cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
Ciwon daji epigenetics shine nazarin gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa DNA na kwayoyin cutar kansa wanda ba ya haɗa da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide, amma a maimakon haka ya haɗa da canji a yadda aka bayyana lambar kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin Epigenetic suna da mahimmanci don kula da jerin al'ada na takamaiman maganganun kwayoyin halitta na nama kuma suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba na al'ada. Wataƙila suna da mahimmanci, ko ma mafi mahimmanci, fiye da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin canjin tantanin halitta zuwa kansa. Rikicin hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da asarar bayyanar kwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa kusan sau 10 akai-akai ta hanyar yin shiru na rubutu (wanda ya haifar da haɓakar epigenetic hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG ) fiye da maye gurbi. Kamar yadda Vogelstein et al. nuna, a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata yawanci ana samun kusan maye gurbin direba 3 zuwa 6 da 33 zuwa 66 hitchhiker ko maye gurbin fasinja. Duk da haka, a cikin ciwace-ciwacen hanji idan aka kwatanta da kusa da mucosa na al'ada na al'ada, akwai kimanin 600 zuwa 800 tsibiran methylated CpG a cikin masu inganta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi yayin da waɗannan tsibiran CpG ba su da methylated a cikin mucosa kusa. Yin amfani da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yana riƙe da babban alƙawari don rigakafin ciwon daji, ganowa, da jiyya. A cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan epigenetic na iya rikicewa, kamar yin shiru na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da kunna oncogenes ta hanyar canza tsarin methylation na tsibirin CpG, gyare-gyaren histone, da dysregulation na sunadaran ɗaurin DNA. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da tasirin epigenetic yanzu a yawancin waɗannan cututtuka.
DNA methylation
A cikin sel somatic, tsarin DNA methylation gabaɗaya ana watsa su zuwa sel 'ya'ya masu aminci. Yawanci, wannan methylation yana faruwa ne kawai a cytosines waɗanda suke 5' zuwa guanosine a cikin CpG dinucleotides na eukaryotes mafi girma. Koyaya, methylation DNA na epigenetic ya bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin al'ada da ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin mutane. Bayanan martaba na "al'ada" CpG methylation galibi ana jujjuya su a cikin sel waɗanda suka zama tumorigenic. A cikin sel na al'ada, tsibiran CpG da ke gaba da masu tallata kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi, kuma suna yin aiki ta hanyar rubutawa, yayin da sauran CpG dinucleotides ɗin kowane mutum a cikin kwayar halitta yakan zama methylated. Koyaya, a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, tsibiran CpG waɗanda ke gaba da masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna hypermethylated, yayin da CpG methylation na yankuna masu haɓaka oncogene da jerin maimaita parasitic galibi suna raguwa.
Hypermethylation na yankuna masu hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da yin shuru ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan maye gurbi na epigenetic yana ba da damar sel suyi girma da kuma haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba, yana haifar da tumorigenesis. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl zuwa cytosines yana haifar da DNA don yin murɗawa kusa da sunadaran histone, wanda ke haifar da DNA wanda ba zai iya jujjuya rubutu ba (DNA da aka yi shiru). Kwayoyin halittar da aka saba da su don yin shuru a rubuce saboda masu haɓaka hypermethylation sun haɗa da: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta; MGMT, kwayar gyaran DNA ; APC, mai kula da zagayawa; MLH1, kwayar halittar DNA-gyaran; da BRCA1, wani DNA-gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Lallai, ƙwayoyin kansa na iya zama masu sha'awar yin shuru na rubutu, saboda mai haɓaka hypermethylation, na wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani tsari da aka sani da jarabar epigenetic.
Hypomethylation na CpG dinucleotides a cikin sauran sassan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar chromosome saboda hanyoyin kamar asarar bugawa da sake kunna abubuwa masu iya canzawa. Rashin buguwar kwayar halitta mai girma kamar insulin (IGF2) yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata kuma yana da alaƙa da ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji ga jarirai. A cikin sel lafiya, CpG dinucleotides na ƙananan yawa ana samun su a cikin coding da kuma wuraren da ba sa coding intergenic. Bayanin wasu jerin maimaitawa da sake haduwar meiotic a centromeres ana murƙushe su ta hanyar methylation
Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar kansa ya ƙunshi ƙarancin methylcytosine fiye da kwayar halitta mai lafiya. A gaskiya ma, kwayoyin cutar kansa suna da 20-50% kasa da methylation a kowane CpG dinucleotides a fadin kwayoyin halitta. Tsibirin CpG da aka samu a yankuna masu tallatawa galibi ana kiyaye su daga DNA methylation. A cikin ƙwayoyin kansa tsibiran CpG tsibiran suna hypomethylated Yankunan da ke gefen tsibiran CpG da ake kira tsibirin tsibirin CpG sune inda yawancin methylation na DNA ke faruwa a cikin mahallin CpG dinucleotide. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da methylated ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a tsibirin CpG. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, hypermethylation a cikin tsibirin CpG tsibirin suna motsawa zuwa tsibiran CpG, ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG suna motsawa zuwa tsibirin CpG tsibiri suna kawar da iyakokin epigenetic tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan halitta. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa "hypomethylation na duniya" saboda rushewa a cikin DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na iya haɓaka haɓakar mitotic da sake tsarawa na chromosome, a ƙarshe yana haifar da aneuploidy lokacin da chromosomes suka kasa rabuwa da kyau yayin mitosis.
CpG tsibirin methylation yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin maganganun kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka cytosine methylation na iya haifar da kai tsaye zuwa lalata maye gurbi da yanayin salon salula na farko. Methylated cytosines suna sa hydrolysis na rukunin aminin da jujjuyawar kai tsaye zuwa thymine ya fi dacewa. Suna iya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata na furotin chromatin. Cytosine methylations yana canza adadin hasken UV na tushen nucleotide, haifar da dimers pyrimidine. Lokacin da maye gurbi ya haifar da asarar heterozygosity a rukunin yanar gizon masu hana ƙari ya kasan ce shi ne waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa aiki. Maye gurbi guda ɗaya na tushe yayin kwafi shima yana iya yin illa.
Gyaran tarihi
Eukaryotic DNA yana da hadadden tsari. Gabaɗaya an naɗe shi da sunadaran sunadaran da ake kira histones don samar da wani tsari da ake kira nucleosome. A nucleosome kunshi 2 sets na 4 tarihi: H2A, H2B, H3, da H4. Bugu da ƙari, histone H1 yana ba da gudummawa ga tattarawar DNA a waje da nucleosome. Wasu gyare-gyaren enzymes na histone na iya ƙarawa ko cire ƙungiyoyi masu aiki zuwa histones, kuma waɗannan gyare-gyare suna tasiri matakin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da aka nannade a kusa da waɗancan tarihin da matakin kwafin DNA. Bayanan bayanan gyare-gyare na tarihi na ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji sun bambanta.
Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin lafiya, ƙwayoyin daji suna nuna raguwar nau'ikan histone H4 da monoacetylated (raguwar H4ac da H4me3). Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a) na p19ARF mai gabatarwa yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarin ci gaba na ciwon daji da metastasis. A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta, asarar histone H4 acetylation da trimethylation yana ƙaruwa yayin da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta ke ci gaba. Asarar histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation ( H4K16ac ), wanda shine alamar tsufa a telomeres, musamman ya rasa acetylation. Wasu masana kimiyya suna fatan wannan asarar ta musamman na histone acetylation na iya yin yaƙi tare da mai hana histone deacetylase (HDAC) na musamman don SIRT1, HDAC na musamman don H4K16.
Sauran alamomin tarihin da ke hade da tumorigenesis sun hada da ƙarar deacetylation (raguwar acetylation) na histones H3 da H4, rage trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ), da kuma ƙara monomethylation na histone H3 Lysine 9 ( H3K9me ) da kuma trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 27me H3 Lysine 27 ( H3 . ). shi ne Waɗannan gyare-gyaren tarihi na iya yin shiru da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari duk da raguwar methylation na tsibirin CpG na kwayoyin halitta (wani al'amari da yakan kunna kwayoyin halitta).
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah ɗan siyasan Ghana ne, Manomi kuma ɗan majalisa na 1st, 2nd da 3rd na jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana.[1] Shi tsohon dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Jomoro a yankin Yamma dan jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Democratic Congress a Ghana.
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
Gyaran tarihi
Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan toshe aikin BRD4 a kan acetylated histones, wanda aka nuna don ƙara yawan bayyanar da furotin Myc, wanda ke da alaka da ciwon daji da yawa. Tsarin ci gaba na miyagun ƙwayoyi don ɗaure zuwa BRD4 abin lura ne ga haɗin gwiwa, buɗe hanyar da ƙungiyar ke ɗauka.
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Acka a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1934. Ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Ghana. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tarihi daga jami'a. Har ila yau, Acka samfurin Jami'ar Cape Coast ne. Ya sami shaidar kammala karatun digiri a jami'a.
Abdullahi Koni
Ayyuka
An haifi Koni a Senegal. Ya jagoranci Al Sadd zuwa nasara a gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC a shekarar 2011. A zagaye na 16 na gasar, ya zira kwallaye a kan Al Shabab wanda ya zama mai nasara. Kungiyarsa ta ci gaba da lashe gasar, ta doke Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors a wasan karshe a Koriya ta Kudu. A sakamakon nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC, ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2011. A wasan kusa da na karshe, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara a kan Espérance de Tunis a cikin giciye daga abokin wasan Lee Jung-Soo, inda ya sami nasarar tawagarsa 2-1. Wannan ya kafa gwagwarmayar kusa da na karshe da Barcelona a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2011.
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah
Sana'a
Ackah manomi ne ta hanyar sana’a.
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
Gyaran tarihi
Mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta p53 tana daidaita gyaran DNA kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka lalata. E Soto-Reyes da F Recillas-Targa sun bayyana mahimmancin furotin CTCF a cikin daidaita maganganun p53. CTCF, ko CCCTC daure factor, shine furotin yatsa na zinc wanda ke hana mai tallata p53 daga tara alamun tarihin danniya. A cikin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa, furotin CTCF ba ya ɗaure kullum, kuma mai haɓaka p53 yana tara alamomin tarihi masu tsauri, yana haifar da bayyanar p53 don ragewa.
Abdullahi Koni
Kungiyar
Al Sadd
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
Gyaran tarihi
Maye gurbi a cikin na'urar epigenetic kanta na iya faruwa kuma, mai yuwuwar alhakin canza bayanan martaba na sel masu ciwon daji. Bambance-bambancen tarihi na dangin H2A ana kiyaye su sosai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yawancin hanyoyin nukiliya ta hanyar canza tsarin chromatin. Ɗayan maɓalli na H2A, H2A. X, yana nuna lalacewar DNA, yana sauƙaƙe ɗaukar sunadaran gyaran DNA don maido da amincin genomic. Wani bambance-bambancen, H2A. Z, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duka kunna kwayoyin halitta da danniya. Babban darajar H2A. Ana gano furcin Z a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon salula da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Bambancin macroH2A1 na tarihi yana da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan cututtukan daji da yawa, misali a cikin ciwon hanta. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da raguwa a cikin H4K16ac na iya haifar da ko dai raguwar ayyukan histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ko karuwa a deacetylation ta SIRT1. Hakazalika, maye gurbin frameshift wanda ba ya aiki a cikin HDAC2, histone deacetylase wanda ke aiki akan yawancin lysines na histone-tail, an hade shi da ciwon daji da ke nuna sauye-sauyen tsarin acetylation na histone. Wadannan binciken suna nuna wani tsari mai ban sha'awa don canza bayanan martaba na epigenetic ta hanyar hana enzymatic ko haɓakawa.
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah
Siyasa
An fara zaben Ackah ne a lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana a shekara ta 1992 a matsayin dan majalisa ta 1 ta jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya gaji James V. Leuven Mensah na jam'iyyar People's National Party (PNP). Shi ma dan majalisa ne na 2 da 3 na jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Shi memba ne na National Democratic Congress kuma wakilin mazabar Jomoro na yankin yammacin Ghana.[4] Aikinsa na siyasa ya fara ne lokacin da ya tsaya takara a 1992 kuma ya yi nasara akan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress. Bayan wa'adin ya kare, ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben Ghana na 1996 da kuma a babban zaben Ghana na 2000.
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
Gyaran tarihi
DNA lalacewa, lalacewa ta hanyar UV haske, ionizing radiation, muhalli guba, da kuma na rayuwa sinadarai, kuma zai iya haifar da genomic rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ciwon daji. Amsar lalacewa ta DNA zuwa ga karyawar DNA mai madauri biyu (DSB) ana yin sulhu a sashi ta gyare-gyaren tarihi. A DSB, MRE11 - RAD50 - NBS1 (MRN) hadaddun sunadaran suna ɗaukar ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase wanda phosphorylates Serine 129 na Histone 2A. MDC1, matsakanci na wurin binciken lalacewar DNA 1, yana ɗaure ga phosphopeptide, da phosphorylation na H2AX na iya yaduwa ta hanyar madaidaicin ra'ayi na daukar ma'aikata na MRN-ATM da phosphorylation. TIP60 acetylates da γH2AX, wanda aka sanya polyubiquitylated. RAP80, wani ɓangare na DNA na gyaran ƙwayar nono nau'in ciwon nono na nau'in 1 mai saukin kamuwa da furotin ( BRCA1 -A), yana ɗaure ubiquitin da aka haɗe zuwa histones. BRCA1-Aiki yana kama da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a wurin bincike na G2/M, ba da damar lokaci don gyara DNA, ko apoptosis na iya farawa.
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah
Zaben 2000
An zabi Ackah a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabar Jomoro a babban zaben Ghana na 2000. Ya ci zabe a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujerun majalisa 9 daga cikin kujeru 19 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Yamma. Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe 'yan tsiraru na kujeru 92 daga cikin kujeru 200 na majalisar dokoki ta 3 na jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. An zabe shi da kuri'u 10,427 daga cikin 32,232 da aka jefa. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 33.4% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Patrick Somiah Ehomah dan takara mai zaman kansa, Peter Nwanwaan na New Patriotic Party, Abraham Yankson na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Stephen Blay na Jam'iyyar Reformed Party, Richard Aduko Raqib na Babban Taron Jama'a da Patrick Tandoh Williams na United Harkar Ghana. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 8,171, 5,959, 4,762, 1,365, 389 da 131 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 26.2%, 19.1%, 15.3%, 4.4%, 1.2% da 0.4% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
MicroRNA gene yin shiru
A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, microRNAs (miRNAs), ya kasan ce suna daidaita kusan kashi 60% na ayyukan rufaffiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rufaffen furotin. Wasu miRNA kuma suna yin shuru mai alaƙa da methylation a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Let-7 da miR15/16 suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita RAS da BCL2 oncogenes, kuma shirunsu yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Rage magana na miR-125b1, miRNA mai aiki azaman mai hana ƙari, an lura dashi a cikin prostate, ovarian, nono da glial cell cancers. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa miR-125b1 yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, HER2/neu da ESR1, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono. DNA methylation, musamman hypermethylation, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da miR-125b1 aka rufe shi ta asali. A cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono, an lura da hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG da ke kusa da wurin fara rubutun. Asarar ɗaurin CTCF da haɓaka alamomin tarihi masu dannewa, H3K9me3 da H3K27me3, sun yi daidai da DNA methylation da shiru na miR-125b1. Ta hanyar injiniyanci, CTCF na iya aiki azaman yanki mai iyaka don dakatar da yaduwar DNA methylation. Sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da Soto-Reyes et al. yana kuma nuna mummunan sakamako na methylation akan aiki da magana na miR-125b1. Saboda haka, sun yanke shawarar cewa DNA methylation yana da wani ɓangare na yin shiru da kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wasu miRNA's an rufe su da wuri da wuri a cikin ciwon nono, sabili da haka waɗannan miRNA na iya zama da amfani azaman alamun ƙari. kuma Yin shiru na epigenetic na kwayoyin miRNA ta hanyar DNA methylation aberrant wani lamari ne akai-akai a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa; Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu tallata miRNA masu aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin mammary na yau da kullun an sami hypermethylated a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono - wannan shine ninki da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba gani akan ƙwayoyin furotin.
Joseph Emmanuel Ackah
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ackah Kirista ne.
Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
Metabolic recoding na epigenetics a cikin ciwon daji
Dysregulation na metabolism yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo don samar da tubalan ginin da ake buƙata da kuma daidaita alamun epigenetic don tallafawa farawa da ci gaba da ciwon daji. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke haifar da ciwon daji yana canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic, musamman gyare-gyare akan histones da DNA, don haka inganta canji mara kyau, daidaitawa ga rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da metastasis. Tarin wasu metabolites a cikin ciwon daji na iya kai hari ga enzymes na epigenetic don canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic a duniya. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren sake canza alamun epigenetic. Ciwon daji epigenetics za a iya daidaita daidai da salon salula metabolism ta hanyar 1) kashi-amsa modulation na ciwon daji epigenetics ta metabolites; 2) takamaiman takamaiman ɗaukar aikin enzymes na rayuwa; da 3) niyya na Epigenetic enzymes ta hanyar siginar abinci mai gina jiki.
MicroRNA da gyaran DNA
Lalacewar DNA ya bayyana shine babban dalilin cutar kansa. Idan gyaran DNA ya yi karanci, lalacewar DNA tana son taruwa. Irin wannan ɓarna na DNA da yawa na iya ƙara kurakuran maye gurbi yayin kwafin DNA saboda haɗakar fassarar kuskure. Lalacewar DNA ta wuce gona da iri na iya ƙara sauye-sauyen epigenetic saboda kurakurai yayin gyaran DNA. Irin wannan maye gurbi da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya haifar da ciwon daji (duba m neoplasms ).
Canje-canjen layin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyarawa yana haifar da kashi 2-5 cikin ɗari kawai na cututtukan ciwon hanji. Koyaya, canza yanayin magana na microRNAs, yana haifar da raunin gyaran DNA, akai-akai ana danganta su da ciwon daji kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar sanadin cutar kansa.
Yin wuce gona da iri na wasu miRNA na iya rage bayyana takamaiman sunadaran gyaran DNA kai tsaye. Wan et al. ana magana da kwayoyin halittar DNA guda 6 waɗanda miRNA suka yi niyya kai tsaye a cikin baka: ATM (miR-421), RAD52 (miR-210, miR-373), RAD23B (miR-373), MSH2 (miR-21). ), BRCA1 (miR-182) da P53 (miR-504, miR-125b). Kwanan nan, Tessitore et al. ya jera ƙarin ƙwayoyin gyaran DNA waɗanda ƙarin miRNAs ke niyya kai tsaye, gami da ATM (miR-18a, miR-101), DNA-PK (miR-101), ATR (miR-185), Wip1 (miR-16), MLH1, MSH2 da MSH6 (miR-155), ERCC3 da ERCC4 (miR-192) da UNG2 (mir-16, miR-34c da miR-199a). Daga cikin waɗannan miRNAs, miR-16, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34c, miR-125b, miR-101, miR-155, miR-182, miR-185 da miR-192 suna cikin waɗanda Schnekenburger ya gano da kuma Diederich kamar yadda aka yi yawa a cikin ciwon daji ta hanji ta hanyar epigenetic hypomethylation. Bayan bayyanar kowane ɗayan waɗannan miRNAs na iya haifar da raguwar bayyanar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin da ta ke niyya.
Babban ƙungiyoyin motsi A ( HMGA ), sunadaran sunadaran AT-ƙugiya, ƙanana ne, nonhistone, sunadarai masu alaƙa da chromatin waɗanda zasu iya canza rubutun. MicroRNAs suna sarrafa bayanin sunadaran HMGA, kuma waɗannan sunadaran ( HMGA1 da HMGA2 ) abubuwa ne masu sarrafa rubutun chromatin na gine-gine. Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa, a cikin kyallen takarda na al'ada, kwayoyin HGMA1 da HMGA2 an yi niyya (kuma saboda haka an rage su sosai a cikin magana) ta miR-15, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-196a2 da Let-7a.
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Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
MicroRNA da gyaran DNA
Maganar HMGA kusan ba a iya gano shi a cikin bambance-bambancen kyallen jikin manya amma yana da girma a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa. Sunadaran HGMA polypeptides ne na ~ 100 ragowar amino acid wanda ke da tsarin tsari na zamani. Waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna uku masu inganci masu inganci, waɗanda ake kira AT hooks, waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙaramin tsagi na DNA mai arzikin AT a cikin takamaiman yankuna na DNA. Neoplasias na ɗan adam, ciki har da thyroid, prostatic, mahaifa, colorectal, pancreatic da ovarian carcinoma, suna nuna karuwa mai karfi na HMGA1a da HMGA1b sunadaran. Mice masu canzawa tare da HMGA1 da aka yi niyya ga ƙwayoyin lymphoid suna haɓaka lymphoma mai ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa babban HMGA1 magana ba kawai yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji ba, amma cewa HMGA1 na iya aiki azaman oncogene don haifar da ciwon daji. Baldassarre et al., ya nuna cewa sunadaran HMGA1 yana ɗaure zuwa yankin mai talla na DNA gyara gene BRCA1 kuma yana hana ayyukan mai gabatarwa BRCA1. Sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da kawai 11% na ciwace-ciwacen nono ke da hypermethylation na BRCA1 gene, 82% na ciwon nono mai tsanani yana da ƙananan furotin na BRCA1, kuma yawancin waɗannan raguwa sun kasance saboda gyaran chromatin ta hanyar manyan matakan furotin HMGA1.
HMGA2 furotin na musamman yana kai hari ga mai tallata ERCC1, don haka rage bayyanar da wannan kwayar cutar ta DNA. Maganganun furotin na ERCC1 ya gaza a cikin 100% na 47 da aka kimanta ciwon daji na hanji (ko da yake ba a san iyakar abin da HGMA2 ke ciki ba).
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Ciwon Daji Epigenetics
MicroRNA da gyaran DNA
Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin miRNAs da ke hari kwayoyin HMGA sun ragu sosai a kusan dukkanin adenoma pituitary ɗan adam da aka yi nazari, idan aka kwatanta da glandan pituitary na yau da kullun. Daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida na waɗannan miRNAs masu niyya HMGA, an sami haɓaka a cikin HMGA1 da takamaiman mRNAs na HMGA2. Uku daga cikin waɗannan microRNAs (miR-16, miR-196a da Let-7a)) suna da masu tallata methylated don haka ƙarancin magana a cikin ciwon hanji. Na biyu daga cikin waɗannan, miR-15 da miR-16, yankuna masu coding an rufe su ta asali cikin cutar kansa saboda ayyukan histone deacetylase . Lokacin da aka bayyana waɗannan microRNAs a ƙaramin matakin, to ana bayyana sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 a babban matakin. HMGA1 da HMGA2 manufa (rage maganganun) BRCA1 da ERCC1 DNA gyarawa. Don haka ana iya rage gyaran DNA, mai yiwuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansa.
Hanyoyin gyaran DNA
Jadawalin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana nuna wasu abubuwa masu lalata DNA akai-akai, misalan raunukan DNA da suke haifarwa, da hanyoyin da ke magance waɗannan lalacewar DNA. Aƙalla enzymes 169 ana amfani da su kai tsaye a cikin gyaran DNA ko kuma tasiri hanyoyin gyaran DNA. Daga cikin waɗannan, 83 suna aiki kai tsaye wajen gyara nau'ikan lalacewar DNA guda 5 da aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi.
Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsakiyar waɗannan hanyoyin gyara ana nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi. Zane-zanen jinsin da aka nuna a cikin ja, launin toka ko cyan suna nuna kwayoyin halitta akai-akai suna canzawa a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan daji daban-daban. Rubutun Wikipedia akan kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halitta da ja, launin toka ko cyan suka haskaka sun bayyana canjin (s) epigenetic da ciwon daji (s) waɗanda aka samo waɗannan abubuwan. Manyan labaran binciken gwaji guda biyu kuma sun rubuta mafi yawan waɗannan raunin gyaran DNA na epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji.
Kwayoyin halitta masu haske suna raguwa ko yin shiru akai-akai ta hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Lokacin da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin magana ko rashi, lalacewar DNA na iya tarawa. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da, a ƙarshe, ciwon daji. Danniya na Epigenetic na kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA yana bayyana a matsayin tsakiya ga carcinogenesis.
Ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu launin toka RAD51 da BRCA2, ana buƙatar su don gyara haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Wani lokaci ana nuna su a cikin epigenetically fiye da bayyanawa kuma wani lokacin ba a bayyana su a wasu cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran Wikipedia akan RAD51 da BRCA2, irin wannan ciwon daji yawanci suna da ƙarancin epigenetic a cikin wasu kwayoyin gyara DNA. Waɗannan ƙarancin gyare-gyare na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara su ba. Bayanin sama-sama na RAD51 da BRCA2 da aka gani a cikin waɗannan cututtukan na iya nuna matsi na zaɓi don ramuwa RAD51 ko BRCA2 fiye da bayyanawa da haɓaka gyare-gyare na haɗin gwiwa don aƙalla wani ɓangare na magance irin wannan lalacewar DNA. A waɗancan lokuta inda RAD51 ko BRCA2 ba a bayyana su ba, wannan da kansa zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da ciwon daji, ta yadda rashin bayyanar RAD51 ko BRCA2 zai zama carcinogenic a cikin kanta.
gyare-gyaren hutun madauri biyu, homology na 5-25 madaidaitan tushe guda 5-25 tsakanin maɗaurin biyun ya wadatar don daidaita madauri, amma ƙarshen da bai dace ba (flaps) yawanci yana nan. MMEJ yana cire ƙarin nucleotides (flaps) inda aka haɗa igiyoyi, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa igiyoyin don ƙirƙirar helix na DNA marar kyau. MMEJ kusan ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙaramin gogewa, ta yadda ta zama hanyar mutagenic. Fen1, Flap Sponglease a Mmej, shi ne epicinetally ya karu ta hanyar incarter hysomethyhybyhy ne kuma ya kare a cikin mafi cutar kansa na nono,,  neuroblastomomas,  , da huhu. Har ila yau, PARP1 an fi bayyana shi sosai lokacin da yankin ETS mai tallata shi ya kasance hypomethylated na epigenetically, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji na endometrial, BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, da BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. Sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar MMEJ suma an nuna su sosai a cikin adadin cutar kansa (duba MMEJ don taƙaitawa), kuma ana nuna su da shuɗi.
Matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin kwayoyin gyara DNA
Rashin ƙarancin sunadaran gyaran DNA waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA suna ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel tare da maye gurbi a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa ( HRR ). Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi a cikin kowane ɗayan 34 na gyaran DNA suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa (duba lahani na gyaran DNA da haɓaka haɗarin kansa ).
A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ana samun rashi a gyaran DNA lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, amma yawanci ana ragewa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke rage ko yin shiru. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic). Hakazalika, daga cikin lokuta 119 na rashin daidaiton gyare-gyare-rashin ciwon daji na launi waɗanda ba su da gyaran DNA na PMS2 magana, sunadarin PMS2 ya gaza a cikin 6 saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin PMS2, yayin da a cikin lokuta 103 PMS2 magana ta kasa saboda an danne abokin tarayya MLH1. saboda mai gabatarwa methylation (protein PMS2 ba shi da kwanciyar hankali idan babu MLH1). A cikin sauran shari'o'in 10, asarar bayanin PMS2 ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar epigenetic na microRNA, miR-155, wanda ke daidaita MLH1.
Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran gyare-gyare sun kasance akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. A cikin tebur, an ƙididdige ciwon daji da yawa don ragewa ko rashin bayyanar jigon gyaran DNA na sha'awa, kuma mitar da aka nuna shi ne yawan ciwon daji da ke da ƙarancin epigenetic na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan raunin epigenetic yana iya tasowa da wuri a cikin carcinogenesis, tun da yake ana samun su akai-akai (ko da yake a ɗan ƙananan mita) a cikin lahani da ke kewaye da ciwon daji wanda ciwon daji zai iya tasowa (duba Table). Ya bayyana cewa ana iya farawa da kansa akai-akai ta hanyar raguwar epigenetic a cikin furci ɗaya ko fiye da gyaran enzymes na DNA. Rage gyaran DNA na iya ba da damar tara lalacewar DNA. Kuskuren haɗakar fassarar fassarar wasu daga cikin waɗannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin fa'ida. Faci na clonal tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iya girma kuma ya fita gasa sel makwabta, yana haifar da lahani na filin. Duk da yake babu wata fa'ida ta zahiri ga tantanin halitta don ya rage gyaran DNA, za a iya ɗaukar jigilar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin tare da fasinja lokacin da sel masu zaɓin maye gurbi. A cikin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin zaɓi, ƙarin lalacewar DNA za su taru, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da ƙarin maye gurbi tare da zaɓi mafi girma. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin gyaran DNA na iya ba da gudummawa ga sifa mai girman mitar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, kuma yana haifar da ci gaban carcinogenic.
Ciwon daji suna da babban matakan rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan maye gurbi. Yawaitar maye gurbi yana ƙara yuwuwar takamaiman maye gurbi da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kunna oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda ke haifar da carcinogenesis. Dangane da tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta gaba daya, ana samun ciwon daji suna da dubunnan zuwa daruruwan dubbai na maye gurbi a dukkan kwayoyin halittarsu. (Haka kuma duba mitocin maye gurbi a cikin cututtukan daji . ) Idan aka kwatanta, mitar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsararraki ga mutane (iyaye da yaro) kusan sabbin maye gurbi 70 ne a kowane zamani. A cikin yankuna masu rikodin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta, akwai kusan 0.35 maye gurbi tsakanin zuriyar iyaye/yara (kasa da furotin da aka canza a kowane zamani). Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jini don wasu tagwaye iri ɗaya masu shekaru 100 kawai sun sami bambance-bambancen somatic 8, kodayake ba za a iya gano bambancin somatic da ke faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 20% na ƙwayoyin jini ba.
Yayin da lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar haɗin fassarar kuskure, lalacewar DNA kuma na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yayin tafiyar da DNA mara kyau. Lalacewar DNA da ke taruwa saboda lahani na gyaran DNA na epigenetic na iya zama tushen haɓakar sauye-sauyen epigenetic da aka samu a yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan daji. A cikin binciken farko, duban ƙayyadaddun saiti na masu tallata rubutu, Fernandez et al. yayi nazarin bayanan methylation DNA na ciwace-ciwacen farko na 855. Kwatanta kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta tare da nama na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, rukunin tsibirin CpG 729 (55% na rukunin 1322 CpG da aka kimanta) sun nuna bambancin DNA methylation. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 496 sun kasance hypermethylated (danne) kuma 233 sun kasance hypomethylated (an kunna). Don haka, akwai babban matakin haɓakar epigenetic mai haɓaka methylation a cikin ciwace-ciwace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ciwon daji.
Nii Okaidja Adamafio
Nii Okaidja Adamafio ɗan siyasa ne na kasar Ghana. Ya kasance ministan cikin gida a gwamnatin Rawlings daga 1997 zuwa 2001. Ya kasance dan majalisa na farko daga 1997 zuwa 2001 a mazabar Odododiodoo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Adamafio dan kasar Ghana ne kuma an haife shi a Accra, Ghana. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta La Bone, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1964.
Siyasa
Adamafio ya taba zama dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Odododiodoo a yankin Greater Accra na kasar Ghana a majalisu guda biyu. Ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Odododiodoo a shekarar 1992 kuma ya yi nasara. Ya sake tsayawa takara kuma ya yi nasara a babban zaben Ghana na 1996, a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da jimillar kuri'u 29,142 da ke wakiltar 35.40%. Wannan ya sabawa abokan adawarsa; S.A. Odoi Sykes na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 27,097 wanda ya wakilci kashi 32.90% na jimillar kuri'u masu inganci, Samuel Agoe Lantei Lamptey na babban taron jama'ar kasar wanda kuma ya samu kuri'u 1,231 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 1.50% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, Emmanuel Nii Korley. Adu Tetteh na jam'iyyar National Convention Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 641 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.80% na yawan kuri'u masu inganci da Nii Noi Nortey na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 528 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.60% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. A zaben 2000 ya samu kuri'u 24,181 (43.9%), inda ya rasa kujerarsa a hannun Reginald Nii Bi Ayibonte. Adamafio ya taba rike mukamin ministan harkokin cikin gida karkashin jagorancin mai girma tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana, shugaba Jerry John Rawlings. A matsayinsa na dan jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC), Adamafio ya tashi ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar. A cikin Fabrairu 2006 ya yi murabus daga National Democratic Congress. Kuma a cikin 2008 ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Party (DFP).
TJ
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JM
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Spoon
Spoon wani abu ne Wanda aka kirkira dan cin abinci ko zubawa da sauransu
Mallakar kai
Mallakar kai, ita ce manufar dukiya a cikin jikin mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin haƙƙin ɗabi'a ko na dabi'a na mutum don samun mutuncin jiki wanda ke nufin ya zama keɓaɓɓen mai kula da jikin kansa ciki har da rayuwar mutum, inda 'kamewa' na nufin yin kowane abu. tsangwama ta jiki da 'keɓaɓɓen' na nufin gami da haƙƙin tilasta hana wasu mutane sarrafa ta. Mallakar kai babban ra'ayi ne a cikin falsafar siyasa da yawa waɗanda ke jaddada ɗabi'a, kamar 'yanci, sassaucin ra'ayi, da anarchism. Tunda ma’anar take-taken kadara ta haɗa da haramcin bayyanannen wasu mutane da ke da’awar mallakar dukiya a kan albarkatu ɗaya a lokaci guda, ana samun haƙƙin sarrafawa ko tsoma baki a jikin mutum ta kowace hanya ta sabani.
' yancin kai na mutum, 'mulkin mutum' ko ikon kai an fahimci gabaɗaya don nuna haƙƙin mallaka na mutum ciki har da mallakar kansa wanda ake kira mummunan ikon mallaka, amma kuma ya haɗa da kin amincewa ko 'yanci daga ikon mallaka mai kyau inda mummunan ikon mallaka ya haɗa da haƙƙin mallaka da tabbatacce. mulkin mallaka ya haɗa da 'yancin ɗora wa mutane umarni da biyayya ko mulkin mallaka ko kuma kawai a ba shi yancin samun wani abu na tattalin arziki. Ra'ayi da ke hannun 'masu sassaucin ra'ayi mara kyau'. A bisa ka'ida na shari'a ana samun ikon mallaka ta mutum A, mai ba da sanarwar, ta hanyar aiwatar da ka'idar iko akan mutum B wanda baya buƙatar kowane aikin ɗabi'a na son rai na B, inda sakamakon shari'a B ya zama batun shari'a (na wajibi) ma'ana B ya karɓi mummunan ko tabbataccen wajibci ta hanyar halayya ta dukiya ta A, inda aka fahimci dukiya a matsayin tushen dalilin ayyukan mutum misali aikin jiki. Misalan ƙa'idodin ikon mallaka mara kyau shine kafa tuta ko ɗaga shinge akan ƙasar da ba ta da mallaka a baya. Misalan ingantattun ƙa'idodin ikon mallaka suna sanya hannu kan Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ko cire Excalibur daga dutse. Lura cewa ingantattun ƙa'idodin ikon mallaka sun keta yarda (ƙididdigar) batun shari'a a cikin ma'anar rashin son kai, amma ƙa'idar ikon mallaka mara kyau ba ta ma'ana ba.
A cikin wannan labarin an fahimci mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin bautar ba da son rai na shari'a ( bautar bautar ) yana nufin mutum a ƙarƙashin 'bautar da doka ta doka' bisa ga ƙa'idar ikon ikon mallaka na sama, don haka bautar da ba ta son rai ta fahimci nufin a matsayin yarda (ba da izini) da aiki kamar yadda yake. kowane tabbataccen wajibi inda aka ɗauka ra'ayin 'yanci na rashin son rai. Misalai na mutanen da galibi ke yin hidimar ba da son rai a cikin doka su ne yara game da iyayensu, mazauna game da ikon mulkin ƙasarsu da kuma ɗaukar sojoji game da babban jami'insu. Yi la'akari da cewa aikin ɗaukar ciki, a bisa doka ƙa'ida ce mai ƙarfi wanda ke sanya nauyin (tabbatacce) na iyaye akan iyaye wanda ba ya keta ikon kai ko sanya bautar da ba ta dace ba ta shari'a saboda an ɗora wa kansu ta hanyar dabi'a ta kansu. tsoma baki tare da zygote a matsayin ka'idar takunkumi ko ka'ida ta adalci. Misali na 'ka'idar iko' wanda ke sanya mummunan takalifi ga wasu shine ka'idar doka ta ƙa'ida ta asali, wanda shine da'awar da ke haifar da ius a cikin da'awar rashin kyau da ake kira take hakkin mallaka. Hakazalika, alƙawarin yin biyayya ga umarni yana haifar da tabbataccen wajibci, ta hanyar aiwatar da alƙawarin iko (kwangilar) kuma ba bautar son rai ba ce ta doka. A lura cewa ikon ɗan adam da mulkin mallaka a kan ɗan adam ( tilasta bin doka ba tare da son rai ba), dukansu suna ba wa mai haƙƙin yancin yin amfani da tashin hankali don aiwatar da nufinsu, amma tare da mulkin mallaka, batun dole ne ya kasa umarnin da aka bayar da farko don wannan haƙƙin ya faru. . Akasin haka, idan wani mai dukiya, watau bayi ko ’ya’ya, ya gudu, to, har yanzu mai shi ne farkon alhakin abin da ya aikata idan ya ci gaba da da’awar mallakarsa, amma ba za a iya yin shari’a a kan bawan ba saboda dukiya da mai shi. shine asalin abin alhaki don aikata mummunan aiki.
Lura cewa 'yancin mallakar dukiya a cikin mutum' ana kiransa haƙƙin mutum, kuma gabaɗaya cin zarafi ne na mallakar kai ko yancin kai. Misali ' yancin mantawa ya hana kowane mutum ci gaba da kima a kan sauran mutane. Lura cewa haƙƙin rayuwa wani lokaci ana kiransu a matsayin wani ɓangare na mallakar kai kuma ana haɗa shi cikin ma'anar da ke sama lokacin da aka fahimce shi a matsayin rashin tauyewa ga laifin sakaci kawai na kisa.
Aa rufai
A.A RUFA;I yakasance shahararren hamshakin mahaukacin mai kudi ne, kuma bawan allah ne a kano, yakasance mai wasan barkwanci Kuma Allah ya daukakasa lokaci daya, yakasance mai qaramin karfine a kano kuma shi mai kudi ne wanda yace ya siyi kano, Gombe, Kaduna, manchester united, Real Madrid da kuma abuja Kuma yanada 73.8 ganglion
Vasyl Slipak
Vasyl Yaroslavovych Slipak ( yaren Ukraine, 20 Disamba 1974 - 29 Yuni 2016) mawaƙin opera ne na kasar Ukraine baritone. Daga 1994 ya akai-akai yin wasa a Faransa a wurare irin su Paris Opera da Opéra Bastille. Don wasan opera da ya keyi, Slipak ya samu kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da "Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Namiji" don Waƙar Toreador. An kashe wani sojan sa kai na kasar Ukraine, Slipak a lokacin yakin Donbass ta hanyar wani maharbi na Rasha kusa da kauyen Luhanske, a yankin Bakhmut. Baya ga wasan opera, an ba shi lakabin Jarumin Yukren saboda aikinsa na sojan sa kai.
Aikin Opera
An haife shi a 1974 a Lviv, Slipak yana son raira waƙa tun lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, Slipak ya shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yara Lviv Dudarik. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Lviv Conservatory. A lokacin karatunsa, Slipak ya halarci wata gasa ta murya a birnin Clermont na Faransa, inda ya lashe gasar. A cikin 1996, Slipak ya sami gayyatar yin wasan kwaikwayo a Opéra Bastille a Paris. A 1997 Slipak ya sauke karatu daga Lysenko Music Academy a Lviv, sa'an nan aka gayyace shi zuwa Paris Opera inda ya zama mawakin opera. A shekara ta 2011, ya kasance a saman filinsa, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun maza a gasar Armel Opera Competition and Festival a Szeged, Hungary, don yin waƙar Toreador daga opera Carmen.
Mutuwa
Slipak ya koma Ukraine kuma yayi wasa a Euromaidan a cikin 2014. A cikin 2015, Slipak ya shiga yakin da ake yi da 'yan aware masu goyon bayan Rasha a matsayin memba na Bataliya ta 7 na Rundunar Sa-kai na Yukren na Sashen Dama. Ya ɗauki alamar kiran soja Mif, magana akan aria da ya fi so na Mephistopheles daga opera Faust (alamar kiransa na yau da kullun ita ce tatsuniya ). Bayan yakin Donbass, Slipak ya shirya ci gaba da aikinsa a Paris.
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, da misalin karfe 6 na safe, wani maharbi ya kashe Slipak a kusa da Luhanske. An bada labarin rayuwar Slipak a fim din gaskia na 2018.
Shugaban kasar Ukraine Petro Poroshenko ya ba Slipak lakabin Jarumin kasar Ukraine bayan mutuwarsa.
Khrystyna Soloviy
Mawaƙin kiɗa
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Soloviy a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1993 a Drohobych a cikin dangin mawaƙa amshi.
Ta koma tare da danginta zuwa Lviv kuma shekaru uku suna rera waƙoƙin jama'ar su na Lemko a cikin mawaƙa "Lemkovyna". Khrystyna kwata ne Lemko ta asali. Ta sauke karatu daga philological baiwa na Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.
2013: Holos Krayiny
A 2013 Khrystyna ta shiga wasan Ukraine na samfurin The Voice - Holos Krayiny. An ba ta tawagar Svyatoslav Vakarchuk kuma ta kai mataki kusa da na karshe a gasar. Yayin halartan taron, ta rera mafi yawan waƙoƙin jama'a na Ukraine.
2015: Zama Voda
A cikin 2015 Soloviy ta fito da kundi na farko "Zhyva voda" (Ukrainian: Жива вода; Ruwan rai) wanda ya haɗa da waƙoƙi 12 (waƙoƙin gargajiya guda goma na asalin Lemko da na Ukraine kuma biyu ta rubuta da kanta).
2018-yanzu: Liubyi druh
A watan Oktoba, 24 Khrystyna ta fitar da kundi na biyu na studiyo "Liubyi druh" (Ukrainian: Любий друг; Abokina).
Magadan
Magadan (Магадан) gari ne a ƙasar Russia. Ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Magadan Oblast. A cikin 2010, mutane 95,982 sun zauna a can.
Patrice Talon
Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1958) ɗan siyasan Benin ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kasance Shugaban Benin tun daga 6 Afrilu 2016.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
Talon dan asalin Fon ne kuma an haife shi a Ouidah .fito daga masu fataucin bayi. Mahaifinsa ya fito daga Ouidah yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga dangin Guédégbé a Abomey. Ya sami digiri na uku a Dakar, Senegal. Bayan ya sami digiri na "C" a digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyya a Jami'ar Dakar, an tura shi zuwa École nationale de l'aviation civile a Paris. Tare da mafarkai na zama matukin jirgi, Talon ya gaza gwajin likita kuma wannan mafarkin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.
A cikin 1983, Talon ya shiga cikin hada-hadar kasuwanci da kayan aikin gona. A cikin 1985, ya koma Benin ya kafa Kamfanin Rarraba Intercontinental Distribution Company (Société Distribution Intercontinentale ; SDI), wanda ke ba da kayan aikin noma ga masu kera auduga. A shekarar 1990, bayan shawarwarin da bankin duniya ya bayar na samar da ‘yancin walwala ga tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka, an bukaci kasar Benin da ta janye daga tsarin noman auduga. Daga nan sai Talon ya samu damar kafa masana'antun sarrafa auduga guda uku a kasar Benin. An kuma yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Auduga" saboda yadda ya shiga harkar auduga. Ya gina daularsa ne saboda alaka da ajin siyasar Benin.
Talon ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan kudi na shugaba Thomas Boni Yayi, inda ya ba da kudin yakin neman zabensa a zabukan 2006 da 2011. Kamfaninsa, Benin Control, ya mallaki kamfanoni biyu mallakar kasa, Sodeco a 2009 da PVI a 2011. A cikin 2011, Talon ya karɓi sarrafa kayan da ake shigowa da su Cotonou a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cotonou. A shekara ta 2012, ya tsere zuwa Faransa bayan da aka zarge shi da yin almubazzaranci da haraji fiye da Euro miliyan 18. Ya yi kaca-kaca da Boni Yayi inda aka zarge shi da hannu a wani yunkurin kashe shi. An yi masa afuwa a shekarar 2014. A cikin 2015, Forbes ta sanya Talon a matsayin mutum na 15 mafi arziki a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, mai arzikin da ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 400.
Shugaban kasa
Talon ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Maris 2016. Ya zo na biyu a matsayin Firayim Minista Lionel Zinsou na Cowry Forces na Benin mai tasowa a zagayen farko na jefa kuri'a, amma ya lashe zagaye na biyu da kashi 65% na kuri'un. Zinsou ya amince a daren zaben. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016, Talon ya ce zai "da farko zai tunkari sake fasalin tsarin mulkin kasar", yana tattaunawa kan shirinsa na takaita shugabanni zuwa wa'adi guda na shekaru biyar domin yakar "rashin gamsuwa". Ya kuma ce ya shirya rage gwamnati daga mutane 28 zuwa 16.
An rantsar da Talon a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2016. A ranar ne aka sanar da kafa gwamnatinsa. Babu firaminista, kuma ’yan takarar shugaban kasa biyu da suka sha kaye, wadanda suka goyi bayan Talon a zagaye na biyu, Pascal Koupaki da Abdoulaye Bio-Tchane, an nada su a manyan mukamai, Sakatare-Janar na Fadar Shugaban Kasa da Karamin Ministan Tsare-tsare da Ci Gaba, bi da bi. . Talon ya yi alkawarin kara yawan arzikin kasar Benin nan da shekaru biyar tare da kyautata alakarta da Faransa. Wasu daga cikin manufofinsa sun hada da rage karfin bangaren zartaswa da kuma takaita wa'adin mulki na shekaru biyar, wata sabuwar shawara a Afirka. Ya nada ministoci 22, hudu daga cikinsu mata ne.
A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2017, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta gaza zartar da wani kudirin doka da zai kai ga zaben raba gardama kan kudirin Talon na takaita wa’adin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kuri’u 63 na ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar 83 ne ake bukata domin amincewa, kuma kudirin ya samu kuri’u 60. Talon ya ce bayan kwanaki kadan ba zai kara bibiyar lamarin ba. Ya ce ya ji takaicin sakamakon zaben amma yana mutunta hakan saboda jajircewarsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Ya ki cewa ko zai tsaya takara a 2021, amma daga karshe ya bayyana cewa zai yi. Sunan dimokradiyyar Benin ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Canje-canjen dokar na nufin cewa 'yan takarar shugaban kasa na bukatar goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokoki 16 kuma kusan dukkan 'yan majalisar wakilai na yanzu mambobin jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Talon. An yi hasashen cewa za a iya sake zaben Talon ba tare da hamayya ba. Daga karshe, an sake zabe shi da kashi 86% na kuri'un.
A cikin 2018, Sébastien Ajavon, abokin hamayyar da ya zo na uku a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari saboda "fasalin muggan kwayoyi" da "jabu da zamba". An yanke wa wasu ‘yan adawa da dama hukuncin dauri mai tsanani a watan Disamban 2021. An yanke wa tsohuwar ministar shari'a Reckya Madougou hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari saboda "ta'addanci", da kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a Joël Aïvo shekaru 10 saboda "halakatar kudaden haram" da kuma "nakasa tsaron jihar". A cewar ɗan jarida kuma malami Francis Kpatindé, manufofin Talon sun haifar da raguwar yancin ɗan adam da yancin yajin aiki.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Talon ya auri uwargidan shugaban kasa Claudine Gbènagnon daga Porto-Novo kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu.
Callum Wilson
Callum Eddie Graham Wilson (an haife shine 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Newcastle United da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Wilson ne a Coventry, West Midlands, kuma dan asalin Jamaica ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Shugaba Kennedy a Coventry.