cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mutuncin Muhalli
Fage
Saliyo Club, ƙungiyar kare muhalli, ta kawo wannan ƙara a kan Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka na lokacin, Roger CB Morton yana mai cewa gwamnatin tarayya, bisa ga Dokar Gudanarwa, ba za ta iya ba da izini ga masu haɓakawa don ginawa ba. kayayyakin more rayuwa – musamman babbar hanya, wutar lantarki, da wurin shakatawa – a cikin Ma’adinan King Valley, wani yanki na kasa. Sequoia na kasa. Ƙungiyar Saliyo ta yi niyyar kare wannan ƙasa da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gandun daji na ƙasa, amma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa ba za a shafa kai tsaye ga membobin Saliyo ba ba za su iya kai ƙara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, wanda "yana ba da ka'idoji don bitar shari'a" don lokutan da wani aikin hukuma ya cutar da mutum, kamar ba da izini. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa kungiyar Saliyo ba za ta iya shigar da kara a karkashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, saboda ba za ta iya nuna cewa abin da wanda ake tuhuma ya yi ya jawo ko kuma zai haifar da rauni ga mambobinta ba. Wannan hukuncin ya sa Alkalin Kotun Koli William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayinsa na rashin amincewa, yana mai cewa ya kamata a bar mutane su kai kara a madadin abubuwan da ba su da rai a rubuce, "[t] wanda ke da kusanci da abin da ba shi da rai wanda zai ji rauni. gurbatattun masu magana da yawunta ne, ko kuma an wawashe su.” Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da waɗanda ke ci gaba da jayayya game da mutunta muhalli a Amurka Canada da ma duniya baki ɗaya.
New Zealand
A cikin shekarata 2014, Te Urewera National Park da aka ayyana Te Urewera, wani mahallin doka mahalli. Yankin da Te Urewera ya kewaye ya daina zama wurin shakatawa na kasa mallakar gwamnati kuma an rikide shi ya zama fili mai zaman kansa, wanda ba zai iya raba shi da kansa ba.
Haƙƙin jefa kuri'u ga wa'inda aka wankewa hukunci
Bambance-bambancen launin fata
An yi kiyasin cewa daya daga cikin kowane Ba’amurke 13 ba zai iya yin zabe ba saboda laifukan da aka yanke a baya a jahohin da ake yawan samun cin hanci da rashawa.
Mutuncin Muhalli
New Zealand
Bayan irin wannan yanayin, kogin Whanganui na New Zealand an ayyana shi a matsayin mutum na doka a cikin shekarata 2017. Ana kiran wannan sabuwar doka ta Te Awa Tupua kuma yanzu an gane ta a matsayin “ba za a iya raba ta kuma mai rai gaba ɗaya daga tsaunuka zuwa teku, wanda ya haɗa da Kogin Whanganui da duk abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da na zahiri.” Masu gadi biyu ne za su wakilci kogin, ɗaya daga Whanganui iwi ɗayan kuma daga Crown.
Haƙƙin jefa kuri'u ga wa'inda aka wankewa hukunci
Komawa gida
Wadanda ke goyon bayan kwato hakki suna jayayya cewa, da zarar wani ya kammala zaman gidan yari ko wasu hukunce-hukunce, yakamata a kawo karshen hukuncinsu. Hakan kuma ya kamata ya hada da kawo karshen takunkumin zabe. To Amman Masu fafutuka sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana da mahimmanci ga mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kafin su sake komawa cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya.
Mutuncin Muhalli
New Zealand
Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 2017, gwamnatin New Zealand ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta ba da irin wannan hali na doka zuwa Dutsen Taranaki da kuma yin alkawarin canza sunan Egmont National Park, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen dama wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan.
Kulawar haihuwa
Kula da haihuwa, wanda kuma aka sani da hana haihuwa da kuma kula da haihuwa, hanya ce ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita don hana ciki. Tun zamanin d ¯ a ake amfani da kariyar haihuwa, amma ingantattun hanyoyin hana haifuwa sun kasance a cikin ƙarni na 20 kawai. Tsara, samarwa, da kuma amfani da tsarin haihuwa ana kiranta tsarin iyali. Wasu al'adu suna iyakance ko hana samun damar haihuwa saboda suna ganin bai dace da ɗabi'a, addini, ko siyasa ba.
Mutuncin Muhalli
Indiya
A halin yanzu ana daukar kogin Ganges da Yamuna a matsayin mutane na doka a kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. Kogunan suna da tsarki ga al'adun Hindu saboda ikon warkarwa da kuma jan hankalin mahajjata waɗanda suke wanka da watsa tokar matattu. Kogunan dai sun samu gurbacewa sosai da kimanin lita biliyan 1.5 na najasa da ba a kula da su ba da kuma lita miliyan 500 na sharar masana'antu da ke shiga kogunan a kullum.
Haƙƙin jefa kuri'u ga wa'inda aka wankewa hukunci
Komawa gida
"Da zarar dan kasa ya yi lokaci kuma ya biya bashinsa ga al'umma, bai kamata a tauye su daga ainihin 'yancin yin zabe ba," in ji Judith Browne-Dianis, co-director of Advancement Project.
Sauyin yanayi a Maroko
sauyin yanayi a Maroko zai yi tasiri sosai a kan kasar Maroko a fannoni da dama, kamar dai yadda na sauran ƙasashe a yankin MENA yake.
Haƙƙin jefa kuri'u ga wa'inda aka wankewa hukunci
Komawa gida
Bincike ya nuna cewa tsofaffin mutanen da ke daure da za su iya kada kuri'a, samun aiki da ilmantar da kansu ba su da yuwuwa su sake yin laifi da komawa cikin tsarin hukunci.
Sauyin yanayi a Maroko
A matsayinta na ƙasa ta bakin teku mai zafi da bushewar yanayi, tasirin muhalli daga canjin yanayi na iya zama mai faɗi da bambanta. Ana sa ran nazarin waɗannan sauye-sauyen muhalli kan tattalin arzikin ƙasar Maroko zai haifar da ƙalubale a dukkan matakan tattalin arziki. Babban tasirin zai kasance a cikin tsarin noma da kamun kifi waɗanda ke ɗaukar rabin yawan jama'a, kuma suna da kashi 14% na GDP. Bugu da ƙari, saboda kashi 60% na yawan jama'a da yawancin ayyukan masana'antu suna kan bakin teku, hawan teku yana da babbar barazana ga manyan dakarun tattalin arziki. Dangane da Fihirisar Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi na shekarar 2019, Maroko ta kasance ta biyu a shirye-shiryen bayan Sweden.
Haƙƙin jefa kuri'u ga wa'inda aka wankewa hukunci
2014 canje-canje a cikin maido da haƙƙin mallaka
A cikin shekarata 2014, Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe ya cire duk tuhume-tuhumen miyagun ƙwayoyi daga jerin laifukan “tashin hankali” na gamayya, wanda ya sa mutane da yawa suka cancanci tsarin dawo da haƙƙin kada kuri’a ta atomatik na Virginia ga mutanen da ba su da laifi.
Sauyin yanayi a Maroko
Hawan matakin teku
Kashi 60% na al'ummar ƙasar Maroko suna zaune a bakin teku, kuma ana sa ran ambaliyar ruwa da hawan teku za su yi tasiri sosai ga waɗannan al'umma. Waɗannan illolin musamman za su shafi ayyukan tattalin arziki, waɗanda suka haɗa da yawon buɗe ido, noma, da masana'antu.
Haƙƙin jefa kuri'u ga wa'inda aka wankewa hukunci
2014 canje-canje a cikin maido da haƙƙin mallaka
A cikin shekarata 2014, Babban Mai Shari'a Eric Holder ya yi kira da a dawo da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci a gabanin wani jawabi a Jami'ar Georgetown. Holder ya ce, "Lokaci ya yi da za a sake yin la'akari da dokokin da ke hana mutanen da ba sa karkashin kulawar tarayya ko jiha."
Mutuncin Muhalli
Indiya
Wata babbar kotu a jihar Uttarakhand da ke arewacin Indiya ta ba da umarnin a watan Maris na shekarata 2017 cewa a ba Ganges da babbar hukumarsa, Yamuna matsayin hukumomin shari’a. Kogunan za su sami “dukkan haƙƙoƙin da suka dace, ayyuka da haƙƙoƙin mai rai.” Wannan shawarar tana nufin gurbata ko lalata kogunan daidai yake da cutar da mutum. Kotun ta ba da misali da kogin Whanganui na New Zealand, wanda kuma aka ayyana shi da cikakken haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Kulawar haihuwa
Hanyoyi mafi inganci na hana haihuwa sune haifuwa ta hanyar vasectomy na maza da ligation na tubal a cikin mata, na'urorin ciki (IUDs), da hana haihuwa da za'a iya dasa su. Wannan yana biye da wasu hanyoyin tushen hormone ciki har da kwayoyi na baka, faci, zoben farji, da allurai. Hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri sun haɗa da shinge na jiki kamar kwaroron roba, diaphragms da soso na hana haihuwa da hanyoyin wayar da kan haihuwa. Mafi qarancin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su shine maganin maniyyi da cirewar namiji kafin fitar maniyyi. Bakarawa, yayin da yake da tasiri sosai, ba yawanci ake juyawa ba; duk sauran hanyoyin suna jujjuya su, mafi yawan nan da nan bayan dakatar da su. Ayyukan jima'i masu aminci, kamar yin amfani da kwaroron roba na namiji ko mace, na iya taimakawa wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka ta hanyar jima'i. Sauran hanyoyin hana haihuwa ba su kariya daga cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i. Tsarin haihuwa na gaggawa zai iya hana daukar ciki idan an sha cikin sa'o'i 72 zuwa 120 bayan jima'i mara kariya. Wasu suna jayayya cewa rashin yin jima'i ma wani nau'i ne na hana haihuwa, amma ilimin jima'i-kawai ilimin jima'i na iya kara yawan ciki na samari idan an ba da shi ba tare da ilimin hana haihuwa ba, saboda rashin bin doka.
Sauyin yanayi a Maroko
Hawan matakin teku
Dangane da rahoton fasaha na matakin hawan teku na NOAA 2022, "Hanyar matakin teku zai haifar da babban sauyi a ambaliya a bakin teku a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa ta hanyar haifar da igiyar ruwa da guguwa mai tsayi don haɓaka da isa cikin ƙasa." Haɓaka hawan teku zai shafi wurare irin su ƙananan ƙasa da ke kewaye da Moulouya delta, wani yanki mai mahimmanci a gabashin gaɓar tekun Maroko, wanda ke da haɗari musamman ga hawan teku da damuwa, ambaliya, yashewa, da raguwa gaba ɗaya. na yankin. Jaridar New York Times ta taƙaita kimayar canjin yanayi ta IPCC na shekarar 2022, inda ta bayyana cewa waɗannan hauhawar matakan teku za su iya "wuce abin da ƙasashe da yawa za su iya iyawa," duka a ma'anar lalata ƙasa da haɓakar tattalin arziki.
Mutuncin Muhalli
Indiya
Wannan ci gaban mutuntaka na muhalli ya fuskanci shakku yayin da kawai sanar da cewa Ganges da Yamuna rayayyun halittu ba za su cece su daga gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi ba. Akwai yuwuwar a canza dabi'un al'adu da aka dade ana yi game da Ganges, wanda ke ganin cewa kogin yana da kayan tsarkakewa.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Batun haƙƙoƙi ko tayin haƙƙoƙi shi ne rabon haƙƙin biyan kuɗi don siyan ƙarin tsaro a cikin kamfani da aka yi wa masu riƙon tsaro na kamfanin. Lokacin da haƙƙoƙin ya kasance don amintattun daidaito, kamar hannun jari, a cikin kamfani na jama'a, yana iya zama hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi don tara jari. Batun haƙƙin ana sayar da su ta hanyar kari ko kari. Tare da haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar, masu riƙon tsaro na yanzu suna da gata don siyan takamaiman adadin sabbin tsare-tsare daga mai bayarwa a ƙayyadadden farashi a cikin lokacin biyan kuɗi. A cikin kamfani na jama'a, batun haƙƙin wani nau'i ne na kyauta na jama'a (bambanta da yawancin sauran nau'ikan hadayun jama'a, inda ake ba da hannun jari ga jama'a).
Mutuncin Muhalli
Indiya
Akwai ƙarin sukar cewa ana ba da kulawar kogunan ne kawai ga Uttarakhand, yanki a arewacin ƙasar Indiya wanda ke da ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kogin. Ganges yana gudana akan 2,525 km ta Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand da West Bengal, tare da 96 kawai. km mike a guje ta Uttarakhand. Ƙananan sashe ne kawai na 1,376 km Yamuna tributary yana bi ta Uttarakhand - wanda kuma ya ratsa ta cikin jihohin Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi da Uttar Pradesh.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Batun haƙƙin na iya zama da amfani musamman ga duk kamfanonin da ake siyar da su a bainar jama'a sabanin sauran ƙarin zaɓuɓɓukan tallafin kuɗi. Da yake al'amuran daidaito gabaɗaya sun fi dacewa da batutuwan bashi daga ra'ayin kamfani, kamfanoni yawanci suna zaɓar batun haƙƙoƙin don rage yawan dilution da haɓaka rayuwar amfanin ci gaba na asarar haraji. Tunda a cikin tayin haƙƙoƙin babu wani canji na sarrafawa kuma "ka'idar ba-sayarwa" ta shafi, Kuma kamfanoni suna iya adana abubuwan da suka faru na asarar haraji fiye da ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ko wasu ƙarin kuɗaɗen kuɗi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fitowar amintattun a cikin jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Mutuncin Muhalli
Indiya
Ko da kuwa shakkun da ke tattare da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Uttarakhand, shelar wadannan koguna masu rauni a matsayin hukumomin shari'a suna kiran yunkurin sauyi zuwa kare haƙƙin muhalli da al'adu. Za a iya gina yanke shawara a kan matsayin ginshiƙi don canjin muhalli na gaba Ko wani lokaci.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Yadda yake aiki
Ana rarraba batun haƙƙoƙin kai tsaye azaman rabon haraji kyauta ga duk masu hannun jari ko ta dillalan rikodi kuma ana iya aiwatar da su gabaɗaya ko kaɗan. Ana iya canjawa haƙƙin biyan kuɗi, yana barin mai haƙƙin biyan kuɗi don sayar da su a buɗe kasuwa. Batun haƙƙin haƙƙin masu hannun jari ana yin shi gabaɗaya azaman rabon da ba a biyan haraji bisa ga ƙima (misali rabon haƙƙin biyan kuɗi uku na hannun jari biyu na gama gari da aka fitar da fice). Domin kamfani yana karɓar kuɗin masu hannun jari a musayar hannun jari, batun haƙƙin tushen babban jari ne.
Sauyin yanayi a Maroko
Albarkatun ruwa
Ana sa ran sauye-sauyen yanayi zai sanya matsin lamba kan albarkatun ruwa a Maroko. Hasashen ya nuna raguwar hazo 10-20% a duk faɗin ƙasar, inda mafi muni a yankin sahara ya zuwa shekara ta 2100. Bugu da ƙari, sauyin yanayi zai rage dusar ƙanƙara a cikin tsaunukan Atlas. Wannan yana sanya matsin lamba kan albarkatun ruwa, waɗanda tuni wasu kafofin suka jaddada kamar faɗaɗa yawan jama'a, haɓakar birane, masana'antu, da yawon shakatawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yawancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na bakin teku za su ƙara damuwa saboda salinization na bakin teku.
Mutuncin Muhalli
Amurka
A cikin shekarata 2006, wata ƙaramar al'umma a Pennsylvania mai suna Tamaqua Borough ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar haƙƙin yanayi mai suna Community Environmental Legal Defence Fund (CELDF). Tare, kungiyoyin sun tsara doka don kare al'umma da muhallinsu daga zubar da najasa mai guba. Tun daga 2006, CELDF ta taimaka tare da fiye da al'ummomi 30 a cikin jihohi goma a duk faɗin Amurka don haɓaka dokokin gida waɗanda ke tsara haƙƙoƙin yanayi. CELDF ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008 bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa.
Bayan Tamaqua, wasu garuruwa da dama a duk faɗin Amurka sun tsara dokoki waɗanda, a zahiri, za su ba da haƙƙin halitta. A cikin shekarata 2008, mazauna wani gari mai suna Shapleigh, Maine sun ƙara sabbin tanadi ga kundin doka na garin. Sabbin sassan sun ba da haƙƙoƙi ga yanayi da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke kewaye da Shapleigh, kuma ana zargin su da kwace haƙƙoƙin kamfanoni da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya bayar. Abin da ya haifar da canji ga lambar shari'a ta Shapleigh shi ne wani shiri na Kamfanin Nestle, wanda ya mallaki nau'ikan kwalaben ruwa da yawa kamar Poland Spring, don jigilar manyan motocin da ke cikin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Shapleigh zuwa wurin tankar ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ba a shigar da kara a kan Shapleigh, Maine ba saboda canjin dokar garin, kuma Kamfanin Nestle bai zabi ya kalubalanci lambar ba. A wannan yanayin, CELDF ba ta taimaka wa mazaunan Shapleigh ba wajen tsara sashe na 99-11 da 99-12 na kundin dokokinsu, maimakon lauyoyi daga Vermont ne suka taimaka musu.
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, Celdf ya taimaka wa jami'ai a cikin Mora County, sabon Mexico wajen kirkirar iskar gas da man na ruwa da kuma jikin ruwa da ke zaune a cikin County Mora da ke zaune a cikin County. Wannan doka ta sanya gundumar Mora ta zama wuri na farko a cikin Amurka don hana samar da iskar gas da mai, a wani yanki, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance. An shigar da kara a kan gundumar Mora a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2013 wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dokar gundumar Mora ta keta haƙƙin kamfanoni, musamman na farko, na biyar, da na goma sha huɗu. A cikin Janairu 2015, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James O. Browning ya hambarar da dokar gundumar Mora yayin da yake kallon dokar ta keta haƙƙin fara gyara na kamfanoni.
A farkon shekarata 2014, Grant Township, Indiana, Pennsylvania ya nemi taimakon CELDF wajen tsara dokar da za ta ba da yanayin ruwa da ke kewaye da Grant Township haƙƙin halitta. Wani kamfani mai suna Pennsylvania General Energy (PGE) ya mai da tsohuwar rijiyar mai da iskar gas zuwa “ rijiyar allurar ruwa,” kuma mazauna garin sun damu da abin da hakan zai iya nufi ga yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye da garinsu. Ruwan da ke cikin rijiyar allurar sharar gida sharar gida ce da ta ragu daga wani tsari da ake kira fracking. Wannan ruwa yana iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu cutarwa da sinadarai masu cutar da ruwan ƙasa. A cikin Garin Grant, yawancin mazauna sun dogara da ƙaramin Mahoning Creek don buƙatun ruwa. Idan rijiyar allurar ruwan datti ta zubo, akwai yuwuwar ta iya gurbata karamar Mahoning. Hadarin kamuwa da cuta shine abin da ya sa mazauna garin Grant Township tambayar CELDF don taimako wajen tsara doka. Dokar Grant Township ta ba da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga yanayin muhalli da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke cikin iyakokin garin Grant. Dokar Grant Township ta kuma tauye wa kamfanoni haƙƙoƙinsu na ganin cewa ba za a kalli kamfanoni a matsayin “mutane” a cikin iyakokin garin Grant Township ba. A watan Agusta 2014, PGE ta kai karar Grant Township wanda ya fara yakin shari'a wanda zai dauki kusan shekaru biyar. Grant Township ya rasa karar da PGE ta shigar a watan Afrilu 2019, kuma alkalin kotun Susan Baxter ya umarci Grant Township ya biya kudaden shari'a na PGE wadanda suka haura $100,000. Bugu da kari, an ayyana dokar Grant Township bata da aiki.
A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2019, masu jefa ƙuri'a a Toledo, Ohio sun wuce Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie . Babban abin da ke cikin Dokar Hakki na Lake Erie shi ne cewa Lake Erie yana da hakkin ya "girma." Mazauna Toledo, da kewaye, sun sha wahala sau da yawa inda ruwan famfo, wanda ke fitowa daga tafkin Erie, ba shi da aminci don sha, ko amfani da shi, saboda gurɓatacce. Lamarin rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da sauran matsalolin gurbacewar yanayi, shine ya sa mazauna Toledo su nemi taimako daga CELDF. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ranar da masu jefa ƙuri'a suka zartar da Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie, wani manomi na Ohio ya shigar da ƙara. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Jack Zouhary ya karyata lissafin, yana yanke hukuncin "ba shi da ma'ana" kuma ya wuce "ikon gwamnatin gunduma a Ohio."
A lokacin bazara na shekarata 2019, kabilar Yurok a arewacin California ta ba da matsayin kogin Klamath.
Ecuador
Haƙƙoƙin yanayi “na wanzuwa, dagewa, kiyayewa da sake sabunta hanyoyinta” an yi shelar a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na shekarar 2008. Wannan ya faru ne bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya baiwa kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador damar nuna hakki ga yanayi, a duniya ta farko. Kowane mutum da al'umma na da hakkin bayar da shawarwari a madadin yanayi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi shelar cewa "Jihar za ta ba da ƙarfafawa ga mutane na halitta da ƙungiyoyin doka da kuma al'ummomi don kare yanayi da kuma inganta mutunta duk abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayin ."
An gabatar da shari'ar farko ta nasarar aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a a ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin mulkin Ecuador a gaban Kotun Lardin Loja a cikin shekarata 2011. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi kogin Vilcabamba a matsayin mai shigar da kara, wanda ke wakiltar kansa da 'yancinsa na 'kasassu' da kuma 'kasance' - yayin da yake ƙoƙarin dakatar da aikin gina babbar hanyar gwamnati da ke yin katsalandan ga lafiyar kogin. Wasu mutane biyu, Richard Frederick Wheeler da Eleanor Geer Huddle ne suka gabatar da wannan shari'ar a gaban kotu, a matsayin masu kula da shari'a da ke aiki don kare yanayi - musamman kogin Vilcabamba. An ba da umarnin tsarin mulki don goyon bayan kogin Vilcabamba da kuma adawa da gwamnatin lardin Loja, yunƙurin gudanar da aikin da zai cutar da muhalli. An tilasta wa dakatar da aikin, kuma za a gyara wurin.
Bolivia
Canjin tsarin mulki a Ecuador ya biyo bayan doka ta Bolivia a cikin shekarata 2010, ta zartar da ' Dokar 'Yancin Uwar Duniya ' ( Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra ). Wannan dokar ta bayyana Uwar Duniya halin 'batun gamayya na maslahar jama'a ' tare da haƙƙoƙin da aka kayyade a cikin doka. Dokar Haƙƙin Uwar Duniya ta ba da wasu fannoni na mutuntakar doka ga yanayin yanayi. Ana iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a don cin zarafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uwar Duniya a matsayin 'batun gamayya na muradun jama'a'. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Uwar Duniya ita ce tsarin rayuwa mai ɗorewa wanda ya ƙunshi al'ummar da ba za a iya raba su ba na dukkan tsarin rayuwa, masu rai, masu alaƙa, masu dogaro da juna kuma masu dacewa, masu raba makoma guda ɗaya."
Colombia
Kotun ta ce:
A cikin watan na shekarata 2018 Kotun Koli ta Colombia ta ba da shawarar amincewa da yanayin kogin Amazon a matsayin batun haƙƙoƙi da masu cin gajiyar kariya dokokin yankin.
Kanada
An bai wa kogin Magpie a yankin Cote-Nord na Quebec wasu haƙƙoƙi, gami da yancin ɗaukar matakin shari'a, ta Majalisar Innu na Ekanitshit da gundumar Minganie. Hukumomin yankin da Innu na iya nada wakilai da za su yi aiki a madadin kogin da kuma daukar matakin shari’a don kare hakkinsa wanda suka ayyana da: “Hakkin kwarara; 'yancin mutunta zagayowar sa; haƙƙin juyin halitta don a kiyaye shi da kiyaye shi; 'yancin kiyaye nau'in halittun halittu; 'yancin cika mahimman ayyukansa a cikin yanayin halittunsa; hakkin kiyaye mutuncinsa; 'yancin tsira daga gurbatar yanayi; 'yancin sake farfadowa da kuma mayar da shi; kuma a karshe, hakkin kai kara.” Wannan ya yi daidai da imani cewa kogin wani abu ne mai zaman kansa, rayayye daban da ayyukan ɗan adam.
Hujja da kuma adawa
Tunanin mutuntakar muhalli yana da cece-kuce, har ma a tsakanin masana muhalli. Mutum na iya ba da shawara ga tsarin doka wanda ya yarda da haƙƙin yanayi, amma maiyuwa ba zai yarda cewa mutuniyar muhalli ita ce hanya madaidaiciya don aiwatar da shi ba. Masu ra'ayin kare muhalli suna jayayya cewa yana da daraja a iya shigar da kara a madadin muhalli, saboda zai ba da damar kare muhalli wanda ba ya dogara ga cutar da mutane. Muhalli kuma ya fi mutunta muhimmiyar alaƙar ƴan asalin ƙasar da muhallinsu.
Duk da haka, akwai gardama a kan manufar mutumtakar muhalli. Wata damuwa ita ce matsayin mutum na shari'a yana nuna haƙƙin ba kawai a kai ƙara ba amma a kai ƙara. Shin kogi zai iya zama alhakin lalacewar da yake haifarwa a ambaliya? Shin za a ce ma'aikatan wannan kogin su biya diyya daga bala'o'i? Lauyan Asusun Kare Muhalli na Community Lindsey Schromen-Wawrin ya rubuta cewa wannan damuwa ita ce "daya daga cikin abubuwan da za su iya kawo cikas a ra'ayi na ikon hakki a cikin yanayi ya zama bincike kan ayyukan lalata kuma a maimakon haka zai iya kafa nau'i kamar masu kula da albarkatun kasa. muhallin da aka yi ambaliya kuma a yanzu dole ne tsarin halittu ya biya daga cikin asusun da in ba haka ba zai tafi don maido da mazaunin da aka lalata masu muhalli."
Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa ko da tare da haƙƙin doka don yin ƙara a madadin mahallin halitta, ƙararraki suna da tsada. Akwai al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na muhalli idan kudin da za a yi amfani da 'yancin yin kara bai isa ba. Wasu batutuwa sun taso lokacin da abubuwan muhalli suka wanzu fiye da iyakokin ikon da suka yanke shawara game da mutuntakar muhalli, wanda shine lamarin kogin da ke da haƙƙin ɗan doka a Uttarakhand, Indiya. A cewar rahoton da gidan rediyon Jama’a na kasa ya bayar, akwai kuma lokuta da ‘yancin mahalli na iya yin hannun riga da ‘yancin dan Adam, “Yawancin dokokin [muhalli] kuma sun fuskanci turjiya daga masana’antu, manoma da kogi. al’ummomin da ke jayayya cewa ba da dabi’a na tauye hakkinsu da rayuwarsu.”
Muhimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'adu
Amincewa da kogin Whanganui a matsayin halayya ta doka a New Zealand ( Te Awa Tupua ) ya ƙunshi ma'anar al'adu "haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba" da iwi na gida da hapu na kogin. Al'adar Māori tana ɗaukar siffofi na halitta kamar kogin Whanganui, a matsayin kakanni kuma iwi suna da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da su azaman rayayyun halittu. Wannan haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba na al'adun ƴan asalin da mahallinsu na zahiri yana bayyana a wasu sassan duniya kamar Colombia inda aka yi shela irin wannan yanayin muhalli ga rafin Atrato.
Jagoran sasantawa na Whanganui iwi, Gerrard Albert, ya ce "muna daukar kogin a matsayin kakanni kuma koyaushe muna ... kula da kogin a matsayin rayayye shine hanyar da ta dace don kusanci shi, a matsayin wanda ba a iya raba shi gaba daya, maimakon tsarin gargajiya. a cikin shekaru 100 na ƙarshe na magance shi ta fuskar mallaka da gudanarwa." James DK Morris da Jacinta Ruru sun ba da shawarar cewa ba da “halin shari’a ga koguna hanya ɗaya ce da doka za ta iya tasowa don ba da dawwamammen alkawari na sulhu da Maori.” Wannan shi ne takaddamar shari'a mafi dadewa a New Zealand. Whanganui iwi sun kasance suna fafatawa don kwato hakkinsu cikin jituwa da kogin tun kimanin shekarun 1870.
Ecocide
Manufar kare muhalli a madadin muhalli ba sabon abu bane, kuma cutar da muhalli ta yadu yana da suna: ecocide. Kwamitin Kwararru mai zaman kansa don ma'anar shari'a na Ecocide ya bayyana ecocide a matsayin "ayyukan da ba su dace ba ko kuma ba daidai ba da aka aikata tare da sanin cewa akwai yuwuwar mummunar lalacewa ko kuma ta yadu ko na dogon lokaci ga yanayin da waɗannan ayyukan ke haifarwa." Akwai masu fafutuka na mai da ecocide laifin kasa da kasa, kamar laifukan da yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Duniya ta ICC ta yi. Wannan zai sanya ecocide tare da laifukan duniya da aka sani a halin yanzu kamar kisan kiyashi, laifuffukan yaƙi, da laifuffukan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Idan aka kara da cewa, ecocide zai zama laifi kawai "wanda cutar da mutum ba shine abin da ake bukata don gurfanar da shi ba." Wannan kariyar dabi'a don yanayin yanayi shine jigon bayar da shawarwari a bayan mutunta muhalli. Shin akwai bukatar a cutar da 'yan adam don ba da damar daukar matakin shari'a? Manufar ecocide ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma ba shawara ba ne don ƙara shi zuwa Dokar Roma ta ICC.
Sauyin yanayi a Maroko
Noma
Tsarin noma a Maroko yana da rauni musamman ga sauyin yanayi. Noman amfanin gona da farko (87%) ne daga noman ruwan sama. Fari na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da raguwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na amfanin gona, kuma ya rage tattalin arzikin ƙasa.
Manufofin gwamnati da dokoki
Maroko ta kasance ta biyu a tsarinta na magance sauyin yanayi a cikin shekarar 2018 da ta 2019 Fihirisar Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi. Dangane da CCPI na shekarar 2022, Maroko tana matsayi na 8 a cikin ƙasashe 68 na duniya tare da jimlar maki 71.64%.
Gwamnatin Maroko tana da dabarun Plan Vert domin tinkarar sauyin yanayi. A cikin wannan shiri, gwamnati ta ƙuduri aniyar samar da rabin makamashin ta ta hanyar sabuntawa nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kawar da tallafin albarkatun mai, da himmatu wajen samar da ayyukan yi, da mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatun teku da kuma kiyaye magudanan ruwa.
Manazarta
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Batun haƙoƙƙi
La'akari
A cikin batun haƙƙin, manajan kuɗi dole ne yayi la'akari:
Giovanni Boccaccio
Giovanni Boccaccio (Birtaniya: /bəˈkætʃioʊ/, Amurka: /boʊˈkɑːtʃ(i)oʊ, bə-/, Italiyanci: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 ga Yuni 1313 - 21 ga Disamba 1375) [nb marubucin Italiyanci ne, marubuci 1] Petrarch, kuma muhimmin ɗan Adam na Renaissance. An haife shi a garin Certaldo, ya shahara sosai a matsayin marubuci wanda a wasu lokuta ana kiransa da “Certaldese”[nb 2] kuma daya daga cikin manyan fitattun mutane a cikin filayen adabin Turai na karni na sha hudu. Wasu masana (ciki har da Vittore Branca) sun bayyana shi a matsayin babban marubucin larabci na Turai a zamaninsa, marubuci ƙwararren marubuci wanda ya haɗa nau'o'in adabi da nau'o'in adabi daban-daban, wanda ya sa su haɗu a cikin ayyukan asali, godiya ga wani aikin kirkira da aka yi a ƙarƙashin tutar gwaji.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Rubutu
Ana iya rubuta batutuwan haƙƙoƙi. Matsayin mai rubutawa shi ne tabbatar da cewa za a tara kudaden da kamfanin ke nema. Yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin mai rubutawa da kamfanin an tsara shi a cikin yarjejeniyar rubutu ta yau da kullun. Sharuɗɗan ƙididdiga na ƙasƙanci suna buƙatar mawallafi don yin rajista don kowane hannun jari da aka bayar amma ba masu hannun jari suka ɗauka ba. Yarjejeniyar rubutowa za ta ba wa mawallafin damar gama aikin sa a cikin takamaiman yanayi. Sub-underwriter shima ya rubuta wasu ko duk wajibcin babban marubuci; marubucin ya ba da kasadarsa ga mai rubutawa ta hanyar buƙatar mai rubutun ya yi rajista don ko siyan wani yanki na hannun jarin da ya wajaba mawallafin ya yi rajista a cikin lamarin. Ƙwararru da masu rubutowa na iya zama cibiyoyin kuɗi, Dan haka dillalan hannun jari, manyan masu hannun jari na kamfani ko wasu ɓangarori masu alaƙa ko alaƙa.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Boccaccio, tare da Dante Alighieri da Petrarch, wani bangare ne na abin da ake kira "Kambin Sarakuna" na adabin Italiya. [4] Ana tunawa da shi don kasancewa daya daga cikin madogaran dan Adam, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa harsashi a birnin Florence, tare da aikin abokinsa kuma malaminsa Petrarch. Shi ne wanda ya fara sukar Dante da ilimin falsafa: Boccaccio ya sadaukar da kansa don yin kwafin codes na Divine Comedy kuma ya kasance mai tallata aikin Dante da siffa.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Gata fiye da biyan kuɗi
Wasu daga cikin batutuwan haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da “gata fiye da biyan kuɗi”, baiwa masu saka hannun jari damar siyan ƙarin hannun jari fiye da adadin da aka bayar tare da ainihin damar biyan kuɗi, idan waɗannan ƙarin hannun jarin suna samuwa. Yawanci adadin hannun jarin fiye da biyan kuɗin da mai saka jari zai iya siya ana ƙididdige shi fiye da adadin kuɗin kuɗin sa na asali. Idan ba za a iya cika duk haƙƙoƙin yin rajista ba, za a cika su a wani yanki bisa ga ƙima.
Giovanni Boccaccio
A cikin karni na ashirin, Boccaccio ya kasance batun nazarin ilimin falsafa na Vittore Branca da Giuseppe Billanovich, kuma darektan da marubuci Pier Paolo Pasolini ya gabatar da Decameron zuwa babban allo.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Misali na asali
Mai saka hannun jari: Mista A yana da hannun jari 100 na kamfani X a jimillar jarin dala 40,000, yana zaton ya sayi hannun jarin akan dala 400 a kowace hannun jari kuma farashin hannun jari bai canza ba tsakanin ranar siyan da ranar da aka ba da haƙƙoƙin. .
Giovanni Boccaccio
Abu mai kyau shi ne tausayi ga wanda aka azabtar kuma ko da yake yana da kyau ga kowa, duk da haka daga cikin waɗancan an fi buƙata musamman waɗanda suka riga sun buƙaci ta'aziyya kuma sun same ta a cikin wanda, idan akwai buƙatarsa. ko riƙe shi ƙaunataccen ko jin daɗinsa a baya, tabbas, ni ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan.
- Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, Proemio
Rangwada
Rangwada:wani yanayine namata,salon maganar mata,da tafiyansu,wajen kashe murya,kokuma yintafiya mesalo.
Ƴancin Samun Bayanai
Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta zartar da dokar ‘ yancin samun bayanai (RTI) a ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019. Ya samu amincewar shugaban kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2019 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020. Kafin zartar da shi, masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban sun yi imanin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da kudurin dokar shine don ba da damar keɓance wasu muhimman bayanai da ke da alaƙa da manufofin gwamnati waɗanda suke da niyyar ɓoyewa ga jama'a (Akoto, 2012). Wannan kudiri dai shi ne baiwa ‘yan kasa damar rike gwamnati domin tabbatar da cewa an samu daidaito a harkokin tafiyar da kasar.
Haƙƙin lissafin bayanai a wasu ƙasashe
'Yancin samun bayanai ba wani sabon abu ba ne a nahiyar Afirka. Sweden ta fara karbe ta a 1766 da Finland a shekara ta 1951. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, kasashen Afirka da dama sun amince da wadannan dokokin, wanda ke nuni da amincewar cewa gaskiya wani muhimmin sharadi ne na demokradiyya. A halin yanzu kashi 24% na kasashen Afirka sun amince da dokar. Wadannan kasashe sun hada da: Afirka ta Kudu, Angola, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Najeriya, Habasha, Rwanda, Laberiya, Guinea da Ghana. An gwammace a yi amfani da damar samun bayanai da Dokar Keɓancewa a Zimbabwe don kare bayanai maimakon samar da su ga jama'a gabaɗaya da sunan sirri. Sakamakon haka, ba a haɗa shi cikin kirga dokokin RTI wani lokaci (Kyakkyawan doka da aiki, 2012). Gabas ta tsakiya tana da kasashe uku ne kawai ke bin dokar (Jordan, Yemen da Isra'ila) kuma ta fara a cikin Janairu 2013. A Asiya da Pasifik kasashe goma sha shida sun amince da damar yin amfani da dokokin bayanai. Sun hada da: Bangladesh, India, Australia, Tajikistan, Koriya ta Kudu, Thailand, Cook Islands, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan Japan, Nepal, New Zealand, da Pakistan. Kasashe goma sha biyar a Amurka da shida a cikin Caribbean sun sami damar yin amfani da dokokin bayanai tun daga Satumba 2013.
Tarihi
Haƙƙin ba da bayanai yana cikin ra'ayin cewa masu biyan haraji na Ghana suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai game da abin da gwamnati ke yi da kuɗinsu da kuma abin da gwamnati ke shirin yi a madadinsu (Daily Graphic, Yuli 21, 2017a). Kudirin yana nufin tabbatar da cewa 'yan Ghana sun sami damar samun damar gudanar da mulki ko bayanan hukuma daga ofisoshin gwamnati bisa buƙata kuma ba tare da buƙata ba (Boateng, 2018). Kudurin yana nufin ya fara aiki, sashe na 21 (1) (f) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Ghana na shekarar 1992 wanda ya bayyana cewa “Kowane mutum zai sami ‘yancin samun bayanai dangane da cancanta da dokokin da suka dace a tsarin dimokuradiyya. al'umma ." (Hoto na yau da kullun, Yuli 21, 2017b). Duk da haka, shekaru da yawa na gwagwarmaya a cikin muhawarar majalisa da sake dubawa sun ga kudirin bai zama doka ba tukuna duk da cewa an fara tsara shi a cikin 1999 kuma an sake duba shi a 2003 (Kyauta na yau da kullun, Yuli 21, 2017c).
Kulawar haihuwa
A cikin samari, masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na sakamako mara kyau. Cikakken ilimin jima'i da samun damar haihuwa yana rage yawan ciki maras so a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru. Yayin da matasa za su iya amfani da kowane nau'i na hana haihuwa gabaɗaya, maganin hana haihuwa da aka daɗe ana iya jujjuyawa kamar su implants, IUDs, ko zoben farji sun fi samun nasara wajen rage yawan ciki na samari. Bayan haihuwa, macen da ba ta shayarwa ba za ta iya sake samun ciki bayan makonni hudu zuwa shida. Wasu hanyoyin hana haihuwa za a iya farawa nan da nan bayan haihuwa, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar jinkirta har zuwa watanni shida. A cikin matan da suke shayarwa, hanyoyin progestin kawai an fi fifita fiye da hada magungunan hana haihuwa. A cikin matan da suka kai ga lokacin al'ada, ana ba da shawarar ci gaba da hana haihuwa har tsawon shekara guda bayan al'ada ta ƙarshe.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Misali na asali
Kamfanin: Kamfanin X yana da fitattun hannun jari miliyan 100. Farashin hannun jari a halin yanzu da aka nakalto akan musayar hannun jari shine dala 400 don haka babban kasuwar hannun jarin zai zama dala biliyan 40 (fitattun lokutan hannun jari).
Kulawar haihuwa
Kimanin mata miliyan 222 da ke son gujewa daukar ciki a kasashe masu tasowa ba sa amfani da tsarin hana haihuwa na zamani. Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ya rage yawan mace-mace a lokacin ciki ko kuma lokacin daukar ciki da kashi 40% (kimanin mutuwar 270,000 da aka hana a 2008) kuma zai iya hana kashi 70% idan an biya cikakkiyar buƙatar hana haihuwa. Ta hanyar tsawaita lokaci tsakanin masu juna biyu, hana haihuwa na iya inganta sakamakon haihuwar mata manya da kuma rayuwar 'ya'yansu. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kuɗin da mata ke samu, kadarori, da nauyi, da kuma karatun yaransu da lafiyarsu, duk suna inganta tare da samun damar samun damar haihuwa. Haihuwa yana haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki saboda ƙarancin yara masu dogaro, ƙarin mata da ke shiga cikin ma'aikata, da ƙarancin amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu.
Batun haƙoƙƙi
Misali na asali
Idan duk masu hannun jarin kamfanin sun zaɓi yin amfani da zaɓin hannun jarinsu, manyan hannun jarin kamfanin zai ƙaru da miliyan 100. A kasuwar kasuwar hannun jari zata kara dala biliyan 60 (babban kasuwar kasuwar da aka samu daga masu musayar hannun jari ga hannun jari ga hannun jari na hannun jari), na nuna kudin $ 300 (dala biliyan 60 (dala biliyan 60/200 miliyan rabo). Idan kamfanin ba zai yi kome ba da kuɗin da aka tara, abin da yake samu a kowane rabo (EPS) zai ragu da rabi. Koyaya, idan kuma an sake saka hannun jarin daidaiton da kamfani ya tada (misali don samun wani kamfani), EPS na iya yin tasiri dangane da sakamakon sake saka hannun jari.
Dilution stock
Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin bayar da ƙarin hannun jari. Don haka, dokokin musayar hannun jari ba sa buƙatar masu hannun jari su amince da haƙƙoƙin mallaka. Saboda ba a san ba da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ba, sannan Kuma kamfanoni galibi suna zaɓar su a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe, wataƙila saboda ƙarancin buƙatun masu saka hannun jari.
Maganin haraji a Amurka
Idan an bar haƙƙoƙin su ƙare, ba za a ƙidaya su azaman asarar da za a cire ba, saboda ba su da tushen haraji a wannan yanayin.
Ahmad Satomi
Ahmad Satomi (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1981) mamba ne a Majalisar Wakilai ta 9 a Najeriya. An zaɓe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar 2019 don wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Jere da ke a jihar Borno.
Ilimi
Satomi yana da B.Eng a Injiniya da Albarkatun Ruwa. Ya kuma ƙara ilimi sannan ya samu digirin digirgir kan babbar hanya da aikin injiniyan sufuri.
Sana'a
Ya taba rike mukamin shugaban hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta jiha da kuma shugaban hukumar kula da hanyoyin jihar Borno.
Haƙƙoƙi da ɗawainiyar aure a ƙasar Amurka
A cewar Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Gwamnatin Amurka ( GAO), akwai tanadin doka 1,138 wanda matsayin aure ya zama al'amari na tantance fa'idodi, hakkoki, da gata. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun kasance wani muhimmin batu a muhawarar da aka yi kan amincewar tarayya na auren jinsi. A karkashin Dokar Tsaron Aure na shekara ta 1996 (DOMA), an hana gwamnatin tarayya amincewa da ma'auratan da suka yi aure bisa doka a karkashin dokokin jiharsu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin wannan ma’anar da Sashe na Tsari na Biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya sa Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin daurin rai da rai a DOMA a ranar 26 ga Yuni, shekara ta 2013, a shari’ar Amurka v. Windsor.
Filin Wasa na Hadejia
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
12.47361°N, 10.03139°W<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"> 12.47361°N, 10.03139°W
Haƙƙoƙi da ɗawainiyar aure a ƙasar Amurka
Kafin aiwatar da DOMA, GAO ta gano tanade-tanaden doka na tarayya guda 1,049 a cikin abin da fa'idodi, haƙƙoƙi, da gata suka dogara da matsayin aure ko kuma matsayin aure ya kasance wani abu. An buga sabuntawa a cikin shekara ta 2004 ta GAO wanda ke rufe lokacin tsakanin Satumba 21, shekarar 1996 (lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan DOMA zuwa doka), ga watan Disamba 31, shekara ta  2003. Sabuntawar ta gano sabbin tanade-tanaden doka guda 120 da suka shafi matsayin aure, sannan an soke wasu gyare-gyare na dokokin 31 da suka shafi matsayin aure ta yadda za a kawar da matsayin aure a matsayin wani abu.
Auren jinsi na farko da aka amince da shi bisa doka ya faru a Minneapolis, Minnesota, a cikin shekarata 1971. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2015, a cikin yanayin Obergefell v. Hodges, Kotun Koli ta soke Baker v. Nelson kuma ya yanke hukuncin cewa aure wani hakki ne na asali da aka ba wa duk ƴan ƙasa, don haka ya halatta auren jinsi a duk faɗin ƙasar.
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Akwai wasu dokoki waɗanda ko dai suna amfana ko kuma hukunta ma'aurata akan marasa aure, ya danganta da yanayin su:
Jihohi
Bugu da kari, jihohi da kadarorin al'umma akai-akai suna da nau'ikan mallakarsu wanda ke ba da damar yin cikakken tsari kan kason nasu na kadarorin al'umma kan mutuwar ma'aurata (ban da matakin na yau da kullun kan kadarorin ma'aurata).
An kafa magunguna na shari'a bayan rahoton GAO
Bayan rahoton a shekarata 2004 GAO aƙalla lissafin kuɗi ɗaya, Dokar Haɗin Kan Iyali na Amurka, an ba da shawarar yin ƙoƙarin gyara wasu bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haɗin gwiwar jima'i da aure.
Pop Cola Panthers
Pop Cola Panthers ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ce wacce ta taka leda a Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Philippine daga 1990 - 2001. Kamfanin RFM ya mallaki ikon mallakar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. A cikin 2001, lokacin da Kamfanin RFM ya sayar da dukkan hannun jarinsa na Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), an haɗa ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan PBA a cikin ma'amala. Bayan mallakar CCBPI, ikon mallakar PBA ya sake suna Coca-Cola Tigers tun daga lokacin 2002 PBA kuma an ɗauke shi azaman ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa.
Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ya taka rawa a ƙarƙashin sunayen Pop Cola/Diet Sarsi Sizzlers, Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs, Swift Mighty Meaties, Sunkist Orange Juicers/Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s.
Pop Cola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani guda biyu don shiga gasar a cikin 1990 kakar, tare da abokin hamayyar abin sha mai laushi Pepsi-Cola, yana ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin memba a cikin gasar zuwa takwas.
A cikin shekaru 12 da suka yi a cikin PBA, an san su da Pop Cola Sizzlers, Sarsi, Swift Mighty Meaty, Sunkist Orange Juicers, Sunkist Orange Bottlers da Pop Cola 800s. Kungiyar ta yi amfani da sunan Pop Cola tun daga 1997 har zuwa kakar wasa ta karshe a PBA a 2001, duk da cewa an san kungiyar da Sunkist a gasar Kofin Kwamishinonin na 2000 kuma an san ta da Swift Panthers don wasannin farko na gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2001. Fitowarsu ta farko ta wasan karshe ta zo ne a cikin 1991 All-Filipino, a matsayin Diet Sarsi, ta yi rashin nasara a hannun abokan hamayyar Purefoods TJ Hotdogs, wasanni 3 zuwa 2 a cikin mafi kyawun jerin wasannin karshe biyar. Taken PBA na farko na ƙungiyar ya zo a cikin 1992, lokacin da Swift ta doke 7-Up wasanni huɗu - babu wanda ya lashe taron PBA na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Yeng Guiao.
Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka shigo da su a cikin tarihin PBA a Tony Harris, wanda ya zira kwallaye 105 na PBA don Swift lokacin da suka ci Ginebra 151-147 a wasan da aka gudanar a Iloilo City a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1992.
A cikin 1993, Swift ya yi cinikin Jack Tanuan, Ricric Marata da Andy De Guzman don Sta. Lucia a musayar tsoffin 'yan wasan su a cikin kwanakin su na PABL, Vergel Meneses da Zaldy Realubit, kuma wannan ya ba Swift gasar cin kofin zakarun na biyu da ake kira Kofin Kwamishina, suna samun ramuwar gayya a kan abokin hamayyarsu na kasuwanci, Purefoods Oodles, wasanni 4 zuwa 2, Hotdogs sun kasance. mai ƙarfi ta mafi kyawun shigo da Ronnie Thompkins. Kungiyar ta kasance kasa-kasa a kakar wasa mai zuwa inda babban kocin Yeng Guiao ya yanke shawarar komawa Pepsi Mega, kuma Derek Pumaren ya karbi aikin horarwa, Swift ya kai ga wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin gwamna na kakar wasa, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Alaska wasanni shida.
Lokacin 1995 ya zama shekarar tutoci ga ƙungiyar. A karkashin sunan Sunkist Orange Juices, tawagar kusan cimma wani rare baya-to-baya lashe All-Filipino da Commissioner ta Cup sunayen kafin gama na uku overall a kakar-kare Gwamna Cup. An dakatar da tawagar ta kakar MVP Vergel Meneses, Bonel Balingit, Boybits Victoria, Kenneth Duremdes da Rudy Distrito (wanda aka dakatar da shi a 1995 saboda mummunar mummunar bindiga ta da ta buga ta buga.
Sunkist/Pop Cola sun sha wahala a lokutan 1996 da 1997 kafin dukiyarsu ta canza a cikin 1998 lokacin da ƙungiyar ta ci nasara a matsayi na uku a ƙarƙashin kocin Norman Black, wanda har ma ya buga wasa ɗaya a lokacin Kofin Kwamishina don jagorantar 800s zuwa gama na uku a gasar da aka ce.
Pop Cola ya sha fama da rashin nasara sau biyu a cikin lokutan 1999 da 2000 amma ya yi nasara mai kyau a kakar wasan su ta PBA ta ƙarshe a 2001 a ƙarƙashin kocin Chot Reyes, inda ya sami matsayi na uku a cikin taron All-Filipino.
Haɗin kai ya ƙare lokacin da Kamfanin RFM ya siyar da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani na PBA ga Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), dangane da siyar da Kamfanin Cosmos Bottling Corporation zuwa CCBPI a 2001.
John Donne
Salon Donne yana da alamu daban-daban, abubuwan ban tsoro da ɓarna. Wadannan siffofi, tare da yawan kade-kaden kalamansa na ban mamaki ko na yau da kullum, da ma'anarsa mai tsauri da tsantsar balaga, duk sun kasance wani martani ga santsin wakokin Elizabethan na al'ada da kuma daidaitawa zuwa Turanci na bariki na Turai da dabarun ɗabi'a. Aikinsa na farko ya kasance da wakoki da ke da ilimin al'ummar Ingilishi. Wani muhimmin jigo a cikin waƙar Donne shine ra'ayin addini na gaskiya, wani abu da ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa yana yin la'akari da shi sau da yawa. Ya rubuta wakoki na boko da kuma wakokin batsa da na soyayya. Ya shahara musamman don ƙwarensa na tunani metaphysical.
Duk da yawan iliminsa da basirar waƙa, Donne ya rayu cikin talauci na shekaru da yawa, yana dogara ga abokai masu arziki. Ya kashe makudan kudaden da ya gada a lokacin da kuma bayan karatunsa a kan harkar mata, adabi, shagala da tafiye-tafiye. A cikin 1601, Donne ya auri Anne More a asirce, wanda yake da 'ya'ya goma sha biyu.[4] A shekara ta 1615 an naɗa shi diacon na Anglican sannan kuma firist, ko da yake ba ya so ya ɗauki umarni masu tsarki kuma ya yi hakan ne kawai domin sarki ya umarta. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar a 1601 da 1614.
Mutuwarsa
Donne ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Maris 1631. An binne shi a tsohuwar cocin St Paul, inda aka gina wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Nicholas Stone tare da rubutun Latin mai yiwuwa ya haɗa shi da kansa. Tunawa ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun da suka tsira daga Babban Wuta na London a cikin 1666 kuma yanzu yana cikin Cathedral na St Paul. Izaac Walton ya amabaci cewa mutum-mutumin Done an tsara shine ta siffar yadda bayyanarsa zai-zama a tashin matattu. Ya fara irin wadannan abubuwan tarihi a cikin karni na 17. A cikin 2012, an buɗe bus ɗin mawaƙin na Nigel Boonham a waje a farfajiyar cocin cocin.[22]
Masarautar Akko
Masarautar Akko tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu uku da ke ƙaramar hukumar Akko, wacce ta daɗe da zama daya daga masarautu dake garin Kumo a jihar Gombe. A al'adance ana kiran sarkin masarautar "Lamido" daga Fula, ma'ana "Shugaba". Asalin Masarautar Gona ce, sannan aka koma Kumo daga baya. Masarautar tana hannun Fulani, Tangale da Tera.
Sarki (Lamido Akko)
Lamido Akko na yanzu shine Umar Muhammad Atiku.
Ron Polonsky
Ƙanwarsa Lea Polonsky ita ma 'yar wasan ninkaya ce.
Bikin Inkronu
Bukukuwa
Yayin bikin, ana maraba da baƙi don raba abinci da abin sha. Mutanen sun sanya tufafin gargajiya kuma akwai durbar sarakuna. Akwai kuma raye -raye da kade -kade.
Muhimmanci
Ana yin wannan biki don nuna alamar wani abin da ya faru a baya.
Kisan kai
Kisan kai shine da gangan ya yi sanadin mutuwar kansa. Cututtukan tunani-ciki har da baƙin ciki, cuta mai bipolar, Autism, schizophrenia, rikicewar ɗabi'a, rikicewar tashin hankali, da shaye-shaye-ciki har da barasa da kuma amfani da benzodiazepines-sune abubuwan haɗari. Wasu masu kashe kansu ayyuka ne masu ban sha'awa saboda damuwa, kamar daga matsalolin kuɗi, matsalolin dangantaka kamar rabuwa, ko kuma zalunci. Wadanda suka yi yunkurin kashe kansu a baya suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don yunƙurin nan gaba. Ƙoƙarin rigakafin kashe kansa mai inganci ya haɗa da iyakance damar yin amfani da hanyoyin kashe kansa—kamar bindigogi, ƙwayoyi, da guba; magance matsalolin tunani da rashin amfani da abu; rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru a hankali game da kashe kansa; da inganta yanayin tattalin arziki. Duk da cewa layukan tarzoma sun zama ruwan dare, ba a yi nazari sosai ba.
Hanyar kashe kansa da aka fi amfani da ita ta kuma bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, kuma tana da alaƙa da samun ingantattun hanyoyi. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na kashe kansa sun haɗa da rataye, gubar magungunan kashe qwari, da bindigogi. Kisan kai ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 828,000 a duniya a shekarar 2015, adadin da ya karu daga 712,000 da suka mutu a shekarar 1990. Wannan ya sa kashe kansa ya zama na 10 da ke haddasa mace-mace a duniya.