cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Dynamic
Tarihi
Daga shekarun 1960s zuwa 1970s, gidan kayan gargajiyan ya ƙunshi tarin fasaha da al'adu daga tarihin Senegal, da kuma nune-nunen masu fasaha irin su Pablo Picasso, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Pierre Soulages da Marc Chagall. A cikin shekarar 1988, an rufe gidan kayan gargajiya da jayayya kuma gwamnatin Senegal ta sake gina ginin a matsayin kotun. A shekarar 1996, Abdou Diouf ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake bude gidan adana kayan tarihi sannan kuma kotun ta koma, duk da cewa hakan bai cimma ruwa ba. Shugaba Macky Sall ya mayar da ginin ga al'ummar fasaha a cikin 2016, a kan bikin 50th na bikin Negro Arts, domin ya sake zama gidan kayan gargajiya.
Gine-gine
A waje na Dynamic Museum yana tunawa da gine-gine na gargajiya, yayin da ciki ya fi fili kuma an tsara shi don bayar da shimfidar nunin nuni.
Haƙƙin Dijital na Turai
Haƙƙin dijital na Turai (EDRI) ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ke da hedkwata a Brussels, Belgium. EDRi wata ƙungiya ce ta hanyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, ƙwararru, masu ba da shawara da masana ilimi waɗanda ke aiki don kare da haɓaka haƙƙin dijital a duk faɗin nahiyar. Kusan shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, ta kasance ƙashin bayan fafutukar kare haƙƙin dijital a Turai. A cikin Maris 2021, EDRi yana da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 44, da masana, masu ba da shawara da malamai daga ko'ina cikin Turai.
Manufar
Manufar EDRi ita ce ta kalubalanci masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu wadanda ke amfani da ikonsu don sarrafawa ko sarrafa jama'a. Suna yin haka ta hanyar ba da shawara ga ƙaƙƙarfan dokoki da tilastawa, sanar da jama'a, haɓaka kasuwan fasaha mai lafiya da lissafi, da gina ƙungiyoyi da ɗaiɗaikun mutane waɗanda suka himmatu ga haƙƙin dijital da yanci a cikin duniyar da ke da alaƙa.
Tarihi
Haƙƙin dijital na Turai (EDRI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai rijista a Belgium.
A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2014, 34 keɓancewa da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a daga ƙasashe 19 daban-daban a Turai sun sami membobin EDRi, kuma ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da haɓaka. Bukatar haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin dijital da ke aiki a Turai yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙarin ƙa'idodi game da Intanet, haƙƙin mallaka da sirri ke samarwa ta cibiyoyin Turai, ko ta cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke da tasiri mai ƙarfi a Turai.
A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2021, EDRi yana da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 44, da masana, masu ba da shawara da malamai daga ko'ina cikin Turai.
Shugabar Hukumar EDRi na yanzu ita ce Anna Fielder, Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa shine Thomas Lohninger.
Ayyuka
EDRi yana ba da murya mai ƙarfi na ƙungiyoyin jama'a da dandamali don tabbatar da cewa manufofin Turai, wanda ke shafar yanayin dijital, yana cikin layi tare da haƙƙoƙin asali.
Kwanan nan, EDRi ya bayyana muhimman batutuwan haƙƙoƙi a cikin tsarin kula da haƙƙin gama kai na yanzu da kuma abubuwan sirri na bin diddigin kan layi. Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na yin kwafin sirri, sirrin matafiya da ' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin sanarwa da muhawarar takedown a Turai. Yana goyan bayan haɓaka damar ƴan ƙasa zuwa abun ciki na kan layi na audiovisual kuma yana haɓaka kariyar doka ta tsaka tsaki na Net a Turai. EDRi kuma yana gwagwarmaya don sabunta haƙƙin mallaka a zamanin dijital da kuma adawa da riƙe bayanan sadarwa. Muhimman abubuwan EDRi a halin yanzu sune keɓantawa, sa ido, tsaka tsaki da sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka.
Baya ga wallafe-wallafe na yau da kullun, irin su ƙasidu da aka sani da "Takardun EDRi", EDRi na buga rahotanni na shekara da wasiƙar mako-mako game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na dijital a Turai, EDRi-gram.
Yaƙin neman zabe
EDRi ya ƙaddamar da kamfen don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan da suka shafi bayanai da fasahar sadarwa da aka tattauna duka a cikin cibiyoyin Turai da kuma a matakin duniya.
Maida Fuskar Ka
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Oktoba 2020 kuma EDRi ya daidaita shi, ReclaimYourFace  motsi ne na Turai wanda ke kawo muryoyin mutane cikin muhawarar dimokiradiyya game da amfani da bayanan mu na halittu. Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sun yi kira da a haramta amfani da mahimman bayanan mu don sa ido kan jama'a a wuraren jama'a saboda tasirinsa ga 'yancinmu da 'yancinmu.
Wannan yunƙurin ya ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamarwar Jama'ar Turai a cikin Fabrairun shekara ta 2021 kuma ya yi kira ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da ta tsara ƙayyadaddun amfani da fasahar sa ido kan halittu.
Kamfen na baya
Daga cikin mahimman kamfen ɗin da Haƙƙin Dijital na Turai suka ƙaddamar akwai, a cikin shekara ta 2003 da 2011, a kan Fasinjan Sunan Records (PNR), a cikin 2005, a kan riƙe bayanai da kuma a cikin 2010 da kuma goyon bayan sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka. EDRi ya taka rawar gani sosai a cikin babban yaƙin neman zaɓe da ACTA wanda ya ƙare cikin nasara tare da kin amincewa da shawarar da Majalisar Turai ta yi a watan Yuli 2012. A lokacin zaɓen Turai na 2014, EDRi ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe don tada martabar batutuwan haƙƙin dijital. Don haka, membobin EDRi sun tsara Yarjejeniya ta Haƙƙin dijital mai maki 10 wanda 'yan takarar da ke neman Majalisar Turai za su iya yin alkawarin kare su. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin da ke biyowa sun haɗa da: haɓaka gaskiya da sa hannu na ƴan ƙasa, tallafi don kariyar bayanai da keɓantawa, shiga Intanet mara iyaka, sabuntawa don dokokin haƙƙin mallaka, haɓaka ɓoyewar kan layi da ɓoyewa, yawan masu ruwa da tsaki, da software na buɗe ido.
Hakkokin Dijital na Turai da membobin sa sun yi yaƙi don Dokokin Kariyar Bayanan Turai. Ta hanyar wani muhimmin kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, 'yan ƙasa sun sami damar tuntuɓar Membobin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da ke wakiltar ƙasarsu don neman su kare muhimman haƙƙoƙin sirri da kariyar bayanai.
Membobi
Kasancewar memba na doka yana iyakance ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba sa riba ba, waɗanda manufofinsu sun haɗa da tsaro da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam a fagen watsa labarai da fasahar sadarwa. Ƙungiyoyin membobi na Haƙƙin Dijital na Turai sune kamar haka:
Taimako
Ana samun kuɗin EDRi ta kuɗin membobinsu da gudummawar jama'a. Ƙungiyar tana karɓar kuɗi daga Buɗaɗɗen Jama'a Foundations da Adessium Foundation, da kuma wasu kudade na kamfanoni.
Ann Cathrin Lübbe
Ann Cathrin Lübbe (née Evenrud; an haife ta 23 Janairu 1971) 'yar wasan dawaki ce ta ƙasar Norway. Ta fafata a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta bazara ta 2016, inda ta samu lambar zinare da lambar azurfa. Ta yi gasa a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin bazara ta 2020, a matakin gwaji na mutum-mutumi na mutum-mutumi, inda ta sami lambar tagulla.
Café Neo
Cafè Neo shine mai gasa kofi da sarkar gidan kofi da ke Legas.
Kamfanin ya fara ne a shekarar 2012 a matsayin sarkar mallakar iyali lokacin da ’yan’uwa Ngozi Dozie da Chijioke Dozie suka fara sana’ar gasa kofi a Legas. Babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki yana cikin Victoria Island, Legas. Sauran sarƙoƙi na alamar kuma suna aiki a cikin birni.
Anne Cecilie Ore
Anne Cecilie Ore (an haife ta 11 Oktoba 1978) 'yar wasan nakasassu ce ta Norway. Ta halarci wasanni biyu na nakasassu na lokacin rani, inda ta sami lambobin yabo biyar a hawan doki. Haka nan tana yin gasa a tsakanin mahaya ƙwararru.
AC Benson
Arthur Christopher Benson, FRSL (24 Afrilu 1862 - 17 Yuni 1925) mawallafin Ingilishi ne, mawaƙi kuma ilimi, kuma Jagora na 28th na Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge. Ya rubuta waƙar Edward Elgar 's Coronation Ode, gami da kalmomin waƙar kishin ƙasa "Ƙasa na bege da ɗaukaka" (1902). Sukar adabinsa da waqoqinsa da maqalolinsa sun yi matuqar daraja. An kuma lura da shi a matsayin marubucin labarun fatalwa.
Anne Cecilie Ore
Aiki
Ta yi gasa a wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 1996, inda ta lashe lambar zinare a kan tuki, sutura, aji 3, da lambar zinare a hawan keke, kur, aji 3.
AC Benson
Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Benson a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1862 a Kwalejin Wellington, Berkshire a matsayin ɗayan yara shida na Edward White Benson (1829-1896), Archbishop na Canterbury daga 1883 zuwa 1896 kuma, kafin wannan, shugaban farko na kwalejin. Mahaifiyarsa, Mary Sidgwick Benson, 'yar'uwar masanin falsafa Henry Sidgwick ce.
Anne Cecilie Ore
Aiki
Ta yi gasa a wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 2000, ta lashe lambar azurfa a kan hawa, dressage, aji na 3, lambar azurfa a hawan keke, kur, grade 3, da lambar tagulla a hawan keke, tawagar (tare da Ann Cathrin Lübbe, Jens Lasse Dokkan da Silje Gillund).
AC Benson
Rayuwar farko da iyali
wallafe-wallafen Iyalin Benson sun haɗa da 'yan uwansa Edward Frederic Benson, wanda aka fi tunawa da shi don litattafan Mapp da Lucia, da kuma Robert Hugh Benson, wani firist na Cocin Ingila kafin ya koma Roman Katolika, wanda ya rubuta litattafai masu yawa. 'Yar'uwarsu Margaret Benson ta kasance mai zane-zane, marubuci, kuma mai son Egyptologist. Ko da yake an cika su sosai, dangin Benson sun haɗu da lokuta masu ban tsoro: ɗa da ɗiyarsu sun mutu suna ƙanana, yayin da wata diya da Arthur da kansa suka sha wahala daga yanayin tabin hankali wanda wataƙila ya kasance cuta ce ta bipolar ko ciwon hauka-depressive, da alama sun gaji mahaifinsu. Babu daya daga cikin yaran da suka yi aure.
Duk da rashin lafiyarsa, Arthur zai zama fitaccen malami kuma ƙwararren marubuci. Daga shekarun 10 zuwa 21, ya rayu a cikin babban coci na rufe, na farko a Lincoln inda mahaifinsa ya kasance Chancellor na Lincoln Cathedral, sannan a Truro, inda mahaifinsa shine Bishop na farko na Truro. Ya ci gaba da son kiɗan coci da bikin.A cikin 1874 ya sami gurbin karatu zuwa Eton daga Makarantar Temple Grove, makarantar share fage a Gabashin Sheen. A cikin 1881 ya tafi Kwalejin King, Cambridge, inda ya kasance malami (King's College ya rufe guraben karo karatu wanda Etonians kawai suka cancanci) kuma ya sami karramawa na farko a cikin Classical tripos a 1884.
Sana'a
Daga 1885 zuwa 1903 Benson ya koyar a Eton, amma ya koma Cambridge a 1904 a matsayin ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Magdalene don yin lacca a cikin Adabin Turanci. Ya zama shugaban kwalejin (Mataimakin Jagora) a 1912, kuma shi ne Jagora na Magdalene (shugaban kwalejin) daga Disamba 1915 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1925. Daga 1906, ya kasance gwamna na Makarantar Gresham.
Joël Kiassumbua
Joel Kiassumbua (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Afril, 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Congo wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida.
A watan Maris din shekarar 2015 ne aka kira shi domin ya wakilci DR Congo a wasan sada zumunci da Iraki. A shekarar 2017, an zaɓe shi a cikin fitattun 'yan wasan na kasar DR Congo a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2017 a Gabon.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Kiassumbua ya fara taka leda a FC Luzern. kakar 2010-11 Kiassumbua ya tafi a kan aro zuwa mataki na uku SC Kriens, duk da haka bai buga wa kulob din wasa ba a tsawon watanni shida a can. Bayan ya koma Luzern, ya bar kulob din, ya koma FC Rapperswil-Jona a watan Agusta 2011. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2011 a wasan da suka tashi 4–4 a waje da FC Lugano II. Zamansa a kulob din bai dade ba, ya ci gaba da zama a can kasa da watanni shida kuma ya buga wasanni biyar kacal. A cikin watan Janairu 2012 an sake shi daga Rapperswil-Jona.
Kiassumbua ya kasance ba tare da an sanya shi ba har sai da ya sanya hannu a FC Wohlen a watan Satumba 2012. Ya fara bugawa Wohlen wasa a karo na biyu na kakar wasa a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 2013 da FC Vaduz da ci 2–1 a waje. Kafin fara wasansa na farko, Kiassumbua shima ya buga wasa sau biyu ga kungiyar Wohlen. Shi ne mai tsaron gida na farko a kakar 2014–15. A cikin watan Yuli 2017, Kiassumbua ya koma Lugano. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Lugano a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2017 da ci 2–0 daga waje a kan St. Gallen. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2018, Kiassumbua ya koma kulob na kalubale na Switzerland Servette. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar a kulob din a ranar 29 ga Satumba 2018 a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Rapperswil-Jona.
Ayyukan kasa
Kiassumbua ya kasance matashin dan kasar Switzerland, wanda ya yi wasa a matakai daban-daban na matasa. A shekara ta 2009, yana cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na kasar Switzerland da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2009 inda suka doke Najeriya da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe. Ko da yake wasa kafin gasar, ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a gasar da kanta, ba zai iya maye gurbin Benjamin Siegrist na farko ba wanda zai ci gaba da lashe Golden Glove.
Kiassumbua ya yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2015 don buga wasa a tawagar kasar DR Congo. A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2015, ya sami kiransa na farko ga tawagar DR Congo don karawa da Iraqi.
Gidan Kayan Tarihin Mata Na Henriette-Bathily
Gidan tarihin mata na Henriette-Bathily (a cikin Faransanci: Musée de la Femme Henriette-Bathily) gidan kayan gargajiya ne wanda ke Gorée, a tsibiri a bakin tekun Senegal, hayin gidan kayan gargajiya na House of Slaves. A watan Mayu 2015, ta koma Dakar, a Place du Souvenir Africain et de la Diaspora (Corniche Ouest). Aikin da mai shirya fina-finai Ousmane William Mbaye ya yi a shekarar 1987, an bude shi a shekarar 1994 karkashin jagorancin Annette Mbaye d'Erneville.
Collections (Tari)
Akwai matakai guda biyu a cikin wannan mazaunin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarar 1777 a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, kasancewar mallakar mai sa hannu ta Victoria Albis. Har zuwa shekara ta alif 1962, mallakar dangin Angrand ne, musamman Armand-Pierre Angrand, zuriyar sa hannu, marubuci, magajin garin Gorée da magajin gari na farko na Dakar a shekarar 1936.
Abubuwan baje kolin kayan tarihi sun haɗa da abubuwan gama gari daga lokacin mulkin mallaka, kayan aikin noma, kayan kiɗa, tukwane, kwando, da kuma hotuna da ke ba da damar fahimtar rayuwar yau da kullun na mata a ƙasar. An yi bikin manyan mutane na 'yantar da matan Senegal, misali marubuciya Aminata Sow Fall. Ginin kuma a baya gidan kotu ne, sannan gidan kayan tarihi na cibiyar fondamental d'Afrique noire wanda Institut Français d'Afrique Noire ta yi nasara a shekarar 1966.
Ayyuka
An shirya tarurrukan bita a wurin kuma matan tsibirin suna taruwa a wurin don yin aiki tare, don bin darussan karatun boko, ko kuma samun horon sana’a (tufa, batik, saƙa, zanen gilashi, ko kayan ado na gargajiya).
Ayyuka na musamman suna nufin mata naƙasassu.
Dam ɗin Fika-Patso
Dam ɗin Fika-Patso, wani dam ne da aka haɗe da ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa/dutse da ke kan kogin Namahadi, babban yanki na kogin Elands, wani yanki na kogin Wilge.
Tana kusa da Phuhaditjhaba, Jihar Free, Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1986 kuma ainihin manufarsa shi ne ruwa don amfanin gida da masana'antu.
Parkview Estate, Ikoyi
Parkview Estate yanki ne na alfarma na Ikoyi a cikin Legas.
Tarihi
A watan Nuwambar 2017, wani mai gida ya kai ƙarar wani kamfani mai haɓaka ƙasa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da lahani.
A cikin watan Mayu 2018, Otal ɗin Sun Heaven ya buɗe a cikin Estate Parkview. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, 2018, an kashe shugaban kamfanin Credit Switch Technology Cif Bademosi a gidansa da ke Parkview Estate.
Bayani
Estate Parkview yana iyaka da Titin Gerrard da Banana Island. Gidan ya fi zama mazaunin, tare da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da ofisoshi da gidajen baƙi a cikin gidan. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin wuraren zama mafi tsada a Legas. Tsohon karamin ministan tsaro Musiliu Obanikoro yana da gida a cikin Estate, tare da hamshakin attajiri Olu Okeowo   da shugaban hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya Amaju Pinnick.
Gidan yana kuma ɗaukar otal-otal da yawa kamar Pearl Court Residence&Hotels, Upperclass Suites da sauran su.
Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ba a samu wani sata a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba, saboda babban matakin tsaro na gidan.
Issama Mpeko
Djo Issama Mpeko (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na DR Congo. Yana taka leda a Kabuscorp SCP, kuma yana taka leda a babbar gasar Angola Girabola a matsayin mai tsaron gida.
Ayyukan Ƙasa
Ya taba bugawa AS Vita Club Kinshasa wasa.
Ya buga wa Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango wasa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2011. A lokacin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2013 ya zira kwallo daya, kuma ya cigaba zuwa Casablanca a 2013.
Ƙasa
DR Congo
Mona Ullmann
Mona Ullmann (an haife ta 14 ga Mayu 1967 Tønsberg) 'yar wasan nakasassu ce ta Norway. Ta fafata a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, da suka hada da jefa mashi, harbin harbi, jefar discus, tsalle mai tsayi da haduwar wasanni.
Ta wakilci Tønsberg Athletics Club a cikin ƙasa da Norway na duniya. Ita ce shugabar tawagar gundumar Vestfold na Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Norwegian  kuma tana shiga cikin al'amuran makafi da wani ɓangare na masu gani. A cikin 1991, an nada ta Tønsberg Knight ta Dandalin Kasuwar Vestfold.
Oduduwa
Oduduwa sarki ne mai daraja na Yarbawa. Bisa ga al'ada, shi ne mai rike da sarautar Olofin na Ile-Ife, birnin Yarbawa mai tsarki. Ya yi mulki a taƙaice a Ife,  kuma ya kasance asalin wanda ya samar da wasu daulolin sarauta masu zaman kansu na ƙasar Yoruba. Sunansa, da harshen Yarbawa -speakers suka rubuta a cikin sauti kamar Odùduwa kuma wani lokaci ana yin kwangila a matsayin Ooduwa, Odudua ko Oòdua, a yau ana girmama shi da sunan "jarumi, shugaba kuma uban kabilar Yarbawa". Ta hanyar rikici kuma galibi, ta hanyar diflomasiyya na shekaru masu yawa, Oduduwa ya sami damar kwace sarautar Ife na wani dan lokaci ya zama Sarki.
Mona Ullmann
Aiki
Ullmann ta yi gasa a wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 1984, ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin Pentathlon B3 na mata, lambar azurfa a Javelin B3 na Mata, da lambar tagulla a cikin Tsalle Tsalle na Mata na B3, da Shot put B3 na mata.
Oduduwa
Oduduwa ya rike sunayen yabo Olofin Adimula. Bayan bauta da ake masa bayan mutuwarsa, an shigar da shi cikin pantheon na Yarbawa a matsayin wani bangare na allantaka na farko mai suna iri ɗaya.
Mona Ullmann
Aiki
A wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 1988, ta ci lambar zinare a Javelin B2 na Mata, lambar azurfa a Shot Put B2 na mata, lambar azurfa a cikin Pentathlon B2 na mata, da lambar tagulla a cikin Tsalli na Mata na B2.
Oduduwa
Asalin kalmar
Asalin kalmar sunan Yarbawa “Oduduwa” shine: Odu-ti-o-da-uwa (watau. Odu-ti-o-da-iwa).
Mona Ullmann
Aiki
A wasannin bazara na nakasassu na 1992, ta ci lambobin tagulla a cikin Tattaunawar Mata ta jefa B2, Shot put B2 na mata, da Javelin na Mata na B1>3.
Oduduwa
Asalin kalmar
Wannan a fassare a na nufin: Babban wurin ajiya wanda ke haifar da wanzuwa.
Al'adun Ife
Al’adar Ife, wadda masana tarihin Yarbawa na zamani suka ba da fifiko, ta bayyana cewa Oduduwa manzo ne daga al’ummar Oke-Ora, yankin gabas na al’adun Ife wanda ya taso zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin kabilar Ijesa. An ce shi jarumi ne da ke sanye da sulke da karfe. A wancan lokacin, an yi kawance tsakanin al’ummomi 13 na kwarin Ile-Ife, kowace al’umma ko ‘Elu’ tana da Oba wato sarkin ta; da Oba of Ijugbe, the Oba of Ejio, the Oba of Iwinrin etc.
A lokacin da Oduduwa ya zama fitaccen dan kabilar Ife a zamanin da, ana kyautata zaton shi da kungiyarsa sun kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasar al’ummomin 13, ta hanyar goyon bayan al’ummomi 6 daga cikin 13. Maimakon a tsige Obatala, garin ya kasu kashi biyu tare da sarakunan duka biyun suna zama sarakunan kungiyoyinsu. Mulkinsa ya takaita ga Idio. Sai dai al’adar Ife ta bayyana cewa ba a taba kiransa da Ooni ba, haka ma bai yi amfani da kambin gargajiya na Ife ba.
Bayan shekaru
An kawo karshen takarar shugabancin sakamakon kokarin hadin gwiwar Obatala, Orunmila da Owa Ilare. Al'amurra uku sukai sanadiyar mutuwar Oduduwa. Bayan haka, wani babban bangare na goyon bayan Oduduwa ya watse – wannan kuma aka mayar da shi yana nufin tarwatsa ‘ya’yansa da jikokinsa tun daga Ife zuwa sansanonin da suka kafa ko kuma suka yi tasiri a kai.
Obalufon II Alayemore yana kan karagar mulki lokacin da Oranmiyan, dan Ogun amma galibi yana alaka da Oduduwa, ya dawo daga zamansa ya yi takarar sarautar Obalufon. Babu tabbas kan yadda Lajamisan ya kasance dan Oranmiyan, duk da cewa ya yi zalunci ya kwace mulki, kuma za a iya cewa shi ne zuriyar dukkan Oonis da suka yi sarauta a Ife tun daga lokacinsa har zuwa yanzu, lamarin da ya sa masana tarihi suka yi wa lakabi da Daular Lajamisan, wanda har ya zuwa yanzu ba a fasa ba. kusan shekaru 700.
Oranmiyan
Oranmiyan dan Ogun ne amma da alama Oduduwa ya karbe shi matsayinda. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan jaruman tarihi na Yarbawa. Rigimar haihuwarsa ta samo asali ne saboda kasancewar Oduduwa da Ogun duk sun yi hulda da mace daya mahaifiyarsa. Ogun jarumi ne wanda balaguron sa ya kai ga kama wata mata a matsayin ganimar yaki kuma ya yi lalata da ita. Oduduwa dai ya so matar kuma ya yi lalata da ita tun tana da ciki. Ko yaya lamarin ya kasance, lamarin ya haifar da haihuwar Odede, wanda aka fi sani da Oranmiyan. Daga baya Oranmiyan zai zama Alaafin Oyo na farko, kuma Ooni na Ife. Ya kuma yi wa wata ‘yar Sarkin Benin ciki wadda ta haifi Eweka, wanda ya kafa daular Oba a Benin.
Moremi da Ugbo
Bayan tarwatsa dangin sarakuna da sarauniyoyi, ƴan ƙabilar sun zama marasa mulki, suka zama babbar barazana ga rayuwar Ife. Tunanin cewa su zuriyar Oranfe ne ta hanyar Obalufon Ogbogbodinrin (Osangangan Obamakin) wanda ya mulki kasar kafin zuwan Oranmiyan, wadannan mutane sun mayar da kansu ‘yan fashi. Suna zuwa garin sanye da kayan rafufawa masu ban tsoro da ban tsoro, suna kona gidaje da wawashe kasuwanni. A dai-dai lokacin ne Moremi Ajasoro, wata mata daga Igun a Ile-Ife ta zo wurin. An aurar da ita Lukagba, Obalufon Alayemore da Oranmiyan a lokuta daban-daban; Daga baya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen maido da al'amura ta hanyar leken asiri. Ta yarda a kamo ta aka tafi da ita tare da barayi. Daga bisani ta auri sarkin Ugbo. Sabon mijin nata yana son jin daɗi daga gare ta amma ba ta yarda ba saboda ta yi aure a baya kuma tana kan manufa. Ta ce masa ya gaya mata sirrin 'yan fashin, bai so ba amma bayan ya zarge shi, sai ya bari. Ya ce mata abin da suke tsoro shi ne WUTA, idan sun ga wuta za su gudu. Bayan wannan bayanin ta tsara shirin guduwa. Ta nemi lemu ta sanya ruwan ya yi tasiri a kan mutanen fada. Da suka farka bayan cin su, sai suka tarar ta je ta gaya wa mutanenta rauninsu. Ta hanyar yin amfani da wannan bayanin, ba da daɗewa ba mutanen Ife suka shirya wa maharan.
Oduduwa da rawar da ya taka a labarin halitta
Al'adun addini na Yarbawa game da wayewar zamani sun yi iƙirarin cewa Oduduwa shine Orisa wanda Olodumare ya fi so. Don haka, shi (ko ita, kamar yadda Oduduwa na farko ya wakilci al’amuran Allahntaka na mata da kuma Obatala namijin Ubangiji) daga sama aka aiko shi ya halicci duniya bisa ruwa, aikin da ya kwace daga hannun abokinsa kuma dan uwansa Obatala, wanda ya yi. an sanye shi da harsashin katantanwa cike da yashi da zakara don watsa yashin da aka fada domin samar da kasa. Wadannan akidu da malaman gargajiya na Yarbawa ke rike da su a matsayin ginshikin tarihin halittarsu. Obatala da Oduduwa a nan ana wakilta su da alamar Calabash, inda Obatala ya ɗauki saman Oduduwa kuma ya ɗauki ƙasa. A cikin wannan labari, Oduduwa kuma ana kiransa da Olofin Otete, wanda ya karbi Kwandon Rayuwa daga Olodumare.
An gabatar da wani hoton Oduduwa a matsayin matar Obatala a cikin Odu Ifa Osa Meji, aya ta bakan Ifa. A cikin wannan Odu, Obatala ya gano sirrin matarsa kuma ya sace mata rigar masakin don ya saka da kansa. Ana ba da shawarar wannan don zama wakilcin tarihi na canji daga matriarchy zuwa na sarauta.
Wannan al’adar nazarin sararin samaniya a wasu lokuta an hade ta da al’adar Oduduwa ta tarihi. A cewar wasu hadisai, ana ganin sunan Oduduwa na tarihi a matsayin sunan Oduduwa na farko, wanda mace ce kuma mai alaka da Duniya da ake kira Ile.
Al'adun farko na ko dai wani jinsi ne shi/ita ana ganin alomomin mace a cikin wakilcin ruhi a al'adar Gelede. Mafarin Gelede sun karɓi wurin ibada ga Oduduwa tare da tufa da abin rufe fuska na Gelede. Wannan yana magana da Oduduwa kamar yadda ake dangantawa da iyayen kakannin Allah waɗanda aka sani da Awon iya wa ko Iyami a ƙarƙashin umarninsu. Anan ana girmama Oduduwa a matsayin mahaifiyar Yarbawa.
Ra'ayin Bayerabe Musulmi
Daga cikin masu sukar al'adun Yarabawa game da Oduduwa akwai malamin Yarbawa Musulmi mazaunin Landan, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu. A wata hira da wata kafar yada labarai ta Najeriya, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Awqaf Africa Society da ke Landan ya yi watsi da akidar da aka saba da ita na cewa dukkanin Yarbawa zuriyar Oduduwa ne a matsayin “wakilin karya da masu bautar Orisha suke yi don samun wata fa’ida ta rashin adalci a kan yada addinin Musulunci da kuma yada addinin Musulunci. daukar ma'aikata na Kiristanci ". Malamin musulmin ya shawarci mabiyansa da su guji amfani da kalmomi irin su Omo Oduduwa (ko ‘ya’yan Oduduwa ) da Ile Oduduwa (ko Kasar Oduduwa ). Ya kara da cewa, labarin cewa duk Yarbawa ’ya’yan Oduduwa ne, ya samo asali ne daga baki kawai.
Wasu madadin ra'ayoyi
Wasu mutanen sun yi ikirarin alaka da Oduduwa. A cewar kabilar Kanuri, Yauri, Gobir, Acipu, Jukun da Borgu - wadanda aka ce kakanninsu ne ’yan’uwan Oduduwa (kamar yadda Samuel Johnson ya rubuta a karni na 19), Oduduwa dan Damerudu ne, wanda Yarabawa ke kira. ko dai Lamurudu ko Lamerudu, basarake wanda shi kansa dan mayen sarki Kisra ne. An ce Kisra da abokansa sun yi yaki da Mohammed a yakin Badar. An tilastawa Kisra yin hijira daga Larabawa zuwa Afirka bayan ya sha kashi a hannun masu jihadi a shekara ta 624 miladiyya. Shi da mabiyansa sun kafa masarautu da dauloli da dama a kan hanyarsu ta hijira zuwa yammacin Afirka. Wannan al'ada wani bambance-bambancen imani ne da ke cewa Oduduwa basarake ne wanda ya samo asali daga Makka. Sai dai kuma, wasu masana na ganin wannan akidar ta samo asali ne daga tasirin da suka biyo baya a kan al’adun Yarabawa na Musulunci da sauran addinan Ibrahim, da kuma cin karo da al’adun gargajiyar Yarabawa.
Ayyukan kare dussar ƙanƙara
Kula da dusar ƙanƙara ko ayyukan kare kankara na rage haɗarin bala'in da ke haifar da rayuwar ɗan adam, ayyuka, da dukiyoyi. Kula da dusar ƙanƙara yana farawa ne da kimanta haɗarin da aka gudanar ta hanyar bincike don yuwuwar balaguron balaguro ta hanyar gano fasalin yanayin ƙasa kamar yanayin ciyayi, magudanar ruwa, da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara na yanayi na yanayi waɗanda ke nuni da ƙazamar ruwa. Daga abubuwan da aka gano kan dusar ƙanƙara, ana tantance haɗarin ta hanyar gano yanayin yanayin ɗan adam da ke barazana kamar hanyoyi, tudun kankara, da gine-gine. Shirye-shiryen sarrafa kankara suna magance haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tsara tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa, waɗanda ake aiwatar da su a lokacin hunturu. Tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa sun haɗu da babban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara tare da manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na shiga tsakani: aiki, m da zamantakewa - wani lokacin ma an fi bayyana shi a matsayin "fashewa", "tsari", da "fadakarwa" bisa ga mafi yawan fasahar da aka yi amfani da su a kowane. Dabarun sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko dai suna shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin juyin halittar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko kuma rage tasirin dusar ƙanƙara da zarar ta faru. Don abin da ya faru na sa hannun ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna haɓakawa da horar da cikakken martani da tsare-tsare na farfadowa da kuma ingantawa.
Rigakafi da ragewa
Rigakafi da raguwa yana farawa tare da lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don yin hasashen haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar ruwa. Haɗarin hasashen sai ya ƙayyade matakan da suka wajaba don rage haɗarin da ke a tattare da dusar ƙanƙara.
Kulawa da hasashen
Duban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara suna nazarin shimfidawa da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara don ƙididdige rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don haka haɗarin ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa ta afku a wani yanayi na musamman. A wuraren da ɗan adam ke amfani da dusar ƙanƙara ana sa ido a duk lokacin hunturu don tantance juyin halittar sa a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin yanayi. Ya bambanta da yanayin dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi sosai inda yin hasashe shine manufar kallon dusar ƙanƙara, a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ko kuma filin da ba a yawan ziyarta ba, lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara yana bayyana rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara.
Shisshigi masu aiki
Dabaru masu aiki suna rage haɗarin bala'in girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da dai-daita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta nau'ikan sa baki guda uku: tarwatsa raƙuman yadudduka a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, haɓaka daidaituwar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, da rage yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ake samu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. shirya don entrainment a cikin dusar ƙanƙara; Ana iya cimma wannan ko dai ta hanyar haifar da ƙananan ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa, ko kuma ta hanyar yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin shimfidar dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya rarraba sarrafa ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi zuwa ko dai na inji ko hanyoyin fashewa. Ana amfani da hanyoyin injina galibi a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ƙarami, ko ƙasa mai haɗari; yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin fashewa a cikin babban filin haɗari mai girma, ko ƙasa tare da masana'antu, nishaɗin kasuwanci, birni, da amfani da sufuri.
A cikin ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta yana da mafi sauƙin hanyar sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke tarwatsa raƙuman dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tafiya kai tsaye ta hanyar su, dabarar da ake magana da ita azaman tattara kaya. Don manyan fasaloli wannan hanyar za a iya tsawaita ta hanyar sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara ta injina ta amfani da manyan motocin da aka sa ido da ake kira masu yin dusar ƙanƙara. Wadannan hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu za a iya yin su cikin aminci yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke ajiyewa kuma kafin ta haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali. A cikin filin da ba za a iya shiga ba kawai, ko kuma a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara mai ɓullo da yawa wanda ke da zurfi don ɗaukar kaya, ana amfani da dabarun kwantar da kankara. Dabarar farko ta daidaitawar kankara hanya ce ta shiga wani gangare mai suna yankan kankara. A cikin wannan hanya wani skier yayi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara ta hanyar karya goyan bayan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta sama da sauri ta hanyar tafiya da sauri tare da saman gangaren, za a iya karkatar da skier akan igiya don ƙara kare su daga kama su a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. . Za a iya ƙara daidaita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko daidaitawa, ta hanyar ci gaba da zirga-zirgar kankara ta ƙasa. A ƙarshe Kuma za a iya amfani da igiyar ƙulli don gani ta cikin tushen cornices, yana haifar da cornice zuwa fakitin dusar ƙanƙara na gangaren ƙasa. Wannan yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na rage haƙiƙanin haɗarin da cornice ke haifarwa, da kuma samar da babban tasiri akan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara. Dabarun fashewa sun haɗa da haifar da ƙananan ruɓar ruwa mai lalacewa, ta hanyar tayar da caji ko dai a sama ko a saman dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya tura abubuwan fashewar ta hanyar jefawa da runtse hannu da hannu, Kuma ta hanyar jefa bam daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ko kuma ta harsashi da karamar bindiga, bindiga mara karko, ko bindigar iska. A daidaita haɗari ga ma'aikata tare da tasirin hanyar turawa wajen samun dama da haifar da bala'in bala'i, kowace hanya tana da illa da fa'idodi. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin, dabarun sanya na'urori masu sarrafa nesa waɗanda ke haifar da fashewar iska ta hanyar tayar da fashewar iska mai fashewa a saman fakitin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yankin farawa da bala'in bala'i, yana ba da amsa cikin sauri da inganci ga yanke shawara kan kawar da dusar ƙanƙara yayin da rage haɗarin ma'aikatan sarrafa kankara; wani siffa mai mahimmanci musamman don sarrafa kankara a cikin hanyoyin sufuri. Misali, Hasumiyar Avalanche (Sprengmast) Ostiriya, da Norway suna amfani da na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana don tura caji daga mujallu mai ɗauke da cajin rediyo kusan guda 12. Ana iya jigilar mujallu, lodawa, da cire su daga hasumiya ta jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ba tare da buƙatar mataimaki na jirgin ba, ko ma’aikatan wurin.
Sarrafa abubuwan fashewa ya tabbatar da yin tasiri a wuraren da ke da sauƙin shiga wuraren fara balaguron balaguro da kuma inda za a iya jure ƙananan ƙazamar ruwa. Yawancin abu ne wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba, duk da haka, a cikin yankunan da ke da mazaunin mutane da kuma inda akwai ma ƙananan yuwuwar bala'in ne mai girma.
Matsalolin dindindin
Dabarun dindindin suna jinkiri, tsayawa, karkatar da su, ko hana dusar ƙanƙara daga motsi; ko dai gaba daya ko kuma isa ga yadda dakarun da ke lalata suka ragu sosai. Dabaru na dindindin sun haɗa da gina gine- gine da gyaggyarawa ƙasa don dalilai da aka ƙirƙira kamar haka:
Sashi ɗaya ɗaya na iya biyan buƙatun nau'o'in manufa da yawa, alal misali, madatsun ruwa, ramuka, tudun ƙasa, da terraces ana amfani da su don karkata, jinkirtawa, da kamawa. Sauran hanyoyin ma sun haɗa da:
Zubar da dusar ƙanƙara
Kariyar dusar ƙanƙara tana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da hanyoyi ke ƙetare ƙeƙasasshiyar “gurguwa”, waɗanda raƙuman ruwa ne na halitta ko wasu sifofi waɗanda ke jagorantar ko mai da hankali kan balaguro Ko tagiyar ruwa.
Wuraren zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ko wuraren kallon dusar ƙanƙara abu ne da aka saba gani akan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a yankunan tsaunuka, irin su Marias Pass da Donner Pass a ƙasar Amurka, ko kuma da yawa daga cikin layin dogo na tsaunukan Switzerland, inda waƙoƙi ke rufe da mil mil. Ko da yake ba a amfani da shi a yau, Babban Titin Jirgin ƙasa na Pacific yana da cikakken filin jirgin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin rufin Donner Pass. Ana kuma samun su a kan tsaunin tituna na musamman ma. Babban titin Trans-Canada tsakanin Revelstoke da Golden a British Columbia yana da wuraren zubar dusar ƙanƙara da yawa da ke rufe dukkan bangarorin tafiye-tafiye don tinkarar dusar ƙanƙara.
Dusar ƙanƙara gada
Gadar dusar ƙanƙara, shingen ƙanƙara, ko shingen ƙanƙara, yayi kama da shingen dusar ƙanƙara, amma suna aiki daban. Ana gina shingen dusar ƙanƙara a tsaye kuma suna tara dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu na ƙasa, yayin da gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara ke kwance ko a kwance kuma suna riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu.
Ana haɗa gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara zuwa gangaren da ke gefen sama ta hanyar anguwar tashin hankali da kuma kan gangaren ƙasa ta hanyar matsawa.
Avalanche dam
Dusar ƙanƙara madatsun ruwa ( dams na hana dusar ƙanƙara, madatsun ruwan ƙanƙara ) wani nau'in tsarin kula da ƙazamar ruwa ne da ake amfani da shi don kare wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, hanyoyi, layukan wutar lantarki da sauransu, daga ƙazamar ruwa. Manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu (2) sune karkatar da madatsun ruwa.
Dukkan nau'ikan madatsun ruwa guda biyu ana sanya su ne a cikin yankin da ba a gama gujewa ba na kankara da kuma cikin sassan da ke kan hanyar. A wasu sassa na dusar ƙanƙara ba su da tasiri saboda ana iya cika su cikin sauƙi ko kuma a cika su.
Avalanche net
Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa idan aka kwatanta da tsayayyen tsarin tallafi wato(shinge na dusar ƙanƙara, tudun dusar ƙanƙara, zubar dusar ƙanƙara):
Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da wasu kura-kurai, saboda sun fi wahalar dagewa a ƙasa mara kyau. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">]
Harkokin zamantakewa
Don rage haɗarin bala'in dusar ƙanƙara, sa kaimi ga zamantakewa yana rage aukuwar bala'in bala'in bala'in ɗan adam ta hanyar gyara ɗabi'un mutane, ta yadda amfanin da suke yi na ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa ya dace don hana shigarsu cikin ƙazamar ruwa. Ƙungiyoyin irin na kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna cim ma hakan ta hanyar niyya wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shiryen ilimi a al'ummomin da ke yawan balaguron balaguro. Binciken da aka yi na hadurran dusar ƙanƙara ya nuna cewa mafi yawan ƙazamar da ta shafi mutane mutane ne ke haddasa su, kuma daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa da yawa ba su da masaniya game da haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar. Don magance wannan abin lura, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi na gabatarwa suna ba da koyarwa game da guje wa haɗarin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro ta hanyar sanin ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa, lura da rashin kwanciyar hankali na dusar ƙanƙara, da gano ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da bala'i. Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna yada jita-jita, taswirori, gargaɗi, da rahotannin ayyukan dusar ƙanƙara don taimakawa al'ummomin masu amfani da ƙasa.
Amsa da farfadowa
Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna tsara, da kuma mayar da martani, ga bala'in balaguro Ko yawo. Amsoshi na yau da kullun sun taso daga share hanyoyin sufuri na tarkacen dusar ƙanƙara, zuwa gyara masana'antu da wuraren nishaɗi, don nema, ceto, da murmurewa. Don inganta sakamakon shigar ɗan adam ƙungiyoyin sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara suna ba da horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu sha'awar nishaɗi a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa.
Shirye-shiryen sana'a
Martanin ƙwararru game da balaguron balaguron balaguro ana niyya ne a kan bala'in da ya shafi jama'a da ba su shirya ba. Lokacin da aka yi hasashen za a yi balaguron balaguron balaguro, za a rufe wuraren da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, sannan bayan an yi bala'in za a kwashe tarkace, sannan a gyara. Lokacin da bala'in bala'in da ba zato ba tsammani ya faru wanda ya haɗa da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna amsawa tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin bincike ƙwararru waɗanda suka haɗa da layin bincike, da horar da karnuka bincike da ceto.
Sustain our Africa
Dorewar Afirka tamu kungiya ce mai ba da shawarwari ga jama'a ta Afirka da kuma taron da ke mai da hankali kan kara wayar da kan jama'a, sauƙaƙewa da haɓaka illolin ci gaba mai dorewa a Afirka. Babban manufar kungiyar ita ce ta zama dandalin muhawara, tattaunawa da yada batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaba mai dorewa a yanayin Afrika. Ɗorewar da Afirka tamu ta karbi bakuncin taron dorewar shekara-shekara a watan Oktoba   kuma tana gudanar da dandalin watsa labarai don sauƙaƙe tattaunawa, yada bayanai, da kuma haifar da canji.
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Nazarin tasirin muhalli na yaƙi yana mai da hankali kan zamanantar da yaki da ƙaruwar tasirinsa ga muhalli. An yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba don yawancin tarihin tarihi. Duk da haka kuma, hanyoyin yaƙin zamani na haifar da barna sosai a kan muhalli. Ci gaban yaƙi daga makamai masu guba zuwa makaman nukiliya ya ƙara haifar da damuwa a kan yanayin muhalli da muhalli. Misalai na musamman na tasirin muhallin yaƙi sun haɗa da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yaƙin Vietnam, Yaƙin Bassa na Ruwanda, Yaƙin Kosovo da Yaƙin Gulf.
Vietnam
Yaƙin Vietnam yana da tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci saboda abubuwan sinadarai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don lalata ciyayi masu mahimmanci na soja. Abokan gaba sun sami fa'ida wajen zama marasa ganuwa ta hanyar cuɗanya cikin farar hula ko fakewa cikin ciyayi masu yawa da runduna masu adawa da juna waɗanda suka yi niyya ga yanayin halittu. Sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da "fiye da galan miliyan 20 na maganin ciyawa [...] don lalata dazuzzuka, bayyana girma a kan iyakokin wuraren soja da kuma kawar da amfanin gonakin abokan gaba." Jami'an sinadarai sun baiwa Amurka dama a yunƙurin lokacin yaƙi. Duk da haka, ciyayi ba ta iya sake farfadowa ba kuma ta bar tarkacen laka wanda har yanzu yana da shekaru bayan fesa. Ba wai kawai ciyayi ya shafa ba, har ma da namun daji: "Binciken tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da masana ilimin kimiya na Vietnamese suka yi ya rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye 24 kawai da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 5 da ke cikin gandun daji da aka fesa da wuraren da aka canza, idan aka kwatanta da nau'in tsuntsaye 145-170 da 30- iri 55 na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau ." Ba a gano sakamakon waɗannan tasirin waɗannan herbicicides ta hanyar kallon nau'ikan rarraba nau'in rarraba abubuwa ta hanyar lalata, wanda ya mamaye tserewa daga ɓangaren ƙasa.
Afirka
A duk faɗin Afirka, yaƙi ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar yawan namun daji a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da sauran wuraren kariya. Ko da yake, ɗimbin ɗimbin tsare -tsaren gyare-gyaren muhalli, da suka haɗa da gandun dajin Akagera na Ruwanda da dajin Gorongosa na Mozambik, sun nuna cewa ana iya samun nasarar gyara yawan namun dajin da sauran halittun daji ko da bayan munanan tashe-tashen hankula. Masana sun jaddada cewa warware matsalolin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa yana da mahimmanci don samun nasarar irin wannan ƙoƙarin.
Rwanda
Kisan gillar da aka yi a Rwanda ya kai ga kashe kusan 'yan Tutsi 800,000 da 'yan Hutu masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Yakin ya haifar da gudun hijirar kusan 'yan Hutu miliyan biyu da suka tsere daga Rwanda cikin 'yan makonni kadan zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Tanzaniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a yau. Wannan babban gudun hijira na mutane a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira yana sanya matsin lamba kan yanayin da ke kewaye. An share dazuzzukan don samar da itace don gina matsuguni da haifar da gobarar dafa abinci: "Waɗannan mutane sun sha wahala daga yanayi mai tsanani kuma sun zama muhimmiyar tasiri ga albarkatun ƙasa." Sakamakon rikice-rikicen ya kuma haɗa da lalacewar gandun daji da wuraren ajiya na ƙasa. Wata babbar matsala kuma ita ce, hadarin da yawan jama'a ya yi a kasar Ruwanda ya karkata akalar ma'aikata da babban birnin kasar zuwa wasu sassan kasar, wanda hakan ya sa ake da wuyar kare namun daji.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an yi amfani da sabbin fasahohi wajen kera jiragen sama, wadanda kuma aka yi amfani da su wajen kai hare-hare ta sama. A lokacin yakin, an yi amfani da jiragen sama wajen jigilar kayayyaki zuwa ko daga sansanonin soji daban-daban da jefa bama-bamai kan abokan gaba, tsaka-tsaki, da abokantaka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun lalata wuraren zama. Hakazalika da namun daji, muhallin halittu kuma suna fama da gurbacewar amo wanda jiragen soja ke samarwa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, jirgin sama yayi aiki a matsayin vortor don jigilar Ecosystems wanda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattarar tsibirin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattara a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Pacific. Kafin yakin, tsibiran da ke kewayen Turai sun kasance da yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yaƙin iska ya yi tasiri mai yawa akan jujjuyawar yawan jama'a.
A watan Agustan shekarar 1945, bayan yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na kusan shekaru huɗu, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin nukiliya a birnin Hiroshima na Japan. Kimanin mutane 70,000 ne suka mutu a cikin dakika tara na farko bayan tashin bam na Hiroshima, wanda yayi kwatankwacin adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon mummunan harin da jirgin Operation Meetinghouse ya kai a Tokyo. Kwanaki uku bayan harin bam na Hiroshima, Amurka ta sake jefa bam din nukiliya na biyu a birnin Nagasaki na masana'antu, inda nan take ya kashe mutane 35,000. Makaman nukiliyar sun fitar da muggan matakan makamashi da barbashi na rediyoaktif. Da zarar an tashi bama-baman, yanayin zafi ya kai kimanin 3980 °C/7200 °F. Tare da yanayin zafi mai girma, duk flora da fauna sun lalace tare da ababen more rayuwa da rayuwar ɗan adam a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Barbashi na rediyoaktif waɗanda aka saki sun haifar da yaɗuwar ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa. Fashewar farko ta kara yawan zafin jiki kuma ta haifar da murkushe iska da ke lalata bishiyoyi da gine-ginen da ke hanyarsu.
Dazuzzuka na Turai sun fuskanci mummunan tasiri wanda ya haifar da fada a lokacin yakin. Bayan yankunan da ake gwabzawa, an cire katakon da aka sare daga bishiya don share hanyoyin fada. Dazuzzukan da suka ruguje a yankunan da ake gwabzawa sun fuskanci cin zarafi.
An fara fara amfani da sinadarai masu hatsarin gaske a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Sakamakon dogon lokaci na sinadarai ya samo asali ne daga yuwuwar juriyarsu da kuma rashin tsarin zubar da al'ummomi da tarin makamai. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW I), ƙwararrun masu sinadarai na Jamus sun samar da iskar chlorine da gas ɗin mustard. Samuwar wadannan iskar gas ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama, kuma an kashe filaye da guba a fagen fama da kuma kusa da su.
Dam ɗin Spring Grove
Dam ɗin Spring Grove, madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da siminti (RCC) tare da katafaren ƙasa da ke kan kogin Mooi a cikin KwaZulu-Natal arewa maso yammacin garin Nottingham Road a Afirka ta Kudu. An fara ginin a cikin shekarar 2011 kuma an buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwambar 2013. Yana da cikakken ƙarfin mita miliyan 138.5 na ruwa kuma yana aiki da farko don amfanin Gundumomi da masana'antu.
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Yanayin muhallin ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya lalace ba kawai daga gurbacewar sinadarai ba, har ma da tarkacen jiragen ruwa na ruwa, wanda ya zubo mai a cikin ruwa. An kiyasta gurɓacewar mai a Tekun Atlantika sakamakon faɗuwar jiragen ruwa a yakin duniya na biyu da sama da tan miliyan 15. Zubewar mai yana da wahalar tsaftacewa kuma ana ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don tsaftacewa. Har wala yau, ana iya samun burbushin mai a Tekun Atlantika daga hatsarin jirgin ruwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Yin amfani da sinadarai a lokacin yaƙi ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ma'auni na masana'antun sinadarai kuma ya taimaka wajen nunawa gwamnati darajar binciken kimiyya. Haɓaka binciken sinadarai a lokacin yaƙin kuma yana haifar da haɓakar magungunan kashe qwari na noma bayan yaƙi. Ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe qwari ya kasance ci gaba tsawon shekaru bayan yaƙin.
Tasirin muhalli na yakin duniya na biyu ya yi muni sosai, wanda kuma ya ba su damar ganin su a yakin cacar baki da kuma gani a yau. Tasirin rikice-rikice, gurɓataccen sinadari, da yaƙin iska duk suna ba da gudummawa wajen rage yawan flora da fauna na duniya, da kuma raguwar bambancin nau'in.
Aymen Mathluthi
Aymen Mathluthi ( أيمن المثلوثي ; an haife shi 14 Satumba 1984), kuma aka sani da Balbouli, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Tunisiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Étoile du Sahel.
Matsalolin muhalli a Mali
A cewar hukumar ta FAO, kashi 10.2% ko kuma kusan hekta 12,490,000 na ƙasar Mali na da dazuzzuka. Mali tana da dajin da aka shuka hekta 530,000. Canjin dazuzzukan : Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da ta 2010, Mali ta yi asarar matsakaicin ha 79,100 ko kuma 0.56% a kowace shekara, jimilla ta yi hasarar 11.2%, ko kuma kusan 1,582,000 ha, a wannan lokacin. Ƙasar Mali tana da maki 7.16/10 a shekarar 2018, inda take matsayi na 51 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
A shekara ta 1946, a yankin Amurka na Jamus, sojojin Amurka sun shawarci gwamnati da ta tanadi masauki da kuma aikin yi ga mutanen da aka jefa bama-bamai daga garuruwansu. Amsar ita ce wani shiri na musamman na lambu wanda zai ba da sabon filaye don mutane su zauna a ciki. Wannan ya hada da filaye don samar da abincin da ake bukata ga mutanen kuma. Daga nan sai aka duba dazuzzukan domin samun kasa mai kyau wadda ta dace da noman amfanin gona. Hakan na nufin za a sare dajin ne domin a yi filayen gonaki da gidaje. Za a yi amfani da shirin dazuzzuka don amfani da dazuzzukan Jamus don albarkatu a nan gaba da kuma sarrafa yuwuwar yaƙi na Jamus. A cikin wannan shirin an samar da kusan mita 23,500,000 na katako daga cikin dazuzzuka.
Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu
Laingsburg birni ne, da ke a lardin Western Cape a ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu. Gari ne mai girman gaske na noma a cikin Babban Karoo mai ƙarancin ruwa. An lalata wani ɓangare a cikin wata ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 1981.