cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mata a Ghana
Matsayin iyali
Mata a cikin al'ummomin Ghana na zamanin da sun kasance masu ɗaukar yara, manoma da 'yan kasuwa na kayan gona. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, an bayyana ikon haihuwa na mata a matsayin hanyar da ake ba da damar sake haihuwar kakannin zuriya. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar bakara ne a matsayin mafi girman masifa. Ganin yadda maza suka fi yawa a cikin al’adun gargajiya, wasu masana halayyar dan adam sun bayyana ikon mace na haifuwa a matsayin mafi mahimmiyar hanya da mata ke tabbatar da tsaron rayuwa da tattalin arƙiki ga kansu, musamman idan sun haifi ‘ya’ya maza.
Kuɗaɗen gidaje masu mata na ƙaruwa a ƙasar Ghana. Adadin mata masu shugabanci mata ko waɗanda zawarawa ko sakakkun su ma sun tashi a lokaci. Sabanin binciken da aka yi a duk duniya cewa ana alakanta talaucin mata da yawan matan da ke shugabantar da mata, sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar a Ghana ya nuna cewa magidanta masu fama da mata ba za su iya fuskantar talauci fiye da na maza ba. Wannan saboda dalilai da yasa magidanta ke jagorancin mata sun banbanta a duk fadin kasar. Matsayin aure babban al'amari ne wajen fahimtar bambance-bambance a cikin yawan talauci. Misali, zawarawa rukuni ne na gidajen mata masu nuna talauci mafi yawa. Musamman a al'amuran polygynous, ba duk mata ne suke zama a gida ɗaya da mijinta ba. Saboda haka, gidajen mata masu zaman kansu da matan aure ke jagoranta sun fi kowa kyau ta fuskar talauci, sai kuma matan da aka sake su, da kuma matan da suka rasa mazajensu.
Ƙa'idodin zamantakewar al'umma da matsayin da aka ba mata shine ɗayan manyan batutuwan Ghana. Akwai matakan zamantakewar da dole ne mata a Afirka su bi, ya danganta da al'adunsu da addininsu. Akwai wasu abubuwan wadanda suke haifar da dabi'un mace na zamantakewa. Misali na wannan shi ne, ana buƙatar matan shugaban ƙasa a Afirka su kasance a ayyukan gwamnati, amma zai fi dacewa 'ya'ya maza. Tare da kasancewar akwai yiwuwar miji ya ɗauki wata matar idan ba su ci nasarar samar da ɗa ba. Hanya don gyara ƙa'idar zamantakewar jama'a ita ce ta sanya yawan mata shiga makaranta saboda ƙwarewar sanin maudu'in, da kuma matsayin mata mafi girma a cikin nahiyar. Samun damar sauya tsammanin da aka sanya wa mata da ƙa'idodin da al'adu ke da su, yana da wahala saboda samun damar canza tunanin ko wata al'ada, addini ko gwamnati.
Gabaɗaya, mata a cikin gidajen mata suna ɗaukar aiki na gida da na kasuwa fiye da maza a gidajen maza, galibi saboda galibi shugabar mata ita ce babba wacce take da shekaru ko damar aiki. Maza yawanci suna iya rarraba aiki tare da mata a cikin gidajen maza, kamar yadda yawancin maza a gidajen maza ke da aure. Bugu da ƙari, yawan aikin gida da mata ke yi yayin zama tare ko ba tare da abokin aure ba ya bambanta, wanda ya kai ga yanke hukuncin cewa yawanci maza ba sa ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin gida. Bugu da kari, matan da suke shugabannin gidaje gaba daya suna da fadin kasa hekta 12 kasa da mazan mazajen. Bambancin mallakar ƙasa yana ƙaruwa yayin da dukiya ke ƙaruwa.
Girman iyali
A cikin Ra'ayoyin su bakwai na Mata: Tasirin Ilimi, ƙaura, da Aiki ga Uwar Ghana (Ofishin Laborasashen Duniya, 1987), Christine Oppong da Katherine Abu sun yi rikodin tattaunawa a Ghana wanda ya tabbatar da ra'ayin gargajiya game da haihuwa. Da suke ambaton alkalumma daga binciken haihuwa na Ghana a shekarar 1983, marubutan sun kammala da cewa kimanin kashi 60 na matan kasar sun fi son samun manyan iyalai na ‘ya’ya biyar ko fiye. Mafi yawan 'ya'ya mata da aka samu a yankunan karkara inda al'adun gargajiyar suka fi ƙarfi. Matan birni marasa ilimi suma suna da manyan iyalai.
A matsakaita, matan birni, masu ilimi, da masu aiki ba su da yara ƙanana. Gabaɗaya, dukkan ƙungiyoyin da aka zanta da su sun ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin muhimmiyar rawa ga mata a cikin alumma, ko dai don fa'idodin da take bayarwa ga uwa ko kuma martabar da zai kawo wa dangin ta. Tsaron da haihuwa ya samar shine mafi girma a batun matan karkara da marasa ilimi. Sabanin haka, yawan yara ga kowace uwa sun ki yarda ga mata masu karatun gaba da firamare da kuma aikin yi a waje; tare da samun kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma ɗan lokaci kaɗan a hannunsu a matsayinsu na iyaye mata da ma'aikata, sha'awar haifuwa ta ƙi.
Ilimi
Canji zuwa cikin duniyar zamani ya kasance jinkiri ga mata a Ghana. Yawan haihuwar mace a Ghana a cikin shekarun 1980 ya nuna, a tarihance, cewa matsayin mata na farko shine na haihuwar yara. Wasu iyayen ba sa son tura yaransu mata makaranta saboda ana bukatar aikinsu a cikin gida ko gona. Rashin jituwa ga ilimin mata ya samo asali ne tun daga yakinin cewa mata za su tallafawa mazansu. A wasu yankuna, har ma akwai tsoron cewa rayuwar auren yarinya ta ragu lokacin da ta yi karatu.
Inda 'yan mata ke zuwa makaranta, yawancinsu ba su ci gaba ba bayan sun karɓi takardar shaidar ilimi. Wasu kuma ba su kammala karatun firamare ba, duk da Dokar Ilimi ta 1960 wacce ta fadada kuma take buƙatar makarantar firamare. A bitoci da yawa da Majalisar Mata da Raya Kasa (NCWD) ta shirya tsakanin 1989 da 1990, karuwar yawan yara mata da ke cikin firamare ya haifar da damuwa.
Ganin yadda yawan karatun ya ragu tsakanin ‘yan mata, sai NCWD ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta nemi hanyoyin magance lamarin. Bambancin tsakanin ilimin namiji da na mace a Ghana ya sake nunawa a cikin ƙidayar ƙasa ta 1984. Kodayake yawan maza da mata da ke rajistar a makarantun firamare ya kai 55 zuwa 45, amma yawan 'yan mata a matakin sakandare ya ragu sosai, kuma kusan kashi 17 daga cikinsu ne aka yi wa rajista a jami'o'in kasar a shekarar 1984. Dangane da alkaluman Hukumar Kula da Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) da aka buga a shekarar 1991, yawan adadin mata da aka yi wa rajista a matakai daban-daban na tsarin ilimin kasar a 1989 bai nuna wani ci gaba ba a kan wadanda aka rubuta a 1984.
Jami'ar Oduduwa
Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Kimiyyar Zamani (CMSS)
Shirye-shiryen karatun digiri ne kawai ke gudana a yanzu.
Mata a Ghana
Aiki
A lokacin zamantakewar Gana kafin zamani, a yankunan karkara na Ghana inda ba harkar kasuwanci ba harkar noma ita ce babbar sana'ar tattalin arziki, mata suna aikin gona. Kodayake mata sun yi kaso mai tsoka na aikin noma, amma a 1996 an bayar da rahoton cewa, mata ne ke da kashi 26.1% na masu gonaki ko manajoji. Matan da ke gabar teku ma sun sayar da kifin da maza suka kama. Yawancin fa'idodin kuɗi waɗanda aka ɗora wa waɗannan matan sun shiga kula da gida, yayin da na mutumin suka sake saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin da galibi ake ganin cewa na danginsa ne. Wannan rabe-raben arzikin na gargajiya ya sanya mata a mukaman da ke karkashin maza. Dagewa da irin wadannan dabi'u a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Ghana na iya bayyana wasu daga juriya ga ilimin mata a da.
Larabawan Diffa
Larabawan Diffa ( عرب ديفا  ) (wanda aka fi sani da larabawan Mahamid ) shine sunan givenan Nijar da ake baiwa tribesan ƙabilar Balaraba makiyaya mazauna gabashin Nijar, galibi a yankin Diffa. A shekara ta 2006, kimanin 150,000  da kuma lissafin kuɗi don ƙasa da 1.5% na Nijar ta yawan, da Diffa Larabawa suna ce ya zama yammaci watsawa na Larabci magana Sudan makiyaya, da farko kõma daga Mahamid sub iyalin Rizeigat na Sudan da Chadi. Kodayake Larabawan Diffa suna magana da Larabci kuma suna Balarabiya, amma ba su da alaƙa da Larabawa na yankin Maghreb na Afirka ko Larabawan Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Jami'ar Oduduwa
Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta da Aiyuka (CNAS)
Shirye-shiryen karatun digiri ne kawai ke gudana a yanzu.
Larabawan Diffa
Tafiya zuwa Nijar
Larabawa na Jamhuriyar Nijar sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka samo daga Larabawa na Larabawa ko Sharawa, waɗanda aka yi imani da danginsu na farko sun isa ƙasar da ake kira Nijar yanzu a wani ƙarni na 19. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na Ouled Sliman, waɗanda suka mamaye Daular Kanem, sun tace cikin yankin tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da shekarar 1923, suna haɗuwa da waɗancan aan makiyaya na Shoa waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a yankin Tintouma. A cikin shekarun 1950 ƙaramin adadi na Kanem – Larabawan Chadi ya ƙaura zuwa yankin, amma yawan mutanen ya kasance kaɗan. A tsakiyar 1970 akwai kusan Larabawa 4000 makiyaya a gabashin Nijar. Amma bayan fari na 1974 na Sahelian fari yawancin mutanen dangin Larabawa na Sudan sun fara ƙaura zuwa Nijar, sannan wasu da ke gujewa yakin basasa da rikicin Chadian da Libya a cikin shekarun 1980, suka zauna kusa da Diffa. Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar na farko wanda ɗan asalin Diffa Arab ne Mohamed Bazoum.
Tashin hankali tare da makwabta
Da yawa daga cikin al'ummomin Larabawan Diffa sun yi yaƙi da tawayen Abzinawa a shekarun 1990, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun ƙara shiga rikici da kabilun Hausawa, Kanuri, da Azbinawa. Rahotannin labarai sun ambato jami'an Nijar a yayin rahoton ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2001 cewa al'ummomin Larabawa suna cikin rikici tare da maƙwabtansu a kan albarkatu, suna da makamai, kuma cewa "An sami daidaito tsakanin dangi tsakanin mazaunan da ke son su bar yankin"
Siyanda Xulu
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
A watan Satumba na shekarar (2012) Xulu ya shiga kungiyar gasar Premier ta Rasha FC Rostov, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. A Rostov, Zulu ya lashe gasar cin kofin Rasha na kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekarar (2013 zuwa 2014).
Maritzburg United ta sake shi a ƙarshen kakar (2019 zuwa 2020).
Jami'ar Oduduwa
Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha (CET)
Shirye-shiryen karatun digiri ne kawai
Ana samun haɗin haɗi tare da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
Siyanda Xulu
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
A ranar (29) ga watan Yuli a shekara ta (2020) Xulu ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Hapoel Tel Aviv ta Premier League.
Jami'ar Oduduwa
Cibiyoyi
Wadannan cibiyoyin sune don tallafawa ayyukan ilimi da ayyukan bincike na Jami'ar:
Siyanda Xulu
Ayyukan kasa
Xulu ya fara buga wa tawagar kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu wasa a ranar (15) ga watan Yunin a shekara ta( 2012) a karawar da suka yi da Gabon, ya maye gurbin Morgan Gould a minti na (80). A ranar( 28 ) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2018) an nada shi kyaftin don kamfen na Kofin COSAFA na shekarar (2018) na ƙasa.
Jami'ar Oduduwa
Bayani
http://oduduwauniversity.edu.ng/web/
Siyanda Xulu
Ƙasashen Duniya
.
Girmamawa
Rostov
Haley Hanson
Houston Dash, 2018-yanzu
Houston Dash ne ya zaɓi Hanson tare da zaɓi na 7 a gaba ɗaya a cikin 2018 NWSL College Draft daga Jami'ar Nebraska. Ta sanya hannu tare da Dash kuma ta fara halarta a karon a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2018, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Chicago Red Stars.
Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa
Hanson ta sami kiranta na farko zuwa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Amurka a cikin Afrilu 2018 yayin da aka ƙara ta cikin jerin sunayen a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kelley O'Hara wanda ya fice saboda rauni. Ta samu kyautar farko a ranar 8 ga Afrilu a wasan sada zumunci da Mexico
A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2018, an ba ta suna ga ƙungiyar U-23 ta Amurka don gasar Nordic ta 2018.
Mutanen Haddad
Haddad (wanda aka fi sani da Danoa) ƙabila ce ta musulmin Sahelian da aka samo ta cikin kasashen Najeriya, Chadi da Sudan, waɗanda suka kai sama da mutane 250,000. Suna zaune a tsakiyar wasu mutane kuma basu da yarensu amma suna magana da yaren al'ummar da ke kewaye da su. Aikin gargajiya na al'umma ya kasance shine aikin beenanƙirari.
A Season in France
Lokaci a Faransa (Faransanci;Une Saison en France) fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransanci na 2017 wanda Mahamat Saleh Haroun ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin sashin Gabatarwa na Musamman a 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. Fim ɗin ya buɗe Afirka Filmfestival a Louvain, Belgium a cikin Afrilu 2018 kuma an rarraba shi a cikin Benelux ta Imagine
Makirci
An shirya fim ɗin a cikin 2016. Abbas Mahadjir malamin Faransa ne a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ya gudu da iyalinsa, ciki har da ɗan uwansa, daga yakin basasa da ya addabi ƙasarsa. Tunawa da matarsa da aka kashe a lokacin da suke tafiya yana ta fama da damuwa. Yanzu yana zaune a Faransa [an shirya fim ɗin a unguwar Paris] tare da yaransa guda biyu, Asma da Yacine, waɗanda ke zuwa makaranta. Yana aiki a kasuwar ƴaƴan itace da furanni, kuma yana tsallakewa tsakanin gidajen aro da haya. Ya sadu da Carole a kasuwa, mai furanni na asalin Poland wanda ya kulla dangantaka da shi.
Lokacin da OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides) ta ki amincewa da neman mafakarsa, Abbas ya fara ɗaukaka ƙara. Lokacin da aka ƙi wannan, sai a ba shi sanarwar 'wajibi na barin', cikin kwanaki 30. Yanzu ba tare da aiki da gidaje ba, da kuma " sans papiers ", Abbas da 'ya'yansa sun sami mafaka da Carole. Dan uwansa, wanda ya kasance malamin falsafa a CAR, shi ma an ki amincewa da bukatarsa ta neman mafaka, kuma ya kashe kansa a ofishin shige da fice, daga baya ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu.
A karshen wa'adin kwanaki 30, yana fama da matsananciyar wahala, Abbas ba ya shigar da kara tare da fatansa na karshe, shugaban kotun gudanarwa. Lokacin da ƴan sanda suka gayyaci Carole ofishin ƴan sanda kuma suka sanar da ita hukuncin da aka yi na taimaka wa baƙi fiye da kima, ya fi son ya gudu da ƴaƴansa ba tare da barin adireshi ko tuntuɓar juna ba. Carole ya yi ƙoƙari a banza don nemo wata alama daga cikinsu a sansanin 'yan ci-rani na Calais Jungle, wanda aka share tare da wargaza shi a 'yan sa'o'i da suka gabata.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[[Category:Finafinan Chadi]
Jim Iyke
James Ikechukwu Esomugha, wanda aka fi sani da Jim Iyke, jarumin fim ne na Najeriya kuma daya daga cikin tauraruwar fim din Last Flight zuwa Abuja tare da Omotola Jalade Ekeinde da Hakeem Kae-Kazim.
Kuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Jim Iyke a ranar 25 ga Satumba,shekara ta 1976 a Libreville, Gabon. Iyayensa sune Mista da Mrs Stephen Okolue, wanda aka canza sunansa zuwa Esomugha daga kauyen Ogwugwu a garin Enugu Agidi na jihar Anambra. Jim Iyke shi ne yaro tilo a cikin iyali mai yara takwas. Ya yi karatun sakandire a FGC Kwali Abuja daga shekara ta 1985 zuwa shekarar 1991.
Jim Iyke ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Jos ta Jihar Filato inda ya samu shaidar difloma a fannin banki da hada-hadar kudi sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa.
Rudani
Bidiyon da Jim Iyke ke amsan yafiya a cocin The Synagogue Church of All Nations (SCOAN), wanda Fasto TB Joshua ya jagoranta ya bazu a yanar gizo inda ya jawo cece-kuce a shafukan sada zumunta. 'shedaninsa' da ake zaton ya furta cewa shine dalilin rashin iya yin aure Iyke.
Kyautatawa
Esomugha shine wanda ya kafa gidauniyar tallafawa yara makafi da kurame wato Jim lyke Foundation for Children with Special Disbilities. Ya ziyarci Kenya a cikin Disamba shekara ta 2012 don tallafawa Kamfen Canji, aikin agaji wanda Christopher Gray ya kafa, da ɗan wasan rawa na Jamaica Cécile.
Rayuwa
Iyke kwararren dan wasan taekwondo. A watan Afrilun 2019, tauraron Nollywood ya dauki hoton haihuwar dansa a shafinsa na Instagram inda ya saka hoton da ke nuna shi da jaririn da aka haifa a hannunsa.
A cikin Janairu 2021, Jim Iyke ya ce a cikin wata hira da akayi dashi a yanar gizo game da fitaccen mawakin da ya fi so, ya nuna cewa ya fifita Davido a kan Wizkid.
Jobawa
Jobawa (بانو جوبي) wasu ƙabilu ne na ƙabilar Fulani, wadanda akasarinsu a tsohuwar Gabashin Kano sune Fulanin Farko da zasu fara tuntuɓar Al'ummar Hausawa.
Tarihi
Jobawa sun kasance mutanen Fula na farko da suka fara tuntuɓar tsakiyar Sudan don haka ya haifar da yiwuwar kasancewarsu gudun hijirar Fulani daga pre-Tengualla daga jikin Fula. A wani lokaci kuma a cikin karni na 14, Jobawa ya zama mai karfi a Gabashin Masarautar Kano kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama magajin na Makama na Kano (ofishin da suke ci gaba har yanzu).
Lokacin jihadi
A lokacin yakin Fulani na ƙarni na 19 jobawa sun kasance masu taimako ga sassaucin Masarautar Kano. Sauya sheƙa daga Muhammadu Bakatsine, na Makama na Kano da Magajin Jobe a yakin basasa na 'Daukar Girma' ya juya tayin kamfen din na Kano ya koma kan Fulani. Daga baya Bakatsine ya zama daya daga cikin iyayen Kafa bakwai da suka kafa masarautar ta Kano don tabbatar da Joɓe wani wuri a sabuwar Kalifancin Sokoto
Koyaya bayan jihadi, an ba da jagorancin Sabuwar Masarautar ga dangin Mundubawa ƙarƙashin Suleman Abu Hama, amma a matsayin sakamako, Mandikko Ibn Bakatsine, ɗan Muhammadu Bakatsine ya zama Madaki na farko a masarautar Kano. Har ila yau, Jobe ya ci gaba da rike ofishin na Makama da kuma na Gabashin Kano in ban da garuruwa na Gaya da Birnin Kudu, wanda ya sanya su masu kula da fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na masarautar.
Adieu Bonaparte
Adieu Bonaparte ko Bonaparte a Misira ( Egyptian Arabi, fassara. Weda'an Bonapart) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Masar da Faransa na 1985 wanda Youssef Chahine ya jagoranta. An shigar da shi a cikin 1985 Cannes Film Festival. Daga baya an zaɓi shi don nunawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Cannes Classics a bikin 2016 Cannes Film Festival.
Santa María de Óvila
Santa María de Óvila tsohon gidan sufi ne na Cistercian da aka gina a Spain wanda ya fara a shekara ta dubu daya da daro daya da tamanin da daya 1181 akan Kogin Tagus kusa da Trillo, Guadalajara, kimanin 90 mi arewa maso gabashin Madrid. A lokacin wadata a cikin ƙarni huɗu masu zuwa, ayyukan gine -gine sun faɗaɗa kuma sun inganta ƙaramin gidan sufi. Arzikinsa ya ragu sosai a cikin karni na sha takwas 18, kuma a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin da biyar 1835 gwamnatin Spain ta ƙwace ta kuma sayar da ita ga masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke amfani da gine -ginen ta don kare dabbobin gona.
Mawallafin Amurka William Randolph Hearst ya sayi sassan gidan sufi a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya 1931 da niyyar yin amfani da duwatsun sa wajen gina katafaren gidan sarauta a Wyntoon, California, amma bayan an cire wasu duwatsu dubu goma 10,000 aka tura su, an yi watsi da su a San Francisco don shekarun da suka gabata. Waɗannan duwatsun suna yanzu a wurare daban -daban a kusa da California: an gina tsohuwar tashar coci a Jami'ar San Francisco, kuma sufan Trappist sun sake haɗa gidan babin a Abbey na New Clairvaux a Vina, California. Wasu duwatsun suna aiki azaman abubuwa masu ado a cikin lambun lambun lambun Golden Gate Park. Don tallafawa aikin gidan babin, Kamfanin Sierra Nevada Brewing Company ne ya samar da layin giya irin ta Belgium a ƙarƙashin alamar Ovila Abbey.
A Spain, sabuwar gwamnatin Jamhuriyya ta Biyu ta ayyana gidan sufi a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa a watan Yuni shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya 1931, amma ba a cikin lokaci don hana yawan cire duwatsu ba. A yau, ragowar gine -gine da bango suna tsaye a kan gona mai zaman kansa.
Gidauniya
An kafa gidan sufi na Santa María de Óvila a shekara ta 1175 ta hanyar ba da kyautar ƙasa daga Sarki Alfonso VIII na Castile zuwa ga sufaye Cistercian na Valbuena Abbey a Valbuena de Duero, Lardin Valladolid, Castile-Leon, Spain. A cikin wannan yunƙurin, sarkin yana bin babban dabarar kafa cibiyoyin Katolika a ƙasar da ya ci nasara kwanan nan a yaƙi daga Moors na Iberia. Cistercian "fararen sufaye" (sanye da halaye marasa sutura) sun fara zaɓar wani rukunin yanar gizo a Murel (wanda yanzu ake kira Carrascosa de Tajo) akan Tagus, amma bayan 'yan shekaru, dole ne su ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke da nisan mil kaɗan kusa da Trillo, Guadalajara, inda wani tsauni mai faɗi kusa da kogi ya ba da umarnin ɗan kallo.
Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta dubu daya da dari daya da tamanin da daya 1181. An gina rukunin gidajen sufi da coci a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa. A tsakiyar cloister aka kẽwayesu a kan arewa da coci, a yamma da wani ganga-vaulted girma nave, a gabas ta sacristy, da priory cell, da kuma babi na gida, da kuma a kan kudu ta kitchen, da ma'ajiyar kayan abinci da kuma refectory (ɗakin cin abinci). An ba wasu daga cikin gine-ginen kaurin ƙafa bakwai (2 m. An gina cocin a sifar gicciye na Latin tare da ramin da aka raba shi zuwa sassa huɗu, da kuma tsattsarkan wuri mai faffadar murabba'i uku. Babban majami'arta yana da babban murabba'i mai hawa biyar.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari daya da casa'in da daya 1191, sarki ya tabbatar da gidan sufi da filayen da ke kewaye da shi na mallakar Dokar Cistercian. Tsohuwar abbot na Santa María de Huerta, bishop Martín de Finojosa (daga baya an tsarkake shi), ya tsarkake coci a watan Satumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari biyu da sha uku 1213 kuma ya mutu kwanaki bayan haka. Yankin da ke kewaye da Murel da Trillo tare da Tagus sun bunƙasa, suna ba da zakka da kyaututtukan ƙasa ga gidan sufi. A cartulary, Cartulario de Óvila, an adana shi a cikin University of Madrid.
An kammala gine -ginen farko a cikin salon Gothic, gami da coci. A refectory (zauren cin abinci) ya nuna wani gine-gine da style a mika mulki tsakanin baya Romanesque da zamani Gothic. Kyakkyawan gidan babin Babban Gothic an gina shi da mafi kyawun katako mai ƙarfi. An sake gina cocin a wani lokaci kafin shekara ta dubu daya da dari shida da hamsin 1650 a ƙarshen salon Gothic tare da mashahurin rufi. An sake gina cloister a kusa da shekara ta dubu daya da dari shida da sha bakwai 1617, kuma yana da tsari mai sauƙi tare da ƙaramin adon da ke kewaye da Babban Renaissance arcade. Kashi na ƙarshe na ginin ya faru a kusa da shekara ta dubu daya da dari shida da hamsin 1650, tare da sabon ƙofar cocin, wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen Renaissance da salon Plateresque cike da cikakkun bayanai. Saboda wadata da ayyukan faɗaɗawa da yawa, Santa María de Óvila ya nuna misalai na kowane salon gine -ginen addini na Mutanen Espanya da aka yi amfani da shi daga dubu daya da dari biyu 1200 zuwa dubu daya da dari shida 1600. Koyaya, har ma da tsayin sa, Óvila ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin gidajen ibada na Cistercian a yankin Castile.
Rage
Daga karni na 15, canje -canje zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye da Santa María de Óvila sun fara raguwar sannu a hankali. Yaƙe -yaƙe sun ɓarna ƙauyuka na saman kwarin Tagus. Abubuwan mallakar gidan sufi sun wuce ɗaya bayan ɗaya a hannun sabon masarautar yanki: da farko Ƙidayar Cifuentes, sai Rui Gomes da Silva, Duke na Pastrana, da Sojojin Spain. Makwabta sun wawashe karin filaye.
Wata gobara ta lalata wani bangare na gidan sufi a lokacin Yakin Mutanen Espanya. A lokacin yakin basasa, sojojin Faransa sun wawure gine -ginen tare da amfani da su a matsayin bariki. An tilasta wa sufaye barin cikin 1820 saboda kwacewa daga sabuwar gwamnati mai sassaucin ra'ayi, amma sun dawo a 1823 bayan Sarki Ferdinand VII ya maido da cibiyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Duk da haka, mutanen ƙauyen da ke kusa sun musanta goyan baya ga gidan sarautar duk da kariya daga sarki. Gidan sufi ya daina aiki a cikin 1835: Ikilisiyoyin Ikklesiya na Mendizábal sun aiwatar da doka da ke bayyana cewa ƙananan wuraren mallakar addini da ke ƙasa da mazauna 12 za a ba su ga jihar; gidan sufi yana da sufaye huɗu kaɗai da ɗan'uwansa guda ɗaya, waɗanda aka kora.
Zama
Bayan Kwacewa, da yawa daga kayan ado da kayan adon Santa María de Óvila sun wuce zuwa majami'un Ikklesiya da ke kewaye, musamman Ruguilla, Huet, Sotoca de Tajo da Carrascosa de Tajo. An sace wasu abubuwa masu daraja, kamar littattafai da takardun tarihi. An yi gwanjon ragowar abubuwan da suka rage, ciki har da kayan aikin yin giya da keken shanu. The daraja 328-shafukan cartulary na sufi Spanish:   ) ya je wurin mai shi mai zaman kansa amma an ba da gudummawarsa a 1925 zuwa gidan sufi na Santa María la Real na Oseira .   Rubutun mai kauri yana ɗauke da kwafin gatan sarauta da aka ba gidan sufi a duk tarihinsa, da kuma Abadologio, cikakken tarihin Cistercian abbots da sufaye waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidan ibada, wanda Uba ya rubuta daga Maris 1729 zuwa Fabrairu 1730. Gerofeo, masanin Cistercian na gidan sufi na Valparaíso (Zámora).
Sabbin masu mallakar Santa María de Óvila manoma ne masu wadata waɗanda ba sa kula da gine-ginen. Na ɗan gajeren lokaci, an yi amfani da tsohon gidan ibada a matsayin dakunan kwanan dalibai, amma galibi, gine -ginen sun kasance masu amfani da aikin gona mai ƙarfi a matsayin sito da ke ba da mafaka. Gidan babin ya zama ramin taki. An yi amfani da wasu gine -gine a matsayin ajiya. A farkon karni na 20 an ga ƙananan bishiyoyi suna girma a cikin datti da aka cika saman rufin gidan sufi - an riga an saukar da fale -falen rufin kariya.
Cirewa zuwa California
A cikin 1928, ƙasar Spain ta sayar da gidan sufi ga Fernando Beloso akan ɗan abin da ya fi 3,100 pesetas, kusan $ 600 zuwa $ 700 a lokacin. Beloso, darektan Bankin Asusun Mutanen Espanya a Madrid, shi ne mai Coto de San Bernardo a Óvila, wanda ya haɗa da filayen hatsi masu yawa da gandun daji da ke kewaye da gidan sufi.
Arthur Byne, wakilin fasaha da ke zaune a Madrid, wanda babban abokin cinikinsa shine babban jarumin jaridar Amurka William Randolph Hearst, yana aiki don Hearst don samun tsohuwar gidan sufi a 1930. A cikin 1925, Byne ya sayi Hearst gidan sufi na Santa María la Real de Sacramenia wanda aka wargaza shi, aka ɗora shi kuma aka tura shi New York inda aka adana shi a cikin sito a cikin Bronx. (A cikin 1954 an sake haɗa shi a Florida a matsayin mai jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido, kuma daga baya Episcopal Diocese na Kudancin Florida ya samo shi kuma ya kira Cocin St. Bernard de Clairvaux . ) Byne ya yiwa Beloso alama don taimaka masa gano ɗaya; Beloso ya gayyace shi don ganin tsohon gidan sufi na Óvila a cikin Disamba 1930, daga baya Byne ya aika hotuna da zane -zane zuwa Hearst don amincewa. Byne ya lissafa takamaiman abubuwa, galibi cikakkun bayanai na gine -gine, don cirewa, kamar haƙarƙarin maɗaura, ginshiƙan ƙofa, zane -zanen taga, ginshiƙai da manyan birane. An ba da shawarar wasu duk bangon kyawawan duwatsu masu kyau don cirewa. Ya kira shawarar a matsayin "Mountolive", wataƙila don karkatar da hukumomin Spain waɗanda ke da alhakin kare kayayyakin tarihi.
Bayan Hearst ya isar da himmarsa ga aikin, Beloso ya sayar da duwatsun Byne akan $ 85,000, gami da suttura, gidan babin, wurin shakatawa da ɗakin kwanan dalibai. Tare da kwamatin Byne, Hearst zai biya $ 97,000, farashin kusan $ 1.46 miliyan 21. [26] Byne ya fara aikin nan da nan, yana shirya maza da kayan aiki, kuma yana fara cire duwatsu. Babban mai aikin Hearst Julia Morgan ya aika da abokin aikinta Walter T. Steilberg wanda ya isa ranar 9 ga Maris, 1931. Steilberg ya ba da shawarar Hearst ya sayi tsohuwar tashar cocin, wanda ya yi, a farashin Byne na $ 1,500. A karkashin jagorancin Byne da Steilberg, an yi wa gidan sufi lakabi da kyau yayin da aka tarwatsa dutse da dutse. Antonio Gomez, babban magatakarda na garin da Byne da Steilberg suka yaba, sun ƙidaya tubalan a kan zane -zanen gine -gine kuma sun yi wa lambar lamba ja a bayan kowane dutse.
Don matsar da duk duwatsun, Byne da Steilberg suna da hanyar da aka gina wa Tagus, kuma an ba da mashin da ke haɗe da madaidaicin kebul don jigilar duwatsu. An shigo da tsohuwar hanyar jirgin kasa ta tren na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya don ɗaukar duwatsu daga gidan sufi zuwa jirgin ruwa; za a iya shimfida hanyoyinsa a cikin kowane gine -gine. Maza sun tura ƙananan motocin dogo tare da ƙananan waƙoƙin ma'auni; Daga nan aka ɗebo duwatsun a cikin jirgin ruwa ta hanyar crane, kuma wani kirin ya ɗauke su daga cikin jirgin zuwa manyan motoci. Daya daga cikin manyan matsaloli da cewa Byne ci karo da shi ne, Spain ta uku excelsior masana'antu ba zai iya yin isasshen shiryawa abu don kiyaye akwaku-shiryawa ƙungiya kawota. A wani lokaci, da sanin cewa ana iya amfani da duwatsun a California azaman mayafi na waje don bangon ƙarfe na ƙarfe, Steilberg ya ba da shawarar fuskar kowane dutse a yanka shi zuwa “mayafi” na kaurin 6 in don sauƙaƙe shiryawa da jigilar kaya, amma Hearst yana so ya riƙe amincin cikakkun duwatsun. Byne da Steilberg sun yanke hukunci kan wasu bango da gine -gine masu amfani ba su da amfani kuma sun bar su a Spain. Steilberg ya dawo gida a ƙarshen Maris.
Byne ya hanzarta aikin cikin fargabar cewa hukumomi za su iya dakatar da shi a kowane lokaci - dokar Spain ta hana cire kayan tarihi. Sai dai gwamnatin Spain a wancan lokacin tana cikin rudani kuma ba ta aiwatar da doka ba. Jami'an gwamnati "kawai sun kalli wata hanya" yayin da manyan motoci ke jigilar duwatsu masu shekaru 700 ta cikin Valencia zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Lokacin da Sarki Alfonso XIII ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu 1931, ya bar gwamnati a hannun Jamhuriya ta Biyu, sabbin jami'ai sun dakatar da aikin. Lauyan Byne ya lallashe Ministan Kwadago da ya bar aikin ya ci gaba bisa dalilan cewa aikin ya ɗauki maza sama da ɗari tare da sanya kuɗi a cikin matsanancin talauci.
Likita Francisco Layna Serrano na Ruguilla da ke kusa ya yi shekaru yana ƙoƙarin ceton gidan sufi amma ya gaza sha’awar gwamnati a cikin shirin adana tsada. Gane cewa wannan ita ce damarsa ta ƙarshe don yin rikodin wurin yayin da ake cire duwatsunsa, ya rubuta takaitaccen tarihinsa kuma ya haɗa da tsarin rukunin rukunin gine -gine, wanda aka rubuta daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1931, an jera Santa María de Óvila a matsayin Tunawa ta Ƙasar Spain, ko Bien de Interés Cultural (Kayan Al'adu). Layna Serrano ya buga littafinsa na monograph a 1932. A cikin 1933, an kawo katunan tarihin gidan sufi zuwa Jami'ar Madrid kuma an buga shi; an adana asali a Jami'ar Oviedo.
A lokacin da aka gama rushewar a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1931, wasu duwatsu 10,000 masu nauyin jimillar 2200 ST aka sufuri a kan 11 daban-daban freighters tafiya ta hanyar da Panama Canal zuwa San Francisco. A cikin kuɗin 1931, aikin gidan sufi ya kashe Hearst kusan dala miliyan ɗaya.
Rushewar Mutanen Espanya
A yau, wasu gine -ginen sun rage na asalin gidan sufi a Spain. Waɗannan sun haɗa da giya ko bodega, yanzu ginin mafi tsufa a wurin. An gina wannan a cikin karni na 13 lokacin mulkin Henry I na Castile, tare da bene na sama wanda aka gina azaman ɗakin kwana 27 by. A waje da bodega, ganuwar da ke ruɓewa, yadudduka masu buɗewa da ɓangaren rufin Gothic na coci suna bayyane. Harkoki biyu na bangon rufin zamanin Renaissance har yanzu suna tsaye, amma rufin arched ɗin ya ɓace. Ana iya ganin tushen cocin.
Wyntoon
Hearst ya fara siyan gidan sufi da nufin maye gurbin komawar dangi a Wyntoon, a bakin kogin McCloud kusa da Dutsen Shasta a Arewacin California mai nisa. Ginin na asali shine mahaifiyar sa Bernard maybeck -wanda aka ƙera chalet fantasy wanda ya ƙone a 1929. Hearst yana so ya maye gurbinsa da babban ginin dutse wanda aka haɗa da hasumiyai da turrets - wautar gidan sarauta wanda zai fi girma fiye da wanda ya gada. Don shirya isowar duwatsu na Mutanen Espanya, Morgan ya zana tsare -tsaren tare da gidan babin gidan sufi wanda ke zama zauren ƙofar gidan, da babban cocin da ke kewaye da wurin waha. An sanya wasu duwatsu a matsayin mayafi don bango da ɗakuna a ƙasa.
A tashar jiragen ruwa na San Francisco, Steilberg ya duba kowane jigilar duwatsu, akwatunan dubu da yawa a cikin duka. An yi amfani da shagon Haslett, tsakanin Wharf na Fisherman da Hyde Street Pier, don adanawa. Tare da shimfidar ƙasa don Yuli 1931 da matukin jirgi na ƙarshe da ke ɗauke da duwatsu har yanzu yana kan hanya, Hearst ya dakatar da babban shirin sa na Wyntoon saboda arzikin sa ya yi nisa sosai daga Babban Bala'in. Duwatsun sun zauna a cikin shagon, suna jawo kuɗin ajiyar shekara na $ 15,000 a cikin daloli na 1930.
Golden Gate Park
A cikin 1940, Hearst ya yanke shawarar ba da gidan sufi. Gwamnatin Francisco Franco ta nemi a mayar da ita Spain, amma Hearst ya ki. A watan Agusta 1941, Herbert Fleishhacker, darektan MH de Young Memorial Museum, ya gamsu da Hearst ya ba da duwatsun ga Birnin San Francisco a musayar kuɗin da birnin ya biya na bashin ajiyarsa na $ 25,000. Hearst ya ba da umarnin a yi amfani da duwatsun don gina rukunin gine -ginen gidan kayan gargajiya da ke kusa da gidan kayan gargajiya na Matasa a Golden Gate Park. Garin ya kwashe akwatunan daga shagon don adana su a waje a bayan gidan kayan gargajiya da lambun Tea na Jafananci, yana ba da $ 5,000 kawai don jigilar motoci da kuma gina katako da murfin kariya. An kiyasta shirin gidan kayan tarihin ya ci dala 500,000, amma wannan adadin bai samu ba. Morgan ya shirya shimfidu da yawa don birni don amincewa, kowannensu yana da tsari daban -daban na gine -gine fiye da na Spain. Koyaya, a cikin Disamba 1941, an jawo Amurka cikin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma an adana tsare -tsaren gidan kayan gargajiya. Daukar aikin a 1946, birni ya biya Morgan don gina sikelin sikelin ginin gine -ginen da zai zama Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, sigar Yammacin Tekun The Cloisters a New York.
Birnin ya kasa tara kuɗi don gina gidan tarihin, kuma duwatsun sun lalace a gobara biyar. Na farko ya zo jim kaɗan bayan an ajiye akwatunan a Golden Gate Park. Morgan ya ce "Ma'aikatan kashe gobara sun ja tarin tarin kwalaye masu konewa, da yawa sun jefa sama da kafa dari da hamsin." Hearst ya mutu a 1951, kuma Morgan ya mutu a 1957; babu ɗayansu da ya ga wani abu da aka gina da duwatsun. Wuta biyu a cikin 1959 sun bayyana kamar ƙonewa, kuma da yawa daga cikin duwatsun da aka ƙone da wuta sun raunana ko fashe daga sanyaya kwatsam ta ruwa. A cikin 1960, an ɗauki Steilberg don sake duba duwatsun; ya yi amfani da guduma mai ƙwallon ƙwallo don bugun kowane dutse da sauƙi don sauraron sautin ringi mai ƙarfi, ko murɗaɗɗiyar murya wacce ke nuna fashewa. Ya gano cewa kadan fiye da rabin duwatsun suna da kyau.
A cikin 1965, Societyungiyar Masana'antu ta tara $ 40,000 don hawa babban ƙofar tsohuwar cocin. An shigar da shi a gidan kayan gargajiya na de Young, ginshiƙin Kotun Hearst, babban ɗakin baje kolin. Sauran duwatsun sun yi watsi da gidan kayan gargajiya a watan Mayu 1969 tare da sanarwar cewa ba za a sake ginawa ba. Bayan wannan, ma'aikatan wurin shakatawa na ɗaukar dutse lokaci -lokaci kuma ana amfani da su don yin ado da Golden Gate Park.
A shekarar 1989 ko 1990, a birnin San Francisco ma'aikacin jefar da wani sauran dutse bollard tsakiyan sufi duwatsu. 4 ft tsayi bollard aka zarar amfani da wani zirga-zirga shãmaki. Wasu masu amfani da wurin shakatawa na addinin Hindu masu jagorancin wasan kwaikwayo Michael Bowen, suna kiran kansa Guru Baba Kali Das, sun fara bauta wa bollard mai siffar phallus a matsayin lingam ; sun yi kokawa da wasu duwatsun gidan sufi zuwa da'irar addini, suna kiran da'irar Shiva Linga. Garin ya kai kara don kwato yankin a 1993, amma ya sha kashi a kotu. A cikin Janairu 1994 birni ya shirya don matsar da cunkoson ababen hawa zuwa gajin Bowen, yana aiki a matsayin haikalinsa. Daga baya Bowen ya ba da dutsen dutse don siyarwa kuma ya yarda cewa duk abin da ya faru yanki ne na wasan kwaikwayo.
A cikin 1999, an yi amfani da wasu duwatsun don gina ɗakin karatu na waje kusa da Helen Crocker Russell Library of Horticulture, wani ɓangare na Strybing Arboretum da Botanical Gardens a Golden Gate Park. An yi amfani da wasu duwatsu don dalilai daban -daban a kusa da Golden Gate Park da Lambun Tea na Jafananci, ma'aikatan wurin shakatawa sun ɗauka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar yadda suka ga ya dace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun ƙare a cikin Gidan tunawa da cutar kanjamau na AIDS, wasu akan hanyar tafiya ta fure mai kamshi mai suna Garden of Fragrance.
Abbey na Sabuwar Clairvaux
Abbot-Emeritus na Abbey na Sabon Clairvaux, Fr. Thomas X. Davis, OCSO, ya fara ganin duwatsun kuma ya kwatanta su an sake tara su a matsayin gidan sufi a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1955 - ranar farko a California. Ya isa ranar a San Francisco don yin hidima a matsayin sabon sufaye a Vina, California, a gidan sufin Uwargidanmu na Sabuwar Clairvaux. Gidan sufi mallakar Trappists ne na umurnin da aka sani da Cistercians na tsananin kiyayewa. Sufaye sun yi noma da bauta a ƙasar da Leland Stanford ya taɓa amfani da shi don shuka inabi ruwan inabi. Babban Davis ya sadu da shi a filin jirgin sama kuma ya tuka shi ta Golden Gate Park inda ya tsaya don nuna wa Davis duwatsun da ke zaune a cikin ciyayin. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Davis ya duba duwatsun don kawai ya same su cikin matsanancin talauci. A cikin 1981, masanin tarihin gine -gine Margaret Burke ya fara aiki a ƙarƙashin tallafi daga Gidauniyar Hearst don ƙididdige sauran duwatsun. Ta ce "aikin ramuka ne" saboda ciyawa, ƙanƙara na blackberry da tushen bishiyoyin da ke tsiro akan su. Burke ya gano kusan kashi 60% na duwatsun mallakar gidan babin, ginin mai kusurwa 31 by. Ta raba duwatsun gidan babin, ta kewaye su da shinge sannan ta fara ƙirƙirar samfura don sake gina ƙofar shiga. A lokacin 1980-1982 hukumar gidan kayan gargajiya ta nemi $ 45 miliyan don aikin faɗaɗa wanda ya haɗa da $ 3 miliyan don sake gina gidan babin. A halin da ake ciki, Davis ya nemi ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya izinin yin amfani da manyan motoci da yawa na duwatsu zuwa Vina don amfani da su don kayan adon gine -gine. Ma'aikatan dajin sun taimaka masa ya ɗora kayan mafi ƙyalƙyali da zai iya samu, kuma an ɗauke su. Ba a ba da labarin tsarin ba, Burke ya gano cewa Davis ya ɗauki wasu duwatsun gidan babin, kuma hukumar gidan kayan gargajiya ta nace a dawo da su. An bar Davis da duwatsu 58 daga wasu gine -ginen sufi.
A cikin 1983 da 1987, Davis ya yi buƙatun da ba su yi nasara ba don duk duwatsun gidan babin. Bayan girgizar kasa ta Loma Prieta a 1989, za a sake gina gidan kayan gargajiya na de Young, kuma an sake duba makomar duwatsun. A watan Satumbar 1993, darektan gidan kayan gargajiya Harry Parker ya haɗu tare da Davis don rattaba hannu kan lamunin dindindin na gidan babin zuwa New Clairvaux. A cikin 1994, birni ya amince da lamunin tare da sharadin cewa za a maido da ginin daidai kuma a wani lokaci a buɗe wa jama'a.  An kai duwatsun cikin manyan motoci 20 zuwa Vina. A cikin tsohon gidan bulo da Stanford ya gina don yin brandy, an fara haɗa duwatsun tare, an ɗora su akan samfuran plywood na Burke. An karya kasa a 2003 a kan wurin da wani lambu (39.9372°N, -122.0632°W ) kusa da babban ginin cloister. Architect Patrick Cole na Arcademe, mai kula da aikin sake ginawa, ya ce akwai fiye da rabin duwatsun da ake buƙata don gidan babin. Daga cikin duwatsun da suka ɓace, sama da kashi 90% sun kasance masu maimaita duwatsu masu ƙyalli tare da samfuran samfuran don sassaƙa masu maye. Stonemasons Oskar Kempf da Frank Helmholz sun yi amfani da lemun tsami na zamani a matsayin turmi maimakon yin nasu kamar yadda aka yi a Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Helmholz ya ce game da damar da aikin ke bayarwa cewa "wani abu ne da yawancin maƙera ba sa yi a duk rayuwarsu."
Ƙarfin ginin ya ninka abin da yake a Spain sau biyu, tare da duwatsun da ke goyan bayan nauyinsu kamar yadda aka tsara, ƙarawa da tsarin ƙarfe da kankare don riƙe su tare lokacin da ƙasar California ta girgiza. Dan kwangilar Phil Sunseri ya ce tushen ginin ya kasance mai jure girgizar kasa; tare da kaurin ƙafa uku (1 m. Gidan babin da aka sake haɗawa shine babban misali na asalin gine -ginen Cistercian Gothic a Yammacin Duniya, kuma shine mafi tsufa gini a Amurka yamma da Dutsen Rocky.
Kamfanin kusa da Sierra Nevada Brewing Company ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da sufaye na New Clairvaux don yin jerin giyar giya irin ta Belgium a ƙarƙashin alamar Ovila Abbey. A ƙarshen 2010, mai ƙera giya ya ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon don ba da labari game da kera layin samfurin giya da labarin maido da duwatsu. Wanda ya kafa Sierra Nevada Ken Grossman ya ce ya dade yana sha’awar yin layin giya na Belgium, kuma aikin abbey ya bayar da kyakkyawar dama. Samfurin farko, Dubbel, an sake shi a cikin Maris 2011, Saison ya biyo baya a watan Yuli kuma a cikin Nuwamba ta Quadrupel. Sierra Nevada ta sadaukar da kashi dari na siyar da giya don taimakawa wajen tallafawa aikin sake ginawa.
The Adventures of Antar and Abla
The Kasadar Antar da Abla ( Egyptian Arabic, fassara. Mughmarat Antar wa Abla) wani fim ne na Masar a shekara ta 1948 wanda Salah Abu Seif ya jagoranta. An shigar da shi a cikin bikin bayar da kyaututtukan 1949 Cannes Film Festival.
Paltoga
Paltoga, ) ƙauye ne a cikin Gundumar Vytegorsky na yankin Vologda, Rasha. Yawan jama'a: 295 (2002).
Tarihi
An kafa ƙauyen a shekara ta 2001 a biyo bayan haɗewar ƙauyuka da yawa.
Shatu Garko
Shatu Sani Garko (an haife ta 23 ga Nuwamba,shekarar 2003) yar Najeriya ce kuma sarauniyar kyau wacce ta samu sarautar Miss Nigeria ta 44 a shekarar 2021. Ta yi nasara tana da shekara 18, ta yi fice saboda kasancewarta Musulma ta farko da ta sanya hijabi kuma ta lashe Gasar Miss Nigeria. Wata saruniyar kyau ta najeriya.
Bayan Fage
Garko yar asalin jihar Kano ce a Najeriya.
Shuka
Shuka ko Shuki (Noun) nau'in tsirrai ne da manoma wanda suke shukawa a Gona za'a kuma shuka shi amfani ne don ya kuma fito ayi noma, kusan kowane Tsiro da yadda ake shuka shi, wani yana daɗewa bai fito ba wani kuma baya daɗewa.
Aisha (1953 fim)
Aisha fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Masar a 1953 wanda Gamal Madkoor ya bada umarni. Tauraruwar ta hasashe Zahrat El-Ola, Zaki Rostom, da Faten Hamama.
Labari
Wani attajiri ya haɗu da wata talaka mai suna Ai'sha mai sayar da tikitin caca a kan titi. Yana mamakin yadda kamanninta ya yi kama da na ɗiyarsa da ta rasu kwanan nan. Attajirin ya ba wa mahaifinta kuɗin wata-wata don ya karɓe ta. Baban ya karɓa, bayan ya gano yadda attajirin ke da alaƙa da Ai'sha, sai mahaifin ya yi ƙoƙarin yi masa baki don neman ƙarin kuɗi. Ƴan sanda sun gane, suka ɗaure mahaifin.
An sake shi daga gidan yari ya tarar da A’isha ta kammala karatun ta. Ya nemi kuɗi masu yawa daga wurin attajirin, amma sai ya ƙi yin haka, mahaifin ta ya kama ta da ƙarfi. Fim ɗin ya ƙare ne yayin da A'isha ta koma wajen mahaifinta ta auri soyayyarta, Dr. Sami.
Abu Zayd al-Hilali (fim)
Abu Zayd al-Hilali wani fim ne da aka yi a Masar shekara ta alif 1947, wanda Ke nuna rayuwar shugaban Larabawa kuma jarumi Abu Zayd al-Hilali a ƙarni na goma. Ezzel Dine Zulficar ne ya ba da umarni kuma Zulficar da Abu Butheina suka rubuta. Tauraro na Faten Hamama, Seraj Munir, da kuma Amina al-Sharif. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jarumai na Hamama.
Shuka
Sunayen shuke-shuke
Sunayen shuke-shuke:
Abu Zayd al-Hilali (fim)
Labari
Abu Zayd al-Hilali ta dan da matarsa tserewa da kuma shekaru daga baya, bayan dansa ya girma a cikin wani iko da manufa mutum, yaƙi tsakanin kabilu biyu fara. Dan ya yaki mahaifinsa amma bai san wanda yake fada ba. Banu Hilalis sun fatattaki Banu Zahlani. Komawa gida Abu Zaid ana gaishe da jarumi. Sai aka fara wani gagarumin yaki da ziridu wadanda suka bar shi'anci. Banu Hilalis sun raunana daular Zirid suna washe gonakinsu.
Ron Hamence with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948
Ron Hamence ya memba na Donald Bradman 's shahara Australian wasan kurket tawagar 1948, wanda rangadin Ingila da aka undefeated a cikin talatin da hudu 34 ashana. Sakamakon wannan bajintar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba ta hanyar Gwajin da ke yawo da Ingila, ƙungiyar ta sami laƙabin The Invincibles.
Dan damfara na tsakiya na dama, Hamence bai taka rawar gani ba wajen samun nasarar kungiyar. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai jemage na ƙarshe da za a zaɓa don ƙungiyar, zaɓin sa ya kasance abin jayayya saboda yawancin jemagu da suka ci ƙarin gudu a cikin kakar Australiya da ta gabata an yi watsi da su. Hamence da Colin McCool su ne kawai membobin kungiyar da ba su yi Gwaji ba yayin yawon shakatawa. An yi amfani da Hamence a wasannin yawon shakatawa da ba na Gwaji ba domin manyan jemagu su iya adana makamashi don Gwaje-gwaje, kamar yadda aka tsara wasa na kwana shida a mako. Tare da Doug Ring, Hamence da McCool sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa" saboda ƙarancin ayyukansu a manyan wasannin, kuma galibi suna ƙirƙira da rera waƙoƙi masu ban tsoro game da rashin damar su. Bradman ya yi jinkirin haɗarin rikodin ƙungiyar da ba a doke ta ba kuma a sakamakon haka, Hamence bai sami dama da yawa don yin faɗa a cikin tsari ba, wani abu da ya zama abin zargi.
Hamence zira kwallaye dari biyar da tamanin da biyu 582 runs a batting talakawan na 32,33, da top-ci na casa'in da tara 99. Shi kaɗai ne ɗan wasan batirin Australiya na gaba don kada ya ci ƙarnin. Ragowar jemagu takwas na gaba kowannen su ya ci aƙalla dari tara da saba'in da uku 973 gudu kuma duk aƙalla ba su wuce 47.30 ba. Hamence kuma lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙwallo a wasannin yawon shakatawa tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici, yana ba da damar manyan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa su murmure tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje.
Bayan Fage
A lokacin kakar dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da bakwai zuwa arba'in da takwas 1947 – 48 da ta gabata a Ostiraliya, an cire Hamence daga tawagar kasa. Ya taka leda kwata -kwata a cikin kungiyar Gwajin, an zabe shi a cikin uku daga cikin wasanni goma a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata. A cikin waɗannan Gwaje -gwaje uku ya ci gaba da jimillar tseren 81 a matsakaicin 27.00. Da yake komawa cikin wasan kurket na cikin gida bayan ɓacewar sa, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo tamanin da biyar 85 da sittin da shida 66 a wasan da suka fafata da Queensland, wasan da ya sa ya ci gaba da fafutukar neman gurbin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Zabinsa na yawon shakatawa na Ingila na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948 a ƙarƙashin Bradman shine babban abin jayayya, kamar yadda aka yi watsi da wasu jemagu da yawa duk da cewa sun kasance masu fa'ida yayin bazara na Ostiraliya. A nasa ɓangaren, Bradman ya bayyana matsayinsa na tsakiya-Hamence a tsakanin su-a matsayin "jerin jemagu waɗanda da wuya su kasa". Tun daga farko, Hamence ya kasance a waje dangane da zaɓin cikin Gwaje -gwaje. Ba a zaɓe shi ba don kowane Gwaje -gwaje yayin kamfen ɗin Ingilishi, amma a cikin hirar shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008, jaddada cewa bai ji haushin ɓacin ransa ba. Hamence sanannen memba ne na ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido kuma yanayinsa na fara'a da kyakkyawar muryar tenor da aka ƙara wa kyawawan halayen ƙungiyar. Abokin zama a lokacin yawon shakatawa shine mai kera jirgin ruwa Ernie Toshack.
Yawon shakatawa na farko
Ostiraliya bisa al'ada ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin ta na farko a cikin buɗe yawon buɗe ido, wanda ya saba da Worcestershire. Kasancewa mamba a cikin ƙungiyar kuma bayan kawai ya bayyana fitowar Gwaji a cikin lokutan da suka gabata, ba a zaɓi Hamence ba. Nan da nan Ostireliya ta murkushe masu masaukin baki ta hanyar innings.
Hamence ya fara wasansa na farko a kasar Ingila a wasan yawon shakatawa na biyu da Leicestershire. Batting a No. 6, ya shigo a 4/344 kuma ya yi bakwai kawai. Korar sa ta haifar da rugujewar 5/38 yayin da aka fitar da Ostiraliya don 448 kafin ta ci nasara. Wasan na gaba da Yorkshire, a kan rami mai laushi wanda ya dace da ɗan wasan bowling, shine mafi kusa da Australia da ta sha kashi a rangadi. Batting a No. 4, Hamence ya yi 12 a farkon farawa yayin da Ostiraliya ta amsa wa 71 na Yorkshire da 101. Ya yi wanka a hankali, yana shigowa 2/24 kafin ya tashi da 7/74. Bayan da Australia ta kori masu masaukin baki da ci 89 a wasan su na biyu, Australia ta durkushe zuwa 3/13 a ci gaba da neman 60 don samun nasara. Hamence ya shigo ya ci daya kafin ya karasa bayan ya yi jinkirin tashi don saurin guda; Ostiraliya ta rushe zuwa 6/31. Don yin abin da ya fi muni, Sam Loxton ya ji rauni kuma bai iya yin jemage ba, don haka Ostiraliya da gaske tana da wickets uku kawai a hannu kuma sun fuskanci asarar farko ga gundumar Ingilishi tun 1912. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ta ragargaza gida da wickets huɗu bayan farmakin da Neil Harvey da Don Tallon suka yi, tare da taimakon kamawar da aka yi kuma ta rasa tuntuɓe.