cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ramzan Kassamali
BOGA, Ramzan Kassamali (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, 1935) a Zanzi, ƙasar Tanzania, shahararran engineer Na Kasar.
Karatu da aiki
Bombay University, India a shekara ta, 1959, Ũniversity of Leeds, England a shekara ta, 1961, mataimaki na engineer na architectural firm, Zanzibar a shekara ta, 1959 zuwa 1960, yakasance Mai zanezane a, Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Brown Constructors, London a shekara ta,1961 zuwa 1962, yayi structural engineer a Frutiger and Sohne, Constructors, Switzerland a shekara ta, 1964 zuwa 1965, Dan kungiyar Association of Construction Engineers, Kenya.
Itamar Marcus
Itamar Marcus (an haifeshi ranar 29 ga watan August, 1953) birnin New York, Dake United States. mai bincike ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma yake darektan,Falasdinawa Media Watch, wanda ke nazarin al'ummar Falasdinu ta hanyar saka idanu da kuma nazarin akan Hukumar Falasdinu (PA) ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da littattafan makaranta.
Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya
Abubuwan rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu al'adu da bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka.
Itamar Marcus
Wakilci
Ayyukan da ya yi a kan litattafai sun sa Benyamin Netanyahu ya nada Marcus don wakiltar kasarsa a shawarwarin da Palasdinawa kan tunzura kwamitin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa (Isra'ila-Palasdinu-Amurka) a matsayinsa na Daraktan Bincike na Cibiyar Kula da Tasirin. na Peace (CMP), inda ya yi aiki daga 1998 zuwa 2000.
Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya
Masks suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adu ko bukukuwa tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar tabbatar da gurbi mai kyau, magance bukatun kabilanci a lokutan zaman lafiya ko yaƙi, ko isar da kasancewar ruhaniya a cikin al'adar dake faraway ko bikin binnewa. Wasu abin rufe fuska suna wakiltar ruhin kakanni da suka mutu. Wasu suna wakiltar dabbobin totem, halittu masu mahimmanci ga wani dangi ko rukuni. A wasu al'adu, kamar wasu al'adun kuba na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, abin rufe fuska na wakiltar takamaiman mutane a tatsuniyar kabilanci, kamar sarki ko kishiya ga mai mulki.
Itamar Marcus
Darakta
A matsayin Darakta na Bincike na CMP, Marcus ya rubuta rahotanni game da PA, Siriya da littattafan makaranta na Jordan. An ba da rahoton cewa, CMP ya karya alakarsa da Marcus sakamakon sukar da ya samo asali daga rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin binciken da CMP ya yi na littattafan Isra'ila da na Falasdinu. "An yi bayani, an yi nazari, an kuma yi la'akari da ambato masu tada hankali a cikin rahoton kan littattafan Isra'ila; an jera su da taƙaitaccen bayani mai ban sha'awa a cikin rahotannin littattafan Falasɗinawa. A takaice dai, cibiyar tana da gaskiya, daidaito da fahimta game da litattafan Isra'ila amma tana da sha'awar littattafan Falasdinu." A cikin Fabrairun 2007, tare da Sanata Hillary Clinton a lokacin sun fitar da rahoto kan sabbin littattafan makarantar PA a wani taron manema labarai a Washington.
Marcus ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Ilimi na Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Rabawa, inda ya rubuta yadda Hukumar Falasdinu ta kori yara kanana don neman mutuwa a matsayin Shahid – Shahidai – don dalilai na hulda da jama’a. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da shi a gaban 'yan majalisa, da 'yan majalisa a kasashe da dama ciki har da, Tarayyar Turai, Birtaniya, Faransa, Kanada, da Ostiraliya, kuma ya gabatar da jawabai a jami'o'i da tarukan duniya.
Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya
A yawancin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya, mutumin da ya sa abin rufe fuska a zahiri ya rasa ransa na ɗan adam kuma ya koma ruhun da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta. Wannan canji na mai abin rufe fuska zuwa ruhi yawanci yakan dogara ne da wasu ayyuka, kamar takamaiman nau'ikan kiɗa da raye-raye, ko kuma kayan ado na al'ada waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga zubar da ainihin ɗan adam mai rufe fuska. Don haka mai sanya abin rufe fuska ya zama wani nau'in matsakaici wanda ke ba da damar tattaunawa tsakanin al'umma da ruhohi (yawanci na matattu ko ruhohin da ke da alaƙa). Kuma raye-rayen da aka rufe fuska wani bangare ne na yawancin bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka da ke da alaka da bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bukukuwan qaddamarwa, da kuma sauransu. Wasu daga cikin mafi sarkakiya da masana suka yi nazari a kansu, ana samun su a al’adun Nijeriya irin na Yarabawa da na Edo, al’adun da ke da kamanceceniya da ra’ayin wasan kwaikwayo na yammacin Turai.
Itamar Marcus
Darakta
Marcus shine tushen da aka fito da shi don shirin gaskiya : Yaƙin Islama na Radical Against Yamma.
Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya
Tunda kowane abin rufe fuska yana da takamaiman ma'ana ta ruhaniya, yawancin al'adun sun ƙunshi masarukan gargajiya daban-daban. Addinin gargajiya na mutanen Dogon na Mali, alal misali, ya ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin asiri guda uku ( Awa ko ƙungiyar matattu, Bini ko ƙungiyar sadarwa da ruhohi, da Lebe ko ɗabi'a); kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana da ruhohin ruhohi, wanda ya dace da nau'ikan masks guda 78 gabaɗaya. Kuma Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa ingancin zane-zane da rikitarwa na abin rufe fuska yana nuna mahimmancin dangi na ruhun da aka kwatanta a cikin tsarin imani na wasu mutane; alal misali, abin rufe fuska mafi sauƙi kamar su kple kple mutanen Baoulé na Cote d’Ivoire (ainihin da’irar da ke da ƙananan idanu, baki da ƙaho) suna da alaƙa da ƙananan ruhohi.
Itamar Marcus
Lambar yabo
Marcus tsohon mataimakin shugaban babban asusun Isra'ila ne, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kudus don aikin sa na kai. Asalinsa daga birnin New York, yanzu yana zaune ne a yankin Efrat na Isra'ila a Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan.
Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya
Masks na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan manyan fasahar Afirka waɗanda a bayyane suka yi tasiri ga fasahar Turai da Yammacin Turai gabaɗaya ; kuma a cikin karni na ashirin, ƙungiyoyin fasaha irin su cubism, fauvism da kuma expressionism sau da yawa sun ɗauki wahayi daga ɗimbin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Hakanan ana iya samun tasirin wannan gadon a cikin wasu al'adu kamar su Kudu- da Amurka ta tsakiya da abin rufe fuska na Carnival.
Maudu'i da salo
Masks na Afirka galibi ana yin su ne da siffar fuskar mutum ko wani lankwasa na dabba, duk da cewa ana yin su ta wani nau'i na musamman. Kuma Rashin hakikanin gaskiya a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka (da fasahar Afirka gabaɗaya) ya cancanta ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yawancin al'adun Afirka sun bambanta ainihin batun a fili daga kamanninsa, na farko, maimakon na ƙarshe, sannan kasancewar ainihin batun wakilcin fasaha. Kuma An ba da misali mai matuƙar ƙaƙƙarfan abin rufe fuska na nwantantay na mutanen Bwa ( Burkina Faso ) waɗanda ke wakiltar ruhohin dajin; tun da ana ganin waɗannan ruhohin ba za su iya gani ba, mashin ɗin da ya dace suna da siffa bayan m, siffofi na geometric zalla.
Abubuwa masu salo a cikin kamannin abin rufe fuska an tsara su ta al'adar kuma suna iya gano takamaiman al'umma ko kuma su ba da takamaiman ma'ana. Misali, mutanen Bwa da Buna na Burkina Faso duka suna da abin rufe fuska na shaho, tare da kuma siffar baki da ke nuna abin rufe fuska kamar Bwa ko Buna. Kuma A cikin duka biyun, an ƙawata fikafikan shaho da sifofi na geometric waɗanda ke da ma'anar ɗabi'a; Layukan da aka yi da gani suna wakiltar tafarki mai wuyar da kuma kakanni ke bi, yayin da sifofi da aka duba suna wakiltar mu'amalar abokan gaba (namiji-mace, daren dare, da sauransu)
Ana samun halaye masu wakiltar ɗabi'u a cikin al'adu da yawa. Masks daga mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast, alal misali, idanunsu sun rufe rabin rabi, suna nuna halin zaman lafiya, kamun kai, da haƙuri. A Saliyo da sauran wurare, ƙananan idanu da baki suna wakiltar tawali'u, kuma faffadan gaban goshi mai faɗi yana wakiltar hikima. Kuma A Gabon, manyan haɓɓaka da baki suna wakiltar iko da ƙarfi. Grebo na Ivory Coast ya sassaƙa abin rufe fuska tare da zagaye idanu don wakiltar faɗakarwa da fushi, tare da madaidaiciyar hanci yana wakiltar rashin son ja da baya.
Dabbobi
Bambance-bambancen gama gari akan jigon abin rufe fuska shine nau'in halayen dabbobi daban-daban a cikin abin rufe fuska guda ɗaya, wani lokacin tare da halayen ɗan adam. Sannan Haɗa nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban tare wani lokaci hanya ce ta wakiltar wani sabon abu, kyawawan halaye na musamman ko babban matsayi. Alal misali, ƙungiyoyin asirin Poro na mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast suna da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ke nuna kyakkyawan ikon al'umma ta hanyar haɗa alamomin "haɗari" daban-daban guda uku: ƙahonin tururuwa, haƙoran kada, da kuma ɓangarorin warthog. Wani sanannen misali shi ne na kifwebe masks na mutanen Songye ( Kongo basin ), waɗanda ke haɗa ratsi na zebra (ko okapi ), haƙoran kada, idanun hawainiya, bakin aardvark, bakin zakara, gashin mujiya da sauransu.
Kyawun mata
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wakilcin kyawawan mata shine Idia mask na Benin. Kuma An yi imanin cewa Sarkin Benin Esigie ne ya ba da umarnin tunawa da mahaifiyarsa. Domin girmama mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu, sarki ya sanya abin rufe fuska a kugunsa a lokacin bukukuwa na musamman.
Masks na matattu (mask na matattu)
Da yake girmama kakanni da suka mutu wani muhimmin abu ne na yawancin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa matattu kuma batun gama gari ne na abin rufe fuska. Masks da ke magana game da matattun kakanni ana yin su ne da siffar kwanyar mutum. Wani sanannen misali shi ne mwana pwo (a zahiri, "mace mace") na mutanen Chokwe ( Angola ), wanda ke haɗuwa da abubuwa masu magana da kyau na mace (daidaitaccen fuska mai kyau, ƙananan hanci da chin) da sauran suna nufin mutuwa ( dusar ƙanƙara na idanu, fashewar fata, da hawaye; yana wakiltar kakanin mace da ya mutu yana ƙarami, wanda aka girmama a cikin ayyukan ibada kamar kaciya da bukukuwan da ke da alaƙa da sabunta rayuwa. Kamar yadda ake danganta girmama matattu da haihuwa da kuma haifuwa, kuma yawancin abin rufe fuska na kakanni ma suna da alamun jima'i; abin rufe fuska na ndeemba na mutanen Yaka (Angola da DR Congo ), alal misali, kuma ana yin su ne bayan kwanyar da aka cika da hanci mai siffar fata.
Wani nau'i na musamman na abin rufe fuska na kakanni sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sanannun mutane, tarihi ko almara. Mashin mwaash amboy na mutanen Kuba (DR Congo), alal misali, yana wakiltar almara wanda ya kafa Masarautar Kuba, Woot, yayin da mgady amwaash mask ke wakiltar matarsa Mweel.
Kayan aiki da tsari
Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don masks shine itace, ko da yake ana iya amfani da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na sauran abubuwa, ciki har da dutse mai haske kamar steatite, karafa irin su jan karfe ko tagulla, nau'in masana'anta daban-daban, tukwane, da kuma sauransu. Ana fentin wasu abin rufe fuska (misali ta amfani da ocher ko wasu masu launin halitta). Kuma Za a iya amfani da abubuwa masu yawa na kayan ado a saman abin rufe fuska; misalan sun haɗa da gashin dabba, ƙaho, ko hakora, bawo na teku, tsaba, bambaro, harsashi kwai, da fuka-fukan. Sannan kuma Ana yawan amfani da gashin dabba ko bambaro don gashin abin rufe fuska ko gemu.
Tsarin gaba ɗaya na abin rufe fuska ya bambanta dangane da yadda ake son sawa. Kuma Nau'in da aka fi sani da shi ya shafi fuskar mai sawa, kamar yawancin abin rufe fuska na yamma (misali, carnival). Wasu kuma ana sawa kamar hula a saman kan mai sawa; Misalai sun hada da na mutanen Ekhoi na Najeriya da na Bwa na Burkina Faso, da kuma shahararrun mashin chiwara na mutanen Bambara. Wasu abin rufe fuska (misali na al'ummar Sande na Laberiya da na Mende na Saliyo, waɗanda aka yi da kututturen bishiya) ana sawa kamar kwalkwali da ke rufe kai da fuska. Wasu al'adun Afirka suna da kayan ado masu kama da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ake sawa a ƙirji maimakon kan fuska; kuma sannan wannan ya hada da wadanda mutanen Makonde na Gabashin Afirka ke amfani da su wajen bukukuwan ndimu.
Masks da aka samar da kasuwanci
Kamar yadda Turawa ke amfani da abin rufe fuska na Afirka, ana sayar da su sosai kuma ana sayar da su a mafi yawan kasuwanni da shagunan yawon buɗe ido a Afirka (da kuma shagunan "ƙabilanci" a Yammacin duniya ). Kuma Sakamakon haka, fasahar yin abin rufe fuska ta gargajiya a hankali ta daina zama gata, al'adar da ke da alaƙa, kuma yawan samar da abin rufe fuska ya yaɗu. Duk da yake, a mafi yawan lokuta, masks na kasuwanci sune (mafi ko žasa da aminci) haifuwa na kayan masarufi na gargajiya, wannan haɗin yana raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda dabaru na samar da taro ya sa ya fi wuya a gano ainihin asalin yanki da al'adu na masks da aka samu a ciki. wurare kamar shagunan curio da kasuwannin yawon bude ido. Misali, kasuwar Okahandja a Namibiya galibi tana sayar da abin rufe fuska da ake samarwa a Zimbabwe (saboda suna da rahusa da sauki fiye da abin rufe fuska na gida), kuma, bi da bi, kuma masu yin abin rufe fuska na Zimbabwe suna haifar da abin rufe fuska daga kusan ko'ina a Afirka maimakon daga nasu. nasu gadon gida.
Eleazar Chukwuemeka
ANYAOKU, Chief Eleazar Chukwuemeka, (an haifeshi ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, 1933) a Obossi Najeriya.
Iyali
Yana da mata da yaya Maza biyu.
Karatu da aiki
Merchants of Light School, Oba, University of Ibadan, ya hallatta darrissa a Cambridge, England, Institute of Public Administration, London, Cavillam Institute, France, yazo yayi aiki da Nigerian Diplomatic Servicea a shekara ta, 1962, Dan kungiya na Nigerian Permanent Mission to the UN, New York a shekara ta, 1963 zuwa 1966, yayi director na International Affairs Division a shekara ta,  1971 zuwa 1975.
Kisan kiyashin bas, na Sokoto
A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2021, wasu mutane ɗauke da makamai sun kai hari kan wata motar bas a jihar Sokoto da ke arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Ƴan bindigar waɗanda da alama ‘yan bindiga ne sun yi wa motar kwanton bauna ne a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin Sabon Birni da Gidan Bawa. Sun kona motar bas ɗin inda suka kashe mutane kusan 30 dake cikin motar.
Patrick Orowho
Chief Patrick Orowho Bolokor, an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan satimba a shekara ta 1936, a Benin, Bendel State, Nigeria, shahararran dan kasuwa ne  Kasar Nigeria.
Karatu da aiki
St Theresa's Primary School,Jos, a shekara ta 1943 zuwa 1951, St John's College,Kaduna, a shekara ta  1952 zuwa 1956,Nigerian College of Arts and Science Zaria,Norwood College of Technology,London. A sgekara ta 1961 zuwa 1962, ya dauke ragaman kasuwancin gidansu a Warri a shejara ta 1962, yayi minister na Ministry of External Affairs.
Catherine Anyaegbunam
Catherine Anyaegbunam, (an haifeta ranar 15 ga watan nuwanba, 1935) a Umuoji, jihar Anambra, Najeriya, takasance lauya ce a Najeriya.
Iyali
Tana da aure da yaya Maza biyu.
Karatu da aiki
Immaculate Convent School, Onitsha, a shekara ta 1939 zuwa 1946, Holy Rosary Teachers' College, Uwani, Enugu, a shekara ta 1947 zuwa 1949, Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, England, a shekara ta 1955 zuwa 1958(State Registered Nurse a shekara ta 1958), Crumpsall Hospital, Manchester, England a shekara ta, 1959, Colchester Maternity Hospital, England a shekara ta, 1960, Nigerian Law School, Lagos a shekara ta , 1970 zuwa 1971 (Diploma in Law, a shekara ta 1971), tayi shugaban ci a Holy Rosary Convent School a shekara ta , 1950 zuwa 1955, tayi aiki na wucan gadi a Colliery Hospital, Enugu a shekara ta , 1960 zuwa 1961, tazo tayi nursing sister, Medical Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka a shekara ta, 1961 zuwa 1962.
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Mai Gatari
Karamar Hukumar Maigatari ta Jihar Jigawa Tana da Mazabu guda goma sha daya (11) ga jerin Sunayensu Kamar Haka.
Harin Kaduna da Katsina, Fabrairu 2021
A ranakun 24 da 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2021, ƴan bindiga sun kashe mutane 36 a Kaduna da jihar Katsina ta Najeriya.
Lamarin
Wasu gungun ƴan bindiga ne suka kai jerin hare-haren ɗauke da makamai a kauyukan jihohin Kaduna da Katsina a Najeriya. Ƴan bindigar sun kona gidaje inda suka kashe mutane 18 a kowace jiha tare da jikkata wasu da dama.
Masarautar Mbata
Masarautar Mbata sunan gargajiya ne na masarautar Bantu da ke arewacin Mpemba Kasi, har sai da aka hade da waccan jihar suka kafa Masarautar Kongo a shekara ta 1375 AZ.
Labarin kafa Masarautar Kongo ya fara ne da auren Nima a Nzima da Luqueni Luansanze, 'yar Nsa-cu-Clau shugaban mutanen Mbata. Auren nasu zai karfafa alakar da ke tsakanin Mpemba Kasi da mutanen Mbata makwabta, kawancen da zai zama tushen masarautar Kongo. Nima a Nzima da Luqueni Luansanze suna da ɗa mai suna Lukeni lua Nimi, wanda zai zama mutum na farko da ya ɗauki taken Mutinū (Sarki)
René Assouman Joeffrey
René Assouman Joeffrey ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Rwanda wanda a halin yanzu yana taka leda a Hillerød IF na ƙungiyar Danish 2nd Division, da kuma tawagar ƙasar Rwanda.
Matasa
An haifi Joeffrey a Rwanda mahaifinsa ɗan DR Congo da Mahaifiyarsa 'yar Ruwanda. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Denmark lokacin yana ɗan shekara tara. Ya fara buga kwallon kafa tun yana dan shekara sha biyu.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A cikin watan Yuli 2021 Joeffrey ya karɓi kiransa na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Rwanda gabanin gasar 2021 CECAFA U-23 Challenge Cup. Koyaya, Rwanda ta fice daga gasar saboda cutar ta COVID-19. An kira shi zuwa babban tawagar a watan Disamba mai zuwa don wasan sada zumunci da Guinea a cikin Janairu 2022. Ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2022 a wasan farko na jerin.
New York Yankees
New York Yankees ƙwararrun ƙwallo ce a cikin gundumar New York City na Bronx. Yankees suna buga babban wasan Baseball  a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Amurka ta Gabas (AL). Suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin lig guda biyu da ke birnin New York, ɗayan kuma shine 'National League's' (NL) New York Mets. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin shekarar 1903 lokacin da Frank Farrell da Bill Devery suka sayi haƙƙin ikon mallakar Faransa na Baltimore Orioles (babu alaƙa da ƙungiyar yanzu mai suna guda ɗaya) bayan ta daina aiki kuma ta yi amfani da su don kafa New York Highlanders.[1] [ƙananan-alpha 1] Highlanders an sake masa suna New York Yankees a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 1913.[2]
Tawagar mallakar Yankee Global Enterprises, wani kamfani ne mai iyaka wanda dangin marigayi George Steinbrenner ke kula da shi, wanda ya sayi ƙungiyar a shekara ta 1973. Brian Cashman shine babban manajan ƙungiyar, kuma Aaron Boone shine manajan filin ƙungiyar. An buga wasannin gida na ƙungiyar a filin wasa na Yankee na asali a cikin Bronx daga 1923 zuwa 1973 da kuma daga shekarar 1976 zuwa 2008. A cikin shekarata 1974 da 1975, Yankees sun raba filin wasa na Shea tare da Mets, ban da Jets na New York da Giants na New York. . A cikin shekarar 2009, sun koma cikin sabon filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai suna iri ɗaya wanda aka gina kusa da wurin da ya gabata, wanda aka rufe kuma aka rushe.[1] Ƙungiyar tana cikin shekara-shekara tsakanin jagororin da ke halartar MLB.[2]
Taimakon Shari'a
Taimakon shari'a, shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba su da Iƙon samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu. Ana kallon taimakon shari'a a matsayin jigon samar da damar yin adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin bayar da shawara da, 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya. Wannan labarin ya bayyana ci gaban taimakon shari'a da ka'idodinsa, da farko kamar yadda aka sani a Turai, Commonwealth of Nations da kuma a Amurka.
Taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton samun adalci ga kowa, kamar yadda sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tanada game da shari'ar laifuka. Musamman ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba su da isassun hanyoyin kuɗi, ba da tallafin doka ga abokan ciniki da gwamnatoci ke ƙara yuwuwa, a cikin shari'ar.
Yawancin nau'ikan isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito, gami da lauyoyi masu aiki, asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, da biyan lauyoyi don tunkarar shari'o'i ga mutanen da suka cancanci taimakon shari'a. Hakanan za'a iya bayar da ƙarin nasiha da shawarwari na doka na yau da kullun ko na gaba ɗaya kyauta ko a farashi mai rahusa ta hanyoyin kamar cibiyoyin doka (Birtaniya), cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma (Ostiraliya) ko wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan taimakon doka a ciki da waje. na kotu.
Ƙauyen Gubana
Gubana ƙauye ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Fune ta jihar Yobe a Najeriya.
Petrus Johannes
BOTHA, Farfesa Petrus Johannes an haife shine a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1912) a yankin Wolmarans stad, South Africa.
Taimakon Shari'a
Tarihi
A tarihi, taimakon shari'a ya taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da mutunta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro na zamantakewa, gidaje, kula da zamantakewa, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya da ilimi, waɗanda za a iya ba da su a bainar jama'a ko a ɓoye, da kuma dokar aiki da dokar hana wariya. Masana shari'a irin su Mauro Cappelletti suna jayayya cewa taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci wajen samarwa mutane damar samun adalci, ta hanyar ba da damar tilasta wa kowane mutum tilasta doka ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Ra'ayinsa ya ci gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, lokacin da dimokiradiyya tare da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja suka kafa jihohi masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga mutum. Jihohi sun yi aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila da masu ba da sabis a cikin falsafar tushen kasuwa wacce ta jaddada ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mabukaci. Wannan ya haifar da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cimma haƙƙin kowa.
Kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wallafe-wallafe kan taimakon shari'a sun jaddada aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare. Kamar yadda aka gina jihohin jindaɗi na gargajiya a cikin shekara ta 1940s da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin gama kai na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; kuma jihar ta dauki alhakin wadanda ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ta hanyar rashin lafiya da rashin aikin yi ba. Aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne a haɗa kai, ta hanyar manufofi maimakon matakin shari'a na mutum ɗaya. An kafa dokoki don tallafawa tanadin jin daɗi, koda yake ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na masu tsarawa, ba lauyoyi ba.
A cikin 1950s da 1960s, aikin jindadin jama'a ya canza, kuma ba a ɗauka cewa burin zamantakewar jama'a shine burin gama-gari. Mutane suna da 'yanci don cimma burinsu. Ƙasar jindaɗi a wannan lokacin ta faɗaɗa, tare da tanadin taimakon doka, yayin da damuwa ta bayyana kan ƙarfin masu ba da jin daɗi da ƙwararru. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da 1970s, buƙatu ya tashi na haƙƙin daidaikun mutane don aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka da tanadin jindadin da suka dace da su. Hanyoyi sun bayyana ta hanyar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya tilasta musu haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka, kuma lauyoyin jin daɗi sun yi amfani da taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga masu karamin karfi lokacin da suke mu'amala da jami'an jihohi. An ba da taimakon shari'a daga dokar iyali zuwa nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ba a sake ganin rawar da jihar jindadin ta ke takawa a matsayin mai inganci ba, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ƙara samar da jin daɗi. Ana ƙara ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ba da taimako a shari'ar kotu. An ƙara ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin masu amfani, waɗanda yakamata su iya zaɓar tsakanin sabis. Inda ba zai yiwu a samar da irin wannan zaɓin ba, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin bayyana rashin jin daɗinsu ta hanyar tsarin korafe-korafen gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali, saboda ba a tsara taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke neman gyara ta hanyoyin tafiyar da korafe-korafe ba. Har ila yau, tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a matsayin jihohin da suka jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon aiwatar da aiki tare ta hanyar manufofi, rage kuɗin tallafin doka a matsayin tanadin jihar jindaɗi. Aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a na haƙƙin jin daɗi na buƙatar nau'in tallafin doka na jihohin da ke jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan gama gari.
Ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a
Taimakon shari'a a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga ' yancin ba da shawara da 'yancin gudanar da shari'a ta gaskiya na kasashen nahiyar Turai na karni na 19. " Dokokin talaka " sun yi watsi da kudaden kotu ga talakawa tare da nada lauyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba. Da farko abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa lauyoyin da ke aiki za su yi aiki bisa ga fa'ida. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin ƙasashen Turai ba su da hanyar da za ta bi don ba da agajin shari'a, kuma talakawa sun dogara ga taimakon lauyoyi. Yawancin ƙasashe sun ci gaba da kafa dokoki waɗanda suka tanadi biyan matsakaicin kuɗi ga lauyoyin aiki. Don hana buƙatar, taimakon shari'a an iyakance shi ga farashin lauyoyi a cikin shari'ar da ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashe da ke da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula da tsarin shari'a na gama gari suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga ' yancin ba da shawara a cikin shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka. Ƙasashen dokokin farar hula sun fi jaddada yancin yin shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a, don haka ba da taimakon shari'a inda ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashen dokokin gama gari sun jaddada yancin yin shawara da ba da agajin shari'a musamman dangane da shari'ar laifuka.
Dangane da saurin haɓaka masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 na Turai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fito waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnatoci. Sun sami ra'ayi na doka don baiwa ma'aikata haƙƙin doka a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari, a ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan masana'antu daga ma'aikatan masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fara ba wa ma'aikata shawarwarin doka game da sababbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Bukatar waɗannan ayyuka ya yi yawa kuma a ƙoƙarin samarwa ma'aikata shawarwarin da ba na bangaranci ba, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara ba da taimakon doka tun farkon ƙarni na 20.
Kwanan nan
A cikin ƙarni na 20, taimakon doka ya haɓaka tare da ƙa'idodin ci gaba; sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan waɗancan ma’aikatan lauyoyi waɗanda suke ganin alhakinsu ne su kula da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi. Taimakon shari'a ya zama abin da lauyoyi za su iya bayarwa don biyan "bukatun shari'a" na waɗanda suka gano a matsayin matalauta, wariya. A cewar Francis Regan a cikin 1999, ba da agajin doka yana haifar da wadata, ba buƙatu ba ne, yana haifar da faffadan gibi tsakanin tanadin da ya dace da buƙatu da kuma ainihin buƙata. Shirye-shiryen sabis na doka, kamar sasanci na unguwanni da sabis na doka, akai-akai suna rufewa saboda rashin buƙata, yayin da wasu ke cika da abokan ciniki.
Petrus Johannes
Iyali
Yana da mata da yaya Mata biyu da yara maza biyu.
Karatu da aiki
Yayi karatun shi ne a Witpoort Primary School, Wolmaransstad, a shekara ta, 1919 zuwa 1927, maransstad High School. A shekara ta, 1928 zuwa 1931, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, a shekara ta, 1932 zuwa 1936, Potchefstroom Normal College. A shekara ta, 1932 zuwa 1934, (Transvaal Teacher's Diploma, a shekara ta 1934). University of Berlin. West Germany, a shekara ta, 1937 zuwa 1939,University of South Africa, a shekara ta 1945 zuwa 1947, yasa aikin malanta a Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.
Taimakon Shari'a
Hong Kong
Hukunce-hukuncen yanki, Hong Kong yana ba da taimakon doka ta hanyar Sashen Ba da Agaji na Shari'a, wanda Majalisar Sabis na Ba da Agajin Shari'a ke kula da ita.
A Gudanarwa Sashen Ba da Agajin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin sashin gudanarwa na Ofishin Babban Sakatare. A cikin shekara ta 2007 an koma da shi zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke kula da al'amuran al'adu da gudanarwa na gida. Wannan dai ya sha suka sosai daga sansanin masu rajin kare dimokuradiyyar 'yan adawa saboda yin illa ga tsaka-tsaki na samar da agajin doka. Sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da duk ƙunshi sake tsara ofisoshin tsare-tsare, wanda canjin Sashen Taimakon Shari'a ya kasance ɓangare kamar haka:
Indiya
Mataki na ashirin da 39A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, ya tanadi adalci dai-dai da taimakon doka kyauta kamar haka:"Gwamnati za ta tabbatar da cewa gudanar da tsarin shari'a yana inganta adalci, bisa ga dama iri ɗaya, kuma za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta, ta hanyar doka ko tsare-tsare ko ta kowace hanya, don tabbatar da adalci. ba a hana kowane ɗan ƙasa ta dalilin tattalin arziki ko nakasa."Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa sabis na shari'a abu ne da ba za a iya raba shi ba na 'ma'ana, adalci da adalci', domin idan ba tare da shi ba za a hana mutumin da ke fama da nakasa tattalin arziki ko wasu nakasu damar samun adalci.
A cikin farar hula, Order XXXIII. R.18 na Code of Civil Procedure 1908 da sharadin cewa jihohi da gwamnatocin tsakiya na iya yin ƙarin tanadi kamar yadda suke ganin ya dace don ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda aka ba su izinin kai kara a matsayin matalauta. Dokar Hukumomin Ayyukan Shari'a,
Philippines
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A cikin shekara ta 2020, Duterte ya ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar doka da ake kira Dokar Yaki da Ta'addanci, wacce za ta kama duk wani mai adawa saboda rashin ma'anoni a cikin dokar kan wanda za a iya yiwa alama "'yan ta'adda". Hakan ya tunzura jama'a da kuma shugaban FLAG Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno. FLAG, tare da takwarorinsu ƴan jarida, ƴan jahohi, da ƴan siyasa da ake tsare da su sun mayar da martani tare da fitar da ƙalubalen doka mai lamba GR No. 252741 akan Sakataren Zartarwa na Duterte Salvador Medialdea bisa dalilai da ma'anar dokar. Daga cikin tanade-tanaden da ake tantamawa har da sashe na 29 na tsarewa ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba, inda za a iya kama wanda ake tuhuma ko da ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba kuma a tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki.
Turai
Mataki na 47 na kundin dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya tanadi cewa za a ba da agajin shari'a ga wadanda ba su da isassun kayan aiki, muddin irin wannan taimako ya zama dole don tabbatar da samun adalci.
Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Rasha
A cewar PILnet: Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Dokar Sha'awar Jama'a, tana da Wasu abubuwa kamar haka:"Sama da shekaru goma kasashen tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma Rasha ke ci gaba da yin garambawul da sake fasalin tsarinsu na doka . Yayin da aka gudanar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a fannin shari'a a ko'ina cikin yankin, hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan shari'a da taimako galibi ba su da inganci kuma ba su da inganci. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa—musamman waɗanda matalauta ne ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi—an bar su ba tare da samun ainihin lauyoyin ba a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi laifuffuka da waɗanda ba na laifi ba."A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, mutanen da suka cancanta (yawanci waɗanda ke nuna rashin isashen kuɗi) na iya neman kotuna ko Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Czech don a naɗa musu lauya.
Denmark
A Denmark, masu nema dole ne su cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa don karɓar taimakon doka don shari'ar jama'a: Mai nema ba zai sami fiye da kr. ba. 289,000 ($ 50,000) a shekara kuma da'awar jam'iyyar dole ne ya zama dai-dai. Game da shari'o'in laifuka, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin.
Jamus
A cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, tsarin mulki da shari'o'in zamantakewa, ana ba da taimako a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a (a cikin hanyar shawara kuma, inda ya cancanta, wakilci). A cikin shari'o'in da ake tuhuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana da haƙƙin ya ba da shawara, kuma a wasu lokuta idan hukuncin ya kai akalla shekara guda na tsare, ana iya ba wanda ake tuhuma shawara ko da ba ya so ba.
Italiya
Wanda aka sani da Patrocinio a spese dello Stato, ana ba da taimakon doka ta Dokar Italiyanci DPR n. 115/2002 - Labarai. 74-141. An yi niyya don aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 24 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga haƙƙin tsaro (a cikin shari'o'in farar hula, gudanarwa da na laifuka) ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun sabis na lauya da kansu ba saboda rashin iya biyan su daga gare su. kudin shiga (kasa da €10,776.33 ga kowane mutum).
Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Italiya, Sashe na 24 ya ce Abubuwa kamar haka:"ɗaukarkowa damar daukar matakin shari'a don kare hakkinta da halalcin bukatunsa. Tsaro hakki ne da ba za a tauye shi ba a kowane mataki na shari'ar. Hanyoyin aiki da tsaro a gaban dukkan Kotuna suna da garantin ga marasa galihu ta cibiyoyin gwamnati. Doka ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin shari'a don magance rashin adalci."Taimakon shari'a a Italiya sabis ne don ba da izini ga kowa ya taimaka wa lauya ko kuma mashaidi ƙwararre ba tare da kowane kuɗaɗen doka ko farashi ba a cikin duk wani laifi, farar hula, gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi ko aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi da kuma "hukuncin son rai" kuma a duk lokacin da kasancewar doka ta buƙaci lauya ko ƙwararren shaida. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk maki ko matakan gwaji, gami da duk wasu abubuwan da suka faru na haɗari da na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da ita a gaban Kotuna, Kotunan ɗaukaka kara, Kotun Koli, kotunan sa ido da alkalai, Kotunan Gudanarwa na Yanki, Kwamitocin Bitar Shari'a, Hukumomin Kuɗi na Lardi da Yanki da Kotun Audit na Jiha.
Ingila da Wales
Dokar Taimakon Shari'a da Shawara ta 1949 ta samo asali ne ta hanyar taimakon doka. A cikin shekara ta 2009, taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales sun kashe mai biyan haraji £ 2bn a shekara - wanda ya fi kowane mutum kashewa fiye da ko'ina a duniya - kuma yana samuwa ga kusan kashi 29% na manya. Koyaya, samuwa da matakin samar da taimakon shari'a ya ragu sosai tun 2012 sakamakon matakan tsuke bakin aljihu a cikin Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012.
Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Legal (har zuwa 31 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013 ta Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ) tana ba da taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales, kuma ana samunta don yawancin shari'o'in laifuka, da nau'ikan shari'o'in farar hula. Keɓancewa sun haɗa da cin zarafi, mafi yawan shari'o'in rauni na mutum (waɗanda ake magance su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kuɗaɗen Sharadi, nau'in kuɗin da ake buƙata ), da shari'o'in kamfanoni. Har ila yau, wasu lokuta ana rufe shari'ar iyali. Dangane da nau'in shari'ar, taimakon shari'a na iya ko a'a yana nufin gwadawa kuma a wasu lokuta taimakon shari'a na iya zama 'yanci ga waɗanda ke da fa'idodi, marasa aiki kuma ba su da tanadi ko kadara.
Gaba ɗaya ana ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi a cikin ayyukan sirri. Ƙayyadadden adadin masu kare jama'a ana ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Shari'a a ofisoshin Sabis na Tsaron Jama'a ; suna ba da shawarwari a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da bayar da shawarwari a majistare da kotunan rawani. Ana ba da taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar lauyoyi a cikin aiki na sirri amma kuma ta lauyoyin da ke aiki a Cibiyoyin Shari'a da hukumomin shawarwari masu zaman kansu.
LASPO
Bayar da taimakon shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 da ƙarin dokoki, kwanan nan Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO), wacce ta fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2013. LASPO ta haifar da raguwar kashi 46 cikin 100 na adadin shari'o'in da aka ba da taimakon shari'a, daga 925,000 a shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 497,000 kawai a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO) ta dakatar da taimako ga wuraren doka da suka haɗa da iyali, jin daɗi, gidaje da bashi. Akwai korafe-korafen da ke cewa rage tallafin lauyoyi daga LASPO ya hana talakawa samun adalci.
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Scotland
Tsarin ba da agajin doka a New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi.
Afirka ta Kudu
Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce da ta sake gina tsarinta na shari'a a wani yunƙuri na yin koyi da ƙasashen yammacin turai, tare da samar da tsarin adalci da adalci.
Afirka ta Kudu tana da tsarin shari'a na kasa da kuma, a wasu yankuna, tsarin gudanar da shari'a na kabilanci. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin " jam'i na shari'a ". “Dokokin cikin gida” na yau da kullun sun sha bamban sosai da sauran dokoki da al'adun ƙasar, suna hana ba da shawarar doka. Koyaya, tsarin shari'a na 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu baya buƙatar wakilci, don haka da gaske yana kawar da buƙatar taimakon doka.
A kwaikwayi tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da lauyoyi, wadanda ke aiki a manyan kotuna, da lauyoyi, wadanda ke ba da shawarwari ba tare da kotu ba kuma suna aiki a kananan kotuna.
A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da bukatar taimakon shari'a, kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar samar da hukumar ba da agajin shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1971 kuma a yanzu tana ba da mafi yawan taimakon shari'a a duk fadin kasar. Hukumar tana da 'yancin kai kuma tana da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati wajen yanke shawara, kuma tana da hurumin yanke shawarar ba da taimakon doka. Hukumar tana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk "masu cancanta" masu samun kudin shiga na R600.00 ko ƙasa da haka. Idan mutane ba su cika wannan cancantar ba ana ba su wasu hanyoyin samun lauya, kamar ɗaukar ɗaya ko, idan wannan bai dace da su ba, nemo wanda zai yi aiki pro bono.
A wani misali na tarihin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kusan kashi 85% na dukkan lauyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu farar fata ne. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa bambancin launin fata a fannin shari'a shine fifiko kuma akwai "cibiyoyin kula da lafiya" masu balaguro don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi a kan dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a duk fadin kasar, da nufin yada ilimi a duk faɗin mai yiwuwa, ko da yake musamman a yankunan da ke fama da talauci.
Fiye da kashi 80% na kuɗaɗen Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ana ba da umarni ne ga samar da masu ba da kariya a cikin lamuran aikata laifuka. An bayyana wannan gabaɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin sakamakon dalilai guda biyu: galibin laifukan da matalauta ke aikatawa, da kuma samar da tsaro a cikin laifukan da ke zama fifiko idan aka kwatanta da ƙararrakin farar hula. Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, kashi 80% na duk mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari a matsayin masu aikata laifuka ba su da wakilci, saboda babu haƙƙin tsaro kuma babu wani wajibci ga gwamnati na samar da wannan kariya. Bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta wajaba a samar da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Legal don taimakawa wajen samun damar samun taimakon doka.
Ga waɗanda ke neman taimako kuma suna sane da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin shari'a, ana samun taimakon doka a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar abubuwa kamar haka:
Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna wanzu kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar tallafi da ƙarfafawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan ayyuka sun kasance a buɗe ga zargi, wasu na cewa waɗannan ayyuka masu yawa da suka bambanta da Afirka ta Kudu ba su da mahimmanci idan babu isasshen ilimi da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna samuwa ga mutane. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karfafawa makarantun shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kwarin gwiwar fadada isarsu tare da kafa "dakunan shan magani" masu balaguro da karfafawa makarantu gwiwa da su kara " manhajar karatu ta doka" don yaɗa ilimin wannan fanni.
Kanada
A Kanada, tsarin taimakon shari'a na zamani ya samo asali ne bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa tsarin raba farashi tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna a farkon shekara ta 1970. An saita gudunmawar kuɗin tarayya a asali a kashi 50% na farashin tsarin ba da agajin doka, amma matakin kuɗin ya canza a cikin shekaru.
Ainihin isar da taimakon shari'a na matakin gwamnati na lardi ne, a matsayin wani yanki na hukumcin lardi kan gudanar da shari'a. Misali, Legal Aid Ontario yana ba da sabis na shari'a ga mazauna Ontario, Legal Services Society yana ba da shi ga mazaunan British Columbia,
Amurka
Taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka haƙƙi ne na duniya wanda Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya lamunce. Yawancin samfuran isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito a cikin Amurka. An ba Hukumar Ayyukan Shari'a izini a matakin tarayya don kulawa da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. A cikin tsarin "lauyoyin ma'aikata", lauyoyi suna aiki da matakan gwamnati akan albashi kawai don ba da taimakon shari'a ga abokan ciniki masu ƙaramin karfi, kama da likitocin ma'aikata a asibitin gwamnati. A cikin tsarin "judicare", ana biyan lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin lauyoyi don kula da shari'o'i daga abokan cinikin da suka cancanta tare da shari'o'in abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ake biyan likitoci don kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare a ƙasar Amurka Tsarin " asibitin shari'a na al'umma " model. ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shan magani masu zaman kansu da ke yiwa wata al'umma hidima ta hanyar hidimomin shari'a da yawa (misali wakilci, ilimi, sake fasalin doka) da lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba ne suka bayar, kama da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma.
Waɗanda ake tuhumar da ake tuhuma a karkashin laifuffukan da ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaukar lauya ba kawai an ba su tabbacin taimakon shari'a da ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen, amma an ba su tabbacin wakilci na shari'a, ko dai ta hanyar masu kare jama'a, ko kuma in babu tanadi na irin wannan ko kuma saboda yawan lokuta. lauyan da kotu ta nada.
Tattaunawar da ta shafi taimakon shari'a da kuma wanda ke da gata a irin wannan sabis ɗin ya sha suka daga masana ilimin shari'a waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke mamaye da kuma rubuta labaran mutanen da ke neman taimakon shari'a mutane ne da ke cin gajiyar labarin abokin ciniki na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin talauci da rashin tabbas. na mutum. Sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar waɗannan bayanan abokin ciniki na asymmetrically, na tsari na shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a a cikin tsarin jari hujja na Amurka a matsayin kayan aiki don yin kira ga masu ba da gudummawa da sauran hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Wadannan wakilci da tantance waɗanda ke neman kuma suka cancanci taimakon shari'a ana bayar da hujjar bayar da gudummawa ga al'adar zargi waɗanda ke fama da talauci, kamar yadda labaran ba su da rawar da jihar da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen samar da waɗannan yanayi na abokan ciniki. Duk da haka, ba a bayar da taimakon shari'a a cikin ƙararrakin farar hula, ko hanyoyin kora, saboda waɗannan ba shari'ar laifi ba ne.
Ostiraliya
Taimakon shari'a na al'amuran Commonwealth da na jihohi ana ba da su ne ta hanyar hukumomin ba da agajin shari'a na jiha da ƙasa (LACs), waɗanda hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da tallafin doka don dangin Commonwealth, shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya da gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙasa da LACs. Yawancin al'amuran Commonwealth sun shiga cikin Iƙon dokar iyali.
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Sule Tankarkar
Karamar Hukumar Sule Tankarkar ta Jihar jigawa tana da Mazabu guda Tara (9). Amanga, Dangwanki, Danladi, Danzomo, Jeke, Shabaru, Yandamo, Sule Tankarkar, Albasu.
Taimakon Shari'a
Ostiraliya
Kwamitocin ba da agajin doka suna amfani da gauraya samfurin don sadar da ayyukan wakilcin doka. Ana iya ba da gudummawar taimakon wakilcin doka ga ko dai lauyan cikin gida mai albashi ko kuma a tura shi ga wani mai zaman kansa. Haɗaɗɗen ƙirar yana da fa'ida musamman don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki a yankunan yanki kuma a lokuta inda rikici na sha'awa yana nufin lauya ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar ɓangarorin biyu ba.
Ta hanyar tarihi, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Ofishin Sabis na Shari'a a cikin shekara ta 1942 don haɓaka tsarin ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1973 Babban Mai Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin Labour ta Whitlam, Lionel Murphy, ya kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya. Murphy ya fahimci buƙatar gaggawar taimakon doka domin adalci ya kasance dai-dai da kowa ga kowa. Murphy ya gane cewa: "Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton 'yan ƙasa a gaban dokoki shine rashin isassun shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka cikakke a cikin Ostiraliya. . . Babban abin da gwamnati ta sa a gaba shi ne cewa taimakon shari'a ya kasance cikin sauƙi kuma dai-dai da samuwa ga 'yan ƙasa a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya kuma a ba da tallafin don shawarwari da taimakon ƙararraki da kuma shari'a a duk nau'ikan shari'a da kuma a duk kotuna." (Sanata Honarabul Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) Kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya a shekara ta 1973 ya biyo bayan kafa kwamitocin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi. Waɗannan ofisoshin yanzu suna ba da mafi yawan tallafin shari'a kyauta ko kuma mai rahusa ga mabukata. A cikin shekara ta 1977, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Dokar Taimakon Shari'a ta Commonwealth 1977 (LAC Act), wacce ta kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, waɗanda za a ba da taimakon doka ta kwamitocin ba da agajin doka masu zaman kansu da za a kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. da dokokin yanki. Tsarin kafa LACs ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1976 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1978 Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Victoria (LACV), kuma ta ƙare a 1990 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Tasmania. Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa ta Dokar LAC ta samar da yarjejeniyar ba da tallafin doka ta Commonwealth da jiha da ƙasa,
A cikin Yulin shekara ta 1997, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta canza shirye-shiryenta don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye sabis na taimakon doka don al'amuran dokar Commonwealth. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, jihohi da yankuna suna ba da tallafi ga nasu dokokin. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an jinkirta shari'ar kisan kai a Kotun Koli ta Victoria saboda ba a samun taimakon doka. An ambaci wannan a matsayin sakamakon raguwar tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ba da agajin doka a Ostiraliya kuma ya haifar da karuwar shahara ga albarkatun taimakon shari'a na kan layi kamar Littafin Jagoran Shari'a.
An tattauna taimakon shari'a a Ostiraliya a cikin batun <i id="mwAZ0">Dietrich v The Sarauniya</i> (1992). An gano cewa, duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar dama ta samun lauya a bainar jama'a, a mafi yawan lokuta alƙali ya kamata ya ba da duk wata bukata ta a dage shari'a ko kuma a tsaya a lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma ba ya wakilci.
New Zealand
Tsarin ba da agajin doka a ƙasar New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da Iƙon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi.
Ƙauyen Gubana
Tarihi
Gubana ƙauye ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Fune ta jihar Yobe a Najeriya ya kasance ƙauye ne wanda ya kai shekara 225 da kafuwa a wancan lokacin Bazemfila mahaifin sarki bah, ya yi ƙaura daga Mai wala zuwa Mai dala, da aka fi sani da (Gubana) tare da ɗansa a dalilin sarkin Mai wala yana alfahari a kullum babu wani mutum kamarsa ko sama da shi a kauyen Mai wala dole ne kowa ya kasance a karkashinsa irin wadannan kalaman sun yi rauni a zuciyar Bazemfila ya yanke shawarar canza wurin zama, da ya yi hijira daga Mai wala, zuwa Maidala. Maidala abokin Bazemfila ne kuma Bazemfila ya fi Mai dala arziki a kauyen, Bazemfila ya rasu ya bar dansa mai suna bah kafin Bazemfila ya mutu yana rike da sarautar Gubana a matsayin sarki domin shi ne mafi karfin hali kuma attajiri.