cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
José Maria Neves
Sana'ar siyasa
Yayin da yake amincewa da illolin da bauta da mulkin mallaka ke haifarwa a Afirka, Neves ya ce a cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 cewa shugabannin Afirka su ne ke da alhakin matsalolin da nahiyar ke fuskanta a yau, kuma "dole ne su dauki nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu na samar da wata dabara mai kyau ga makomar Afirka da za ta ci moriya. daga dukkan karfinsa na dan Adam da albarkatun kasa."
An sanar da sabuwar gwamnati a karkashin Neves a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2008, tare da ministoci shida da suka shiga gwamnati yayin da ministoci hudu suka bar ta. Uku daga cikin sabbin ministocin mata ne, wanda ya zama gwamnati ta farko a Cape Verde da ke da rinjayen mata (takwas cikin 15 na mukamai).
A ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 2011, yawancin masu jefa ƙuri'a na Cape Verde suka zaɓe shi a wa'adi na uku da kashi 52.68 bisa MPD da 38 daga cikin kujeru 72, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙarfafa tasirin jam'iyyarsa a majalisar dokokin Cape Verde.
A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014, ya sanar da wata gwamnati. Janira Hopffer Almada ya gaji Neves a matsayin shugabar bangaren majalisa na jam'iyyar PAICV. Bayan zaben ' yan majalisa na 2016 a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, Ulisses Correia e Silva ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista.
A cikin Oktoba 2021, José Maria Neves, ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a zagayen farko na 17 ga Oktoba. Bisa sakamakon farko da aka buga a shafin yanar gizon hukuma, ya samu kashi 51.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, wanda ya zama cikakkiyar rinjaye da ya zama dole a zabe shi a zagayen farko.
A matsayin marubuci
Neves kuma marubucin littattafai ne da wasu labaran labarai. An buga wasu daga cikin waɗannan a wasu ƙasashen Afirka da wasu sassan Turai da Brazil. Ya rubuta:
manazarta
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Katcha
Katcha Nadaga cikin Kananan Hukumomin dake Jihar Neja a Nijeriya.
Me-shu-shana
Me-shu-shana ko kuma mai wankin talkalmi, ko mai gyaran takalma, shine duk wani wanda yake sana'ar wanke talkami irin na fata ba silipa ba. Wasu daga cikin su sunada shaguna, wasu kuma yawo suke da kayan aikin su. Sai dai mafi yawan Me-shu-shana Mai yawo to Ɗan'cirani ne ba mazaunin gari ba ne.
Mumbai
Mumbai ko Bombay birni ne, da ke a jihar Maharashtra, a ƙasar Indiya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Maharashtra. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, jimilar mutane 21,357,000 (miliyan ashirin da ɗaya da dubu dari uku da hamsin da bakwai). An gina birnin Mumbai a karni na sha shida bayan haifuwan annabi Issa.
Sant'Aponal
Cocin na Sant'Aponal ya kasan ce cocin Roman Katolika ne, wanda aka lalata a cikin saniti na San Polo a Venice, Italiya.
An kafa cocin a karni na 11, daga 'yan gudun hijira daga Ravenna kuma aka sadaukar da shi zuwa St Apollinare. Wanda aka maido dashi cikin karnoni, ya sami babban sake gini a karni na 15. A lokacin mamayar Napoleonic, an sake lalata shi kuma an sake sake shi kawai a cikin 1851. Don wani lokaci an yi amfani da shi azaman kurkuku ga fursunonin siyasa. An sake rufe shi a cikin 1984, kuma yanzu ya zama mafi yawan kayan tarihi. Facade yana riƙe da ƙarancin kayan ado na gothic.
Sam Barnes
Sam Barnes (an haife shi bayan shekarar ta 1991) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Helon Habila
Helon Habila Ngalabak (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1967) marubuci ne ɗan Najeriyar wanda rubuce-rubucen sa suka ci kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da kyautar Caine a 2001. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami kuma ɗan jarida a Nijeriya kafin ya koma Ingila a 2002, inda ya kasance Babban Malamin Chevening a Jami'ar East Anglia. A yanzu yana koyar da rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar George Mason, Washington, DC.
Tarihi
An haifi Helon Habila a garin Kaltungo, jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Yayi karatun Turanci da Adabin Turanci a Jami’ar Jos sannan yayi lakca na tsawon shekaru uku a Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. A shekarar 1999 ya je Legas ya rubuta wa mujallar Hints, inda ya koma jaridar Vanguard a matsayin Editan Adabi.
A 2016 an nada shi shugaban kwamitin alkalai na kyautar Etisalat ta 2016 akan Adabi.
Manazarta
http://www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/contents/writersonwriting/helonhabila/index.html https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes http://www.helonhabila.com/bio http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12275
Enugu (birni)
Enugu (Igbonci/Inyamuranci Énugwú) birni ne, da ke a jihar Enugu, a ƙasar Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Enugu. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimilar mutane 722,664. An gina birnin Enugu a shekara ta 1912. Enugu ta samo asalin sunan ta ne daga kalmomin Inyamuranci guda biyu; Énú Ụ́gwụ́ ma'ana "saman tsauni" dangane da cewa birnin na bisa tsauni. An sanya wa garin sunan dangane da "Enugwu Ngwuo" inda aka fara samun gawayin coal. Enugwu Ngwuo na ɗaya daga cikin kauyuka goma da suka haɗu suka samar da kabilar Ngwuo, wanda akan kira sun Ngwuako wanda ya kirkiro kabilar tun iyaye da kakanni. Ngwuako ya sanya dansa "Udeneogu" ya tsaya a saman tsaunin (Enu-Ugwu) don kare mutanen kabilar daga makiya. Kalmar Enugwu Ama Udeneogu, na nufin ( Enugwu garin Udeneogu). Mutanen na rayuwa a saman dutsen sannan su noma filayen dake jikin tsaunukan. Ngwuo tana da iyaka da kabilar Oshie daga kudu, kabilar Ojebeogene daga arewa, sai kuma Nkanu daga gabas. Gano gawayin coal a filayen noma dake jikin Enugwu Ngwuo ya jawo hankalin mutane daga sassa daban daban don neman hanyar cigaban rayuwa kamar yadda aka nuna a taswira, hakan ya jawo samun sabuwar tsarin gwamnati wanda akafi sanida Gwamnatin Enugwu Ngwo, wanda itace muhimmiyar silar wayewar yankin na farko wanda aka sanida da Enugu a yau. Ci gaban ta fara daga kasar Ngwuo wacce akafi sanida Enugwu Ngwuo har zuwa lokacin da garin ta zama birni aka cire kalmar "Ngwuo" daga sunanta, a dalilin hakan karamar alkarya ta Ngwuo tayi silar samar da babban birni a yau, sannan tayi ta bunkasa ta mamaye yankunan birnin Nkanu kamar Nike da Akunino har zuwa Neke da Emene.
Tun Karni na 17, mutanen Nike (wani kashi na yaren Igbo) ke zaune a wurin. Acikin 1900 Turawan Mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya ta kirkiri yankin Kariyar turawa na Kudancin Najeriya. Gano gawayi da turawa suka yi yayi sanadiyar samar da titin jirgin kasa na Eastern Line don daukan gawayin daga yankin zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Port Harcourt, birnin da aka kirkira saboda haka mai nisan kilomita 243 (151 mi) daga kudancin garin da ake kira da "Enugu Coal Camp". An sauya sunan garin zuwa Enugu kuma ta bunkasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsirarun birane da aka kira ta hanyar cudanya da turawa. Zuwa 1958, Enugu tana da mahaka gawayin coal fiye da mutum 8000. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, babu sauran ayyukan hakar gawayi coal a yankin.
Enugu ta zama babban birnin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a 1960; sauyi da aka samu na canje-cajen yankuna a shekara ta 1967, 1976 da kuma 1991 yayi sanadin garin ta zamo babban birnin Jihar Enugu na yanzu. A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 1967, an kaddamar da Enugu a matsayin babban birnin yankin Tarayyar Biafra, a dalilin hakan Enugu ta zamo babban birnin Kasar Inyamurai. Bayan da sojojin Najeriya suka kwace birnin Enugu, an mayar da Umuahia na zamo babban birnin Biafra.
Masana'antu a birnin sun hada da kasuwanni da kuma kamfanonin lemun kwalba. Har wayau, Enugu na daya daga cikin yankin masu bada umurni a kamfanonin shirya fina-finai na Najeriya wacce akeyi wa lakabi da "Nollywood". Muhimmin filin jirgin sama na Enugu shine  Akanu Ibiam International Airport.
Tairihin Fari
Mazaunin Enugu na farko shi kauyen Nike na Ogui, wacce take wanzuwa tun zamanin cinikayyar bayi na "Atlantic Slave Trade". Nike da yaren inyamuranci na nufin "da karfi ko iko". Ta sanadiyyar kasuwancin bayi ne mutanen Nike suka mallaki mafi akasarin yankin, wanda mafi yawanci ba'a taba zama da su ba. Mutanen Nike na amfani da bayi a matsayin dabarun yaki, sukan sanya bayi a gefe-gefen garin ta yadda zai yi wuyan gaske makiya su isa ga haifaffun garin. Mutanen Nike sun hada gwiwa da mutanen Aro inda suka samar da kungiya da ake kira Aro Confederacy (1690–1901) wacce ta kasance kungiyar inyamurai masu gudanar da harkokin cinikayyar bayi a yankin Enugu. Tare da mutanen Aro da suke zuwa cinikayya daga Arochukwu akwai kuma hausawa da suke zuwa daga arewa. Hausawa suka kawo dawakai ga inyamurai wanda ake amfani dasu wajen tsubbace-tsubnace. Dukkansu; Hausawa da mutanen aro sukan shigo su fita cikin yankin da ake kira Enugu a yau kuma ana daukansu matsayin baki.
Masana'antu
A shekarar 1901, kamfe na turawa don kai hari ga mutanen Aro don bude sabon yankin soji da mulkin mallakan turawa ya soma. Yakin tsakanin turawa da mutanen Aro ya fara a ranar 1 ga watan December 1901 har zuwa 24 ga watan March 1902 lokacin da akaci galabar mutanen Aro na yankin. Zamanin tarayyar Aro ya kare kuma aka hade sauran yankunan Aro acikin yankunan kula da kariyan turawan mulkin mallakan Kudancin Najeriya na 1900. Turawa sun fara isa yankin Enugu a 1903 a lokacin da mai binciken ilimin kasa dan Burtaniya da Australia Albert Ernest Kitson ya jagoranci bincike a yankin kudancin Najeriya don bincike musamman akan tattalin arzikin kasa da a karkashin jagoranci da kulawar kungiyar Imperial Institute, London. An gano gawayin coal a 1903 a kauyen Enugwu Ngwo, zuwa 1913 kuma a yakunan Udi da Okoga an gano gawayi adadin da zai isa amfani wajen kasuwanci. Zuwa 1914, turawa sun riga sun hade yankunan arewaci da kudanci Njeriya don samar da yankin mallakan turawa na Najeriya.
A shekarar 1915, Turawa sun fara magana da 'yan asalin mutanen Enugu na yanzu danagane da bayar da ita don gina titin jirgin kasa na "Eastern Line" masana'antar hako gawayin coal. Gidajen farko-farko da aka fara ginawa a yankin sun hada da tsofaffin gidajen turɓaya na gargajiyar Igbo W. J. Leck da wasu turawa suka zauna daga saman tsaunin. Akwai kuma wani mazauni da Alfred ya zauna wanda ake kira Ugwu Alfred ma'ana a inyamuranci "Tsaunin Alfred" wanda Alfred Inoma ya zauna (shine shugaban leburorin da suka zo daga Onitsha) yana nan a kusa da tsaunin. Bayan turawa sun amsa filin, Frederick Lugard - gwamna jenar na Najeriya a lokacin, ya sanya wa ma wajen hakar gawayin "Enugu Coal Camp", don bambance ta da Enugwu Ngwo, wacce ke kallon birnin daga wani tudu dake yammacin Enugu. An fara aikin hakar gawayin coal na farko ne a ma'aikatar hake-hake na Udi a shekara ta 1915 wacce aka rufe ta bayan shekaru biyu kuma aka musanya ta da mahakar  kwarin Iva Valley. Enugu ta zamo muhimmiyar ma'akatar hakan gawayi kuma itace daya isassa a duk fadin Afurka ta Yamma. An gina titin jirgin kasa na Eastern Line wanda ta hada Enugu da Port Harcourt a 1916 don fitar da coal daga Enugu zuwa tashoshin jiragen da aka gina saboda hakan. Enugu ta zamo daya daga cikin daidaikun biranen da aka samar dangane da cudanya da turawa a fadin Afurka ta kudu. Zuwa 1916, gwamnatin mulkin mallakan turawa ta gyara gine sashin da aka keba mata na musamman don zama. Yankin da aka kebawa gwamnati wato (GRA) sun zama mazaunan turawa wanda ke arewacin rafin Ogbete: haka zalika akwaii wuri na musamman da aka gyara don mutanen gari daga kudancin rafin. Yankunan Enugu da aka gina suka kasu kashi biyu kuma, kuma zuwa 1917 garin ya samu zama birni. A yankin Afurka kuwa, sai karuwar jama'a ake samu musamman ma'aikata da suke zaune a kebabben wajajen tsaunin Udi kusa da a'aikatar gawayin da kuma Kwarin Iva.
A cikin shekara ta 1938, Enugu ta zamo cibiyar gudanarwa na Yankin Gabas (Eastern Region). Adadin ma'aikatan da ke hakar coal ya kai 6000 (yawanci daga ma'aikatra Udi) a 1948 zuwa 8,000 a 1958. Adadin yawan mutanen Enugu ya karu matuka musamman saboda ma'katun ta; adadin mutanen garin sun kai 62,000 a 1952. Hake-hake a Enugu kan zama tashin hankali musamman al'amarin da ya faru a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamban 1949, lokacin da 'yan sandan turawan mulkin mallaka suka harbe ma'ikata 21 zuwa barzahu, kuma suka raunana akalla mutum 51. Wannan kisan kiyashin ake kira da "Harbe-harben Kwarin Iva" ("The Iva Valley Shooting" a turance) wanda 'yan kishin kasa "Zikist" musamman daga yakunan Gabashin Najeriya suka turara. Zikizanci ("Zikisim") kungiyace na bujurewa da 'yan kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda ya kasance fitaccen dan kishin kasa daga jam'iyyar  National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Wannan harbi ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da ma'aikata suka nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da cewa ma'akatar hakan gawayin sun cinye masu ladan ayyukansu, kafafen labarai na kasa ta yada jita-jitan. Da yawa daga ciki mutanen Zikist sunyi amfani da wannan harbe-harbe don amfanin kansu na siyasa don su kuma ture gwamnatin turawa wajen Najeriya. An wallafa cikakken bayani kan al'amarin a wajen tunawa da daya daga cikin turawan da suka zauna a yankin' wato James Stewart Smith.
Samun "Yancin kai, yaki, da bayan hakan
Enugu ta zamo babban birni a 1956 da Umaru Altine a matsayin magajin gari (mayor). Bayan shekaru hudu da hakan, Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a 1960. A ranar 27 May 1967 ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta raba yankunan Yammain, Arewacin da Gabacin Najeriya zuwa jihohi 12, kuma Enugu ta zamo babban birnin jihohin Gabacin Najeriya ta tsakiya wato "East Central State". A ranar 30 Mayun 1967, an kaddamar da Enugu a matsayin babban birnin Tarayyar Biafra wanda aka samar daga jihohin Gabas ta tsakiya, Cross River da kuma jihar Rivers. Ojukwu yayi sanarwan a matsayin shugabn yankin Gabacin wanda daga baya akai ta kai masu hare-hare aka kashe wasu da dama aka raunata wasu, daga bisani kuma Inyamurai sukai ta juyin mulkin yayinda hakan yasa suka kashe wasu daga cikin manyan-manyan shuwagabannin arewa. Asalin 'yan adawan Inyamurai sune Hausa da Fulani dake arewacin Najeriya. Yakin da Hausawa suka jagoranta don kwato yankin daga hannun Inyamurai yasa Inyamurai da ke sauran Yammacin da Arewacin Najeriya sun koma gida zuwa Gabashin Najeriya kuma Enugu ta zamo babban masaukinsu. Gidan rediyon Biafra wato "Voice of Biafra" (wanda a da akafi sani da "Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting Service") tana nan a Enugu; daga wannan gidan rediyo ne shugaban Biafra Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu yake yada maganganu da karerayi ga 'yan Najeriya da kuma mutanen Biafra. A dalilin wannan yakin, Enugu ta fuskanci karancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin harshen ba. A ranar 4 October 1967, Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tashi boma-bomai a gabar yankin kafin kwato ta bayan 'yan makonni, daga bayan haka ne babban birnin Biafran ta koma Umuahia. Shekaru da dama bayan maido Enugu cikin jihohin Najeriya, har wayau ana kiranta da "Babban Birnin Inyamurai".
Enugu ta komo matsayinta na babban birnin Yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiyar Najeriya a shekakra ta 1970 bayan an warware rikicin tarayyar Biafra. A ranar 3 February 1976 aka maida yankin zuwa jihohi biyu Imo da Anambra; a lokacin akwai jihohi 19 a Najeriya, sai Enugu ta zamo babban birnin Anambra. A ranar 27 August 1991, a lokacin mulkin soja na Ibrahim Babangida aka raba jihar Anambra zuwa jihohi biyu; jihar Enugu da jihar Anambra. Birnin Enugu ta zauna matsayinta na babban birnin sabon jihar da aka samar, a yayin da Awka ta zamo babban birnin sabon jihar Anambra.
Saman doron-kasa
Duk da cewa sunanta saman tsauni da Inyumuranci, Enugu tana gabar kwari ba a saman tsauni ba. Enugu tana zaune a kwarin ruwan rafin Cross River da kuma Benue trough kuma tana da mafi kyawun gawayin coal na zamani. Tsohon dutsen Precambrian ya mamaye yankin. Alamun gawayin ajikin duwatsu kan kai kaurin mita 1 ko 2 (3.3 ko 6.6 ft). Tsaunukan Enugu kan kai tsawon mita 1,000m (3,300 ft). Daga cikin al'amuran kasar Enugu sun hada da tafkin Nike (Lake) inda aka gina Nike Lake Hotel. Akwai kuma rafuka guda shida wanda sune mafi girma a birnin kuma sun hada da Ekulu, Asata, Ogbete, Aria, Idaw da kogin Nyaba. Kogin Ekulu shine ruwa mafi girma a birnin garin kuma yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan amfanin yau da kullum a birnin.
Yanayi
Enugu tana da yanayi na tropical rain forest zone da alamun yanayi na savannah. Birnin na da kasafin yanayi na tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Yanayin sararin samaniya a birnin na da gumi da laima da lokuta mafi laima tsakanin watan March zuwa Nuwamba. Matsakaicin yanayi na zafi/sanyi na duka jihar Enugu na tsakanin 26.7 °C (80.1 °F). Kamar kowacce yanki na Afurka ta yamma, yanayin na damuna da rani ne ke wanzuwa a birnin. Adadin matsakaicin ruwan sama a Enugu kan kai milimita 2,000ml (79 in). Wanda ke zuwa yana dauke har zuwa cikin damuna lokacin da zai karfi. Har wayau akwai lokaci na sanyi a garin, mai zuwa da kura wanda ke kwashe makonni a tsakanin watannin December zuwa Junairu. Kaman sauran yankunan Najeriya, Enugu nada zafi kusan ilahirin shekara.
Sassan Birni da kuma Gine-Gine
Gini mafi tsawo a babban birnin Enugu shine ginin bankin African Continental Bank (ACB) mai bene hawa shida. An ginawa bankin African Continental Bank Limited ne a karshen shekarun 1950s wanda Nnamdi Azikiwe ya kirkira bayan ya zama shugaban kasa na farko bayan sa,um 'yancin kasar a watan October 1960. Anyi bikin bude ginin a ranar 30 Aprelu, 1959. Sauran gine-gine masu tsawo sun hada da Hotel Presidential wanda aka bude a watan August 1963 na da bene hawa bakwai da dakuna 100 kuma yana nan a unguwar Independence Layout. A tsakiyar Enugu akwai ginin Michael Okpara Square, wanda aka gina don tunawa da tsohon shugaban Yankin Gabashin Najeriya Michael Okpara. Sannan akwai ginin Gidan Gwamnatin Enugu a birnin, da Gidan Majalisar dokoki na jihar da kuma gidajen shari'ar garin.
Wuraren aikin hake-haken gawayin coal na Enugu sun gefen gari, wanda mafi yawancinsu an kulle su yanzu. Ma'aikatar hako gawayin na kwarin Iva na nan kusa da birnin Ngwo da kuma saman tsaunin Enugu. Ana zuwa kwarin Iva valley ta titi da ya hada Enugu da Ngwo. Sauran mahakar suna nan a Ogbete da kuma Coal Camp layouts; wanda suna wajen garin kuma a kusa da Iva Valley.
Zane-zanen gine-ginen Enugu a farkon lamari ya kasance na turawa ne, a dalilin hakan yawancin tsarin gine-ginen Enugu tsari ne irin na turawa. Anyi amfani da salon ginin turawa da tsarin gidajen Victoria wanda turawa da ma'aikatan gwamnatin turawa 'yan Najeriya ke zama musamman a karni na 20. Misalin ire-iren wannan gine-gine sune kaman a ginin cocuka musamman cocin Holy Ghost Cathedral da ke gilasai masu alaman Greco-Roman da an gani anga tsarin turawa.
Gwamnati
Birnin Enugu tana da kananan hukumomi uku karkashin ta; Enugu East,  Enugu North da kuma  Enugu South. Duka wadannan kananan hukumomi na da nata majalisar, da 'yan majalisa, da chairman da suke kula da harkokin ilimi da na lafiya a kananan hukumomin. Enugu ta kudu ta kasu kashi biyu, birni da kauye kuma kowacce ana zabar mata chairman dinta daban. Ciyamomin kananan hukumomin sun hada da; Paul Ogbe na birnin Enugu ta kudu, Theresa Egbo na kauyen Enugu ta Kudu, Emma Onoh na Enugu ta Arewa, da kuma Christopher Ugwu a matsayin ciyaman na karamar hukumar Enugu ta Gabas; duka wadannan ciyamomi na wakiltan kananan hukumominsu a majalisar dokoki na jihar. Ma'aikatun Ministry of Lands, Survey and Town Planning (a mataki na jiha) da kuma Local Planning Authority (a matakin karamar hukuma) ke da alhakin kula da gudanar da harkokin filayen a jihar. Enugu ta kasu zuwa Enugu ta Arewa/Kudu wanda Chukwuegbo Ofor ke wakailta and Enugu ta gabas wanda Gilbert Nnaji ke wakilta;dukkansu 'yan jam'iyyar PDP ne kamar gwamnansu Ifeanyichukwu Ugwuanyi wanda ake yiwa lakabi da (GBURU-GBURU).
Jama'a
Dangane da kidaya na shekara ta 2006, sashin birnin Enugu na mutane kimanin 722,664. Mafi akasarin mutanen Enugu kiristoci ne, kaman dao sauran garuruwan kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mafi yawan mutanen Enugu na amfani da harshen Turanci da kuma harshen su na gado wato Igbonci. Igbo shine asalin harshen Enugu. ana amfani da turancin Najeriya wato pidgin a garin saboda rabe-rabe harsunan Najeriya da Igbo a birni. Enugu tana cikin harsunan Igbo daga arewacin yankin tare da sauran yankuna kaman Owo, Nike, Agbani, da kuma birane kamar Awka da Nsukka.
Azeem Akhtar
Azeem Akhtar (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1991) dan Kasar Indiya ne mai aji na farko wanda yake wasa a Rajasthan. Ya fara yin aji na farko don Rajasthan a cikin shekara ta 2013-14 Ranji Trophy a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2013.
Enugu (birni)
Al'adu
Wasu bukukuwan da aka ƙirƙira daga baya sun hada da; "Enugu Festival of Arts" wanda kungiyar Enugu Council of Arts and Festivals suke shiryawa. An ƙirƙira ƙungiyar ne a shekara ta 1986, kuma ta nunka sa yanayin bikin shagulan musamman ta hanyar canza mata wurin taro daga Ƙauyuka zuwa birni Baƙi dake halartar bikin na samun Daman dandana kayan abincin inyamurai da gargajiya kamar Okpa "Okpa Enugu", Abacha - abincin gargajiya ne da ake yi da rogo "African salad" fiofio da makama ta su kamar Nkwobi, farfesu.
Wuraren bude idanu na tarihi a Enugu basu da yawa sai dai gwamnati sun inganta wasu kamar tsauni Udi wanda ana iya ganin ko ina na birnin daga zaman sa, takin Nike lake Resort dake wajen gari, karin Iva Valley da makamantansu. Wuraren shakatawa a birnin sun hada da "Murtala Muhammad Part". Tsaffin ma'akatun haƙo gawayi coal wato Onyeama da Okpara duk a bude suke ga masubziyara. Sauran Wurare sun hada da Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Sculptural Garden and Art Gallery, the Eastern Region Parliamentary Building, the Old Government Lodge,[86] and Enugu Golf course. Enugu Zoo wato gidan na mun daji na Enugu shi a wani wajen bude idanu ne a birnin. National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) ke kula da gidan na mun dajin. Akwai kuma "Bona Gallery" a birnin.
Waƙa
Enugu tayi fice a fannin wakokin "Highlife music" a 1950s. Salon wakokin Enugu ya wanzu har zuwa yankunan Kudancin Cameroun inda Inyamurai ke da tasiri a yankuna kamar Limbe, Tiko da Douala. Wasu daga cikin fitattun mawaka 'yan asalin Enugu sun hada da; Sonny Okosun mawakin da aka haifa a Enugu kuma yayi wakar sa na farko a birnin a shekara ta 1965, Celestine Ukwu da Michael Ejeagha, 2Face Idibia,  rapper Phyno, William Onyeabor, Flavour N'abania da makamantansu.
Midiya da littattafai
Jaridu da ake wallafawa kuma ake saidawa a Enugu sun hada da Daily Star, Evening Star, The Renaissance da kuma New Renaissance. Daya daga cikin tsaffin gidan jarida itace jaridal Eastern Sentinel wanda kungiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe's ta kirkira a 1955 amma ta rushe a 1960. Wasu daga cikin gidajen telabijin da na rediyo dake Enugu sun hada da reshen gidan telabiin na "Nigerian Television Authority (NTA Enugu)", reshen gidan rediyon Najeriya wato  "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)" wacce ke watsa labaranta da harsunan turanci, Igbo,  Efik, Ijaw da kuma harshen Tiv. Akwai kuma gidan telebijin na Enugu watau "Enugu State Broadcasting Service Television (ESBS-TV)" gidan telebijin ne na jiha da ke watsa shirye-shiryen sa'oi 18 a karshen mako. Mafi akasarin fina-finan Najeriya anfi daukan su ne a Lagos da Enugu. A cikin shekara ta 2007 ne Enugu ta kaddamar da bikin shirin fina-finai na Enugu International Film Festival.
Wasu daga cikin sanannun marubutan Najeriya sun kasance haifaffun Enugu ne kamar su; Chinua Achebe, marubucin littafin Things Fall Apartyayi rayuwa a Enugu a shekara ta 1958, shekaran da aka wallafa littafin. Ya dawo birnin ne tare da iyalansa bayan yayi kaura daga Lagos zuwa birnin daga bisani ya hadu da abokinsa marubuci Christopher Okigbo inda suka sama da gidan wallafa littattafai na Citadel Press, daga cikin jigogin sun hada da How the Dog was Domesticated and How the Leopard Got His Claws. Akwai kuma marubuciyar littafin Half of a Yellow Sun Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, wacce ta lashe kyautar Orange Prize for Fiction a shekara ta 2007, an haife ta a Enugu a 1977 kuma ta tashi a Nsukka.
Wasanni
Kungiyar wasan kwallon kafa na Enugu Rangers kungiyace ta kwararrun 'yan wasa masu buga kofin Najeriya (NIgerian Premier League) kuma suna nan a filin wasan kwallon kafa na Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, wanda aka sanya wa sunan a maimakon shugaba kasa na farko a Najeriya. Tsaffin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Enugu rangers sun hada da Jay-Jay Okocha da Taribo West. Filin itace cibiyar wasan I na daukakin yankin Gabashin Najeriya kafin yakin basasa Najeriya. An buga wasannin duniya na 'yan wasan ƙasa da shekarau 17 a shekara ta 2009 wato FIFA U-17 World Cup (24 October – 15 November) a Enugu da Sauran jihohi biyar na Najeriya. A dalili wannan gasa aka gyara filin wasa ni zuwa na zamani.
Tattalin arziki
Kamar yadda ake mata iƙirari da 'birnin gawayi' (coal city) Enugu har zuwa karni na 20 ta dogara ne matuka akan haƙo ma'adanan gawayin coal a tsaunukan Udi wanda hakan ya jawo habakar birnin. Cibiyar haƙo coal na Najeriya wato (Nigerian Coal Corporation) na nan a Enugu tun da aka kirkiri ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta 1950 don kula da harkokin haƙan gawayin a birnin. Dangane da samar da titi jirgin kasa na "Eastern Line", Enugu ta samu hanya zuwa gaɓar tekun Port Harcourt daga kudu sai kuma da jihar Kaduna daga arewaci birnin. Yaƙin basasan Najeriya ya jawo koma baya matuka musamman ta fuskar aikin haƙo ma'adanan Coal a dalilin lalacewa wuri da kayan aiki. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, gawayin ya rage daraja haka za lika aikin haƙo shi. Wasu daga cikin ma'adanan da ake samu a birnin Enugu sun hada da baƙin ƙarfe (iron ore), farar-ƙasa (limestone), farar laka (fine clay), Marmara (marble), da kuma silica sand.
A Enugu, yawanci kayan amfani ana saida su a kasuwannin gargajiya ko kuma bisa hanya, yawancin masu saide-saide akan hanyoyin Najeriya yara ne ƙanana. Akwai muhimmanci kasuwannin uku a birnin Enugu; Ogbete Market, Awkunanaw Market da kuma New Market. Kasuwar "New Market" market kasuwa ce ta saida garin kwaki. Ita kuma kasuwa Ogbete kasuwace da 'yan kasuwa daga yankuna makwaban birnin ke zuwa kamar like Onitsha, Aguleri, Abakaliki da Aba kuma ba'a saida kayan abinci a wannan kasuwa sai dai kayan kamfani kamar lemun kwalba, giya da makamantansu. Sanan akwai kamfani hada mota ƙirar Marasandi a kasuwar da kuma wajen hada abubuwa kaman tiles, Ruffin asbestos,man fetur da kuma magunguna. Har na tsawon lokaci filin jirgin sama na Sosoliso Airlines na da reshensu na sufuri a Akanu Ibiam International Airport dake Enugu.
Yankin tayi fice a fuskar damar da man kadan ya a duk fadi duniya, amma haƙan ya samu cikas tun a yakin basasan Najeriya a dalilin kayan aikin sun lalace da makamantan haka. Sauran kayan amfani na sayarwa da Enugu ke sa marwa sun haɗa da cocoa, gyaɗa, man-gyaɗa da dai Sauran su. Amma a yau, birnin Enugu da Sauran yankuna Najeriya da aka sani ada suna sanar da kayan abinci ga sassa duniya a yanzu suma sun dogara akan shigowa da kayan abinci daga waje.
Ilimi
Enugu tana da muhimmanci jam'oin ilimi guda uku "Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT)"; Jami'ar Najeriya wato University of Nigeria,sashin Nsukka (UNN) da sashin birnin Enugu (UNEC); da kuma Institute of Management & Technology (IMT). Saura sun hada da the Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO). Godfrey Okoye University, Caritas University, Renaissance University, Coal City university, Novena University, Esut Business School. Akwai kuma kwalejin "Saviour Institute of Science and Technology", polytechnic da kuma Bigard Memorial Seminary. Daga cikin makaranta sakandare akwai College of the Immaculate Conception (CIC) built in 1940, Holy Rosary College (HRC) wanda aka gina a 1943, Colliery Comprehensive Secondary school, Queen's Secondary School, Federal Government College, Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka sai kuma sakandare dake cikin Jami'ar Najeriya.
Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona
Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona shine tasirin da ayyukan noma daban-daban ke da shi a kan yanayin muhallin da ke kewaye da su, da kuma yadda za a iya gano irin wannan tasirin zuwa ga waɗancan ayyukan. Tasirin muhalli na noma ya bambanta sosai bisa la'akari da ayyukan da manoma ke yi da kuma ma'aunin aiki. Al'ummomin noma waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage tasirin muhalli ta hanyar gyara ayyukansu za su ɗauki ayyukan noma masu ɗorewa. Mummunan tasirin noma wani tsohon al'amari ne wanda ya cigaba da damuwa yayin da masana ke tsara sabbin hanyoyin da za su rage lalacewa da haɓaka haɓakar muhalli. Ko da yake wasu makiyaya suna da kyau ga muhalli, ayyukan noman dabbobi na zamani sun kasance sun fi lalata muhalli fiye da ayyukan noma da aka mayar da hankali kan 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da sauran halittu. Fitar da ammonia daga sharar shanu na cigaba da haifar da kuma damuwa kan gurɓacewar muhalli.
Enugu (birni)
Kiwon lafiya
Mafi akasarin asibitocin Enugu na 'yan kasuwa ne. Asibitin UNTH da kuma asibitin kashi wato National Orthopaedic na daga cikin asibitocin gwamnati a birnin. Asibitin gwamnatin da yafi kowanne bunkusa a Enugu shine asibitin "Park Lane Hospital"
Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona
A lokacin da ake tantance tasirin muhalli, masana suna amfani da alamomi iri biyu: “manufa”, wanda ya dogara da hanyoyin noman noma, da “tasirin tasiri”, wanda shine tasirin da hanyoyin noma ke da shi ga tsarin noma ko kuma fitar da hayaki. yanayi. Misali na ma'anar ma'anar zai zama ingancin ruwan ƙasa, wanda adadin nitrogen da ake amfani da shi ya shafi ƙasa. Alamar da ke nuna asarar nitrate zuwa ruwan karkashin kasa zai dogara ne akan tasiri. Ƙididdigar da aka dogara da ita tana duba ayyukan noma na manoma, kuma kimantawar da ta dogara da tasiri ta yi la'akari da ainihin tasirin tsarin noma. Misali, bincike mai tushe zai iya duba magungunan kashe qwari da hanyoyin haɗi da manoma ke amfani da su, kuma binciken da ya dogara da tasiri zai yi la'akari da adadin CO2 da ake fitarwa ko menene abun ciki na nitrogen na ƙasa.
Enugu (birni)
Sufuri
Enugu na kan karamar hanyar jirgin kasa na Eastern Line wanda ya wuce har birnin Port Harcourt; tashar jirgin kasan kuwa na nan daura da filin wasan kwallon kafa na National stadium kuma dangane da asalinta da ma'aikatar hako gawayi a birnin tana nan a Unguwar Ogui. Motocin bus da tasi sune muhimman hanyoyin zurga-zurga a birnin. A da acaba (okada) na daya daga cikin hanyoyin sufurin har zuwa lokacinda gwamnatin jihar ta hana sufuri ta hanyar okada a watan Aprelun, 2009. Mafi akasarin masu shiga da fita birnin suna bi ne ta tashar Ogbete Motor Park.
Kontagora
Kontagora Nadaga cikin Kananan Hukumomin dake Jihar Neja a Nijeriya.
Enugu (birni)
Sufuri
Acikin shekara ta 2009, gwwamnatin Enugu ta kawo salon sufuri ta hanyar tasi don rage talauci da rashin aikin yi a birnin. Tasi 200 kirar Nissan Sunny da kuma suzuki guda 200 bankin Pro-Credit Micro Finance Bank ta raba bashi ga maras aikin yi a birnin a bisa yarjejeniya kan zasu biya a hankali har su mallaki motocin. A ranar 13 March 2009 ne gwamnatin birnin ta raba manyan motocu 20 wanda ke daukan mutane akalla 82 don sufuri tsakanin birnin Enugu.
Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona
Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona ya ƙunshi tasiri akan abubuwa daban-daban: ƙasa, zuwa ruwa, iska, nau'in dabba da ƙasa, mutane, shuke-shuke, da abinci da kansa. Noma yana ba da gudummawa ga yawancin al'amuran muhalli da ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli ciki har da: sauyin yanayi, sare gandun daji, asarar ɗimbin halittu, yankunan da suka mutu, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, matsalolin ban ruwa, gurɓataccen ƙasa, lalata ƙasa, da sharar gida. nep.org/resources/making-peace-nature Saboda muhimmancin aikin noma ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli na duniya, al'ummomin duniya sun himmatu wajen haɓaka ɗorewar samar da abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba mai dorewa na 2: "Ƙarshen yunwa, cimma wadatar abinci da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da inganta aikin noma mai ɗorewa" Rahoton na Shirin Samar da Zaman Lafiya tare da yanayi na 2021 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana aikin noma a matsayin direba da masana'antu da ke fuskantar barazana daga lalata muhalli.
Canjin yanayi
Sauyin yanayi da aikin noma matakai ne masu alaƙa da juna, duka biyun suna faruwa ne a sikelin duniya. Ana hasashen ɗumamar yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin da ya shafi aikin noma, gami da zafin jiki, hazo da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun ƙayyade ƙarfin ɗaukar kwayar halitta don samar da isasshen abinci ga yawan mutane da dabbobin gida. Haɓaka matakan carbon dioxide shima zai sami tasiri, duka masu lahani da fa'ida, akan amfanin amfanin gona. Yin la'akari da kuma illolin sauyin yanayi na duniya kan aikin noma na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda ya kamata da daidaita aikin noma don bunƙasa noma. Ko da yake babu tabbas kan tasirin sauyin yanayi ga noma, akwai yuwuwar zai canza yankunan da suka dace don amfanin gonaki guda. Daidaita wannan canjin yanayi zai ƙunshi tsadar tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa.
Enugu (birni)
Sufuri
Muhimmin filin jirgin sama a birnin shine filin jirgin sama na Akanu Ibiam International Airport wanda ake iya zuwa a tasi da kuma manyan motocin haya. An fara gyaran filin a ranar 30 Nuwamban, 2009 don fadada filin jirgin wajen daukan manyan jirage. Tsarin aikin ya hada da kara mita 600m (2,000 ft) ga filin gudun jirgin dake da tsawon mitoci 2,400-metre (7,900 ft) don yakai tsawon kilomita 3km (1.9 mi); kuma za'a kara masa fadi daga mita 45 zuwa mita 60m (148 to 197 ft). An kiyasta kudin aikin zai kai miliyan ₦4.13bn wato mliyan 27.3 na dalar Amurka (a cikin shekara ta 26 June 2010).
Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona
Canjin yanayi
A lokaci guda kuma, an nuna aikin noma yana haifar da gagarumin tasiri kan sauyin yanayi, musamman ta hanyar samarwa da sakin iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide, methane, da nitrous oxide. Bugu da ƙari, aikin noma da ke yin aikin noma, da takin zamani, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari kuma yana fitar da ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, da sauran magungunan kashe ƙwari da yawa waɗanda ke shafar ingancin iska, ruwa, da ƙasa, da kuma bambancin halittu. Har ila yau noma yana canza murfin ƙasa, wanda zai iya canza ikonsa na sha ko nuna zafi da haske, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga tilastawa mai haske. Canjin amfani da ƙasa kamar sare gandun daji da kwararowar hamada, tare da amfani da albarkatun mai, sune manyan tushen ɗan adam na carbon dioxide; noma da kanta shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙara yawan methane da nitrous oxide a cikin yanayin duniya.
Enugu (birni)
Sufuri
An bude babban titin A3 na kan hanyar Enugu zuwa Port Harcourt da wuce ta Aba zuwa sauran birane a cikin shekarun 1970s. Titin na A3 ta mike ta arewa zuwa Jos ta hanyar Makurdi. Akwai kuma manyan tituna guda biyu, Babban titin A232 daga birnin Benin City, Asaba da Onitsha zuwa Enugu ta Gabas, da kuma titin A343 daga Abakaliki zuwa Enugu ta yamma, wamda suka sa Enugu ta zamo mahadar yankunan.
Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona
Canjin yanayi
Mafi yawan hayaƙin methane yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da dabbobi, musamman ma naman dabbobi kamar shanu da aladu. Sauran dabbobi, irin su kaji da kifi, suna da tasiri kaɗan. Ana samar da wasu hanyoyin magance fitar da naman naman sa. Dabarun sun hada da yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga taki, zabin kwayoyin halitta,  rigakafi, rumen defaunation, cin nasara na methanogenic archaea tare da acetogens,  gabatarwar kwayoyin methanotrophic a cikin rumen,  gyaran abinci. da kula da kiwo da sauransu. Wasu canje-canjen abinci (irin su Asparagopsis taxiformis ) suna ba da damar rage har zuwa kashi 99 cikin 100 na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Saboda waɗannan mummunan tasirin, amma kuma saboda dalilai na ingantaccen aikin noma (duba Abinci vs. ciyarwa ), wani hasashe ya ambaci raguwar dabbobi aƙalla wasu dabbobi (watau shanu) a wasu ƙasashe nan da 2030.
sare itatuwa
Sararin dazuzzukan na kawar da dazuzzukan duniya da yawa a duniya kuma yana haifar da barna da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka shine cire ƙasa don kiwo ko amfanin gona. A cewar wani masanin muhalli dan Burtaniya Norman Myers, kashi 5% na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne sakamakon kiwo, kashi 19% saboda yawan sare itatuwa, kashi 22% saboda noman dabino da ake nomawa, sannan kashi 54% saboda saran dazuka.
Sake sare dazuzzuka na haifar da asarar muhallin miliyoyin nau'in halittu, kuma shi ne ke haddasa sauyin yanayi. Bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman nutsewar carbon : wato, suna ɗaukar carbon dioxide, iskar da ba a so ba, daga sararin samaniya. Cire bishiyoyi yana fitar da carbon dioxide cikin yanayi kuma yana barin bishiyu kaɗan don ɗaukar adadin carbon dioxide a cikin iska. Ta wannan hanyar, sare dazuzzuka na ƙara tsananta canjin yanayi. Lokacin da aka cire bishiyoyi daga dazuzzuka, ƙasa takan bushe saboda babu inuwa, kuma babu isassun bishiyoyi da za su taimaka a cikin yanayin ruwa ta hanyar mayar da tururin ruwa zuwa yanayin. Ba tare da bishiya ba, shimfidar wurare da dazuzzuka a da za su iya zama hamada mara kyau. Tushen bishiyar kuma yana taimakawa wajen riƙe ƙasa tare, don haka idan an cire su, zabtarewar laka kuma na iya faruwa. Har ila yau, kawar da bishiyoyi yana haifar da matsanancin yanayi a yanayin zafi.
A shekara ta 2000 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta gano cewa "rawar da yawan jama'a ke takawa a cikin wani yanki na iya bambanta daga yanke hukunci zuwa ga sakaci," kuma sarewar dazuzzuka na iya haifar da "haɗuwar matsin lamba na yawan jama'a da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. yanayin fasaha."
Lalacewar ƙasa
Lalacewar ƙasa ita ce raguwar ingancin ƙasa wanda zai iya zama sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, musamman daga aikin gona. Ƙasar ce ke riƙe da mafi yawan nau'ikan halittu na duniya, kuma ƙasa mai kyau tana da mahimmanci don samar da abinci da isasshen ruwa. Halayen gama-gari na lalata ƙasa na iya zama gishiri, zubar ruwa, tarawa, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, raguwar ingancin tsarin ƙasa, asarar haihuwa, canje-canje a cikin acidity na ƙasa, alkalinity, salinity, da zaizayar ƙasa. Zaizayar ƙasa ita ce kawar da ƙasa ta sama ta hanyar ruwa, iska, ko ayyukan noma. Ƙasar ƙasa tana da albarka sosai, wanda ya sa ya zama mai daraja ga manoman noma. Lalacewar ƙasa kuma tana da babban tasiri a kan gurɓacewar halittu, wanda ke shafar al'ummar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa kuma yana iya canza hawan keke na gina jiki, rigakafin ƙwari da cututtuka, da abubuwan canza sinadarai na ƙasa.
Sharar gida
Plasticculture shine amfani da ciyawa na filastik a cikin aikin gona. Manoma suna amfani da zanen robobi a matsayin ciyawa don rufe kashi 50-70% na ƙasa kuma su ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin ban ruwa mai ɗigo don samun ingantaccen iko akan kayan abinci na ƙasa da danshi. Ba a buƙatar ruwan sama a cikin wannan tsarin, kuma ana gina gonakin da ke amfani da robobi don ƙarfafa kwararar ruwan sama mafi sauri. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari tare da filastik yana ba da damar jigilar magungunan kashe ƙwari cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan saman saman zuwa wuraren dausayi ko raƙuman ruwa. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga magungunan kashe qwari da sinadarai a cikin robobi na iya haifar da naƙasu mai tsanani da kuma mutuwa a cikin kifi kamar yadda ruwan ke ɗauke da sinadarai zuwa tekuna.
Baya ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa da ke fitowa daga robobi, akwai kuma matsalar ƙaruwar yawan sharar da ake samu daga robobi da kanta. Amfani da ciyawa na filastik don kayan lambu, strawberries, da sauran layuka da amfanin gona na gonakin gona ya wuce fam miliyan 110 a shekara a Amurka. Yawancin robobi suna ƙarewa a cikin mazugi, ko da yake akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓukan zubarwa kamar su zubar da mulch a cikin ƙasa, binne kan layi, ajiyar wuri, sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, da ƙonawa. Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙonawa da sake yin amfani da su suna da rikitarwa da nau'ikan robobi da ake amfani da su da kuma ta hanyar tarwatsa filayen filastik. Filastik kuma sun ƙunshi na'urori masu ƙarfi da rini da kuma ƙarfe masu nauyi, waɗanda ke iyakance adadin samfuran da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan samar da ciyawa masu iya lalacewa ko kuma zazzagewar hoto. Yayin da aka samu ƴar ƙaramar nasara a kan haka, akwai kuma matsalar tsawon lokacin da robobin ke ɗauka don rage lalacewa, saboda yawancin kayayyakin da za a iya lalata su suna daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su lalace.
Noma mai dorewa
Noma mai ɗorewa shine ra'ayin cewa noma ya kamata ya kasance ta hanyar da za mu ci gaba da samar da abubuwan da suka dace ba tare da cin zarafi ga al'ummomin da ke gaba su yi haka ba.
Noma na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan bambancin halittu kuma. Noman ƙwayoyin halitta tsari ne mai ɗorewa na aikin noma da yawa wanda zai iya yin tasiri kaɗan ga muhalli a ƙaramin sikelin. Koyaya, a mafi yawan lokuta noman ƙwayoyin halitta yana haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona ta fuskar samarwa kowane yanki ɗaya. Don haka, yaɗuwar aikin noma zai buƙaci ƙarin ƙasa da za a share shi da kuma fitar da albarkatun ruwa don cimma daidaiton matakin samarwa. Binciken meta-bincike na Turai ya gano cewa gonakin ƙwayoyin halitta suna son samun babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa da ƙarancin asarar abinci mai gina jiki (nitrogen leaching, iskar nitrous oxide, da hayaƙin ammonia) a kowane yanki na filin amma mafi girman hayaƙin ammonia, nitrogen leaching da iskar nitrous oxide kowace ɗaya. naúrar samfurin. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa tsarin noma na al'ada yana haifar da ƙarancin ɗimbin halittu fiye da tsarin halitta. Noman halitta ya nuna yana da wadatar nau'i) 30%. Tsarin halitta a matsakaita kuma suna da ƙarin 50% ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan bayanan yana da wasu batutuwa saboda akwai sakamako da yawa waɗanda suka nuna mummunan tasiri akan waɗannan abubuwa yayin da suke cikin tsarin noman ƙwayoyin halitta. Masu adawa da aikin noma sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ba su da kyau suna da matsala tare da tsarin noma. Abin da ya fara a matsayin ƙaramin ma'auni, aikin kula da muhalli ya zama ci gaban masana'antu kamar aikin noma na al'ada. Wannan haɓakar masana'antu na iya haifar da batutuwan da aka nuna a sama kamar sauyin yanayi, da sare bishiyoyi.
Noman kiyayewa
Noman kiyayewa wata hanya ce ta noma don noma wacce ta fi ɗorewa ga ƙasa da muhallin halittu. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar barin ragowar amfanin gonakin da aka girbe a baya su kasance a cikin ƙasa kafin shuka amfanin gona na gaba. Noman adanawa ya nuna yana inganta abubuwa da yawa kamar riƙe danshin ƙasa, da rage zaizayar ƙasa. Wasu rashin amfani shine gaskiyar cewa ana buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada don wannan tsari, ƙarin magungunan kashe qwari za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su, kuma sakamako mai kyau yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a iya gani. Abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da manufar noman kiwo shine yadda manoma ba sa son canza hanyoyin su, kuma za su nuna adawa da tsarin noman da ya fi tsada, da cin lokaci fiye da yadda suka saba.
Scott Barrett
Scott Barrett (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Lombe Chibesakunda
Lombe Phyllis Chibesakunda (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, 1944). lauyar Zambia ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya. Ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Zambiya, Lauyan Janar, Mataimakiyar Minista a Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Mukaddashin Alkalin Alkalan Zambiya, kuma ta kasance Jakadiya a Japan, Birtaniya, Vatican, da Netherlands. Chibesakunda ita ce mace ta farko da tayi shugabar kotun ta COMESA, a Khartoum, Sudan.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Lombe Phyllis Chibesakunda a Zambiya a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1944. Ta fito daga gidan sarautar Chibesakunda. Chibesakunda wani sarki ne a lardin Muchinga na kabilar Bisa, daya daga cikin yare da dama na arewacin Zambiya. Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Chibesakunda da Pandala a Arewacin Zambiya. Daga baya ta tafi Chipembi Girls inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Head Girl, sannan ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a ta Kasa da ke Lusaka da kuma Grey's Inn a Ingila.
Aiki
Chibesakunda mace ce ta 'farko'. Ta zama mace ta farko lauya 'yar Zambiya kuma mai ba da shawara a ma'aikatar shari'a. Ta kasance 'yar takarar majalisa a mazabar Matero, kuma Lauya-Janar na Jamhuriyyar Zambiya a 1973.
Bayan samun nasarar aiki a Dokar, Ayyukan zamantakewa da Siyasa, ta shiga ƙungiyar diflomasiyya da ke aiki a matsayin jakada a Japan (1975), Babban Kwamishinan Zambiya zuwa Burtaniya (UK), Netherlands, da Holy See (1978-81). Chibesakunda ta shiga cikin tattaunawar Lancaster House da ta kai ga samun 'yancin kai na Zimbabwe, kuma ta yi kamfen sosai kan yaki da wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu.
An naɗa Chibesakunda Alkalin Kotun Hulda da Masana’antu a shekarar 1986, sannan ta zama Shugaban Kotun Bankin Raya Afirka. An nada Chibesakunda Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Zambiya a shekarar 1997. Tun daga 1981 ta mai da hankali kan aikin shari'a a matsayin mai shari'a a babban kotun koli, kuma ta kasance mai rikon mukamin babban alkalin kasar Zambiya daga 2012 zuwa 2015.
A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Chibesakunda a matsayin shugabar kotun shari'a ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) da ke birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta taba rike wannan mukami. Ta gaji Nzamba Kitonga na Kenya a matsayin. Shugaba na karshe da uwargidanta ta rantsar a wa'adinta shine shugaba Edgar Cagwa Lungu a watan Agustan 2015.
Baya ga hidimar shari'a, Mai shari'a Lombe Chibesakunda, farfesa ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kansai da ke Japan.Chibesakunda shugaba ce a Jami'ar Rockview da ke Lusaka, Zambiya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Tana da ɗa namiji, Chita Chibesakunda.
Fabrice Pithia
Fabrice Pithia (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1987) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mauritius wanda a halin yanzu yana taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Curepipe Starlight a gasar Premier ta Mauritian da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mauritius a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Fabrice ya wakilci Mauritius a duniya tun 2006. An kira shi don wakiltar Mauritius a cikin Wasannin Tsibirin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 2011. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din M a wasan farko da suka yi da Maldives, wasan da aka tashi 1-1. Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyu a kowane wasa biyu na gaba a matakin rukuni wanda ya jagoranci Mauritius zuwa matakin bugun gaba. Daga karshe Mauritius ta kai wasan karshe, amma Seychelles ta doke su a bugun fenariti.
Personal
Fabrice yana da ɗan'uwan tagwaye, Fabien, wanda kuma ke taka leda a Mauritian League a kulob ɗin Curepipe Starlight da kuma Club M na duniya. Fabrice ya kasance a cikin tawagar Mauritian na kasa a wasan bidiyo na gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shekarar 2010, yayin da ya taka leda tare da Mauritius a shekarar 2010 FIFA World Cup cancantar wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar.
Juma Al Kaabi
Juma Mohammed Al Kaabi ( جمعة محمد الكعبي  ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1966 - ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun, shekara ta 2017) ya kasance masarautar diflomasiyya ta Emirate wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ambasadan Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a kasar Afghanistan daga ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2016 zuwa ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017. Al Kaabi ya mutu ne bayan fama da rauni da ya samu a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017 a kasar Afghanistan yayin da yake kan aikin jin kai don bude gidan marayu a Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Al Kaabi a cikin shekara ta 1966 a ƙauyen Wadi Al Qor a Ras Al Khaimah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Shi ne ɗan fari na 'yan uwansa. Yana da ‘yan’uwa maza 2 maza da mata mata 6. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekara 18 kuma ya zama mai kula da kula da iyalinsa na farko bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa.
Ayyuka
Bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare, ya shiga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Sannan ya shiga Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tsawon shekaru 8 kafin a nada shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2016 a matsayin Ambasadan UAE a Afghanistan.