cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker
Adadin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yakan yi yawa sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, ConAgra Red Meat, ya ba da rahoton adadin canjin shekara 100% a cikin 1990s. Irin wannan yawan canjin kuɗi yana sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su haɗu kuma, saboda haka, mafi sauƙi ga masana'antu don sarrafa ma'aikatanta.
Dokar Inshora
Tarayyar Turai
Membobin Tarayyar Turai kowanne yana da nasu hukumomin inshora. Koyaya, ƙa'idar EU ta tsara tsarin kulawa mai dacewa a cikin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda aka ƙaddamar da su ga ƙa'idodi masu jituwa, kuma daidai da yarjejeniyar Turai (bisa ga abin da duk wani doka ko na halitta wanda ɗan ƙasa ne na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ke da 'yanci don kafa shi-, ita- ko kanta, ko don samar da ayyuka., a ko'ina cikin Tarayyar Turai), mai insurer mai lasisi a ciki da kuma tsara shi ta misali hukumomin kula da harkokin kuɗi na Burtaniya, Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Kuɗi da Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi, na iya kafa reshe a cikin, da/ ko ba da ɗaukar hoto na kan iyaka (ta hanyar tsarin da aka sani da "bayar da sabis na kyauta") cikin, kowane ɗayan ƙasashe mambobi ba tare da an tsara su ta hanyar waɗannan masu kula da Jihohin ba. Ba da sabis na kan iyaka ta wannan hanyar ana kiranta "fasfot".
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker
Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma’aikata ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a shekarar 2000, mutane 148,100 ne suka yi aikin hada-hadar nama kuma sama da 250,000 sun yi aikin sarrafa kaji. Duk da bunkasuwar masana'antar noman nama, albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yana raguwa cikin sauri. A tarihi dai albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka ya fi matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. Wannan yanayin ya koma baya a cikin 1983 lokacin da albashin ma'aikata ya faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. A shekara ta 2002, albashin mayankan ya kai kashi 24% kasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'antu. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, a cikin 2006, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka shine $10.43 a kowace awa wanda ke fitowa zuwa $21,690 a shekara.
Mahallin tarihi
A cikin ƙarni na 19, gefen kudu na Chicago ya zama babban gidan mahauta na Amurka. Don gujewa biyan ƙarin albashi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, manyan wuraren yanka a Chicago sun kafa tsarin layin taro; tsarin samar da yawa ya kawar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata.
Dokar Inshora
Indiya
Ɓangaren inshora ya shiga cikin da'irar cikakken tsari daga rashin tsari zuwa tsari gaba ɗaya sannan kuma a halin yanzu an soke shi a wani ɓangare. Ana gudanar da shi da ayyuka da yawa. Doka ta farko a Indiya don daidaita kasuwancin inshorar rai shine Dokar Kamfanonin Assurance Life Indiya, 1912. Dokar Inshora ta shekara ta 1938 ita ce doka ta farko da ke tafiyar da duk nau'ikan inshora don samar da tsauraran ikon jihar kan kasuwancin inshora. An ba da inshorar rayuwa gaba ɗaya a Indiya a ranar 19 ga Janairun shekara ta, 1956, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa. Dukkan kamfanonin inshora guda 245 da ke aiki a lokacin a cikin ƙasar an haɗa su zuwa ƙungiya ɗaya, Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Indiya.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Mahallin tarihi
Asalin mayankan sun kasance bakin haure na Irish, Jamusanci, da asalin Scandinavia. A cikin mahauta, sun yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Ba wai kawai an buƙaci su yanka da kuma wargaza dabbobi masu yawan gaske a kowace rana ba, amma suna fuskantar rashin kyawun yanayi, gami da ɗigon gurɓataccen ruwa, sharar ruwa da najasa a saman benaye, da rashin haske, dakunan sanyi. Dukansu raunuka da rashin lafiya sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikata. Bugu da kari, yawancin ma'aikata suna zama a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu da ke kusa da mayankan.
Dokar Inshora
Indiya
An kafa Dokar Kasuwancin Inshora ta shekara ta 1972 don mayar da kusan kamfanonin inshora guda 100 na ƙasa baki ɗaya sannan kuma a hade su zuwa kamfanoni hudu. Dukkanin kamfanonin an hade su zuwa National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance da United India Insurance, wadanda ke da hedikwata a kowanne daga cikin manyan biranen hudu.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Mahallin tarihi
A farkon shekara ta 1880, ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa, suna kira don ƙarin albashi da ingantaccen yanayin aiki. Dangane da mayar da martani, masu gidan yanka sun yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kabilanci don kula da su: "sun dauki 'yan sanda masu rauni, Serbs, Croatians, Slovaks, da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai a matsayin ma'aikata." Lokacin da ma'aikatan farar fata suka sami damar shiryawa tare da shiga yajin aikin a 1894, masu gidajen yanka a maimakon haka sun fara daukar ma'aikatan Amurkawa 'yan Afirka don karya yajin aikin.
Dokar Inshora
Indiya
Har zuwa shekara ta 1999, babu kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu a Indiya. Daga nan sai gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Kula da Inshorar Inshora da Hukumar Ci Gaba a cikin shekara ta 1999, ta yadda za ta rage ka’idojin inshorar tare da ba da damar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da izinin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje kuma an ƙididdige kashi 26% a cikin kamfanonin inshora na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2015 an ɗaga iyakar FDI a ɓangaren inshora zuwa 49% bisa wasu sharuɗɗa.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Mahallin tarihi
Upton Sinclair 's polemical novel 1906 The Jungle ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi na masana'antar samar da nama, kuma ya kasance wani abu a cikin zartar da Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tsabta (1906) da Dokar Kula da Nama ta Tarayya (1906). Koyaya, wakilan Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi ta Tarayya sun ba wa Majalisa rahoto cewa littafin Sinclair bai yi daidai ba ta wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, "da gangan yaudara ne da karya", sannan kuma ya tsunduma cikin "karkatar gaskiya da gangan". Jama'ar Amurka "ba su mai da hankali sosai ga ... yanayin aiki na cin zarafi da kulawa" wani lokaci ana fuskantar ma'aikata. Ya ɗauki babban haɗin kai ta sabuwar Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu (CIO) da aka kafa da kuma tasirin Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (1935) don inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka.
Dokar Inshora
Indiya
A cikin shekara ta 2006, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Actuaries don ba wa wannan sana'a matsayi na doka daidai da Chartered Accountants, Notaries, Cost & Works Accountants, Advocates, Architects and Company Secretaries. Ana buƙatar ƙaramin babban jari na US$ 80 ( ₹ 400 Crore) ta hanyar doka don kafa kasuwancin inshora.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Mahallin tarihi
Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1970, an inganta albashi da yanayin ma'aikatan dakon nama. A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, "manyan kwangilolin da suka shafi masana'antu sun haɓaka albashi da matakan tsaro." Koyaya, ma'auni sun fara raguwa a cikin shekara ta 1980s yayin da kamfanoni suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara kuma wasu kamfanoni sun zama "masu ƙarfi na masana'antu." Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) musamman ya canza tsarin samar da nama ta yadda, a kowane mataki, ma'aikata suna da rashin tunani, maimaita motsi don kammala "a cikin abin da masana'antu ke kira tsarin rarraba-layi." IBP da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kara saurin layin da rage albashi.
Dokar Inshora
Amurka
A matsayin al'amari na farko, ana buƙatar kamfanonin inshora gabaɗaya su bi duk dokoki da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar kowane nau'in kasuwanci. Wannan zai haɗa da yanki da amfani da ƙasa, dokokin albashi da sa'o'i, dokokin haraji, da dokokin tsaro. Akwai kuma wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda dole ne masu inshora su bi. Gabaɗaya ana amfani da tsarin kamfanonin inshora a matakin Jiha kuma ƙimar ƙa'ida ta bambanta sosai tsakanin Jihohi.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Mahallin tarihi
Ko da kamfanoni sun zaɓi ba za su ƙaura ba, kamfanoni da yawa suna rufe tsire-tsire su kawai, sun bar ma'aikatansu da suka kafa da tsare-tsaren su tafi, kuma sun sake buɗewa tare da ma'aikatan da ba na tarayya ba, masu hijira. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin da ma'aikatan suka yi na haɗa kai a cikin tsire-tsire da aka ƙaura ko aka sake buɗewa; tarihin kwanan nan na rufewar tsire-tsire ya ba wa ma'aikata barazana ga ingantaccen tabbaci. Rahoton Human Rights Watch kan yanayin nama da kaji ya tabbatar da cewa "yayin da karni na ashirin ya koma na ashirin da daya,
Dokar Inshora
Amurka
Tsarin masana'antar inshora ya fara ne a cikin Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1940s, ta hanyar hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka da yawa. Hukuncin farko kan inshora ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1868 (a cikin Paul v. Hukuncin Virginia ), tare da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa kwangilar manufofin inshora ba su kasance a cikin kwangilolin kasuwanci ba kuma inshora ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tarayya. Wannan "hadarin shari'a", kamar yadda aka kira shi, ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban tsarin inshora na jihar. Wannan matsayi bai canza ba sai a shekara ta 1944 (a cikin Amurka v. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kudu maso Gabas ta yanke hukunci ), lokacin da Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin da ke nuna cewa manufofi na kasuwanci ne, don haka an daidaita su kamar yadda sauran kwangiloli masu kama da juna suke.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu
Yanayin wurin aiki sun sanya tara nama aiki mai haɗari sosai. Matsakaicin motsi yana sanya damuwa mai tsanani akan hannayen ma'aikata, wuyan hannu, hannaye, kafadu da baya. Bugu da ƙari, layukan tarwatsa suna tafiya da sauri sosai; a cewar dan jarida mai bincike Eric Schlosser, "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da raunin raunin da ya faru a gidan yanka a yau shine saurin layin rarraba."
Dokar Inshora
Amurka
A cikin Amurka kowace jiha tana da ƙa'ida ta samar da hukumar gudanarwa. Waɗannan hukumomin na jihohi galibi ana kiran su Sashen Inshora, ko wasu sunaye iri ɗaya, kuma babban jami’in shine Kwamishinan Inshora, ko kuma jami’i mai suna. Daga nan sai hukumar ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar ƙa'idodin gudanarwa don gudanar da kamfanonin inshora waɗanda ke zaune a ciki, ko kuma suna kasuwanci a cikin jihar. A Amurka tsarin kamfanonin inshora kusan ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar jihohi da yawa da sassan inshorar su. Gwamnatin tarayya ta fito fili ta keɓe inshora daga dokokin tarayya a mafi yawan lokuta.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu
Da sauri layi yana motsawa, mafi wahalar da ma'aikaci ya ci gaba kuma yana haɓaka damar rauni. Don daidaita saurin layukan tarwatsawa a yau, tsoffin tsire-tsire masu tattara nama a Chicago za su sarrafa kimanin shanu guda 50 a sa'a guda. Sabbin tsire-tsire a cikin shekara ta 1980s zasu sarrafa kimanin shanu 175 a sa'a guda. A yau, a cikin 2018s, wasu tsire-tsire suna sarrafa shanu guda 400 a cikin awa ɗaya. Ba wai kawai layukan tarwatsawa suna tafiya cikin sauri ba, har ma ma'aikata sun ba da rahoton matsin lamba daga masu kula da su don ci gaba da tafiya a kan layin. A cewar kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ka'idojin tarayya na saurin rarraba layin yana la'akari da abubuwa biyu kawai: guje wa lalata nama da kaji, da kuma hana amfanin shuka.
Dokar Inshora
Amurka
A cikin yanayin da mai insurer ya bayyana fatarar kuɗi, ƙasashe da yawa suna aiki da ayyuka masu zaman kansu da ƙa'idodi don tabbatar da ƙarancin ƙarancin kuɗi yana iya yiwuwa ( Ƙungiyar Kwamishinonin Inshora ta Ƙasa tana gudanar da irin wannan sabis a cikin Amurka ).
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu
A cikin littafinsa Fast Food Nation, Schlosser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an matsa wa ma'aikata don kada su ba da rahoton raunin da ya faru. Saboda alawus na manajoji da masu aikin hajji ana danganta su da yawan raunin da ake samu a shukar su, masu kula da mahauta ba su da kwarin gwiwa don ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru. Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da rauni na zuwa daga wuraren da ma'aikata ke yanke naman da nau'ikan ayyukan da suke yi. Tazarar da ke tsakanin ma'aikata, da kuma tsayin layin tarwatsawa da saman aikin, iri ɗaya ne - duk da bambance-bambancen nau'ikan jikin ma'aikaci. Ga wasu ma'aikata, wannan yana tilasta musu yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don kammala aikin da aka ba su kuma yana haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rauni. Bugu da ƙari, duk da haɓaka injina ta atomatik a cikin mahauta, yawancin ayyukan sun haɗa da ɗaga nauyi, kora, da juya dabbobi, sassan dabbobi, ko kayan aiki.
Dokar Inshora
Amurka
A {asar Amirka da sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'o'in da ba su dace ba, iyakar ƙa'idar ta zarce kulawar hankali na kamfanonin inshora da wadatar jarinsu, kuma sun haɗa da irin waɗannan batutuwan da ke tabbatar da cewa mai riƙe da manufofin ya sami kariya daga mummunan imani daga bangaren mai insurer, cewa ƙimar kuɗi ba su da yawa (ko ƙayyadaddun), kuma kwangila da manufofin da aka bayar sun dace da ƙaramin ma'auni. Mummunan aikin bangaskiya na iya zama dama da dama; mai insurer ya ƙaryata da'awar da ke da alama a cikin kwangilar ko manufofin, mai insurer ya ƙi biya don adadin lokaci mara kyau, mai insurer ya ɗora nauyin hujja akan mai insurer - sau da yawa a cikin yanayin da da'awar ba ta da tabbas. Wasu batutuwa na dokar inshora na iya tasowa lokacin da daidaita farashin ya faru tsakanin masu insurer, ƙirƙirar yanayin gasa mara kyau ga masu amfani. Babban misali na wannan shine inda Sabis na Kuɗi na Zurich - tare da wasu masu inshorar da yawa - suka haɓaka farashin manufofin ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Idan an sami mai inshorar da laifin zamba ko yaudara, za a iya ci shi tarar ko dai ta hukumomin gudanarwa, ko kuma a cikin karar da masu inshon ko na kewaye. A lokuta mafi tsanani, ko kuma idan jam'iyyar ta sami jerin korafe-korafe ko hukunce-hukunce, ana iya soke lasisin mai insurer ko dakatar da shi. Ayyukan bangaskiya ba safai ba ne a wajen Amurka. Ko da a cikin Amurka cikakken tsauraran koyarwar ya iyakance ga wasu jihohi kamar California.
Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu
Ko da yake an ba wa ma’aikatan yanka kayan kariya, yanayin da ba makawa na wuraren aikin na nufin ma’aikata suna fuskantar “jini, maiko, najasar dabbobi, ingesta (abinci daga tsarin narkewar dabbar), da sauran lahani daga dabbobin da suke yanka.”
Dokar Inshora
Sauran Duniya
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Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk
2020 COVID-19 annoba
Dubi Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka.
Amsar masana'antu
Ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan masana'antu, irin su Cibiyar Harkokin Nama ta Amirka (AMI), sun nuna cewa yawan raunin da ma'aikata ke samu a wuraren sarrafa nama ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar wani labarin na 2005 a cikin The New York Times, "masana'antar [nama] ta kuma tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin tattara kaya ba su keta dokokin da ke ba ma'aikata damar haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ba su kula da ma'aikata da tsanani saboda matsayin su na shige da fice." Labarin ya ambato Patrick Boyle - shugaban Cibiyar Nama ta Amurka - yayi watsi da rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2005 da cewa "cike da karya da da'awar da ba ta da tushe."
Wakilan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyakin sun kuma mayar da martani kan zargin take hakkin ma'aikata. Wani mai magana da yawun Tyson Foods ya ce, "mun ji takaicin sakamakon da rahoton [Human Rights Watch] ya yi na yaudara, amma ba mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da kungiyoyin kwadago." Mataimakin shugaban Smithfield, Dennis Treacy, shima ya soki rahoton, yana mai zarginsa da bayar da rahoto kan cin zarafi daga shekaru goma da suka gabata maimakon yanayin kwanan nan da kuma dacewa.
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da saurin sarrafa kaji a shukar su, jami'in Tyson Foods ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa saurin layinsu ya dace da dokokin tarayya. A cewar jami'ai, "gudun layin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in samfurin," kuma USDA ce ke tsara shi. Yayin da ma'auni na tarihi ya kasance a hankali, ya karu tare da sarrafa kansa wanda jami'an Tyson suka ce yana haifar da "ƙananan aikin hannu."
Tasiri ga ma'aikata
Masana'antar samar da nama na ɗaukar dubban ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar haɗarin jiki da na tunani.
Na zahiri
Bukatar nama mai mahimmanci ya sanya kaso mai yawa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Aikin yana da wuyar jiki kuma yana da wahala, bisa ga maimaita motsi. Ma'aikatan tattara nama na iya buƙatar yanke kowane daƙiƙa biyu zuwa uku: wannan yana fitowa zuwa kusan yanke dubu goma a cikin awanni takwas. Baya ga yin aiki da wukake, ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sukan yi ta ɗagawa akai-akai da motsa abubuwa masu nauyi yayin motsi kuma suna fuskantar injuna masu haɗari. Wani ma'aikaci a Excel (rashin nama na Cargill Meat Solutions ) ya ba da rahoton ɗaga buhunan nama mai nauyin kilo arba'in a kowane daƙiƙa uku, yayin da wasu asusun daga ma'aikatan nama ke nuna cewa wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da jujjuya duk wani hog. Wani manajan shuka na yankan alade ya ci gaba da yin rikodi yayin gwajin aikin ma'aikata na rashin adalci yana mai cewa, "akwai nauyi mai yawa da kuma maimaita aiki." Sakamakon haka, bisa ga bayanan da Drake Journal of Agricultural Law ya buga, kusan 25% na ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sun ji rauni ko kuma suna rashin lafiya kowace shekara. Bayanan raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki a Iowa ya nuna matsakaicin raunin 9.8 kowace shekara a kowane rukuni na ɗaruruwan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci; akwai matsakaicin rauni ko cututtuka 51 a cikin ɗari ma'aikatan tattara nama kowace shekara. .
Yayin da nau'ikan raunin da ya faru sun bambanta, lacerations sun fi yawa. Ma'aikata sukan yi bazata ko dai kansu ko kuma abokan aikin da ke kusa. Sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ma'aikata masu tasowa na tendonitis, cututtuka masu tarawa, ramin carpal, matsalolin baya da kafada, da "matsalar yatsa" - yanayin da yatsa ya daskare a wuri mai lanƙwasa. Bugu da kari, wukake maras kyau ko sawa suna sanya ƙarin matsin lamba akan tendons, gidajen abinci, da jijiyoyi.
Wani "haɗari na gama gari da tushen rauni" shine jigon benaye na tsire-tsire masu samar da nama. Wani ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hidimar ma'aikatan masana'antar kiwon kaji a Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch."
Ilimin halin dan Adam
Mayanka na yau da kullun suna tafiya cikin sauri. Ana samar da kayan aiki da sauri kuma baya bada lokaci don tabbatar da dabbobin ba su sha wahala ba. A cewar wani bincike na 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown a kan Dokar Talauci da Manufofin, dabbobi masu raɗaɗi da ta'addanci suna shiga cikin lokutan su na ƙarshe suna haifar da "yanayin aiki wanda ya dace da matsalolin tunani." Wani binciken da Rachel McNair (2002) ya yi ya nuna cewa ma'aikatan gidan yanka na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da damuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, kuma halin da suke ciki ya cancanci yin nazari sosai. Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiya na damuwa (PTSD) wanda lalacewa ta hanyar tunani ya taso "daga yanayin da zai zama mai ban tsoro idan wani ya kasance wanda aka azabtar, amma yanayin da mutum ya kasance mai shiga tsakani." .
Matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam
Akwai kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don wurin aiki. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ' Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu duka sun yi kira ga adalci da aminci yanayin aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta rubuta Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata mai lamba 155, wacce ke kira ga manufofin kasa waɗanda ke rage haɗarin yanayin aiki. Sauran bangarorin ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki na ILO suna kiyaye ka'idodin diyya na ma'aikata idan aka samu rauni; ILO ta yi kira ga kariyar doka da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar kulawar likita da gyarawa ga ma'aikatan nakasassu ko suka ji rauni yayin da suke kan aiki, da kuma biyan diyya na lokacin da aka kashe saboda raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki.
A cewar wani binciken da Human Rights Watch ta yi, "ka'idar kare haƙƙin bil'adama don kare lafiyar wuraren aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kan ka'idar cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin yin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba tare da tsinkaya ba, hanawa, haɗari mai tsanani." Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba sa buƙatar ƙasashe su kawar da duk wani haɗari - babba ko ƙanana - ma'aikata suna da 'yancin sanin cewa idan sun je aiki kuma suka kammala ayyukansu, "za su iya barin wurin aiki a ƙarshen rana. tare da rayuwa da gaɓoɓinsa. " Dokokin kare wuraren aiki na Amurka gaba ɗaya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya. Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta shekara ta 1970 ta kafa Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka wacce ta tsara da kuma ba da izini ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa don amincin wurin aiki. Dokar ta ba OSHA iko masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da ikon bincika wuraren aiki don rashin bin doka, zartar da hukunci don cin zarafi na aminci, da cire haɗari ko lafiya. Lokacin yanke hukunci, hukumar tana da hankali sosai: OSHA tana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da biyayyar mai aiki a baya tare da ƙa'idodin aminci, girman, imani mai kyau, da tsananin cin zarafi. Ma'auni na OSHA sun shafi duk ma'aikata, sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida ko ba ƴan ƙasa ba.
An sami ƙarin martanin majalisa na baya-bayan nan game da damuwar masu neman aiki. A cikin shekara ta 2000, tsohon Gwamnan Nebraska Michael Johanns (wanda daga baya ya zama Sakataren Aikin Noma na Amurka) ya ba da " Bill of Rights Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Meatpacking na Nebraska ," wanda ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikaci don tsarawa, aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da samun damar fa'idodin jihohi da tarayya. A cikin 2001, Majalisa ta soke wasu ka'idodin ergonomics na OSHA waɗanda gwamnatin Clinton ta amince da su. Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan sokewar.
Shamarpa
Yaren Shamarpa ( Tibetan
Shamarpa na farko, Drakpa Senggé ( Wylie, A shekara ta 1283 zuwa shekara ta 1349),  sun karɓi taken “Shamarpa”, da kambi mai launin ja, madaidaicin kwafin kambin Karmapa daga Rangjung Dorje, Karmapa na uku, yana kafa layin na biyu na lambobi na reincarnate a cikin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Karmapa shine na farko.
The 5th Dalai Lama saw the Shamarpa as equal to the Karmapa: "Since Je Chen-nga Thamchad Khyenpa Chokyi Dragpa (the Fourth Shamarpa) ascended the throne of the Phagdrupa dynasty, there was no longer any difference between the Red Hat and the Black Hat Karmapas. This was the reason why I afforded them both equal status.'"
Sunan mahaifi Shamarpa
An jera Shamarpa a matsayin reincarnations na gaba a cikin "The Garland of Moon Water Crystal" ta 8th Tai Situpa Chökyi Jungne da Belo Tsewang Künkhyab.
Sunan mahaifi Shamar
Bayan mutuwar Shamarpa na tara 9, an gano yara daban -daban guda biyu a matsayin wadanda za su iya zama 'yan takarar zama reincarnation: daya shine Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso, dan uwan dan Panchen Lama na 6; ɗayan kuma shine Könchok Garwang Gyatso (དཀོན་ མཆོག་ གར་ དབང་ རྒྱ་ མཚོ) na dangin Namseling (རྣམ་ སྲས་ གླིང). An warware rigimar da yawa: An jawo sunan Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso kuma an nada shi sarautar a matsayin Shamarpa ta goma 10. An kira Könchok Garwang Gyatso a matsayin Shamar Trisur ko "tsohon Shamarpa"; a cewar wasu asusun, "ya yi murabus" bayan cacar, yana nuna cewa da farko an naɗa shi sarauta. A kowane hali, Shamar Trisur ya zauna a gidan danginsa a Namseling Manor, kusa da Samye Monastery, kuma ya zama lama. Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1792, an gano reincarnation, yana kafa zuriyar da aka sani da suna Namling Shamar. Lamling Shamar na baya -bayan nan shi ne na biyar, wanda Karmapa sha biyar 15 shekara ta (1871 zuwa shekara ta 1922) ta gano shi kuma ya rayu har zuwa a shekara ta 1982.
Rigima
A cikin shekara ta 1792 gwamnatin Tibet ta zargi Shamarpa ta goma 10 da ingiza yaki tsakanin Tibet da Nepal. An fitar da shi daga jihar Tibet kuma an sanya haramcin sa a cikin abubuwan da zai zo nan gaba daga amincewa da shi a hukumance. Wani masanin ilimin Tibeto na zamani ya tabbatar da cewa wannan fassarar tarihin ba daidai ba ne kuma ya nuna cewa Shamarpa ce ta shiga tsakani a wannan rikici.
Sharhin Gyalwa Karmapa na goma sha shida akan wannan lokacin shine: “Girmama yana ƙara ƙanƙanta. Akwai tsangwamar siyasa da yawa. Baƙi ya zama fari. Hakikanin ya zama na gaskiya. A wancan lokacin ba abu ne mai yiyuwa ba a san wani ko sanin Shamarpa. An boye komai. Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki sun bayyana, amma ba a bayyana su ba. ” A shekarar 1963, bayan bukatar Karmapa ta sha shidda 16, gwamnatin Tibet da ke gudun hijira ta dage haramcin. An nada Shamar Rinpoche na 14 a sarauta, kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1979 ya fara aikin koyarwa mai yawa.
Wani sabani ya fara ne a shekara ta 1992, yayin neman da karrama Gyalwa Karmapa na goma sha bakwai 17. An sami rarrabuwa tsakanin Karma Kagyu sangha kan zaɓen 'yan takarar Karmapa guda biyu. Rikicin Karmapa yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da sarkakiya, kuma yana da asali a cikin tarihin Tibet na ƙiyayya, kuma yana da alaƙa da siyasar China da Indiya ma. 'Yan takarar Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje da Thaye Dorje sun hadu da juna, kuma sun ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa da ke kira da hadin kai, da fatan samun Shamar Rinpoche na sha biyar 15 tare.
14 Shamarpa
Shamarpa ta sha hudu 14 ita ce Mipham Chokyi Lodro, an haife shi a Derge, Tibet a shekara ta 1952. Yana ɗan shekara huɗu ya bayyana asalinsa a matsayin Shamarpa ta hanyar gane tsoffin sufaye daga gidan sufi na Yangpochen, wurin kakannin Shamarpas. Kawunsa, Karmapa na 16, ya gane shi a matsayin reincarnation na Shamarpa na baya. A cikin she KARA shekara ta 1964 Shamar Rinpoche na sha hudu 14 ya hau gadon sarauta a cikin gidan sufi na Rumtek na Karmapa. A wannan lokacin Karmapa ya rubuta waka:
Shamar Rinpoche ya karɓi duk tsarin koyarwar Kagyu daga Karmapa na sha bakwai 16. Ya kasance kusa da Karmapa na sha shidda 16 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1981.
Shamar Rinpoche yana sha'awar batun addinin Buddha da dimokuradiyya. Littafinsa "Samar da Dimokuraɗiyya Mai Fassara" ya shimfida wani tsari na kafa tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya na gaskiya wanda ke inganta walwala da wadata. Ya kuma kafa “Gidauniyar Tausayi Ta Ƙarshe” tare da dalilin inganta jin daɗin ɗan adam na dabbobin da aka kiwon don cin nama da sauran samfura.
Herpes simplex
Herpes simplex kamuwa da cuta ne na kwayar cutar da kwayar cutar ta herpes simplex ta haifar. An rarraba cututtuka bisa ga sashin jiki wanda ya kamu da cutar. Ciwon baki ya shafi fuska ko baki. Yana iya haifar da ƙananan blisters a cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda galibi ake kira ciwon sanyi ko kumburin zazzaɓi ko zai iya haifar da ciwon makogwaro kawai. Herpes na al'aura, sau da yawa kawai aka sani da herpes, na iya samun ƙananan alamun bayyanar cututtuka ko samar da blisters da ke buɗewa kuma suna haifar da ƙananan ulcers. Waɗannan yawanci suna warkar sama da makonni biyu zuwa huɗu. Tingling ko zafin harbi na iya faruwa kafin blisters su bayyana. Herpes na hawan keke tsakanin lokutan cututtuka masu aiki ya biyo bayan lokaci ba tare da alamun bayyanar ba. Lamarin na farko yakan fi tsanani kuma ana iya danganta shi da zazzaɓi, ciwon tsoka, kumburin kumburin lymph da ciwon kai. Bayan lokaci, abubuwan da ke faruwa na cututtuka masu aiki suna raguwa a mita da tsanani. Sauran cututtukan da ke haifar da herpes simplex sun haɗa da: herpetic whitlow lokacin da ya shafi yatsu, cutar herpes na ido, kamuwa da cutar herpes ta kwakwalwa, da ciwon daji na jarirai lokacin da ya shafi jariri, da sauransu.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don guje wa kamuwa da cututtukan al'aura ita ce ta hanyar guje wa jima'i a cikin farji, na baki, da kuma ta dubura. Amfani da kwaroron roba yana rage haɗari. Magungunan rigakafi na yau da kullun da wanda ke ɗauke da cutar zai iya rage yaɗuwa. Babu maganin rigakafi kuma da zarar an kamu da cutar, babu magani. Ana iya amfani da paracetamol (acetaminophen) da lidocaine na saman don taimakawa tare da alamun. Jiyya tare da maganin rigakafi irin su aciclovir ko valacclovir na iya rage tsananin alamun bayyanar cututtuka.
Ƙididdiga a duniya na ko dai HSV-1 ko HSV-2 suna tsakanin 60% da 95% a cikin manya. Yawancin lokaci ana samun HSV-1 a lokacin ƙuruciya. Adadin duka biyu yana ƙaruwa yayin da mutane suka tsufa. Adadin HSV-1 yana tsakanin kashi 70 zuwa 80 cikin 100 a cikin al'ummomi marasa matsayi na zamantakewa da 40% zuwa 60% a cikin yawan ingantattun matsayi na zamantakewa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 536 a duk duniya (16% na yawan jama'a) sun kamu da HSV-2 kamar na 2003 tare da mafi girma tsakanin mata da waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yawancin mutanen da ke da HSV-2 ba su gane cewa sun kamu da cutar ba. Sunan ya fito daga Girkanci: ἕρπης herpēs, wanda ke da alaƙa da ma'anar "zuwa rarrafe", yana nufin yaɗa blisters. Sunan baya nufin latti.
Remi Kabaka
Remi Kabaka (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1945) dan wasan Afro-rock ne. Ya yi aiki tare da John Martyn, Hugh Masekela, a kan Rhythm of the Saints na Paul Simon, da kuma Short Cut Draw Blood na Jim Capaldi. Ya kuma kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin shekarun 1970s afro-jazz scene, ya kirkiro kiɗa ga fim din Black Goddess.
Gidan Tarihi na gida na Badagry
Gidan Tarihi na gida na Badagry wani gidan tarihi ne a Badagry, Nijeriya wanda ke a ofishin hafsan hafsoshi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta gina a shekarar 1863.
Ɓangaren kare muhalli na gwamnati
Ministan muhalli (wani lokaci ministan muhalli ko sakataren muhalli ) mukamin majalisar zartarwa ne da aka dorawa alhakin kare muhalli da inganta namun daji.Yankunan da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ministar muhalli sun dogara da bukatun ƙasashe ko jihohi.
Ministan muhalli na farko a duniya shi ne dan siyasar Birtaniya Peter Walker daga jam'iyyar Conservative. An nada shi a shekara ta Dari tara da saba'in (1970).
Mahmoud Gad
Mahmoud Gad (an haife shi 1 Oktoba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998A.c) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar ENPPI a gasar Firimiya ta Masar.
Tawagar wasan hockey na mata na Afirka ta Kudu na wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu
Tawagar wasan hockey na mata na Afirka ta Kudu na wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a wasannin hockey na kasa da kasa da kuma gasa.
Tawagar ta yanzu
An sanar da ƙungiyar Olympics ta 2020 a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2021.
Babban koci: Robin van Ginkel
Haƙƙin dokar uwar duniya
Dokar Haƙƙin Uwar Duniya ( Spanish  ) wata doka ce ta Bolivia ( Dokar 071 ta Plurinational State), wacce Majalisar Dokokin Plurinational ta Bolivia ta zartar a cikin Disamba shekarata 2010. An samo wannan dokar labarin guda 10 daga ɓangaren farko na dogon daftarin doka, wanda Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai ta tsara kuma ta fitar a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010.
Doka ta bayyana Uwar Duniya a matsayin "batun gamayya na sha'awar jama'a," kuma ta bayyana duka Uwar Duniya da tsarin rayuwa (waɗanda suka haɗu da al'ummomin ɗan adam da yanayin muhalli) a matsayin masu mallakar haƙƙoƙin da aka kayyade a cikin doka. Doka ta takaice ta yi shelar ƙirƙirar Defensoría de la Madre Tierra takwararta ga ofishin kare hakkin ɗan adam da aka sani da Defensoría del Pueblo, amma ya bar tsarinsa da ƙirƙirar ga doka ta gaba.
An zartar da wani nau'in lissafin da ya fi tsayi da yawa a matsayin Tsare Tsaren Mulki na Uwar Duniya da Haɗin Kai don Rayuwa Lafiya ( Spanish  ; Dokar 300) ranar 15 ga Oktoba, shekarata shekarata 2012.
Zuba jarin yanayi tare da hakki
Doka ta bayyana Uwar Duniya a matsayin "...tsarin rayuwa mai kuzari wanda al'ummar da ba za a iya raba su ba na dukkan tsarin rayuwa da halittu masu rai wadanda ke da alaka da juna, masu dogaro da juna, da ma'amala, wadanda ke da makoma guda daya; ta kara da cewa "Uwar Duniya tana dauke da tsarki a cikinta. ra'ayin duniya na 'yan asali da al'ummomi.
A wannan tsarin ana daukar 'yan adam da al'ummominsu a matsayin wani bangare na uwa duniya, ta hanyar hadewa cikin " Tsarin rayuwa " wanda aka ayyana da "...rikitattun al'ummomin tsirrai, dabbobi, kananan halittu da sauran halittu a muhallinsu, a cikin wanda al'ummomin ɗan adam da sauran yanayi suna hulɗa a matsayin ƙungiya mai aiki, ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin yanayi, physiographic da abubuwan geologic, da kuma ayyuka masu amfani da bambancin al'adu na Bolivia na duka jinsi, da kuma ra'ayoyin duniya na al'ummomi da al'ummomi na asali. al'ummomin tsakanin al'adu da kuma Afro-Bolivia. Ana iya ganin wannan ma'anar a matsayin ƙarin ma'anar ma'anar halittu saboda ta haɗa da yanayin zamantakewa, da Kuma al'adu da tattalin arziki na al'ummomin ɗan adam.
Har ila yau, dokar ta kafa yanayin shari'a na Uwar Duniya a matsayin "batun gamayya na bukatun jama'a ", Kuma don tabbatar da aiki da kare hakkinta. Ta hanyar baiwa Uwar Duniya halayya ta doka, zata iya, ta hanyar wakilanta (mutane), ta kawo wani mataki na kare hakkinta. Bugu da ƙari, faɗin cewa Uwar Duniya tana da muradin jama'a yana wakiltar babban sauyi daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam zuwa ƙarin hangen nesa na al'ummar Duniya.
Abun ciki
Dokar ta lissafta takamaiman haƙƙoƙi guda bakwai waɗanda Uwar Duniya da tsarin rayuwarta, gami da al'ummomin ɗan adam, ke da hakki:
Zayyanawa da tsarin doka
Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai (wanda ya tattara manyan ƴan asalin ƙasar Bolivia da ƙungiyoyin campesino ) sun tsara dogon juzu'in Doka tsakanin taron jama'ar duniya na Afrilu shekarata 2010 akan Canjin yanayi da 'yancin Uwar Duniya da Oktoba shekarar 2010, lokacin da suka gama sigar ƙarshe a cikin tare da wani kwamiti na Majalisar Dokoki ta Plurinational, Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Bolivia, da tawagar lauyoyi na ci gaban tsarin mulki daga ofishin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Daga baya, an amince da gajeriyar juzu'i goma tare da Sanata Freddy Bersatti da Mataimakin Galo Silvestre, wanda Majalisar Dokoki za ta zartar a cikin Disamba shekarata 2010. An garzaya da gajeren sigar ta yadda shugaba Evo Morales ya gabatar da shi a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarata 2010.
Ana sa ran Majalisar za ta yi la'akari da Dokar Tsarin Mulki a cikin shekarar 2011, amma ba. A cikin Fabrairun shekarata 2012, Sanata Eugenio Rojas, wanda ke jagorantar tawagar jam'iyyar, ya bayyana dokar a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka sa a gaba a cikin shekarar 2012. An ƙaddamar da shi a watan Oktoba shekarata 2012.
Mohamed Abou Gabal
Mohamed Qotb Abou Gabal Ali (Larabci: محمد قطب أبو جبل علي; an haife shi 29 ga Janairun shekarar 1989), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Gabaski, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Masar wato Egypt wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kulob din Zamalek na Premier na Masar da kuma tawagar kasar Masar.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Gabaski ya kasance cikin tawagar Masar don gasar Afcon 2021 (wanda aka gudanar a 2022). An kawo shi ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a karawar da Masar ta yi da Ivory Coast a zagaye na 16. Ya ceci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Eric Bailly, inda ya taimakawa Masar ta ci gaba. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe Gabaski ya fara wasan amma an sauya shi a cikin karin lokaci saboda raunin da ya samu a tsoka, duk da cewa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a wasan. A wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe ya ceci bugun fanareti biyu daga Kamaru sannan ya taimakawa Masar ta kai wasan karshe. Bugu da kari, ya kuma ture fenaritin mane a wasan karshe na AFCON.
Girmamawa
ENPPI
Zamalek
Endometrial Kansa
Ciwon daji na endometrial ciwon daji ne da ke tasowa daga endometrium ( rufin mahaifa ko mahaifa). Sakamakon rashin girma na sel wanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Alamar farko ita ce mafi yawan zubar jinin al'ada ba tare da haɗuwa da haila ba. Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da jin zafi tare da fitsari, jin zafi yayin jima'i, ko ciwon ƙashin ƙugu. Ciwon daji na endometrial yana faruwa mafi yawanci bayan menopause.
Kusan 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba. Ciwon daji na endometrial kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan bayyanar isrogen, hawan jini da ciwon sukari. Ganin cewa shan estrogen kadai yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, shan duka estrogen da progestogen a hade, kamar yadda a yawancin kwayoyin hana haihuwa, yana rage haɗarin. Tsakanin kashi biyu zuwa biyar na al'amuran suna da alaƙa da kwayoyin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye. Ciwon daji na endometrial wani lokaci ana kiransa da “ Cancer mahaifa ” ko da yake ya bambanta da sauran nau'in kansar mahaifa kamar kansar mahaifa, sarcoma na mahaifa, da cututtukan trophoblastic. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na endometrial shine ciwon daji na endometrioid, wanda ke da fiye da 80% na lokuta. Ciwon daji na endometrial yawanci ana gano shi ta hanyar biopsy endometrial ko ta hanyar ɗaukar samfura yayin hanyar da aka sani da dilation da curettage. Binciken Pap ba yawanci isa ya nuna ciwon daji na endometrial ba. Ba a buƙatar yin bincike na yau da kullun a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin al'ada ba.
Babban zaɓin magani don ciwon daji na endometrial shine hysterectomy na ciki (jimlar cirewa ta hanyar tiyata na mahaifa), tare da cire tubes na Fallopian da ovaries a bangarorin biyu, wanda ake kira salpingo-oophorectomy na biyu. A cikin lokuta masu ci gaba, ana iya ba da shawarar maganin radiation, chemotherapy ko maganin hormone. Idan an gano cutar a farkon matakin, sakamakon yana da kyau, kuma jimlar shekaru biyar na rayuwa a Amurka ya fi 80%.
Ahmed Abou El Fotouh
Ahmed Abou El Fotouh (Larabci: أحمد أبو الفتوح; an haife shi 22 ga Maris 1998), wani lokaci ana kiransa da laƙabinsa Fatouh (Larabci: فتوح), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a Zamalek na gasar firimiya ta Masar, da kuma tawagar ƙasar Masar a matsayin ɗan wasa Hagu-baya.
Endometrial Kansa
A cikin 2012, ciwon daji na endometrial ya faru a cikin 320,000 mata kuma ya haifar da 76,000 mutuwa. Wannan ya sa ya zama na uku mafi yawan sanadin mutuwa a cikin cututtukan daji waɗanda ke shafar mata kawai, bayan ciwon daji na ovarian da mahaifa. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma shi ne cutar kansar da aka fi sani da bangaren haihuwa na mata a kasashen da suka ci gaba. Adadin ciwon daji na endometrial ya karu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2010. An yi imanin hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar yawan tsofaffi da karuwar yawan kiba.
Alamomi
Zubar da jini ko tabo a cikin mata bayan menopause yana faruwa a kashi 90% na ciwon daji na endometrial. Jini yana da yawa musamman tare da adenocarcinoma, yana faruwa a kashi biyu bisa uku na duk lokuta. Rashin hawan hawan haila ko tsayi mai tsayi, nauyi, ko yawan zubar jini a cikin mata kafin lokacin al'ada yana iya zama alamar ciwon daji na endometrial.
Ahmed Abou El Fotouh
Ahmed Abou El Fotouh ya taka leda a wasan karshe na AFCON na 2021 da Senegal.
Endometrial Kansa
Alamomi
Alamun da banda zubar jini ba a saba gani ba. Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da bakin ciki fari ko bayyananniyar fitar farji a cikin matan da suka shude. Ciwon da ya ci gaba yana nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka ko alamun da za a iya gano su akan gwajin jiki. Mahaifa na iya kara girma ko ciwon daji na iya yaduwa, yana haifar da ciwon ciki na ƙasa ko ƙumburi. Jima'i mai radadi ko fitsari mai radadi ko wahalar fitsari ba su da yawa alamun ciwon daji na endometrial. Haka kuma mahaifar na iya cika da majina (pyometrea ). Daga cikin matan da ke da waɗannan ƙananan alamun bayyanar cututtuka (fitowar farji, ciwon ƙwai, da maƙarƙashiya), 10-15% suna da ciwon daji.
Abubuwan haɗari
Abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da kiba, ciwon sukari mellitus, ciwon nono, amfani da tamoxifen, ba tare da haihuwa ba, marigayi menopause, babban matakan estrogen, da karuwar shekaru. Nazarin shige-da-fice (nazarin ƙaura), waɗanda ke nazarin canjin haɗarin cutar kansa a cikin yawan jama'a da ke motsawa tsakanin ƙasashen da ke fama da cutar kansa daban-daban, ya nuna cewa akwai wasu abubuwan muhalli don ciwon daji na endometrial. Waɗannan abubuwan haɗari na muhalli ba su da kyau sosai.
Hormones
Yawancin abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da manyan matakan estrogens. An kiyasta kashi 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba. A cikin kiba, yawan adadin adipose nama yana haɓaka jujjuyawar androstenedione zuwa estrone, estrogen. Matsayin mafi girma na estrone a cikin jini yana haifar da ƙasa ko babu ovulation kuma yana fallasa endometrium zuwa ci gaba da manyan matakan estrogens. Kiba kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin cire isrogen daga jini. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa ko rashin daidaituwa, yana da alaƙa da ƙimar ciwon daji na endometrial saboda dalilai iri ɗaya da kiba. Musamman, kiba, nau'in Ciwon sukari na II, da juriya na insulin sune abubuwan haɗari ga Nau'in Na ciwon daji na endometrial. Kiba yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da 300-400%.
Maganin maye gurbin estrogen a lokacin menopause lokacin da ba daidai ba (ko "masu adawa") tare da progestin wani abu ne mai haɗari. Mafi girma allurai ko tsawon lokaci na maganin isrogen yana da haɗari mafi girma na ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu ƙananan nauyi suna cikin haɗari mafi girma daga isrogen mara nauyi. Tsawon lokacin haihuwa-ko dai daga farkon hailar farko ko kuma ƙarshen menopause - shima yana da haɗari. Estrogen ba tare da hamayya ba yana haɓaka haɗarin mutum na ciwon daji na endometrial da 2-10 ninka, dangane da nauyi da tsawon jiyya. A cikin maza waɗanda suka ɗauki testosterone kuma ba su sami hysterectomy ba, canzawar testosterone zuwa estrogen ta hanyar androstenedione na iya haifar da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial.
Genetics
Hakanan cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan gado suna ba da gudummawa ga 2-10% na cututtukan daji na endometrial. Lynch ciwo, wani autosomal rinjaye kwayoyin cuta wanda yafi haifar da ciwon daji na colorectal, kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, musamman ma kafin menopause. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna da 40-60% hadarin tasowa ciwon daji na endometrial, fiye da hadarin bunkasa launin launi (hanji) ko ciwon daji na ovarian. Ciwon daji na Ovarian da endometrial suna haɓaka lokaci guda a cikin 20% na mutane. Ciwon daji na endometrial kusan koyaushe yana tasowa kafin ciwon hanji, a matsakaici, 11 shekaru kafin. Carcinogenesis a cikin ciwo na Lynch ya fito ne daga maye gurbi a cikin MLH1 ko MLH2 : kwayoyin halittar da ke shiga cikin tsarin gyaran gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa, wanda ke ba da damar tantanin halitta don gyara kuskure a cikin DNA. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da suka rikide a cikin cutar Lynch sun hada da MSH2, MSH6, da PMS2, wadanda kuma kwayoyin halittar da ba su dace ba ne. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna wakiltar 2-3% na ciwon daji na endometrial; Wasu kafofin sun sanya wannan har zuwa 5%. Dangane da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta, matan da ke fama da cutar Lynch suna da haɗari daban-daban na ciwon daji na endometrial. Tare da maye gurbin MLH1, haɗarin shine 54%; tare da MSH2, 21%; kuma tare da MSH6, 16%.
Mata masu tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na endometrial suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. Kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da aka fi danganta su da wasu ciwon daji na mata, BRCA1 da BRCA2, ba sa haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Akwai wata alaka a fili da wadannan kwayoyin halitta amma ana danganta ta da amfani da tamoxifen, maganin da kansa zai iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, a cikin nono da kuma ciwon daji na ovarian. Halin halittar da aka gada Cowden ciwo kuma na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu wannan cuta suna da kashi 5-10% Hadarin rayuwa na haɓaka ciwon daji na endometrial, idan aka kwatanta da 2-3% kasadar ga matan da ba su shafa ba.
An kuma gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun don shafar haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin manyan nazarin ƙungiyar genome-fadi. An danganta yankuna goma sha shida na genomic tare da ciwon daji na endometrial kuma bambance-bambancen gama gari suna bayyana kusan kashi 7% na haɗarin dangi.
Sauran matsalolin lafiya
Wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna ƙara haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon daji na endometrial, wanda shine tushen 2-3%. Tamoxifen, maganin da ake amfani da shi don magance ciwon nono na estrogen-tabbatacce, an danganta shi da ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin kusan 0.1% na masu amfani, musamman tsofaffi mata, amma fa'idodin rayuwa daga tamoxifen gabaɗaya ya fi haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial. Kwas ɗin tamoxifen na shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu yana kusan ninka haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, kuma tsarin jiyya na shekaru biyar yana ninka haɗarin. Raloxifene, irin wannan magani, bai tada haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial ba. A baya can ciwon daji na kwai yana da haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial, kamar yadda ake yi na rediyo a baya zuwa ƙashin ƙugu. Musamman, ciwace-ciwacen kwayar halitta na ovarian granulosa da thecomas sune ciwace-ciwacen da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji na endometrial.
Ƙananan aikin rigakafi kuma yana da tasiri a cikin ciwon daji na endometrial. Hawan jini kuma abu ne mai haɗari, amma wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda alaƙarsa da kiba. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na endometrial. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi.
Tarihi da al'adu
Ciwon daji na endometrial ba a san shi sosai a wurin jama'a ba, duk da yawansa. Akwai ƙananan fahimtar alamun, wanda zai iya haifar da ganewar asali da kuma rayuwa mafi muni.
Mahmoud Alaa
Mahmoud Alaa Eldin Mahmoud Ibrahim (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da daya 1991A.c) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zamalek ta Masar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Masar. Ya yi takara ga tawagar Masar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012.
Kwamitocin Hukumomin Muhalli
Hukumomin muhalli iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya Duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin duniya a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, za su iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa; wasu don takamaiman batutuwan batutuwa. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yanki.
Ayola Ayola
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ayolola a Kano, arewacin Najeriya. Shi ne babba a cikin yara biyar. Ya halarci Jami'ar Alkawari, Ota, Jihar Ogun inda ya yi karatun ilmin sunadarai.
Shirin Shahararren Yammacin Afirka
Ayolola ya lashe karo na 5 na Project Fame West Africa, inda aka ba shi kyautar mota, farashin tsabar kudi naira miliyan 2.5 da yarjejeniyar rikodin shekara. A baya ya shiga wani gasa na waka na Nigerian Idol inda aka kore shi a zagaye na farko bayan ya yi 12 na karshe.
Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo
Ayolola ya dakatar da aikinsa na kiɗa don yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2015, ya fito a matsayin Mide a cikin jerin YouTube Skinny Girl in Transit daga baya. Ya kuma fito a fina-finai kamar Isoken.