cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Al-Uzza
Halakar da haikali
Ya aika Khalid bn Al-Walid a cikin Ramadan shekara at 630 AD (8 AH) zuwa wani wuri da ake kira Nakhlah, inda kabilun Quraishawa da Kinanah suke bauta wa al-ʻUzzā. Masu kula da gidan ibada daga Banu Shaiban ne. An dauki Al-ʻUzzā a matsayin babbar allahiya a yankin.
Khalid ya tashi tare da mahayan dawakai 30 don rusa wurin ibadar. Ya bayyana cewa akwai mutum-mutumi guda biyu na al-zzUzzā, ɗaya na gaskiya ɗaya kuma na jabu ne. Khalid ya fara gano karya ya rusa ta, sannan ya koma wurin Annabi don bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika aikinsa. "Kin ga wani abin mamaki?" ya tambayi Annabi. Khalid ya amsa da "a'a." "Sannan ba ku lalata al-Uzzá ba," in ji Annabi. "Tafi kuma." Cikin fushi kan kuskuren da ya yi, Khalid ya sake hawa zuwa Nakhla, a wannan karon ya sami haikalin al-zzUzzā na ainihi. Mai kula da haikalin al-Uzzá ya gudu don tsira da ransa, amma kafin ya bar allansa ya rataye takobi a wuyanta da fatan za ta iya kare kanta. Yayin da Khalid ya shiga cikin haikalin, ya fuskanci wata mace 'yar Habasha tsirara wacce ba ta saba ba wacce ta tsaya a kan hanya tana kuka. Khalid bai tsaya ya yanke shawarar ko wannan matar na iya zuwa wurin don ta yaudare shi ko ta kare hoton ba, don haka ya zare takobinsa da sunan Allah kuma da bugun jini guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi an yanke mata kashi biyu. Sannan ya fasa hoton, ya koma Makka, ya ba Annabi labarin abin da ya gani da abin da ya aikata. Sai Annabi ya ce, "Haka ne, wannan shi ne al-uzzã; kuma ba za a ƙara bauta mata a ƙasarku ba."
Al'adun al-'Uzzá
Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near Mecca. The most prominent Arabian shrine of al-ʻUzzā was at a place called Nakhlah near Qudayd, east of Mecca towards aṭ-Ṭā’if; three trees were sacred to her there (according to a narration through al-'Anazi Abū-‘Alī in the Kitāb al-Aṣnām.)"She was the Lady ‘Uzzayan to whom a South Arabian offered a golden image on behalf of his sick daughter, Amat-‘Uzzayan ('the Maid of ‘Uzzayan')" 'Abdul al-'Uzzá ["Bawan Mabuwãyi"] shine sunan da aka fi so a lokacin zuwan Musulunci. Sunan al-'Uzzá ya bayyana a matsayin alamar kyakkyawa a ƙarshen waƙoƙin Larabci na arna da Ibn al-Kalbī ya kawo, kuma ta yi rantsuwa da ita.
Susan Krone ta ba da shawarar cewa an haɗa asalin al-'Uzzá da al-Lāt a tsakiyar Larabawa musamman.
Daga AbduLāh ibn 'Abbas, At- Tabari ya samo al-ʻUzzā daga al-Azīz "Mabuwãyi", ɗaya daga cikin "kyawawan sunayen Allah" guda 99 a cikin tafsirinsa na Kur'ani maigirma 7: 180. .
Uzza lambun
A cewar Easton's Bible Dictionary,al Uzza lambu ne inda aka binne Manasseh da Amon (2 Sarakuna 21:18, 26). Wataƙila yana kusa da fadar sarki ne a Urushalima, ko kuma wataƙila ya zama wani ɓangare na farfajiyar gidan. Wataƙila Manasseh ya samo shi daga wani mai wannan sunan. Wani ra'ayi shine cewa waɗannan sarakuna sun kasance masu laifin bautar gumaka kuma sun jawo hankalin Ezekiel.
A matsayin mala'ika
A cikin addinin Yahudanci da na Kiristanci, sunan allah da ke kama da Semyazza a kwanakin nan ana iƙirarin cewa shi ne masanin al Uzza. An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman madadin sunan mala'ika Metatron a cikin Sefer ha-heshek. More fiye da ya kira a matsayin ko dai seraph Samyaza ko matsayin daya daga cikin uku da mala'iku masu riqo na Misira ( Rahab, Mastema, kuma Duma) cewa harried Yahudawa a lokacin Fitowa. Kamar yadda Semyaza a cikin almara shine seraf wanda Ishtahar ya jarabce shi don bayyana sunan Allah bayyananne kuma ta haka aka ƙone shi da rai kuma aka rataye kansa ƙasa tsakanin sama da ƙasa a matsayin ƙungiyar taurari Orion. A cikin littafin Anuhu na 3 kuma a cikin Zohar yana ɗaya daga cikin mala'ikun da suka mutu waɗanda aka hukunta don zama tare da mata 'yan adam da kuma haifar da anakim. Ana kuma danganta zzUzzā da Abezi Thibod ("mahaifin da ba shi da shawara") wanda a farkon yahudawa ma ana amfani da shi azaman wani suna don Samael da Mastema yana nufin ruhu mai ƙarfi wanda ya raba sarautar Misira tare da Rahab kuma ya yi tsayayya da Musa don ƙarshe ya nutse cikin ruwa. Bahar Maliya.
Matar Fall
Matar Fall, wanda kuma aka sani da Martin Fall (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Maris ɗin 1982 a Toulon, Faransa) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan asalin ƙasar Faransa haifaffen ƙasar Senegal a halin yanzu yana taka leda a gasar cin kofin Faransa ta CFA 2 don Sporting Toulon Var.
Sunansa na gaskiya Matar, amma ƴan jarida da magoya bayansa sun gurɓata shi a matsayin Martin har tsawon lokaci ana kiransa "mutumin mai suna biyu".
Nnewi ta Arewa
Nnewi ta Arewa haramar hukuma ce dake a jihar Anambra a shiyar kudu maso gabashin Nijeriya. Nnewi shine gari ɗaya tilo a ƙaramar hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa. Garin na da ƙauyuka huɗu (ƙananan garuruwa) waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramar hukuma ta gari ɗaya, waɗanda suka haɗa da; Otolo, Uruagu, Umudim da Nnewi-ichi. Basaraken gargajiya na Nnewi- Igwe na Nnewi - a halin yanzu shine Igwe Kenneth Orizu na 3 wanda wannan gidan sarauta ya fito daga Otolo Nnewi, kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin na farko a tsakanin ƙauyuka huɗu. Akwai kuma wasu sarakunan gargajiya a wasu ƙauyuka kuma suna kula da al’amuran gargajiya na garuruwan su, daga cikinsu akwai Obi Nnamdi AC Obi (ogidi) wanda kuma shi ne obi na Uruagu, Obi Umudim Da kuma obi Onyekaba Na Nnewichi. Ta haka ne za a iya tambayar wanene Obi na Otolo a yanzu tunda gidan sarautar Igwe ke kula da al'amuran gargajiya na nnewi baki ɗaya.
Makarantu
Ga jerin sunayen makarantun sakandare a karamar hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa:
Noa Lang
Noa Noëll Lang (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan yuni,shekara ta, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na ƙungiyar farko ta Belgium Club Brugge da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Netherlands.
Joe Anyon
Joe Anyon (an haife shi a ƙasar Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na ƙwallon ƙafa daga ƙasar Ingila.
Noa Lang
Ajax
A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 2019, Lang ya zama dan wasan Ajax na farko da ya ci hat-trick a farkon gasarsa na farko cikin shekaru 60 yayin da Ajax ta ci kwallaye biyu a kasa ta doke Twente da ci 5–2. Daga baya a wannan watan, Lang ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin KNVB ga Ajax, inda ya jefa kwallon farko a ragar Telstar da ci 4-3 a zagaye na biyu.
A cikin watan Janairu shekarar, 2020, bayan Ajax ta sanya hannu kan Ryan Babel a matsayin Lang, an ba shi aro ga takwarorinsa na Eredivisie Twente na sauran kakar wasa.
2020-21 kakar: Lamuni da taken gasar
A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 2020, Ajax da Club Brugge sun cimma yarjejeniyar canja wuri don Lang don ƙaura zuwa Brugge akan lamuni na farko tare da wajibcin sanya hannu na dindindin ta 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2021. Makonni uku bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din daga bugun fanareti a cikin kokarin da ya yi rashin nasara a kan OH Leuven. Lang ya zura kwallo a ragar Club Brugge da ci 3-0 a kan Zenit Saint Petersburg a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, don ci gaba da fatan Club Brugge na tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na gaba. Duk da haka, Club Brugge ba zai iya sarrafa 2-2 kawai a wasan karshe da Lazio na Italiya kuma an fitar da shi zuwa gasar cin kofin Europa don zagaye na 32.
A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021, a bayyanarsa ta farko a Bruges derby da Cercle, Lang ya zura kwallo a raga yayin da Club Brugge ta dawo daga 1 – 0 da ci 1–2.
A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, Lang ya zira kwallo yayin da Brugge suka tashi 3-3 tare da abokan hammayarsu Anderlecht don lashe gasar rukunin farko na Belgium a karo na hudu cikin shekaru shida da kuma karo na 17 gaba daya. Lang ya shiga cikin gudunmawar kwallaye 28 a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na farko tare da Club Brugge, inda ya zira kwallaye 17 kuma ya kara taimakawa 11.
2021-22 kakar
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2021, Lang ya zura kwallo a ragar Club Brugge da ci 3-2 a kan Genk a gasar Super Cup na Belgium. A ranar 15 ga Satumba, ya sami kyautar gwarzon dan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Paris Saint-Germain a gasar zakarun Turai.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An haife shi a cikin Netherlands, Lang dan asalin Suriname ne ta wurin mahaifinsa. Shi matashi ne na duniya don Netherlands. Lang ya dauki kansa dan kasar Holland, Surinamese da Moroccan amma ba zai iya wakiltar na karshen ba saboda rashin samun dan kasar Moroccan.
Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Netherlands a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2021 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Latvia.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Lang a cikin Netherlands. Mahaifinsa ne ya taso shi, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Morocco Nourdin Boukhari.
Girmamawa
Ajax
Club Brugge
Mutum
Hamid Algabid
Hamid Algabid (anhaifeshi 1941) dan siyasar kasar Nijer ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar (RDP Jama'a da Hausanci, Rassemblement pour la démocratie et le progrès da Faransanci). Lauya, Ma'aikacin banki Algabid ya kasance muhimmi a tafiyar tsohon firaminista Seyni Kountché, tsakanin 1983-1988. Ya rike matsayin babban mai magana da yawun kungiyar Musulmai ta duniya wato Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) tsakanin 1989 zuwa 1996, kuma tun daga 1996 shine shugaban jam'iyar RDP (jama'a).
Farkon rayuwar sa
Dan kabilar Abzinawa ne, anhaifi Algabid a karamin kauyen Belbeji, kusa da garin Tanout shekarar 1941. Ya karanci ilimin shari'a a Jami'ar Abidjan ta kasar Kwaddibuwa da kuma a kasar Faransa. Ya ruke mukaman shugaban bangare da babban sakatare a ma'aikatar tattara kudin shiga ta kasar Nijar.
Kuwaiti (birni)
Birnin Kuwaiti (da Larabci: مدينة الكويت) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Kuwaiti. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Kuwaiti. Kuwaiti yana da yawan jama'a kimanin 2,200,000 bisa ga jimillar 2020. An gina birnin Kuwaiti a shekara ta 1613.
Galal Saeed
Galal Mostafa Mohammed Saeed ( جلال مصطفى محمد سعيد) shi injiniya ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma ɗan ƙasar Masar ne ya kasan ce tsohon gwamnan Alkahira ne.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Dr. Galal Saeed ya kammala karatunsa ne a matsayin injiniyan farar hula a shekara ta 1971 daga Kwalejin Injiniya, Jami'ar Alkahira. Ya sami digiri na biyu a wannan jami'ar kafin ya tafi Kanada don kammala karatun digirisa na biyu. A Kanada, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin sufuri da injiniyar zirga-zirga daga Jami'ar McMaster da ke Kanada. A 1979, ya sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Waterloo da ke Kanada a fagen tsara dabarun sufuri. Dr. Galal Saeed ya fara aikin koyarwa ne a matsayin mai koyarwa kafin ya samu digirin digirgir kuma ya zama farfesa. Ya yi karatu kuma ya yi karatu a jami'o'i da yawa kamar Waterloo, Cairo University da Jami'ar Kuwait.
Joe Armstrong
Joe Armstrong (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da uku 1939A.c) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya
Akwai muhawara ko ƴan asalin ƙasar suna riƙe da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha akan ilimin gargajiya da kuma ko amfani da wannan ilimin yana buƙatar izini da lasisi kafin aiki da shi. Wannan yana da rikitarwa musamman saboda ana kiyaye TEK akai-akai azaman al'adar baka kuma don haka na iya rasa ingantattun takaddun takaddun. Don haka, hanyoyin da za su iya warware batun takardun shaida don biyan bukatun yammacin Turai na iya yin illa ga yanayin ilimin gargajiya.
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya na iya komawa zuwa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wanda ke jaddada sassa daban-daban da mu'amalar muhalli.
Ci gaban fannin ilimin
An gudanar da karatun farko na tsarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin nazarin ɗan adam. An yi nazarin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ethnoecology, "hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan tunanin dangantakar muhalli da mutane ko al'adu ke gudanarwa," a fahimtar yadda tsarin ilimi ya samo asali ta hanyar al'ada. Harold Colyer Conklin, wani Ba’amurke ƙwararren ɗan adam wanda ya fara nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci, ya jagoranci tattara bayanan ƴan asali hanyoyin fahimtar duniyar halitta. Conklin da sauransu sun rubuta yadda al'ummomin gargajiya, irin su masu sana'ar noma na Philippine, suka nuna na ban mamaki da cikakken cikakken sani game da tarihin yanayin wuraren da suka zauna. Shiga kai tsaye cikin tarawa, kera kayayyaki daga, da amfani da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida ya haifar da wani tsari wanda duniyar halittu da duniyar al'adu ke da alaƙa da juna. Kodayake filin Tek ya fara da takardun jerin nau'ikan halittun da kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma "biyan haraji daga cikin ƙasa don la'akari da la'akari da dangantakar dangantaka da hanyoyin da aka bayar tashi zuwa filin kamar yadda ake gane shi a yau. A cikin ƙarfafa nazarin hanyoyin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa ƙungiyar zamantakewa kanta amsa ce ta daidaita yanayin muhalli ta ƙungiyar zuwa yanayin gida, dangantakar ɗan adam da dabarun aiki waɗanda waɗannan alaƙa da al'adu suka dogara, filin TEK na iya yin nazari kan Tambayoyi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin al'adu da ilimin halin ɗan adam.
A tsakiyar 1980s, an rubuta ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke haɓaka ilimin muhalli na gargajiya duka ilimin muhalli da ƴan asali daban-daban suke da shi da kuma dangantakarsu ta muhalli. Nazarin ya haɗa da nazarin "nama da kiyaye halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, da ilimin gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwa a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku da lagoons, yankunan da ba su da ruwa, da kuma Arctic." Abin da waɗannan binciken ya kwatanta shi ne cewa "al'ummar gargajiya iri-iri suna da nasu fahimtar dangantakar muhalli da al'adun sarrafa albarkatun." Haɓaka ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a wannan lokacin ya haifar da fahimtar duniya game da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ayyukan sarrafa albarkatun da ci gaba mai dorewa. Rahoton na 1987 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya ya nuna yarjejeniya a lokacin. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a karni na 20 (raguwar mace-macen jarirai, da karuwa a tsawon rayuwa, da karuwar karatu, da samar da abinci a duniya) sun haifar da al’amuran da suka haifar da gurbacewar muhalli “a cikin duniya da ta fi gurbace a tsakanin abada. rage albarkatun." Fata, duk da haka, ya wanzu don salon rayuwa na gargajiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin kabilu da na asali suna da salon rayuwa da za su iya samar wa al'ummomin zamani darussa kan sarrafa albarkatun da ke cikin dazuzzuka masu sarkakiya, da tsaunuka, da kuma juji.
Bambance-bambance daga kimiyya
Fulvio Mazzocchi na Cibiyar Italian National Research Council na ma'aikatar kula da gurbacear yanayi ya bambanta ilimin gargajiya daga ilimin kimiyya kamar haka:
Kogin Muni
Kogin Muni wani ɗan gajeren kogi ne a kudancin babban yankin Equatorial Guinea. Wani ɓangare na tsayinsa, gami da mashigar ruwa, wani yanki ne na kan iyaka da Gabon. Daga wannan kogin ne aka ɗauki tsohon sunan wannan yanki na ƙasar Equatorial Guinea Río Muni.
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya
Abubuwan suka shafi ilimin muhalli na gargajiya
Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya suna ba da nau'o'i daban-daban ta yadda ake amfani da su da fahimtarsa. Waɗannan alamu ne masu kyau game da yadda ake amfani da shi ta fuskoki daban-daban da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, suna ba da ƙarin fifiko kan "Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun gano wuraren da ke da bambanci da haɗuwa yayin ƙoƙarin kawo hanyoyin tunani da sanin juna biyu."
Kogin Muni
Hydrology
An ciyar da mashigar a arewacin ƙasa Congue da Kogin Mandyani kuma daga gabas ta Mitong, da Mven da kuma Kogin Timboni (Mitimele, Utamboni).
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya
Binciken gaskiya
Houde ya gano fuskoki shida na ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Bangaren farko na ilimin ilimin halitta na gargajiya ya haɗa da ainihin, takamaiman abubuwan lura da aka samar ta hanyar tantancewa, suna, da rarrabuwa na sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan al'amari shine game da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da kuma kewaye da su. Har ila yau, saiti ne na duka abubuwan lura da bayanai da ke jaddada al'amuran dabbobi da dabi'unsu, da muhallinsu, da sifofin zahiri na nau'in, da yawan dabbobi. Wannan ya fi amfani don kimanta haɗarin haɗari da gudanarwa wanda ke ba ƙasashe damar yin tasiri akan sarrafa albarkatun. To sai dai idan al'umma ba ta yi aiki ba, to kasa za ta iya aiwatar da muradun kanta. Irin wannan "ilimin ƙwaƙƙwara ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan lura da aka gudanar na dogon lokaci kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar asusun wasu masu riƙe TEK."
Tsarin gudanarwa
Fuska ta biyu tana nufin yin amfani da albarkatu cikin ɗa'a da dorewa dangane da tsarin gudanarwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar dabarun tsare-tsare don tabbatar da kiyaye albarkatu. Musamman ma wannan fuskar ta ƙunshi ma'amala da sarrafa kwari, sauya albarkatu, tsarin noman noma da yawa, da hanyoyin ƙididdige yanayin albarkatun. Hakanan yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatu da yadda ya dace da yanayin gida.
Amfani na baya da na yanzu
Fuska ta uku tana nufin girman lokaci na Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da muhallin da ake yadawa ta hanyar tarihin baka, kamar amfani da ƙasa, zama, zama, da matakan girbi. Musamman tsire-tsire na magani da wuraren tarihi suna da matukar damuwa. Ana amfani da tarihin baka don isar da al'adun gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dangi da al'umma.
Da'a da dabi'u
Fuska ta huɗu tana nufin maganganun ƙima da alaƙa tsakanin tsarin gaskatawa da kuma tsara gaskiya. Game da Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli yana nufin xa'a na muhalli wanda ke kiyaye ikon amfani da bincike. Har ila yau, wannan fuska tana nufin bayyanar da dabi'u game da dangantaka da wuraren zama na nau'i da kuma kewaye da su - yanayin dangantakar mutum.
Al'adu da asali
Fuska ta biyar tana nufin rawar da harshe da hotunan da suka gabata ke bunkasa ga al'adu. Dangantaka tsakanin Aboriginal (mazaunan asali) da muhallinsu na da mahimmanci don dorewar abubuwan al'adu da ke ayyana su. Wannan fuskar tana nuna labaru, dabi'u, da alakar zamantakewa da ke zaune a wuraren da ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa, haifuwa, da haɓakar al'adun ƴan asalin, da kuma ganewa. Hakanan ya jaddada "fa'idodin maidowa na shimfidar al'adu a matsayin wuraren sabuntawa"
Ilimin sararin samaniya
Fuska ta shida ita ce ilmin sararin samaniya ta al'ada wacce ita ce ginshikin sauran bangarorin. Ilimin sararin samaniya wato Cosmology shine ra'ayi na yadda duniya ke aiki don al'adu da yawa. Wannan na iya bambanta sosai daga al'ada ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Misali a Amurka, akwai sama da kabilu 577 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su tare da nasu al'adu, harsuna da tsarin imani. Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun fahimci kansu a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙasar. Kalmar 'cosmology' tana da alaƙa da zato da imani game da yadda al'amura ke gudana, kuma yana bayyana hanyar da abubuwa ke haɗuwa, kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke daidaita dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma matsayin ɗan adam a duniya. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, ilmin sararin samaniya yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma yadda waɗannan ke tasiri kai tsaye alaƙar zamantakewa, wajibai ga membobin al'umma, da ayyukan gudanarwa.
A cikin A Yupiaq Worldview: Hanya zuwa Ilimin Halittu da Ruhi na Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ma'auni na yanayi, ko hangen nesa na muhalli, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Yupiaq. Tarihi da binciken archaeological na kabila daban-daban a duniya yana da alama suna nuni da zaren falsafa ko muhalli guda ɗaya a tsakanin dukkan mutane, kuma wannan haɗin kai da ke bayyana yana haifar da tunanin haɗin kai na kowane abu na sararin samaniya. Mutanen Yupiaq sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi na duniya ne, duk da raunin yanayin da ake samu ta hanyar kutse na zamani." Kawagley yayi karin bayani akan Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli a cikin mahallin duniya na Yupiaq da cewa, “Hanyoyin mutum na Yupiaq sun hada da lura, gogewa, hulɗar zamantakewa, da sauraron tattaunawa da tambayoyi na duniyar halitta da ta ruhaniya tare da hankali. Mutum ko da yaushe mai halarta-mai kallo ne."
Gudanar da yanayin muhalli
Kula da yanayin muhalli hanya ce mai fuskoki da dama kuma cikakke hanya na sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi duka ilimin kimiyya da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya don tattara bayanai daga matakan dogon lokaci waɗanda kimiyya ba za su iya ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar masana kimiyya da masu bincike tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da biyan bukatun zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu na zamani da na gaba. Ilimin 'yan asali ya samar da hanyar da za ta magance sarkakiya yayin da kimiyyar yamma ke da dabaru da kayan aiki. Wannan dangantaka ce mai kyau don samun wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ɓangarorin biyu da muhalli. Hatsarin da ke tattare da yin aiki tare shi ne, kasashe ba sa cin moriyar adalci ko kwata-kwata. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da ilimin ɗan asalin waje a wajen al'umma ba tare da izini ba ( al'adar al'adu ), amincewa, ko ramuwa. Ilimin ƴan asali na iya kiyaye muhalli, duk da haka yana iya zama ilimi mai tsarki.
Maido da ingancin muhalli
Maido da ingancin muhalli shine al'adar maido da gurbataccen muhalli ta hanyar sa hannun ɗan adam. Akwai haɗe-haɗe da yawa tsakanin maido da muhalli da ayyukan sarrafa yanayin muhalli da suka shafi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, duk da haka sarrafa yanayin muhallin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ya fi zurfi ta hanyar alakar tarihi da wurin. Saboda rashin daidaiton iko da aka ambata a baya tsakanin ƴan asali da kuma waɗanda ba na asali ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ya daidaita don dawo da rashin adalci na zamantakewa kuma wannan ya tabbatar da samun nasara lokacin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka jagoranci ayyukan maido da muhalli.
Ilimin gargajiya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka
Ko da yake a halin yanzu ba a san Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a matsayin muhimmin sashi na yanke shawarar muhalli na yau da kullun ba, masana kimiyya suna aiki kan haɓaka shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda suka dace da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da haɓaka wadatar kai da azama. Rashin sanin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wajen tantance hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli shine wakilcin ɗabi'ar ƙabilanci don ƙima kimiyya akan ƙirar gargajiya. Don haka, hukumomin da ke haɗa kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya dole ne su amince da ƙimar hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idodin kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Misali, dole ne hukumomin Amurka su koyi game da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ta hanyar yin aiki kafada da kafada da dattawan 'yan asalin, tattara bayanai na hannu daga takamaiman wurin da ake tambaya, da haɗa ƙimar 'yan asalin cikin ƙimar su ta kimiya.
Wani nau'i na tuntuɓar Majalisar Ƙabila ta EPA. A cikin 2000, Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA. Majalisar, wadda ta kunshi wakilai daga kabilu a fadin kasar, ana nufin samar da tsari don shigar da kabilu cikin kokarin kimiyya na EPA, da kuma zama abin hawa wanda ta hanyar EPA za ta iya samun fahimtar batutuwan kimiyya wadanda suka fi fifiko ga kabilu. a matakin kasa. Majalisar kuma tana ba wa kabilu dama don yin tasiri akan ajandar kimiyya ta EPA ta hanyar ɗaga waɗannan batutuwan da suka fi fifiko ga ƙungiyar EPA mai fa'ida.
Muhimmanci ga membobin kabilanci a farkon taron Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA shine bambance-bambancen da ke cikin al'adun gargajiya na kabilanci da kuma kimiyyar yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin rayuwa sun haɗa da "haɗin ruhi, tunani, jiki, da tunani da mahalli; alaƙa waɗanda suka dogara akan ƙima mai ƙima da ƙima"; da kuma fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don cigaban rayuwar ɗan adam.
Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin wurin taro inda ƙungiyoyin biyu za su iya "raba bayanan da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga kare muhalli ga duk al'ummomin da ba al'adar da ke barin asalinta ba." A ƙoƙari na kare TTL Majalisar ta gano zama a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta ayyana rayuwa a matsayin: “dangantaka tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, hanyar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta ƙunshi haɗin kai na ruhaniya da ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don rayuwar ɗan adam. Mutanen da suke rayuwa daga tushen albarkatun ƙasa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun, suna rayuwa a cikin da'irar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta kasance game da rayuwa a hanyar da za ta tabbatar da amincin albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin tsararraki masu zuwa." Saboda TTL ko TEK ya keɓanta da wuri kuma ya haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da alaƙar rayayyun halittu da muhalli, amincewa da rayuwa a matsayin fifiko yana ba da damar ilimi da ayyukan TTL su sami kariya. Misali, a wani bangare na shawarwarin da suka yi game da abin da za su ci, Majalisar ta amince da gano gurbacewar albarkatu a matsayin "batun kimiyyar kabilanci mafi mahimmanci a wannan lokacin." Domin mutanen ƙabilun da ke da salon rayuwa sun dogara da muhalli don dabarun gargajiya na noma, farauta. kamun kifi, gandun daji, da magunguna, da bukukuwa, gurɓatattun abubuwa suna yin tasiri daidai gwargwado kuma suna jefa TTL ɗinsu cikin haɗari. Kamar yadda Majalisar EPA ta bayyana, "Yawan cin abinci na kabilanci ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na yawan jama'a, yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen albarkatun ƙasa ya fi damuwa nan da nan." Yayin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke kokawa da gurbacewar albarkatu, majalisar ta samu ci gaba wajen binciken illolinta.
Inganta hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya cikin tsarin kimanta haɗarin EPA misali ɗaya ne na yadda Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta sami damar aiwatar da canji a al'adun EPA. Tsarin tantance haɗarin haɗari shine "tsarin tsara don nazarin kimiyya na yuwuwar tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da gurɓatawa ko wasu matsalolin muhalli." EPA ta yi amfani da kimar haɗari don kafa "matakan tsaftacewa a wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, ingancin ruwa da ka'idojin iska, shawarwarin kifi, da hana ko ƙuntata amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran sinadarai masu guba." Mutanen ƙabilanci sun damu, duk da haka, hanyoyin tantance haɗarin na yanzu ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima ga al'adun kabilanci, dabi'u, da/ko hanyoyin rayuwa. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci tana neman haɗa TTL cikin tunanin fallasa wanzuwa a cikin tsarin tantance haɗarin EPA. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci don Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, cikakken canji ne a kimanta yanke shawara daga haɗari zuwa kiyaye mutane da muhalli masu lafiya. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen kabilanci ba sa yarda da rabuwa da yanayin ɗan adam da muhalli lokacin da suka nuna haɗari. Ta hanyar EPA da aka ƙaddamar da taron karawa juna sani, tarurrukan bita, da ayyuka, ƙabilun sun sami damar yin tattaunawa game da haɗa hanyoyin rayuwa ta al'ada ta kabilanci cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA da yanke shawara. Wannan ya faru ta hanyoyi da yawa: haɗa ayyukan al'adu na musamman na ƙabilanci kamar kwando na asali, mahimmancin kifin kifi da sauran kifaye, magungunan tsire-tsire na gida, cin kifi da nama mai yawa, da wuraren gumi a matsayin fallasa don ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari. ga mutane ko ga al'umma. Kodayake ana iya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan takamaiman ayyuka na ƙabilanci a cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA, babu tabbacin cewa za a haɗa su kuma babu daidaito kan yadda za a iya amfani da su a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar.
A cikin Yulin 2014, Kungiyar EPA ta ba da sanarwar "Manufa kan Adalci na Muhalli don Yin Aiki tare da Ƙabilun Ƙabilu da 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Tarayya," suna gabatar da ka'idodinta don shirye-shiryen da suka danganci kabilu da 'yan asalin tarayya da aka amince da su don "goyi bayan aiwatar da gaskiya da inganci na tarayya. dokokin muhalli, da kuma ba da kariya daga tasirin da bai dace ba da kuma manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli." Daga cikin ka'idoji 17 akwai # 3 ("EPA tana aiki don fahimtar ma'anar lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mahangar ƙabilun da aka amince da tarayya, 'yan asali a duk faɗin Amurka, da sauran waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasar Indiya"); #6 ("EPA tana ƙarfafa, kamar yadda ya dace kuma gwargwadon iya aiki kuma doka ta ba da izini, haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin ilimin muhalli na hukumar, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara, don fahimta da magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da sauƙaƙe shirin. aiwatarwa"); da kuma #7 ("EPA tana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi sirri game da bayanai akan wurare masu tsarki, albarkatun al'adu, da sauran ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda doka ta yarda." ). Yayin da wannan manufar ke gano jagorori da matakai na EPA dangane da ka'idodin adalci na muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da ƙabilu da ƴan asalin ƙasar, hukumar ta lura cewa ba su da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da su azaman dokoki ko ƙa'idodi. Ba za a iya amfani da su ga wani yanayi na musamman ba ko canza ko musanya kowace doka, ƙa'ida, ko duk wani abin da ake buƙata na doka kuma ba a aiwatar da doka ba.
Illolin lalacewar muhalli dangane da ilimin gargajiya
A wasu yankuna, gurɓacewar muhalli ya haifar da raguwar ilimin halittu na gargajiya. Misali, a al'ummar Aamjiwnaang na Anishnaabe First Nations mutane a Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, mazauna suna fama da "nasarawar raguwar yawan haihuwar namiji ..., wanda mazauna ke danganta su ga kusancinsu ga tsire-tsire masu guba":
Canjin yanayi
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana ba da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi a cikin tsararraki da labarin ƙasa na ainihin mazauna yankin. Ilimin muhalli na al'ada yana jaddada kuma ya sanya bayanai game da lafiya da hulɗar muhalli su zama cibiyar bayanan da yake ɗauka. Canjin yanayi yana shafar ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya ta nau'ikan asalin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yadda suke rayuwa. Ilimin al'ada yana yada daga tsara zuwa tsara kuma yana ci gaba a yau. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara da waɗannan al’adu don rayuwarsu. Don lokutan girbi da yawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun canza ayyukansu watannin kadan saboda tasirin sauyin yanayi.
Haɓakar yanayin zafi yana kara zama barazana ga yanayin halittu saboda yana cutar da rayuwar wasu bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Haɗin haɓakar yanayin zafi da canjin yanayin hazo yana shafar wuraren tsiro.
Hakanan ɗumamar yanayi na shafar kwari da dabbobi. Canjin yanayin zafi zai iya shafar abubuwa da yawa tun daga lokacin da kwari ke fitowa a cikin shekara zuwa canje-canjen mazaunin dabbobi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi.
Ba wai kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayin ya shafa ba, amma tare, lafiyar muhalli na shafar sauyin yanayi don haka albarkatun muhalli da ke samuwa ga 'yan asali na iya canzawa a cikin adadin da ake da su da kuma ingancin albarkatun.
Yayin da matakan kankarar teku ke raguwa, mutanen Alaska na fuskantar canje-canje a rayuwarsu na yau da kullun; kamun kifi, sufuri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin rayuwarsu sun zama marasa aminci. Daskarewar ƙasa ya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine da hanyoyin titi. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana ƙara tsananta yayin da albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta ke raguwa.
Canjin yanayi na lalata rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan asalin ƙasar a matakai da yawa. Canjin yanayi da ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da alaƙa daban-daban dangane da yankin yanki wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban da ayyukan ragewa. Misali, don tunkarar waɗannan yanayi nan da nan, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun daidaita lokacin girbi da abin da suka girbe sannan kuma su daidaita amfani da albarkatun su. Canjin yanayi na iya canza daidaiton bayanan ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara sosai kan alamu na yanayi don tsara ayyuka har ma da hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sakamakon karuwar rashin jin daɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna ƙaura don nemo wasu hanyoyin tsira. A sakamakon haka, an yi asarar alakar al'adu da kasashen da suka taba zama a kai, haka kuma an yi hasarar ilmin ilmin muhalli na gargajiya da suka yi da kasar a can. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ko aiwatar da su ba na iya cutar da ƴan asalin ƙasar.
Kungiyar EPA ta ambaci cewa za ta ɗauki ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin la'akari wajen tsara daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Kasa ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta yi amfani da hanyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar wajen yaƙar yanayin sauyin yanayi.
Nazarin bincike: Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska
A wani bincike, mazauna kauyukan Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska, sun ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na rayuwarsu, yanayi ya yi wuya a iya hasashensa, lokacin sanyi ya ragu, ana samun matsala wajen hasashen yawan shuke-shuken da za a girbi., akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hijirar dabbobi, an sami ƙarin ganin sabbin nau'in halittu, wanda ake gani fiye da baya, kuma ayyukan farauta da tarawa ba su zama abin da ake iya gani ba kuma ba su faru ba sau da yawa saboda ƙarancin samun damar yin hakan. Mazauna garin sun ga wani sauyi a yanayinsu wanda kuma ya shafi rayuwarsu. Tsirrai da dabbobin ba su yi daidai da samuwarsu ba wanda ya shafi farauta da tara jama’a saboda babu abin da za a yi farauta ko tarawa. Bayyanar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi kuma abin damuwa ne na lafiyar jiki da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ba a al'adance suke cikin ƙasa ba.
Karuk da Yurok Burning a matsayin TEK
A cewar masanin zamantakewar muhalli Kirsten Vinyeta da mai binciken canjin yanayi na kabila Kathy Lynn, "Karuk Tribe na California sun mamaye ƙasar ƴan asali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Klamath da Salmon Rivers a Arewacin California. Yankin ƙabilar ta ƙabilar ta ƙunshi kimanin eka miliyan 1.38 a cikin Kogin Klamath. Ayyukan ƙonawa na al'ada sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Karuk tun a tarihi. Ga Kabila, wuta tana aiki azaman kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa mai mahimmanci da kuma aikin ruhaniya." A cewar farfesa nazarin muhalli Tony Marks-Block, mai bincike kan muhalli Frank K. Lake da ƙwararrun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Lisa M. Curran, "kafin manufofin keɓancewar wuta, Indiyawan Amurka sun yi amfani da watsar da gobarar da ba ta da tushe ko konewar al'adu don haɓaka albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. ayyuka. Don dawo da albarkatun al'adun da suka lalace daga shekarun da suka gabata na keɓe gobara da kuma rage haɗarin gobarar daji, ƙabilar Karuk da Yurok na Arewa maso yammacin California suna jagorantar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na yanki don faɗaɗa gobarar watsa shirye-shirye da rage yawan man fetur a kan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin yankunan kakanninsu. "
Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake da Lisa M. Curran suma sun bayyana cewa "a yankin Karuk, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta kafa wani wurin kebabbe ba, inda ta bar murabba'in kilomita 3.83 na Karuk a cikin yankin kakanninsu, saura kuma ya kasance karkashin kasa. ikon dazuzzukan Klamath da koguna shida na ƙasa da kuma watsewar gidaje masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, membobin kabilar Karuk da hukumomin gudanarwa dole ne su kewaya da'awar sabis ɗin gandun daji na USDA akan yankin kakanninsu kuma suna da iyakataccen zaɓi don faɗaɗa tushen ƙasarsu ta hanyar mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. A cikin yankin Yurok, hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da juna sun faru ciki har da gandun daji na Redwood da gandun daji na Kogin shida a wajen ajiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa. Ajiye yana ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanin katako mai zaman kansa. Saboda haka, kabilar Yurok dole ne ko dai su daidaita ko yin hulɗa tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin yankin kakanninsu, amma a halin yanzu suna da zaɓi mafi girma don samun kadarori masu zaman kansu fiye da kabilar Karuk." A cewar farfesa a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewa Kari Norgaard da dan kabilar Karuk William Tripp, "wannan tsari za a iya maimaita shi kuma a fadada shi zuwa sauran al'ummomi a yammacin Klamath Mountains da kuma bayansa. Hoopa da Yurok tanoak sun tsaya cewa gogaggun gobarar da aka maimaita sun fi jure wa cutar kan lokaci. Wasu bincike sun nuna bambance-bambancen ban mamaki game da kamuwa da cututtuka nan da nan bayan gobarar daji (sau 72 ba a iya samunta a konewa ba tare da wuraren da ba a kone ba a wuri guda), kodayake an nuna cewa tana ci gaba da warkewa idan ba a sake samun gobara ba, domin cutar na iya rayuwa. a cikin rundunonin da wuta ba ta kashe su ba.”
Kiyaye Muhalli na Anishinabe a matsayin TEK
A cewar mawallafa Bobbie Kalman da Niki Walker, "'yan asalin wuri, ko 'yan ƙasa, mutane sun zauna a yankin Great Lakes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen al'ummar Anishinabe (Anishinabe) sun zauna a yankuna a yankin Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Anishinabe sun taɓa rayuwa ta wurin wani katon ruwan gishiri, wanda watakila ya kasance Tekun Atlantika ko Hudson's Bay. Mutanen sun sami annabci, ko annabci cewa idan sun yi tafiya cikin ƙasa, za su sami wurin da abinci ke tsiro a kan ruwa. Wasu sun tafi yamma, suna bin hangen nesa na megis, ko harsashi na cowrie, wanda ya jagorance su zuwa Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Mutanen sun rabu gida biyu suka zauna a wurare daban-daban wadanda suka hada da al'ummar Anishinabe. Anishinabe yana da dangantaka ta kud da kut da wasu al'ummomi biyu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na yamma kasancewar Odawa (Ottawa) da Potawatomi. Mutanen waɗannan al’ummai uku sukan auri juna, suna fatauci, kuma su yi aiki tare don sasanta rigingimu. Sun kuma taru a majalisu, inda suka yanke shawara tare.”
A cewar masanin falsafar ɗan asalin ƙasashe kuma masanin shari'a na yanayi / muhalli Kyle Powys Whyte, "Mutanen Anishinabe a ko'ina cikin yankin Great Lakes sune kan gaba wajen kiyaye nau'in asali na asali da kuma maido da muhalli. Nmé shine mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa kifaye mai rai a cikin Babban Tekuna, wani lokacin yana wuce shekaru 100. Nmé ya yi hidima ga mutanen Asnishinabe a matsayin tushen abinci mai mahimmanci, nau'in nuna alama don sa ido kan muhalli, da kuma lachlan, yana taka rawa a cikin bukukuwa da labarai. Kenny Pheasant, wani dattijo ya ce, “Rashin sturgeon ya yi daidai da raguwar dangin sturgeon. Iyalan dangin sturgeon kaɗan ne kawai aka san su a nan" (Little River Band). Sashen Albarkatun Halitta na Indiyawan Ottawa sun fara rukunin mahallin al'adu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƴan kabilu da masana ilimin halitta, waɗanda suka haɓaka maƙasudai da manufofin maidowa. Manufar ita ce a dawo da jituwa da haɗin kai tsakanin Nmé da mutanen Anishinabe kuma a dawo da su duka zuwa kogin. Daga ƙarshe, sashen ya ƙirƙiri wurin renon farko na rafi don kare matasa sturgeon kafin a sake su a kowace faɗuwa don kiyaye asalin mahaifarsu. Shinkafar daji, ko manoomin, tana tsirowa a cikin magudanan ruwa, bayyanannu, da tafiyar hawainiya kuma ana iya girbe su a farkon kaka. Bayan girbi, ana sarrafa manoomin ta hanyar ayyuka kamar bushewa, bushewa, ƙwanƙwasa, bushewa, da tsaftacewa. Bayan Anishinabe ya yi hijira daga Gabas kuma ya isa yankin Great Lakes inda za su iya noman amfanin gona a kan ruwa, ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta na Amurka da Kanada da kamfanoni suna gudanar da ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai, damming, noma na kasuwanci da motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Waɗannan ayyukan suna shafar manoomin kai tsaye da wurin zama. A yau al’ummar Anishinabe sune jagororin kula da noman shinkafar daji. Taron Nibi (ruwa) da Manoomin Symposium, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara biyu, yana kawo masu girbin shinkafa na kabilanci a cikin manyan tabkuna, masana na asali, masu noman shinkafa na paddy, wakilai daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hukumomin jihohi, da masu binciken jami'o'i da ke sha'awar canjin kwayoyin halittar shinkafa. tare. Dattawa suna ba da labarunsu game da manoomin kuma matasa suna raba ra'ayinsu kan yadda manoomin ya dace da makomarsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙabilunsu suna ba da gogewar aiki tare da dattawa don fahimtar zurfin abubuwan tarihi na aikin da suke yi don nazari da adana manoomin. Ana gayyatar sauran ’yan asalin ƙasar don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na maidowa da kiyaye sauran nau’in ’yan asali, irin su taro da masara.”
Kiyaye Killer Whales dake kudancin Ƙasar Lummi ta Jihar Washington a matsayin matakinTEK
A cewar masana ilimin muhalli Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler da kuma mamban Lummi Jeremiah Julius, “Al’ummar Lummi ta Jihar Washington, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Tekun Salish. A cikin 2018, Ƙasar Lummi ta sadaukar da kanta ga Tafiya ta Totem Pole a duk faɗin Amurka suna kira ga dawowar 'yan uwansu "Lolita" (wani mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale) zuwa ruwan gida. A cikin yaren Salish, ana kiran killer whales da qwe 'lhol mechen, ma'ana 'dangantakar mu a ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwa', amma Lummi ba wai kawai 'dangantaka' ne da kifin kifin a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in kifin ba, kifayen suna da alaƙa a ma'ana. cewa danginsu ne. Lokacin da NOAA ta fara sanya Killer Whale na Kudancin Kudancin wani yanki mai hatsarin gaske (DPS) a cikin 2005, bisa doka sun kawar da "Lolita" a matsayin dan uwa. Shawarar ta karanta, "Mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale DPS bai haɗa da kifayen kifaye daga J, K ko L kwaf ɗin da aka sanya su cikin bauta kafin a jera su ba, kuma baya haɗa da 'ya'yan da aka haifa a fursuna" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi suna neman NOAA don hada kai wajen ciyar da kifin har sai chinook na sautin Puget zai iya kiyaye su. Lummi sun fara ciyar da danginsu biki, amma NOAA ta gaya musu cewa babban yunƙuri na buƙatar izinin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa. Ko da yake ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kiyayewa na ƙungiyar shine tabbatar da 'isasshen adadi, inganci da samun damar nau'in ganima', NOAA ta fahimci wannan manufar sosai a matsayin batun wurin zama. Sun bayyana karara cewa yanzu ba lokacin jin dadi ba ne saboda 'karancin bayanai' ko rashin tabbas. Lummi na ci gaba da Tafiya na Totem Pole na shekara-shekara don kare ƴan'uwansu mazan, kifin baki, da kuma kiyaye gawayi, mai da sauran barazana daga cikin Tekun Salish. An tsara waɗannan ayyukan warkaswa don magance abin da Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart da Lemyra M. DeBruyn suka kira "bakin ciki na tarihi wanda ba a warware ba har yau".
Chittagong
Chittagong ko Chattogram (da harshen Bengal: চট্টগ্রাম) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Bangladesh. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2016, jimilar mutane miliyan biyu da dubu dari biyar. An gina birnin Chittagong kafin karni na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Issa.
Ogbaru
Ogbaru karamar hukuma ce dake a jihar Anambra a shiyar kudu maso gabashin Nijeriya.
Kogin Mitimele
Mitimele kogi ne na kudu maso yammacin babban yankin Equatorial Guinea. Ya zama wani ɓangare na Muni Estuary tare da Kogin Mitong, Kogin Mandyani, Kogin Congue, Kogin Utamboni da Kogin Mven. Kogin ya zama Kogin Utamboni tare da iyaka da Gabon.
Ahmed Suleiman
Ahmed Suleiman (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Agustan shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.
Aikin kulob
Suleiman ya fara bugawa Vålerenga a ranar 29 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2012 da Brann, sun ci wasan 2-1. A cikin 2013, an ba shi aron zuwa kulob din Ull/Kisa na farko na Norwegian zuwa Yuli 2013. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin da Ull/Kisa a watan Agusta 2013 bayan an gama lamunin lamunin sa.
Joe Ashley
Joe Ashley (an haife shi a watan Yuni shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da daya 1931A.c)a kasar Ingila ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na ƙwallon ƙafa daga ƙasar Ingila.
Blessing Makunike
Blessing " YoGo -Yogo" Makunike (24 Janairu 1977 aka haife ta - 13 Maris 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Zimbabwe.
Hadarin mota
A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 2004, Blessing tare da wasu 'yan wasa biyu, Shingirai Alron da Gary Mashoko, da wasu magoya bayansu biyu, sun kone kurmus a lokacin da motarsu ta taka ginshikin gadar kuma ta kama wuta, wanda shi ne hasarar rayuka mafi girma a wani lamari guda daya a kasar Zimbabwe na kwallon kafa.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Daga 1998 zuwa 2001 ya buga wa tawagar kwallon kafar Zimbabwe wasanni takwas inda ya zura kwallo daya.
Manazarta
1. ^ CAPS players laid to rest
Ahmed Abdulkadir
Ahmed Mohamed Abdel Kader Radwan ( أحمد محمد عبد القادر رضوان  ; An haife shi 23 ga watan Mayun 1999), wanda aka fi sani da Ahmed Abdel Kader ( أحمد عبد القادر   ), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Al Ahly ta Masar wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari.
Manazarta
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Joe Ashworth
Joe Ashworth (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da uku 1943 - ya mutu a shekara ta 2002), shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.
Onitsha ta Arewa
Onitsha ta Arewa ƙaramar hukuma ce dake a jihar Anambra a shiyar kudu maso gabashin Nijeriya.
Stanbic IBTC Holdings
Stanbic IBTC Holdings, wanda aka fi sani da Stanbic IBT, kamfani ne mai kula da sabis na kuɗi a Najeriya tare da rassa a Banking, Stock Brokerage, Investment Advisory, Asset Management, Investor Services, Pension Management, Trustees Insurance Brokerage da kasuwancin Inshora na rayuwa. Hedikwatar kamfanin, I.B.T.C. Place, tana cikin Walter Carrington Crescent, Victoria Island, Legas. Stanbic IBTC Holdings memba ne na Standard Bank Group, babban kamfanin sabis na kuɗi wanda ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu. Standard Bank ita ce babbar ƙungiyar banki ta Afirka da aka tsara ta dukiya da kudaden shiga, ayyukan a cikin ƙasashe 20 na Afirka da ƙasashe 13 a waje da Afirka.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Stanbic IBTC Holdings PLC. ya kasance ne sakamakon haɗuwa tsakanin Stanbic Bank Nigeria Limited da IBTC Chartered Bank Plc. a cikin 2007, sannan ya karɓi tsarin kamfani mai riƙewa a cikin 2012 don bin tsarin da aka sake fasalin da Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba da shawara, yana buƙatar bankunan su ko dai su rabu da ayyukan kuɗi marasa mahimmanci ko kuma su karɓi tsarin kamfanin.
IBTC Chartered Bank Plc.
An kafa Bankin Zuba Jari da Kamfanin Amincewa Plc (IBTC) a matsayin bankin saka hannun jari a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1989 tare da Atedo N.A. Peterside a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa. A shekara ta 2005, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba da sanarwar shirin sake dawo da jari ga bankunan kasuwanci. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk bankunan kasuwanci dole ne su sami mafi ƙarancin kuɗin NGN biliyan 25. Wannan umarnin CBN ya haifar da haɗuwa da Bankin Zuba Jari da Kamfanin Amincewa (IBTC) tare da Bankin Chartered Plc da Regent Bankin Plc a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2005 don samar da IBTC Chartered Bank Plc tare da jimlar kadarorin NGN biliyan 125 kuma an jera su a Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Najeriya.
Jerin yabo da Evita ya samu (fim na 1996)
An yi shi akan kasafin kuɗi na $56 miliyan (daidai da $ 104 miliyan a 2022 ),An saki Evita a ranar 25 ga Disamba,1996, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 141 (daidai da $ 263 miliyan a 2022 ) a duk duniya.Tumatir Rotten,mai tarawa na bita,yayi nazari akan sake dubawa 37 kuma ya yanke hukunci 62% ya zama tabbatacce.Fim ɗin ya sami lambobin yabo da zaɓe a sassa da yawa kuma ya sami lambobin yabo 19 daga jerin sunayen 40,tare da karramawa na musamman ga Madonna,Parker,Rice, Webber,da waƙar"Dole ne ku So Ni"daga fim ɗin.
Stanbic IBTC Holdings
Bankin Stanbic Nigeria Limited
An kafa Stanbic Bank Nigeria Limited a cikin 1991 lokacin da Standard Bank Investment Corporation (Stanbic Bank), ta sami ayyukan Afirka na Bankin ANZ Grindlays. Daga baya aka canza sunan zuwa Stanbic Bank Nigeria Limited kuma ya kasance cikakken mallakar Stanbic Africa Holdings Limited (SAHL).