cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sararin Samaniya na Duniya
Yaduwa
CO
CO da H 2 O.
Manuniya mai raɗaɗi
Ƙididdigar iskar iska tana kusa, amma ya fi 1 girma. Bambance -bambancen da ke cikin tsari mai rikitarwa na iya haifar da lanƙwasa hasken haske a kan dogayen hanyoyin gani. Misali guda ɗaya shine, a wasu yanayi, masu sa ido a cikin jiragen ruwa na iya ganin wasu jiragen ruwa kawai a sararin sama saboda haske yayi yawo a cikin alkibla ɗaya kamar lanƙwasar saman Duniya.
Yanayin farko na sararin samaniya
Yanayin farko ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen. Wataƙila akwai ruwa mai sauƙi kamar waɗanda aka samu yanzu a cikin ƙungiyoyin gas ( Jupiter da Saturn ), musamman tururin ruwa, methane da ammoniya.
Sararin samaniya na biyu
Fitar iskar wutar volkeno, wanda ke cike da iskar gas da aka samar a lokacin matsanancin bama -bamai na duniya ta manyan taurari, ya samar da yanayi na gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa na nitrogen da carbon dioxide da iskar gas. Wani babban sashi na iskar carbon dioxide ya narke cikin ruwa kuma yayi aiki tare da karafa kamar alli da magnesium yayin yanayin duwatsu masu ƙyalƙyali don ƙirƙirar carbonates waɗanda aka ajiye azaman magudanar ruwa. An gano gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa tun daga farkon shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka gabata.
Kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.4 da suka wuce, sinadarin nitrogen ya zama babban sashi na kwanciyar hankali na  yanayi na biyu . Dole ne a yi la’akari da tasirin rayuwa ba da daɗewa ba a cikin tarihin yanayi saboda alamun alamun farkon rayuwa sun bayyana tun shekaru biliyan 3.5 da suka gabata. Yadda Duniya a wancan lokacin ta kasance da yanayin dumamar yanayi don isasshen ruwa mai ruwa da rayuwa, idan Rana ta farko ta fitar da ƙarancin hasken rana 30% fiye da na yau, abin wuyar warwarewa ne da aka sani da " suma matashin Sun ".
Duk da haka, ajiyayyen record na sararin sama yana nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa yayin cikakken rikodin farkon zafin zafin duniya - in ban da wani lokaci mai sanyi na kimanin shekara biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata. A ƙarshen Archean Eon wani yanayi mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen ya fara haɓaka, da alama an samar da shi ta hanyar photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (duba Babban Taron Oxygenation ), waɗanda aka samo su a matsayin burbushin stromatolite daga shekaru biliyan 2.7 da suka gabata. Farkon isotopy na iskar carbon ( rabon isotope rabo ) yana ba da shawarar yanayi mai kama da na yanzu, da kuma cewa an kafa ƙa'idodin keɓaɓɓen tsarin carbon tun farkon shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata.
Tsoffin narkakken ruwa a Gabon da ke tsakanin kimanin shekaru biliyan 2.15 zuwa 2.08 da suka gabata suna ba da rikodin na juyin halittar iskar Oxygen ta Duniya. Wataƙila waɗannan canje -canjen a cikin iskar oxygen ana iya motsa su ta balaguron isotope na Lomagundi.
Sararin samaniya na uku
Sake saken tsara nahiyoyi ta plate tectonics yana tasiri juyin halittar yanayi na dogon lokaci ta hanyar canza carbon dioxide zuwa da daga manyan kantunan carbonate na nahiyar. Free oxygen bai wanzu a cikin sararin samaniya ba sai kusan shekaru biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata yayin Babban Taron Oxygenation kuma ana nuna kamanninsa ta ƙarshen ƙarfe da aka ɗaure.
Kafin wannan lokacin, duk wani iskar oxygen da photosynthesis ke samarwa ana cinye shi ta hanyar oxyidation na kayan da aka rage, musamman ƙarfe. Molecules na oxygen kyauta bai fara tarawa a cikin sararin samaniya ba har sai yawan samar da iskar oxygen ya fara wuce samuwar rage kayan da suka cire iskar oxygen. Wannan batu yana nuna juyawa daga yanayi mai ragewa zuwa yanayi mai ƙonewa. O 2 ya nuna manyan bambance -bambancen har sai ya kai matsayi na sama da 15% a ƙarshen Precambrian. Lokaci mai zuwa daga shekaru miliyan 541 da suka gabata har zuwa yau shine Phanerozoic Eon, a farkon lokacinsa, Cambrian, isasshen iskar oxygen da ke buƙatar tsarin rayuwa na metazoan ya fara bayyana.
Adadin iskar oxygen a sararin samaniya ya canza a cikin shekaru miliyan 600 da suka gabata, ya kai kololuwar kusan kashi 30% kusan shekaru miliyan 280 da suka gabata, wanda ya fi na yau kashi 21%. Manyan matakai guda biyu suna sarrafa canje -canje a cikin yanayi: Shuke -shuke da ke amfani da iskar carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya da sakin iskar oxygen, sannan tsire -tsire ta amfani da wasu iskar oxygen da daddare ta hanyar aikin photorespiration tare da sauran iskar oxygen da ake amfani da su don lalata abubuwan da ke kusa da su. Rushewar pyrite da dusar ƙanƙara ta fito da sulfur a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke shaye -shaye don haka yana rage adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin. Koyaya, fashewar dutsen yana kuma sakin carbon dioxide, wanda tsire -tsire na iya juyawa zuwa oxygen. Ba a san ainihin musabbabin bambancin adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin ba. Lokaci tare da iskar oxygen da yawa a cikin yanayin yana da alaƙa da saurin haɓaka dabbobi. Yanayin yau yana dauke da iskar oxygen kashi 21%, wanda ya isa sosai ga wannan saurin ci gaban dabbobi.
Moctar Musah Bambah
Alhaji Moctar Musah Bambah ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Wenchi ta Gabas a yankin Brong Ahafo a ƙasar Ghana. Ya kasance dan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin ministan harkokin shugaban kasa.
Zabe
An zabi Bambah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Wenchi ta Gabas a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujerun majalisa 14 daga cikin kujeru 21 da Sabuwar Jam’iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Brong Ahafo. Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta sami rinjayen kujeru 100 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200 na majalisar dokoki ta uku na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana. Ya samu kuri'u 14,954 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 27,536 da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 55.9% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Frederick Osei-Dabankah na National Democratic Congress, Kwaku Amoa-Tutu na National Reform Party, Agyenim Boateng Agyei na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Takyi Kwame Anokye na United Ghana Movement. Wadanda suka samu kuri'u 10,563, 533, 529 da 177 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 39.5%, 2.0%, 2.0% da 0.7% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Mutanen Sebei
Sebei ƙabila ce ta Kudancin Nilotic da ke zaune a gabashin Uganda. Suna jin Kupsabiny, yaren Kalenjin. Sapiiny sun mamaye gundumomi uku, wato Bukwo, Kween da Kapchorwa.
Al'adu
Mutanen Sebei suna tafiyar da salon rayuwa mai sauƙi. Babban tsarin rayuwarsu ya ta'allaka ne akan kiwon shanu, noman amfanin gona, da yin giya. Ayyukan gama gari da Sebei ke yi sun haɗa da kiwon shanu da noma. Ayyukan sun dogara da inda kuke zama. Saboda daidaitattun al'adunsu, buƙatar babban tsarin zamantakewa yana da iyaka. Mutanen Sebei suna da kwanciyar hankali, akwai iyakacin laifukan laifuka da mutum zai iya yi. A cikin al'adar Sebei, akwai matakan laifi guda biyu. Babban matakin shine kisan kai da cin zarafi, matakin ƙasa shine na dukiya ko manyan rigingimu tsakanin mutane ko ƙungiyoyin mutane.
Wurare
Sebei suna rayuwa ne a kan gangaren Dutsen Elgon a gabashin Uganda. Sun kai kimanin mutane 300,000 kuma sun mamaye fili mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,730.9 a gundumomin Bukwo, Kapchorwa da Kween. Yankin nasu yana da iyaka da Jamhuriyar Kenya wanda gida ne ga Kalenjin fiye da miliyan shida, babbar kabila ce da Sebei ta fito. Sebei ta yanzu aka fi sani da Sapiny, suna magana da Kupsabiny, yaren Kalenjin da wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Kalenjin ke magana a kusa da Dutsen Elgon. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Sebei da na Kenya (Littafi, Kony, Mosoop, Someek, Bongomek) waɗanda ke zaune a tsaunukan Dutsen Elgon ana kiransu da ' Sabaots.
Yawancin mutanen Sebei suna zaune a ƙasar Uganda. Kashi na al'ummar Uganda wato Sebei kashi 0.6 ne kawai; ma'ana akwai kusan Sebei 300,000 a Uganda.
Tushen Afirka da Tarihin Afirka
Tushen Afirka da Tarihin Afirka jerin littafi ne da Brill ya buga wanda ke da nufin samar da bugu mai mahimmanci na tushen labarun Afirka na asali daga yankin Saharar Afirka. Shirin na nufin fadada hanyoyin da masana tarihi na Afirka ke da su, da kuma gyara son zuciya da kila an shigar da su a cikin rubuta tarihin Afirka ta hanyar dogaro da majiyoyin da Turawa suka rubuta.
Na farko a cikin jerin shi ne 2001 Somono Bala na Upper Niger, wani almara na masu kamun kifi, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci daga harshen Maninka a karon farko.
Callaway Township, Becker County, Minnesota
Callaway Township birni ne, da ke a cikin gundumar Becker, Minnesota, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 260 kamar na ƙidayar 2000.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da yawan yanki na 35.3 sqmi, wanda daga ciki 33.9 sqmi   ƙasa ce kuma 1.4 sqmi   (4.00%) ruwa ne.
Garin Callaway yana cikin wannan garin a matsayin yanki amma yanki ne na daban.
Makabartu
Garin ya ƙunshi makabartar Saint Marys.
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 260, gidaje 94, da iyalai 73 da ke zaune a cikin garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 7.7 a kowace murabba'in mil (3.0/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 103 a matsakaicin yawa na 3.0/sq mi (1.2/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 70.77% Fari, 17.31% Ba'amurke, da 11.92% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.92% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 94, daga cikinsu kashi 29.8% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 62.8% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 8.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 22.3% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 22.3% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 4.3% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.77 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.23.
A cikin garin yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 28.1% a ƙasa da shekaru 18, 9.2% daga 18 zuwa 24, 24.2% daga 25 zuwa 44, 24.6% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 13.8% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka. . Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 38. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 104.7. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 120.0.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $33,542, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $35,750. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $25,417 sabanin $19,167 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin ya kasance $14,020. Kusan 13.0% na iyalai da 13.8% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 21.9% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara sha takwas ba da 19.4% na waɗanda 65 ko sama da haka.
Miyauchi, Yamagata
Miyauchi (宮内町, Miyauchi-chō) birni ne da ke cikin gundumar Higashiokitama, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.
Tun daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da biyar 1965, garin yana da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a dubu goma sha bakwai da dari tara da talatin da tara 17,939 da yawan jama'a na mutane dari da tamanin da takwas 198 a kowace km². Jimillar yankin ya kai 90.61 km² ba.
A ranar daya 1 ga watan Afrilu, dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da bakwai 1967, an haɗa Miyauchi a cikin garin Nan'yō wanda aka faɗaɗa don haka ba ya wanzuwa a matsayin karamar hukuma mai zaman kanta.
Tarihi
An kafa ƙauyen Miyauchi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889, tare da kafa tsarin gundumomi. An tashe shi zuwa matsayin gari a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1955, ta hanyar haɗuwa da ƙauyukan Urushiyama, Yoshino, da Kaneyama. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1967, garin Miyauchi ya haɗu da garin Akayu da ƙauyen Wagō don zama garin Nan'yō
Abubuwan jan hankali na gida
Masallacin Kumano-taisha yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan Masallatan Kumano guda uku a Japan, wanda asalinsa ya koma karni na 9. Kowace watan Yuli, wurin ibada shi ne babban abin da Miyauchi ya fi mayar da hankali a kai, lokacin da aka zana omikoshi (wuraren ibada) a kewayen garin kafin a mayar da su zuwa babban wurin ibadar.
Sosho Park (双松公園, Sōshō Kōen) holds a rose festival in June, and a chrysanthemum doll festival (菊人形祭り, kiku ningyō matsuri) is held in October. The festival's highlight is a series of human dolls made from locally grown chrysanthemums.
Hygeia Park onsen, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin nunin Isabella Bird Memorial, shima yana cikin garin
Kisan Iniubong Umoren
Frank Uduak-Abasi Akpan, wanda aka fi sani da Ezekiel Uduak Akpan, ɗan Najeriya ne daga Uyo a jihar Akwa Ibom da aka samu da laifin yin garkuwa da Iniubong Umoren, da aka fi sani da Hiny Humorenon Twitter
Wata babbar kotun jihar Akwa Ibom dake Uyo ta samu Uduak-Abasi Akpan da laifi a ranar Alhamis 4 ga watan Agusta 2022 na kashe wata mai neman aiki, Iniubong Umoren.
Hukunci
Mai shari’a Bassey Nkanang, alkalin kotun, ya kuma yanke wa Akpan hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai kan laifin fyaɗe a hukuncin da ya yanke. Bayan hukuncin kotun, Akpan ya yi yunkurin ficewa daga kotun amma jami’an tsaron da ke wurin suka shiga domin hana shi.
Shehu Ahmadu
Sheikhu Ahmadu ( شيخ أحمد بن محمّد لبّو    ; Seeku Aamadu   ;  ) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 – 20 Afrilu 1845) shine Fulbe wanda ya kafa daular Massina (Diina na Hamdullahi) a cikin Neja Delta ta ciki, yanzu yankin Mopti na Mali. Ya yi mulki a matsayin Almami daga shekara ta 1818 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1845, kuma ya dauki taken Cisse al-Masini.
Kisan Iniubong Umoren
Hukunci
An yanke wa Mista Akpan hukuncin daurin rai da rai bayan Mista Nkanang ya same shi da laifin fyade. Mai gabatar da kara, a cewar mai shari’a, ya tabbatar da babu shakka Mr. Akpan na da laifin fyade da kuma kisan kai.
Shehu Ahmadu
Shekarun farko
Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī ( Aamadu Hammadi Buubu  ) an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 kuma Hamman Lobbo, kanin mahaifinsa ne ya rene shi. Amadu ya kasance almajirin malamin Sufi na Kadiriyya Sidi Mukhtar al-Kunti. A yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida, kawancen ’yan kasuwar Fulbe ne ke mulkin garuruwan kamar Djenné, amma mutanen Bambara ba Musulmi ba ne ke iko da kogin. Fulbe ardo'en sun kasance yankin Bambara na Ségou, kuma sun yi wani nau'i na Musulunci wanda ba shi da tsarki.
Brigitte Madlener
Brigitte Madlener 'yar Ostiriya ce mai tseren tsalle-tsalle. Ta wakilci Austria a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1980 da kuma a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1984. A dunkule, ta lashe lambobin zinare hudu da lambobin azurfa biyu a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu.
Kisan Iniubong Umoren
Hukunci
Sai dai ya saki tare da wanke mahaifin Akpan da kanwarsa, wadanda ake tuhuma na biyu da na uku a shari’ar.
Mai laifin fyaden ya yi yunkurin tserewa daga kotun ne a lokacin da aka bayyana hukuncin amma jami’an tsaro suka hana shi.
Umoren, wadda ta kammala karatun falsafar daga Jami’ar Uyo, ta mutu a watan Afrilun 2021. A yayin da take jiran aikin yi wa kasa hidima (NYSC), kuma tana tsaka da neman aiki yi.
Raka'a
Rak'ah ( ركعة  rakʿah, jam'i: ركعات rakaʿāt ) shine juzu'i guda na motsi da addu'o'in da Musulmi suke yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sallar farilla ko Nafila da aka fi sani da salah. Ana karanta Fatiha da Surah a cikin raka'a ta farko a cikin kowace Sallah ko Farilla ko Nafila, ana ƙulla raka'a ne daga lokacin da mutum ya ɗago daga Ruku'u bayan tsayuwa. Kowacce daga cikin salloli biyar da Musulmi ke yi a kowace rana ta ƙunsa raka’a 4 Azahar, La'asar da Isha. Sai raka'a 3 ga Magrib, sai raka'a 2 ga Sallah Asuba. Sai Sallah Nafila iya yadda mutum zai iya yi ya sallame amma dai bayan raka'a 2 ko 4 zai sallame, sai dai mafi yawa anfi fahimtar duk bayan raka'a 2 a sallame.
Kisan Iniubong Umoren
Hukunci
Da alkawarin samun aiki, Uduak-Abasi Akpan ya yi zargin cewa ya shawo kan matashiyar ƴar shekara 26 da aka kashe ta ziyarci gidan iyalansa da ke kauyen Nung Ikono Obio a cikin karamar hukumar Uruan inda ya yi mata fyade, ya kashe ta, sannan ya binne ta a wani kabari mara zurfi.
Shehu Ahmadu
Shekarun farko
Wataƙila Seku Amadu ya yi jihadin Sakkwato kafin ya koma yankin Massina. Ya zauna a wani ƙauye a ƙarƙashin ikon Djenné. Sa’ad da koyarwarsa ta kawo masa ɗimbin mabiya aka kore shi, aka ƙaura zuwa Sebera, ƙarƙashin Massina. Ya sake gina wata babbar magoya baya aka sake kore shi. Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya assasa Daular Sokoto a kasar Hausa a shekara ta 1809, ya ba shi izinin gudanar da jihadi a yankin. Asalin yakokin nasa sun kasance a yammacin Daular Sakkwato karkashin Abdullahi dan Fodio na Gwandu. Kamar sauran jagororin jihadi, Seku Amadu ya sami tuta daga Usman dan Fodio a matsayin alama ta zahiri ta ikonsa.
Raka'a
Tsarin Yadda akeyi
Bayan Alwala sallah ta hanyar yin alwala sai mutum ya sabunta niyya ta cikin zuciyarsa ta haka ya tsarkake sallarsa don Allah. Niyya ba za'a furta ta da baki ba sai dai a ƙudurta ta a cikin zuciya; amma kuma ana iya faɗi da baki tare da niyya a cikin zuciya. Misali: ka yi nufin a cikin zuciyarka zaka yi sallah raka’a 4 (Raka’a) domin ka fara sallar ka.
Shehu Ahmadu
Jihadi
Seku Amadu ya zargi dokokin Fulbe na gida da bautar gumaka, kuma da farko jihadi aka yi musu. Ba da dadewa ba aka fadada aikin har zuwa Bambara da sauran kungiyoyin maguzawa na yankin. Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan Tukolors da sauran ’yan Fulbe a Massina, bayi da suka tsere da sauran su suna neman ’yanci daga iyayengijinsu na Bambara. A cikin Fulbe, Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan musulmi masu ilimi, a da, makiyaya ne, wadanda farfad'un Sufaye suka rinjayi su kuma suna da sha'awar gyara Musulunci.
A cikin jihadinsa ya fara fatattakar sojojin Segu, sannan ya kama Djenné, wanda malamansa suka maraba da shi. An gayyace shi ya mallaki Massina bayan tawayen Fulbe a wannan garin. A shekara ta 1818 ya sami nasarar sarrafa Djenné da Massina. A Djenné, kuma daga baya a Timbuktu, an hambarar da shugaban na wucin gadi aka maye gurbinsa da malamai, yayin da dangin Fulba Dikko suka zama ikon yanki. Seku Amadu ya kafa babban birnin sabuwar Masarautar Massina mai suna Hamdullahi ("Godiya ga Allah!"), arewa maso gabashin Djenné, kudu da birnin Mopti na yanzu. An kafa babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1819. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman kansa.
Masarautar
Jihar Seku Amadu ta mulkin kama karya ne ke iko da Neja Delta na cikin gida, kuma ta yi wani iko a kan Timbuktu, Ségou da Kaarta. Daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihadi a Massina shi ne Muḥammad al-Tāhir, shi ma dalibin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. Ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya bayyana cewa Seku Amadu shine magajin ruhin Askia Mohammad I, mai mulkin karni na sha shida na daular Songhai. An yarda da wannan gaba ɗaya a yankin Timbuktu. An sami 'yar tsayin daka ga shigar Timbuktu na yau da kullun cikin sabuwar daular Massina, wacce ba da jimawa ba ta zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci. Sai dai a hankali Seku Amadu ya raba kan shugabannin Timbuktu da na Sakkwato ta hanyar tsattsauran tauhidinsa, kuma da rashin ganinsa yana girmama manyan shugabannin Qadiriyya da mutuntawa da suke ganin hakkinsu ne. Ya kuma riki mukamin Amirul Muminina a Sudan, wanda halifan Sokoto ya ɗauka a matsayin damansa. Ya yi illa ga kasuwancin Jenne da Timbuktu.
Shugaban limaman Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, ya rasu a shekara ta 1825/6. Seku Amadu ya nemi a amince masa a hukumance a kan birnin. Ya aika da manzo da dakaru masu tarin yawa zuwa ga al-Q’id Usman bin Bābakr, shugaban riko, yana roqonsa da ya daina amfani da ganguna da sauran nau’o’in biki, wanda Usman ya yarda. A shekara ta 1833 Usmanu ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ya yi wa Hamdullahi yaki, amma aka ci shi. Sai dai, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, shugaban ruhin Timbuktu, ya shirya sulhu tsakanin Abzinawa da Ahmadu Lobbo, wanda a karkashinsa sojojinsa na Fulbe ba za su mamaye Timbuktu ba. An ci tarar wadanda suka shiga harin Hamdullahi.
Seku Amadu Lobbo ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1845, ya bar daular Massina ga dansa, Amadu II. A karkashin dansa, Timbuktu ya kasance cikin daular na wani lokaci. Ahmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ya yi sarautar Massina daga shekara ta 1844 zuwa 1852. Tsawon zaman lafiya ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da Jihadin da El Hadj Umar Tall ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1862 ya kifar da jikan Ahmadu, Amadu III, ya kuma jefa yankin cikin rudani.
Raka'a
Tsarin Yadda akeyi
Motsi na uku na raka'a shi ne ka ɗago daga ruku'u zuwa ga tsayuwar daka gabatar, tare da gode wa Allah a cikin zuciya ba tare da anji me kace ba, kana saukowa cikin sujjada cikakkiya a ƙasa.
Shehu Ahmadu
Siyasa da tasiri
Seku Amadu ya yi mulki ne ta tsarin gwamnonin larduna, galibin danginsa, da majalisar tsakiya mai dattijai arba'in. A cikin tsarin mulkin Seku Amadu dokar ta ginu ne bisa tsananin kiyaye tafsirin malikiyya na sharia. Qadis sun gudanar da shari’a a kowace lardi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jihar. Tsare-tsare na bin doka ya sa wata hukuma ta kira Masina "kamar yadda take kusa da tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya kamar yadda ake iya cimmawa."
Raka'a
Tsarin Yadda akeyi
A cikin sujada, ana sanya goshi da hancin mai ibada a ƙasa tare da ɗora tafin hannuwa kusa da kafaɗa dama dana hagu na kunnuwansu. Yayin da yazo sunkuyawa zuwa sujada “sujood” ko kuma wurin sujjada, dole ne a tuna cewa da farko, gwiwoyi su taɓa ƙasa, sannan hannayensa, sannan hancinsa, daga ƙarshe kuma a goshinsa. Daga nan sai ya ɗaga gwiwarsa da hannaye da kirjinsa daga kasa.
Shehu Ahmadu
Siyasa da tasiri
A lokacin da daular ta kara karfi sai dakaru 10,000 aka jibge a birnin, sannan Seku Ahmadu ya ba da umarnin a gina madrasa dari shida don ci gaba da yada addinin Musulunci. Ya kuma ba da umarnin haramta shaye-shaye, taba, kade-kade da raye-raye kamar yadda shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada, sannan ya gina tsarin jin dadin jama’a domin a samar wa zawarawa da marayu da gajiyayyu.
Raka'a
Tsarin Yadda akeyi
A wannan matsayi ana maimaita kalmomin “Tsarki ya tabbata ga Allah Ta’ala” tare da tunani a matsayin wani nau’i na yabo na al’ada.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
Pius Lasisi Jimoh (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1950 - 29 Maris 2014) ɗan kasuwa ne haifaffen kabilar Ebira kuma sanata a Jamhuriya ta Biyu na Tarayyar Najeriya mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu (Okene/Okehi), yanzu Kogi ta tsakiya daga watan Agusta zuwa Disamba shekara ta, 1983. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye kuma dan majalisa mafi karancin shekaru da aka taba zaba a majalisar dattawa yana da shekaru 33. An haifi Jimoh a Ebira kuma ya fara aiki tare da Julius Berger PLC, a matsayin mai kula da albashi tsakanin shekarar, 1974 zuwa 1980.
Shehu Ahmadu
Siyasa da tasiri
Daya daga cikin mafi dauwamammen sakamakon mulkinsa shi ne ka’idar makiyaya da ke kula da shiga da kuma amfani da yankin Neja delta daga hannun Fulani makiyaya da al’ummomin manoma daban-daban.
Raka'a
Tsarin Yadda akeyi
Motsi na hudu shi ne mai sallah ya dawo daga sujjada ya zauna zaune tare da dunƙule kafafun su a ƙarƙashin jikinsu. A cikin wannan matsayi za su roki Allah gafarar zunubanku da na iyayensu da na sauran muminai kafin su sauka a cikin sujada ta biyu.
Wannan ya kammala sallah raka'a ɗaya da aka fi sani da larabci da raka'a kuma za'a bi ta ko dai a tashi raka'a ta biyu idan sallah ta bukace ta ko kuma a ci gaba da kammala sallah da taslim.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
Asali
An haifi Pius Jimoh a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1950 ga jinin sarauta na Ajemora na Upopuvete Clan a Adavi-Eba, karamar hukumar Adavi ta jihar Kogi - magaji ga sarautar Asema-Upopuvete na Adavi Land, babban basaraken gargajiya kuma sarkin gargajiya. Adavi. Mahaifinsa Jimoh Aliyu Simpa manomi ne, tsohon soja mai shukan kwakwa kuma mai sarrafa barasan ruwan kwakwa. Mahaifiyar Pius Jimoh Awawu Onyihiengu Jimoh ta kasance mai sana'ar hatsi da wake. Kakanni da kakannin Pius Jimoh wadanda suka yi hijira daga Jukuns na masarautar Kwararafa, arewacin kogin Benuwai da kuma jihar Taraba a yau, sun kasance na farkon mutanen farko na mazauna Adavi da Ebiraland a yau.
Raka'a
Tsarin Yadda akeyi
Wannan aikin yana taimakawa wajen tunatar da musulmi kasancewar mala'iku masu rikodi a dama da hagu suna rubuta ayyukansu.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
Asali
An yi imanin cewa mutanen Kwararafa sun yi hijira ne daga Yaman na tsibirin Larabawa a farkon karni na shida miladiyya. Kabilar Pius Jimoh (Apasi-Upopuvete) sun kasance kabilar kasar Ebira wanda har yanzu ke rike da kada a matsayin tambarinsu - tambarin din da har yanzu ake alakanta shi da Jukuns na yau wadanda suma 'yan Kwararafan ne. Don haka, Gundumar Sanata Pius (Adavi) shine babban ɗa ga uban (Itaazi) kasar Ebira, yayin da danginsa (Upopuvete) shine ɗan fari ga mahaifin (Adaviruku) na Adavi.
Raka'a
Sallolin yau da kullum
Ana yin salloli biyar kowace rana da raka'o'i na farilla (wanda ake kira a larabce fard ), da raka'a na nafila (wanda ake kira sallar sunnah saboda suna bin tsarin koyarwa Annabi Muhammad (S A W), da karin raka'a na nafila (ana kiran sallan nafila ) da kuma nafila. ƙarin raka'a na musamman (wanda ake kira sallar witri ).
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
Asali
Sanata Pius ya fara karatunsa na firamare a St. Paul Anglican Primary School Adavi-Eba tsakanin shekarar, 1961 zuwa 1967. Daga bisani ya yi karatun gaba da firamare a Kwalejin Ebira Anglican ta lokacin a yanzu Lenon Memorial College Ageva, tsakanin shekarar 1970 zuwa 1974.
1983 Zaben Sanatan Kwara ta Kudu
Pius Jimoh ya fara shiga siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takara a zaben sanatoci a yankin Kwara ta Kudu a shekarar, 1983 a karkashin jam'iyyar Great Nigeria People's Party (GNPP). Jam’iyyar NPN mai ci a Najeriya Sanata Isa Abonyi Obaro ya sha kayi a hannunshi don sake tsayawa takara bayan ya samu kuri’u 7,992 inda Pius Lasisi Jimoh ya samu kuri’u 147,175. Dan takarar jam’iyyar UPN a yankin, Mista Zubair Ogereva ya samu kuri’u 19, 311.
Raka'a
Sallolin yau da kullum
Akwai bambanci tsakanin Sallar Azahar da Juma’a, ita jumu'a raka'a 2 ce tak wadda akeyi a bayyane (Sallar Juma’a). Ana gabatar da Khuɗuba kafin sallar juma'a, liman yake gabatar da ita Khuɗubar a kan mimbari. Ana yin Sallah Nafila kafin Liman ya hau mimbari, a wasu riwayoyin ma indai a lokacin kazo masallaci koda yana Khuɗuba ne kayi Tahiyyatul masjid (raka'a 2) kafin ka zauna. Idan kuma kana zaune har ya shigo to kada kuma a lokacin kace zaka tashi kayi Nafila. Wasu malaman suna ganin koda Lokacin ne kazo masallaci indai har ka taradda Liman yana Khuɗuba to kawai ka zauna.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
1983 Zaben Sanatan Kwara ta Kudu
A lokacin da Pius Jimoh yake majalisar dattawa ya bayar da shawara cewaa kafa jihar Kogi domin ceto al’ummar da yake wakilta daga kangin da suke ciki a jihar Kwara domin babu abin da za su amfana da ci gaba da zama a can. Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan soke harajin zabe a duk fadin kasar yana mai cewa matakin soke harajin da wasu gwamnatocin jihohi suka yi bai haifar da sakamako ba saboda mutanen daga inda aka soke an tilasta musu biyan harajin a wasu jihohin yayin da sukayi bulaguro.
A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1983 juyin mulkin shugaba Janar Muhammadu Buhari yayi, ya gajarta wa'adin Pius Jimoh daga kujerarsa.
Holyoke Township, Carlton County, Minnesota
Holyoke Township birni ne, da ke cikin gundumar Carlton, Minnesota a Amurka. Yawan jama'ar birnin ya kai 179 kamar na ƙidayar 2000.
Tarihi
Holyoke Township an shirya shi a cikin 1903, kuma ya karɓi sunansa daga al'ummar Holyoke, Minnesota.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
1983 Zaben Sanatan Kwara ta Kudu
Sanata Pius ya koma kasuwancinsa na man fetur, kamfanin da ya kafa bayan ya yi murabus daga Julius Berger PLC. Ya kasance jagora kuma Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Kings Oil Marketing Limited kafin rasuwarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2014 a wani hatsarin mota da ya rutsa da shi a hanyar Ageva-Magongo.
Abin da ya bari
Pius Jimoh ya yi hidima ga al'ummarsa - Adavi, Ebiraland da kuma kasa baki daya a fannoni daban-daban. Ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kungiyar Cigaban Adavi-Eba na tsawon shekaru goma sha daya inda ya gudanar da ayyukan raya kasa daban-daban a cikin al’umma da suka hada da kafa Kwalejin Mota ta Al’umma ta Adavi-Eba, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a ta Adavi-Eba da kuma fadada samar da ruwan sha a ko’ina. al'umma. Sanata Pius ya kasance mai taimako ga iyalai da yawa marasa galihu da daidaikun mutane tare da ba da fifiko na musamman kan ci gaban matasa. Ya kasance mai son zaman lafiya da aka wulakanta shi wanda ya kyamaci tashin hankali, kabilanci da kyamar kabilanci. Har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar Asabar 29 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2014, ya kasance memba na majalisa mai daraja ta dattawan Ebira wato Ebira People Association Supreme Council of Elders" a lokacin yana da shekaru 64.
Holyoke Township, Carlton County, Minnesota
Geography
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, garin yana da yawan yanki na 38.0 sqmi, wanda daga ciki 37.9 sqmi ƙasa ce kuma 0.1 sqmi  (0.18%) ruwa ne.
Holyoke yana da nisan mil 13 kudu da Wrenshall.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
Abin da ya bari
Sanata Pius Kirista ne mai kishin addinin Anglican Communion. Ana iya bayyana Pius Jimoh a matsayin daya daga cikin ginshikan Cocin Anglican na St. Paul, Adavi-Eba wanda har ya rasu ya kasance memba na majalisar lardin Parish (PCC), Bishop Nominee, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ebira Anglican Diocese kuma shugaban kungiyar Church Fund Raising Committee.
Mukamai
Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na sarauta da martabawa da suka hada da:
Holyoke Township, Carlton County, Minnesota
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 179, gidaje 82, da iyalai 47 da ke zaune a cikin garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 4.7 a kowace murabba'in mil (1.8/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 140 a matsakaicin yawa na 3.7/sq mi (1.4/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.88% Fari, 0.56% Ba'amurke, da 0.56% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye.
Akwai gidaje 82, daga cikinsu kashi 24.4% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 48.8% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 4.9% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 41.5% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 36.6% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 8.5% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.18 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.88.
Pius Lasisi Jimoh
Mukamai
Mukamin Gargajiya na Oguriken (Mai Haɓaka) na Ƙasar Magongo.
Mukamin Onoguvo Iragu (Mataimakin Coci) a St. Paul Anglican Church, Adavi-Eba.
Holyoke Township, Carlton County, Minnesota
Alkaluma
A cikin garin an bazu yawan jama'a, tare da 21.2% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 4.5% daga 18 zuwa 24, 30.7% daga 25 zuwa 44, 31.8% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 11.7% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 42. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 110.6. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 120.3.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $41,563, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $52,500. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $38,542 sabanin $27,083 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $19,805. Babu daya daga cikin iyalai da kashi 7.7% na yawan jama'ar da ke rayuwa a kasa da layin talauci, gami da ba kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ba da kashi 11.1% na wadanda suka haura shekara 64.
Munch Township, Pine County, Minnesota
Munch Township birni ne, da ke cikin gundumar Pine, Minnesota, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 222 a ƙidayar 2000.
An ba wa Munch Township sunan ’yan’uwa uku masu suna Munch waɗanda suka yi aikin katako a yankin.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da yawan yanki na 36.1 murabba'in mil (93.4 km 2 ), wanda 35.5 murabba'in mil (91.9 2 ) kasa ce kuma 0.6 murabba'in mil (1.5 km 2 ) (1.58%) ruwa ne.
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 222, gidaje 97, da iyalai 65 da ke zaune a cikin garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 6.3 a kowace murabba'in mil (2.4/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 168 a matsakaicin yawa na 4.7/sq mi (1.8/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 96.85% Fari, 1.80% Ba'amurke, da 1.35% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.45% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 97, daga cikinsu kashi 20.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 55.7% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 9.3% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 32.0% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 26.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 7.2% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.29 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.73.
A cikin garin yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 18.9% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 5.0% daga 18 zuwa 24, 32.0% daga 25 zuwa 44, 28.8% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 15.3% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka. . Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 41. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 101.8. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 104.5.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $34,375, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $35,938. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $23,125 sabanin $22,917 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $19,588. Kimanin kashi 7.2% na iyalai da 6.7% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 3.8% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara sha takwas ba kuma babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda 65 ko sama da haka.
Nyiko Mobbie
Nyiko Sydney Mobbie (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dama ga Sekhukhune United, an turawa aro daga Mamelodi Sundowns, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Mamelodi Sundowns
Biyo bayan faɗuwarwar Free State Stars, Mobbie ya rattaba hannu kan Mamelodi Sundowns a bazara 2019. Duk da haka, Mobbie an cire shi daga sansanin atisayen kungiyar na tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana kuma ya sanya hannu a Stellenbosch a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa a watan Agusta. Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni 27 da ya buga wa Stellenbosch. A cikin watan Disamba shekarar 2020, Mobbie ya koma Chippa United a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Ya buga wasanni 20 a kungiyar Chippa United. A ranar 9 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2021, an sanar da cewa Mobbie ya koma Sekhukhune United a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa, tare da kammala yarjejeniyar mako daya da ya gabata.
Matsayin fitar da gurbataccciyar iska
Matsayin fitarwa su ne ka'idodin doka da ke kula da gurɓataccen iska da aka fitar a cikin yanayi. Ka'idodin fitar da iska sun saita iyaka masu ƙididdigewa akan halaltaccen adadin ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda za'a iya fitar dasu daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Kuma An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaiton ingancin iska da kuma kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da kuma ƙasashe daban-daban suna da ma'auni daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.
Kafaffen tushe
Yawancin mizanan fitar da hayaki sun fi mayar da hankali kan daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwan da motoci ke fitarwa (motocin motoci) da sauran ababen hawa masu ƙarfi. Sannan Wasu kuma suna daidaita hayaki daga masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, ƙananan kayan aiki kamar injin yankan lawn da injinan dizal, da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska.
An kafa ka'idojin fitar da motoci na farko a cikin shekarata 1963 a cikin Amurka, galibi a matsayin martani ga matsalolin hayaki na Los Angeles. Shekaru uku bayan haka Japan ta kafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko, sannan tsakanin 1970 zuwa Shekarar 1972 ta Canada, Australia, da kasashen Turai da dama. Matsayin farko ya shafi carbon monoxide (CO) da hydrocarbons (HC). An gabatar da ka'idoji kan fitar da iskar nitrogen oxide (NO x ) a cikin Amurka, Japan, da Kanada a cikin shekarata 1973 da 1974, tare da Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 1976 da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a shekarata 1977. A cikin hankali waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ƙaru sosai amma ba a taɓa samun haɗin kai ba.
Matsayin aikin fitar da abin hawa
Ma'aunin aikin fitar da hayaƙi shine iyaka wanda ke saita ƙofofin sama waɗanda za'a iya buƙatar nau'in fasaha na sarrafa hayaki na daban. Yayin da aka yi amfani da ƙa'idodin aikin fitarwa don ƙaddamar da iyaka ga abubuwan gurɓatawa na yau da kullun kamar oxides na nitrogen da oxides na sulfur (NO x da SO x ), ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar ka'ida don daidaita iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide ( CO  ). A cikin Amurka, ana ba da wannan a cikin fam na carbon dioxide a kowace megawatt-hour (lbs. CO / MWhr), da kilogiram CO  / MWhr a wani wuri.
Kanada
A Kanada, Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Kanada, a shekarata 1999 (CEPA 1999) tana canja wurin ikon majalisa don daidaita hayaki daga motocin kan hanya da injuna zuwa Muhalli Kanada daga Dokar Kare Motoci ta Kanada. Dokokin sun daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki tare da ka'idojin tarayya na Amurka kuma sun shafi motocin masu haske (misali, motocin fasinja), manyan motoci masu haske (misali, motocin haya, manyan motocin daukar kaya, motocin motsa jiki), motocin masu nauyi (misali, manyan motoci da sauransu). bas), injuna masu nauyi da babura.
Amurka
Amurka tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda duk sabbin motoci dole ne su cika su. A Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ce ke sarrafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki. A ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, an ba wa jihar California damar ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitar da abin hawa (ƙarashin amincewar EPA), kuma wasu daga cikin jihohi na iya zaɓar bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko California. California ta samar da ma'aunin ingancin iska kafin EPA, tare da matsananciyar matsalolin ingancin iska a cikin babban birni na Los Angeles. LA shine birni na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar, kuma ya dogara sosai akan motoci kuma yana da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin yanayi fiye da manya da manyan birane na uku (New York da Chicago).
Wasu jihohin suna da yankuna a cikin jihar da ke buƙatar gwajin hayaki yayin da sauran garuruwan da ke a cikin jihar ba sa buƙatar gwajin hayaƙi. Wuraren gwajin fitar da hayaƙi na Arizona suna da farko a cikin manyan yankuna biyu mafi girma (Phoenix da Tucson). Kuma Ba a bukaci mutanen da ke wajen wadannan yankuna su mika motarsu domin yin gwaji domin wadannan wuraren ne kadai suka gaza a gwajin ingancin iska da jihar ta yi.
Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California (CARB) ce ta tsara ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin California. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2009, wasu jihohi 16 sun amince da dokokin CARB; da aka ba da girman kasuwar California tare da waɗannan sauran jihohi, masana'antun da yawa sun zaɓi gina ma'auni na CARB lokacin sayarwa a duk jihohi 50. Manufofin CARB kuma sun yi tasiri ga ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin EU.
California na kokarin daidaita hayaki mai gurbata muhalli daga motoci, amma tana fuskantar kalubalen kotu daga gwamnatin tarayya. Har ila yau, jihohin suna ƙoƙarin tilasta Hukumar EPA ta Tarayya ta tsara yadda ake fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, wanda ya zuwa shekarata 2007 ta ƙi yin hakan. A ranar 19 ga Mayun shekarar 2009, rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa EPA ta Tarayya za ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodin California game da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.
California da wasu jahohin yamma da dama sun zartas da kudurorin da ke buƙatar tsarin aiki na tushen iskar gas daga samar da wutar lantarki.
A ƙoƙarin rage hayaki daga injunan diesel masu nauyi cikin sauri, Shima Shirin Carl Moyer na CARB yana ba da kuɗin haɓakawa waɗanda ke gaban ƙa'idodi.
Ma'auni na ARB na California don fitar da abin hawa haske ƙa'ida ce ta kayan aiki da farko, kuma tare da tabbatar da hayaƙi na biyu. Ba a yarda mai abin hawa ya gyara, inganta, ko Kuma ƙirƙira mafita don ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hayaki-kawai da aka saita don abin hawan su akan manyan titunan jama'a. Don haka, yunƙurin California na daidaita hayaki tsari ne na kayan aiki, ba na ingancin iska ba. Sannan  An keɓe masu abin hawa daga gyara kayansu ta kowace hanya da CARB ba ta yi bincike mai zurfi ba kuma ta amince da su kuma har yanzu tana sarrafa su akan manyan titunan jama'a.
Turai
A cikin EEC, Jamus ta kasance jagora wajen daidaita hayakin motoci. Jamus ta ba da ƙarfafan kuɗi ga masu siyan motoci waɗanda suka cika ka'idodin Amurka ko ECE, tare da ƙarancin ƙididdigewa ga waɗanda suka cika buƙatun. Waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun yi tasiri mai ƙarfi; kashi 6.5 cikin 100 na sababbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a Jamus a cikin shekarata 1988 ba su cika buƙatun fitar da hayaki ba kuma kashi 67.3 cikin ɗari sun cika ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin Amurka ko ECE.
Sweden ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka kafa tsauraran ƙa'idodi (na 1975), suna sanya iyaka mai ƙarfi akan adadin motocin da ake samu a wurin. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin kuma sun haifar da matsalolin tuƙi da ƙara yawan amfani da mai - a wani ɓangare saboda masana'antun ba za su iya ba da hujjar kashe kuɗin don biyan takamaiman ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙaramin kasuwa ɗaya kawai. A cikin shekarata 1982, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙididdige cewa ƙa'idodin Sweden sun karu da yawan man fetur da kashi 9 cikin dari, yayin da ya sanya motoci da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 mafi tsada. Domin 1983 Switzerland (sa'an nan Ostiraliya) shiga a cikin wannan sa na dokokin, wanda sannu a hankali ƙara yawan bokan injuna. Matsala ɗaya ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ita ce ba su da lissafin injunan catalyzed, ma'ana cewa motocin da aka sanye da su dole ne a cire na'urori masu motsi kafin a yi musu rajista ta dokar.
A shekarar 1985 motoci na farko da aka katange sun shiga wasu kasuwannin Turai kamar Jamus. Da farko dai, samar da man fetur ba tare da leda ba yana da iyaka kuma tallace-tallace kadan ne. A Sweden, an ba da izinin ababen hawa a cikin 1987, suna cin gajiyar ragi na haraji don haɓaka tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1989 an tsaurara dokokin fitar da hayaki na Swiss/Swidish har ta kai ga ba a iya siyar da motocin da ba su da ƙarfi. Kuma A farkon 1989 aka gabatar da BMW Z1, wanda kawai yana samuwa tare da injunan catalyzed. Wannan matsala ce a wasu wurare kamar Portugal, inda har yanzu man fetur maras lede ya kasance kusan babu shi, kodayake ƙa'idodin Turai suna buƙatar "samuwa" a kowace ƙasa kafin 1 Oktoba shekarata 1989.
Tarayyar Turai
Tarayyar Turai tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda dole ne duk sabbin motoci su cika su. Kuma A halin yanzu, an kafa ma'auni ga duk motocin titi, jiragen ƙasa, jiragen ruwa da 'na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka marasa kan hanya' (kamar tarakta). Sannan Babu ma'auni da ya shafi jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku ko jiragen sama.
Doka ta EU mai lamba 443/2009 tana saita matsakaita buƙatun CO don sabbin motocin fasinja na gram 130 a kowace kilomita. A hankali an aiwatar da manufar a tsakanin shekarata 2012 da 2015. Maƙasudin gram 95 a kowace kilomita zai yi aiki daga shekarar 2021.
Don abin hawan kasuwanci mai haske, manufa ta 175 g/km tana aiki daga shekarar 2017, da 147 g/km daga 2020, raguwar 16%.
Birtaniya
Hukumomin gida da dama a Burtaniya sun gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Euro 4 ko Yuro 5 don motocin haya da motocin haya masu zaman kansu masu lasisi don yin aiki a yankinsu. Ba a yi gwajin fitar da hayaki a kan motocin dizal ba a lokacin MOT a Ireland ta Arewa tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙata ta doka.
Jamus
A cewar ofishin kera motoci na Tarayyar Jamus 37.3% (miliyan 15.4) a cikin Jamus (jimilar yawan motoci miliyan 41.3) sun dace da ƙa'idar Euro 4 daga Janairu shekarata 2009.
China
Sakamakon karuwar arziki da wadata cikin sauri, yawan kamfanonin makamashin kwal da motoci a kan titunan kasar Sin na karuwa cikin sauri, lamarin da ke haifar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi. A shekarar 2000, kasar Sin ta kafa dokar hana fitar da hayaki ta farko kan motoci, daidai da ka'idojin Yuro I. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasar Sin (SEPA) ta sake inganta tsarin sarrafa hayaki a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarata 2004 zuwa ma'aunin Yuro II. Mafi tsauri na tsaye, misali na kasa III, daidai da ka'idojin III III, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli shekarar 2007. Shirye-shiryen sun kasance don ƙa'idodin Euro IV don aiwatarwa a cikin shekarar 2010. Beijing ta gabatar da ma'auni na Euro IV a gaba a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, wanda ya zama birni na farko a babban yankin kasar Sin da ya dauki wannan matakin.
Hong Kong
Daga 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 2006, duk sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna walƙiya a Hong Kong dole ne su dace da daidaitattun man fetur na Yuro IV, ma'aunin Heisei 17 na Japan ko ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Don sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna wuta, dole ne su dace da ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5.
Matsayi na yanzu shine Euro 6C, an tsara shi tun 2019.
Indiya
Ka'idojin fitar da matakin Bharat sune ka'idojin fitarwa da Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa don daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga kayan injin konewa na ciki, gami da motocin. Kuma Ma'auni da lokacin aiwatarwa an tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Guba ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli & Dazuzzuka.
Ma'auni, bisa ƙa'idodin Turai an fara gabatar da su a cikin shekarar 2000. An fitar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri tun daga lokacin. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera bayan aiwatar da ka'idoji dole ne su kasance masu bin ka'idoji. A shekara ta 2014, ƙasar ta kasance ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar Yuro 3 da ƙa'idodin Euro 4, tare da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yuro 4 a wasu manyan biranen 13. Har zuwa Afrilu shekarata 2017, duk ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ka'idodin BS IV, wanda ya dogara da Yuro 4.
Ya zuwa yanzu an fara kera da rajistar motocin BS VI, daga Afrilu shekarata 2020 duk masana'antar BS VI ya zama tilas, bi da bi.
Lisbon Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
Garin Lisbon birni ne, da ke cikin gundumar Yellow Medicine, Minnesota, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 217 a ƙidayar 2000.
Matsayin fitar da gurbataccciyar iska
Japan
Fage
Lisbon Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
Tarihi
An ƙirƙiri Garin Lisbon a cikin 1873.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da yawan yanki na 35.7 murabba'in mil (92.5 km 2 ), wanda 35.7 murabba'in mil (92.5 km 2 ) kasa ce kuma 0.04 murabba'in mil (0.1 km 2 ) (0.08%) ruwa ne.