye da 110, sun bambanta tsakanin litattafai da wakoki. Bugu da ƙari, an buga littattafai a fannoni kamar falsafa, daukar hoto, wasan kwaikwayo, siyasa, fasaha, da ƙari.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Ma'adinai
Ana ɗaukar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu aiki tuƙuru DA jajircewa, duk da haka zubar da ruwa daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da aka yi watsi da shi yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar tushen tushe. A cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, ana cire saman dutsen don fallasa ma'adinan da ake so. Idan ba a kwato wannan yanki da kyau da zarar an gama hakar ma'adinan, zaizayar ƙasa na iya faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun halayen sinadarai tare da iska da sabon dutsen da aka fallasa don haifar da zubar da ruwa mai acidic. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga ma'adinan ƙasa da aka watsar na iya zama mai yawan acidic. Wannan zai iya shiga cikin jikin ruwa mafi kusa kuma ya canza pH a cikin yanayin ruwa.
Barzakh Editions
Tun da farko gidan ya dogara ne daga masu tallafawa galibin Turawa, saboda yanayi da yanayin wallafe-wallafen ya sa mawallafin ba su iya aiki da kansa. Misali ofishin jakadancin Faransa da ke Algiers ya yi jinƙai kan farashi don kafa haƙƙin mallaka na littattafan. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Switzerland da wasu kudade sun ba da tallafin kuɗi ga mawallafin.
Digital Rights Watch
Tsarin
Digital Rights Watch ƙungiya ce mai haɗin gwiwa, mai rijista a matsayin agaji ta ƙasa tare da Hukumar Ba da Riba da Riba ta Ostiraliya. Kungiya ce da membobi ke tafiyar da ita, tare da zabar kwamitin gudanarwa sau daya a shekara a babban taronta na shekara-shekara. Ƙungiyar kuma tana gudanar da Majalisar Ba da Shawara, wanda ke ba da labari da ba da shawara kan manufofi da dabaru. and the global Keep It On campaign.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Marinas da ayyukan jirgin ruwa
Sinadaran da ake amfani da su don kula da kwale-kwale, kamar fenti, kaushi, da mai suna samun hanyar shiga ruwa ta cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, zubar da mai ko ɗibar mai kai tsaye a cikin ruwa daga kwale-kwale yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar ƙasa mara tushe. Matakan sinadirai da ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙaruwa ta wurin wuraren sharar da ba a kula da su ba a kan jirgin ruwa da tashoshin fitar da famfo.
Digital Rights Watch
Tsarin
Digital Rights Watch memba ne na CIVICUS Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Halartar Jama'a, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Dijital ta Australiya, da kamfen Ci gaba da Taimakon Duniya. A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2017, Shugaban Digital Rights Watch Tim Singleton Norton ya sami ambato na musamman a cikin Samun Yanzu Jarumai na Duniya da Villains of Human Rights Awards.
Dam ɗin Nqweba
Dam ɗin Nqweba (wanda aka fi sani da Van Ryneveld's Pass Dam), dam ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan Kogin Lahadi a cikin Camdeboo National Park, a Graaff-Reinet, Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu.
Digital Rights Watch
Tsarin
Digital Rights Watch sau da yawa yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu dijital na Australiya ko ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Amnesty International Australia, Lantarki Frontiers Australia, Gidauniyar Sirri ta Australiya, ACFID da sauransu. Digital Rights Watch kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Access Now, Electronic Frontiers Foundation, Open Media, EDRi, Privacy International da sauransu.
Gurbataccen yanayi
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari
Don shawo kan gurɓacewar tushen tushe, ana iya aiwatar da wasu hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin birane da na kewayen birni. Gilashin buffer yana ba da shingen ciyawa tsakanin kayan da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar wuraren ajiye motoci da tituna, da kuma mafi kusa da ruwa. Wannan yana bawa ƙasa damar ɗaukar duk wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa kafin ta shiga cikin tsarin ruwa na gida. Ana iya gina tafkuna masu riƙewa a wuraren magudanar ruwa don ƙirƙirar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tsakanin gurɓataccen ruwa da yanayin ruwa. Guduwar ruwa da guguwar ruwa suna magudawa a cikin tafkin da ake ajiyewa da ke ba da damar gurɓatattun abubuwa su daidaita su zama tarko a cikin tafki. Yin amfani da lafazin lafazin yana ba da damar ruwan sama da ruwan guguwa su zube cikin ƙasan daf ɗin, wanda hakan zai rage yawan kwararar da ke kwarara cikin ruwa kai tsaye. Hakanan ana amfani da hanyoyin maidowa kamar gina wuraren dausayi don rage gudu da kuma shawo kan gurɓata ruwa.
Wuraren gine-gine na aiwatar da matakai masu sauƙi don rage ƙazanta da zubar da ruwa. Da fari dai, ana kafa shingen shinge ko shinge a kusa da wuraren gine-gine don rage yawan laka da manyan kayan da ke zubewa cikin ruwa da ke kusa. Na biyu, shimfida ciyawa ko bambaro a kan iyakar wuraren gine-ginen kuma yana aiki don rage gurɓatar ƙasa mara tushe Ko inganci.
Lagos State College of Health Technology
Kwalejin Fasaha ta Lafiya ta Jihar Legas, wacce ake kira LASCOHET, ɗaya ce daga cikin tsoffin kwalejin fasahar kiwon lafiya a Najeriya kuma an kafa ta a 1920.