cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Archibong Omon
Karatu da Aiki
St George's Anglican School, Zaria, Practising School, Uzuakoli, Methodist College, Uzuakoli, 1960-66, Federal' School of Arts, Science and Technology, Lagos, 1968, Ahmadu Bello Univer-sity, Zaria,1969-74, Malami a 1967, clerk, Nigerian Ports Authority, 1968, ya shiga Max Lock Town Planning Consultancy, yayi town planner Na Cross River State Government, bayannan presidential assistant for National Assembly Affairs 1983, dan kungiyar Nigerian Institute of Town Planning, 1976.
Ọrunmila
Madogaran tarihi da na adabi
Ana kiransa da suna mai daraja " Igbákejì Olódùmarè " (na biyu a mulkin Olodumare ) kuma " Wilderìí ìpín " (witness of fate). Firistocin Ifá ana kiransu babalawo da limaman Ifá ana kiransu iyanifas.
Bad Roads (Fim)
Bad Roads ( yaren Плохие дороги) fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ne na harshen Rashanci na Ukraine wanda Nataliia Vorozhbyt ta ba da umarni kuma an sake shi a cikin 2020. An gudanar da wasan farko na duniya a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2020 a Makon Masu sukar Kasa da Kasa na Venice karo na 35, inda aka nuna shi a gasar. A cikin Satumba 2021 an zaɓi shi azaman shigarwar Yukren don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim na Duniya a Kyautar Kwalejin ta 94th.
Ọrunmila
Madogaran tarihi da na adabi
Ana daukar Orunmila a matsayin mai hikima, sanin cewa Olodumare na dauke da Ori (ilimin fahimta) a cikinsa a matsayin babban Orisha. Ori ne zai iya yin ceto kuma ya shafi gaskiyar mutum fiye da kowane Orisha.
Bad Roads (Fim)
Labarin shiri
An dauki gajerun shirin huɗu a kan hanyoyin Donbass a lokacin yaƙin. Babu wurare zaman lafiya kuma babu wanda zai iya fahimtar abin da ke faruwa. Duk da cewa sun makale a cikin hargitsi, wasu suna yin amfani da iko akan wasu. Amma a wannan duniyar, inda gobe ba za ta taɓa zuwa ba, ba kowa ba ne mara tsaro da baƙin ciki. Hatta wadanda abin ya shafa ba su da laifi, na iya samun nasu nasu wajen daukar nauyi.
'Yan wasa
Manyan jaruman fim:
Ọrunmila
Bokanci da qaddamarwa
Awo a kowace al'ada na nazarin Odu guda 256; A al'adance kowane Odu yana dauke da labarai da addu'o'in da aka ba su tun lokacin da Orunmila ya yi tafiya a duniya a matsayin Annabi.
Wasu zuri'ar farko suna da limaman Orunmila maza kawai, yayin da sauran zuriyar sun haɗa da limamai mata. Kalmar " Awo ", ma'ana "asiri" lakabi ne na tsaka-tsakin jinsi ga bokayen na Orunmila. Muhawarar da ke tattare da jinsi ta samo asali ne na bambance-bambance a tarihin Ifá a wurare daban-daban. A Latin Amurka da wasu yankuna na Afirka ta Yamma, maza ne kawai za su iya zama cikakkun firistoci na Orunmila, yayin da a wasu yankuna na Afirka ta Yamma aikin firist a buɗe yake ga mata. Masu aikin Ifá sun yi imani da duality a rayuwa: maza suna wanzuwa saboda ainihin mace kuma mata suna wanzu saboda ainihin namiji, don haka kowace babbar al'ada ko bikin ya ƙunshi duka jinsi.
Tanda rami
Ramin Tanda (ko Tanda Archaeological Site ) kusa da garin Mityana, Uganda, rukuni ne na ramukan madauwari sama da 240 a cikin dajin. An ce Walumbe ne ya haifar da su, babban hali a cikin tatsuniyar halittar Kintu. Walumbe mutum ne na mutuwa, kuma idan aka tilasta masa komawa sama, sai ya taka kasa yana bude ramuka ya buya
Ọrunmila
Bokanci da qaddamarwa
Kowane stanza na Ifá yana da kashi ɗaya da aka keɓe don batun koyar da Iwa da goyon baya Ifá ke. Wannan Iwa, wanda Ifá ke na koyar da tsarin addini, shine tushen kowane ɗan adam, kuma yana ba da alhaki na jama'a, zamantakewa da jama'a wanda Olodumare ke tallafawa. Babban mahimmanci ga wannan shi ne jigon adalci da aikata kyawawan halaye.
Tanda rami
Wuri
Wurin binciken kayan tarihi ya ta'allaka ne a kudancin titin Fort Portal kimanin kilomita 48 yamma da Busega Roundabout na Kampala da kilomita 9 gabas da Otal din Enro a Mityana. Yana da kusan kilomita 2 daga mahadar zuwa gate ɗin shiga.
Dubawa
An yi imanin cewa tanda Pits ne inda Walumbe, ɗan'uwan Nambi, wanda ita ce matar Kintu (Muganda ta farko) ke zaune. An ce an halicci ramukan ne yayin da Walumbe ke gudun wani dan uwansa (Kayikuzi), wanda sai da ya mayar da shi sama. A cewar almara, akwai mutum ɗaya da ke rayuwa a duniya, kuma sunansa Kintu. Ggulu, mahaliccin kowa, ya rayu a sama tare da ’ya’yansa, wadanda wani lokaci sukan sauko duniya su yi wasa. ’Yar Ggulu Nambi ta yi sha’awar Kintu ta yanke shawarar aurensa. Bayan Ggulu daga karshe ta amince, aka yi mata nasiha da ta bar gidansu na sama a nutsu, don kada Walumbe, sanadin wahala da mutuwa ya bi ta. Sai dai kash, Nambi ta manta ba ta kawo mata abincin kaji ba ta yanke shawarar komawa. Walumbe, wanda ya yi zargin cewa wani abu yana tafiya, ya sauko zuwa Duniya tare da Nambi, don haka ya kawo mutuwa da wahala. Ggulu ya fusata sosai da dansa Walumbe, ya umarci dan uwansa, Kayikuzi, ya mayar da shi sama. Walumbe ya yanke shawarar rikitar da mai binsa ta hanyar binnewa wurare daban-daban a cikin kasa. Daga ƙarshe, Kayikuzi ya daina nemansa ya koma sama. Walumbe ya sake fitowa a Tanda ya zauna a duniya, ya kawo mutuwa da cuta ga mutane.
Aregay Waktola
Aregay Waktola (an haifeshi ranar 23 ga watan Nuwanba, 1943) a Shoa na ƙasar habasha, ya kasance Mai ilimi ne a fannin Noma.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Yaki na iya yin illa sosai ga muhalli, kuma kasashen da ke fada da juna sukan sanya bukatun aiki a gaban matsalolin muhalli na tsawon lokacin yakin. An tsara wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakance wannan cutarwar muhalli.
Arain Shafiq
Arain Shafiq (An haifeshi ranar 20 ga watan Nuwanba, 1933) a Tororo, Uganda, yakasance dan siyasa ne na kasar.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Yaki da ayyukan soji suna da tasirin illa ga muhalli. Makamai, motsin sojoji, nakiyoyin ƙasa, ƙirƙira da lalata gine-gine, lalata dazuzzuka ta hanyar lalata ko amfani da sojoji gabaɗaya, guba daga tushen ruwa, harbin dabbobi don yin aiki, cinye nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari saboda rashin bege da sauransu, wasu ne kawai. daga cikin misalan yadda ayyukan soji na yaƙi da lokacin zaman lafiya (kamar horo, ginin tushe, da safarar makamai) ke cutar da muhalli. Ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci da guba rijiya  misalai ne na gargajiya na irin wannan tasirin. Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun hada da zubar da mai da wutar da Iraki ta yi a Kuwait 1990/1991, da karancin amfani da Uraniyom a Kosovo 1999, iskar gas da ake amfani da su a Afghanistan tun 2101.
Aregay Waktola
Karatu da aiki
Hailemariam Mamo Secondary School, 1957-60, College of Agriculture, Alemaya, 1962-67, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin, USA, 1967-69, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 1972-75; mai jagoraci a, Department of Agriculture, Alemaya, bayannan yayi acting dean, College of Agriculture, Alemaya, aka bashi academic programmes officer, Addis Ababa University, 1978, dan  kungiyar American Association for the Advancement of Science in Africa.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Daga mahangar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Sai dai wannan labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan muhalli kuma da zaran kasashen biyu ke fafatawa da shi, lamarin ya zama wani abin da ya shafi kasashen duniya. Don haka, dokokin muhalli na kasa da kasa da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke aiwatarwa shine abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a nan. Dokar tashe-tashen hankula ba ta da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan dokokin duniya. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai ke da iko da hurumin tsara ci gabansa da aiwatar da shi, ko kuma sanya ido kan yadda ake kiyaye shi.
Arain Shafiq
Karatu da aiki
Government School, Kampala, Regent Street Polytechnic, London, University of Nottingham, England, dan kungiyar Ugandan Parliament, 1962-71, dan kungiyar East African Legislative Assembly, 1963-71, dan kungiyar Ugandan Cabinet, East African minister for Common Market and Economic Affairs, 1970, yayi East African minister for Communications, Research and Social Services, 1970, yayi murabus a 1971, yayi managing director, Leanara Limited, also managing director, Saftgate Limited, England, 1971, yayi  chairman, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Uganda Branch, Dan kungiyar na Board of Tanzania University College, 1966-67, yayi chairman, Nakivubo War Memorial Stadium, 1964-65.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da takaddun doka masu sauki sun yi magana game da kare muhalli a lokutan rikici na makamai da ayyukan soja. Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ILC) ta tsara Dokar Laifin bisa kan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam (1954).
Ahmed Ali (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1986)
Ahmed Ali Kamel Mohammed Gharib ( أحمد علي  ; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan  Mayu shekarar 1986), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar wanda ya taka leda a gefen bankin ƙasar Masar na Premier League, da kuma tawagar ƙasar Masar a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi
“Dole ne a kiyaye dan Adam da muhallinsa daga illar makamin nukiliya da sauran hanyoyin lalata jama’a. Dole ne jihohi su yi ƙoƙari don cimma yarjejeniya cikin gaggawa, a cikin sassan duniya da suka dace, game da kawar da kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya Ƙa'ida ta 26 sanarwar Stockholm 1972  Babi na 11 na Rahoton Brundtland: Aminci, Tsaro, Ci gaba, da Muhalli. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta 1982 "Za a kiyaye yanayi daga lalacewa ta hanyar yaƙi ko wasu ayyukan maƙiya."
Ahmed Ali (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1986)
A halin yanzu yana bugawa kungiyar Haras El-Hodood FC.
An sake kiransa da tawagar kasar Masar a watan Mayun na shekarar 2019, bayan rashin shekaru 8.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi
“Yaki a zahiri yana lalata ci gaba mai dorewa. Don haka kasashe za su mutunta dokokin kasa da kasa da ke ba da kariya ga muhalli a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma hada kai wajen ci gabanta, kamar yadda ya dace" Ka'ida ta 24 1992 Sanarwar Rio → sakin layi na 39.6 na Ajanda 21: "Ya kamata a yi la'akari da matakan da suka dace da dokokin kasa da kasa. don magance, a lokutan rikice-rikice na makamai, lalata muhalli mai yawa wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa".
Kudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 47/37 (1992) ya tanadi: gina muhalli, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma a aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a fili ya saba wa dokokin duniya da ake da su."
Dokar yarjejeniya
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi ko ayyukan soja.
Iraki ta kasance abin dogaro a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don lalacewar muhalli da lalata albarkatun kasa sakamakon mamayewa da mamaye Kuwait ba bisa ka'ida ba:Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri na 687 (1991).
"Lalacewar yanayi, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma ana aiwatar da ita ba kawai ba, ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa da ake da su." Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 47/37 (1992).
A 1977 Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyara yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yerjejeniyar tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja. Yarjejeniyar tana da iyakance iyaka kawai. Ya haramtawa ɓangarorin shiga cikin 'soja ko duk wani amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri a matsayin hanyar lalata, lalacewa ko rauni' ga kowace ƙungiya ← Agent Orange amfani a Vietnam.
Dokokin kasa da kasa na yaki da rikice-rikicen makami da dokokin kare muhalli gaba daya
Mafarin farawa shine cewa yanayin yanayi abu ne na farar hula a karkashin dokar jin kai ta duniya. Sai dai in ba haka ba, mazauna da mayaƙan suna "ƙarƙashin kariya da tsarin ka'idodin dokokin al'ummai, saboda sun samo asali ne daga amfani da aka kafa tsakanin al'ummomi masu wayewa, daga dokokin bil'adama da kuma ra'ayin jama'a": ' Martens Sashe '( Preamble, 1907 Hague Convention 4 mutunta Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa). Art. 22 ta iyakance haƙƙin mayaƙan yin amfani da hanyoyin cutar da abokan gaba.
Fasaha. 35 (3) (haramcin hanyoyin) da 55 (ayyukan kulawa) na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar i zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva (fadi amma ba yarda da duniya ba) suna ba da ƙarin kariya ga muhalli. "A hade, waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun ƙunshi babban wajibi don kare yanayin yanayi daga lalacewa, dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar lalacewar muhalli haramcin hanyoyi da hanyoyin yaki waɗanda aka yi niyya, ko kuma ana iya sa ran, don haifar da irin wannan lalacewa; da kuma haramcin kai hare-hare a kan mahalli ta hanyar ramuwar gayya para 31, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ kan Makaman Nukiliya 1996; duba kuma aikace-aikacen ICJ Yugoslavia v UK 1999, DR Congo da Rwanda 2002.
"Uganda, ta hanyar ayyukan kwasar ganima, wawashewa da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa na Kongo da sojojin Uganda suka aikata a cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwongo, da kuma rashin cika nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta a matsayinta na mamaya a gundumar Ituri. hana ayyukan wawashewa, wawashewa da almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa na Kongo, keta hakkin da ake bin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa": Hukuncin ICJ DR Congo da Uganda (Ayyukan Armed Akan Yankin Kongo) 2005.
“Ayyuka ko na’urorin da ke dauke da dakaru masu hadari, wato madatsun ruwa, dike da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, ba za a mayar da su abin kai hari ba, ko da kuwa wadannan abubuwa ne na soji, idan irin wannan harin na iya haifar da sakin dakarun da ke da hatsari da kuma asara mai tsanani a tsakanin su. farar hula." art. 15 na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 2 (rikicin makami na duniya, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba fiye da AP I); makamancin haka art. 56(1) na 1977 Ƙarin Ƙa'idar I don rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya.
“Da gangan kaddamar da hari da sanin cewa irin wannan harin zai haifar da hasarar rayuka ko jikkata ga farar hula ko lahani ga farar hula ko kuma yaduwa, na dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar illa ga muhallin da zai wuce gona da iri a fili dangane da siminti kuma kai tsaye gabaɗayan fa'idar soji da ake tsammani" laifi ne na yaƙi, kasancewar "mummunan keta dokoki da al'adun da ake aiwatarwa a cikin rikice-rikicen makami na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa" art. 8 (2) (b) (iv) Dokar Rome ta Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya.
A taƙaice: “Ƙa'idodin gama gari kan gudanar da yaƙi sun shafi yanayin yanayi: A. Ba wani ɓangare na yanayin da za a iya kai hari ba, sai dai idan manufar soja ce. B. An haramta lalata kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi, sai dai idan an buƙata ta hanyar larura ta soja. C. Kaddamar da wani hari a kan manufar soji wanda ana iya sa ran zai haifar da lahani ga muhalli wanda zai wuce gona da iri dangane da siminti da fa'idar soja kai tsaye da ake tsammani an haramta" ICRC Customary IHL Rule 43 (Aikace-aikacen Babban Ka'idoji akan Gudanar da Yaki ga Muhallin Halitta). Wasu jihohi sun dage irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin (gami da. Ƙarin Protocol I) kawai ya shafi makamai na al'ada kuma ba su shafi makaman nukiliya ba. Duba kuma Dokoki 44 (saboda la'akari) da 45 (lalacewa mai tsanani).
Ka'idojin daftarin ILC game da kare muhalli dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai : Wakiliya ta musamman Marie G. Jacobsson ta yi la'akari daga 2013 zuwa 2015 wajibai kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan rikicin makami da kuma gabatar da daftarin jus 5 a cikin ka'idodin bello (daidaitacce, bambanci, taka tsantsan, kiyayewa). babu ramuwa, yankunan kariya) da sauransu. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman Marja Lehto ya ci gaba a cikin 2018 tare da wasu daftarin ka'idoji guda 21 da suka shafi dukkan matakai 3 da kuma sana'a. Ya zuwa tsakiyar 2019, wasu ka'idoji 28 (ciki har da 'yan wasan da ba na jiha ba) kwamitin da aka zayyana ya amince da shi na ɗan lokaci tare da sassa masu zuwa: Gabatarwa - Ka'idodin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya - Ka'idodin da suka dace yayin rikicin makami - Ka'idodin da suka dace a yanayin ma'aikata Ka’idojin da ake amfani da su bayan rikicin makami.
Dokokin muhalli na duniya a lokacin yaƙi da rikice-rikicen makamai
Wasu yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun bayyana tanadi game da sojoji da rikice-rikice; Wasu suna buƙatar dogara ga rebus sic stantibus (art. 62 VCLT) don fassarawa a lokacin yaƙi → 2011 ILC Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties : Muhalli yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba sai dai idan an bayyana wani tanadi.
Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war)
Ra'ayi mai ba da shawara na Kotun Duniya kan Halaccin Barazana ko Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya ya ɗauki yanayi a matsayin ƙaramin batu game da halaccin yakin makamin nuclear amma ba ta ga an haramta duk wani yaƙin makamin nuclear ba.
Tafkin Ichkeul
Tafkin Ichkeul (Larabci: بحيرة اشكل) tabki ne a arewacin Tunisiya, mai tazarar kilomita 20 (mil 12) zuwa Bizerte, birni mafi girma a arewacin Afirka a kan Tekun Bahar Rum. Tafki da wuraren dausayi na Gidan shakatawa na kasa na Ichkeul muhimmin wurin tsayawa ne ga dubban ɗaruruwan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kowace shekara. Daga cikin maziyartan tafkin akwai agwagi, dawa, storks, da ruwan hoda. Gina madatsar ruwa a magudanan ruwa na tabkin ya haifar da manyan sauye-sauye ga ma'aunin muhallin tafkin da dausayi.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war)
"Kotu ba ta yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar da ake magana a kai na da nufin hana wata kasa yin amfani da 'yancinta na kare kai a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa saboda wajibcinta na kare muhalli. Duk da haka, dole ne jihohi su yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli yayin da suke tantance abin da ya dace da kuma daidai da abin da ya dace wajen neman halaltattun manufofin soji. Mutunta yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke zuwa tantance ko wani aiki ya dace da ka'idodin larura da daidaituwa para 30, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ akan Makaman Nukiliya 1996.
Tafkin Ichkeul
Tarihi
A zamanin mulkin daular Hafsid, tafkin Ichkuel ya kasance wurin ajiya a cikin karni na 13. Daga baya ya zama mallakin jama'a a farkon karni na 20 a lokacin mulkin Faransa. Tun daga 1980, ya kasance Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO.
Domin madatsun ruwa sun rage yawan ruwan da ake shigowa da su zuwa tafkuna da kwararo-kwararo, an maye gurbin ciyayi, ciyayi, da sauran nau’in tsire-tsire masu kyau da tsire-tsire masu son gishiri. Waɗannan sauye-sauye sun haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin yawan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, waɗanda suka dogara da cakuda tsire-tsire da suka wanzu.
Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da haƙƙin muhalli ana iya yin kira a lokacin rikicin makami don taimakawa wajen sasantawa ko magance barnar da rikicin makami ya haifar, misali. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya, da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross￼￼. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa game da muhalli a shawarwari kan rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan, alal misali, a lokacin yakin Gulf na 1991. UNEP da IMO suma sun shiga cikin wannan rikici, suna ƙoƙarin magance mafi munin illolin muhalli.
Tafkin Ichkeul
Tarihi
A cewar shafin yanar gizon UNESCO, gwamnatin Tunusiya ta dauki wasu matakai na kiyaye ruwa mai dadi da kuma rage gishiri, kuma an cire tafkin daga jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO da ke cikin hadari a shekara ta 2006.
Sai dai wasu rahotanni daga kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta duniya sun nunar da cewa gishiri ya riga ya wuce gona da iri kuma yuwuwar yin gyara na iya bacewa cikin sauri.
Gidan shakatawa na kasa na Ichkeul
Gidan shakatawa na kasa na Ichkeul wuri ne na Tarihin Duniya da ke arewacin Tunisiya, kilomita 25 kudu maso yammacin Bizerte da kilomita 15 daga arewacin Mateur. Gidan shakatawa yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO tun 1980, kuma tsakanin 1996 zuwa 2006 dajin yana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin hadari na kungiyar. Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tunisiya ce ke kula da wurin shakatawa.
Ahmed El Shenawy
Ahmed Nasser Nasser Mahmoud Moawad El Shenawy ( أحمد ناصر ناصر محمود معوض الشناوي  ; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan mayu shekarar 1991), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Pyramids na Premier League na Masar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Masar.
Zamalek
Bayan Al-Masry ya yanke shawarar kada ya shiga cikin kakar shekarar 2012 da shekarar 2013, yana nuna juyayi ga dangin shahidan filin wasa na Port Said, an ba El-Shenawy aro ga giant Zamalek SC na Masar na kakar wasa guda.
Shenawy ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin don Z a lokacin rani na shekarar 2014 don maye gurbin Goalkeeper Abdel-Wahed El-Sayed. Ya samu nasarar zama dan wasa mafi dadewa a gasar cin kofin Premier ta Masar da Zamalek ya yi ba tare da an ci kwallo ko daya ba. Gabaɗaya ya sami yarjejeniyar zanen gado 19 mai tsabta a gasar shekarar 2014 da shekarar 2015. Ya lashe gasar tare da Zamalek.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Ya lashe kyautar mai tsaron gida mafi kyau a gasar matasa ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 tare da lambar tagulla da kyautar wasan wasa. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Masar a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2012. An kira shi ne domin ya wakilci babbar tawagar Masar kuma yana da wasanni 30 na kasa da kasa.
Evidence Makgopa
Evidence Makgopa (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai ci gaba a ƙungiyar Baroka ta Afirka ta Kudu da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya wakilci tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 na Afirka ta Kudu a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Makgopa a GaMampa, kusa da Burgersfort a Limpopo. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Poo.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Baroka ne ya leko Makgopa a cikin shekarar 2018, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar su ta farko daga ƙungiyar ci gaban su a cikin watan Janairu 2020. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2020 a gasar cin kofin Nedbank da suka tashi 2–2 da Hungry Lions; Makgopa ya zura kwallo ta biyu a raga yayin da suka tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba na gasar bayan da suka ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar liga a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2020 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a hannun Bloemfontein Celtic, Ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a kungiyar a mako mai zuwa yayin da ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ci 2-0 a kan Black Leopards. Ya buga wa Baroka wasanni 11 a duk gasa a lokacin kakar 2019-20, inda ya zira kwallaye 5.
Ayyukan kasa
A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2021, Makgopa ya fara buga wa Afirka ta Kudu wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Uganda da ci 3-2. Ya wakilci tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 na Afirka ta Kudu a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020, kuma ya ci sau daya a wasanni 3.
Seb Dance
Seb Dance ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour na Biritaniya wanda yayi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na yankin London daga 2014 zuwa 2020 kuma tun daga Janairun 2022 yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin magajin London don sufuri.
Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai lokacin Richard Corbett ya kasance jagora, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Muhalli, Lafiyar al'umma da kuma Tsaron Abinci daga 2019 zuwa 2020.
Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban rikon kwarya na kungiyar Labour Movement for Europe, mai goyon bayan EU da ke da alaka da jam'iyyar Labour, bayan shugabar kungiyar da ta gabata, Anna Turley, ta yi murabus.
Ƙuruciya da ta sirri
An haife Dance a gundumar Landan na Wandsworth kuma an girma a cikin Gidan Gida na Surrey.
Bayan karatunsa a Jami'ar Manchester, ya kasance jami'in sabbatical na gwamnati Daliban a Manchester, yana jagorantar yakin da kuma kula da halartar dalibai a cikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester da Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha.
Dance ya auri Spencer Livermore, Baron Livermore wanda abokin rayuwa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya.
Aiki na baya
Kafin komawarsa ActionAid UK ya yi aiki da karamin kamfanin sadarwa da ke aiki tare da abokan ciniki a cikin jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na sa kai kan kamfen da dama.
Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Ireland ta Arewa tsakanin 2007 da 2009, lokacin da sassan ƙarshe na ƙaddamarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau ta 1998 - 'yan sanda da ikon shari'ar aikata laifuka - ta Gwamnatin Labour.
Majalisar Turai
An zabi Dance a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a 2014.
Lokacin shigar da Majalisar Turai, an nada shi a Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Muhalli, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci, wanda ke da alhakin yankuna da dama na manufofin da suka hada da gurbatar iska da ruwa, sarrafa sharar gida, da sauyin yanayi. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kuma ya jagoranci tarurrukan kwamitoci, tarukan hadin gwiwa da sauran kwamitoci irinsu AGRI, da kuma taron karawa juna sani na musamman kan dokar sha.
Har ila yau, ya rike matsayi a kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Raya Kasashe (DEVE), yana sa ido kan alkawurran kashe kudi da fifikon kasafin ci gaban EU; Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Masana'antu, Bincike da Makamashi (ITRE), da kuma Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Noma da Raya Karkara (AGRI).
An nada Dance a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na inuwa don sake duba Dokar Rufin Tufafi ta Kasa (NECD), wanda ke da nufin inganta matakan iska ta hanyar daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska. Wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci musamman ga London, inda sama da mutane 3,000 ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara sakamakon kamuwa da rashin ingancin iska. Ya zama mai magana da yawun S&D akan ingancin iska bayan nadin da aka yi masa a matsayin mai Rapporteur na Shadow akan NECD.
Dangane da badakalar fitar da hayakin Volkswagen, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'ar kafa wani kwamitin bincike da zai binciki badakalar, gwargwadon yadda jam'ian EU suka aiwatar da ilimin kasancewar manhajoji don takaita fasahohin rage fitar da hayaki a cikin masana'antar kera motoci. don ba da shawarwari ga cibiyoyi na EU da ƙasashe membobi kan yadda za a hana irin wannan badakala a nan gaba. An nada Rawar a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba na Ƙungiyoyin Socialists da Democrats (S&D) a cikin Kwamitin Binciken Ma'auni na Ƙirar (EMIS). A cikin wannan rawar, ya jagoranci tawagar S&D MEPs a cikin kwamitin kuma shine mai magana da yawun kungiyar a kwamitin.
A Majalisar 2014 kuwa, an nada Rawar a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin DEVE don isar da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs). Rahoton "Rahoton Rawa" ya bai wa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai tsarinsa na farko don isar da SDGs a duk fannonin ayyukan majalisar, da kuma rike sauran cibiyoyi na EU kan shirye-shiryensu na isar da SDGs.
Dance ya kasance mai ba da rahoto a inuwa game da shawarwarin haɗakar da hanya don tinkarar alakar da ke tsakanin rikici da cinikin ma'adanai da ake hakowa daga yankunan da abin ya shafa.
Ya goyi bayan Owen Smith a zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour (Birtaniya) a shekarar 2016.
A watan Fabrairun 2017 ne, ya ɗaga takarda da aka rubuta wa MEP na UKIP Nigel Farage, yana mai cewa "Ƙarya yake yi muku" lokacin da Farage ya yi jawabi a gaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai yana kare matakin kwanaki 90 na Donald Trump na hana baƙi daga kasashe bakwai shiga Amurka. . UKIP MEP Bill Etheridge saboda haka ya rubuta wa Antonio Tajani (Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ) don yin korafi game da lamarin, yana mai cewa "habi ne mai banƙyama" da "abin tausayi". Daga baya rawa ya rubuta wa Tajani, yana mai cewa ya nemi afuwar hanyar, amma ba sakon ba.
A farkon wa'adinsa na biyu na shekara ta 2019 an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ENVI.
An nada shi Mataimakin Magajin Garin Landan don Sufuri, yayi aiki daga Janairu 2022 karkashin Magajin garin Sadiq Khan.
Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika
Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika (Atlantic Ocean) wanda a turance ake kira da Atlantic Slave Trade wani zamani ne a tarihin duniya daga misalin ƙarni na 15th zuwa ƙarni na 19th, wanda yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga ƙasashen Turai (European countries) suka dinga sayen mutane a Africa a matsayin bayi, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka (Americas) da ta Turai domin suyi musu bauta.
Kamar yadda masu karatun tarihi suka sani, zuwa farkon shekarun 1500 (1500s) a zamanin da a tarihance ake cewa “Age of European Exploration” wato shekaru da Turawa suka dukufa wajen gano hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye musamman na ruwa, ƙasashen Turai musamman Portugal da Spain sun sami ilimin gano yadda taswirar duniya take, da kuma iya gano hanyoyin jiragen ruwa da za su sadar da su ga kasashen gabas da na yamma, wato a turance “linking eastern and western hemisphere
“. Sannan kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin gano yankuna masu yawo a duniya ciki har da nahiyar Amurka wadda kafin lokacin ba su santa ba. Don haka ne a wannan ƙoƙari ne, jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Kasar Portugal a ƙoƙarin su na neman hanyar ruwa da zata sadar da su ga yankin India da na China domin ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci, suka yi nasarar gano gaɓar tekun Atalantika dake yammacin Afrika. Saboda haka, wannan ya bada damar ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci tsakanin Ƴan kasuwa na ƙasar Portugal da kuma na masarautun gaɓar teku, irin su Masarautar Benin da Asante da kuma ta Dahomey.
Bayan wani dan lokaci kuma, a shekarar 1526 sai turawan ƙasar Portugal suka fara sayen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi a Masarautar Benin wadda yanzu tana cikin ƙasar Najeriya ta yanzu, suka kuma zuba su jirgin ruwa zuwa nahiyar Amurka domin su je suyi musu noma a manyan gonakin su dake nahiyar Amurka, wasu yan kaɗan daga cikin bayin kuma suka kai su nahiyar Turai domin su zama bayi masu yin aikin gida wato a turance ” home servants”.
Don haka ne masana tarihi suka tabbatar da cewa, tun daga wannan shekara ta 1526 da Turawan Portugal suka sayi bayi a Afrika, sai kuma sauran yan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turawa kamar su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France) da kuma Netherlands suka shiga cikin Cinikayyar bayin sosai.
Asalin Fara Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika.
Asalin fara Cinikin Bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 15th, lokacin da kasashen Turai irin su Portugal da Spain suka jagoranci nasarar gano yankin Amurka wanda kafin lokacin, babu wata ƙasar Turawa da ta san da yankin na Amurka. Saboda haka, wannan kuma ya ba su damar kafa manyan gonakin noman rake (sugar cane), Kofi (coffee), auduga (cotton) da sauran su. To kuma akwai buƙatar samun waɗan da za su yi juriyar noma waɗannan gonaki.
A hannu ɗaya kuma, zuwa farkon ƙarni na 16th, tuni jiragen ruwan ƴan kasuwar Portugal sun fara zuwa gaɓar tekun yammacin Africa suna kawo kayan sayarwa irin su madubi, bindigu, kayan sawa, da kuma giya. Sannan su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika su sayar mu su da gwal (gold), manja (palm oil), koko (cocoa), da kuma bayi kaɗan.
Wannan fara alaƙa ta kasuwanci tsakanin ƴan kasuwa daga Turai da kuma na Afrika shine ya bawa Turawa damar fara sayen mutanen Afrika a matsayin bayin da za su yi musu bautar noma a waɗannan manƴan gonaki na su dake nahiyar Amurka. Yan kasuwar Ƙasar Portugal ne suka fara sayen bayi a shekarar 1526 daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi na Masarautar Benin, sannan kuma sauran Ƴan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France), Netherlands, da kuma Denmark suka shigo cikin.
Yayin da wannan Cinikayyar bayi ta karɓu a gurin sauran Ƴan kasuwar ƙasashen Turai, sai cinikin ya zama mai riba ga ɓangare biyu na Ƴan kasuwar. Saboda, ƙasashen Turai sun sami sauƙin samar da ma’aikata da za su yi musu aiki a wannan manƴan gonaki na su da kuma ayyukan gida. Su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika masu sayar da bayi na Afrika sun sami kuɗi ta wannan kasuwanci.
Yanayin kamen Bayin.
1, Wasu bayin ana iya kamo su ne ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci wanda masarautun bakin Teku suka shahara wajen yi. A misali, akan iya shirya yaƙi kawai don kama bayi.
2, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne ta hanyar kai farmaki (raiding) ga wasu mutane. Domin yawancin masu kamen bayin sukan kai hari akan wani gari ko wasu gungun mutane tafiya domin su kama su a matsayin bayi.
4, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne, yayin da suka aikata wani babban laifi a cikin al’ummar su, to cikin hukuncin da ake yi musu ne, ake sayar da su a matsayin bayi.
Don haka, idan masu kamen bayi sun sami bayin ta ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanƴoƴi da muka ambata, ko kuma wasu hanƴoƴi daban. Sukan tattara su, sai kuma su ɗaure su da sarƙa ko kuma igiya mai ƙwari ɗaya a gaban ɗaya. Daga nan kuma sai ya taho da su zuwa bakin teku inda Turawa suke hada hadar sayen bayi.
A tsarin kasuwancin, akwai tashoshin saye da sayarwar bayi a gaɓar tekun Afrika inda ƴan kasuwar Afrika suke kawo bayin, su kuma yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga Turai suke zuwa su saya ko kuma ayi musanye (trade by barter) da kayan sayarwar su irin su bindigu, kayan sawa, madubi, da kuma giya.
Da zarar bayin sun isa tasoshin saye da sayarwar, sai Turawan masu saye su zo su duba domin su saya. Yawancin Turawan sukan zo da likita domin ya duba lafiyar bayin, kafin a saye su. Haka kuma, an fi sayen bayi maza kuma wanda shekarun su suka fara daga 10 zuwa 35. Yayin da su kuma mata ba’a fiya sayen wanda suka haura shekara 30 ba. Idan kuma ciniki ya faɗa, sai Ɗan kasuwar da ya saya yazo da wani ƙarfe wanda ya yi jajazur a wuta ya ɗanawa bawan a matsayin tambarin da zai gane nasa ne ko da ya gudu.
Bayan an gama sayen bayin ne kuma, sai a zuba su a jiragen ruwa, inda mafi yawa ake kai su nahiyar Amurka domin su yi noma. Wasu kuma kaɗan daga cikin bayin, ake kai su nahiyar Turai a matsayin bayi masu aikatau a gidaje.
Yanayin Rayuwar Bayi.
Kamar yadda ya tabbata a tarihi, yanayin kamen bayi a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika ya kasance mai muni da tsanani kwarai da gaske fiye da sauran cinikayyar bayi da aka yi a sauran sassan duniya. Domin kuwa, mafiya yawa daga cikin masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa rayuwar bayi a wannan zamani musamman bayin da su ke noma a gonaki ta kasance ta wahala da kuma keta hakkin Ɗan Adam. Saboda ya tabbata cewa mafi yawancin bayin ana mu’amalantar su ne kamar dabbobi. Kuma haka ta faru ne sakamakon rashin imanin Turawa saboda suna ganin shi bawa ba shi da wani Ƴanci tun da sayen sa aka yi.
A nahiyar Amurka kuwa da ake kai bayin daga Africa, ana tilastawa bayin su yi noma a manyan gonaki na tsawon lokutai da suka wuce ƙima. Duk bawan da kuma yaƙi yi ko kuma bai yi yadda ya kamata ba, to ana hukunta shi kamar dabba. Misalin hukuncin shine, akan yi musu bulala da ta wuce kima har sai jikin su ya fashe, ko a yanki naman jikin su, ko kuma a hana su abinci a wannan rana.
Don haka ne, a tarihi aka samu lokutai daban-daban da bayin suka yi bore saboda zaluncin da ake yi musu. A misali, a yankin nahiyar Amurka cikin yankuna irin su Brazil, yankin Karebiyan (Caribbeans) da kuma tarayyar Amerika (USA) an sami bore kamar sau 200, wanda ya samarwa da bayin sauki.
Ribar ta Turawa ce.
Ƙasashen Turai a matsayin masu sayen bayi daga Afirka domin su yi musu aiki, sannan a wani hannun kuma masu sayar da kayan masarufin su a Afrika, sun kasance da cin moriyar kaso 90% na wannan zamani na cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika.
Da farko, nahiyar Afrika ta kasance kasuwa ga kayan masarufin da Turawa suka samar a masana’antun su. Domin kuwa Turawa sukan kawo kayan sayarwar su kamar su bindiga, madubi, kayen ado na mata, da kuma giya zuwa Afrika. Yayin da su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika sukan kawo wa Turawa gwal (gold), hauren giwa (ivory), kwakwar manja (palm oil), ko kuma bayi domin ayi musanya wato a turance ‘trade by barter’. Saboda haka, zamu ga cewa Afrika ta zama kasuwa da Turawa suke sayar da kayan su, a wani ɓangaren kuma inda suke samun kayan sarrafawa (raw materials) domin masana’antun su dake Turai.
Na biyu, kuma mafi muhimmanci, Turawa sun samar da hanƴa mafi sauƙi ta yin aikatau a manƴan gonakin su dake Amurka. Wannan hanƴa kuwa ita ce ta saye da amfani da baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi da su dinga nome mu su waɗannan gonaki.
Asarar ta Afrika ce.
Da farko kamar yadda masanin tarihin nan dan Africa da ake kira da Walter Rodney ya faɗa, ya nuna cewa cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo faruwar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci da kuma kai hare-hare domin samun bayi. Saboda lokacin da sarakunan Masarautun gabar Tekun Afrika suka fahimci cewa wannan Ciniki zai kawo musu riba, sai suka himmatu wajen yaƙi da kai hari ga junan su domin samun bayin da za su sayar wa da Turawa. Dalilin wannan kuma, rashin tsoro ya bayyana wanda ya daƙile ci gaban da Afrika ya kamata ta samu.
Na biyu kuma, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ya janyo raguwar mutane masu dimbin yawa, kuma lafiyayyu wanda kowace ƙasa take buƙata don ci gaba. Domin kuwa, masana tarihi sun ƙididdige yawan bayin da aka fitar daga nahiyar Afrika da cewa za su kai kimanin miliyan 10 zuwa12. Bayanin ya tabbatar da cewa, kaso 55% na bayin sun fito daga yammacin Afrika (west Africa), kaso 39.4% sun fito daga tsakiyar Afrika (central Africa), sannan sai kaso 4.7% daga kudancin Afirika (southern Africa). Haka kuma bayanan tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa kimanin bayi miliyan 2 ne suka rasa ran su a sakamakon cututtuka da wahalhalu.
Na uku, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo wa Afrika ƙasƙanci, da raini a idon Turawa wanda ya ƙara janƴo wariyar launin fata (racism). Domin kuwa, mafiya yawan Turawa, suna bada hujjar wannan Cinikin Bayi a matsayin fifikon da suke da shi akan mutanen nahiyar Africa.
Rushewar Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika
An shafe kimanin shekaru dari huɗu ana yin wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika, wato daga Ƙarni na 15th zuwa Ƙarni na 19th kafin yazo ƙarshe.
A misalin ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th ne Turawa suka fara dawowa daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki ta hanyar fara saka dokoki waɗanda suka haramta Cinikin bayin. Babbar doka wadda Turawa suka yi, ita ce wadda Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Ingila tayi a shekarar 1807, wadda ta haramta cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika. Daga nan kuma sauran ƙasashen Turawa suka bi bayan ta.
To amma wasu daga cikin masana tarihi sun samar da bayanai (theories) akan haƙiƙanin dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa da suka amfana daga Cinikin, amma kuma daga baya suka dawo daga rakiyar sa.
Masanin tarihin nan Ɗan Afrika wato Walter Rodney ya bayyana cewa babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa musamman Ingila suka dawo daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki, shine samun cigaban masana’antu “Industrial Revolution” da aka samu a nahiyar Turai daga wajejen shekarar 1750. Wannan cigaba da ake kira a turance da Industrial Revolution ya kawo samuwar injina (machines) wanda suke iya yin aikin da mutum yake a gona ko a masana’anta. Don haka buƙatar aikin mutum ta ragu, sakamakon waɗannan injina da ake samarwa suna iya yin aikin a sauƙaƙe kuma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ta saka ƙasashen Turai suka ga ya dace su tsayar da cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika.
Wasu masana tarihin kuma sun ce wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya zo ƙarshe ne, sakamakon matsin lamba akan Ƙasashen Turai, wanda wasu ƴan rajin kawo ƙarshen wannan Ciniki da ake kira da ‘abolitionist’ suka dinga fafutukar rushe Cinikin. A misali, a ƙasar Ingila wani wakilin majalisar dokokin Ingila da ake kira William Wilberforce ya jagoranci wata fafutuka wadda ta tilastawa Majalisar Dokokin Ingila yin dokar da ta haramta cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika a shekarar 1807.
To amma duk da ƙoƙarin da manƴan ƙasashen Turai kamar Ingila da Faransa suka yi na daƙile Cinikin, amma wasu ƙasashen sun ci gaba da safarar bayin. A misali, kasar Amurka ta kawo ƙarshen Cinikin ne a shekarar 1863.
Ƙarkarewa
Cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika kamar yadda muka karanta, wani Ciniki ne da Turawa suka dinga saye da kamen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka da nahiyar Turai domin suyi musu bauta.
Saboda haka, cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya taimakawa tattalin arzikin Turawa sosai, a hannu ɗaya kuma ya rusa ci gaban Afrika ta hanƴoƴin da dama.
Ahmed Yassin (mai buga kwallo)
Ahmed Ibrahim Yassin Mahmoud ( أَحمَد إبرَاهِيْم يَاسِيْن مَحمُود  ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga kulob din Bankin Masar na Masar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Masar.
Falling (2017 film)
Fim din Falling ya kasance fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasa kwakwalwa na Ukraine a shekara ta2017 wanda Marina Stepanskaya ta jagoranta. Fim din ya shiga cikin babban shirin gasa na 52nd Karlovy Vary International Film Festival da kuma Shirin Gasa na Kasa na 8th Odesa International Film Festival. and the National Competition Program of the 8th Odesa International Film Festival.
Ahmed Yassin (mai buga kwallo)
Sana'ar sana'a
Yassin ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da Misr Lel Makkasa 1-0 Masar ta yi rashin nasara a hannun El Gouna a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2019. Ya koma Al Ahly a matsayin aro na kakar shekarar 2020-21, kuma bayan kakar wasa mai ƙarfi ta farko ya koma ƙungiyar ta dindindin a lokacin rani na shekarar 2021.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Yassin ya yi karo da tawagar Masar a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da ci 2–1 2022 a kan Gabon a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2021. An kira shi don wakiltar Masar a gasar cin kofin Larabawa ta FIFA 2021.
Falling (2017 film)
A watan Agustan 2017, fim ɗin ya shiga cikin zaɓi don nadin fim ɗin daga Ukraine don lambar yabo ta 90th Academy Award na Cibiyar Nazarin Hotunan Hoto da Kimiyya ta Amurka a cikin rukunin Fitattun fina-finan na Duniya wato "Best International Feature Film."
Labari
An dauke fim ɗin a birnin Kyiv na zamani, inda manyan masu shekaru 27 "marasa jarumai" ke ƙoƙarin yin zaɓi mai wahala a cikin yanayin "lokacin jaruntaka."
Anton, fitaccen mawakin kiɗan da ya kasa cika tsammanin da aka sa masa, ya dawo gida bayan shekaru biyu na nazari a Switzerland da kuma watanni shida na jinyar barasa a wani asibitin neuropsychiatric kusa da Kyiv. Kakansa, mutum mai tsauraran ƙa'idodi, ya ɗauke shi zuwa ƙauye, nesa da kyawawan abubuwan babban birni. Wata rana Anton ya sadu da Katya, wanda, kamar shi, yana ƙoƙarin neman hanyarta ta rayuwa. Za ta yi tafiya zuwa Berlin ba da daɗewa ba tare da saurayinta Johann, ɗan jarida mai daukar hoto na Jamus wanda ta sadu da shi a lokacin abubuwan Maidan. Koyaya, haduwarta da Anton ya kawo sabon kuzari ga rayuwarta kuma yana da tasiri sosai akan su biyun. ..
Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya
Ayyukan yara mata a Najeriya suna nufin babban abin da ya faru (haɗarin, yawan, ko yawan cuta, laifi, ko wani abu mara kyau) na ƴan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 5-14 waɗanda ke da hannu a ayyukan tattalin arziki a waje da ilimi da nishaɗi. Yaɗuwar aikin yara mata a Najeriya yafi yawa saboda arzikin gida, amma wasu dalilai sun hada da: nasarar ilimi na iyaye, matsin lamba da abubuwan da ake buƙata kamar babban buƙata don taimakon gida da ma'aikatan jima'i duk suna ba da gudummawa ga babban abin da ya faru na aikin yara mata na ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, a yawancin yankunan karkara da Musulmai a Arewacin Najeriya, ana tambayar yara a wasu lokuta su taimaka wa mata ko uwaye masu zaman kansu a cikin addini wajen gudanar da ayyuka.
Ƴan mata da yawa suna aiki a matsayin taimako, mataimakan shago, da masu sayar da titi. Amfani da 'yan mata a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki yana fallasa su ga haɗari wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da cin zarafin jima'i, kaɗaici, fushi, rashin kulawar iyaye, da cin zarafi. Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan 'yan mata ba a amince da su ta hanyar doka ba kuma kowane irin fa'idar ma'aikaci ba shi da mahimmanci.
A Najeriya, aikin yara yana motsawa ne ta hanyar zamantakewa, yawan jama'a, da tattalin arziki kamar talauci da asarar aiki na iyaye, asarar iyaye ko mai kula da iyali, ƙaura daga yankunan karkara zuwa birane, girman iyali mai girma, da ka'idojin al'adu kamar auren mata da yawa. Sauran direbobi sun haɗa da rarraba makarantu mara kyau, rashin samun dama, da kuma tsadar karatun. Kwanan nan, rikice-rikice da ta'addanci sun haifar da ƙaura ta cikin gida na mutane da lalacewar wuraren makaranta, suna tura yara da yawa cikin aikin yara. Bugu da ƙari, kisan kiyashi na al'ummomi da 'yan fashi suka yi a arewacin Najeriya sun ba da gudummawa ga samar da ƙarin marayu da wadanda ke fama da aikin yara.
Tarihi
Farawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, mummunan yanayin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, kasar da maza suka kasance mafi yawan ma'aikata a bangaren al'ada, sun tilasta mata da yawa su kara yawan aikin su a bangaren da ba a sani ba amma mai yawan aiki don kara yawan kudin shiga na gida ban da aiki a kan ayyukan cikin gida. A Najeriya, dabarun da mata ke ɗauka a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba sun haɗa da yin aiki na dogon lokaci a kasuwanni da kuma amfani da yaransu don sayar da kayayyaki a kan tituna don rage nauyin. Baya ga ɗalibai da suka ɓace, 'yan mata da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya da aminci ciki har da gajiya, yunkurin cin zarafin jima'i da satar mutane. Tun farkon Shirin Gyara Tsarin a Najeriya, Najeriya, Najeriya ta shiga cikin wani lokaci na wahalar tattalin arziki inda iyalai suka inganta sabbin dabarun don tsira, daga cikinsu akwai fataucin yara da aika yara zuwa biranen a matsayin 'yan mata na gida. A shekara ta 2003, kasar ta kafa Dokar 'Yancin Yara don kare yara daga cin zarafin su kuma sun hana hakkinsu a matsayin kananan yara.