cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mykola Leontovych
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
A lokacin rani na 1879, Dmytro Leontovych an maida wani sabon Ikklesiya a kauyen Shershni a cikin unguwannin bayan gari na Bar, Ukraine a cikin gundumar Bar, inda zai ciyar da yarantaka. Sa'an nan, a 1887, Leontovych aka shigar a Nemyriv gymnasium. Saboda matsalolin kudi bayan shekara guda, mahaifinsa ya tura shi zuwa Makarantar Mafarin Ruhaniya ta Sharhorod, wanda ɗalibansa suka sami cikakken tallafin kuɗi. A makaranta, Leontovych ya ƙware a rera waƙa, kuma ya sami damar karanta ayoyi masu wuyar gaske daga ayoyin addini na mawaƙa.
Makarantar tiyoloji
A lokacin yana karatu a can, Leontovych ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasaharsa a kan na'urar violin kuma ya koyi wasa da sauran kayan kida iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta hauhawa, kuma lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin shekara ta uku na karatu, Leontovych ya shiga, yana buga violin har zuwa kammala karatunsa. Leontovych yayi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa kuma ya fara rubuta shirye-shiryen choral a matsayin dalibi a makarantar hauza.
Lokacin da darektan mawaƙa na makarantan ya mutu, hukumar makarantar ta bukaci Leontovych ya karɓi wannan matsayi. A matsayinsa na jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Leontovych ya ƙara kiɗan da ba na addini ba a cikin repertore na kiɗan cocin gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da waƙoƙin mutanen Yukren wanda Mykola Lysenko ya shirya, Porfyriy Demutskiy, da kansa. Leontovych ya sauke karatu daga Kamianets-Podilskiy Theological Seminary a 1899 kuma ya karya al'adar iyali ta zama malamin kiɗa maimakon firist.
Farkon sana'ar Waƙa da iyali
A lokacin, sana'ar sa waka a Ukraine yana nufin samun kudin da basu isarsa, wanda ya sa Leontovych ya nemi aikin yi a duk inda ya samu. Leontovych ya yi aiki a Kyiv, Yekaterinoslav, da Podolia gwamna a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa domin ya ci gaba da samun aikin yi. Matsayinsa na farko bayan kammala karatunsa shine a makarantar sakandare a kauyen Chukiv (yanzu Vinnytsia Oblast ) a matsayin malamin murya da lissafi. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya ci gaba da rubutawa da shirya waƙoƙin jama'a. Ya kammala Haɗin Wakokinsa na Farko daga Podolia kuma ya fara aiki akan harhadawa ta biyu. Ya kuma zaburar da yaran makarantar da su yi waka a cikin mawaka da wasa a cikin makada. Daga baya zai rubuta littafi game da wannan a matsayin farfesa a Kyiv Conservatory, mai suna Як я організував оркестр у сільській школі ( Yadda na Shirya Orchestra a Makarantar Kauye).
Bayan rikice-rikice da dama da yayi da jagororin makarantar, Leontovych ya sami sabon aiki a matsayin malamin waka aa coci da kuma kiraigraphy a Kwalejin tauhidi a Tyvriv. Bayan yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kwaleji, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar makaɗa mai son wanda sau da yawa yakan yi a taron koleji. Kamar yadda ya yi a baya tare da mawaƙa, Leontovych ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a a cikin ayyukan addini da aka saba rera a makarantun tauhidi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsare-tsare na Mykola Lysenko, nasa shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin waƙoƙin jama'a, da kuma gabaɗayan ayyukan asali. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin ya dogara ne akan wata waƙa ta Taras Shevchenko mai suna Зоре моя вечірняя ( Oh My Evening Star ).
A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya hadu da wata yarinya Volynhia mai suna Claudia Feropontivna Zhovtevych, wanda ya aura a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1902. An haifi 'yar sa ta farko, Halyna a shekarar 1903. Daga baya suka haifi 'ya ta biyu mai suna Yevheniya. Matsalar kuɗi ya sa Leontovych ya karɓi tayin ƙaura zuwa birnin Vinnytsia don koyarwa a Kwalejin Church-Educators' College. Bugu da ƙari, ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma, daga baya, ƙungiyar kiɗa, tare da abin da ya yi kiɗa na duniya da na ruhaniya. A cikin 1903, ya buga Rubutun Waƙoƙi na Biyu daga Podolia wanda ya keɓe ga Mykola Lysenko.
A tsakanin shekarar 1903 da 1904, a lokacin hutunsa daga Kwalejin Coci-Educators' College, Leontovych ya yi tafiya zuwa St. Petersburg. A can, ya halarci laccoci da aka gudanar a St. Petersburg Kotun Capella, wanda aka hade da mawaki Maksym Berezovsky, Dmytro Bortniansky, da Mikhail Glinka. Ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa, jituwa, da polyphony tare da Semen Barmotin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo tare da Aleksey Puzyrevskiy, dukansu sun kasance sanannun a lokacin. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1904, ya sami shaidar shaidarsa a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙa na mawakan coci. Har ila yau, jayayya dangane da gudanarwa na kwalejin ya haifar da neman Leontovych don neman sabon aiki. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1904, ya bar Podolia ya koma lardin Donbas a gabashin Ukraine, inda ya zama malamin koyar da kade-kade da kade-kade a makarantar yaran ma'aikatan jirgin kasa. A lokacin juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi a tarurruka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a na Ukrainian, Bayahude, Armenian, Rashanci, da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland. Ayyukan Leontovych sun ja hankalin hukumomin gida, kuma a cikin bazara na 1908, an tilasta masa komawa zuwa lardin Podolia na asali zuwa birnin Tulchyn.
Lokacin Tulcyn
Yunkurin Leontovych don komawa Tulchyn alama ce ta farkon na karin basira da samun nasara dangane da fasaha a rayuwarsa na mawaki. A Tulchyn, Leontovych ya koyar da waka a Kwalejin Mata ta Tulchyn Eparchy ga 'ya'yan limaman ƙauye. A can, ya sadu da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko wanda dalibin Mykola Lysenko ne kuma ya kware a wakokin choral. Stetsenko ya zauna a wani ƙauye kusa a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin firist, kuma saninsu ya zama abokantaka mai ɗorewa wanda ya shafi kiɗan Leontovych. Stetsenko shi ne ya fara sukar waƙar Leontovych, yana mai cewa, “Leontovych sanannen ƙwararren masani ne daga Podolia. Ya rubuta waƙoƙin jama'a da yawa. . . An daidaita waɗannan waƙoƙin don gauraya mawaƙa. Wadannan jita-jita sun bayyana marubucin a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙar waƙa da kuma nazarce-nazarce.” Har ila yau Leontovych ya canza zuwa ga fitattun kide-kide a lokacin wasan kwaikwayonsa na mawaka, irin su mawakan Rasha Mikhail Glinka, Alexey Verstovsky, da Peter Tchaikovsky ban da mawallafin Ukrainian Mykola Lysenko, Kyrylo Stetsenko, da Petro Nishchynskyi.
Daga shekara ta 1909, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin ka'idar waka na Boleslav Yavorsky,   wanda ya ziyarta lokaci-lokaci a Moscow da Kyiv a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Har ila yau Leontovych ya shiga cikin kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Tulchyn da rayuwar al'ummarta ta hanyar kula da wata ƙungiya ta gida mai suna Prosvita, ma'ana "haske".
Wannan lokacin a rayuwarsa na mawaki yana daga cikin mafi inganci, saboda ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye da waƙoƙi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shahararren Shchedryk, da kuma Піють півні ( The Roosters are Singing ), Мала мати одну дочку ( Wata Uwa tana da 'ya Daya ), Дударик ( Ƙan wasan Dudka ), Ой зійшла зоря ( O, Tauraro ya tashi ), da sauransu. A cikin 1914, Stetsenko ya shawo kan Leontovych don yin waƙarsa ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Jami'ar Kyiv a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Koshetz. A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1916, aikin da ya shirya na Shchedryk ya kawo babban nasara ga Leontovych daga jama'a a Kyiv kuma ya tada sha'awar masana.
Aiki a Kyiv
A lokacin juyin tsarin mulki na Oktoba da kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Ukraine a 1918, Leontovych ya ƙaura ba tare da iyalinsa ba zuwa Kyiv babban birnin Ukraine, inda ya kasance mai jagoranci da kuma mawaki. Da yawa daga cikin yanki ya sami jama'a a tsakanin ƙwararru da masu aure, gungun kungiyoyin aure, wanda ya kara da su zuwa sauƙin. A farkon 1919, sauran danginsa kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych kuma ya fara koyar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa tare da Hryhoriy Veryovka a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ta Mykola Lysenko. Leontovych na ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko ta Ukrainian State Orchestra. Ya halarci kafa Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella wanda ya kasance kwamishinansa.
Komawa zuwa Tulchyn da kisan kai
A lokacin da aka kwace birnin Kyiv a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1919, sojojin Denikin sun tsananta wa masu hankali na Ukrainian. Gudun zalunci, Leontovych ya koma Tulchyn tare da iyalinsa. A can, ya fara makarantar kiɗa na farko na birnin, tun lokacin da Bolsheviks ya rufe kwalejin da ya yi aiki. Ya kuma fara aiki a kan babban aikinsa na farko, wasan opera Na Rusalchyn Velykden' (A kan ruwa nymph 's Great Day).
A cikin daren 22-23 ga Janairu 1921, Chekist (mai tsaron Sobiet) Afanasy Grishchenko ya kashe Mykola Leontovych. Leontovych ya kasance a gidan iyayensa, wanda ya ziyarce su don bikin Eastern Orthodox na Nativity (25 Disamba a cikin kalandar Julian, wanda, a cikin kalandar Gregorian, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta karɓa kawai a 1918, ya fado a cikin watan Janairu). Jami'in na sirri wato Chekist ya nemi ya kwana a gidan shima a daki daya da Mykola. Da asuba tayi sai ya harbe mawakin (wanda ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini bayan ‘yan sa’o’i) daga baya kuma ya yi wa iyalinsa fashi.
Bayanai da dama na nuni da wata manufa ta siyasa ne dalilin da ya haddasa kisan. Shiga Leontovych a cikin motsi na 'yancin kai, kamar ƙaddamar da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella, da nufin inganta Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ya ba shi abokan gaba da yawa. Babbar 'yarsa Halyna daga baya ta tuno da mahaifinta yana cewa, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, yana da takaddun da zai bar ƙasar zuwa Romania, kuma yana da waɗannan takaddun tare da shi a cikin waƙar sa a yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, bayan dawowa daga shayi bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych ya lura cewa wani ya shiga cikin takardunsa. Shirye-shiryensa na barin ƙasar, tare da cewa wani jami'in Soviet ya kashe shi, ya kuma nuna dalilan siyasa na mutuwarsa.
Hali
Mykola Leontovych ya soki kansa sosai. A cewar mawallafin tarihin rayuwarsa na farko Oles' Chapkivskyi, wanda ya yi zamani da mawaƙin, Leontovych wani lokaci yakan yi aiki a kan tsarin waƙoƙi ɗaya ba tare da barin wani ya gan shi har tsawon shekaru huɗu ba. Bayan buga wakokinsa na biyu daga Podolia, ya canja ra’ayinsa kuma bai gamsu da wakokin ba, haka yasa ya saye duka faya-fayen wakokin 300 kuma ya lalata su.
Chapkivskyi ya kuma bayyana Leontоvych a matsayin mutum mai al-kunya, yana mai cewa "Ya kaurace wa shahara, yana jin tsoron jawo hankulan mutane zuwa kansa da tallace-tallace." A gefe guda kuma, Chapkivskyi ya yi iƙirarin cewa kishin Leontovych, tsoron gasa, da kuma tsoron rashin karɓuwa daga ƙungiyar kiɗan da aka kafa, ya sa ba a san kidan Leontovych ba.
Zynoviy Yaropud na Jami'ar Pedagogical ta Jihar Kamianets-Podilskyi ya rubuta cewa "dukkanin mutanen zamanin [Leontovych] sun kira shi mutum mai shiru, mai taushin hali. Ba shi ne jagoran gwagwarmaya na juyin juya hali na kasa ba, wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarun 1917-1921 da yawa daga cikin fitattun mayaka ga jamhuriyar Ukrainian," yana nuna cewa mawakin ya yi shiru a siyasance, amma ba ruwan sha.
Abokin Leontovych, O. Buzhanskiy, ya tuna cewa mawaƙin ya kasance "koyaushe cike da ban dariya; yana magana don kowa yayi dariya da hawaye, amma ya kasance da gaske kuma ya natsu." Stetsenko ya kuma bayyana Leontovych a matsayin "mai ba da labari mai wayo" kuma dalibansa a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Coci da ke Tulchyn "suna son shi" saboda labaran da ya rubuta.
Ra'ayin addini
Mykola Leontovych ya girma a cikin karkashin shiriyar addini sosai. Ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, ya fito daga layin limaman ƙauye. Ya kuma sauke karatu a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia da ke Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta, ya horar da limaman Kirista na Orthodox.
A matsayinsa na mutumin da ke da ƙwararren ilimin tauhidi, Leontovych ya ci gaba da motsi na kafawa da kuma amincewa da Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Autocephalous, wanda aka sake kafa a 1918. Fitar da mawaki a wannan lokacin ya zama mai arziki a cikin sababbin kiɗa na tsarki, bin misalin Kyrylo Stetsenko (aboki na kusa da Leontovych, kuma firist na Orthodox da mawaki ) da Alexander Koshetz. Ayyukan Leontovych sun kasance a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da На воскресіння Христа ( Akan Tashin Kiristi ), Хваліте ім’я Господнє ( Ku yabi sunan Ubangiji ), da kuma Світе тихий ( Oh Quiet Light ), da sauransu. Wani ci gaba a cikin ci gaban kiɗan ruhaniya na Ukrainian shine tsarin liturgy, wanda aka fara yi a cikin Cathedral na St. Nicholas na Soja a Kyiv, Pechersk a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1919.
Tunawa da shi
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1921, kwanaki tara bayan mutuwar Leontovych, manyan mawaka da dama, furofesoshi, da ɗaliban Cibiyar Kiɗa da Watsa Labarai ta Mykola Lysenko a Kyiv sun taru don tunawa da shi, kamar yadda ake sa ran bisa ga al'adar Kirista. Sun kafa kwamitin tunawa da Mykola Leontovych, wanda daga baya ya zama All-Ukrainian Mykola Leontovych Music Society, da kuma inganta Ukrainian music har 1928.
Marubuci dan kasar Ukraine kuma dan siyasa na jamhuriyar Socialist Socialist ta Ukrainian, Pavlo Tychyna, ya kasance mai sha'awar Leontovych kuma ya rubuta game da mutuwar mawaki a cikin litattafai. Mawaƙa Maksym Rylskyi da Mykola Bazhan su ma sun sadaukar da waƙa gare shi.
ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da dama suna amfani da sunan Leontovych, irin su Leontovych Bandurist Capella, da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi kamar Vinnytsia College of Arts and Culture. An sanya wa titunan Kyiv da sauran garuruwan sunan sa. Akwai gidan tarihi na tunawa da aka keɓe masa a birnin Tulchyn, kuma an kafa wani a 1977 a ƙauyen Markivka inda aka binne shi.
A cikin shekara ta 2002, don bikin cika shekaru 125 na haihuwar mawakin, birnin Kamianets-Podilskyi ya gudanar da taron kimiyya na Ukraine mai suna "Mykola Leontovych da Ilimin Zamani da Kimiyya," tare da baƙi daga ma'aikatar ilimi da kimiyya ta Ukrainian, Ukrainian. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da ƙananan hukumomi da yawa. A yayin wannan taron, birnin ya gudanar da bikin buɗe wani allo na tunawa da mawaƙin, wanda aka sanya kusa da tsohon ginin da Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia ke amfani da ita a da.
Waka
Mykola Leontovych ya kware a waƙar cappella choral. Ana tunawa da shi a yau galibi ta hanyar ayyukan wakokin da ya bari, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi sama da 150. Wadannan kewayon daga m shirye-shirye na jama'a songs, addini ayyuka (ciki har da liturgy ), cantatas, da choral qagaggun saita zuwa kalmomi na daban-daban Ukrainian mawaƙa. Shahararrun ayyukansa guda biyu su ne ƴan wasan choral <i id="mwAZU">Schedryk</i> da Dudaryk.
Har ila yau Leontovych ya fara aiki a kan wasannin opera ( Na rusalchyn velykden' - Akan Ista na Ruwa Nymph) bisa tatsuniyoyi na Ukrainian da ayyukan Borys Hrinchenko. A karshen 1920, ya gama na farko na uku ayyuka. Duk da haka, an kashe Leontovych kafin ya iya kammala wasan opera. Yukren mawaki Mykhailo Verykivsky ne ya yi ƙoƙarin kammalawa da gyara wasan opera. Mawaƙin Myroslav Skoryk da mawaki Diodor Bobyr sun yi amfani da kayan kida na wasan opera da ba a gama ba don yin wasan operetta guda ɗaya; An fara wannan a 1977 a Kyiv State Opera da Ballet Theater, shekara ɗari bayan haihuwar Leontovych. An gudanar da wasan farko na Arewacin Amurka a Toronto a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2003.
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasirin a wakokin Mykola Leontovych shine na Mykola Lysenko, wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin kiɗan gargajiya na Ukrainian". Leontovych ya sha'awar kiɗan Lysenko tun yana ɗalibi a Makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi, lokacin da ya sa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar hauza ta yi waƙar mawakin. Tun daga nan, zai yi waƙar Lysenko a cikin kide-kide a duk inda ya yi aiki.
Shchedryk/Carol na Karrarawa
Mykola Leontovych's Shchedryk shine sanannen aikin sa. A cikin Turanci version a matsayin Kirsimeti carol, an san shi da biki fi so Carol of the Bells. Ya shahara don motif ɗin bayanin kula huɗu na ostinato kuma an shirya shi sama da sau 150 tun 2004. Rubutun asali na Ukrainian Shchedryk yayi amfani da hemiola, canzawar lafazin a cikin kowane ma'auni tsakanin 6/8 da 3/4, wanda ya ɓace a cikin fassarar Turanci. Mafi shaharar gyare-gyaren Ingilishi shi ne Peter J Wilhousky ya tsara shi a cikin 1936 wanda al'adun iyayensa na Gabashin Turai suka rinjayi shi da kuma tarihin Kiristanci na gargajiya na waƙoƙin da aka yi a lokacin haihuwar Yesu, ko da yake an yi wasu nau'in Turanci na waƙar a cikin 1947 ta ML Holman, 1957, da 1972. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">] a
Ana amfani da waƙar sa sau da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin sauti don fina-finai da talabijin. Alal misali, an yi amfani da shi a cikin akwatin ofishin buga The Santa Clause da Home Alone,  Will Vinton 's award-winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration,  kuma a matsayin parody da ake kira Carol of the Meows in The OC 's episode " Chrismukkah Wanda Bai Kusa Ba ". An buga wani sabon salo na Carol of the Bells a cikin Ofishin. Hakanan an tsara shi kuma ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun tsara shi, ba tare da la'akari da salon waƙa ko salon waƙa ba, kama daga na gargajiya ( Vienna Boys Choir ), zuwa ƙungiyoyin kiɗan gargajiya ( Mace Celtic ), zuwa mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi ( Jessica Simpson ) da Ɗan Ƙaddara ).
Salon waka
Leontovych yana da salon sa na asali. Yawancin ayyukansa suna da "yin amfani da ƙima da daidaituwar ra'ayi ." Ya yi matukar sha’awar wakarsa ta tada hankali, musamman ganin ido, yana mai cewa, “Ina sha’awar irin kalar da kuka yi amfani da su wajen yin sauti mai girma, da kuma na masu karamin karfi. Ni kaina na kan yi tunani game da hakan, don haɗa sauti da launi."
Leontovych ya shirya waƙoƙin mutanen Ukrainian da yawa, yana ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin mawaƙa masu zaman kansu bisa ga waƙoƙin waƙa da waƙoƙi. Ya bi hadisai na inganta kobzars na Ukrainian, wanda zai fassara kowane sabon strophe daban. Ya kuma yi amfani da humming da sauye-sauye a cikin muryoyin mawaƙa a matsayin dabarun kaiwa ga abin da ake so na motsin rai ko sha'awa.
Babban zance dangane da da ayyukan Leontovych shine kiɗan choral game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Kiɗarsa akai-akai yana nuna ainihin ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru. Misalin wannan shi ne shchedrivka Ой там за горою ( Oh can bayan Dutsen ) wanda a farkon tenor ya fara waƙar da solo kuma sauran muryoyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna shigowa a hankali, yana nuna rawar jiki lokacin da sababbin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa suka shiga. in. Sa'an nan kuma, sauyawar sassa yana farawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, suna sake haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro na Sabuwar Shekara.
liyafar da farin jini
Domin yawancin aikinsa, Leontovych yayi wakokinsa ne ga kansa, kawai yana yin ta a lokacin nasa kide-kide. Hakan ya faru ne saboda irin halin da mawaƙin yake da shi sosai. Leontovych na farko mai sukar shi ne abokinsa kuma ɗan'uwansa firist da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙa da kuma nazarin ka'idoji". Ya kuma shawo kan Leontovych ya buga waƙarsa kuma Jami'ar Kyiv ta yi ta.
Nasarar halarta a karon na farko na "Shchedryk" ya sa Leontovych ya shahara a tsakanin kwararru da masu sha'awar kidan choral a Kyiv. Leontovych mai ba da shawara-ya juya-abokin aiki a Kyiv Conservatory, Boleslav Yavorsky, Har ila yau, ya kimanta sababbin ayyukan da aka rubuta. A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych's Lehenda, wanda Mykola Voronyi ya kafa wa waƙa, ya sami babban shahara.
Bayan nazarin Leontovych na Second Compilation na Waƙoƙi daga Podolia, Lysenko ya rubuta: "Leontovych yana da asali, kyauta mai ban sha'awa. A cikin shirye-shiryensa na sami sassa daban-daban, motsi na muryoyin, wanda daga baya ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar sadarwar kiɗan da aka saƙa."
Ƙaruwar shaharar kiɗan Leontovych ya sami taimakon daga shugaban jamhuriyar ƙasar Ukraine Symon Petliura, wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa guda biyu waɗanda za su haɓaka wayewar kai da al'adun Ukraine. Wata kungiyar mawaka da Kyrylo Stetsenko ke jagoranta ta zagaya a duk fadin kasar Ukraine, yayin da Capella na kasar Ukraine karkashin Alexander Koshetz ya zagaya kasashen Turai da Amurka. Ayyukan da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella ta yi sun sa Leontovych ya san shi a ko'ina cikin yammacin duniya. A Faransa, Leontovych ya sami sunan barkwanci, "Ukrainian Bach ". A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1921, Capella ta yi Shchedryk a cikin Carnegie Hall a birnin New York. A cikin 1936, dan kabilar Ukrainian Peter J. Wilhousky, wanda ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon NBC, ya rubuta waƙarsa don waƙar, wanda aka sani da Carol of the Bells.
Yancin Motsi a Ƙarƙashin Dokar Amurka
Yancin motsi a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka ana gudanar da shi ne da farko ta Dokokin Gata da Kariya na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda ya ce, " Jama'ar kowace Jiha za su sami 'yancin samun duk wata gata da kariya ta 'yan ƙasa a cikin jihohi da dama." Tun bayan hukuncin kotun da'ira a Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (1823), 'yancin motsi an amince da shi ta hanyar shari'a a matsayin ainihin haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin Paul v. Virginia, 75 US 168 (1869), kotu ta ayyana 'yancin motsi a matsayin "yancin kutsawa cikin wasu Jihohi, da fita daga gare su." Duk da haka, Kotun Koli ba ta saka hannun jari ga gwamnatin tarayya da Iƙon kare 'yancin motsi ba. Ƙarƙashin sashe na "gata da kariya", an ba da wannan Iƙon ga jihohi, matsayin da kotu ta ɗauka tsawon shekaru a lokuta kamar Ward v. Maryland, 79 US 418 (1871), shari'o'in Gidan yanka, 83 US 36 (1873) da Amurka v. Harris, 106 US 629 (1883).
Tafiya cikin Amurka
Tun da Kundin Tsarin Mulki Majalisar ta amince da 'yancin motsi (Mataki na 4), kodayake ana tunanin haƙƙin yana da mahimmanci yayin rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin kamar yadda ba a buƙatar ƙidayar bayyane.
Kotun Koli ta Amurka a Crandall v. Nevada, 73 Amurka 35 (1868) ya bayyana cewa 'yancin motsi wani hakki ne na asali don haka wata ƙasa ba za ta iya hana mutane barin jihar ta hanyar saka su haraji ba. A Amurka v. Wheeler. 254 US 281 (1920), Kotun Koli ta sake nanata matsayinta cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai bai wa gwamnatin tarayya ikon kare 'yancin motsi ba. Duk da haka, Wheeler yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a wasu hanyoyi. Shekaru da yawa, tushen sashe na “gata da kariya” na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba a fayyace kawai ba. A cikin shekara ta 1823, kotun da'ira a Corfield ta ba da jerin haƙƙoƙin (wasu na asali, wasu ba) waɗanda sashin zai iya rufewa. Kotun Wheeler ta canza wannan sosai. Ita ce farkon gano haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye a cikin jigon gata da kariya, yana ba da haƙƙi tare da takamaiman garantin kariyar tsarin mulki. Ta hanyar yin la'akari da cewa juzu'in da aka samo daga Mataki na IV na Labaran Tarayyar, shawarar ta ba da shawarar tsarin haƙƙin waɗanda aka lissafta a Corfield, amma kuma sun fi bayyana waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin ainihin asali. Kotun Koli ta fara ƙin yarda da tunanin Wheeler a cikin ƴan shekaru. A ƙarshe, a Amurka v. Bako, 383 US 745 (1966), Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da matakin Babban Mai Shari'a White na cewa gwamnatin tarayya na iya kare 'yancin yin balaguro kawai daga cin zarafi na jihohi.
Kotun kolin Amurka ta kuma yi magana game da 'yancin yin balaguro a cikin shari'ar Saenz v. Roe, 526 US 489 (1999). A wannan yanayin, Mai Shari'a John Paul Stevens, yana rubutawa ga mafi rinjaye, ya gudanar da cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya kare nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku na 'yancin yin tafiya a tsakanin jihohi:
(1) Haƙƙin Shigar da Jiha ɗaya kuma ku bar wani (muhimmin dama tare da tallafi na tarihi daga labaran Confederation),
(2) haƙƙin da za a bi da shi azaman baƙo maraba maimakon baƙo mai ƙiyayya (kare ta hanyar "Gata da Immunities" a cikin Mataki na IV, § 2), da kuma
(3) (ga waɗanda suka zama mazaunin dindindin na wata jiha) haƙƙin a bi da su daidai ga ƴan ƙasar da aka haifa (wannan yana kiyaye shi ta 14th Amendment's Gata ko Immunities ; yana ambaton mafi rinjaye ra'ayi a cikin Kisa-House Cases, Adalci). Stevens ya ce, "Gata ko Kariya na Tsarin Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu ... a ko da yaushe ya kasance alƙawarin gama gari cewa wannan Fassara ta kare kashi na uku na haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye." ).
Dokar Mann
Dokar Mann ta 1910 (Dokar zirga-zirgar Bawan Bawa ) a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta haramta safarar mata a cikin jihohi don in ba haka ba "abubuwan lalata" waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun haɗa da jima'i na yarda da juna. An yi amfani da wannan doka, baya ga kararrakin da ba a samu sabani ba, don ba da damar gurfanar da ma’auratan da ba su yi aure ba a gwamnatin tarayya, wadanda bisa wasu dalilai suka zo wurin hukuma; ma'auratan (misali ɗan dambe Jack Johnson ) da mutanen da ke da ra'ayi na hagu (misali An gurfanar da Charlie Chaplin . Tun daga lokacin an gyara dokar don zama tsaka-tsaki tsakanin jinsi kuma yanzu ta shafi yin jima'i ne kawai wanda ya sabawa doka (kamar karuwanci da jima'i da yarinya).
Ƙaddamar da kotun ta kafa ƙwaƙƙwarar 'yancin walwala da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya ba shi ya yi tasiri mai yawa. Misali, Kotun Koli ta soke haramcin jihohi kan biyan jindadi ga mutanen da ba su zauna a cikin hurumin akalla shekara guda ba a matsayin nauyi mara izini kan Haƙƙin tafiya ( Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 US 618 (1969)). Kotun ta kuma soke sharuddan zama na shekara guda don kada kuri'a a zabukan jihohi ( Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 US 330 (1972)), lokutan jira na shekara guda kafin samun kulawar jinya ta jihar ( Asibitin Memorial v. Maricopa County, 415 US 250 (1974)), abubuwan da ake so na ma'aikatan gwamnati don tsoffin sojoji na jiha ( Lauyan Janar na New York v. Soto-Lopez, 476 US 898 (1986)), amma ya ba da ƙarin kamun kifi da kuɗin lasisin farauta ga mazaunan waje ( Baldwin v. Kifi da Hukumar Wasan Montana, 436 US 371 (1978)).
Lambar Amurka ta yanzu tana magance balaguron iska musamman. A cikin 49 USC § 40103, "Mallaka da amfani da sararin samaniya", kundin ya ƙayyade cewa "Dan ƙasar Amurka yana da haƙƙin jama'a na wucewa ta sararin samaniyar kewayawa."
Ƙaƙƙarfan haƙƙin 'yancin motsi na iya samun ma'ana mai zurfi. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa 'yancin motsi yana da alaƙa da 'yancin yin ƙungiyoyi da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ƙarfin kariyar tsarin mulki don haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na iya yin tasiri ga yunƙurin jihohi na iyakance haƙƙin zubar da ciki, hana ko ƙin amincewa da auren jinsi, da kafa dokar hana aikata laifuka ko kariyar mabukaci. Yana iya ma lalata tunanin tsarin tarayya na zamani na kotu.
Yankunan magana kyauta
Wani batu mai alaka da shi ya shafi yankunan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da aka kebe yayin zanga-zangar siyasa. Kodayake ana amfani da irin waɗannan yankuna a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970 saboda zanga-zangar zamanin Vietnam, ba a ba da rahotonsu sosai a kafafen yada labarai ba. Koyaya, takaddamar amfani da su ta sake kunno kai a lokacin shugabancin Bush na shekara ta 2001-2009. Mahimmanci, Yankunan Magana na Kyauta suna hana mutum samun cikakkiyar motsi sakamakon amfani da haƙƙinsa na yin magana kyauta. Kotuna sun amince da takunkumin lokaci, wuri, da kuma hanyoyin hana 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki a Amurka, amma irin wadannan hane-hane dole ne a daidaita su kaɗan, kuma yankunan 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki sun kasance batun shari'a.
Tarihi
Daga shekara ta 1776 zuwa 1783, babu gwamnatin jiha da ke da buƙatun fasfo. Labaran gwamnatin tarayya (1783-1789) ba su da buƙatun fasfo. Daga 1789 zuwa ƙarshen 1941, gwamnatin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na buƙatar fasfo na Amurka na 'yan ƙasa kawai a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka (1861-1865) da kuma lokacin da jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na (1914-1918). Bukatar fasfo na zamanin yakin basasa ba shi da ikon doka. Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na daya, ana buƙatar fasfo ta hanyar zartarwa, ko da yake babu wata hukuma ta doka don abin da ake bukata. Dokar Kula da Balaguro ta Mayu 22, shekara ta 1918, ta ba wa shugaban ƙasa, lokacin da Amurka ke yaƙi, ya yi shelar fasfo, kuma an ba da sanarwar a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1918. Ko da yake Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 1918, buƙatun fasfo ɗin ya daɗe har zuwa Maris 3, 1921. Akwai rashin buƙatun fasfo a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 1921 da shekara ta 1941. Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945) ya sake haifar da buƙatun fasfo a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Balaguro na 1918. Canje-canjen 1978 ga Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1952 ya sa ba bisa doka ba shiga ko fita Amurka ba tare da fasfo ba ko da a lokacin zaman lafiya. A lura cewa gyaran ya ba wa shugaban kasa damar yin keɓancewa; a tarihi, an yi amfani da waɗannan keɓancewar don ba da izinin tafiya zuwa wasu ƙasashe (musamman Kanada) ba tare da fasfo ba. Kamar yadda na 2016-08-10, wuraren yawon shakatawa har yanzu suna tattauna waɗanne wasu takaddun da aka yarda da su, kuma waɗanda suka daina isa a 2007 ko 2008.
Ƙuntatawa
Dangane da § 215 na Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1952 (a halin yanzu an daidaita shi a 8 USC § 1185 ), haramun ne ga ɗan ƙasar Amurka shiga ko fita Amurka ba tare da ingantaccen fasfo na Amurka ba.
Kamar yadda Haig v. Agee da Dokar Fasfo na 1926 (a halin yanzu an tsara shi a 22 USC § 211a et seq.), Gwamnatin shugaban kasa na iya hana ko soke fasfo don manufofin kasashen waje ko dalilan tsaron kasa a kowane lokaci. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta tarihi a lokacin zaman lafiya ya ƙi fasfo saboda ɗaya daga cikin dalilai uku: zama ɗan ƙasa ko aminci, aikata laifuka, ko lokacin da mai nema ke neman "gujewa ayyukan doka". Dokoki da ƙa'idoji kan ƙuntata fasfo gabaɗaya an kasafta su azaman ƙuntatawa na sirri ko ƙuntatawa yanki kuma gabaɗaya an ba su barata don tsaron ƙasa ko dalilan manufofin ƙasashen waje. Wataƙila mafi kyawun misali na aiwatar da wannan ikon shine 1948 hana fasfo ga Wakilin Amurka Leo Isacson, wanda ya nemi zuwa Paris don halartar taro a matsayin mai sa ido ga Majalisar Amurka ta Demokradiyyar Girka, ƙungiyar gurguzu ta gaba. saboda rawar da kungiyar ta taka wajen adawa da gwamnatin Girka a yakin basasar Girka.
A cikin Kent v. Dulles, 357 US 116 (1958), Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ƙi ba da fasfo ga wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka bisa zargin cewa mai shigar da ƙara yana zuwa ƙasashen waje don inganta tsarin gurguzu (hana kai / tsaron ƙasa). Ko da yake kotun ba ta kai ga batun tabbatar da tsarin mulki ba a wannan shari’ar, kotun, a wani ra’ayi na mai shari’a William O. Douglas, ta ce gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta tauye ‘yancin yin tafiye-tafiye ba ba tare da bin ka’ida ba :
Shekaru shida bayan haka, kotu ta soke dokar hana tafiye-tafiye daga 'yan gurguzu ( Aptheker v. Sakataren Gwamnati, 378 US 500 (1964)) (hani na sirri, Tsaron ƙasa, Gyaran Farko). Amma kotun ta yi ta faman nemo hanyar da za ta kare muradun kasa (kamar tsaron kasa) bisa la’akari da wadannan hukunce-hukuncen. Shekara guda bayan Aptheker, Kotun Koli ta tsara gwajin tushen ma'ana don tsarin mulki a cikin Zemel v. Rusk, 381 US 1 (1965) (ƙananan yanki, manufofin ƙasashen waje), a matsayin hanyar daidaita haƙƙin mutum tare da buƙatun jihar.
Ƙuntatawa azaman hukunci
Da yawa daga cikin malaman tsarin mulki da masu fafutukar kawo sauyi suna adawa da tauye hakkin dan Adam na yin tafiye-tafiye ga mutumin da bai aikata wani laifi ba, suna masu cewa hakan ya saba wa muhimman hakkokin tsarin mulki. Hakazalika, duk wanda ke da’awar cewa yana bin bashin tallafin yaro na iya soke wasu nau’ikan lasisin tukin mota ko kuma a dakatar da shi, suna tauye musu ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye sosai. Masu sukar sun yi nuni da lamuran da rashin aikin yi ya haifar da gazawar biyan tallafin amma duk da haka martanin soke haƙƙin yin tafiye-tafiye
Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ƙasashen Duniya suna ne na yau da kullum da aka ba wa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam (wanda aka karɓa a cikin shekara ta 1948), Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1966) tare da ka'idoji guda biyu na Zaɓuɓɓuka, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. Hakkokin Al'adu (1966).
Mataki na 12 na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa ya kunshi wannan hakki cikin dokar yarjejeniya:
Steve Senu Akorli
Steve Senu Akorli (12 Oktoban shekarar 1948 - 26 Afrilun shekarar 2019) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne. Ya kuma kasance dan majalisa na uku na jamhuriya ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Ho East a yankin Volta na Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Senu a ranar 12 ga Oktoban shekarar 1948 a Adakpu Kpetsuon a yankin Volta na Ghana.
Siyasa
An zabe Senu a matsayin majalisar farko ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1993 bayan an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben majalisar dokokin Ghana na shekarar 1992 da aka gudanar a ranar 29 ga Disamban shekarar 1992 kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress. Ya wakilci mazabar Ho East a majalisa ta farko da ta biyu da ta uku ta jamhuriya ta hudu.
Sana'a
Senu shi ne karamin minista a lokacin mulkin Rawlings. Ya kuma kasance tsohon dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Ho East daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 2004 lokacin da ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa.
Mutuwa
Senu ya yi rashin lafiya a ranar 26 ga Afrilun shekarar 2019 kuma an kwantar da shi a Asibitin Yankin Volta da ke Ho amma daga baya kuma jirgin ya dauke shi zuwa Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle Bu inda ya mutu.
An binne shi a Adakpu Kpetsuon, garinsu a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2019.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Senu ya auri Judith Victoria Akorli kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya shida.
Nana Akomea
Nana Akomea (an haife shi 5 ga Agusta 1961) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar Okaikwei ta Kudu daga 1997 zuwa 2009, yana wakiltar Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Akomea a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1961. Ya fito daga Nsutam a gundumar Fanteakwa a yankin Gabashin Ghana. A cikin 1991, Akomea ya sami Digiri na Digiri a fannin Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Ghana.
Sana'a
Akomea ɗan jarida ne kuma mai talla kuma ƙwararriyar sadarwa.[2] Ya yi aiki a Focal Point Advertising Company kafin ya zama MP.
Siyasa
Akomea shi ne Daraktan Sadarwa na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kishin Kasa. Ya rike wannan mukamin ne tun ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2011 bayan murabus din Kwaku Kwarteng, tsohon darakta. A fagen siyasa, ya kasance ministan yada labarai (2003-2005), da kuma ministan raya ma'aikata da ayyukan yi (2007-2009).
Zabe
An zabi Akomea a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Okaikwei ta kudu a majalisa ta 5 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. An zabe shi da kuri'u 35,438 daga cikin 64,916 da aka kada, kwatankwacin kashi 54.6% na yawan kuri'u masu inganci. An zabe shi a kan Isaac Mensah na National Democratic Congress, William Aryee na Democratic Freedom Party da Anthony Mensah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kashi 39.77%, 0.36% da 5.28% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka kada.
Zaben 1996
Akomea ya yi takarar mazabarsa ne a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party a babban zaben Ghana na 1996. Ya doke Agbemor Yeboah Ernest na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress da samun kashi 44.70% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada wanda ya yi daidai da kuri'u 35,284 yayin da takwaransa ya samu kashi 29.00% na kuri'u 22,928 daidai da kuri'u.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Shi Kirista ne (Presbyterian) kuma bai yi aure da ’ya’ya biyu ba.
Mutanen Nzema
Nzema ƴan ƙabilar mutanen Akan ne kimanin 328,700, daga cikinsu 262,000 suna zaune a kudu maso yammacin Ghana kuma 66,700 suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Cote d'Ivoire. A Ghana an raba yankin Nzema zuwa gundumomin zabe uku na karamar hukumar Nzema ta gabas kuma ana kiranta da Evalue Gwira, gundumar Ellembele da Nzema West, wanda kuma ake kira gundumar Jomoro ta Ghana. Harshensu kuma ana kiransa Nzima (a Ghana) ko Appolo (a cikin Ivory Coast).
Manoma
Nzema galibi manoma ne. Bisa kalandar gargajiyarsu, ana yin odar kwanaki a zagayowar bakwai, kuma waɗannan suna bin juna a cikin zagayowar mako uku. Suna da tsarin dangi na matrilineal, tare da zuriya da dukiya ta hanyar layin uwa.
Bikin Kundin
Ana gudanar da bikin Kundum na addini kowace shekara a duk yankin Ahanta-Nzema. An fara farawa ne don daidaita lokacin girbi, don haka al'ummomin yankin suna tantance lokacin da hakan zai kasance. Yana farawa daga gabas na Ahanta kuma ya ci gaba zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da lokacin girbi. Ana yin kade-kade da kade-kade da wake-wake da raye-raye na tsawon mako hudu, kuma ana daukarsu ne yadda al'umma ke korar shaidanu da kuma kare dukiyarsu. Wannan biki shi ne babban taron da samari ke gabatar da wakokin satirical avudewene.
Quentin Oliver Lee
Quentin Oliver Lee (Janairu 28, 1988 - Disamba 1, shekarar 2022) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka kuma ɗan wasan opera. An san shi sosai a rawar da yake takawa a cikin shirin Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera. Ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta ci lambar yabo ta Grammy 2021 don Mafi kyawun rikodin Opera a cikin Yariman Broadway da Gershwin's Porgy da Bess.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lee a San Bernardino, California kuma ya koma Arizona don yin jami'a, daga baya kuma ya koma New York City bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Arewacin Arizona (NAU) a shekarar 2012 inda ya sami digiri na farko a cikin rawar murya. Yayin da yake NAU, Lee ya koyar a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Flagstaff kuma ya kasance memba na Cardinal Key Honor Society. Ya kuma kasance memba na Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia kuma mawaƙin soloist kuma memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Shrine of the Ages kuma ya yi tare da su a Afirka ta Kudu, zauren Carnegie na New York, da kuma a yawancin tarukan ACDA.
Tashe
Matsayin farko na NAU Opera sun haɗa da rawar take a Puccini's Gianni Schicchi, Sid in Britten's Albert Herring, da Belcore a cikin Donizetti's L'elisir D'amore.
Bayan ya koma New York, ya yi wasa a tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa don samun biyan buƙata, sau da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na The Opera Collective for Music karkashin NY. A can ne wakilin Gershwin's Porgy da Bess ya hango shi yana waƙa kuma ya ƙarfafa shi don yin wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan nasarar da aka samu, ya sami rawar da ya taka kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway.
A cikin 2017, an nuna Lee a cikin samar da Broadway na Prince of Broadway kuma ya fito a cikin gajeren fim ɗin Race, wanda Daniel Barnhill ya jagoranci. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da bikin King Lion a Hong Kong, da Encores!
A cikin 2018, ya nuna halin take a cikin The Phantom of the Opera 's yawon shakatawa na kasa a 2018.
Game da sauyawa daga yin a cikin hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa Broadway, Lee ya ce a cikin wata hira: "Don tafiya daga (waƙa a cikin jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa) zuwa ... (shekaru biyar bayan haka) tsayawa tsayin daka a cikin mafi girman matsayi a tarihin Broadway yana da tawali'u ... Duk lokacin da Na ka yi tunani a kan haka, na yi matukar mamaki."
A cikin wasan opera, Lee ya nuna Antonio a cikin Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, Pandolfe a cikin Massenet's Cendrillon,  Giuseppe a cikin Gondoliers, Raimondo a cikin Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, Schaunard a cikin Puccini's La bohème a cikin Carmen, da Escamillo domin New York Lyric Opera Theatre. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Ni Am Harvey Milk a Avery Fisher Hall. Ya yi a matsayin Ben a cikin Wayar Wayar Menotti a Bikin bazara na Lyric Opera na New York a 2014.
A cikin 2019, The New York Times ta kira shi "mafi kyau" a matsayin Kilian, babban ɗan birni mai harbi a cikin aikin Heartbeat Opera na samar da Weber's Der Freischütz a Baruch Performing Arts Center a Manhattan. A cikin 2020, yayin bala'in COVID-19, ya nuna Macbeth a cikin Heartbeat Opera's Lady M, wani samarwa akan layi akan Macbeth na Verdi tare da Felicia Moore a cikin taken taken. Playbill ya lura cewa an san shi da "muryar baritone mai yawan gaske."
A matsayin mawaƙin soloist, Lee ya yi a Handel's Messiah, Sedona Opera Saloons, bikin Martin Luther King Jr. Day a Jax Beach, Florida da Ofishin Jakadancin Romania a New York. Ƙarin ayyuka masu daraja sune Caroline, ko Canji (a cikin 2021) da The Golden Apple.
Ayyukansa na ƙarshe shine Off-Broadway, a cikin Heather Christian 's Oratorio Don Abubuwan Rayuwa a cikin Maris 2022.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife shi kuma ya girma a San Bernardino, California, Lee yana zaune a Utah a lokacin mutuwarsa kuma yana neman aiki na biyu a ƙirar UX. Ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Angie Graham, lokacin da dukansu suke zaune a birnin New York. Sun haɗu a Harlem matashin balagaggu balagaggu na Cocin Yesu Kristi na Waliyyan Ƙarshe, wanda Lee ya shiga cikin 2010.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Lee ya sanya shi zuwa jerin ƙarshe na Ƙididdigar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Metropolitan Opera kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Mawaƙa ta Ƙasa.
Solomon Kodjoe Akwetey
Solomon Kodjoe Akwetey ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisa na biyu na jamhuriya ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazabar Suhum a yankin Gabashin Ghana.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Akwetey a Suhum a Gabashin kasar Ghana.
Siyasa
An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress na mazabar Suhum a yankin Gabashin Ghana a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na Disamban shekara ta alif dari tara 1996. Ya samu kuri'u 18,181 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 35,574 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 43.90% akan abokin hamayyarsa Ransford Yaw Agyepong wanda ya samu kuri'u 12,907, Doreen Ellen Adamson wanda ya samu kuri'u 2,840, Emmanuel Todd Peasah wanda ya samu kuri'u 341. Ya yi rashin nasara a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyarsa a hannun Julius Debrah.
Terri Goodknight
Terri Goodknight ita 'yar wasan nakasassu ta Amurka ce kuma 'yar wasan kwando ta keken hannu. Ta ci lambar zinare a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin bazara na 1988.
Rayuwa
Ta sauke karatu daga Urbana High School, da Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Aiki
A gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin bazara ta 1992, ta yi takara a tseren mita 200 TW3 na mata, mita 400 TW3 na mata, da mita 100 TW3 na mata ta kammala na goma.
A wasannin nakasassu na lokacin bazara na 1998, a Seoul, ta yi fafatawa a ƙwallon kwandon keken hannu, ta lashe lambar zinare.
Soune Soungole
Soune Daniel Soungole (an haife shi 26 ga Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke buga wa Bisha wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. An haife shi a kasar Ivory Coast, yana wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Nijar.
Akwasi Dante Afriyie
Siyasa
Akwasite Afriyie ya hau kujerar farko a lokacin babban zaɓen Ghana na shekarar 1997. A shekara ta 2000, ya yi nasara da rinjayen kuri'u 8,153 kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Ya rasa kujerar a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2004 a hannun Isaac Kwame Asiamah na NPP.
Zabe
A shekara ta 2000, Afriyie ya lashe babban zaɓe a matsayin ɗan majalisa na mazabar Atwima Mponua na yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 31 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 33 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu rinjayen kujeru 100 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200. An zabe shi da kuri'u 20,245 daga cikin 33,726 jimlar kuri'u masu inganci da aka jefa. Wannan yayi daidai da 61.1% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Kwaku A. Mensah na National Democratic Congress, Osei S. Bossman na Convention People's Party da Edwina C. Quist na National Reformed Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 12,092, 453 da 319 daga cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 36.5%, 1.4% da 1% bi da bi na jimillar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Hayaki daga gidan gargajiya m konewar man fetur yawanci ya ƙunshi kewayon rashin cika kayayyakin konewa, ciki har da duka lafiya da m particulate kwayoyin halitta (misali PM 2.5, PM 10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulfur dioxide (SO). 2), da nau'ikan gurbatacciyar iska.
Abubuwan da suka dogara da fasaha na wannan matsala sun fi mayar da hankali kan samar da <ingantattun tantunan dafa abinci duk da cewa canje-canjen hali na iya zama mahimmanci.
Bayanin matsala da sikelin
Mutane biliyan uku a kasashe masu tasowa sun dogara ne da man da ake amfani da shi na halitta, a matsayio|ita], gawayi, taki, da sauran amfanin gona, a matsayin girkinsu na gida da kuma dumama man fetur. Tun da yawancin girkin ana yin su ne a cikin gida a cikin wuraren da ba su da isasshen iska, miliyoyin mutane, da farko mata da yara suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya. Manyan tushen gurɓacewar gida sun haɗa da konewa da kayan gini. A duniya baki daya, an danganta mutuwar mutane miliyan 4.3 sakamakon kamuwa da cutar IAP a kasashe masu tasowa a shekarar 2012, kusan duka a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga. Yankunan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Yammacin Pasifik suna ɗaukar mafi yawan nauyi tare da mutuwar mutane 1.69 da miliyan 1.62, bi da bi. Kusan mutuwar 600,000 na faruwa a Afirka, 200,000 a yankin Gabashin Bahar Rum, 99,000 a Turai da 81,000 a Amurka. Ragowar mutuwar 19,000 na faruwa ne a kasashe masu tasowa.
Tasirin lafiya
Yawancin ma'aunai an mayar da hankali ne kan matakan fallasa yanayin yanayin numfashi na ƙwayoyin cuta (PM) da carbon monoxide (CO), waɗanda sune manyan samfuran konewa da ba su cika ba kuma ana ɗaukar su haifar da haɗarin lafiya mafi girma. Na cikin gida PM 2.5 matakan fiddawa an ba da rahoton akai-akai suna cikin kewayon ɗaruruwa zuwa dubban micrograms a kowace mita mai kubu (μg/m 3 ). Hakazalika, an auna matakan bayyanar CO zuwa sama da ɗaruruwa zuwa sama da milligrams 1000 a kowace mita cubic (mg/m 3 ). Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan kan gidaje 163 a cikin kananan hukumomin kasar Sin guda biyu, ya ba da rahoton cewa, jimlar ma'ana na cikin gida PM 2.5 na 276 μg/m 3 (haɗin nau'ikan kayan shuka daban-daban, gami da itace, mai tushe na sigari, da masara), 327 μg/m 3 (itace), 144 μg/m 3 (kwal mai hayaƙi), da 96 μg/m 3 (kwal ɗin da ba ta da hayaki) don gidaje ta amfani da nau'ikan man fetur daban-daban da daidaitawar murhu (misali, vented, unvented, šaukuwa, ramin wuta, gauraye murhu).