cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Masarautar Oyo
Asalin almara
A wani lokaci, Oyo-ile tana cikin yaƙi da Bariba na Borgu, waɗanda ke son su mallaki sabon garin da har yanzu ake kan gini. Orangun Ajagunla na Ila, babban yayan Oranmiyan, ya kutsa kai tare da mutanensa don taimakawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar yaƙi, Oranmiyan ya sami ɗa, Ajuwon Ajaka; da yawa daga baya Arabambi matar ta haifa daga Tapa ( Nupe ). An yi imanin cewa sunan "Sango" mahaifinsa ne ya ba shi ko kuma ya karɓa ne daga sunan gida na Allah na tsawa. Ko ta yaya gidan sarauta ya keɓe ga Ruhohin aradu (Jakuta) da Yaƙi (Ogun).
Zamanin farko (ƙarni na 12 – 1535)
Oranyan, sarki na farko (sarki) na Oyo, sai Oba Ajaka, Alaafin na Oyo suka gaje shi. An cire Ajaka daga mulki, saboda ba shi da halayyar soja ta Yarbawa kuma ya ba wa kananan shugabanninsa 'yanci sosai. Bayan haka an ba jagoranci ga ɗan'uwan Ajaka, Shango, wanda daga baya aka mai da shi allahn tsawa da walƙiya. Ajaka ya sake dawowa bayan mutuwar Sango. Ajaka ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki sosai yafi son yaƙi da zalunci. Magajinsa, Kori, ya sami nasarar cinye sauran abin da masana tarihi na gaba za su kira da babban birnin Oyo.
Ibadan
Zuciyar birnin Oyo ita ce babban birninta a Oyo-Ile (wanda kuma aka sani da Oyo Katunga ko Old Oyo ko Oyo-oro ). Manya-manyan gine-gine biyu a cikin Oyo-Ile sune 'Afin,' ko kuma fadar Oba, da kuma kasuwar sa. Fadar tana tsakiyar gari kusa da kasuwar Oba da ake kira 'Oja-Oba'. Kewayen babban birnin katangar katuwar kasa ce don tsaro tare da ƙofofi 17. Mahimmancin manyan gine-ginen biyu (fada da Oja Oba) sun nuna mahimmancin sarki a Oyo.
Mamayar Nupe
Oyo ta zama babbar karfaffiyar ikon ruwa a karshen karni na 14. Fiye da ƙarni ɗaya, ƙasar Yarbawa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar biyan kuɗin maƙwabta. A lokacin mulkin Onigbogi, Oyo ta sha kashi a hannun sojoji a hannun Nupe wanda Tsoede ya jagoranta. Wani lokaci a kusan 1535, Nupe sun mamaye Oyo kuma suka tilasta wa daularta mai mulki mafaka a masarautar Borgu. Nupe ta kori babban birni, ta lalata Oyo a matsayin ikon yanki har zuwa farkon karni na 17.
Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1608-1800)
Yarabawan Oyo sun shiga tsararrun shekaru 80 a matsayin daula da ke gudun hijira bayan da Nupe ta kayar da su. Sun sake kafa Oyo a matsayin mafi karko da fadada fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙirƙiri gwamnatin da ta kafa ikonta a kan babbar daula. A cikin karni na 17, Oyo ta fara dogon layi na girma, ta zama babbar daula. Oyo bata taba mamaye dukkan masu jin yaren Yarbanci ba, amma ita ce masarauta mafi yawan mutane a tarihin Yarbawa.
Sake hukunci da fadadawa
Babban mabuɗin sake gina Yarbawa na Oyo ya kasance mai ƙarfi sojoji da kuma tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Karɓar hanya daga abokan gaba na Nupe (waɗanda suke kira "Tapa"), Yarbawa sun sake yin yaƙi da makamai da mahayan dawakai. Oba Ofinran, Alaafin na Oyo, ya yi nasarar dawo da asalin yankin Oyo daga Nupe. An gina sabon babban birni, Oyo-Igboho, kuma asalin ya zama ana kiran sa Tsohon Oyo. Oba na gaba, Eguguojo, ya mamaye kusan duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Bayan wannan, Oba Orompoto ya jagoranci kai hare-hare don shafe Nupe don tabbatar da Oyo ba ta sake fuskantar barazanar su ba. A lokacin mulkin Oba Ajiboyede, ya gudanar da bikin Bere na farko, taron bikin murnar zaman lafiya a masarautar. Ana yin bikin akai-akai, zai riƙe mahimmancin gaske tsakanin Yarbawa tun bayan faɗuwar Oyo.
A karkashin magajinsa, Abipa, Yarbawa sun sake mamaye Oyo-Ile tare da sake gina babban birni na asali. Duk da gazawar yunƙurin mamaye Daular Benin wani lokaci tsakanin 1578 da 1608, Oyo ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Yarbawa sun ba da ikon cin gashin kai a kudu maso gabashin birnin Oyo, inda yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba za su iya zama buffa tsakanin Oyo da Imperial Benin. A ƙarshen karni na 16, jihohin Ewe da Aja na Benin na yau suna girmama Oyo.
Masarautar Oyo da aka dawo da ita ta fara zuwa kudu tun a shekarar 1682. A ƙarshen fadada aikin soja, iyakokin Oyo zasu isa bakin teku kusan 320 km kudu maso yamma na babban birninta. Ya ɗan fuskanci adawa mai tsanani har zuwa farkon karni na 18. A cikin 1728, Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye Masarautar Dahomey a cikin wani babban kamfen na dakarunta. Jaruman Dahomey, a gefe guda, ba su da mahayan dawakai amma bindigogi da yawa. Bindigar su ta tsoratar da dawakan Oyo dawakai da hana caji. Sojojin Dahomey sun kuma gina katanga kamar ramuka, wanda ya tilasta sojojin Oyo yin yaƙi a matsayin ƙanana. Yaƙin ya ɗauki kwana huɗu, amma Yarabawa sun sami nasara bayan ƙarfafawa sun zo. Dahomey an tilasta shi girmamawa ga Oyo. Yarbawa sun mamaye Dahomey har sau bakwai kafin daga karshe su mallaki karamar masarauta a shekarar 1748.
Tare da mahayan dawakai, Oyo ta yi kamfen cikin nasara da fatattaka daga nesa. Sojojin Oyo sun sami damar kai farmaki katanga na kariya, amma samar da sojoji ke da wuya, sai suka janye lokacin da kayan suka kare. Oyo ba ta yi amfani da bindiga a cikin manyan nasarorinta ba. Sojoji sun jira har karni na 19 don karban su. A cikin 1764, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akan (Akyem) -Dahomey-Oyo ta karya rundunar Asante. Nasarar kawancen ta bayyana iyakoki tsakanin jihohin makwabta. Oyo ta jagoranci kamfen mai nasara cikin yankin Mahi a arewacin Dahomey a ƙarshen karni na 18. Yarbawa ma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwan kwarinsu; Misali, sun cimma nasarar toshe jirgin ruwa na Badagri na 1784 tare da rundunar Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos.
Kungiya
Da farko, mutane sun maida hankali ne a cikin babban birnin Oyo. Tare da fadada masarauta, Oyo ta sake tsari don inganta kyakkyawan tsarin mallakar ta a ciki da wajen kasar Yarbawa. Ya kasu kashi hudu wanda aka ayyana shi dangane da asalin masarautar. Wadannan layukan sune Metropolitan Oyo, kudu na yankin Yarbawa, hanyar Egbado da Ajaland.
Birnin Oyo ya yi daidai, fiye ko lessasa, zuwa jihar Oyo kafin mamayewar Nupe. Wannan shi ne matattarar masarauta, inda Yarbawa ke magana da yarukan Oyo. Metropolitan Oyo an raba shi zuwa larduna shida, tare da uku a gefen yamma na Kogin Ogun da uku zuwa gabashin kogin. Kowane lardi yana karkashin kulawar gwamnan da Alaafin na Oyo ya nada kai tsaye.
Fasali na biyu na masarautar ya kunshi garuruwan da ke kusa da Oyo-Ile, waɗanda aka san su a matsayin 'yan uwan juna. Wannan yankin yana kudu da babban birnin Oyo, kuma mazauna Yarbawa suna magana da yarurruka daban daban da na Oyo. Wadannan jihohin masu fada-aji sun sami jagorancin shugabanninsu, mai taken Obas, wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su.
Tsarin mulkin na uku shine hanyar Egbado da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Yarbawa. Egba da Egbado suna zaune wannan yankin, kuma ya ba da tabbacin kasuwancin Oyo da bakin teku. An ba wa rarar Egba da Egbado, kamar takwarorinsu na Yarbawa, su mallaki kansu. Duk da haka, Ajele ya kula dasu. Wadannan wakilai ne wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya nada domin kula da maslaharsa da kuma lura da kasuwanci. Babban wakilin Oyo a cikin hanyar shine Olu, mai mulkin garin Ilaro.
Ajaland ita ce layin karshe da aka kara wa masarautar. Ya kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali da nesa, kuma ya kasance daidai da barazanar balaguro akan sa. Wannan yankin ya faro ne daga yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba da ke yamma da Hanyar Egbado har zuwa yankin da ake sarrafawa ta Ewe a cikin Togo ta zamani. Wannan yanki, kamar sauran jihohin da ke yankin, an ba su dama ta cin gashin kai muddin ana biyan haraji, ana bin umarni daga Oyo sosai, kuma an ba da dama ga kasuwannin cikin gida ga 'yan kasuwar Oyo. Oyo sau da yawa suna neman haraji a cikin bayi. Manyan hafsoshin sojojin wani lokacin sukan yi yaƙi da wasu mutane don kama bayi saboda wannan dalili. An san Oyo da azabtar da rashin biyayya ta hanyar kashe-kashen jama’ar da suka kuskure, kamar yadda aka yi a Allada a 1698.
Tsarin siyasa
Masarautar Oyo ta haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin siyasa don sarrafa yankunanta. Masana ba su tantance nawa wannan tsarin ya kasance ba kafin mamayewar Nupe. Bayan sake dawowa daga gudun hijira a farkon karni na 17, Oyo ta kasance da kyakkyawar halayyar mayaƙa. An nuna tasirin al'adun Yarbawa mai zafin rai a cikin matsayin da aka sanya akan oba (sarki) da kuma matsayin majalisar sa.
Alaafin Oyo
Oba (ma'ana 'sarki' a cikin harshen Yarbanci) a Oyo, wanda ake kira da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin yana nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci), shi ne shugaban masarautar kuma mai iko da mutane. Ya kasance mai alhakin kiyayewa raƙuman ruwa daga hari, sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin masu mulki, da sasantawa tsakanin waɗancan ƙananan sarakunan da jama'arsu. Alaafin na Oyo kuma ana sa ran zai ba wa wadanda ke karkashinsa karramawa da kyaututtuka. A sakamakon haka, duk wasu shugabannin kananan hukumomi sun yi mubaya'a ga Oba tare da sabunta biyayyarsu a bukukuwan shekara-shekara Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine bikin Bere, wanda ke nuna shelar samun nasarar mulki ta Alaafin. Bayan bikin Bere, zaman lafiya a ƙasar Yarbawa ya kamata ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku. Ba za a iya zubar da sarki ba amma ana iya tilasta shi ya kashe kansa idan ba a son shi kuma. Wannan ya yi ta aika Bashorun (Firayim ministan) zuwa yanzu dai an komai calabash ko tasa na aku 's qwai to shi kuma wuce jumla kin amincewa, da aka sani da Awon Eniyan Koo (watau cikin mutane ƙaryata ka, duniya kuwa ya ƙaryata game da ku kuma alloli sun ƙi ku ma). Bisa ga al'ada, ana sa ran Alaafin ya kashe kansa daga baya bayan haka.
Zabin Alaafin
The Oyo Empire was not a purely hereditary monarchy, nor was it an absolute one. The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always closely related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from Oranmiyan, a son of Oduduwa, and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards). At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, the Alaafin's eldest son usually succeeded his father upon the throne. This sometimes led the crown prince, known as the Aremo, to hasten the death of his father. In order to prevent this occurrence, it became traditional for the crown prince to be made to commit ritual suicide upon his father's death. Independent of the succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace. This led the noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". The two councils which checked the Alaafin had a tendency to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful.
Ilari
Alaafin na Oyo ya nada wasu jami'ai na addini da na gwamnati, wadanda galibi babba ne. Waɗannan jami'an an san su da suna ilari ko rabin kawuna, saboda al'adar aske rabin kawunansu da amfani da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sihiri ne a cikinsu. Daruruwan Ilari sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin maza da mata. Membersananan membobin Ilari sun yi ƙananan ayyuka, yayin da tsofaffi suka yi aiki a matsayin masu gadi ko wani lokacin manzo zuwa wata duniyar ta hanyar sadaukarwa. Lakabinsu da ke da alaƙa da sarki, kamar su oba l'olu ("sarki shi ne babba") ko madarikan ("kar a yi adawa da shi"). Sun ɗauki magoya da ja da kore a matsayin takardun shaida na matsayin su.
Duk kananan kotunan Oyo suna da Ilari wanda ya kasance 'yan leken asiri da masu karbar haraji. Oyo ta nada wadannan ne don su ziyarci wasu lokuta kuma suna zaune a Dahomey da kuma hanyar Egbado Corridor don karbar haraji da kuma leken asirin nasarorin da Dahomey ya samu, ta yadda Alaafin na Oyo zai sami abin yi.
Majalisar
Yayin da Alaafin na Oyo ya kasance mai cikakken iko da mutane, ba a duba ikon sa ba. Oyo Mesi da Yarbawan Duniyar Yarbawa da aka sani da suna Ogboni sun tsare ikon Oba. Oyo Mesi sun yi magana ne don ‘yan siyasa yayin da Ogboni ya yi magana don mutane kuma ikon addini ya goyi bayan su. Alaarfin Alaafin na Oyo dangane da Oyo Mesi da Ogboni ya dogara da halayen kansa da wayewar siyasa.
Oyo Mesi
Oyo Mesi sun kasance manyan kansiloli bakwai na jihar. Sun kafa Majalisar Zabe kuma suna da ikon yin doka. Bashorun ke jagoranta, suna aiki a matsayin firaminista, kuma sun hada da Agbaakin, Samu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku da Ashipa, sun wakilci muryar al'umma kuma suna da babban nauyin kare muradun masarautar. . An bukaci Alaafin ya dauki shawara daga wurin su a duk lokacin da wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi jihar ya faru. Kowane sarki yana da aikin jiha na yin sa a kotu kowace safiya da maraice. Kowannensu ma yana da mataimaki wanda za su tura zuwa Alaafin idan ba a iya gujewa rashi. Oyo Mesi ta ci gaba a matsayin binciken ikon Alaafin, yana hana Alaafin zama mai mulkin kama-karya ; sun tilastawa Alaafiyawa da yawa kashe kansu yayin ƙarni na 17 da 18.
Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)
Ma’aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya ta kasance daya daga cikin Ma’aikatun Tarayyar Najeriya da ke kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Najeriya. Ministan jiragen sama na yanzu shi ne Hadi Sirika. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa shi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2019.
Abderrazak Rassaa
Abderrazak Rassaa ( عبد الرزاق الرصاع  )yayi shekarun rayuwarsa (4 Janairun shekarar 1930 - 7 Janairun shekarata 2020)   ɗan siyasan Tunusiya ne.
Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)
Ƙungiya
Ma’aikatar ita ce ke da alhakin tsarawa da kuma kula da manufofin gwamnati na jiragen sama a Najeriya.
Masarautar Oyo
Oyo Mesi
Shugaban majalisar Oyo Mesi, da Bashorun, ya nemi shawarar Ifa kafin magajin masarauta don neman yardar daga gumakan. Sabili da haka ana ganin sabbin alloli na Oyo kamar alloli ne suka nada su. Ana ɗauke su a matsayin Ekeji Orisa, ma'ana "mataimakin alloli." Bashorun suna da magana ta karshe game da nadin sabon Alaafin, karfin da yake da shi da na shi kansa sarki. Misali, Bashorun ya tsara bukukuwa da yawa na addini; ya yi wannan ban da kasancewarsa babban kwamandan askarawan soja, wanda ya ba shi babban ikon addini mai zaman kansa.
Abderrazak Rassaa
Tarihi
Rassaa ta fara ne a matsayin farfesa a Faransa a Lycée Carnot de Tunis a Tunis. Bayan wannan aikin koyarwa ya zama Shugaba na Banque de Tunisie. Daga shekarar 1958 zuwa 1964, ya yi aiki a Hukumar Daraktocin Babban Bankin Tunisia. Rassaa ya zama Ministan Masana'antu a shekarar 1968 da Ministan Kudi a shekara mai zuwa, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1971.
Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)
Ƙungiya
Kai tsaye take da alhakin kula da sufurin jiragen sama, cigaban tashar jiragen sama da kuma kiyayewa, samar da ayyukan more rayuwa da sauran buƙatun rayuwa. Ma’aikatar tana karkashin jagorancin Ministan da Shugaban kasa ya naɗa, tare da taimakon Babban Sakatare, wanda ma’aikacin gwamnati ne. Ma’aikatar ita ce ke da alhakin kula da wadansu bangarori kamar su Kwalejin Fasahar Jirgin Sama na Najeriya. Ma’aikatar na da hedikwata a Abuja. A baya babban ofishin yana Legas.
Abderrazak Rassaa
Mutuwa
Abderrazak Rassaa ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2020 yana da shekara 90.
Masarautar Oyo
Oyo Mesi
Babban cikin ɗawainiyar Bashorun shine duk wani muhimmin biki na sama. Wannan duba na addini, da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara, shine don tantance idan membobin Mesi har yanzu suna goyon bayan Alaafin. Idan majalisar ta yanke hukunci kan rashin amincewar Alaafin, Bashorun sun gabatarwa da Alaafin da wani dunkulen marmara, ko kwai aku, a matsayin alama cewa lallai ne ya kashe kansa. Wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a cire Alaafin saboda ba a iya sauke shi bisa doka. Da zarar an ba su calabash ko kwan aku, Alaafin, babban dansa Aremo, da mai ba shi shawara a cikin Oyo Mesi, Asamu, duk sai sun kashe kansu don sabunta gwamnati. An yi bikin kashe kansa a lokacin bikin Sama.
Ogboni
Oyo Mesi ma ba ta more cikakken iko ba. Yayin da Oyo Mesi ke da tasirin siyasa, Ogboni ya wakilci mashahuran ra'ayin da ke da goyon bayan ikon addini, saboda haka Ogboni na iya daidaita ra'ayoyin Oyo Mesi. Akwai dubawa da daidaito kan ikon Alafin da Oyo Mesi kuma saboda haka babu wanda ya yi girman kai cikakken iko. Ogboni ya kasance babbar kungiyar asiri mai karfi wacce ta kunshi 'yanci na gari wadanda aka ambata da shekarunsu, hikimarsu da mahimmancinsu a cikin al'amuran addini da siyasa. Membobinta suna jin daɗin cikakken iko akan talakawa saboda tashar addininsu. Shaida ga yadda yaduwar makarantar ta kasance kasancewar akwai (kuma har yanzu) shuwagabannin Ogboni a kusan dukkanin kananan kotunan cikin kasar Yarbawa. Ban da aikinsu game da bautar duniya, suna da hakkin yanke hukunci game da duk wani abu da ya shafi zubar da jini. Jagoran Ogboni, Oluwo, yana da cancantar isa kai tsaye zuwa Alaafin na Oyo kan kowane lamari.
Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)
Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya
Sirika Hadi tsohon matuƙin jirgin sama ne, Tsohon Janar Manajan Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Jihar Katsina, tsohon dan Majalisar wakilai ta Tarayya, kuma Sanata a Tarayyar Najeriya, wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Katsina ta Arewa a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Congress for Progressive Change. Sirika ya riƙe mukamin (Mataimakin Shugaban) Kwamitin cigaban muradun ƙarni (MGDs) wanda Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta kafa. Ya zama Sanata a 2011. Yanzu haka shi ne Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya.
Sassan
A baya Sashen Kula da Sufurin Jiragen sama na ma'aikatar ya binciki hatsarin jirgin sama. A cikin 1989 Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FCAA) ta bude, kuma Sashen Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ya zama Sashen Kula da Tsaro na FCAA. A cikin wannan shekarar aka kafa Ofishin Binciken Hatsari (AIB), wanda ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama, kuma FCAA ba ta da sauran alhakin binciken haɗari. Daga baya aka canza sunan ofishin zuwa Ofishin Bincike da Rigakafin Hatsari. A zaman wani bangare na dokar sufurin jiragen sama ta shekarar 2006, AIB ta zama hukuma mai cin gashin kanta, Ofishin Binciken Hadarin.
Masarautar Oyo
Soja
Akwai babban ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin rundunar masarautar Oyo. Nasarorinta na soja ya kasance saboda yawancin dawakai da kuma jagoranci da ƙarfin gwiwar hafsoshin Oyo da mayaƙa. Saboda babban yankin da take mayar da hankali shi ne arewacin dajin, Oyo ta fi jin daɗin noma kuma don haka ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga ikon Oyo don fitar da babbar runduna koyaushe. Hakanan akwai al'adun soja da suka kafu a Oyo inda cin nasara ya zama tilas kuma cin nasara ya ɗauki nauyin kashe kansa. Babu shakka wannan manufar ta-ko-mutuwa ta ba da gudummawa ga tsokanar soja na janar-janar na Oyo.
Sojan doki
Masarautar Oyo ita ce kadai kasar Yarbawa da ta dauki dawakai ; ta yi haka ne saboda yawancin yankunanta yana cikin arewacin savannah. Asali mahayan dawakai suna sabani; duk da haka, Nupe, Borgu da Hausa a cikin yankuna makwabta suma sunyi amfani da mahayan dawakai kuma wataƙila sun samo asalin tarihinsu. Oyo ta iya siyan dawakai daga arewa kuma ta kula dasu a cikin babban birin Oyo saboda 'yanci na ɗan tsako daga tsuntsun tsetse. Sojan doki doguwar hannu ce ta Daular Oyo. Atearshen balaguron ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya ƙunshi sojojin dawakai gaba ɗaya. Akwai nakasu ga wannan. Oyo ba za ta iya kula da dakarunta masu dawakai a kudu ba amma suna iya kai hari yadda suke so.
Sojoji masu dawakai a cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gaba sosai kamar Oyo sun kasu zuwa haske da nauyi. Tã sojan doki a kan ya fi girma shigo da dawakai da aka dauke da makamai nauyi thrusting lances ko māsu da ma tare da takuba. Sojojin dawakai masu haske a kan ƙaramar farar fata 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da makamai da jifa da mashi ko baka.
Antananan yara
Ananan sojoji a yankin da ke kusa da Masarautar Oyo sun kasance iri ɗaya cikin kayan yaƙi da na yaƙi. Duk sojojin ƙanana a yankin sun ɗauki garkuwa, takuba da mashi iri ɗaya ko wata. Garkuwa na da tsayi ƙafa huɗu da faɗi ƙafa biyu kuma an yi ta giwar giwa ko ta sa. Tsawon kafa 3 ft takobi mai nauyi shi ne babban makamin yaƙi. Yarabawa da maƙwabta sun yi amfani da mashi sau uku waɗanda za a iya jefa su daidai daga taku 30.
Tsarin
Masarautar Oyo, kamar daulolin da yawa kafinta, sunyi amfani da dakaru na gida da na masu fadada fadada yankunanta. Tsarin rundunar sojan Oyo gabanin masarautarta ta kasance mai sauki kuma tana kusa da gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin babban birinin Oyo. Wannan na iya isa a cikin karni na 15 lokacin da Oyo ke iko da yankin kasar ta kawai, amma don ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba, tsarin ya sami canje-canje da yawa.
Shin Ona Kakanfo
Bayan dawowar Oyo daga gudun hijira, aka kafa mukamin Are-Ona-Kakanfo a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji. An bukace shi da zama a lardin da ke da matukar muhimmanci don sanya ido kan makiya da kuma hana shi kwace mulkin. A lokacin masarautar Oyo, Are-Ona-Kakanfo da kanshi sun yiwa sojojin da ke filin daga dukkan yakin neman zabe.
Sojojin birni
Tun da Are-Ona-Kakanfo ba zai iya zama kusa da babban birni ba, dole ne a yi tsare-tsaren don kare wannan a yayin gaggawa. Bashorun, babban memba na Oyo Mesi ne ya ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke cikin birnin na Oyo. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, an raba garin Metropolitan Oyo zuwa larduna shida da aka raba su daidai da kogi. Ta haka aka tara sojojin lardi zuwa rundunoni biyu, karkashin Onikoyi da Okere na gabas da yamma na kogin bi da bi. Knownananan shugabannin yaƙi an san su da Balogun, taken da sojojin da suka gaji jihar Oyo suka gaje shi, wato Ibadan.
Sojojin Rarraba
Shugabannin kabilu da gwamnonin larduna ne ke da alhakin tara haraji da bayar da gudummawar sojoji a ƙarƙashin janar na cikin gida ga sojojin sarki a lokacin gaggawa. Lokaci-lokaci, ana ba shugabannin da ke ba da fatawa damar kai hari ga maƙwabta koda ba tare da goyon bayan babbar rundunar mulkin mallaka ba. Waɗannan rundunonin ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin kamfen na Oyo mai nisa a bakin kogi ko wasu jihohi.
Kasuwanci
Oyo ta zama masarautar kudu ta kasuwancin Trans-Saharan. An yi musaya da gishiri, fata, dawakai, goro kola, hauren giwa, zane da bayi. Yarabawa na babban birnin Oyo suma sun kware sosai a aikin kere kere da aikin karafa. Baya ga haraji kan kayayyakin kasuwanci da ke shigowa da fita daga masarautar, Oyo ta kasance mai wadata daga harajin da aka sanya wa rarar ta. Haraji akan masarautar Dahomey kadai ya kawo adadin da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka dubu 638 a shekara.
Zenith
Zuwa 1680, Masarautar Oyo ta fadada fiye da murabba'in kilomita 150,000. Ya kai maɗaukakiyar ƙarfinsa a ƙarni na 18. Duk da rikice-rikicen da aka kirkira, an gudanar da shi tare don son kai. Gwamnati ta sami damar samar da haɗin kai ga yanki mai faɗi ta hanyar haɗakar ikon cin gashin kai da ikon masarauta.
Ba kamar manyan daulolin savannah ba, wanda Oyo ba za a kira shi magaji ba tunda magaji ne na Ife, babu wani abu idan akwai tasirin Musulunci a daular. Sananne ne cewa aƙalla an ajiye wasu jami'ai musulmai a cikin Metropolitan Oyo, kuma mazaje masu iya rubutu da lissafi cikin larabci 'yan kasuwar Faransa sun ba da rahoton su a 1787
Ragewa
Da yawa suna ganin faduwar masarautar Oyo ta fara ne tun a shekarar 1754 tare da dabarun sarauta da juyin mulkin fada da Firaminista Oyo Gaha ya dauki nauyi. Gaha, a kokarinsa na samun cikakken iko, ya hada baki da Oyo Mesi kuma watakila har ila yau Ogboni ya tilasta Alaafiyawa hudu da suka biyo baya don kashe kansu ta hanyar ibada bayan an gabatar da su da alamar kwaron aku. Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1754 kawai, Gaha ya tilasta Alaafins biyu su kashe kansu. Saboda wannan, Alaafin Awonbioju ya kwashe kwanaki 130 a kan karagar mulki, yayin da Alaafin Labisi ya shafe kwanaki 17 kawai a kan karagar. Ba a kawo karshen ha'incin Gaha ba sai a shekarar 1774 a lokacin mulkin Alaafin Abiodun, Alaafin na biyar da ya yi aiki. Daga baya Abiodun ya kashe Gaha amma rashin zaman lafiyar da wadannan dabarun suka haifar ya kara raunana Oyo.
Alaafin Abiodun a lokacin mulkin shi ma ya gudanar da kamfen na rashin nasara a kan Borgu a 1783 da Nupe a 1789, rasa kwatankwacin janar-janar 11 da 13 da mazajen su bi da bi. Daga baya dansa Awole ya kashe Abiodun, wanda daga baya ya hau gadon mahaifinsa.
Abubuwan da suka haifar da ballewar garin Ilorin sun fara ne a shekarar 1793. Ilorin sansanin yaki ne karkashin jagorancin Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja. Afonja ya shiga takun-saka da Awole lokacin da shi kuma ya umarce shi da ya afkawa gidan Alaafin Abiodun, Iwere-Ile. Afonja, wanda ke daure da rantsuwa kuma yana son kada ya fada cikin la'ana daga Alaafin da ta gabata ya nuna cewa duk wani Aare Ona Kakanfo da ya kai hari Iwere-Ile (mahaifinsa) zai mutu matuka, ya ki bin umarnin. An kuma bayar da wani dalilin a shekarar 1795, lokacin da Awole ya umarci Afonja da ya afkawa garin kasuwar Apomu, wani yanki na Ile-Ife. Duk Alaafins, saboda imanin Yarbawa cewa Ife gida ne na ruhun Yarbawa, a baya an sanya su da rantsuwa cewa ba za su far wa Ife ba. Afonja ya aiwatar da umarnin Awole kuma ya kori Apomu, amma bayan dawowar sojoji daga kamfen din sai ya dunguma zuwa Oyo-Ile babban birnin kasar (wanda ita kanta haramun ce), kuma ya bukaci Awole ya sauka. Awole daga baya ya kashe kansa ta hanyar tsafi.
Bayan rasuwar Awole, akwai masu fafutuka don neman kursiyin daga masu fafutuka da yawa; wasu an ruwaito cewa sun yi kasa da watanni shida a kan karagar mulki; akwai kuma wani lokaci na rikice-rikice na kusan shekaru ashirin inda bangarori daban-daban ba su yarda da dan takara ba. Wannan rashin ikon ya haifar da hawan manyan sojoji da kwamandojin yanki kamar Adegun, da Onikoyi da Solagberu, da Otun Are-Ona Kakanfo. Shehu Alimi, wani basaraken Fulani wanda shi ne shugaban karuwar yawan musulmai a Oyo, shi ma ya hau mulki a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun rasa daraja ga ofishin Alaafin saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa daban-daban da kuma rashin ikon hukuma a lokacin; wannan halin ya haifar da Afonja balle Ilorin daga Oyo a 1817 tare da taimakon Musulman Oyo. A cikin 1823, bayan da abokan aikinsa na farko Shehu Alimi da Solagberu suka kashe Afonja (wanda shi kuma ɗan Alimi ya kashe shi), Ilorin ya zama wani ɓangare na Kalifancin Sokoto. A lokacin da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci Oyo-Ile a 1825 lokacin mulkin Alaafin Majotu, masarautar ta riga ta kasance cikin yanayi na koma baya. Bangaren Clapperton sun nadar wasu kauyukan Oyo da Fulani na Ilorin suka kona yayin da Majotu kuma ya nemi taimakon sarkin Ingila da Oba na Benin wajen kawar da tawayen Ilorin. Shima Clapperton ya lura da karancin dawakai, duk da cewa Oyo ta shahara da karfin sojan doki; wannan na iya zama yana da nasaba da cewa galibin sojojin daular da kuma mahayan dawakai an ajiye su a Ilorin karkashin umarnin Afonja (kuma daga baya magajin Alimi).
Daga nan sai Ilorin ya kewaye Offa ya fara mamayewa, konawa tare da kwasar ganima a Oyo, daga karshe ya rusa babban birnin Oyo-Ile a 1835.
Rashin Hanyar Egbado
Yayin da Oyo ta tsinke kanta ta hanyar dambarwar siyasa, masu kula da ita suka fara amfani da damar don matsawa ga yanci. Egba, a karkashin jagorancin wani shugaban yaki da ake kira Lishabi, sun yiwa Ilari kisan gilla a yankin su sannan suka fatattaki wata rundunar azaba ta Oyo.
Tawayen Dahomey
A cikin 1823 Dahomey aka ruwaito ya afkawa kauyukan da suke karkashin kariyar Oyo ga bayi saboda tsananin bukatar da ake musu. Nan da nan Oyo ta bukaci babbar kyauta daga Sarki Gezo saboda kutse ba da izini ba, wanda Gezo ya tura mataimakinsa dan kasar Brazil, Chacha Francisco Félix de Sousa, zuwa Alaafin da ke Oyo don yin sulhu. Tattaunawar sulhun daga baya ta wargaje, daga baya Oyo ta far wa Dahomey. Sojojin Oyo sun ci nasara sosai, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Oyo akan Dahomey. Bayan samun 'yancinta, Dahomey ya fara farfaɗo da hanyar.
Ago d'Oyo
Bayan lalata Oyo-Ile, sai aka matsa babban birnin zuwa kudu, zuwa Ago d'Oyo. Oba Atiba ya nemi kiyaye abin da ya rage na Oyo ta hanyar dorawa Ibadan aikin kare babban birnin daga Ilorin a arewa da arewa maso gabas. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sa Ijaye su kare Oyo daga yamma da Dahomeans. Cibiyar ikon Yarbawa ta ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Ibadan, sansanin yakin Yarbawa wanda kwamandojin Oyo suka kafa a 1830.
Nigeria Rugby League
Kungiyar Rugby ta Nigeria ita ce hukumar da ke kula da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ta rugby a Najeriya.
Masarautar Oyo
Rushewar ƙarshe
Wasan Atiba ya gaza, kuma Oyo ba ta sake dawo da martabarta a yankin ba. The Oba, in ba haka ba ana kiransa Atiba Atobatele, ya mutu a 1859; Hisansa Adeyemi I, Alaafin na uku da ya yi sarauta a Oyo ta yanzu, ya mutu a 1905. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yarabawa sun kasance ɗayan ƙungiyoyin birni a Afirka. Kimanin 22% na yawan jama'a sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna tare da yawan mutane fiye da 100,000, kuma sama da 50% suna zaune a cikin biranen da ke da mutane 25,000 ko fiye. Lissafin biranen birni a shekarar 1950 ya kusa da na Amurka, ban da Ilorin. Yarbawa suna ci gaba da kasancewa ƙabilun Afirka mafi birni a yau. Manyan biranen zamani sun hada da Oyo, Ibadan, Osogbo, da Ogbomoso, wadanda wasu manyan garuruwa ne da suka bunkasa bayan tsohuwar Oyo ta ruguje.
Ragowar masarautar na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ɗayan jihohin gargajiya na wannan zamani na Nijeriya.
Nigeria Rugby League
Tarihi
Kungiyar kwallon Rugby ta Najeriya an kafa ta ne a cikin shekara ta 2018 ta tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na rugby, Ade Adebisi wanda shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban General kuma Babban Manaja kuma shugaba Abiodun Olawale-Cole. An bai wa Kungiyar Rugby ta Najeriya memba na kungiyar Rugby League ta Tarayyar Turai, wanda ya maye gurbin tsohuwar kungiyar da ba ta yin aiki kuma rusasshiyar kungiyar da ke kula da kwallon Rugby ta Najeriya.
Santiago de Chile
Santiago de Chile birni ne, da ke a yankin birnin Santiago, a ƙasar Chile. Ita ce babban birnin ƙasar Chile. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2015, Santiago de Chile tana da yawan jama'a 7,314,176. An gina birnin Santiago a shekara ta 1541.
Nigeria Rugby League
MEA Championship Lagos Nigeria 2019 (Mai watsa shiri - Najeriya)
A karawa ta uku tsakanin Ghana da Kamaru, Ghana ce ta dauki wannan rana tare da nasarar da ci 10-4 a kan Kamaru wacce ta kammala gasar ba tare da samun nasara ba.
Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya
Hukumar Gudanarwan Babban Birnin Tarayya ma'aikatar Najeriya ce da ke kula da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya. Ministan yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ministan ne wanda Shugaban kasa ya nada, tare da taimakon Babban Sakatare, wanda ma’aikacin gwamnati ne. Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya ƙirƙiro Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Tarayya a ranar 31 ga Disambar 2004 bayan rusa ma'aikatar Babban Birnin Tarayya (MFCT). An kirkiro sabbin Sakatarori guda bakwai domin Ilimi, Sufuri, Noma da Raya Karkara, Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam, cigaban al'umma, Ayyukan Shari'a da kuma Karamar Hukumar. Waɗanda ba sakatarorin gwamnati ba ne ke jagorantar waɗannan Sakatariyar a ƙoƙarin rage matsalolin tafiyar da mulki.
Hukumomi da dama suna samun tallafi daga FCTA, gami da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Abuja, waɗanda suka shafi tattara shara da shara da sauran lamuran muhalli; Tsarin Bayanai na Yankin Kasa na Abuja, wanda ke samar da abubuwan data shafi kasa da kuma tsayawa guda daya ga dukkan lamuran ƙasa na babban birnin tarayya, ana amfani dasu ne wajen saukaka filaye da tattara duk kudaden shiga da suka shafi FCT; da Hukumar Kula da Gine-ginen Birni (AMMC) don aiyukan birni daban-daban; Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya; da sauransu.
Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya
An kirkiro Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya a cikin 1976 don "kula da abubuwan more rayuwa da ci gaban jiki (tsarawa, tsarawa da ginawa)" na Babban Birnin Tarayya. Shekaru uku bayan haka an kirkiro "Ma'aikatar Babban Birnin Tarayya" (MFCT), kuma daga baya ƙungiyoyin biyu sun haɗu gaba ɗaya. Koyaya MFCT an maye gurbin ta a 2004 tare da kafa Babban Birnin Tarayya.
Mohamed Salah Mzali
Mohamed Salah Mzali (An haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1896 zuwa 22 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1984) ya kuma kasance malamin Tunusiya, tarihi da ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance Firayim Minista na Tunisia na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin shekarar 1954 karkashin Muhammad VIII al-Amin.
Mohamed Salah Mzali asalinsa ne na Ait Mzal dangin Masmuda na Sous wanda ya kafa daular Hafsid, shi ma dangin Mohammed Mzali ne.
Tarihin rayuwa
Wanda aka sake shi shekara daya bayan haka, hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka zabe shi ya kafa gwamnati a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1953. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris, an naɗa shi Grand Vizier. Gwamnatinsa, wacce ta kunshi kwararrun masu gudanarwa da gaskiya. Mzali kuma memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Carthage kuma shi ne kwamitin editan Jaridar Tunisiya; ya kuma hada kai da mujallar Al Fajr, Al Majalla zeitounia, da sauransu.
Girmamawa
Ya samu lambar yabo ta Alliance Française, the Académie des Jeux Floraux da sauran gasa ta adabi.
Joe Mafela
Joe " Sdumo " Mafela (an haife shi ranar 25 Yuni 1942 - ya mutu a ranar 18 Maris 2017). ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu, marubuci, furodusa, darekta, mawaƙa, kuma ɗan kasuwa.
Sana'a
An haifi Mafela a Sibasa, Transvaal, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya girma a Kliptown da White City Jabavu, a cikin Soweto, kusa da Johannesburg, sannan danginsa sun kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1990 a cikin Garin Tshiawelo da aka keɓe don mutanen Venda a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata. Ya fara fitowa a fina-finai tun yana dan shekara ashirin da biyu. Ya taka rawar edita a cikin fim din, Labaran Gaskiya. Ya shiga kamfanin fina-finai na Afirka ta Kudu SA Films, kuma a cikin shekaru 20 da suka biyo baya ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da darakta da kuma jarumin fina-finai. Ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyin rawa na kabilu daban-daban na Mzumba, Sangoma, da Gold Reef Dancers, wadanda suka yi a cikin fitattun fina-finai, da gidajen kallo, da otal-otal da suka fito a nahiyoyi hudu. A cikin 1974 Mafela ta yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin baƙar fata na farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu, a matsayin Peter Pleasure a Udeliwe. Ya yi aiki tare da darekta Peter R. Hunt (wanda aka sani da fim din James Bond A kan Sabis na Sirrin Sarauniya ) a cikin fim ɗin 1976 Shout at the Devil.
Tare da zuwan talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1976, Mafela ya yi aiki kusan ci gaba a wannan matsakaicin. A cikin 1986 an jefa shi a matsayin mai masaukin baki S'dumo a cikin jerin barkwancin harshen Zulu  'Sgudi 'Snaysi. Nasarar ' Sgudi 'Snaysi ("Yana da kyau, Yana da kyau") - wanda ya gudana zuwa sassa 78 akan SABC - ya haifar da matsayi a cikin wasu jerin, wanda kamfanin Mafela na kansa ya samar da Penguin Films. Har ila yau, ya ƙarfafa Mafela ya shiga masana'antar talla, yana aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ƙirƙirar Sadarwar Baƙar fata a BBDO Afirka ta Kudu kuma, tun 1992, a matsayin darektan Tallace-tallace ta Sharrer a Johannesburg.
Mafela yayi la'akari da alamar tauraro a farkon tallace-tallacen talabijin na Chicken Licken, kuma ya rubuta kamfanin "Yana da kyau, mai kyau, mai kyau, yana da kyau" jingle a lokacin yin tallace-tallace na Chicken Licken a shekara ta 1986.
A cikin 1996, Gallo Records ta fitar da kundi na Shebeleza Fela, tare da mashahurin hit "Shebeleza (Congo Mama)". Ya kasance babbar nasara, kuma "Shebeleza" ta kasance waƙar jigo a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afrika a 1996. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Mafela ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da wasu albam masu yawa na waƙoƙin harshen Zulu.
Wani lokacin ake kira "fuskar Afrika ta Kudu nisha", kuma "Afrika ta Kudu ta Bill Cosby", ya alamar tauraro a matsayin kwanan nan a matsayin shekarar 2011 a cikin mai ban sha'awa azãbar rãmuwa.  Duk da haka, Mafela da ya tsufa ya koka a 2012 cewa yana da wahala a gare shi ya sami aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ce an gaya masa cewa “ya tsufa da sanyi”. Ya yi hatsarin mota a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2017, a kan M1 arewacin Johannesburg, inda motoci biyu suka shiga. Nan take ya rasu ya bar matarsa da ‘ya’yansa hudu. An binne shi a ranar 29 ga Maris 2017 a makabartar Westpark a Johannesburg.
Kyauta
A cikin shekara ta 2004 Mafela ya sami lambar yabo ta Duku Duku na musamman saboda ayyukan da ya yi a masana'antar talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 2005 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gudanar da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu lambar yabo ta Rayuwa a Naledi Theater Awards.
Sliman Ourak
Sliman Ourak ɗan siyasan Tunusiya ne. Ya kasance Ministan Kasuwanci da kere kere a karkashin tsohon Shugaban da aka haifa 28 ga Yulin shekarar 1955 a Tunis.
Karatu
Bayan ya sami Digiri na biyu (Law Law), Mista Slimane Ourak ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Institut Technique de Banque (ITB) da ke Paris. Ya yi atisaye a bankuna da dama na Tunusiya kuma ya halarci tarurrukan kasa da horo na kasa da kasa kan hanyoyin ingantawa da samar da kudade ga Kananan Masana'antu da Masana'antu (SMEs).
Aiki
Ya kuma gudanar da zaman atisaye da tsarin kananan kudade na duniya don yaki da talauci da mayar da martini. Mista Ourak ya fara aikinsa na sana'a ne a watan Disambar 1981 zuwa Bankin Kula da Gidaje na Kasa (Bankin Gidaje (BH) a yau), kafin a nada shi darekta janar na ma'aikatar kudi ta tsare-tsare da kudi. Sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Bankin Solidarity na Tunisiya (BTS) (Afrilu 1999 - Nuwamban shekarar 2004) da Darakta Janar na Kwastam (Nuwamba 2004),  matsayin da ya rike har zuwa sabon nadin nasa. Mista Slimane shi ne Jami'in Ourak na Umurnin Jamhuriya (2006) kuma Jami'in Umurnin na 7 ga Nuwamba (2007). An kuma yi masa ado da Lambar kwadago (2003). Mista Ourak ya yi aure da ’ya’ya uku.
Mutanen Idaksahak
Mutanen Dawsahak, Idaksahak (var.: Daoussahak,  Dahoussahak, Dausahaq, Daosahaq, Daoussahaq, Daoussak, Dawsahaq ) makiyaya ne Abzinawa da ke kan garin Menaka da Inékar a cikin Menaka Cercle da Talataye a Ansongo Cercle na Yankin Gao na arewa maso gabashin Mali. Suna magana da harshen arewacin Songhai <i id="mwIQ">Tadaksahak</i>. Dayawa suna magana da Yammacin Tawallammat Tamajaq, yaren Tuareg na kudancin Gao. Daoussahak ya bayyana shine mafi yawan fassarar sunan gama gari tsakanin masana Faransanci da Ingilishi.
Tarihi
Idaksahak tsohuwar ƙungiya ce ta dogara da Abzinawan Iwellemmeden na gida, waɗanda a da kuma suke aiki a matsayin maraboutic (masanan addini) da masu tunatar da dabbobi game da ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa. Duk da wannan tarihin, sun cancanci Abzinawa a yankin, har ma da Daular Songhay, daga inda suka datuki yarensu. Har ila yau kuma wasu lokuta ana kiransu a matsayin tewsit (dangi) na Iwellemmeden Tuareg. Idaksahak, kamar Igdalan da ke da alaƙa "suna daga cikin Berber na farko da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Saharar Afirka, wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na 8 da 9" kuma suna daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Musulmi na farko a yankin.
Daoussahak sun kasance a keɓe daga, kuma wani lokacin yana rikici tare da, mulkin mallaka na Faransa har zuwa ƙarshen 1950s. Suna daga cikin na farko daga cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka yi adawa da gwamnatin Mali a tawayen shekarar 1963-64, wani tawaye wanda ya gamu da mummunar murkushewa a arewacin kasar. Hakanan mutanen Daoussahak sun kafa ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai yayin tawayen shekarun 1990. Popularungiyar 'Yanci Ta Musamman ta Azawad (1991-1993) da ƙungiyar da ta balle daga baya mai suna National Liberation Front na Azawad (1993) sun ƙunshi mayaƙan da aka zaro daga Daoussahak, wanda daga baya ya kasance mafi rinjaye na Daoussahak.
Daoussahak na satar dabbobi da rikici tare da makiyaya Fula makiyaya da manoma na ci gaba a yau, tare da rikice-rikicen makamai lokaci-lokaci kan filaye, kiwo, ruwa, da dabbobi lokaci-lokaci suna kwarara zuwa Sashen Ouallam na Nijar.
Makiyaya
Yanzu sun haɗa da makiyaya marasa zaman lafiya da mazauna gari, da kuma makiyaya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, kiwon shanu, awaki, da raƙuma daga Mali zuwa kudancin Algeria da arewa maso yammacin Nijar. Hanyoyin sayan kaya suna ci gaba da kai su arewa maso gabas zuwa yankin Neja wanda dangin Igdalen ya hade da Isawaghan : masu magana da yaren arewacin Songhay na Ingal Niger. Har ila yau, Idaksahak din yana da tarihin tsarin safarar mutane zuwa kudu maso gabas, inda ya ɗauke su zuwa yankin da yanzu yake yankin Ouallam na Nijar.
Addini, da kuma jama'a
Yawan mutanen Idaksahak na ƙassr Mali sun kai kimanin 30,000. Idaksahak ya raba tare da Abzinawa kashi uku na tsarin "masu kyauta" ( i-dáksahak ), "masu sana'a" ( ʒeem-án ) da "kamammu / bayi" ( ṭaam-én ). Wani binciken ya nuna cewa na al'ummomin da ke magana da Arewa Songhay, Idaksahak sun fi kusa da Abzinawa. Yayinda yake kama da al'adu, Igdalan baya auratayya da Abzinawan, yayin da Idaksahak ya auri mazaunan biyu. Sunan i-dáksahak na nufin "'ya'yan Issac". Idaksahak musulmai ne, kodayake mutane da yawa suna kiyaye imani da ayyukan da suka gabaci Islama. A cikin Menaka da Ansongo, Idaksahak suna zaune tsakanin mutanen Igdalan, Kel Essouk Tuareg, Ihatan Songhay, da Berberiche Arab ƙungiyoyi.
A Screaming Man
Fim din A Screaming Man fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2010 na Mahamat Saleh Haroun, tare da jarumi Youssouf Djaoro da Diouc Koma. An tsara shirin a cikin shekara ta 2006, ya shafi yakin basasa na Chadi, kuma shirin ya ba da labarin wani mutum da ya tura ɗansa yaki domin ya dawo da mukaminsa a wani otel mai girma. Shirin ya nuna darasi tsakanun da' da uba da al'adun yaƙi. An dauki muhimman sassan fim din a wurare kaman N'Djamena da Abéché. Fim ɗin ya sami kyautar lambar yabo ta Jury a 2010 Cannes Film Festival.
Rockmond Dunbar
Rockmond Dunbar (an haife shi a Janairu 11, 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Ba'amurke. An san shi sosai saboda matsayinsa na Baines a jerin NBC Earth 2, Kenny Chadway akan Showtime wasan kwaikwayo Soul Food, da Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin akan wasan Fox laifi drama Prison Break. Ya kuma buga Sheriff Eli Roosevelt a cikin FX Drama jerin 'Ya'yan tashin hankali, Wakilin FBI Dennis Abbott a The Mentalist, da FBI Agent Abe Gaines a cikin Hulu jerin Hanya.
A Screaming Man
Labari
Adam ( Youssouf Djaoro ), tsohon zakaran wasan ninƙaya na tsakiyar Afirka, ya kasance mai lura da tafki a wani otal na alfarma. Ana kiranshi da Champ. A ma'aunin tattalin arziki Mrs. Wang, manajan otal din, ta rage mashi matsayi zuwa mai gadin ƙofa sannan kuma ɗansa Abdel ya zama mai kula da tafkin. Basaraken yankin ya matsa wa Adam lamba da ya ba da kuɗi don yaƙi da Chadi ke yi da dakarun 'yan tawaye, tare da hukunta shi da rashin halartar wani taro. Sarkin ya gaya wa Adamu yadda ya aika ɗansa ɗan shekara 17 ya yi yaƙi. Ya kuma shaida wa Adamu cewa yana da kwanaki uku ya biya kudi don tallafa wa harkar. Don sake samun mukaminsa Adam sadaukar da dansa Abdel ga Sojojin Chadi (watau Chadian Ground Forces), kuma sojojin sun zo har gida suka dauki Abdel suka tafi dashi a idon jama'a. Adamu ya koma aikinsa a matsayin mai kula da tafkin.
Rockmond Dunbar
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Dunbar a Berkeley, California. Ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Oakland kuma ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Morehouse kafin ya ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Santa Fe da Jami'ar New Mexico.
A Screaming Man
Labari
Wata mata ƴar shekara 17, budurwar Abdel mai juna biyu, ta koma gidan Adam kuma anyi maraba da ita ana kula da ita. Rikicin ya munana kwarai kuma mutanen gari sun fara gudu. Adamu ya gaya wa surukarsa ha’incin da yayi sai tayi bakin ciki. Adam ya sake tunanin kan matsayinsa na uba sai ya dauki babur ɗinsa da motar gefe zuwa filin yakin don maido dansa Abdel gida. Ya iske Abdel da munanan raunuka a idanunsa, wuya, hannun dama da kuma cikinsa. A wannan daren Adam ya dauki Abdel daga asibiti, ya saka shi a motar gefen ya nufi gida dashi. Ana cikin tafiya sai Abdel ya ce yana son yin iyo a cikin kogi. Abdel ya mutu yayin da suke isa kogin. Adamu ya sanya gawar a cikin kogin har ruwa ya janye gawar.
Montevideo
Montevideo Birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Uruguay. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Uruguay.
A Screaming Man
Ƴan wasa
Jaruman shirin sun hada da;
Darussa
Dangantakar Adam da Abdel ita ce babban abin la'akari a labarin shirin, sannan kuma a cewar daraktan ya shafi labarin kasar Chadi a yau: “a tsakanin uba dansa akwai alaka ta jini, kwayoyin halitta, da al’adu. Labarin na da mahimmanci a nan saboda maza suka haifar da rikicin Chadi. An kwashe shekaru 40 ana rikici a ƙasar Chadi, kuma uba ne ya cusa wa dansa ra'ayin yaki, domin idan ba don haka ba, babu dalilin da zai sa dan ya shiga lamarin yakin." Mahamat Saleh Haroun da gangan ya ki yin cikakken bayani game da yakin basasa na Chadi da kuma harkokin siyasa: "Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin ra'ayin wannan uba kuma bai samu matsayi a wajen 'yan tawaye ko kuma a wajen gwamnati ba; babu ruwan kowa da rayuwarsu. don haka ko da ace sun zama 'yan tawaye ko kuma sojojin gwamnati ba zai dakatar da yaƙin ba”.
Rockmond Dunbar
Talabijan
Dunbar sananne ne saboda rawar da yake takawa a matsayin Kenny Chadway a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Soul Food, kuma TV Guide ta sanya masa suna ɗaya daga cikin "Tauraruwar 50 Mafi xiarancin Taurari na Duk Lokacin". Ya sami matsayi na yau da kullun kamar Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin akan jerin talabijin Prison Break. A cikin 2007, Dunbar ya yi fice a wasan kwaikwayo na TNT na ɗan gajeren lokaci mai suna Heartland. Ya gabatar da baƙo akan Arc na Nuhu kamar kansa don bawa Nuhu (marubucin allo da babban halayen wasan kwaikwayon) wasu ra'ayoyi game da fim ɗin sa Fine Art. Ya kuma kasance yana da rawa a kan jerin 'Yan Mata na UPN, sannan kuma an san shi da matsayin "Pookie" a jerin talabijin The Game. Ya kuma kasance na yau da kullun kan jerin FX na gajeren lokaci Terriers.
Sauran kyaututtukan TV ɗin na Dunbar sun haɗa da bayyanar baƙi a Duniya 2, Felicity, The Pretender, Guys biyu da Wata yarinya, da Arewacin Shore.
A Screaming Man
Darussa
Taken fim ɗin wani zance ne daga rubutaccen adabi Return to My Native Land na Aimé Césaire. Cikakkun jimlar ita ce "Mutumin da ya yi kururuwa ba mai rawa ba ne". Haroun ya ce babban jigon Adam shine "kururuwar Allah ne kawai, ba kururuwar wahala ba".
Rockmond Dunbar
Talabijan
A cikin 2011, ya shiga cikin 'yan wasan FX na' Ya'yan Anarchy a matsayin sabon Sheriff na Charming, Eli Roosevelt. A cikin 2013, Dunbar ya shiga wasan kwaikwayon aikata laifuka na CBS The Mentalist a matsayin wakilin FBI Dennis Abbott. A cikin 2018, Dunbar ya shiga cikin 'yan wasan 9-1-1 a matsayin Michael Grant.
Fim
Ayyukansa na fim sun haɗa kai da Punks (wanda aka fara a 2000 Sundance Film Festival), Misery Loves Company, Marasa lafiya Puppies, Whodunit, Dirty Laundry, All About You, Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, da kuma Tyler Perry - fim din da aka gabatar gabatarwa, Iyalin Wannan Preys.
A Screaming Man
Shiryawa
Anyi tunanin labarin shirin a cikin shekara ta 2006 a lokacin gudanar da shirin Daratt. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu ne dakarun 'yan tawaye suka shiga N'Djamena, babban birnin kasar Chadi, a daidai lokacin da Haroun ke bada umurnin fim, kuma nan da nan aka dakatar da aikin. Taurarin fim ɗin, ciki har da matashin jarumin da yake cika shekara 18 a ranar, sun makale a cikin jeji ba tare da wata hanyar sadarwa ba. Hakan ya sanya Haruna tunanin yadda zai nuna halin zaman cikin tsoro a lokacin da suka makale babu wani taimako.
Rockmond Dunbar
Sauran
Rockman dunbar ya ba da gudummawa ga duniyar fasaha ta hanyar nune-nunen kafofin watsa labarai, ARTHERAPY. Ya gabatar da batun Nuwamba 2003 na mujallar Playgirl.
A Screaming Man
Shiryawa
Kamfanin Pili Films na Faransa da Goï Goï Productions na Chadi ne suka shirya fim ɗin a tare. An bayar da ƙarin tallafin haɗin gwiwa daga kamfanin Belgium Entre Chiens et Loups. An bada taffin Euro miliyan biyu daga Cibiyar Cinematography ta Faransa, da saka hannun jari na farko daga Canal +, Canal Horizons, Ciné Cinéma da TV5Monde.
Rockmond Dunbar
Rayuwar mutum
Dangane da bincike na DNA, asalin Dunbar ya fito ne daga Yarabawan Najeriya. A ziyarar sa zuwa Najeriya, an bashi sunan Yarbanci, Omobowale (wani nau'i ne na Omowale) ma'ana "ouran mu ya dawo gida".
Lima
Lima birni ne, da ke a yankin Lima, a ƙasar Peru. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Peru kuma da babban birnin yankin Lima. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2010, akwai jimilar mutane kimanin 8 890 792 (miliyan takwas da dubu dari takwas da tisa'in da dari bakwai da tisa'in da biyu). An gina birnin Lima a karni na sha shida bayan haifuwan annabi Issah.