cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lawan Saleh Dache Babura
Mutuwa
Allah yayiwa Malam Lawan Saleh rasuwa ranar Alhamis 27 ga watan ramadana 1430 daidai da 17 ga watan September 2009 a asibitin koyarwa na malam Aminu kano anyi janaizarsa a unguwar lamido crescent madugu link dake Nassarawa G.R.A a cikin birnin kano Allah ya gafarta masa yasa Aljanna makoma ya jaddada rahama a gareshi.
Sikasso (birni)
Sikasso birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Mali. Shi ne babban birnin yankin Sikasso. Sikasso yana da yawan jama'a 213 775, bisa ga jimillar 2014. An gina birnin Sikasso a farkon karni na sha tara bayan haifuwar Annabi Issa.
Olusola Obada
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a gidan Agbejanlabofa na Obodi a Ijeshaland a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1951, Olusola ta kammala karatun firamare a UMC Demonstration School, Ibadan sannan ta yi makarantar sakandare a Queen's School, Ede, Jihar Osun. Wata tsohuwar dalibar kwalejin fasaha ce ta Watford, Watford, United Kingdom inda ta yi karatun Advertising Administration kafin ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom don yin karatun Lauya sannan daga baya aka kira ta zuwa Barikin Nijeriya a 1986.
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu
Olusola ta fara aiki a matsayin Jami’ar Talla a Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Nigeria kafin ta bar kamfanin ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa a kamfanin Olusola Agbeja da Co. a shekarar 1986. A shekarar 1990, ta kafa Kamfanin Hada-hadar Kudi na Iron da Kamfanin Kamfanin Kamfanin Aminiya, wani kamfanin hada-hadar kudi da saka jari inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta. A cikin 1996, Olusola ya kasance aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta, Kudi da Gudanar da Ayyuka na Kula da Ayyuka Masu Iyakantattu sannan daga baya ya zama Manajan Daraktan kamfanin.
Siyasa
A 2003, an zabi Olusola a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamnan jihar Osun tare da Olagunsoye Oyinlola a matsayin gwamna har zuwa ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2010 lokacin da ta bar mukamin. A watan Janairun 2011, an nada Obada a matsayin Darakta, wanda ya shafi Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya don kungiyar yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa na Goodluck da Sambo. A watan Yulin 2011, bayan nasarar Jonathan a zaben Shugaban kasa, an nada Obada a matsayin Ministan Tsaro da Goodluck Jonathan, sannan ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Jonathan a matsayin na zahiri a matsayin Ministan Tsaro har zuwa wani babban garambawul a watan Satumbar 2013. Ranar 6 ga Maris, 2014, Goodluck Jonathan ya nada ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan-dattijan-dattawan Nijeriya biyar a taron kasa na 2014, Nijeriya. A ranar 29 ga Satumbar 2014, Goodluck Jonathan ya karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Tsaran Niger (CON) na kasa. A ranar 2 ga Janairun 2015, Goodluck Jonathan ya nada ta a matsayin Darakta domin yakin neman sake zaben shugaban kasa a 2015. Ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2015, an nada ta Shugaban Jami’ar Tarayya, Majalisar Dutsin-Ma, daya daga cikin nade-nade na karshe da Shugaba mai barin gado Goodluck Jonathan ya yi.
Rayuwar mutum
Olusola ya auri Babatunde Obada wanda suka haifa masa yara hudu. Ta wani gargajiya jigo wanda yake riƙe game da biyar gargajiya lakabi ciki har da wadanda na Erelu na Ijeshaland, Eyaloje na Argidi na Atoko, da kuma Yeye Asiwaju na Ibodi.
Mohamed Rahmoune
Mohamed Rahmoune (محمد رحمون) ya kasance shugaban mai kishin kasa na Aljeriya, a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.
Ilimi
An haifi Rahmoune a shekara ta 1940 a garin Soumâa, mai tazarar kilomita 53 gabas da birnin Algiers, a cikin dangin marabitic na Kabyl da suka fito daga masanin tauhidi Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453).
Kwadayi
Kwadayi na nufin yin sha'awa ko son wani abu wanda ba nakaba ko yakeda wahalar samu musamman amatakin rayuwar mutum. A wani nau'in, kwadayi na nufin son abun duniya ko son abun hannun wani, babba ko yaro, mace ko namiji. Bahaushe kan kira kwadayi da wasu suna, kamar kwalama.
Mohamed Rahmoune
Ilimi
Haihuwarsa a lokacin tsakiyar yakin duniya na biyu yana nufin kawar da rayuwar fararen hula a Aljeriya na Faransa da kuma kafa tsarin mulki na musamman tare da dakatar da halartar kawunsa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959) a cikin mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma wakilin 'yan asalin Aljeriya.
Kwadayi
Haka kuma yakanyi Karin magana cewa " kwadayi mabudin wahala"
Dick Tiger
Dick Tiger ya lashe kambun matsakaicin nauyi na duniya lokacin da ya doke Gene Fullmer a shekara ta 1962 da taken nauyi mai nauyi a shekara 1966 lokacin da ya tsige José Torres na Puerto Rico.
Mohamed Rahmoune
Ilimi
Duk da wannan yanayi na ban mamaki, ya fara karatu a shekarar 1945 tare da dan uwansa Djillali hukunce-hukuncen Alqur'ani da harshen Larabci a cikin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki kamar sauran 'yan uwansa, karkashin kulawa da kulawa na mufti da muqaddam Ali Boushaki (1855-1965) da sauran limamai da malamai.
Kisan gillar da aka yi a watan Mayu na shekara ta alif 1945, a nasu bangaren, daga karshe ya rufe hukuncin da aka yi wa tsaunukan Aljeriya da mazauna karkara cewa tsarin shiga zaben kananan hukumomi ba zai iya kwace hakkin jama'a da na siyasa da ake da'awa tun bayan zaben shekarar dubu 1920 a Aljeriya, kuma haka yake tun lokacin da Mohamed Rahmoune ya hade tun yana karami a cikin tsarin da kawai ya ga 'yancin kai da makamai a hannun zamaninsa.
Yakin 'Yanci
Tun bayan barkewar juyin juya halin Aljeriya a lokacin yana dan shekaru 14 kacal, ya kasance cikin shiri sosai a siyasance da kuma ta zahiri don shiga cikin makiya da jajanta wa mayaƙan Aljeriya wajen yaƙi da sojojin maƙiya da nufin kawar da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga ƙasar Aljeriya.
Amma bayan bikin taron kogin Soummam a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1956 da kuma tsarin juyin juya hali na kasar Aljeriya, an damka wa 'yan ta'addan Mohamed wadanda suke da shekaru sama da 16 daukar makamai don tayar da tarzoma don ci gaba da shi ta hanyar kai hari ga muradun 'yan mulkin mallaka a garuruwa, irin su Thénia (tsohon Ménerville) wanda ke da nisan kilomita 3 kacal a arewacin garinsu na Soumâa.
Don haka, ya shiga tare da dan uwansa Bouzid Boushaki, wajen dasa bom a ofishin gidan waya a tsakiyar kasar Thénia, da kuma ayyukan zagon kasa iri-iri a yankunan noma na 'yan mulkin mallaka da ke kewayen wannan birni na layin dogo.
Bayan da dan uwansa Djilali Rahmoune ya rasu a matsayin shahidi (shahid) a fagen girmamawa a shekarar 1957, ya shiga sahun rundunar soji ta kasa (ALN) a gunduma ta uku, shi ne na farko a wilaya ta hudu na tarihi, inda ya shiga cikin sahu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa.
Kurkuku
Bayan shiga wani harin kwantan bauna da sojojin kasar Faransa suka kai a shekara ta 1957 a kusa da garin Beni Amrane, an kama Mujahid Rahmoune tare da wasu sojojin da suka tsira domin kai su sansanin azabtarwa da cin zarafi na Ferme Gauthier da ke arewacin garin Souk El Had.
Daga nan sai aka gana masa azabar wutar lantarki da munanan raunuka yayin da aka binne shi tare da dan uwansa Bouzid Boushaki a cikin ramukan rumfunan ruwan inabin da masu azabtarwa Scarfo da Mathieu suka mayar da su zuwa sansanin taro da kuma kawar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Yayin da yawancin fursunonin da ake tsare da su a wannan mugunyar wurin azabtarwa suka shiga cikin wahala da cin zarafi da aka yi musu, aka boye gawarwakinsu da gawarwakinsu a cikin rijiyoyi ko kuma a jefa su cikin ruwan kogin Isser, an mayar da Rahmoune bayan ‘yan makonni na azabtarwa zuwa gidan yari Serkadji a Kasbah na Algiers tare da shugabannin yankin na juyin juya hali domin gurfana a gaban kotu.
Gudu
Rahmoune ya samu nasarar tserewa daga gidan yarin Boghar a shekara ta 1959 tare da wasu mayaka mujahidai guda hudu, kuma hakan ne bayan ya murmure bayan yakin shekarar 1957 da kuma nau’ukan azaba da ya sha.
Bayan ya tsallaka rafin Chahbounia tare da abokansa, sojojin sojojin juyin juya hali na Aljeriya suka dauke shi zuwa hedkwatar wilaya ta tarihi ta hudu domin ganawa da Kanar M'Hamed Bougarra, wanda daga baya aka nada shi sakataren soji a farko yankin wannan wilaya mai tarihi.
Daga nan sai ya bukaci kwamandan juyin juya halin Musulunci da ya sanya shi yankin Sour El Ghozlane (tsohon Aumale) wanda ya san shi sosai kuma yana da alaka mai karfi a cikin juyin juya hali, inda ya ci gaba da yunkurinsa na kawo cikas ga Turawa da sojojin Faransa.
Wannan rauni na ƙuntatawa ya sa ya yi wuya a gare shi ya motsa a cikin maquis, wanda ya sauƙaƙa wa sojojin Faransa su sake kama shi kuma su kai shi cibiyar azabtarwa (ofishi na biyu) a Sour El Ghozlane.
An sake tsare Rahmoune a gidan yarin Boghar, kuma na tsawon watanni 7 nan da nan a gidan yarin CMS inda sojojin Faransa suka gana masa azaba akai-akai.
Ya kasance fursuna a CMS har zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1962, 'yan makonni kafin tsagaita wuta a ranar 19 ga Maris a jajibirin samun 'yancin kai.
Mutuwa
Moudjahid Rahmoune ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2022 a gidan danginsa a Thénia yana da shekaru 82.
An binne shi a washegari a makabartar Djebanat El Ghorba da ke kudancin Thénia a gefen ƙauyen Soumâa a gaban danginsa da abokansa da kuma wata tawaga ta gwamnatin Aljeriya.
Rediyon transistor
Rediyon transistor ƙaramin mai karɓar radiyo ne mai ɗaukuwa wanda ke amfani da kewayawa na tushen transistor. Bayan ƙirƙirar transistor a cikin 1947-wanda ya kawo sauyi a fannin na'urori masu amfani da lantarki ta hanyar gabatar da ƙananan na'urori masu ƙarfi amma masu ƙarfi da hannun hannu-An fitar da Regency TR-1 a cikin 1954 ta zama gidan rediyon transistor na farko na kasuwanci. Nasarar babbar kasuwa ta Sony TR-63 ƙarami kuma mai rahusa, wanda aka saki a 1957, ya kai ga rediyon transistor ya zama mafi shaharar na'urar sadarwar lantarki a shekarun 1960 da 1970s. Rediyon transistor har yanzu ana amfani da su azaman rediyon mota. An kiyasta cewa an sayar da biliyoyin rediyon transistor a duk duniya tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 2012.
Ugo Njoku
Ugo Njoku (an haife tane a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar1994, a Nijeriya )ta kasan ce ita ce ’yar wasan kwallon kafa ta Nijeriya da ke taka leda a kungiyar Croix Savoie Ambilly a gasar Mata ta Najeriya da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya.
Ayyukan duniya
Njoku ta fara wasan kasa da kasa ne a shekarar 2014 yayin bugawa Najeriya wasa a wasan FIFA FIFA U-20 na Mata na 2014 da suka kara da Namibia Har ila yau, tana daga cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a Gasar Mata ta Afirka ta 2014. A watan Mayu 2015 aka kira Njoku ya buga wa Najeriya wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2015
A yayin wasan rukuni na Kofin Duniya na Mata na 2015 FIFA da Australiya Njoku sun yi wa dan wasan Australiya Sam Kerr a fuska Ayyukan Njoku, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin tashin hankali da aka gani a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na iya haifar da doguwar jaka ga ɗan wasan na Najeriya. Daga karshe an dakatar da Njoku daga wasannin gasa har guda uku daga kwamitin ladabtarwa, sakamakon yanke mata hukunci har zuwa ragowar gasar.
Khelil Bouhageb
Khelil Bouhageb (27 ga Agustan shekarar 1863 a Tunis - 8 ga Fabrairu shekarata 1942 a La Marsa ) ɗan siyasan Tunisiya ne kuma mai kawo canji. Ya yi mulki a matsayin Firayim Ministan Tunisia daga 1926 zuwa shekarar 1932, bayan mutuwar Mustapha Dinguizli. Bouhageb ɗa ne ga Sheikh Salem Bouhageb ; dan uwansa likita ne mai sunaHassine Bouhageb.
Tarihin rayuwa
Yayi karatu a makarantar Sakandare ta Sadiki da ke Tunis sannan kuma ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandaren Saint-Louis da ke Paris. Ya zama memba na Hukumar Daraktocin Khaldounia a cikin shekarar 1898, yayi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1900 a Alkahira, ya auri Gimbiya Nazli Fazıl, wacce ta kasan ce jika ce ga sarki Mehemet Ali.
A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1915 ya zama shugaban kotun Tunis sannan kuma shugaban karamar hukumar Tunis (Sheikh El Medina) a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. An nada shi a matsayin Ministan Alkalami a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1922 da Grand Vizier na Tunis a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1926 bayan mutuwar Mustapha Dinguizli. Ahmed II Bey ya kore shi a cikin 1932 saboda 'yancin kansa, wanda aka azabtar da makircin mukarraban Bey.
Khelil Bouhageb bai bar zuriya ba. An binne shi tare da mahaifinsa, Sheikh Salem Bouhageb, da dan uwansa, Dr. Hassine Bouhageb.
Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Maza ta kasar Eswatini
Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasar Eswatini tana wakiltar Eswatini a gasar kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Eswatini (BASE) ce ke gudanar da gasar.
Eswatini ta shiga kungiyar kwallon kwando ta duniya FIBA a shekara ta 2000 kuma itace memba mafi karancin shekaru a Afirka.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Kasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da tsare - tsaren rabe - raben matakai waɗanda ke ba da fifikon waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin rikitarwa, kamar tsofaffi, da waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da watsawa, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Ana yin la'akari da amfani na wucin gadi kashi ɗaya don faɗaɗa allurar rigakafi ga mutane da yawa har zuwa samun allurar rigakafi.
Padishah
Padishah ( Pershanci ; lit.  ' Madaukakin Sarki ' ; daga Farisa : pād [ko Tsohon Farisa : * pati ], 'master', da shāh, 'sarki'),  wani lokaci ana kiransa romanici kamar padeshah, padshah ko badshah ( Persian   ; Ottoman Turkish     ; padişah, ana furta shi  [ˈpaːdiʃah] ;   , Hindi     ), babban laƙabi ne mai girma na asalin Farisa.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Yawatan zuwa ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2021, an gudanar da alluran biliyan 6.36 na COVID -19 a duk duniya bisa rahotannin hukuma daga hukumomin lafiyar jama'a na ƙasa. AstraZeneca tana tsammanin samar da allurai biliyan 3 a cikin 2021, allurar Pfizer -BioNTech biliyan 1.3, da Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac, da Janssen biliyan 1 kowannensu. Moderna yana da niyyar samar da allurai miliyan 600 da allurar Convidecia miliyan 500 a cikin shekarar 2021. Zuwa watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, sama da allurar rigakafin biliyan 10 ƙasashe sun riga sun rigaya, tare da kusan rabin allurai da ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi suka saya wanda ya ƙunshi 14% na yawan mutanen duniya.
Joseph Bismuth
Joseph Roger Bismuth (4 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamban shekarar 1926 zuwa 1 ga watan Oktoba 2019) ɗan kasuwar Tunusiya ne kuma sanata. An zabe shi a cikin sabon majalisar da aka kafa ta na babban ɓangaren dake sama, majalisar mashawarta a watan Yulin 2005 kuma shi ne kadai Bayahude da aka zaba a majalisar Larabawa. Sanata Bismuth shi ma memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dokokin Yahudawa.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Bayan Fage
Kafin COVID -19, ba a taɓa yin allurar rigakafin cutar a ƙasa da shekaru da yawa bakuma babu allurar rigakafin cutar don hana kamuwa da cutar coronavirus a cikin mutane. Koyaya, an samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan dabbobi da dama da coronaviruses ke haifarwa, gami da (kamar na 2003) cutar mashako a cikin tsuntsaye, coronavirus canine, da feline coronavirus. Ayyukan da suka gabata don haɓaka allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dangin Coronaviridae wanda ke shafar mutane an yi niyya ne ga matsanancin ciwo na numfashi (SARS) da ciwon numfashi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS). An gwada alluran rigakafin SARS da MERS a cikin dabbobin da ba ɗan adam ba.
Padishah
An riga an san nau'in kalmar a Farisa ta Tsakiya, ko yaren Pahlavi, a matsayin pātaxšā(h) ko pādixšā(y).    Pād na Tsakiyar Farisa na iya fitowa daga Avestan pa i ti,  kuma yana kama da Pati (lakabi). Xšāy, "don mulki", da xšāyaθiya, "sarki", daga harshen Farisa na zamanin baya.
Joseph Bismuth
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Bismuth a La Goulette (unguwar Port dake Tunis) a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban, shekarata 1926. Kafin shiga harkar siyasa Bismuth dan kasuwa ne. Bismuth ya fara kasuwancin sa ne a bangaren gine-gine a shekarar 1940. Bismuth ta kafa Groupe Bismuth, kamfani mai riƙe da kamfani wanda ya haɗa da kasuwancin da ke cikin rarrabawa, kayan kasuwa, samar da sinadarai, masana'antu da kayan lantarki.
Padishah
An sanyawa sarakuna da dama sunan da ke da'awar matsayi mafi girma, kusan yayi daidai da kalmar tsohuwar Farisa wato " Sarkin sarakuna ", sannan daga baya bayan Achaemenid da sarakunan Mughal na Indiya suka karbe shi. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da shi gabaɗaya ga sarakunan musulmi masu cin gashin kansu, kamar yadda yake a cikin Hudud al-'Alam na ƙarni na 10, inda har wasu qananan sarakunan Afghanistan ake kira pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Bayan Fage
Alluran rigakafin da ke amfani da ƙwayar cuta mai rauni ko rauni wanda aka girma cikin ƙwai yawanci yana ɗaukar sama da shekaru goma don haɓakawa. Sabanin haka, mRNA kwayar halitta ce da za a iya yin ta da sauri, kuma an fara bincike kan mRNA don yaƙar cututtuka shekaru da yawa kafin cutar ta COVID-19 ta masana kimiyya kamar Drew Weissman da Katalin Karikó, waɗanda suka gwada akan beraye. Moderna ya fara gwajin ɗan adam na rigakafin mRNA a cikin shekarar 2015. An kuma samar da allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don cutar ta COVID-19 bayan an riga an share fasahar don Ebola.
Padishah
Sarakunan karaga masu zuwa - biyun farko sun mulka manyan daulolin Yammacin Asiya - an sanya su Padishah:
Joseph Bismuth
Harkar siyasa
A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Masana’antu, Kasuwanci da kere-kere ta Tunusiya, An zabi Bismuth a zauren Majalisar Shawara a ranar 3 ga Yulin 2005,  ya zama dan majalisar Bayahude daya tilo a cikin kasashen Larabawa a lokacin. Lokacin da aka zabe shi, ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Associated Press cewa: "Ina matukar farin ciki da alfahari da aka zabe ni a wannan ma'aikatar ta 'yan majalisu, kwatankwacin budi da kuma juriya da ke nuna halin Tunisia". Ya ambata musamman cewa ya sami gaisuwa daga shugabannin Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar ta Yahudawa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2012 Bismuth ta la’anci mutane a Tunis wadanda suka yi kira da a kashe yahudawa, yana gaya wa manema labarai cewa "ba shi da kwarin gwiwa kuma ina iya ganin hangen nesa, a halin yanzu, game da makoma a wannan kasar".
Rigakafin Covid-19
Bayan Fage
Kamar yadda aka ba da izini ko allurar rigakafi da yawa na COVID-19 ko lasisi don amfani, yanzu ana tantance ingancin allurar rigakafin cutar (RWE) ta amfani da sarrafa shari'ar da nazarin lura. Wani bincike yana binciken kariya ta dindindin akan SARS-CoV-2 da alluran mRNA ke bayarwa. A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 2021, wani bincike ya nuna cewa cikakken adadin ɗaukar allurar rigakafin yana da alaƙa da juzu'in juzu'i na SARS-CoV-2 a cikin ƙasashe 16 (R-squared = 0.878).
Joseph Bismuth
Rayuwar sa
Bismuth ta yi aure sau biyu kuma tana da yara shida. 'Ya'ya uku (Jacqueline, Michelle da Philippe) sun kasance daga auren farko tare da matarsa Yvette, yayin da uku (Stephen, Jean, da Peter) suka kasance daga aurensa na biyu da Aase, ɗan ƙasar Denmark.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Tsara
Tun daga watan Satumba shekara ta 2020, goma sha ɗaya daga cikin masu neman allurar rigakafin a cikin ci gaban asibiti suna amfani da masu talla don haɓaka rigakafi. [35] Adjuvant immunological abu ne da aka ƙera tare da allurar rigakafi don haɓaka martanin rigakafi ga antigen, kamar ƙwayar COVID -19 ko ƙwayar mura. [36] Musamman, ana iya amfani da wani adjuvant wajen tsara ɗan takarar rigakafin COVID -19 don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi da ingancinsa don ragewa ko hana kamuwa da COVID -19 a cikin mutanen da aka yiwa allurar. [37] [38] Adjuvants da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na iya zama mai tasiri musamman ga fasaha ta amfani da ƙwayar COVID-19 mara aiki da recombinant protein-based ko vector-based vaccines. [39] Gishirin Aluminium, wanda aka sani da “alum”, shine farkon adjuvant da aka yi amfani da shi don allurar riga -kafi mai lasisi, kuma shine adjuvant na zaɓi a cikin kashi 80% na alluran rigakafi. [39] Alum adjuvant yana ƙaddamar da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da na salula don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi, gami da sakin cytokines masu kumburi.
Pampanso
Pampanso ƙauye ne a gundumar Akuapim ta Kudu, gundumar a Yankin Gabashin Ghana.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Binciken asibiti
Binciken asibiti na rigakafin COVID-19 shine binciken asibiti akan alluran COVID-19, gami da ingancin su, inganci da amincin su. Akwai alluran riga-kafi guda 22 da gwamnatocin kasashe suka ba da izini don amfani da su, tare da alluran rigakafi guda shida da aka amince da su don gaggawa ko cikakken amfani da akalla ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin da WHO ta amince da su; kuma biyar daga cikinsu suna cikin Mataki na IV. 204 alluran rigakafi a ƙarƙashin gwajin asibiti wanda har yanzu ba a ba da izini ba. Hakanan akwai gwaje -gwaje na asibiti guda tara akan darussan allurar rigakafi daban -daban.
A cikin gwaji na Mataki na III, alluran COVID -19 da yawa sun nuna inganci har zuwa 95% don hana kamuwa da cututtukan COVID -19. Aƙalla alluran rigakafin guda ashirin ne aƙalla ikon hukuma guda na ƙasa don amfanin jama'a: allurar DNA ɗaya (ZyCoV-D) alluran RNA guda biyu (Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna), alluran rigakafi guda goma na al'ada (BBIBP-CorV, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta China, CoronaVac, Covaxin, CoviVac, COVIran Barekat, FAKHRAVAC, Minhai-Kangtai, QazVac, da WIBP-CorV), alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar (Sputnik Light, Sputnik V, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Convidecia, da Janssen), da alluran subunit biyar (Abdala, EpiVacCorona, MVC-COV1901, Soberana 02, da ZF2001). Gabaɗaya, 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin 330 suna cikin matakai daban -daban na ci gaba, tare da 102 a cikin binciken asibiti, gami da 30 a gwajin Phase I, 30 a gwajin Phase I -II, 25 a gwajin Phase III, da 8 a ci gaban Phase IV.
Matsalolin bayan allurar rigakafi
A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, AstraZeneca da EMA sun sabunta bayanan su don ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya game da AZD1222, suna cewa "an yi la'akari da abin da ya dace" cewa akwai alaƙar alaƙa tsakanin alurar riga kafi da faruwar thrombosis a haɗe tare da thrombocytopenia da wancan, "kodayake irin wannan munanan halayen. ba su da yawa, sun wuce abin da ake tsammani a cikin yawan jama'a ".
Sharuɗɗa daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suna ba da shawarar magani tare da wasu magungunan kashe kuɗaɗen maye maimakon heparin, saboda akwai yuwuwar hakan na iya haɓaka abin da ke faruwa.
Nau'in rigakafi
Akalla dandamali fasaha daban -daban guda tara suna ƙarƙashin bincike da haɓakawa don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen allurar rigakafin COVID -19. Yawancin dandamali na 'yan takarar allurar rigakafi a cikin gwajin asibiti suna mai da hankali kan furotin na coronavirus da bambance -bambancensa a matsayin farkon antigen na COVID -19 kamuwa da cuta, tunda furotin S yana haifar da martani na rigakafi. An samar da dandamali a cikin 2020 wanda ya haɗa da fasahar nucleic acid (RNA da DNA mai canza nucleoside ), ƙwayoyin cuta marasa cutarwa, peptides, sunadaran sake haɗawa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai, da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa aiki.
Yawancin fasahar allurar rigakafin da ake haɓakawa don COVID-19 ba kamar alluran riga-kafi bane da ake amfani da su don hana mura, amma suna amfani da dabarun “ƙarni na gaba” don yin niyya daidai da hanyoyin kamuwa da COVID-19. Da yawa daga cikin allurar rigakafi suna amfani da maye gurbi na 2P don kulle furotin mai ƙyalli a cikin saitin sa na farko, yana ƙarfafa amsawar rigakafin rigakafi ga ƙwayar cutar kafin ta shiga jikin ɗan adam. Dandalin allurar rigakafi a cikin ci gaba na iya haɓaka sassauƙa don magudi na antigen, da tasiri don ƙulla dabarun kamuwa da COVID -19 a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu saukin kamuwa, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, tsofaffi, yara, mata masu juna biyu, da mutanen da ke da rauni na rigakafi.
Joseph Bismuth
Rayuwar sa
Bismuth ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2019.
Chloe Fineman
Chloe Rose Fineman (Berkeley, 20 luglio 1988) è un'attrice, sceneggiatrice e comica statunitense.
Ta fara aikinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɓakawa The Groundlings kuma ta zama kanun labarai a ranar Asabar Night Live farawa daga kakar 45th a cikin Satumba a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara. An jefa ta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na repertory a 2021, a farkon lokacin 47th.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Iyayen Fineman su ne mai zane-zane Ellen Gunn da kuma babban jami'in fasahar kere kere David Fineman. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, mai fasaha Emma da CrossFit 'yar wasan Alexia (Leka).
Ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Piedmont a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida. Malamar wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar ta bayyana ta a matsayin "daidaitacce a fagen wasan kwaikwayo kamar yadda ta ke wasan kwaikwayo". A cikin ƙaramar shekararsa ta makarantar sakandare, Fineman ya jagoranci Mary Zimmerman 's Metamorphosis ; kuma a cikin babbar shekararta, Eve Ensler 's Vagina Monologues ; ya kuma taka rawar gani a Ziyarar Tsohuwar Lady da Laifukan Zuciya na Friedrich Dürrenmatt. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta koma makarantarta don jagorantar wasannin kwaikwayo da jagorantar bita.
Fineman ya yi karatu a Tisch School of Fine Arts a Jami'ar New York da kuma a Stella Adler Studio, ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya.
Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun, Fineman ya koma Los Angeles, inda ta yi wasa a Kamfanin Lahadi na The Groundlings troupe.   Ta kuma yi a cikin "Haruffa Maraba" a Madaidaicin Jama'a Brigade gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 2018, an gane ta a matsayin "Sabuwar Fuska" a bikin Just for Laughs a Montreal, kuma an ba ta suna Best Comedian a 2019 Shorty Awards. Fitowarta ta talabijin sun haɗa da Jane the Budurwa da Jam'iyyar Bincike.
An san ta akan layi da farko don kwaikwayonta na shahararru a fuska da fuska akan bidiyon kyamara. A kan Instagram, ya buga kwaikwaiyon shahararru da shirye-shiryen bidiyo na aikinsa tare da Groundlings da kuma wasu abubuwan ban dariya na tsaye. A kan YouTube, ya buga kwaikwaiyo na haruffa. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, mai sukar Vulture, Luke Kelly-Clyne ya rubuta bayan kallon Fineman ya kwaikwayi Meryl Streep da sauransu, "kamar yadda na gano, wannan karin hazaka da ya mallaka - wancan abin da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ke ɗaukar kyakkyawan koyi don zama babban kwaikwayi - wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin iyawarta na ƙirƙirar haruffa na asali waɗanda suka bayyana suna da gaske kamar duk wanda kuka taɓa saduwa da shi,” ya ƙare da cewa “Chloe Fineman ita ce gaba ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun sabbin masu fasaha a yanzu kuma ta daɗe tana jira. lokaci ya zo a karkashin haske."
Ranar Asabar Live
A cikin Satumba sha biyu, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara .Fineman an sanar da shi azaman ƙarin a cikin simintin gyare-gyare na Asabar Night Live, tare da Bowen Yang da Shane Gillis. Tare da Yang da Heidi Gardner, An ambaci Fineman a matsayin mashin lokacin ta Andy Hoglund a cikin Nishaɗi mako-mako.
Kwayoyin SNL na Fineman sun hada da Drew Barrymore, Carole Baskin,  Reese Witherspoon,  Nicole Kidman, Timothée Chalamet,  Tiffany Trump,  Britney Spears, Mary-Kate Olsen, Megan Fox da Jojo Siwa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Fineman ya yi kwangilar COVID-19 a cikin Maris shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin, yana samun cikakkiyar murmurewa.
Rigakafin Covid-19
Alluran RNA
Yawancin alluran COVID-19, gami da allurar Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna, an yi amfani da su don amfani da RNA don tayar da martanin rigakafi. Lokacin da aka shigar da shi cikin jikin ɗan adam, RNA da ke cikin allurar tana aiki azaman manzo RNA (mRNA) don haifar da sel don gina furotin na SARS-CoV-2. Wannan yana koya wa jiki yadda ake ganewa da lalata ɓarnar da ta dace. Alluran RNA sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, suna amfani da RNA mai canza nucleoside. Ana isar da isar da mRNA ta hanyar haɗaɗɗiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin nanoparticles waɗanda ke kare ƙwayoyin RNA kuma suna taimakawa shaƙar su cikin sel.
Alluran RNA sune alluran COVID -19 na farko da aka ba da izini a Burtaniya, Amurka da Tarayyar Turai. Alluran da aka ba da izini na irin wannan shine allurar Pfizer – BioNTech  da Moderna. Allurar CVnCoV RNA daga CureVac ta gaza a cikin hanyoyin asibiti.
halayen rashin lafiyan suna da wuya. A watan Disambar 2020, 1,893,360 allurai na farko na Pfizer – BioNTech COVID -19 gudanar da allurar rigakafi ya haifar da lamuran 175 na mummunan rashin lafiyan, wanda 21 daga cikinsu anaphylaxis ne. Domin 4,041,396 Moderna COVID ‑ 19 gwamnatocin allurar rigakafin cutar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 da watan Janairu na shekarar 2021, lokuta goma na anaphylaxis ne aka ruwaito. Kusan anoparticles na lipid sun kasance masu alhakin halayen rashin lafiyan.
Adenovirus vector alluran rigakafi
Waɗannan alluran rigakafin misalai ne na alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, ta amfani da harsashin adenovirus wanda ke ɗauke da DNA wanda ke haɗa furotin SARS-CoV-2. Alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na COVID-19 ba sa yin kwafi, ma'ana ba sa yin sabbin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma suna haifar da antigen ne kawai wanda ke haifar da martani na rigakafi.
Alluran da aka ba da izini na irin wannan shine allurar COVID-19 na Oxford-AstraZeneca,  allurar Sputnik V COVID-19,  Convidecia, da Janssen COVID-19.
Convidecia da Janssen COVID-19 duka alluran rigakafin guda ɗaya ne waɗanda ke ba da ƙarancin dabaru kuma ana iya adana su ƙarƙashin firiji na yau da kullun.
Sputnik V yana amfani da Ad26 don kashi na farko, wanda yayi daidai da kashi ɗaya kawai na Janssen, da Ad5 don kashi na biyu, wanda yayi daidai da kashi ɗaya kawai na Convidecia.
A ranar 11 ga Agustan 2021, masu haɓaka Sputnik V sun ba da shawara, dangane da karuwar shari 'ar Delta cewa Pfizer ya gwada ɓangaren Ad26 (wanda ake kira sigar  Haske  ) azaman mai ɗaukar hoto:"Laifukan Delta sun karu a Amurka & Isra’ila sun nuna alluran rigakafin mRNA suna buƙatar ƙarfafawa daban -daban don ƙarfafawa da tsawaita martanin rigakafi. #SputnikV ya fara ba da haɗin kai da daidaitawa, gwajin haduwa & nuna 83.1% inganci vs Delta. A yau RDIF tana ba Pfizer don fara gwaji tare da Sputnik Light azaman mai ƙarfafawa."
Alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta
Allurar da ba ta aiki ba ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka yi girma a cikin al'adu sannan kuma an kashe su ta amfani da hanyar kamar zafi ko formaldehyde don rasa ƙarfin samar da cuta, yayin da har yanzu ke motsa martani na rigakafi.
Alluran rigakafin wannan nau'in shine CoronaVac na China,  BBIBP-CorV, da WIBP-CorV ; Covaxin na Indiya; daga baya a wannan shekarar CoviVac na Rasha; allurar rigakafin Kazakhstani QazVac; da Barekat na COVIran na Iran. Alluran rigakafi a cikin gwajin asibiti sun haɗa da allurar Valneva COVID-19. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">]
Subunit alluran rigakafi
Alluran subunit suna gabatar da antigens guda ɗaya ko fiye ba tare da gabatar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Magungunan antigens da ke da alaƙa sau da yawa sunadaran furotin, amma suna iya zama kowane ƙwayar cuta wanda ke guntun ƙwayoyin cuta.
Alluran rigakafin guda uku na irin wannan sune allurar peptide EpiVacCorona, ZF2001, da MVC-COV1901. Alluran rigakafin da ke da izini sun haɗa da allurar Novavax COVID-19, Soberana 02 ( allurar rigakafi ), da allurar Sanofi-GSK.
Allurar V451 a baya tana cikin gwajin asibiti, wanda aka dakatar saboda an gano cewa allurar na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga gwajin HIV na gaba.
Sauran iri
Ƙarin nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ke cikin gwaji na asibiti sun haɗa da allurar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, allurar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ta DNA da yawa,     aƙalla alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta na lentivirus guda biyu  allurar riga -kafi, da kwayar cutar stomatitis ta vesicular stomatitis wanda ke nuna furotin na SARS -CoV -2.
Masana kimiyya sun bincika ko alluran riga -kafi na yanayin da ba su da alaƙa na iya haɓaka tsarin garkuwar jiki da rage tsananin cutar COVID -19. Akwai shaidar gwaji cewa allurar rigakafin cutar tarin fuka ta BCG tana da tasiri na musamman akan tsarin garkuwar jiki, amma babu shaidar cewa wannan allurar tana da tasiri akan COVID-19.
Shiryawa da cigaba
Tun daga watan Janairun 2020, an hanzarta haɓaka allurar rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a masana'antar magunguna da yawa tsakanin gwamnatoci.
Ana kimanta matakai da yawa tare da duk hanyar ci gaba, gami da:
Kalubale
An sami ƙalubale na musamman da yawa tare da ci gaban allurar COVID -19.
Gaggawar ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin cutar ta COVID -19 ya haifar da jadawalin jadawalin da ya rage takamaiman lokacin haɓaka allurar rigakafin, a wasu lokuta haɗa matakan gwaji na asibiti sama da watanni, tsari wanda galibi ana yin sa a cikin shekaru. An bayyana shirye -shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a a cikin "tsere don yin allurar rigakafin mutane" tare da allurar rigakafin farko.
Lokaci don gudanar da bincike na asibitiyawanci tsari ne mai tsari wanda ke buƙatar shekaruana matsa su cikin aminci, inganci, da gwajin gwaji da ke gudana lokaci guda sama da watanni, mai yuwuwar ɓarna tabbacin tsaro. A matsayin misali, masu haɓaka allurar rigakafin cutar Sinawa da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta China ta gwamnati sun fara ƙoƙarinsu a cikin Janairu 2020, kuma zuwa Maris suna bin 'yan takara da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da burin nuna ƙarfin fasahar Sinawa kan waɗanda na. Amurka, kuma don sake kwantar da hankalin Sinawa game da ingancin allurar rigakafin da ake samarwa a China.
Saurin haɓakawa da hanzarin samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta COVID -19 ana tsammanin zai ƙara haɗarin da gazawar isar da ingantaccen, allurar rigakafi. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a jami'o'i yana toshewa ta hanyar nesanta jiki da rufe dakunan gwaje -gwaje.
Dole ne alluran rigakafin su ci gaba ta matakai da yawa na gwajin asibiti don gwada aminci, rigakafi, tasiri, matakan kashi da illolin allurar ɗan takarar. Masu haɓaka allurar rigakafin dole ne su saka hannun jari a ƙasashen duniya don samun isasshen mahalarta don MatakiGwaje -gwajen asibiti na II - III lokacin da kwayar cutar ta tabbatar da cewa " manufa ce mai motsi" na canza adadin watsawa a cikin da cikin ƙasashe, yana tilasta kamfanoni yin gasa don mahalarta gwaji. Masu shirya gwaji na asibiti kuma na iya haɗuwa da mutanen da ba sa son yin allurar rigakafi saboda jinkirin allurar ko rashin yarda da ilimin fasahar rigakafin da ikon hana kamuwa da cuta. Yayin da ake haɓaka sabbin alluran rigakafi yayin bala'in COVID -19, lasisin 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin COVID -19 yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da cikakkun bayanai game da ci gaba da ingancin masana'anta.
Ƙungiyoyi
Kasashen duniya, Samun damar COVID-19 Kayan aikin hanzari shine G20 da shirin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da aka sanar a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020. Tsarin tallafi ne na giciye don baiwa abokan tarayya damar raba albarkatu da ilimi. Ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai guda huɗu, kowannensu yana gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa biyu zuwa uku: Alluran rigakafi (wanda kuma ake kira " COVAX "), Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Health Systems Connector. WHO ta watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020 "R&D Blueprint (don) coronavirus labari" ya rubuta "babban, na ƙasa da ƙasa, rukunin yanar gizo, gwajin gwajin asibiti daban-daban" don ba da damar "kimantawa na lokaci ɗaya na fa'idodi da haɗarin kowane alƙawarin ɗan takara mai alƙawarin a cikin 3- Watanni 6 ana ba da shi don fitina. " Hadin gwiwar allurar rigakafin na WHO zai ba da fifiko kan waɗanne alluran rigakafi ya kamata su shiga cikin MatakiII kumaIII gwaje -gwaje na asibiti, da ƙayyade daidaiton MatakiKa'idoji na III ga duk alluran rigakafin da suka kai matakin gwaji mai mahimmanci.
Haka kuma gwamnatocin kasa sun shiga cikin raya allurar rigakafi. Kanada ta ba da sanarwar bayar da kuɗaɗen ayyukan bincike na allurar bincike guda 96 a kamfanoni da jami'o'in Kanada, tare da shirye -shiryen kafa “bankin allurar rigakafi” wanda za a iya amfani da shi idan wani barkewar cutar coronavirus ta sake faruwa, da kuma tallafawa gwajin asibiti da haɓaka masana'antu da samar da sarƙoƙi don alluran rigakafi. .
Kasar Sin ta ba da lamuni mai araha ga mai samar da allurar rigakafin ta hanyar babban bankin ta, kuma "cikin sauri ta samar da fili ga kamfanin" don gina tsire-tsire. Kamfanoni uku na allurar rigakafi da cibiyoyin bincike suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don tallafawa bincike, gudanar da gwajin asibiti, da masana'antu.
Burtaniya ta kafa kwamitin aikin rigakafin COVID -19 a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2020 don ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin cikin gida don hanzarta haɓaka rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masana'antu, jami'o'i, da hukumomin gwamnati. Ya ƙunshi kowane mataki na ci gaba daga bincike zuwa masana'antu.
A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Bincike da Ci gaban Biomedical (BARDA), wata hukumar tarayya da ke ba da tallafin fasahar yaƙi da cuta, ta ba da sanarwar saka hannun jari don tallafawa ci gaban allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Amurka, da ƙera mafi kyawun 'yan takara. A watan Mayu shekarar 2020, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar bayar da kuɗaɗe don wani shiri mai sauri da ake kira Operation Warp Speed. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2021, BARDA ta ba da kimanin kimanin dala biliyan 19.3 a ci gaban rigakafin COVID-19.
Manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna da gogewa wajen yin allurar rigakafi a sikelin, ciki har da Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca, da GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), sun kulla kawance da kamfanonin fasahar kere -kere, gwamnatoci, da jami'o'i don hanzarta ci gaba zuwa alluran rigakafin.
Tarihi
COVID-19's ya haifar da ƙwayar cuta, SARS-CoV-2 (matsanancin ciwon huhu na numfashi coronavirus 2), an ware shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2019. An buga jerin kwayoyin halittarsa ​​a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, yana haifar da martani na gaggawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don shirya don fashewa da hanzarta ci gaban. allurar rigakafin COVID-19. Tun daga shekarar 2020, an hanzarta haɓaka allurar rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a masana'antun magunguna na ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin gwamnatoci. Zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2020, kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, da kungiyoyin bincike na jami'a sun saka gomomin biliyoyin daloli don samar da 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin da kuma shirye -shiryen shirye -shiryen rigakafin duniya don yin rigakafin kamuwa da cutar COVID -19. Dangane da Hadin gwiwar Innovations na Shirye -shiryen Cutar (CEPI), rabe -raben yanki na ci gaban rigakafin COVID -19 yana nuna ƙungiyoyin Arewacin Amurka suna da kusan 40% na aikin, idan aka kwatanta da 30% a Asiya da Ostiraliya, 26% a Turai, da 'yan ayyukan a Kudancin Amurka da Afirka.
A watan Fabrairu shekarar 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ce ba ta tsammanin samun allurar rigakafin SARS -CoV ‑ 2 a cikin kasa da watanni 18. Masanin ilmin dabbobi Paul Offit yayi sharhi cewa, a hangen nesa, ci gaban allurar rigakafi mai inganci cikin watanni 11 abu ne mai ban mamaki. Yawan saurin kamuwa da cuta na COVID-19 a duk duniya yayin shekarar 2020 ya ƙarfafa ƙawancen ƙasashe da ƙoƙarin gwamnati don hanzarta shirya albarkatu don yin allurar rigakafi da yawa akan takaitaccen lokacin, tare da masu neman allurar rigakafin guda huɗu waɗanda ke shiga kimantawar ɗan adam a cikin Maris (duba allurar COVID-19 rial Gwaji da matsayin izini ).
Abokan hulɗa na Pfizer - BioNTech sun gabatar da buƙatar izinin Amfani da Gaggawa (EUA) ga Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) don allurar mRNA BNT162b2 (sinadarin aiki tozinameran) a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, Magunguna da Kula da Lafiya na Burtaniya. Hukumar Kula da Kayayyaki (MHRA) ta ba da izini na ɗan lokaci don allurar Pfizer -BioNTech, ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da allurar kuma ƙasa ta farko a Yammacin duniya don amincewa da amfani da kowane allurar COVID -19. Tun daga ranar 21 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020, ƙasashe da yawa da Tarayyar Turai sun ba da izini ko amincewa da allurar Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19. Bahrain da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ba da izinin tallan gaggawa na BBIBP-CorV, wanda Sinopharm ya ƙera. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020, FDA ta ba da EUA don maganin Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19. Mako guda bayan haka, sun ba da EUA don mRNA-1273 (elasomeran mai aiki), allurar Moderna.
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Rasha ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rajistar rigakafin COVID -19 na farko ga dabbobi. Anyi wa lakabi da Carnivac-Cov, allurar rigakafi ce ga dabbobi masu cin nama, gami da dabbobin gida, da nufin hana maye gurbi da ke faruwa yayin watsawar SARS-CoV-2.A watan Yunin shekarar 2021, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa allurar UB-612, wanda COVAXX na Amurka ya samar, wani kamfani ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin Blackwater Erik Prince. A cikin jerin saƙonnin rubutu ga Paul Behrends, babban abokin aikin da aka dauka don aikin COVAXX, Yarima ya bayyana damar samun riba a siyar da allurar COVID-19. COVAXX bai ba da bayanai daga gwajin asibiti kan aminci ko inganci ba. An ba da alhakin ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwa na rarrabawa ga wani yanki na Abu Dhabi, wanda aka ambata a matsayin "Windward Capital" akan harafin COVAXX amma a zahiri Windward Holdings ne. Babban mai hannun jarin kamfanin, wanda ke kula da "ayyukan ƙwararru, kimiyya da fasaha", shine Erik Prince. A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2021, COVAXX ya tara dala biliyan 1.35 a cikin keɓaɓɓen wuri.
Inganci
Bayanai na baya-bayan nan daga karatu a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe sun gano cewa akwai allurar rigakafin COVID-19 daga Amurka “tana da matuƙar kariya daga rashin lafiya, asibiti, da mutuwa sakamakon COVID-19.” Idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun mutanen da aka yiwa allurar rigakafin, CDC ta gano cewa mutanen da ba su yi allurar rigakafin ba sun fi kamuwa da cutar sau 5, sau 10 mafi kusantar yin asibiti, kuma sau 11 sun fi mutuwa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2021, sama da kashi 96% na likitocin Amurka sun sami cikakkiyar rigakafin COVID-19.
A ƙarshen watan Agusta shekarar 2021, bayan bambance-bambancen Delta ya zama mai rinjaye, bincike ya kammala cewa alluran COVID-19 sun ba da kariya 55 bisa ɗari daga kamuwa da cuta, kashi 80 daga kamuwa da alamomin cutar, kuma aƙalla kashi 90 cikin ɗari a kan asibiti. Bambancin na Delta, wanda kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari ya fi kamuwa da alpha, ya zama mafi ƙarfi a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021. Duk da haka, alluran rigakafin har yanzu suna da kariya daga mummunan rashin lafiya da asibiti tare da raguwar inganci. Hakazalika CDC ta gano cewa alluran rigakafin sun kai kashi 90 cikin ɗari a hana rigakafin asibiti.
Sakamakon rahotannin CDC, Shugaba Joe Biden ya ce "kusan duka" asibitocin COVID-19 da mutuwa a Amurka suna cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba. Wani bincike a jihar Washington ya gano cewa mutanen da ba su yi allurar rigakafin ba sun fi saurin kamuwa da COVID-19 sau shida, sau 37 mafi kusantar yin asibiti, kuma sau 67 suna iya mutuwa, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar.
Masu bincike sun lura cewa duk da cewa ba allurar rigakafin da ake yi a yanzu an tsara su ba ne akan bambancin Delta, duk da haka suna da inganci sosai, amma zuwa ƙaramin mataki: kariya ta faɗi daga 91% zuwa 66%. Wani kwararre ya bayyana cewa "wadanda suka kamu da cutar bayan allurar rigakafi har yanzu ba sa rashin lafiya kuma ba sa mutuwa kamar abin da ke faruwa kafin allurar." "Wannan kwayar cutar ita ce mafi inganci kwayar cutar don nemo sabbin rundunonin da ke da rauni," in ji Dokta Eric Topol, darekta kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Fassara Binciken Scripps. A ƙarshen watan Agusta na shekarar 2021 bambancin Delta ya kai kashi 99 cikin 100 na lamuran Amurka kuma an same shi ya ninka haɗarin rashin lafiya mai tsanani da asibiti ga waɗanda ba a riga sun yi allurar ba.
Abubuwan da suka faru
Munanan abubuwan da suka faru masu alaƙa da karɓar sabbin alluran rigakafin COVID-19 suna da fa'ida ga jama'a. Duk alluran rigakafin da ake gudanarwa ta allurar intramuscular, gami da alluran COVID-19, suna da illa masu alaƙa da rauni mai rauni da ke da alaƙa da hanya da shigar da wani abu na waje cikin jiki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciwon kai, jajaye, kurji, da kumburi a wurin allurar. Sauran illolin na kowa sun haɗa da gajiya, ciwon kai, myalgia (ciwon tsoka), da arthralgia (ciwon haɗin gwiwa) wanda gaba ɗaya ke warwarewa cikin 'yan kwanaki. Effectaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da yawa (wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 1,000) shine rashin hankali (rashin lafiyan) ga ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin sinadaran rigakafin, wanda a wasu lokuta mawuyaci na iya haifar da anaphylaxis. Haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin thrombosis mai alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa yana da alaƙa da yawancin marasa lafiyar mata marasa lafiya, bayan gudanar da allurar Janssen (Johnson da Johnson) da Oxford-AstraZenica COVID-19.
Rarraba
Lura game da tebur zuwa dama: Adadi da yawan mutanen da suka karɓi aƙalla kashi ɗaya na allurar COVID-19 (sai dai in an lura in ba haka ba). Zai iya haɗawa da allurar rigakafin waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, wanda zai iya tura jimillar fiye da 100% na yawan jama'ar yankin. ''Ana sabunta tebur yau da kullun ta hanyar bot. ''
A cikin Tarayyar Turai, alluran COVID ‑ 19 suna da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Izinin Tallafi na Yanayi wanda baya keɓe masu ƙira daga iƙirarin alhakin farar hula da gudanarwa. Yayin da kwangilolin siye tare da masu kera allurar rigakafin suka kasance a asirce, ba su ƙunshi keɓancewar alhaki har ma da illolin da ba a sani ba a lokacin lasisi.
Ofishin Bincike na Jarida, wata ƙungiyar labarai mai zaman kanta, ta ba da rahoto a cikin binciken da jami'ai da ba a ambaci sunan su ba a wasu ƙasashe, kamar su Argentina da Brazil, suka ce Pfizer ya buƙaci garanti kan ƙarar shari'o'in shari'a sakamakon illa a cikin hanyar yin watsi da abin da ya dace. kadarori kamar ajiyar bankin tarayya, gine -ginen ofisoshin jakadanci ko sansanonin soji, suna wuce abin da ake tsammani daga wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka. Yayin binciken majalisar na barkewar cutar a Brazil, wakilin Pfizer ya ce sharuddansa na Brazil iri daya ne da sauran kasashen da ta kulla yarjejeniya da su.
Ya zuwa 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, an yi allurar rigakafin COVID-19 biliyan 6.47 a duk duniya, tare da kashi 46 na yawan mutanen duniya sun sami aƙalla kashi ɗaya. Yayin da ake gudanar da alluran rigakafin miliyan 23.6 a kullum, kashi 2.3 na mutanen da ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi sun sami aƙalla allurar farko zuwa Oktoba 2021, a cewar rahotannin hukuma daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, wanda Duniyar Mu ta tattara.
Rahoton CEPI na watan Afrilu shekarar 2020 ya ce: "Za a buƙaci haɗin kai da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen duniya tsakanin masu haɓaka allurar rigakafi, masu tsara doka, masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da gudummawa, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da gwamnatoci don tabbatar da cewa za a iya ƙera 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin cutar a cikin isasshen adadi da wadatar da su daidai. ga dukkan yankunan da abin ya shafa, musamman yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu. " WHO da CEPI suna haɓaka albarkatun kuɗi da jagororin don jigilar duniya da yawa, ingantattun allurar COVID -19, gane buƙatar ta bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da sassan jama'a. ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da yawan jama'a waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin mafi girma na rashin lafiya mai tsanani da mutuwa daga kamuwa da cutar COVID-19, kamar tsofaffi ko talakawa masu yawan jama'a.
Samun dama
Kasashe sun yi alkawarin siyan allurar rigakafin COVID -19 kafin a samu allurar. Kodayake ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi masu girma suna wakiltar kashi 14% na yawan mutanen duniya, har zuwa ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020, sun yi kwangilar siyan kashi 51% na duk allurar da aka riga aka sayar. Wasu ƙasashe masu samun kuɗin shiga sun sayi allurai fiye da yadda ya zama dole don allurar yawan alummar su.