cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Temi Harriman
Rayuwar farko da aiki
Ta kasance mamba a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai wakiltar Warri a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar All Peoples Party APP daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa 2003. kuma ta ci gaba da riƙe kujerarta na wani wa'adi daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007.
Esuk Odu
Esuk Odu ƙauye ne aƙaramar hukumar Uruan a jihar Akwa Ibom a Najeriya. Babban harshen Esuk Odu shine Ibibio kuma an wadatar da su da al'adu. Babban sana'a a tsakanin mazauna Esuk Odu shine Noma da Kamun kifi.
Amaikpe
Wannan kauye ne a karmar hukumar Abia.
Eporo Ekiti
Eporo Ekiti wani kauye ne dake karamar hukumar Emure dake jihar Ekiti, a Najeriya.
Yvette Duval
Yvette Duval, an haifi Yvette Ben Chettrit a Afrilu ashirin da takwas a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da dayaa Oujda ( Maroko ) da kuma a Paris Na 12, masaniya ne kuma masaniyar tarihi yar kasar Faransa.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Yvette Ben Chettrit an haife ta a birnin Oujda na Moroko, a cikin dangin Yahudawa na Moroccan da asalin Aljeriya. Bayan karatu a Rabat, a Lycée Fénelon da kuma a École Normale Supérieure ga matasa 'yan mata, ta samu tara a tarihi wanda ya ba ta damar fara aikin jami'a a Jami'ar Lille-III sa'an nan a Jami'ar Paris-Nanterre. inda ita ce mataimakiyar André Chastagnol.
Mataimakiyar farfesa sannan farfesa a Jami'ar Paris-Est-Créteil-Val-de-Marne inda ta kafa " Rukunin bincike kan tarihin tsohuwar Kiristanci na da da na farko ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'in Turai da Arewacin Amurka da dama kuma memba na Kwamitin Ayyukan Tarihi da Kimiyya tsakanin 1983 da 1989.
Farfesa ta jami'o'i, ta fara sha'awar aikinta a farkon Kiristanci.
Rayuwar ta ta sirri
Yvette Benchettrit ta yi aure a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da hudu ga ɗan tarihi Noël Duval, wanda ya mutu A Disamba 2018.
Paul Ogbebor
Paul Osakpamwan Ogbebor (1939-2020) hafsan sojan Najeriya ne kuma tsohon sojan yaƙin basasa. Shine ɗan Najeriya na farko da ya fara shiga jami'a ta 1 ta Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ogbebor a ranar 24 ga watan Mayun 1939, a garin Benin dake jihar Edo, a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun soja a Nigerian Defence Academy, NDA.
Mutuwa
Laftanar Kanar Ogbebor ya rasu a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, a garin Benin, jihar Edo, Najeriya.
Barrister
Barista, wani nau'in lauya ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Baristoci galibi sun kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da shari'a. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da ɗaukar shari'o'i a manyan kotuna da kotuna, rubuta ƙararrakin shari'a, binciken falsafar, hasashe da tarihin doka, da ba da ra'ayoyin doka na ƙwararru.
An bambanta Barristers daga duka lauyoyi da masu zartarwa na doka, waɗanda ke da ƙarin damar kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki, kuma suna iya yin aikin shari'a nau'in ciniki. Barristers ne ake nada su a matsayin alkalai, kuma ba kasafai ake daukarsu aiki daga abokan hulda kai tsaye ba. A wasu tsarin shari'a, ciki har da na Scotland, Afirka ta Kudu, Scandinavia, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, da masu dogaro da Crown Birtaniyya na Jersey, Guernsey da Isle of Man, kalmar barrister kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin take na girmamawa.
A wasu ƴan hukunce-hukunce, yawanci an haramta wa lauyoyi daga “gudanar da ƙara”, kuma ba za su iya yin aiki da umarnin lauya kawai ba, kuma suna ƙara yin aiki - masu gudanar da shari'a waɗanda ke yin hayar, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka kamar dacewa da ƙungiyoyi da kotu, da tsara takaddun kotu. A Ingila da Wales, lauyoyi na iya neman izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni don gudanar da ƙara. Wannan yana ba wa lauya damar yin aiki a cikin “karfi biyu”, yana cika aikin barrister da lauya.
A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari, irin su New Zealand da wasu jahohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, lauyoyi suna da damar yin aiki duka a matsayin barista da lauyoyi, amma ya kasance wani tsarin cancantar yin aiki na musamman a matsayin lauya. A wasu, kamar Amurka, barrister, lauya da rarrabuwa na zartarwa na doka ba su wanzu kwata-kwata.
Bambance-bambance
Barrister, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lauya, lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar mai ƙara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gaban kotun da ta dace. Barrister yayi magana a kotu kuma ya gabatar da karar a gaban alkali ko juri. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, barrister yana samun ƙarin horo a kan shari'ar shaida, ɗa'a, da aikin kotu da tsari. Sabanin haka, lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka gabaɗaya yana saduwa da abokan ciniki, yana yin aikin shiri da gudanarwa kuma yana ba da shawarar doka. A cikin wannan rawar, shi ko ita na iya tsarawa da sake duba takaddun doka, yin hulɗa tare da abokin ciniki idan ya cancanta, shirya shaida, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙara. A Ingila da Wales lauyoyin da kuma wasu, duk da haka ci gaba da samun digiri, masu gudanarwa na shari'a na iya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawar tallafi ga barista lokacin da ke cikin kotu, kamar sarrafa manyan takardu a cikin shari'ar ko ma yin shawarwarin sasantawa a wajen kotun yayin da Ana ci gaba da shari'a a ciki.
Barristers yawanci suna da masaniya ta musamman game da shari'ar shari'a, abin da ya gabata, da basirar "gina" shari'a. Lokacin da lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka a cikin, bi da bi, na gabaɗaya da takamaiman aiki suka fuskanci wata ƙa'ida ta doka, za su iya neman "ra'ayin shawara" kan batun.
A yawancin ƙasashe, ƙwararrun lauyoyi suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin masu aiki kuma an hana su yin haɗin gwiwa ko yin aiki a matsayin lauya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfani. (A cikin 2009, Rahoton Clementi ya ba da shawarar soke wannan ƙuntatawa a Ingila da Wales. Duk da haka, lauyoyi sukan haɗa kai cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi don raba ma'aikata (manai) da kuɗin aiki . Wasu ɗakuna suna girma don zama manya da haɓaka kuma suna da yanayin haɗin gwiwa. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar su da kamfanonin lauyoyi da shuwagabannin shari'a, bankuna, ko kamfanoni a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na cikin gida.
Sabanin haka, lauyoyi, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi suna aiki kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki kuma suna da alhakin shigar da lauya tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace game da shari'ar. Baristici gabaɗaya ba su da ɗan tuntuɓar abokan cinikinsu ko kaɗan, musamman ba tare da kasancewar ko shigar da lauya da/ko mai zartarwa na doka ba. Duk wasiku, tambayoyi, daftari, da sauransu, za a aika da su zuwa ga lauya ko ga hukumar zartarwa ta doka, wanda ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin lauyoyi.
A cikin kotu, galibi ana ganin ƙwararrun lauyoyi daga lauyoyi da sauran masu aikin shari'a ta hanyar tufafinsu. Misali, a Ireland, Ingila, da Wales, barista yakan sa gashin doki, ƙwanƙolin wuya, makada, da riga. Tun daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2008, lauyoyin masu ba da shawara suma sun sami damar sanya wigs, amma sanya riguna daban-daban.
A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, rarrabuwar kawuna ta al'ada tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da sauran wakilai na shari'a na lalacewa. Barristers sun taɓa jin daɗin kasancewarsu a gaban manyan kotuna, amma a Biritaniya yanzu an soke wannan, kuma an ba da lauyoyi da Haƙƙin Masu Sauraro - shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da izini gabaɗaya na iya bayyana ga abokan ciniki a lokacin gwaji. Ƙwarai, kamfanonin lauyoyi da takwarorinsu masu tasowa da sauri da kuma sanannun takwarorinsu - shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da hayar, suna kiyaye ko da mafi girman shawarwari da ƙarar aiki a cikin gida don dalilai na tattalin arziki da abokan ciniki. Hakazalika, haramcin da aka yi wa lauyoyi na daukar umarni kai tsaye daga jama'a shi ma an soke shi sosai. Amma, a aikace, koyarwar kai tsaye har yanzu ba ta da yawa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, wani bangare saboda lauyoyin da ke da  ƙwararru, ko waɗanda kawai aka horar da su don ba da shawara, ba su da shiri don ba da nasiha ga jama'a.
A tarihi, Baristoci sun taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen gwaji, ciki har da rubuta roko da sake duba shaida. A wasu wuraren shari'a, haka lamarin yake. A wasu wuraren, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga lauyan ya karɓi taƙaitaccen bayani daga lauyan da ke ba da umarni don wakiltar abokin ciniki a gaban shari'a kwana ɗaya ko biyu kawai kafin ci gaba. Wani bangare na dalilin hakan shine tsada. Barrister yana da hakkin samun “takaitaccen kuɗi” lokacin da aka kawo taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma wannan yana wakiltar mafi yawan kuɗinta dangane da kowace gwaji. Sannan yawanci suna da damar samun “ refresher ” a kowace rana na shari’a bayan na farko, amma idan an yanke hukunci a gaban shari’a, ba a buƙatar lauya kuma za a yi asarar ɗan gajeren kuɗin. Wasu lauyoyin suna guje wa hakan ta hanyar jinkirta isar da taƙaitaccen bayanin har sai an tabbatar da shari'ar za ta kai ga shari'a.
Dalili don raba sana'a
Wasu fa'idodin kiyaye tsaga sun haɗa da:
Ka'ida
Barrister yana ƙarƙashin ikon da suke aiki, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ta Inn of Court wanda suke. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'ida ta waje.
Inns na Kotun, inda suke, suna tsara shigar da aikin. Inns of Court ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da alhakin horarwa, shigar da (kira), da horo na barristers. Inda suke, ana iya kiran mutum zuwa mashaya ta wurin masauki, wanda dole ne ya fara zama memba. A gaskiya ma, a tarihi, kira zuwa ga nasara a Bar, zuwa babban mataki, ya dogara da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da aka yi a farkon rayuwa.
Barista tare da bayyana duk membobi na sana'ar Barrister a cikin hurumin da aka bayar. Duk da yake mafi ƙarancin lauyoyi ƙungiya ce da ke rungumar duk membobinta, yawanci yakan faru, ko dai de facto ko de jure, an saka hannun Barri tare da ikon sarrafa yadda ake aiwatar da lauyoyi.
Barristers a duniya
A cikin al'adar doka ta gama gari, ayyukan lauya - wato a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara - an raba bisa ƙa'ida zuwa gida biyu daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun ƙananan sana'o'i, ɗayan kuma ofishin lauya ne. A tarihi, bambance-bambancen ya kasance cikakke, amma a zamanin shari'a na zamani, wasu ƙasashe da suka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu suna da sana'ar haɗaka - duk wanda ya cancanci aiki a matsayin lauya yana iya zama lauya, kuma akasin haka; kuma a madadin - a matsayin mai zartarwa na doka. A aikace, bambancin yana iya zama babu shi, ƙarami, ko alama, ya danganta da hurumi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar Ostiraliya, Scotland da Ireland, ba a sami ɗan zobe ba. A cikin jihohin Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria da Queensland, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna. Koyaya, dangane da sharuɗɗa, lauyoyi na iya karɓar aikin samun dama kai tsaye daga abokan ciniki. Kowace Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Jiha tana tsara sana'a kuma da gaske tana da ayyukan Inns na Kotu na Ingilishi. A cikin jihohin Kudancin Ostiraliya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Babban Babban Birnin Australiya, ana haɗa guraben ayyukan lauya da lauya, amma duk da haka akwai mashaya mai zaman kanta, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta jiha ko ƙasa ta tsara. A cikin Tasmania da Arewacin Arewa, sana'ar ta haɗu, kodayake ƙananan adadin masu aikin aiki suna aiki azaman mashaya mai zaman kanta.
Gabaɗaya, ba da shawarar yin sutura a cikin al'adar Ingilishi (wig, gown, jaket ɗin bar da jabot ) a gaban manyan kotuna, kodayake ba a saba yin hakan don aikace-aikacen shiga tsakani. Har yanzu ana sa riga da riguna a Kotun Koli da Kotun Lardi a cikin al'amuran jama'a kuma sun dogara da suturar jami'in shari'a. Ana amfani da riguna da wigs a duk shari'ar laifuka. A Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba a sake sanya wigs a kowace kotu.
Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi suna nada wasu ƴan lauyoyi masu girma da girma zuwa matsayi na "Senior Counsel" (a mafi yawan Jihohi da Yankuna) ko "Shawarar Sarauniya" (a cikin Yankin Arewa, Queensland, Victoria da South Australia). Irin waɗannan barista suna ɗauke da taken "SC" ko "QC" bayan sunansu. Ana nadin nadin ne bayan wani tsari na tuntubar ma’aikata da kuma bangaren shari’a. Babban Mashawarci yana bayyana a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na musamman ko wahala. Su ne kusan kashi 14 cikin ɗari na mashaya a New South Wales.
Bangladesh
A Bangladesh, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Bangladesh da Dokar Majalisar Lauyoyi, 1972 (Dokar Shugaban Kasa mai lamba 46) kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima wacce Majalisar Lauyoyin Bangladesh ke gudanarwa da kuma aiwatar da ita. Majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh ita ce babbar hukuma ta doka don tsara guraben ayyukan shari'a a Bangladesh tare da tabbatar da daidaiton ilimi da bin ka'ida ta masu ba da shawara kan tsarin majalisar lauyoyi. Majalisar lauyoyi, tare da taimakon gwamnati, suna tsara dokoki don daidaita wannan sana'a. Duk wanda ya kammala karatun shari'a daga gida ko kuma a waje dole ne ya rubuta kuma ya ci jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi don yin rajista kuma a shigar da shi a matsayin ƙwararrun Lauyoyi don yin aiki da doka duka a matsayin Barristers & Lauyoyin. An ba da izinin sabbin masu ba da shawara su fara aiki a ƙananan kotuna (Ƙananan gundumar) bayan shigar da su a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi na gida (District). Bayan shekaru biyu na Kwarewa a ƙaramar kotu, Lauyoyin sun cancanci shiga cikin Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli na Bangladesh. Ta hanyar cin jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi, ana ba masu ba da shawara takardar shaidar yin rajista da izini ta hanyar da aka tsara don yin aiki a Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli kuma. Masu ba da shawara waɗanda suka zama Barrister a Burtaniya ne kawai ke riƙe babban matsayinsu na Barristers. A Bangladesh, akwai wata ƙungiya mai suna Barristers' Association of Bangladesh wadda ke wakiltar irin waɗannan barrister na Burtaniya.[10]
Kanada
A Kanada (ban da Quebec ), sana'o'in barrister da lauya sun haɗu, kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna magana da kansu da sunayen biyu, ko da ba su yi aiki a bangarorin biyu ba. A cikin yaren magana a cikin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kanada, lauyoyi galibi suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "masu ƙararraki" (ko "lauyoyi"), ko kuma a matsayin "lauyoyi", ya danganta da yanayin aikinsu na doka ko da yake wasu na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu shari'a da lauyoyi. Duk da haka, “masu gabatar da kara” gabaɗaya za su yi duk ayyukan ƙarar da lauyoyi da lauyoyi suke yi; akasin haka, waɗanda ke kiran kansu "lauyoyi" gabaɗaya za su iyakance kansu ga aikin shari'a wanda ba ya haɗa da yin aiki a gaban kotuna (ba ma ta hanyar shiri ba kamar yadda lauyoyi ke yi a Ingila), kodayake wasu na iya yin aiki a gaban alkalan kotuna. Kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Commonwealth irin su Ostiraliya, masu shigar da kara na Kanada suna "share", amma ba tare da wig ba, lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban kotuna na "mafi girman iko". Duk waɗanda suka kammala karatun doka daga makarantun shari'a na Kanada, kuma masu riƙe da takaddun cancantar NCA (lauyoyin da aka horar da su na duniya ko waɗanda suka kammala digiri daga wasu makarantun doka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama gari a wajen Kanada) daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a ta Kanada bayan suna iya amfani da hukumar kula da lardin da ta dace. (Ƙungiyoyin doka) don shiga (lura a nan cewa Lardunan Kanada an yi la'akari da su daban-daban na shari'a). Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da su a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar shari'a sun haɗa da kammala digiri na shari'a na Kanada (ko kammala jarrabawa don gane digiri na shari'a na kasashen waje), shekara ta yin magana a matsayin ɗalibi wanda wani ƙwararren lauya ke kulawa, da kuma cin jarrabawar mashaya. wanda lardin ya ba da umarni ɗalibin ya nemi lasisi a ciki. Da zarar waɗannan buƙatun sun cika to ana iya kiran ɗalibin mai yin magana zuwa mashaya bayan bita idan aikace-aikacen su da la'akari da duk wasu batutuwan "kyakkyawan hali" waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Kotu a cikin bikin kira. Sannan mai nema ya zama memba na jama'ar doka a matsayin "barrister da lauya".
Lamarin ya ɗan bambanta a Quebec sakamakon al'adar dokar farar hula. Sana'ar lauya, ko avoué, ba ta taɓa kasancewa a cikin Quebec na mulkin mallaka ba, don haka lauyoyi ( avocats ) sun kasance al'adar sana'a ce mai ban sha'awa, yin jayayya da shirya shari'o'i a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa, yayin da sauran nau'in lauya na Quebec, notaries na doka. notaires ), kula da al'amuran da ba su da alaƙa a waje da kotu. Duk da haka, ba a keɓance wasu fagage masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar notaries ta yadda lauyoyi sukan ƙware wajen gudanar da ko dai gwaji, shari'o'i, ba da shawara, ko abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa lauyoyi ba za su iya zana kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda ke da ƙarfin doka iri ɗaya da ayyukan notarial ba . Yawancin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Quebec suna ba da cikakkiyar sabis na shari'a na kamfanonin doka a lardunan doka. Masu neman lauyoyin Quebec dole ne su sami digiri na farko a cikin shari'ar jama'a, su wuce jarrabawar mashawarcin lardi, kuma su sami nasarar kammala horon doka don shigar da su yin aiki. Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a na Quebec ( Barreau du Québec ) ne ke tsara lauyoyi.
Faransa
A Faransa, avocats, ko lauyoyi, sun kasance, har zuwa karni na 20, daidai da barista. Sana'ar ta haɗa da maki da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar manyan mutane: avocat-stagiaire (mai horo, wanda ya riga ya cancanta amma yana buƙatar kammala shekaru biyu (ko fiye, dangane da lokacin) na horo tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi), avocat, da avocat Honouraire (babban barrister). Tun daga karni na 14 da kuma a cikin 19th da 20th musamman, Barritocin Faransa sun yi gasa a fadace-fadacen yankuna a kan fannoni daban-daban na aikin shari'a a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (mai ba da shawara kan shari'a, lauyan ma'amala) da avoué ( lauyan tsari), kuma sun fadada don zama. babban kwararren lauya, tare da sananne ban da notaires (notaries), waɗanda ma'aikatar da aka nada lauyoyi (tare da wani cancantar cancanta) kuma waɗanda ke riƙe keɓancewa kan isar da saƙon da kuma tantancewa. Bayan gyare-gyaren shari'a na 1971 da 1990, an haɗa avocat tare da avoué da juridique na conseil, yana mai da avocat (ko, idan mace, avocate ) lauya mai cikakken manufa don batutuwan hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, kwatankwacin lauyan Amurka. Lauyoyin Faransa yawanci ba sa (ko da yake suna da haƙƙin) aiki duka biyu a matsayin masu shari'a (lauyoyin gwaji) da masu ba da shawara kan lauyoyi (lauyoyin masu ba da shawara), waɗanda aka sani da suna avocat plaidant da avocat -conseil. Wannan bambance-bambancen ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma bai dace da kowane bambanci na cancanta ko shigar da littafin ba. Duk lauyoyin da ke da niyya dole ne su ci jarrabawar don samun damar yin rajista a ɗayan Cibiyar régional de formation à la professional d'avocat (CRFPA) (Cibiyar horar da lauyoyi). Kwas ɗin CRFPA yana da tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana haɗuwa tsakanin koyarwar aji da horarwa. Ƙarshensa shine mataki na ƙarshe ( horo na ƙarshe), inda lauyan da ke shirin ya shafe watanni 6 a cikin kamfanin lauyoyi (gaba ɗaya a fagen aikin da ya fi so da kuma a cikin kamfanin da yake fatan za a dauka daga baya). Daga nan sai lauyan da ke da niyyar wucewa da Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA), wanda shine jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe da ke ba shi damar shiga mashaya ta kotu ( barreau ). An gane gabaɗaya cewa jarrabawar farko ta fi CAPA wahala kuma yawancin ɗaliban doka suna jin tsoro. Majalisar Bar ( Ordre du barreau ) ce ke sarrafa kowace mashaya.
Akwai wani rukunin barrister daban da ake kira avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation. Ko da yake asalinsu na shari'a, horarwa da matsayinsu iri ɗaya ne da ƴan avocat, amma waɗannan suna da hurumin shari'ar da ake kai ga kotun koli, a cikin al'amuran farar hula, masu laifi ko na gudanarwa.
Jamus
A Jamus, ba a bambanta tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Lauyoyi na iya yin kara a duk kotuna ban da reshen farar hula na Kotun Tarayya ta Tarayya ( Bundesgerichtshof ), wanda aka shigar da kasa da lauyoyi kasa da hamsin. Wadancan lauyoyin, wadanda kusan ke gudanar da shari’a, ba za su iya kara a wasu kotuna ba kuma yawanci lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar wanda ake tuhuma a kananan kotuna ya ba su umarni. Koyaya, waɗannan hane-hane ba su shafi shari'o'in laifuka ba, ko kuma ƙararraki a kotunan sauran tsarin kotuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, haraji, kotunan zamantakewa da tsarin kotunan Tarayyar Turai.
Hong Kong
Aikin shari'a a Hong Kong kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: lauyoyi da lauyoyi.
A cikin Babban Kotun (ciki har da Kotun farko da Kotun Daukaka Kara) da Kotun Daukaka Kara, a matsayin doka ta gabaɗaya, barristers da lauyoyin masu ba da shawara ne kawai ake ba su damar yin magana a madadin kowane ɓangare a gaban kotun. Wannan yana nufin cewa an hana lauyoyi yin hakan. A cikin wadannan kotuna guda biyu, sai dai a yi tanadin sauraren kararraki a zauren majalisa, lauyoyin lauyoyi suna sanya tufafi irin na turanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda alkalai da sauran lauyoyi suke yi.
A Hong Kong, an ba da matsayin mashawarcin Sarauniya kafin mika Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. Bayan mikawa, babban mai ba da shawara ya maye gurbinsa da haruffa bayan fage : SC. Babban mashawarci na iya har yanzu, duk da haka, su sanya kansu a matsayin siliki, kamar takwarorinsu na Biritaniya.
Indiya
A Indiya, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Masu ba da shawara, 1961 ta gabatar da tunani ta Ashoke Kumar Sen, ministan shari'a na Indiya a lokacin, doka ce da majalisa ta zartar kuma majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ce ke gudanarwa kuma ta aiwatar da ita. . A karkashin dokar, majalisar lauyoyin Indiya ita ce babbar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da bin doka da kiyaye ka'idojin kwararru ta hanyar kwararrun lauya a kasar. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da izini don zartar da dokoki da yin oda a cikin shari'o'in mutum ɗaya da ma gabaɗaya.
Kowace Jiha tana da Majalisar lauyoyinta wanda aikinta shi ne yin rajistar Barrister da ke son yin aiki gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin jihar da yin ayyukan Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya a cikin yankin da aka ba su. Don haka, kowane mai digiri na doka dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Bar na Jiha (guda) don yin aiki a Indiya. Sai dai yin rajista da kowace Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha ba ta hana Barrister zuwa gaban kowace kotu a Indiya ba, duk da cewa ya wuce hurumin Majalisar Lauyoyin Jihar da ya shiga. Fa'idar samun Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha shine cewa za a iya raba aikin Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya zuwa wadannan Majalisun Lauyoyin Jihohi daban-daban da kuma cewa za a iya magance al'amura a cikin gida da kuma cikin sauri. Koyaya, don duk dalilai masu amfani da doka, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana riƙe da ita, ikon ƙarshe don ɗaukar yanke shawara a kowane ɗayan al'amuran da suka shafi aikin shari'a gabaɗaya ko kuma game da kowane tsarin don samun damar yin aiki a cikin Indiya biyu ne. Na farko, mai nema dole ne ya kasance mai riƙe da digiri na doka daga wata ma'aikata da aka sani a Indiya (ko daga ɗayan jami'o'in da aka sani guda huɗu a cikin Burtaniya) kuma na biyu, dole ne su wuce cancantar shiga rajista na Majalisar Bar na jihar inda ya / tana neman a saka ta. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da kwamiti na cikin gida wanda aikinsa shine kulawa da bincika cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da digiri na doka da ba da izini ga waɗannan cibiyoyin da zarar sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya kuma tana tabbatar da daidaiton matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin aiki a Indiya. Dangane da cancantar yin rajista tare da Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha, yayin da ainihin ƙa'idodin na iya bambanta daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan, amma galibi suna tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen bai kasance mai fatara / mai laifi ba kuma ya dace da yin aiki a gaban kotunan Indiya. Shiga tare da majalisar lauyoyi kuma yana nufin cewa wanda ya mallaki digirin doka an san shi a matsayin Barrister kuma ana buƙatar ya kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da halayen ƙwararru a kowane lokaci, duka a ciki da wajen sana'a. Majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ta kuma tsara "Dokokin Da'a" da Barristers za su kiyaye a cikin kotuna, yayin da ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki da ma wasu.
Ireland
A jamhuriyar Ireland, shigar da Babban Mai Shari'a na Ireland ya iyakance ga waɗanda aka fara ba da digiri na Barrister-at-Law (BL). The Honorable Society of King's Inns ita ce kawai kafa ilimi wanda ke gudanar da kwasa-kwasan sana'a ga barristers a cikin Jamhuriya da kuma digiri na Barrister-at-Law ne kawai za a iya ba da shi ta King's Inns. Gidan masaukin King suma sune kawai jiki da ke da ikon kiran mutane zuwa mashaya da kuma hana su.
Yawancin lauyoyin Irish sun zaɓi Bar of Ireland, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki, lokacin da za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Babban Mashawarci ("SC"). Duk baristan da ba a kira su zuwa Barr Ciki ba an san su da Junior Counsel (kuma ana gano su da baƙaƙen baƙaƙen “BL”), ba tare da la’akari da shekaru ko gogewa ba. Shiga cikin Bar na ciki ana yin shi ta hanyar bayyanawa a gaban Kotun Koli, ikon mallakar ikon da gwamnati ta ba da ita. Barristers na Irish ƙwararru ne kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za su samar da ɗakuna ko haɗin gwiwa ba idan suna son ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Laburaren Shari'a na Bar of Ireland.
Don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin Bar of Ireland, sabon ƙwararren barrister ana horar da shi zuwa gogaggen lauya na aƙalla shekaru bakwai na gogewa. Ana kiran wannan koyo da almajiri ko shaidan. Iblis wajibi ne ga waɗancan lauyoyin da ke son zama memba na Laburaren Shari'a kuma yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya na shari'a. Ya zama ruwan dare ga shaidan na shekara ta biyu a cikin tsari mara kyau amma wannan ba wajibi ba ne. Ba a yawan biyan aljanu albashin aikinsu a cikin shekar shedarsu.
A cikin Isra'ila, babu bambanci tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi, duk da cewa tsarin shari'a a Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, a matsayin ci gaba da Dokar Burtaniya a Falasdinu. A zahiri, akwai lauyoyi a Isra'ila waɗanda ba sa zuwa kotu, kuma aikinsu yana kama da na lauya.
Japan
Japan ta ɗauki tsarin haɗin kai. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin aiki a wasu ƙayyadaddun dokoki, irin su masu rubutun ( shiho shoshi, ƙwararrun yin rajistar rajista, ajiya, da wasu ƙararrakin kotu tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida), masu lissafin haraji ( zeirishi )., wanda ya cancanci shirya harajin haraji, ba da shawara game da lissafin haraji da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na haraji na gudanarwa) da kuma wakilai na haƙƙin mallaka ( "benrishi", wanda ya cancanci yin rajistar rajista da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na gudanarwa). Lauyoyin ( bengoshi ) ne kawai za su iya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma sun cancanci yin aiki a kowane fanni na doka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, wuraren da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun doka da ke sama aka ba su damar yin aiki. Yawancin lauyoyi har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan aikin kotu kuma har yanzu ƙananan lauyoyi suna ba da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shawarwarin shari'a a kowace rana ga manyan kamfanoni.
Netherlands
Netherlands ta kasance tana da wata sana'ar shari'a mai rabe-raben da ta ƙunshi lauya da mai ba da izini, na ƙarshe ya yi kama da, har zuwa wani lokaci, aikin lauya. A karkashin wannan tsarin, lauyoyin suna da damar wakiltar wadanda suke karewa a shari'a, amma kawai suna iya shigar da kara a gaban kotun da aka yi musu rajista. Shari'ar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon wata kotun dole ne wani ɗan kasuwa da ya yi rajista a waccan kotun ya shigar da kara, a aikace sau da yawa wani lauya yana aiwatar da ayyukan biyu. An tabo tambayoyi kan wajibcin rabuwar, ganin cewa babbar manufarsa - kiyaye ingancin aikin shari'a da kiyaye dokokin kotunan kananan hukumomi da kwastam - ya zama tsoho. Don haka, an soke mai siyar a matsayin sana'a ta daban kuma ayyukanta sun haɗu da aikin lauya a 2008. A halin yanzu, lauyoyi na iya shigar da kara a gaban kowace kotu, ba tare da la’akari da inda aka yi musu rajista ba. Iyakar abin da aka sani kawai ya shafi shari'o'in farar hula da aka gabatar a gaban Kotun Koli, wanda lauyoyin da suka yi rajista a Kotun Koli dole ne su gudanar da su, don haka suna samun lakabin "lauya a Kotun Koli".
New Zealand
A cikin New Zealand, ba a haɗa guraben ayyukan a bisa ka'ida ba amma ana yin rajistar masu aikin a Babban Kotun a matsayin "Barristers da Lauyoyi". Za su iya zaɓar, duk da haka, don yin aiki a matsayin barista su kaɗai. Kimanin kashi 15% na yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin barista, galibi a cikin manyan birane kuma yawanci a cikin "ɗakuna" (bayan kalmomin Burtaniya). Suna karɓar "umarni" daga wasu masu aiki, aƙalla na asali. Yawancin lokaci suna gudanar da shari'ar gaba ɗaya.
Duk wani lauya na iya neman zama mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) don gane gudummawar da ta daɗe a fannin shari'a amma ana ba da wannan matsayin ne kawai ga waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Wannan matakin da ake magana da shi a matsayin "ana kiransa zuwa mashaya na ciki" ko "ɗaukar siliki", ana ɗaukarsa mai daraja sosai kuma ya kasance mataki a cikin aikin alkalan New Zealand da yawa.
Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba, kalmar “junior barrister” an fi amfani da ita wajen koma wa lauyan da ke da takardar shedar aiki a matsayin barrister, amma wani babban barrister ne ya dauke shi aiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan barristers suna cikin shekaru biyar na farko na aikin kuma har yanzu ba su cancanci yin aiki a matsayin barista kaɗai ba. Barristers sole (watau barrister wadanda ba wani barrister suke aiki ba) wadanda ba Lauyan Sarauniya ba ba a taba kiran su da kananan barrister.
Najeriya
A Najeriya, babu bambanci tsakanin Barrister da lauyoyi. Duk daliban da suka ci jarrabawar mashaya – wanda Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya ta ke bayarwa – ana kiranta zuwa mashawartan Najeriya, ta Body of Benchers. Lauyoyi na iya yin gardama a kowace kotun tarayya ko kotun daukaka kara da kuma kowacce kotuna a jihohi 36 na Najeriya da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Doka ta ‘Legal Practitioner’s Act’ tana kiran lauyoyin Najeriya a matsayin masu aikin shari’a, kuma bayan kiran da suka yi wa lauyoyin, lauyoyin Najeriya sun shigar da sunayensu a cikin rajista ko Roll of Legal Practitioners da ke a Kotun Koli. Watakila, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, kuma yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya suna kiran kansu Barista-at-Law cike da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na "BL".
Yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya sun haɗu da aiki mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa, ko da yake ana samun haɓaka ga masu sana'a a cikin manyan ayyuka don ƙware a ɗayan ko ɗayan. A cikin harshe na magana a cikin ma'aikatan lauyoyin Najeriya, lauyoyi na iya, saboda wannan dalili, ana iya kiran su "masu kara" ko "lauyoyin".
Kamar yadda ake yi a Ingila da sauran wurare a cikin Commonwealth, ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki ta hanyar ba da matsayi na Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN).
Pakistan
Sana'ar a Pakistan ta haɗu; mai ba da shawara yana aiki duka a matsayin lauya da lauya, tare da samar da haƙƙin masu saurare. Don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a Pakistan, mai digiri na lauya dole ne ya kammala matakai uku: wuce Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), a kira shi zuwa Bar ta Inn of Court, kuma ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin [ kotunan Pakistan daga majalisar lauyoyi masu dacewa, lardi ko tarayya.
Poland
A Poland, akwai manyan nau'ikan sana'o'in shari'a guda biyu: mai ba da shawara da lauya. Dukansu an kayyade su kuma waɗannan sana'o'in an iyakance su ne kawai ga mutanen da suka kammala karatun shari'a na shekaru biyar, suna da ƙwarewar akalla shekaru uku kuma suka ci jarrabawar ƙasa biyar masu wahala (dokar farar hula, dokar laifuka, dokar kamfani, dokar gudanarwa da ɗa'a) ko kuma suna da likitan digiri. Kafin 2015, kawai bambanci shine masu ba da shawara suna da hakkin su wakilci abokan ciniki a gaban kotu a kowane hali kuma masu ba da shawara na shari'a ba za su iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a gaban kotu ba a cikin laifuka. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka don haka a halin yanzu, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan sana'o'in mahimmancin tarihi ne kawai.
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu aiki da aikin masu ba da shawara (kamar yadda aka san barista a Afirka ta Kudu) ya yi daidai da sauran Commonwealth. Masu ba da shawara suna ɗaukar matsayi na ƙarami ko Babban Mashawarci (SC), kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma suna biyan su (wanda aka sani da lauyoyi ). Yawancin lokaci ana aiki da su a manyan kotuna, musamman a Kotunan daukaka kara inda sukan bayyana a matsayin ƙwararrun lauya. Lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (lauyoyin) suna bin al'adar mika kararraki ga Lauyan don ra'ayi kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar, lokacin da mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan tambaya a matsayin kwararre a cikin shari'ar da ke kan gaba. Masu neman shawara a halin yanzu suna shafe shekara ɗaya a cikin ɗalibi (tsohon watanni shida kacal) kafin a shigar da su mashaya a yankunansu ko na shari'a. Ana amfani da kalmar "Advocate" wani lokaci a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin take, misali "Mai ba da shawara John Doe, SC" ( Advokaat a cikin Afrikaans) kamar yadda "Dr. John Doe" ga likitan likita.
Koriya ta Kudu
A Koriya ta Kudu, babu bambanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a da lauyoyi. A baya, mutumin da ya ci jarrabawar mashawarta ta kasa bayan shekaru biyu na karatun kasa, zai iya zama alkali, mai gabatar da kara, ko “lauya” daidai da maki bayan kammala karatunsa. Sakamakon canje-canje daga aiwatar da tsarin makarantar doka, akwai daidaitattun hanyoyi guda biyu na zama lauya. A karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu, don zama alkali ko mai gabatar da kara, lauyoyi suna buƙatar aiwatar da iliminsu na shari'a. “Lauya” ba shi da iyakacin aiki.
Spain
Spain tana da rarrabuwa amma ba ta yi daidai da rarrabuwar kawuna a Biritaniya tsakanin Barristers/lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Procuradores suna wakiltar masu ƙarar ta hanyar doka a cikin kotu, gabaɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon ikon lauya wanda notary na dokar farar hula ya aiwatar, yayin da abogados ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan iƙirari na mai ƙara ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari. Abogados suna gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci biyu da ba da shawara dangane da shari'ar kotu, kuma suna da cikakken 'yancin sauraro a gaban kotun. Ana gudanar da shari'ar kotu da abogados, ba tare da masu ba da izini ba. A taƙaice, procuradores wakilai ne na kotu waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin abogado. Aikinsu ya ta’allaka ne ga yankin kotun da aka shigar da su.
Ƙasar Ingila
A karkashin dokar EU, an san lauyoyi, tare da masu ba da shawara, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi, a matsayin lauyoyi.
Ingila da Wales
Ko da yake tare da wasu dokoki daban-daban, ana ɗaukar Ingila da Wales a cikin Burtaniya ɗaya ɗaya kuma haɗen ikon doka don dalilai na dokar farar hula da na laifuka, tare da Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'a biyu a cikin Burtaniya. Ingila da Wales suna rufe da mashaya gama gari (kungiyar barristers) da ƙungiyar doka ɗaya (kungiyar lauyoyi).
Sana'ar lauya a Ingila da Wales sana'a ce ta daban da ta lauya. Yana da, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a riƙe cancantar duka biyun lauya da lauya, da/ko zartarwar doka da aka yi hayar a lokaci guda. Ba lallai ba ne a bar mashaya don cancanta a matsayin lauya.
Barristers ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni, yanki na Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi. Dole ne lauya ya kasance memba na ɗaya daga cikin Inns of Court, wanda a al'ada ya karanta da kuma tsara barristers. Akwai Inns guda huɗu na Kotu: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, The Honourable Society of Grey's Inn, The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple, da The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple. Duk suna a tsakiyar London, kusa da Kotunan Sarauta na Shari'a. Suna yin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa, kuma a kowane hali, suna ba da taimakon kuɗi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai (wanda ya dace da cancanta) ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Inn ne a zahiri "kira" dalibi zuwa mashaya a wani biki mai kama da kammala karatun. Ayyukan zamantakewa sun haɗa da cin abinci tare da sauran membobin da baƙi da kuma gudanar da wasu abubuwan.
Wadanda suka kammala karatun shari'a da ke son yin aiki kuma a san su da Barristers dole ne su ɗauki kwas ɗin horo na ƙwararru (wanda aka sani da "bangaren sana'a") a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Majalisar lauyoyi ta amince. Har zuwa ƙarshen 2020 wannan kwas ɗin ita ce kawai Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, amma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tayin horon da aka amince da shi don zama barista ta hanyar darussa daban-daban, irin su sabon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kotun. Bayan kammala karatun sana'o'in cikin nasara, ana kiran 'yan barista dalibai zuwa mashaya ta wurin masaukin nasu kuma ana daga darajarsu zuwa matakin "Barista". Koyaya, kafin su iya yin aikin kansu dole ne su fara ɗaukar watanni 12 na ɗalibi. Watanni shida (6)na farkon wannan lokacin ana yin su ne don inuwar ƙarin manyan likitoci, bayan haka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai za su iya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan kotu na kansu. Bayan nasarar kammala wannan matakin, yawancin lauyoyi sai su shiga rukunin Chambers, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke raba farashin gidaje da ma'aikatan tallafi yayin da suke zama masu zaman kansu.
A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 akwai wasu baristoci sama da dubu shabiyar 15,500 a cikin ayyukan zaman kansu, wanda kusan kashi goma daga cikinsu Lauyan Sarauniya ne, sauran kuma ƙananan lauyoyi ne. Yawancin lauyoyi (kimanin 2,800) suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni a matsayin shawara na "cikin gida", ko ta karamar hukuma ko ta ƙasa ko a cibiyoyin ilimi.
Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the Public Access Scheme; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law (see the Public Access Information on the Bar Council website) and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister (rather than the solicitor) who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation.
Kafin barrister ya gudanar da aikin shiga jama'a, dole ne ya kammala kwas na musamman. A halin yanzu, kusan daya daga cikin 20 barista sun cancanci haka. Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na daban da ake kira "Lasisi mai lasisi", akwai ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ƙwararrun abokin ciniki; ba a bude ga jama'a. Aikin shigar da jama’a ya yi kaurin suna a mashaya, inda lauyoyi suka yi amfani da sabuwar damar da mashawar ta samu wajen cin riba ta fuskacin yanke tallafin shari’a a wasu wurare na wannan sana’a.
Ikon Barristers na karɓar irin waɗannan umarnin ci gaba ne na kwanan nan; ya samo asali ne daga wani canji a cikin dokokin da Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi ya kafa a watan Yulin 2004. An bullo da tsarin shiga jama’a a matsayin wani bangare na budaddiyar tsarin shari’a ga jama’a da kuma saukaka da rahusa wajen samun shawarwarin shari’a. Yana kara rage banbance tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi. Bambancin ya rage saboda akwai wasu sassa na aikin lauya da lauya ba zai iya yi ba.
A tarihi, barrister na iya amfani da girmamawa, Esquire. Duk da cewa kalmar barrister-at-law wani lokaci ana ganinta, kuma ta kasance ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a taɓa yin daidai ba a Ingila da Wales. Barrister shine kawai daidaitaccen nomenclature.
Ana sa ran Barristers su kula da kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru. Makasudin ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar shine don guje wa rinjaye ta ko dai lauya ko abokin ciniki da kuma abokin ciniki da aka ba su damar yanke shawara a cikin yanayi mai tallafi kuma, bi da bi, abokin ciniki yana tsammanin (a bayyane da/ko a bayyane) Lauyan da ke kula da ayyukansu, wato ta hanyar yin aiki bisa maslahar abokin ciniki (CD2), yin aiki da gaskiya da gaskiya (CD3), kiyaye al'amuran abokin ciniki sirri (CD6) da yin aiki zuwa ma'auni mai inganci (CD7). Waɗannan mahimman ayyuka (CDs) kaɗan ne, da sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin Littafin Jagora na BSB.
Ireland ta Arewa
A cikin Afrilu 2003 akwai Barristeri 554 a cikin aiki mai zaman kansa a Ireland ta Arewa. 66 sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QCs), Barristers waɗanda suka sami babban suna kuma Sarauniyar ta nada su bisa shawarar Ubangiji Chancellor a matsayin manyan masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara.
Waɗannan barrister waɗanda ba QCs ba ana kiran su Junior Counsel kuma ana yin su da salon "BL" ko "Barrister-at-Law". Kalmar junior sau da yawa yaudara ce tun da yawancin membobin Junior Bar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai.
Benchers sune, kuma sun kasance na ƙarni, hukumomin gudanarwa na Inns na Kotu guda huɗu a London da King's Inns, Dublin. Benchers na Inn na Kotun Arewacin Ireland sun gudanar da Inn har sai an kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Inn a cikin 1983, wanda ya ba da cewa an raba gwamnatin Inn tsakanin Benchers, Majalisar Zartarwa na Inn da membobin Inn. taro a Babban Taro.
Majalisar Zartarwa (ta hanyar Kwamitin Ilimi) tana da alhakin yin la'akari da Memorials da masu nema suka gabatar don shigar da su a matsayin ɗaliban Inn da kuma ɗaliban Bar na Inn don shigar da digiri na Barrister-at-Law da ba da shawarwari ga Benchers. Benchers ne ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe akan waɗannan abubuwan Tunatarwa. Benchers kuma suna da keɓantaccen ikon korar ko dakatar da ɗalibin Bar da kuma hana barista ko dakatar da barrister daga aiki.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu kotunan ƙararrakin ƙararrakin jihohi suna buƙatar lauyoyi su sami wata takardar shaidar shigar da ƙara da yin aiki a kotun daukaka kara. Kotunan tarayya na buƙatar takamaiman shigar da ƙarar kotun don yin aiki a gabanta. A matakin daukaka kara na jihohi da kuma a kotunan tarayya, gaba daya babu wani tsarin jarrabawa daban, kodayake wasu kotunan gundumomi na Amurka suna bukatar a yi nazari kan ayyuka da hanyoyin da ake bi a kotunansu. Sai dai idan an buƙaci jarrabawa, yawanci ana ba da izinin shiga a matsayin al'amari ga kowane lauya mai lasisi a jihar da kotu take. Wasu kotunan tarayya za su ba da izinin shiga kowane lauya mai lasisi a kowace ikon Amurka.
Saminu Abdullahi
Saminu Kwari Abdullahi (an haife shi 3 Janairu 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a kulob Din Latvia Spartaks Jūrmala.
Aikin kulob
Ya buga wasan sa na farko a gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Rasha don FC Veles Moscow a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2021 a wasan da FC Tom Tomsk.
Esuk Oro
Esuk Oro kungiyar Oron ce a karamar hukumar Oron a jihar Akwa Ibom a Najeriya inda makarantar Maritime Academy of Nigeria da Methodist Boys' High School, Oron take.
IIIewi
Ilewi karamin kauye ne a garin Imiekuri, Okpella, Najeriya karamar hukumar Estako ta gabas, kauyen ya shahara da itacen dabino da bishiyar gora da kuma kasuwanci, kuma mahaifar Unhokhasor Olowu ne marigayi kuma tsohon sarkin Imiekuri.
Maha Laziri
Maha Laziri (an haife ta a shekara alif ta 1989) yar gwagwarmayar neman ilimi ce ta kasar Maroko, wanda itace ta kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta (Teach4Morocco). A cikin kuma shekara ta 2014, Kasuwancin Larabawa sun sanya ta a cikin 17 a cikin jerin sunayen su guda 100 na Larabawa mafiya karfi.
Eti-Osa East
Eti-Osa Gabas yanki ne na ci gaban kananan hukumomi a Najeriya. An rabu da karamar hukumar Eti-Osa a shekarar 2003.
Josephine Kulea
Josephine Kulea yar kasar Kenya ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. An ceto ta daga yi mata kaciya da kuma auren dole tun tana karama, tun tana karama ta kafa gidauniyar ‘yan mata ta Samburu, wadda ta ceto ‘yan mata fiye da 1,000 daga irin wannan dabi’a. Jakadan Amurka a Kenya Michael Ranneberger ya amince da Kulea a matsayin "gwarzon da ba a raira waƙa" ashekara ta 2011.
Rayuwarta
Josephine Kulea ta girma a cikin mutanen Samburu a Kenya. Yankin dai yana da al’adar “wuri”, ta yadda ’yan uwa maza suke ba wa ‘yan mata ’yan kwalliya abin wuya, da tilasta musu ayi musu kaciya, sannan su iya yin jima’i da su. Duk yaran da aka haifa daga waɗannan shirye-shiryen ana kashe su bayan an haife su. Kulea ta sami ceto daga wannan al'ada da auren yara ta wani limamin gida, kuma an aikata zuwa makarantar kwana a Meru, tare da albarkar iyayenta. Bayan da mahaifinta ya rasu bayan shekara biyu, kawun nata sun so su tilasta matayin aure, amma mahaifiyarta taki amincewa, kuma ta tabbatar tana zaune a makaranta. Kulea taci gaba da halartar makarantar sakandare ta allo da kuma Makarantar Nursing na Mathari Consolata a Nyeri.
Bayan ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya, Kulea ta ƙi yarda da auren wani ɗan kasuwa. Koyar da aikin jinya ta koya mata cewa FGM ba al'ada ba ce, kuma yin amfani da shi a Samburu bai dace da yanayin sauran al'ummomi ba. Kulea ta sami kuɗi a cikin shekara ta 2008 don taimakawa mata don ceto sauran 'yan mata daga Samuru, Laikipia, da Isiolo. Daya daga cikin ceton farko da tayi ita ce ta ‘yan uwanta guda biyu, daya daga cikinsu za ayi aurenta tana da shekara 10, sai kuma ‘yar uwarta wadda ta kai shekara 7 aka maye gurbinta. Ta yi nasarar kama kawun nata, wanda ke da hannu a wannan aika-aika (FGM da auren kananan yara an haramta su a Kenya a cikin shekara ta 2011).
Kulea ta kafa gidauniyar ‘yan mata ta Samburu a shekarar 2012, kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ta kubutar da ‘yan mata hamsin da shida 56 tare da taimaka musu wajen shirya karatunsu na sakandare. Bugu da kari, goma sha uku daga cikin jariran 'yan matan an sanya su cikin gidajen yara. Kulea tana aiki tare da 'yan sanda da matan 'yan majalisar Samburu ta Yamma Simeon Lesrima. Ta dogara da hanyar sadarwa na masu ba da labarai don sanar da su lokacin da ake yin haramtattun ayyuka. Haka kuma ta shirya wani shiri na rediyo domin wayar da kan jama'a kan haramtattun ayyuka da kuma sanar da jama'a labarin gidauniyarta. A karshen shekarar 2016, ance ta ceto ‘yan mata fiye da dubu 1,000 daga FGM da kuma auren dole.
Kulea da gidauniyar dai na adawa da wasu ‘yan siyasa da coci-coci, wadanda ke tsoron kada kuri’a ko ‘yan majalisa su rasa rayukansu, kuma suna fuskantar barazana da tsinuwa daga dattawan al’umma. Maganar da ta fi so ita ce: “Idan ka ilimantar da namiji, kana karantar da mutum Daya ne. Idan ka ilimantar da mace, ka ilmantar da al’umma baki daya”. by James Emman Kwegyr Aggrey.
Prince Mumba (athlete)
Prince Moses Mumba tsohon dan wasan tsere ne dan kasar Zambia wanda ya kware a tseren mita 800. Ya yi takara a Zambia a 2004 da kuma 2012 Olympics lokacin zafi. Mumba ya halarci gasar IAAF ta duniya sau uku a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, a shekarun 2005, 2009, da 2011. Bugu da ƙari, ya kuma wakilci Zambia a gasar cin kofin Afirka guda biyu a 2007 da 2011. Yana aiki a matsayin mai horar da wasan track and field Makarantar Windward a Mar Vista, California. Mumba shi ne mai rike da tuta ga Zambia a bukin budewa da rufe wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2012. An haife shi a Kitwe, Zambia.
A cikin shekarar 2016 an nuna shi a cikin wani tallace-tallace mai suna "HOPE" don kamfen na "Real Lives x Real Runners" na Footlocker, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da fim a rayuwarsa. Ashley Avis zai jagoranci fim ɗin, kuma Cary Granat, Michael Flaherty, da Edward Winters ne suka shirya.
Igirigiri
Wannan kauyene a karamar hukumar Ado-Ekiti dake jihar Ekiti,a Najeriya.
Gilbert Nnaji
Gilbert Emeka Nnaji (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 1966 a Umunike, Enugu ta Gabas, Nigeria) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. Shine ɗan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar yankin Enugu ta gabas a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Ya kasance Sanata a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta 8.
Ya yi karatun firamare a Community Primary School, Amoji, Nike. Daga nan ya wuce makarantar Boys High School Awkunanaw inda ya yi karatunsa na Sakandare. Daga nan ya halarci Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka inda ya kammala karatunsa na B.Sc a fannin Banki da Kuɗi.
Gilbert Nnaji ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin da ya zama shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Enugu ta Gabas daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 1998. An sake zaɓen shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2002.