cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Ƙiru
Karamar Hukumar kiru ta jihar kano tana da Mazaɓu goma sha biyar (15) a karkashinta.
Ga jerin sunayensu Kamar Haka.';
Maxim Ghilan
Maxim Ghilan (24 Maris 1931-2 Afrilun shekarar 2005) mawaƙin Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya. Shi ne darektan Ƙungiyar Amincin Yahudawa ta Duniya, ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta farko da ta amince da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin tattaunawa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa, a cikin shekarar 1971, na rahoton siyasa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu na lokaci-lokaci.
An haifi Ghilan a Faransa a shekara ta 1931 kuma ya girma a Spain. Ya koma tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa Falasdinu ta tilas a shekara ta 1944, bayan da kungiyar farkisanci ta Francisco Franco ta sace mahaifinsa kuma ba a sake ganinsa ba.
Kasancewar Lehi
Lokacin da yake matashi, Ghilan ya shiga Lehi, wanda kuma aka sani da Gang na Stern, kuma ya shiga gwagwarmayar 'yantar da Falasdinu daga mulkin Birtaniya.
Bayan kafa Isra'ila
Bayan kafa Isra'ila, gwamnatin David Ben-Gurion ta ɗaure Ghilan a kurkuku. Duk da yake tsare, ya shaida Arab fursunoni ana azabtar dasu kuma a kan saki ya zama aiki a madadin na Arab hakkin.
A cikin 1966 Bul, tabloid wanda ya yi aiki da Ghilan a matsayin mataimakin editan sa, ya buga labarin da ke zargin Mossad da hannu a bacewar 1965 na dan adawar Moroko Mehdi Ben Barka. An tuhumi Ghilan da editan sa da laifin leken asiri kuma an daure su na tsawon kwanaki 135.
Ayyukan zaman lafiya
A farkon 1970s, Ghilan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Isra'ilawa na farko waɗanda ba 'yan gurguzu ba don ganawa da wakilan PLO. Daga baya ya zama abokin Yasser Arafat na sirri. Ghilan ya koma Paris a 1969 kuma ya koma Isra'ila bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo a 1993.
Mutuwa
Ghilan ya mutu kwatsam a gidansa na Tel Aviv, a Jean Jaurès St., a ranar 2 ga Afrilu shekarar 2005.
F. A. Jantuah
Franklin Adubobi Jantuah (An haife shi a shekarar 1929 - ya mutu 27 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ,ɗan ƙasar Ghana. Ya kasance Ministan Jiha a jamhuriya ta farko kuma a Provisional National Defence Council. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Noma a gwamnatin Nkrumah kuma Ministan Kananan Hukumomi a mulkin PNDC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Jantuah a shekarar 1929 a Kumasi, babban birnin yankin Ashanti. Ya fara karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Ofishin Jakadancin Ingila da ke Kumasi da Kwalejin Asante kuma a Kumasi daga shekara ta 1943 zuwa 1944. Ya ci gaba a Kwalejin Adisadel, Cape Coast daga 1945 zuwa 1947. Ya ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Koyarwa ta Korle-Bu a shekarar 1947 inda ya samu takardar sheda a Pharmacy a shekarar 1948. A shekarar 1954, ya tafi Ingila don yin karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa ta London da Jami'ar London daga shekara ta 1956 zuwa shekarar 1959. Ya yi karatun lauya a Inns na Makarantar Shari'a ta Kotun kuma an kira shi mashaya a Middle Temple, London.
Aiki da siyasa
Ya fara aikin shari’a a shekarar 1960. Ya shiga majalisa a 1965 yana wakiltar mazabar Ejisu a lokacin jamhuriya ta farko. A ranar 13 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar, aka nada shi Ministan Noma; mukamin da ya yi aiki har zuwa watan Fabrairun 1966 lokacin da aka hambarar da gwamnatin Nkrumah. A lokacin mulkin Acheampong, ya zama babban memba na Kungiyar Jama'a don 'Yanci da Adalci (PMFJ); wata ƙungiya ta siyasa da ta yi adawa da ra'ayin ƙungiyar ƙwadago (Unigov) wanda Ignatius Kutu Acheampong da gwamnatinsa suka gabatar. A cikin shekarata 1974, ya zama memba na Majalisar Kumasi kuma a shekarar 1983 ya zama shugaban majalisar daidai da Magajin garin Kumasi. A sakamakon haka ya zama sakataren yankin Ashanti (ministan yankin Ashanti) a cikin gwamnatin PNDC kuma a cikin 1984 aka nada shi Sakataren Kananan Hukumomi (ministan ƙananan hukumomi). Ya yi wannan aiki har zuwa 1986 lokacin da aka sauke shi daga aiki bisa dalilan lafiya.
Rayuwar mutum
Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Kwame Sanaa-Poku Jantuah; wanda shi ma ɗan siyasan ƙasar Ghana ne, kuma mahaifin marigayi Kojo Svedstrup Jantuah, ɗan gwagwarmayar ƙasar Ghana kuma marubuci, da Nana Yaa Jantuah tsohon ma'aikacin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a a matsayin Darakta na Jama'a da Kamfanoni. Ya rasu a ranar Litinin 27 ga Janairun 2020 a asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye.
Gadar Carter Bridge
Gadar Carter Bridge da aka gina a shekarar 1901 daya ce daga cikin gadoji guda uku da suka hada Lagos Island izuwa cikin garin Lagos,sauran gadijin kuma sun hada da Third Mainland da gadar Eko Brigde. A lokacin da aka gina ta, wannan ita ce hanya daya tilo da ta hada babbar kasa da tsibirin Legas. Gadar dai ta taso ne daga garin Iddo dake kan kasa sannan ta kare a unguwar Idumota da ke tsibirin Legas.
An sanya wa gadar sunan Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas na mulkin mallaka.
Ita dai gadar Carter tun asali gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ce ta gina ta, kafin Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an ruguza gadar, an sake fasalinta kuma an sake gina ta a ƙarshen 1970s. An kammala gadar sama ta Alaka-Ijora, a kan iyakar Iddo a cikin shekarar 1973.
Bayani
Ajiye motocin da aka yi a kan gadar ya haifar da cunkoson ababan hawa biyu baya ga tabarbarewar ta cikin sauri. A shekara ta 2003, Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya ta lura cewa ajiye motocin da ke kan iyakar na iya haifar da rugujewa idan ba a magance su ba. Don magance wannan batu, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta sanya tarar ₦ 50,000 ga mutanen da ke ajiye motocinsu tsawon lokaci. Bugu da kari, a cikin watan Afrilun 2006, Kwamishinan Sufuri na Jihar Legas ta sanar da cewa, za a haramtawa duk wasu motocin kasuwanci shiga Legas Island ta hanyar gadar Carter don hana ajiye motocin haya da sauran ababen hawa a kan gadar.
Baya ga cunkoso a kan gadar, ana ganin Carter ba shi da lafiya da daddare saboda rashin fitulun titi. A watan Yulin 2013, Gwamna Fashola na Jihar Legas ya kaddamar da sanya fitulun titi a kan gadar Carter da wani aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa ke yi. Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Jiha (www.lseb.gov.ng) ce ta tsara aikin, tsarawa da kuma kammala aikin ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin gida da masu fasaha.
Gurɓatar ƙasa
Gurɓatar ƙasa, ƙazantar ƙasa, ko ƙazantar ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalacewar ƙasa yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar sinadarai na xenobiotic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi) ko wani canji a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu, sinadarai na aikin gona ko zubar da sharar da bai dace ba. Mafi yawan sinadaran da ke tattare da su sune man fetur hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (kamar naphthalene da benzo (a) pyrene ), kaushi, magungunan kashe qwari, gubar, da sauran ƙananan karafa. An haɗu da gurɓatawa tare da ƙimar masana'antu da ƙarfin abubuwan sinadarai. Damuwa game da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga haɗarin lafiya, daga hulɗar kai tsaye tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa, tururi daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, ko kuma daga gurɓacewar ruwa na biyu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Taswirar wuraren gurɓataccen ƙasa da sakamakon tsaftacewa suna ɗaukar lokaci da ayyuka masu tsada, kuma suna buƙatar gwaninta a cikin ilimin geology, hydrology, sunadarai, ƙirar kwamfuta, da GIS a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli, da kuma godiya ga tarihin sunadarai na wasu masana'antu.
A Arewacin kasar Amurka da Yammacin Turai an fi sanin girman gurɓataccen ƙasa, tare da kuma yawancin ƙasashe a waɗannan yankuna suna da tsarin doka don ganowa da magance wannan matsalar muhalli. Kasashe masu tasowa ba su da ka'ida sosai duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun sami ci gaban masana'antu.
Dalilai
Ana iya samun haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta abubuwan da ke biyowa (jerin da ba ya ƙarewa)
Duk wani aiki da ke haifar da wasu nau'ikan lalacewar ƙasa ( zaizayar ƙasa, tattarawa, da dai sauransu) na iya ƙara tsananta tasirin gurɓataccen abu a kaikaice a cikin wannan gyaran ƙasa ya zama mai matuƙar wahala. Ajiye tokar kwal a tarihi da ake amfani da shi don zama, kasuwanci, da dumama masana'antu, da kuma hanyoyin masana'antu kamar narka tama, sun kasance tushen gurɓata da yawa a wuraren da aka haɓaka masana'antu kafin kusan shekarata 1960. Coal a dabi'ance yana maida hankali da gubar da zinc yayin samuwarsa, da kuma sauran karafa masu nauyi zuwa karami. Lokacin da gawayi ya ƙone, yawancin waɗannan karafa suna taruwa a cikin toka (babban abin da ya rage shi ne mercury). Coal toka da slag na iya ƙunsar isasshiyar gubar don cancanta a matsayin " sharar da ke da haɗari", wanda aka ayyana a cikin Amurka kamar yadda ya ƙunshi fiye da 5 mg/l na gubar cirewa ta amfani da hanyar TCLP. Baya ga gubar, kwal ash yawanci yana ƙunshe da madaidaicin amma mahimman ma'auni na hydrocarbons na polynuclear aromatic (PAHs; misali, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, da sauransu). Waɗannan PAHs sanannu ne na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam kuma yawan adadin su a cikin ƙasa yawanci kusan 1 ne. mg/kg. Ana iya gane tokar kwal da slag ta kasancewar ƙwaya mara-fari a cikin ƙasa, ƙasa mai launin toka mai launin toka, ko (ƙwanƙarar kwal) mai kumfa, hatsi masu girman dutsen vesicular.
Magance sludge na najasa, wanda aka sani a masana'antu a matsayin biosolids, ya zama mai jayayya a matsayin " taki ". Da yake shi ne sakamakon maganin najasa, gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma magungunan kashe qwari, da ƙarfe masu nauyi fiye da sauran ƙasa.
A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kula da Sharar Ruwa ta Birane ta ba da damar fesa najasa a ƙasa. Ana sa ran adadin zai ninka zuwa tan 185,000 na busassun daskararru a cikin shekarata 2005. Wannan yana da kyawawan kaddarorin noma saboda babban abun ciki na nitrogen da phosphate. A cikin Shekarun 1990/1991, an fesa jika 13% akan 0.13% na ƙasar; duk da haka, ana sa ran wannan zai tashi sau 15 nan da shekarata 2005. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] Masu ba da shawara  ya ce akwai buƙatar sarrafa wannan don kada ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa su shiga cikin darussan ruwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi a saman ƙasa.
Maganin kashe kwari da ciyawa
Maganin kashe qwari wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi don kashe kwaro. Maganin kashe qwari na iya zama sinadari, wakili na halitta (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta), maganin rigakafi, maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita ga kowace kwaro. Ƙwararrun sun haɗa da kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta na tsire-tsire, ciyawa, mollusks, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, nematodes (roundworms) da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yin gasa da mutane don abinci, lalata dukiya, yadawa ko kuma su ne cututtukan cututtuka ko haifar da damuwa. Ko da yake ma akwai fa'idodi ga amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, akwai kuma nakasu, kamar yuwuwar cutar da mutane da sauran halittu.
Ana amfani da maganin ciyawa don kashe ciyayi, musamman a kan titina da layin dogo. Sun yi kama da auxins kuma yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa suna iya lalata su. Koyaya, rukuni ɗaya da aka samo daga trinitrotoluene (2: 4 D da 2: 4: 5 T) suna da dioxin na ƙazanta, wanda yake da guba sosai kuma yana haifar da mutuwa ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙima. Wani maganin ciyawa shine Paraquat. Yana da guba sosai amma yana saurin raguwa a cikin ƙasa saboda aikin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma baya kashe namun ƙasa.
Ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari don kawar da kwari daga gonakin da ke lalata amfanin gona da aka shuka. Kwarin yana lalata ba kawai amfanin gona da ke tsaye ba har da wanda aka adana kuma a cikin wurare masu zafi an yi la'akari da cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar abin da ake nomawa ya ɓace yayin ajiyar abinci. Kamar yadda yake tare da fungicides, magungunan kashe qwari na farko da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarni na sha tara ba su da tushe misali. Paris Green da sauran mahadi na arsenic. An kuma yi amfani da nicotine tun daga ƙarshen karni na sha takwas.
Yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na maganin kwari na roba -
1. Organochlorines sun haɗa da DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin da BHC. Suna da arha don samarwa, masu ƙarfi da tsayin daka. An yi amfani da DDT akan ma'auni mai girma daga shekarun 1930, tare da kololuwar tan 72,000 da aka yi amfani da su a shekarata 1970. Sannan amfani ya faɗi yayin da aka gane illolin muhalli masu cutarwa. An samo shi a duniya a cikin kifi da tsuntsaye kuma an gano shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Antarctic. Yana da ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa amma yana narkewa sosai a cikin jini. Yana shafar tsarin juyayi da tsarin endocrin kuma yana haifar da kwai na tsuntsaye don rasa sinadarin calcium yana sa su zama masu saurin karyewa. Ana tunanin shine ke da alhakin raguwar adadin tsuntsayen ganima kamar ospreys da pergrine falcons a cikin shekarar 1950s - yanzu suna murmurewa. Haka kuma ƙara yawan maida hankali ta hanyar sarkar abinci, an san shi yana shiga ta hanyar membranes masu lalacewa, don haka kifaye suna samun ta cikin gills. Da yake yana da ƙarancin narkewar ruwa, yana ƙoƙarin tsayawa a saman ruwa, don haka kwayoyin da ke zaune a wurin sun fi shafa. DDT da aka samu a cikin kifin da ya zama wani ɓangare na jerin abinci na ɗan adam ya haifar da damuwa, to amma kuma matakan da aka samu a cikin hanta, koda da nama na kwakwalwa bai wuce 1 ppm ba kuma a cikin mai ya kai 10 ppm, wanda ke ƙasa da matakin da zai iya haifar da lahani. Koyaya, an dakatar da DDT a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka don dakatar da haɓakar sa a cikin sarkar abinci. Masana'antun Amurka sun ci gaba da sayar da DDT ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ba za su iya samun tsadar sinadarai masu tsada ba kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin da ke kula da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. .
2. Organophosphates, misali parathion, methyl parathion da kuma sauran 40 sauran kwari suna samuwa a cikin ƙasa. Parathion yana da guba sosai, methyl-parathion ya yi ƙasa da haka kuma ana ɗaukar Malathion gabaɗaya lafiya saboda yana da ƙarancin guba kuma yana rushewa cikin sauri a cikin hanta mammalian. Wannan rukuni yana aiki ta hanyar hana watsawar jijiya na al'ada kamar yadda aka hana cholinesterase daga rushewa mai watsawa acetylcholine, wanda ke haifar da motsin tsoka mara sarrafawa.
Wakilan yaki
Zubar da alburusai, da rashin kulawa wajen kera alburusai da gaggawar kerawa ke haifarwa, na iya gurɓata ƙasa na tsawon lokaci. Amman Babu wata shaida kaɗan da aka buga akan wannan nau'in gurɓataccen abu musamman saboda takunkumin da gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa suka sanya akan buga abubuwan da suka shafi ƙoƙarin yaƙi. Duk da haka, gas ɗin mustard da aka adana a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya gurɓata wasu wurare har tsawon shekaru 50 da gwajin Anthrax a matsayin makamin kwayoyin halitta ya gurɓata dukan tsibirin Gruinard.
Hanyoyin fallasa
Gurbatacciyar ƙasa ko gurɓatacciyar ƙasa tana shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƙasa kai tsaye ko ta shakar gurɓataccen ƙasa wanda ya yi tururi; Akwai yuwuwar barazana mafi girma ta hanyar kutsawa daga cikin gurɓacewar ƙasa a cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙasa da ake amfani da su don amfanin ɗan adam, wani lokaci a wuraren da ake ganin ba su da nisa daga duk wani tushen gurɓacewar ƙasa a sama. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa.
Yawancin bayyanar da haɗari ne, kuma fallasa na iya faruwa ta hanyar:
Duk da haka, wasu nazarin sun kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na fallasa su ta hanyar cin gurɓataccen abinci ne.
Sakamako
Sakamakon lafiya daga kamuwa da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya bambanta sosai ya danganta da nau'in gurɓataccen abu, hanyar kai hari da raunin mutanen da aka fallasa. Bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum ga chromium, gubar da sauran karafa, man fetur, masu kaushi, da magungunan kashe qwari da Kuma magungunan herbicide da yawa na iya zama carcinogenic, na iya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa, ko kuma zai iya haifar da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a masana'antu ko na mutum, kamar nitrate da ammonia da ke da alaƙa da takin dabbobi daga ayyukan aikin gona, an kuma gano su a matsayin haɗarin lafiya a cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa.
Bayyanuwa na yau da kullun ga benzene a isassun yawa an san yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo. An san Mercury da cyclodienes don haifar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na lalacewar koda da wasu cututtuka marasa jurewa. PCBs da cyclodienes suna da alaƙa da gubar hanta. Organophosphates da carbonates na iya haifar da sarkar martani da ke haifar da toshewar neuromuscular. Yawancin chlorinated kaushi yana haifar da canje-canjen hanta, canjin koda da damuwa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Akwai nau'i-nau'i na ƙarin illolin kiwon lafiya kamar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, gajiya, ciwon ido da kurjin fata don abubuwan da aka ambata a sama da sauran sinadarai. A isassun allurai, adadin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar saduwa ta kai tsaye, shaka ko sha da gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan ƙasa da aka gurbata ta ƙasa baki daya.
Gwamnatin Scotland ta umurci Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ma'aikata ta gudanar da nazarin hanyoyin da za a tantance haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Babban manufar aikin shine a samar da jagora wanda yakamata ya zama mai amfani ga Hukumomin Yankin Scotland wajen tantance ko shafuka suna wakiltar babbar yuwuwar cutarwa (SPOSH) ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana sa ran cewa fitowar aikin zai zama ɗan gajeren takarda da ke ba da jagora mai girma game da kimanta haɗarin lafiya tare da la'akari da jagorar da aka buga da kuma hanyoyin da aka gano a matsayin masu dacewa da taimako. Aikin zai bincika yadda aka samar da jagororin manufofi don ƙayyade yarda da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar da za a iya yin la'akari da abin da ke tattare da hadarin da ba a yarda da shi ba daidai da ka'idojin SPOSH kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin doka da Jagorar a ciki Dokokin Scotland.
Tasirin muhalli
Ba zato ba tsammani, gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin halittu. Akwai sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya tasowa daga kasancewar sinadarai masu haɗari da yawa ko da a ƙarancin ƙarancin nau'in gurɓataccen yanayi. Duk Wadannan canje-canje na iya bayyanawa a cikin canjin canjin ƙwayoyin cuta na endemic microorganisms da arthropods mazauna a cikin yanayin ƙasa da aka ba. To Amman Sakamakon zai iya zama share wasu daga cikin sarkar abinci na farko, wanda hakan na iya haifar da babban sakamako ga mafarauta ko nau'in mabukaci. Ko da tasirin sinadarai kan ƙananan sifofin rayuwa kaɗan ne, ƙananan matakan pyramid na sarkar abinci na iya shigar da sinadarai na baƙon, wanda yawanci ya fi maida hankali ga kowane nau'in sarkar abinci. Yawancin waɗannan illolin yanzu an san su sosai, kamar tattara kayan DDT na dindindin ga masu amfani da jiragen ruwa, wanda ke haifar da rauni na bawo, ƙara yawan mace-macen kaji da yuwuwar bacewar nau'ikan.
Tasirin yana faruwa ga filayen noma waɗanda ke da wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen ƙasa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa galibi suna canza canjin shuka, galibi suna haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Wannan yana da tasiri na biyu akan kiyaye ƙasa, tunda albarkatun gona masu lalacewa ba za su iya kare ƙasan ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa ba. To Sai Dai Wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa kuma a wasu lokuta ana samun wasu sinadarai masu tasowa daga ruɓar gurɓataccen ƙasa na farko.
Mahimman tasirin gurɓatawa ga ayyukan ƙasa
Karafa masu nauyi sosai da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya yin illa ga aiki, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da yawa na ƙasa, don haka suna barazanar ayyukan ƙasa kamar hawan keke na carbon da nitrogen. Koyaya, gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma na iya zama ƙasa da samuwa ta lokaci, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin halittu zasu iya dacewa da yanayin da suka canza. Kaddarorin ƙasa kamar pH, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta da rubutu suna da mahimmanci sosai kuma suna canza motsi, haɓakar halittu da gubar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Adadin gurɓataccen abu ɗaya na iya zama mai guba a cikin ƙasa ɗaya to amma gaba ɗaya mara lahani a wata ƙasa. Wannan yana jaddada buƙatar tantance takamaiman kasada da matakan ƙasa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan tsaftacewa
Masana kimiyyar muhalli ne ke nazarin tsaftacewa ko gyaran muhalli waɗanda ke amfani da ma'aunin sinadarai na ƙasa kuma suna amfani da samfuran kwamfuta ( GIS in Environmental Contamination ) to Amman Duk DA yake don nazarin jigilar kayayyaki da makomar sinadarai na ƙasa. An ƙirƙiro fasahohi iri-iri don gyara ƙasa da gurɓataccen mai Akwai manyan dabaru da yawa don gyarawa:
Ta ƙasa
Ma'auni daban-daban na ƙasa don tattara abubuwan gurɓatawa na musamman sun haɗa da Manufofin Gyaran Farko na Yankin EPA 9 (US PRGs), Yankin EPA na ƙasar Amurka 3 Risk Based Concentrations (US EPA RBCs) da Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa na Jagoran Ostiraliya kan Matakan Bincike a cikin ƙasa da Ruwan karkashin kasa.
Tarayyar Turai
Dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga ƙasashe membobin, a cikin Tarayyar Turai adadin da aka kiyasta yiwuwar gurɓataccen wuraren ya fi miliyan 2.5 da wuraren da aka gano gurɓatattun wuraren kusan 342 dubu. Sharar gida da masana'antu suna ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga gurɓacewar ƙasa (38%), sai kuma fannin masana'antu/kasuwanci (34%). Man ma'adinai da ƙarfe masu nauyi sosai sune manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda ke taimakawa kusan kashi 60% ga gurɓacewar ƙasa. Ta fuskar kasafin kudi, ana kiyasin kula da gurbacewar muhallin zai kai kusan Yuro biliyan 6 (€) duk shekara.
Ƙasar Ingila
Jagorar gamayya da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin Ƙasar Ingila sune Ƙimar Jagorar ƙasa da Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) da Hukumar Muhalli suka buga. Waɗannan dabi'u ne na nunawa waɗanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin abin karɓa. Sama da wannan ba za a iya samun tabbaci dangane da gagarumin haɗarin cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam ba. An samo waɗannan ta amfani da Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙasa (CLEA UK). Wasu sigogin shigarwa kamar Kimar Ma'aunin Lafiya, shekaru da amfani da ƙasa ana ciyar da su cikin CLEA UK don samun fitowar mai yiwuwa. .
Jagorar da Kwamitin Sashe na Internation na Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙasa (ICRCL) ya yi watsi da shi a hukumance ta DEFRA, don amfani da shi azaman takaddun shaida don sanin yiwuwar buƙatar gyara ko ƙarin daraja.
Samfurin CLEA da DEFRA da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EA) suka buga a cikin Maris 2002 ya tsara tsarin da ya dace don kimanta haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, kamar yadda Sashe na IIIA na Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1990 ta buƙata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin, a halin yanzu an samo manyan Jigon Jagoran Ƙasa na Ƙimar Ƙasa (SGVs) don gurɓatawa guda goma da za a yi amfani da su azaman "ƙimar sa baki". Wadannan dabi'u bai kamata a dauki su azaman maƙasudin gyara ba amma ƙimar da ke sama da waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙarin ƙima; duba ka'idojin Dutch.
An samar da nau'ikan CLEA SGVs guda uku don amfanin ƙasa daban-daban guda uku, wato:
Ana nufin SGVs su maye gurbin tsoffin ƙimar ICRCL. CLEA SGVs suna da alaƙa da tantance haɗarin na yau da kullun (dogon lokaci) ga lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ba sa amfani da kariya ga ma'aikatan ƙasa yayin gini, ko wasu yuwuwar masu karɓa kamar ruwan ƙasa, gine-gine, tsirrai ko sauran yanayin muhalli. CLEA SGVs ba su da amfani kai tsaye ga wani rukunin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya cikin tauri, saboda babu wata hanyar fallasa kai tsaye zuwa gurɓataccen ƙasa.
Har zuwa yau, an buga goma na farko na SGVs masu gurɓata guda hamsin da biyar, don masu zuwa: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene. An samar da Draft SGVs na benzene, naphthalene da xylene amma ana ci gaba da buga su. An buga bayanan Toxicological (Tox) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa da kuma na benzo[a] pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans da dioxin-kamar PCBs, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane da 1, 1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlorethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane da xylene. SGVs na ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene sun dogara ne akan abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa (SOM) (wanda za'a iya ƙididdige shi daga jimlar kwayoyin carbon (TOC) abun ciki). A matsayin allo na farko ana ɗaukar SGVs na 1% SOM sun dace.
Kanada
As of February 2021, there are a total of 2,500 plus contaminated sites in Canada. One infamous contaminated sited is located near a nickel-copper smelting site in Sudbury, Ontario. A study investigating the heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of the smelter reveals that elevated levels of nickel and copper were found in the soil; values going as high as 5,104ppm Ni, and 2,892 ppm Cu within a 1.1 km range of the smelter location. Other metals were also found in the soil; such metals include iron, cobalt, and silver. Furthermore, upon examining the different vegetation surrounding the smelter it was evident that they too had been affected; the results show that the plants contained nickel, copper and aluminium as a result of soil contamination.
Indiya
A cikin Maris shekarata 2009, batun gubar Uranium a Punjab ya ja hankalin manema labarai. An yi zargin cewa ta faru ne sakamakon tafkunan tokar kuda na tashoshin wutar lantarki, wadanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna haifar da lahani mai tsanani ga yara a yankunan na Faridkot da Bhatinda na Punjab. Rahotannin labarai sun yi iƙirarin cewa matakan uranium sun fi ninki 60 iyakar aminci. A cikin shekarata 2012, Gwamnatin Indiya ta tabbatar da cewa ruwan ƙasa a cikin Malwa bel na Punjab yana da ƙarfe na uranium wanda ya kai kashi 50% sama da iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gindaya. Nazarin kimiyya, bisa sama da samfurori 1000 daga wuraren samfuri daban-daban, ba za su iya gano tushen tashi da toka ba da duk wata tushe daga masana'antar wutar lantarki ko masana'antu kamar yadda ake zargi da farko. Sannan Kuma Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan sinadarin Uranium a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na gundumar Malwa bai ninka adadin da WHO ta kayyade ba sau 60, amma kashi 50% ne kawai ke sama da iyakar WHO a wurare 3. Wannan mafi girman maida hankali da aka samu a cikin samfuran bai kai wanda aka samu a cikin ruwa na ƙasa a halin yanzu da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na ɗan adam a wasu wurare, kamar Finland. Ana ci gaba da bincike don gano abubuwan halitta ko wasu hanyoyin samar da uranium.
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Rano
Karamar Hukumar Rano ta jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu goma (10) a karkashinta.
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Madobi
Karamar Hukumar Madobi ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu goma sha biyu(12) a karkashinta ga jerinsu kamar Haka.<ref >
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Rano
Ga jerinsu kamar Haka;
Jana Fernández
Jana Fernández Velasco  (anhaifeta ne a ranar 18 ga watan fabrairu a shekarar 2002), ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin 'yar wasa mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC Barcelona kuma jagora a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain ta U20.
Haƙƙin Gudanarwa
Haƙƙin Gudanarwa a kasar Ingila, Dokar sake fasali ta ba da dama ga masu kamfanoni su canza naɗin a ɓangaren gudanarwar Kamfanin su zuwa wani mai ba da umurni, ta hanyar kafa kamfani na musamman don karɓowa daga hannun mai ƴanci haƙƙoƙin nadin gudanarwa na gini.
Jana Fernández
Aikin Kungiya
An haifi Fernández a Martorell a garin Baix Llobregat a lardin Barcelona. Ta fara koyon kwallon kafa a La Masia ta FC Barcelona a shekarar 2014 tana 'yar shekaru 12.
Haƙƙin Gudanarwa
Haƙƙin aikin canjawa kuɗi wuri
Abinda yake wajibi ne a doka da ƴanci wajen sauya wa kuɗin kamfani da gudanarwa wuri. Haka kuma kuɗaɗen da ba'a kashe su ba sai a maida su a wurin su.A aikace, idan waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba su kai £2,000 ba, ƙila ba tattalin arziƙi ba ne a bi su ta hanyar kotuna, amma za a iya yanke hukunci ta ƙarshe ta wata kotu.
Jana Fernández
Aikin Kungiya
Fernández ta fara taka leda a Barcelona a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2018.
Haƙƙin Gudanarwa
Ƴancin riƙe damar gudanar da kamfani ga mamba
Nan da nan da kamfanin RTM ya karɓi ranar saye, mai wuri (mai kyauta) ya sami damar zama memba na kamfanin, tare da cikakken haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a matsayin memba na kamfani. Zaɓuɓɓukan mai gida, a matakin farko, ana ƙididdige su bisa ga raka'o'in da suke riƙe a cikin ginin, filaye ko sassan da ba na zama ba.A lokuta da ba su da raka'a, don haka ba za su sami kuri'a ba, ana raba su kuri'a ɗaya a matsayin mai gida. Kasancewar haƙƙin gudanarwa ba ta dogara da shi ba, babu wani dalili da zai sa mai wurin wanda ke riƙe da sha'anin ginin, bai kamata ya sami wasu bayanai game da ayyukan gudanar da shi ba.Ya bambanta inda kotu ta naɗa manaja don maye gurbin wani ko manajan da bai cancanta ba - a nan ne aka cire mai wuri gaba ɗaya sakamakon rashin gudanar da shi Tare da haƙƙin sarrafawa, ana ɗauka cewa mai wuri ba lallai ba ne ya yi laifi don haka babu hujja don cire shi daga tsarin gudanarwa.
Jana Fernández
Aikin Kungiya
tana shekara 16 da watanni 9, yayin da take wasa da sashin Juvenil-Cadet na ƙungiyar. Ita ce 'yar wasa ta biyu mafi ƙarama a ƙungiyar bayan ƙwararrun FC Barcelona ta mata a cikin 2015. A lokacin bazara na 2020, Fernández ta rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginta na farko na cikakken ƙungiyar na shekaru uku.
Aikin Kasa
Fernández ta taka leda tare da dukkan kungiyoyin matasa na kasar Sipaniya, gami da U17, U19, da U20s.
Ta kasance cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta kasar Sipaniya wacce ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta U-17 na shekarar 2018. Ta lashe gasar zakarun U-17, Spain ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta U17 ta 2018 kai tsaye. Fernandez ta buga kowane wasa a kungiyar Spain da ta lashe gasar, gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko da matan Spain suka lashe a kowane fanni na shekaru.
Nasarori
•UEFA Women's Champions League : 2020–21, 2022– 23 [12] •Primera División : 2020–21, 2021–22 , 2022–23 •Copa de la Reina : 2020–21 •Supercopa de España Femenina: 2021–22, 2022–23 •Spain U17 •U-17 European Championship: 2018 •U-17 World Cup: 2018
Kututture
Kututture wannan kalmar na nufin itace mai girma wanda masu nani suke amfani dashi wajen nani. A turance kuma ana kiranshi da Tree Slump.
Murtabak
Martabak" da "Mutabbaq" suna turawa nan. Don shinkafa da tasa kifi, duba Mutabbaq samak.
Motabbaq
MartabakTelur.JPG
Mutabbak, pancake omelette mai yaji cike da guntun kayan lambu da niƙaƙƙen nama
Madadin sunayen Motabbaq, matabbak, muttabak, metabbak, mutabbaq, mataba, martabak
Course Starter
Wurin asalin Yemen
Yanki ko jihar Larabawa, yankin Indiya, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya
Balarabe ne ya kirkireshi
Mai jarida: Motabbaq
Norriture terreste dans un restaurant libanais, quartie des Grottes à Genêve (cropped).jpg
Abincin Larabawa
Abincin yanki
nuna
Sinadaran
Gurasa
Abin sha
Salati
Cukuda
Jita-jita
Hutu da bukukuwa
ikon Portal abinci
vte
Motabbaq (Larabci: مطبق) pancake ne da aka soyayye ko biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin Larabawa Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Kudancin Thailand da Bangladesh (Mughlai paratha)  . Ya danganta da wurin, sunan da kayan aikin na iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore.[1][2]
Ana bayyana Murtabak sau da yawa azaman pancake na omelette mai naɗewa tare da ɗanɗano kayan lambu.[3]  Mafi yawan nau'in murtabak ana yin su ne daga soyayyen ƙullun da aka soya, yawanci ana cusa su da ƙwai da aka tsiya, da yankakken leek, da chives, ko koren albasa (scallions) da niƙaƙƙen nama, sai a ninke a yanka a murabba'i[1][4]. A Indonesiya, murtabak yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abincin titi kuma ana kiransa da martabak.
A kasar Malesiya, an fara sayar da murtabak a gidajen cin abinci da rumfuna na musulmin Indiya, kuma yawanci yakan hada da nikakken nama (naman sa ko kaza, wani lokacin naman akuya, naman naman nama) tare da tafarnuwa, kwai da albasa, ana ci da curry ko miya, yankakken cucumber, syrup. -yankakken albasa ko tumatir miya. Ana sayar da abincin a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan siyar da kayan abinci da salon girki ' 'yan kasuwan musulmin kasar Malay suma sun karbe wannan tasa. A Yemen, murtabak kuma yakan hada da naman akuya ko na naman naman.
A Indonesiya, Martabak sanannen abincin titi ne wanda ke zuwa iri biyu: Martabak Manis da Martabak telur. Martabak Manis ko Terang Bulan asalinsa pancake ne mai kauri kuma mai daɗi wanda galibi ana toshe shi da kayan abinci iri-iri da suka haɗa da cakulan, cuku, gyada, madara mai kauri, tsaban sesame da margarine. A yau, toppings na Martabak sun ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi na duniya kamar Skippy gyada man shanu, Ovomaltine, Toblerone, Lotus Biscoff da Durian Spread. Martabak Manis shima kwanan nan ya zo a cikin sirara mai kauri, wanda aka sani da Martabak Tipis Kering (Tipker).[7]  Martabak Telur, nau'in mai daɗin ƙanshi, pancakes ne masu ɗanɗano wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwai, kaza ko naman naman sa da ƙwanƙwasa.[8]
Motabbaq ( مطبق  ) pancake ne da aka soyayye ko kuma biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a yankin Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand da Bangladesh ( Mughlai paratha ). Ya danganta da wurin, suna da abubuwan sinadaran zasu iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore.
Tarihi
Kalmar mutabbaq a Larabci tana nufin "nanne". Wannan yana nuna cewa Murtabak na iya samo asali daga Yemen, wanda ke da yawan al'ummar Indiyawa; ta hannun ‘yan kasuwan Indiya ta bazu zuwa kasashensu na asali. Duk da haka, akwai wani kantin sayar da kayan zaki mai suna Zalatimo Brothers a Jordan wanda ke ikirarin ya kirkiro muttabaq a 1890. Siffar su ita ce kullun filo mai niƙaƙƙen takarda cike da farin cuku na gida. ‘Yan kasuwa Musulmin Tamil ne suka kawo Murtabak Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Tasa da ake kira murtabak pancake ne mai launi da yawa wanda ya samo asali a cikin jihar Kerala inda mutanen da ake kira "mamaks" ("mama" na nufin "kawun" a Tamil ) ƙanƙara daga. Kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan tasa musamman da ake magana a kai a wasu harsuna da yare kamar "murtabak." "Mutabar" shine amalgam na kalmomi guda biyu, "muta" (kasancewar kalmar Keralite don kwai, wani muhimmin sashi na tasa) da "bar," wani nau'i na kalmar barota, ko "bratha roti" (gurasa). Gurasar burodi ko pancake da ake yada shi a cikin Hindi ana kiransa "pratha roti" ko "pratha" ko "parantha" Ban da wannan, "murtabak" kuma an san shi da wani nau'i na Mughlai paratha sananne a cikin Kolkata, India.
Akwai irin wannan nau'in burodin a wurare kamar Yemen da sauran yankuna na duniyar Larabawa da Farisa. Dukkanin wadannan wurare a Gabas ta Tsakiya ‘yan kasuwar Indiya ne suka ziyarce su a shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma ba zai zama sabon abu ba a gare su su koyi da juna ko kuma sun rungumi dabi’ar cin abinci da dabi’ar juna. Duk da haka, kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan kwai, chili, da albasa mai ɗanɗanon pancake mai laushi mai laushi.
A Indonesiya, Martabak Manis ya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Bangka Belitung, ta zuriyar Sinawa ( Hokkien da Khek ) kuma an sanya masa suna "Hok Lo Pan" wanda ke fassara zuwa "cake na kabilar Hok Lo." Tushensa na gargajiya ya haɗa da sukari da tsaba na sesame. Martabak Manis yana da sunaye daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. A Yammacin Borneo, ana kiranta Apam Pinang, kama da Apam Balik na Malaysia. A tsakiyar Java, Martabak Manis ana kiransa "Kue Bandung" wanda ke nufin kek na Bandung. Asalin Kue Bandung ya fara ne lokacin da wani mutum daga Bangka Belitung, ya buɗe rumfar Martabak Manis kusa da rumfar “Bandung Noodle”.
A kasashen da martabak ke da yawa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ya zama abincin yau da kullun. Ana yin wannan jita-jita ba kawai a gida ba, amma galibi ana samun su a cikin menus ɗin sabis na abinci marasa tsada waɗanda ke ƙware a cikin abinci na gargajiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da sunan abincin titi. Wani lokaci martabak - musamman mai daɗi - ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin shagunan da aka riga aka gama.
Savory
Akwai nau'ikan martabak da yawa. Misali, a Brunei, galibin martaba ba sa cushe, amma an yi su ne da kullu (wanda ake kira martabak kosong ) mai kama da paratha Indiya. Martabak kosong yana kunshe da kullu mai kama da burodi wanda aka ƙwanƙwasa kuma ana shirya shi daidai da pancake ko wasu martabak ta hanyar jefa shi cikin iska, kuma a yi amfani da bututu mai zafi tare da miya mai daɗin curry. A Singapore da Malesiya (inda ake kira murtabak), ana cika murtabak da naman sa mai yaji, kaza ko naman naman nama kuma a yi amfani da su tare da miya mai curry, albasa mai zaƙi ko kokwamba a cikin ketchup. Wani bambance-bambancen a Malaysia da Singapore shine cuku murtabak wanda ke amfani da cukuwar mozzarella azaman ƙarin cikawa. Johorean (Malaysia) da murtabak ɗan Singapore suna amfani da niƙaƙƙen nama fiye da yawancin murtabak na Malaysia.
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kwai martabak na Indonesiya, baya ga kullu, ana samun naman ƙasa (naman sa, kaza ko naman naman naman naman naman), yankakken albasa kore, wasu ganye (na zaɓi), ƙwan agwagi, gishiri, da dankali. Wasu masu siyar da titi suna hada naman sa da kayan yaji. A Indonesiya, kayan yaji na gama gari don yin naman ƙasa mai ɗorewa sune shallots, tafarnuwa, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, wasu gishiri, wani lokacin kadan na monosodium glutamate. Ana niƙa dukkan kayan kamshin ko kuma a niƙa su kuma a soya su gaba ɗaya. Wasu masu yin martabak suna ƙara ƙarin kayan abinci da sauran nau'ikan don sanya martabak ɗin su na musamman, amma duk suna raba babban kullu ɗaya. Don soya martabak, mai dafa abinci yana amfani da babban kwanon frying mai lebur ko gasasshen ƙarfe. Yawancin lokaci suna amfani da man kayan lambu don soya, amma ba kasafai ake amfani da ghee ko man shanu ba. Kafin yin hidima, martabak yawanci ana yanke zuwa kashi. Wani lokaci ana cin shi da soya mai zaki da gishiri da barkono. Savory versions na martabak a Indonesiya da Malaysia yawanci ana ba da su da acar ko kayan yaji wanda ya ƙunshi kokwamba diced, yankakken karas, shallots, da yankakken chili a cikin vinegar mai zaki yayin da a cikin Singapore, abincin ya ƙunshi yankakken cucumbers a cikin ketchup na tumatir. A Malaysia, Singapore da wasu yankuna a Sumatra, ana ba da martabak tare da kari ( curry ). A Palembang, wani iri-iri na martabak shine kwai-martabak (kwai da aka jefa a cikin kullu mai laushi kafin a ninka yayin da ake soya) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin curry (yawanci diced dankali a cikin naman sa naman sa) kuma a saka shi da chili a cikin soya mai tsami mai tsami mai suna Martabak Haji Abdul Rozak, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Martabak HAR, wanda wani Ba’indiye dan Indonesiya mai suna Haji Abdul Rozak ya yi. Akwai kuma sanannen bambancin martabak daga Padang, West Sumatra da ake kira Martabak Kubang, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da curry mai haske azaman tsoma miya.
Wani iri-iri na martabak, musamman a Malaysia da Sumatra (kamar a cikin Jambi, Palembang, da Lampung ), shine wanda ake kira martabak kentang (mai dankalin turawa mai dankalin turawa). Akan yi amfani da kullu mai kama da sauran martabak, amma ana cusa shi da cakuda dankalin da aka yanka, da ƙwai, da yankakken koren albasa, da kayan kamshi maimakon kwai da niƙa. Ana cinye shi ta hanyar tsoma shi a cikin miya mai zaƙi mai zafi ko curry sauce.
Akwai nau'ikan Martabak iri-iri, musamman a Indonesiya, inda ake ƙara nau'ikan toppings iri-iri don haɓaka tasa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don maye gurbin naman sune niƙaƙƙen naman da aka yayyafa baƙar fata, tuna mai yaji, shredded naman sa Rendang, gasasshen kifi da naman nan take. Shahararrun topping ɗin noodles na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su sune Indomie da Samyang na yaji. Ana yayyafa cukuwar Mozzarella a wajen soyayyen Martabak sannan a kunna wuta don samun daidaito. Wani iri-iri na martabak ana kiransa martabak manis (mai dadi martabak), wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Terang Bulan ko Martabak Bangka. Wannan suna duk da haka, yana aiki ne kawai a Indonesiya, tun da irin wannan nau'in pancake mai kauri ana kiransa apam balik maimakon a Malaysia.
Duk da raba suna iri ɗaya (saboda duka biyun suna naɗe), hanyar dafa abinci, kullu (wanda ke amfani da yisti da baking soda ), da kayan abinci (yawanci ana ƙara cirewar vanilla a matsayin ainihin) sun bambanta da kwai martabak, suna ba shi daidaito sosai. kamar kumbura. Yayin da ake toya shi a kwanon rufi, ana yada martabak mai dadi da man shanu ko margarine, sukari, dakakken gyada, yayyafa cakulan, cuku ko wasu kayan kwalliya. Kafin yin hidima, ana naɗewa martabak a cikin rabi, don haka abubuwan da aka sanya su shiga tsakiyar martabak. A sassan Indonesia, ana iya kiran kwai martabak Martabak Malabar don bambanta shi da martabak mai dadi.
Akwai sabbin nau'ikan martabak manis da yawa, gami da ƙari na koren shayi foda ( matcha ), cuku mai tsami, Oreo, da alewar cakulan irin su Kit Kat, Ovomaltine, Toblerone da Nutella. Baya ga haka, ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen durian sau da yawa azaman topping.
Lokacin yin odar Martabak Manis, wasu rumfuna suna ba da zaɓi na margarine guda biyu: Blue Band margarine ko man shanu Wijsman. Man shanu na Wijsman ya fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da margarine na Blueband kamar yadda Wijsman ke yin kitsen madarar saniya 100%.
Bashir Dalhatu
Bashir Dalhatu (an haife shi 12 Nuwamba,shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arbain da tara 1949A.c), Lakabinsa Wazirin Dutse, ɗan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bashir Dalhatu a Dutse ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1949. Ya halarci Kwalejin Rumfa Kano daga 1963 zuwa 1967. A shekarar 1972, ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari’a daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, sannan aka kira shi lauya a shekarar 1973 kafin daga bisani ya karanci shari'a a Landan.
Ya yi aiki a gwamnatin jihar Kano a ma’aikatu daban-daban: Ma’aikatar ayyuka da safiyo ta jihar Kano da ma’aikatar noma, kafin daga bisani ya zama lauyan jiha a ma’aikatar shari’a. Daga baya ya kafa kamfanin BM Dalhatu & Co. a Kano.
A shekarar 1993, Dalhatu ya yi aiki a gwamnatin rikon kwarya a matsayin sakataren sufuri da sufurin jiragen sama. Ya kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Sani Abacha a matsayin ministan wutar lantarki da karafa daga 1993 zuwa 1997; kuma ministan harkokin cikin gida daga 1997 zuwa 1998, sannan ya auri diyar Abacha.
A 2018, an kara masa girma daga Walin Dutse, ya gaji dan uwansa Muktar Muhammed a matsayin Waziri (babban mashawarcin sarki) na masarautar Dutse. Dalhatu kuma shi ne karamin jakadan kasar Tunisiya.
Siyasa
A shekarar 2006, a adawa da Olusegun Obasanjo, Dalhatu ya kafa jam’iyyar Advanced Congress of Democrats, kafin daga bisani ya hade jam’iyyar da Action Congress of Nigeria, inda ya kasance sakataren kasa har sai da ya yi murabus a shekarar 2007, bayan da jam’iyyar ta ki shiga gwamnatin Umaru Yar’adua.
Kasuwanci
Shi ne mataimakin shugaban gidan rediyon Freedom Nigeria, daya daga cikin shahararrun gidajen rediyo a Arewacin Najeriya. Ya zama Shugaban Kamfanin Cigaban New Nigeria a 2015. Shi ne kuma Shugaban Kamfanin Highland Waters and Marketing Limited.
manazarta
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Kutungwila
Kutungwila wannan kalmar na nufin tsarama mutum tarko don akama shi ko akaishi wurin masu garkuwa da mutane. Ana kiran shi da turanci da Plot.
Yancin taro
'Yancin taro na lumana, wani lokaci ana amfani da shi tare da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa, shine haƙƙin mutum ɗaya ko ikon mutane don haɗuwa tare da bayyanawa, haɓaka, bi, da kare ra'ayoyinsu na gamayya ko gamayya. An kuma amince da 'yancin yin tarayya a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam.
Za a iya amfani da sharuɗɗan ƴancin taro da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi don bambance tsakanin 'yancin yin taro a wuraren jama'a da 'yancin shiga ƙungiya. Ana amfani da 'yancin yin taro sau da yawa a cikin mahallin ' yancin yin zanga-zanga, yayin da ake amfani da 'yancin yin tarayya a cikin mahallin 'yancin aiki kuma a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ana fassara shi da ma'anar 'yancin yin taro da 'yancin shiga wata ƙungiya. ƙungiya.
Kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam
An haɗa ’yancin yin taro a cikin, da sauransu, waɗannan kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam:
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa da na yanki da suka amince da ‘yancin yin taro sun hada da:
African School of Economics
Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka (ASE) wata jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hedikwata a Abomey-Calavi (kusa da Cotonou ), Jamhuriyar Benin.
Yana da faɗaɗa Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwarewa a cikin Tattalin Arziki na Siyasa (IERPE, IREEP a Faransanci), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2004, zuwa cikakkiyar jami'a ta Afirka. Membobin malamai sun fito daga manyan jami'o'i a Amurka, Kanada da Turai. A halin yanzu (2016) tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri huɗu a matakin digiri: Jagora a cikin Lissafi, Tattalin Arziki da Ƙididdiga (MMES), Jagora a Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA), Jagora a Gudanar da Jama'a (MPA) da Jagora a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki (MDE). ASE kuma tana ba da shirin PhD a cikin Ilimin Tattalin Arziki da Shirye-shiryen Takaddun Shaida guda biyu, Tasirin Tasiri da Kuɗi.
Tarihi
Makaranta ci gaba ce ta nasarar Cibiyar Bincike Kan Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa (IERPE) wanda Leonard Wantchekon ya kafa a 2004 a Cotonou, Benin. Shirin horarwa da bincike mai zaman kansa a cikin Tattalin Arziki na Siyasa da Ƙididdiga Mai Aiwatar da su, IERPE yana ba da ƙwarewa a cikin manufofin jama'a da horar da masu gudanarwa ga jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a Yammacin Afirka. An gudanar da bikin bude taron ne a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2014.
Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Cibiyar ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta don haɗawa da nasara Masters, of Public Economics and Applied Statistics (MEPSA). MEPSA tana da ɗaliban Afirka 74 waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri, waɗanda dukkansu suna da matukar buƙata a yankin Afirka ta Yamma: fiye da 75% na waɗanda suka kammala karatun azuzuwan 2006-2009 suna aiki a cibiyoyin bincike a cikin Yammacin Afirka, a cikin Bankin Duniya da a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Benin ce, ta amince da shirin na MEPSA.
Iddo Island
Iddo Island wata gunduma ce a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Legas Mainland ta Legas. Kishiyar Legas Island, Iddo ta kasance tsibiri, amma saboda gyaran filaye, yanzu tana cikin sauran yankin Legas. Tsibirin Iddo tana haɗe da tsibirin Legas ta gadar Eko da gadar Carter. Kafin cikar shara, an haɗa Iddo zuwa babban yankin Legas ta gadar Denton, mai suna Sir George Chardin Denton, tsohon Laftanar Gwamnan Mallaka na Legas. Iddo gida ne ga Legas Terminus kuma ita ce wuri na farko kuma kawai a Najeriya don karbar bakuncin sabis na tram-mai haɗa tsibirin Legas ta gadar Carter.