cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Masallacin Fakr Ad-Din
Masallacin Fakr Ad-Din (Larabci: مسجد فخر الدين زنكي), wanda aka fi sani da Masjid Fakhr Ad-Din, shi ne masallaci mafi tsufa a Mogadishu, Somalia. Tana cikin Hamar Weyne (a zahiri "babbar Hamar"), mafi tsufa ɓangare na garin. An yi imanin cewa shi ne masallaci na 7 mafi tsufa a Afirka.
Kadalaveni
Duba kuma
Vyachakurahalli
Masallacin Fakr Ad-Din
Bayani
Sultan Fakr ad-Din, Sultan na farko na Sultanate of Mogadishu ne ya gina masallacin a shekarar 969. Masarautar Muzaffar ce ta gaji wannan gidan mulkin, kuma daga baya masarautar ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Sarautar Ajuran.
Dutse, gami da marmara da murjani na Indiya, su ne kayan farko da aka yi amfani da su wajen ginin masallacin. Tsarin yana nuna karamin tsari na rectangular, tare da daskararren mihrab axis. Hakanan ana amfani da tiles masu ƙyalli a cikin adon mihrab, ɗayan ɗauke da kwanan wata rubutu.
Hotunan masallacin Fakr ad-Din sun fito a zane da hotuna na tsakiyar Mogadishu daga karshen karni na 19 zuwa gaba. Ana iya gano masallacin a tsakanin wasu gine-gine ta cones biyu, zagaye ɗaya kuma ɗayan yana da kyau.
Benedict na Sha Shida
Benedict na Sha Shida ko Joseph Ratzinger (an haife shi a ran sha shida ga Afrilu a shekara ta 1927, a Marktl, Jamus) fafaroma ne daga 2005 (bayan John Paul na Biyu) zuwa 2013 (kafin Francis). Ya rasu a ranar 31 ga Disamba a shekara ta 2022, a birnin Rum.
ya kasance shugaban Cocin Katolika kuma mai mulkin Jihar Vatican daga 19 Afrilu 2005 har zuwa murabus dinsa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2013. Zaben Benedict a matsayin Paparoma ya faru ne a taron Paparoma na 2005 wanda ya biyo bayan mutuwar Paparoma John Paul na biyu. Benedict ya zaɓi a san shi da " Paparoma Emeritus " a kan murabus ɗinsa, kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan lakabi har mutuwarsa a cikin Disamba 2022. An naɗa shi a matsayin frist a 1951 a ƙasarsa ta Bavaria, Ratzinger ya fara aikin ilimi kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin masanin tauhidi mai daraja a ƙarshen 1950s. An nada shi cikakken farfesa a 1958 yana da shekaru 31. Bayan ya yi aiki mai tsawo a matsayin farfesa na ilimin tauhidi a jami'o'in Jamus da dama, an nada shi Archbishop na Munich da Freising kuma Paparoma Paul na VI ya kirkiro wani Cardinal a shekara ta 1977, wani sabon ci gaba da ba a saba gani ba ga wanda ba shi da kwarewar fastoci. A cikin 1981, an nada shi Shugaban Ikilisiya don Koyarwar Bangaskiya, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji na Roman Curia. Daga 2002 har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe shi Paparoma, ya kasance shugaban Kwalejin Cardinals. Kafin ya zama Paparoma, ya kasance "babban jigo a dandalin Vatican na kwata na karni"; yana da tasiri "na biyu zuwa ba ko ɗaya idan aka zo batun kafa al'amuran coci da jagorori" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin amintattun John Paul II. Rubuce-rubucen Benedict sun yi yawa kuma gabaɗaya sun kare koyarwar Katolika na gargajiya, dabi'u, da liturgy. Asalinsa malamin tauhidi ne mai sassaucin ra'ayi amma ya ɗauki ra'ayin mazan jiya bayan 1968. A lokacin sarautarsa, Benedict ya ba da shawarar komawa ga muhimman dabi'u na Kirista don magance karuwar rashin zaman lafiya na yawancin kasashen yammacin Turai. Ya duba ma'anar tsarin ilimin halayyar gaskiya, kuma musun gaskiyar gaskiyar abin ɗabi'a musamman, a matsayin karni na tsakiya na karni na 21. Benedict kuma ya farfado da hadisai da yawa, gami da Mass Tridentine
Rayuwa ta farko: 1927-1951
Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger ( German: [ˈjoːzɛf ʔaˈlɔʏzi̯ʊs ˈʁatsɪŋɐ] ) an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, Asabar Mai Tsarki, 1927 a Schulstraße 11 da ƙarfe 8:30 na safe a gidan iyayensa da ke Marktl, Bavaria, Jamus. Ya yi baftisma a wannan rana. Shi ne ɗa na uku kuma ƙarami na Joseph Ratzinger Sr., ɗan sanda, da Maria Ratzinger ( née Peintner ); Kakansa shi ne firist-dan siyasar Jamus Georg Ratzinger. Iyalin mahaifiyarsa sun fito ne daga Kudancin Tyrol (yanzu a Italiya). Babban ɗan'uwan Benedict, Georg, ya zama limamin Katolika kuma shi ne tsohon darektan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Regensburger Domspatzen. 'Yar'uwarsa, Maria, wadda ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, ta kula da gidan ɗan'uwanta Yusufu har sai ta mutu a 1991. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, Ratzinger ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar yara waɗanda suka yi maraba da ziyarar Cardinal Archbishop na Munich, Michael von Faulhaber, tare da furanni. An buge shi da rigar musamman na Cardinal, sai ya sanar a ranar cewa yana son zama Cardinal. Ya halarci makarantar firamare a Aschau am Inn, wanda aka canza masa suna a cikin 2009. A cikin 1939, yana da shekaru 12, ya shiga cikin ƙaramin makarantar hauza a Traunstein. Wannan lokacin ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe makarantar hauza don aikin soja a 1942, kuma an mayar da daliban gida. Ratzinger ya koma Traunstein.
Lokacin yaƙi da nadawa
Iyalin Ratzinger, musamman mahaifinsa, sun ji haushin Nazis sosai, kuma hamayyar mahaifinsa ga Naziism ya haifar da raguwa da cin zarafi ga iyalin. Bayan haihuwarsa ta 14 a shekara ta 1941, Ratzinger ya shiga cikin Matasa na Hitler —kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci zama memba ga dukan ’ya’yan Jamus maza ’yan shekara 14 bayan Maris 1939 —amma memba ne mara ƙwazo da ya ƙi halartar taro, in ji dan uwansa. A cikin 1941, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Ratzinger, yaro ɗan shekara 14 da Down syndrome, gwamnatin Nazi ta ɗauke shi kuma aka kashe shi a lokacin yaƙin Aktion T4 na Nazi eugenics. A cikin 1943, yayin da yake cikin makarantar hauza, an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da jiragen sama na Jamus a matsayin Luftwaffenhelfer. Daga nan sai Ratzinger ya samu horo a cikin rundunar sojojin Jamus. Yayin da ƙungiyar Allied ta gabatowa kusa da mukaminsa a cikin 1945, ya koma gidan danginsa a Traunstein bayan ƙungiyarsa ta daina wanzuwa, kamar yadda sojojin Amurka suka kafa hedkwatar gidan Ratzinger. A matsayinsa na sojan Jamus, an shigar da shi fursunoni a sansanonin yaƙi na Amurka, na farko a Neu-Ulm, sannan a Fliegerhorst Bad Aibling (nan da nan za a sake mayar da shi azaman tashar Bad Aibling ) inda yake a lokacin Nasara a Ranar Turai, kuma an sake shi. 19 ga Yuni 1945.
Ikara
Ikara karamar hukuma ce da ke cikin jihar Kaduna a arewacin Najeriya, mai tazarar kilomita 75 daga arewa maso gabas daga birnin Zaria. Ikara a matsayin gunduma ta ƙunshi garuruwa biyar waɗanda su ne Ikara, tudun - wada, Nasarawa, Sabon - Gari, Jamfalan, Kurmin - Kogi, Hayin -Bawa, Pala da Saya - Saya. bi da bi. Majalisar karamar hukumar na karkashin jagorancin Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu.
Manyan kabilun mutanen yankin su ne Hausawa da Fulani. Addininsu shine Musulunci da Kiristanci. Babban aikin su shine noma. Suna samar da masara, masarar Guinea, Wake, Waken Soya, Shinkafa, Rogo, Tumatir, Rake, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona da dama.
Tarihi
Juyin halittar ɗan adam a Ikara yana da tasiri sosai ta yanayin muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. juyin halitta ya samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1808 lokacin da kabilar Jukun suka zauna a garin Ikara. Bakin haure ne da suka tsere daga harin da malaman addinin Musulunci daga Kano suka kai musu saboda kin karbar Musulunci. Sun zauna a ƙarƙashin tsaunin Ikara (Duts Lungi) na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin daga baya suka sauka a wani fili kusa da dutsen. An yi imanin mutanen Jukunawa su ne suka kafa garin Ikara kuma suka sanya masa suna "Ikara" ma'anar kalmar jukun a boye a nan ko kuma wurin buya. An kuma kafa karamar hukumar ne a shekara ta 1976 daga rusasshiyar lardin Zariya.
Tsarin Gudanarwa
Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu wato:
Yana da sassa shida (6), wadanda su ne kamar haka.
Noma
Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta dogara ne akan noma da karatun shanu. Ikara yana da karfi rabo na aiki bisa ga shekaru da jima'i. Maza da yawa suna da sana'o'i guda ɗaya kamar manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Matan Ikare suna samun kudi ta hanyar sarrafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci a gida ko kasuwanni.
Ciniki
Ayyukan tallace-tallace a karamar Hukumar sun ƙunshi kayayyakin gona. A ƙasa akwai jerin manyan kasuwannin su.
Ilimi
Akwai Makarantun Sakandire goma sha uku a wannan Karamar Hukumar wato :-
(Na sirri)
Ikara Comprehensive Academy (ICA) shahararriyar makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a cikin garin Ikara, makarantar tana da matsayi mai girma ta fuskar samar da ilimi mai inganci.
Siffofin Geographical
Babu wani yanayi na musamman a Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Makarfi a Yamma, Soba ta Kudu, Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano a Arewa. Kubau ta Kudu
Babban ofishin
Ikara, Wanda babban gari ne hedkwatar
Kayayyakin Lafiya
Akwai cikakkun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyar da kuma asibitoci arba'in da hudu dake cikin wannan yanki.
Akwai Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ikara LGs masu Cibiyoyin Lafiya huɗu da ke Ikara kanta.
Masana'antu
Kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Ikara (Tumato)
Ma'aikatar shari'a
Karamar hukumar tana da kotuna guda uku a hedkwatar Ikara, wato:
Iyakar Saudiyya da Daular Larabawa
Iyakar Saudi Arabiya zuwa United Arab Emirates tana da Tsawon kilomita 457 (284 mi) kuma yana tafiya daga gabar Tekun Fasha a yamma zuwa bakin teku tare da Oman a gabas. Gwamnatocin Saudiyya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Jeddah a birnin Jeddah na kasar Saudiyya a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 1974 tsakanin Faisal na Saudiyya da Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan bisa ga dukkan alamu kawo karshen takaddamar kan iyaka da ta dauki tsawon lokaci ana gwabzawa, amma bisa ga cewar. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba a sasanta takaddamar ba saboda sabanin da ke tsakanin yarjejeniyar ta baka kafin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da kuma rubutun karshe na yarjejeniyar da kanta. A cewar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, gwamnati ba ta lura da wannan sabani ba sai a shekarar 1975 sakamakon rashin lauyoyi, masu fasaha, da masu nazarin yanayin kasa a cikin tawagarta ta tattaunawar. Tun daga lokacin ne Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi yunkurin mayar da Saudiyya kan teburin tattaunawa.
Ikara
Albarkatun Ma'adinai
Hausawa/Fulani
Iyakar Saudiyya da Daular Larabawa
Bayani a kan Iyakar
Iyakar ta ƙunshi layi madaidaiciya guda huɗu: na farko yana farawa daga yamma a bakin tekun a Tekun Sumayrah kusa da gabar tekun Ras Khumays (Ghumais) ta UAE, ta zarce zuwa kudu tsawon kilomita 26 (mita 16); na biyu yana daidaitawa NW-SE kuma yana tafiyar kilomita 166 (103 mi); na uku yana daidaitawa NW-SE kuma yana tafiyar kilomita 265 (164 mi); kuma na huɗu yana daidaita SW-NE kuma yana tafiyar kilomita 12 (7 mi) har zuwa yankin Omani. Iyakar ta ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin hamada, lokaci-lokaci tana yanke ciyayi mai gishiri kamar Sabkhat Matti.
Rural Municipality of Gravelbourg No. 104
Karamar Hukumar Gravelbourg No. 104 (yawan jama'a a shekarar 2016 : 472) birni ne na karkara (RM) a lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Sashin ƙidayar jama'a na 3 da Sashen na 2. Tana cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na lardin.
Iyakar Saudiyya da Daular Larabawa
Tarihi
A tarihi babu wata ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun iyaka a wannan yanki na yankin Larabawa. A cikin karni na 19, Biritaniya ta rattaba hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kariya da masarautu bakwai a kan abin da a lokacin ake kira 'Pirate Coast', wanda ya haifar da abin da ake kira Jihohin Gaskiya. Ƙasar Larabawa ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Larabawa marasa tsari, lokaci-lokaci suna kafa masarautu, waɗanda suka fi fice daga cikinsu ita ce Masarautar Nejd da Hasa waɗanda dangin al-Saud ke mulki. Biritaniya da Daular Ottoman bisa ka'ida sun raba ra'ayoyinsu na tasiri a cikin Larabawa ta hanyar abin da ake kira 'Blue' da 'Layin Violet' a cikin 1913-14.
Ikara
Yawan jama'a
mutane 194,723 (ƙidayar 2006)
Rural Municipality of Gravelbourg No. 104
Geography
Kogin Wood da Notikeu Creek siffofi ne na halitta guda biyu a cikin RM. Wurin shakatawa na tafkin Gaumond Bay yana kusa da wurin shakatawa na yankin Thomson Lake.
Iyakar Saudiyya da Daular Larabawa
Tarihi
A lokacin yakin duniya na farko wani tawaye na Larabawa, wanda Birtaniya ke marawa baya, ya yi nasarar kawar da Daular Usmaniyya daga yawancin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya; A cikin wannan lokaci Ibn Saud ya yi nasarar fadada mulkinsa sosai, daga karshe ya shelanta daular Saudiyya a shekarar 1932. Ibn Saud ya ki amincewa da layukan Anglo-Ottoman kuma ya yi da'awar manyan yankunan gabashin Larabawa (wanda ake kira daular). 'Layin Hamza').
Rural Municipality of Gravelbourg No. 104
Al'ummomi da yankuna
Gundumomin birni masu zuwa suna kewaye da RM.
Hogan Jimoh
Hogan "Atomic Bomb" Jimoh (an haife shi ne 29 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1955 a Ilori ) ne a Nijeriya sana'a hur dambe na 1970s kuma '80s wanda ya lashe Nijeriya hur take, West African Hur da Title, kuma Commonwealth hur suna.
Rural Municipality of Gravelbourg No. 104
Al'ummomi da yankuna
Al'ummomin da ba a haɗa su ba suna cikin RM.
Alkaluma
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, RM na Gravelbourg No. 104 yana da yawan jama'a 317 da ke zaune a cikin 125 daga cikin 154 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -14.8% daga yawanta na 2016 na 372. Tare da yanki na 824.45 km2, tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.4/km   a cikin 2021.
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, RM na Gravelbourg No. 104 ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 472 da ke zaune a cikin 184 daga cikin 188 jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 54.2% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 306. Tare da yanki na 841.98 km2, tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.6/km   a cikin 2016.
Gwamnati
RM na Gravelbourg No. 104 ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun majalissar ƙaramar hukuma da naɗaɗɗen gudanarwa wanda ke ganawa a ranar Laraba ta biyu na kowane wata. Reve na RM shine Guy Lorrain yayin da mai kula da shi Patricia Verville. Ofishin RM yana cikin Gravelbourg.
Ikara
Adireshin gidan waya
PMB 1101, Ikara
Théodin Ramanjary
Théodin Roger Ramanjary (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Malagasy wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Malagasy Pro League Fosa Juniors da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Madagascar.
Girmamawa
Fosa Juniors
Ikara
Addini
Makarantu da manyan makarantu suna ba da filin wasa don wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin LGA
Hanyar Sadarwa
Aikin gina titi ya samu kulawa a lokacin Gwamna Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi.
Makarantar Sakandare
YAkwai biyu daga cikinsu wato
Sarakunan Gargajiya
Hakimai na gundumomi ne ke gudanar da waɗannan yankuna. Su ne:
Hankalin yawon bude ido
Karamar hukumar ta cika da wasu duwatsu da magudanan ruwa na Kogi.
Garuruwa da Kauyuka
Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, Pala, Saulawa, Rumi, Saya-saya, Kuya
Ruwa
Dam ruwan Ikara
Yan siyasa
Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu shine shugaban karamar hukumar Ikara dake jihar Kaduna a yanzu.
Iyakar Saudiyya da Daular Larabawa
Tarihi
A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1935 jami'an Burtaniya sun gana da Ibn Saud a yunƙurin ƙaddamar da iyaka tsakanin sabuwar masarauta da masu kare bakin teku, gami da Jihohin Gaskiya.[7] Duk da haka taron ya kasance mai zubar da ciki kuma har yanzu ba a warware matsalar ba.
Ba a bayyana tanade-tanaden yarjejeniyar 1974 a bainar jama'a ba sai 1995, lokacin da aka shigar da ita ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba ta taba amincewa da yarjejeniyar ba.
Rigimar Buraimi
A shekarar 1949, Saudiyya a karkashin mulkin Ibn Saud da Saudi Aramco sun yi kutse zuwa yankin yammacin masarautar Abu Dhabi, saboda tunanin samun mai. Ibn Saud kuma yana da sha'awar mulkin yankin Al Ain da Al Buraimi, da ke Gabashin yankin Abu Dhabi a kan iyakarsa da Oman. Wannan ya haifar da rigimar Buraimi[10]. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1952, wasu gungun masu gadi na Saudiyya 80, 40 daga cikinsu suna dauke da makamai, karkashin jagorancin Sarkin Saudiyya, Ras Tanura, Turki bin Abdullah Al Otaishan, suka tsallaka yankin Abu Dhabi, suka mamaye Hamasa, daya daga cikin kauyuka uku na Omani. oasis, suna da'awar a matsayin wani yanki na lardin Gabashin Saudiyya.
A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1954, an amince da a mai da gardamar zuwa kotun sasantawa ta duniya. A halin da ake ciki kuma, Saudiyya ta fara wani kamfen na karbar cin hanci da rashawa domin samun sanarwar biyayyar kabilanci da ya kamata a dogara da ita. Wannan yakin har ya kai ga Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, dan uwan ​​Sheikh Shakhbut, mai mulkin Abu Dhabi kuma a lokacin walin Al Ain. Saudiya ne suka tunkari Zayed, da farko da tayin kashi 50% na duk wani kudin man da ake samu daga yankin, sai kuma sabuwar mota da Rupees 40,000. Hanya ta uku ta bai wa Zayed Rupee miliyan 400, daga karshe kuma, an sanar da shi cewa, wakilin Saudiyya, Abdullah Al Qurayshi, ya bukaci ya ba shi bindigogi uku.
Ali Elfil
Ali Ahmed Mohab Elfil dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Masar wanda ke buga wasa a kungiyar Future FC ta kasar Masar a matsayin mai tsaron baya
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ali Elfil a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1992 a Masar. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa a Telephonat Beni Suef SC. A cikin 2015, an canza shi zuwa Haras El Hodoud SC. A cikin 2018, Tala'ea El Gaish SC ta siye shi kuma a cikin 2022 an canza shi zuwa Future FC. Gabaɗaya, yana da wasanni sama da ɗari da kwallaye uku.
Kofuna
Ya kasance wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin EFA na 2019/2020 da kuma wanda ya lashe kofin Super Cup na 2020/2021.
Masarautar Daura
Masarautar Daura jiha ce ta addini da ta gargajiya a Arewacin Najeriya, har yanzu Sarkin Daura yana sarauta a matsayin sarki na gado, kuma yana kula da fada. Muhammad Bashar ya zama sarki a shekarar alif 1966, yana mulki na tsawon shekaru 41 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2007, a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2007, Umar Faruk Umar ya zama Sarkin Daura wanda ya gaji Muhammad Bashar.
Asalin
Girgam ya ambaci cewa an kafa Masarautar Daura a shekara ta 2000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa kuma ta faro ne daga Kan'ana tare da wani mutum mai suna Najibu wanda ya yi hijira tare da gungun mutane zuwa Masar ta da. Sun zauna a tsohuwar Masar na ɗan lokaci kuma suna da kusanci sosai da Copts. Daga nan suka wuce birnin Tripoli shugabansu wanda a lokacin Abdudar ya nemi mulkin jama'a amma bai samu nasara ba, don haka ya zarce da jama'arsa zuwa wani waje da ake kira Tsohon Birni a yau a Arewacin Najeriya kuma wannan lamari ne ya share fage. kafa Masarautar Daura da birnin. Daura ita ce birnin da Bayajidda, wani mutumi daga tarihin Hausa, ya isa bayan tattakin da ya yi a cikin sahara. Da ya isa wurin sai ya kashe wani maciji (mai suna Sarki) wanda ya hana mutane dibar ruwa daga wannan rijiya da aka fi sani da Kusugu, sai sarauniya Daurama Shawata, ta aure shi saboda godiya; daya daga cikin ‘ya’yansu bakwai mai suna Daura. Rijiyar Kusugu da ke Daura inda aka ce Bayajidda ya kashe Sarki na da kariya daga wurin katako kuma ya zama wurin yawon bude ido.
Ana kiran Masarautar a matsayin daya daga cikin " kasashen Hausa bakwai na gaskiya" ( Hausa Bakwai ) domin ita ce, (tare da Biram, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, da Rano ), wanda zuriyar 'ya'yan Bayajidda ne suka yi mulki. tare da Daurama da Magira (matarsa ta farko). Jami'ar California 's African American Studies na nufin Daura, da kuma Katsina, a matsayin "tsofaffin kujeru na al'adun Musulunci da ilmantarwa."
Tarihin zamani
A shekarar 1805, lokacin yakin Fulani, Jarumin Fulani Malam Ishaku ya karbe Daura, wanda ya kafa masarautu. Hausawa sun kafa jahohi masu gaba da juna a kusa, kuma sarkin daya Malam Musa ya zama sarkin Daura a shekarar 1904. Daura ya taba zama wani yanki na jihar Kaduna, Daura ya zama bangaren sabuwar jihar Katsina a shekarar 1987. Faruk Umar Faruk ya zama Sarkin Daura na 60 a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2007 bayan rasuwar Sarkin Muhammadu Bashar dan Umaru.
Gurbatar yanayi
Gurbatar yanayi shine shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji mara kyau. Gurbacewa na iya ɗaukar nau'in kowane abu (m, ruwa, ko gas) ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurɓatawa, abubuwan ƙazanta, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurɓacewar muhalli ta al'amuran yanayi, kalmar ƙazanta gabaɗaya tana nuna cewa gurɓataccen abu yana da tushen ɗan adam - wato tushen da ayyukan ɗan adam suka ƙirƙira. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen gurɓataccen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe. A cikin 2015, gurɓataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya.
Manyan nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen haske, datti, gurɓataccen hayaniya, gurɓataccen filastik, gurɓataccen ƙasa, gurɓataccen radiyo, gurɓataccen yanayi, gurɓacewar gani, da gurɓacewar ruwa.
Siffofin gurbatar yanayi
An jera manyan nau'ikan gurɓatawa a ƙasa tare da takamaiman gurɓatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu:
Nasir Ahmed El-Rufa'i
Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai
Gurbatar yanayi
Masu gurɓatawa
Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko ƙasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurɓataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa.
Mafari da Sanadi
Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na ɗan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaƙi suna ƙara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurɓataccen iska.
Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu sun haɗa da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu. ), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani waɗanda suka haɗa da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa
Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci. Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurɓatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin haɗari lokacin da hatsari suka faru.
A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya.
Fitar da iskar gas
[[File:CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png|thumb| Tarihi da hasashen iskar CO 2 ta ƙasa (kamar na 2005).
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC).
Lafiyar dan Adam
Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso. Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa. Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau,  Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000.
Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes. Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci. An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic. Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurɓacewar iska ke haifarwa. Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin ƙarin haɗari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin haɗari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa.
Muhalli
An gano gurɓataccen abu a cikin muhalli. Akwai illoli da dama na wannan:
Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli &amp; Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya.
Bayanan lafiyar muhalli
Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin haɗin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli waɗanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Ismail Sulaiman Ashoor Al-Ajmi ( اسماعيل بن سليمان العجمي ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, 1984, wanda aka fi sani da Ismail Al-Ajmi, dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Omani wanda ke taka leda a kungiyar Al-Nahda a kungiyar kwararru ta Oman.
Gurbatar yanayi
Bayanan lafiyar muhalli
TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Kwallon Kafa
A cikin shekara 2005 - 06 Omani League, an baiwa Ismail kyautar 'wanda yafi kowa cin kwallo' wanda yaci kwallaye guda 12 kuma hakan ya taimakawa kungiyar tasa ta lashe gasar gaba daya.
Gurbatar yanayi
Sakamakon makaranta
Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Saham
A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2014, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da shekara ta 2014 GCC Champions League wacce ta zo ta biyu Saham SC.
Gurbatar yanayi
Yawan aiki na ma'aikata
Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Al-Nahda
A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2015, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida tare da 2014-15 Oman Professional League zakarun, Al-Nahda Club.
Gurbatar yanayi
Ka'ida da saka idanu
Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Kofin Kasashen Golf
Ismail ya buga wasanni a gasar Kofin Kasashen Golf na shekarar 2007, da Kofin Kasashen Golf na shekarar 2009, da na Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen na shekarar 2010 da na Kofin Kasashen na shekarar 2013.
Gurbatar yanayi
Kula da gurbataccen yanayi
Kula da gurɓata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli. Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko ƙasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurɓata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli. A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurɓatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane.
Dalilin gurbatar yanayi
Gurbacewa yana da Dalili. Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin daɗin wasu waɗanda kamfanin ba ya biya su." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda ƙazanta suka ƙirƙira, masana'anta za su zaɓi samar da ƙarin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaƙa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Kofin Asiya na AFC
A wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin kasashen Asiya ta Asiya ta shekarar 2007, ya ci kwallaye hudu, manufa a wasan da suka doke Jordan da ci 3-0,  manufa a wasan da suka doke Pakistan da ci 4-1,  wata manufa a karawar a wasan da aka lallasa Pakistan  da kuma wata a wasan da suka doke Hadaddiyar  saboda haka ya taimakawa tawagarsa ta tsallake zuwa gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta AFC ta shekarar 2007. Badar Al-Maimani ne ya ci daya kuma kwallon da Oman ta ci a gasar cin kofin kasashen Asiya na AFC shekarar 2007 a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da Australia. A gasar, Oman ta lashe maki biyu a kunnen doki da Australia da kuma 0-0 da Iraki don haka ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagayen kwata fainal.
A wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin kasashen Asiya ta AFC na shekarar 2011, ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya ci kwallo daya a wasan da suka doke Indonesia da ci 2-1. Amma Oman ta kasa samun gurbin zuwa gasar cin kofin kasashen Asiya na AFC na shekarar 2011.
Gurbatar yanayi
Dalilin gurbatar yanayi
Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27.
Ismail Al-Ajmi
Kofin Asiya na AFC
Ya buga wasanni hudu a wasannin share fagen cin Kofin Asiya na shekarar 2015 AFC amma ya kasa cin kwallo ko daya. Ya sake taimaka wa tawagarsa don samun cancantar zuwa gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta AFC ta shekarar 2015 ta hanyar kammalawa a saman rukunin A.
Gurbatar yanayi
Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli
The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016:
Ismail Al-Ajmi
FIFA cancantar Kofin Duniya
Ismail ya buga wasanni bakwai a gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 da kuma goma sha biyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara ta 2014 FIFA.
Gurbatar yanayi
Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli
Wani rahoto na shekarar 2018 da cibiyar kula da harkokin noma da cinikayya da GRAIN ta fitar ya ce masana’antun nama da kiwo sun shirya tsaf domin zarce harkar mai a matsayin wadanda suka fi gurbata muhalli a duniya.
Wurare mafi ƙazanta a duniya
Duniya mai tsafta tana fitar da jerin sunayen wasu gurɓatattun gurɓatattun wurare a duniya kowace shekara. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2007:
Al'umma mafi kyau duka matakin gurbatawa
Al'umma na samun wasu amfanin kai tsaye daga gurɓata yanayi, in ba haka ba ba za a sami wani abin ƙarfafawa ga ƙazanta ba. Wannan abin amfani ya fito ne daga yawan amfani da kayayyaki da ayyukan da ke haifar da gurɓata yanayi. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa masu tsara manufofi suyi ƙoƙari su daidaita waɗannan fa'idodi na kai tsaye tare da farashin ƙazanta don samun sakamako mai inganci. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da tattalin arzikin muhalli don sanin ko wane matakin ƙazanta ne aka ɗauka shine mafi kyawun zamantakewa. Ga masana tattalin arziki, gurɓata yanayi "kudin waje ne kuma yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye da mutane suka sha wahala a asarar jin daɗi," duk da haka, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta na zamantakewar al'umma wanda aka fi dacewa da jin dadi. Wannan shi ne saboda masu amfani suna samun amfani daga mai kyau ko sabis ɗin da aka ƙera, wanda zai wuce ƙimar zamantakewar ƙazanta har zuwa wani lokaci. A wannan lokacin lalacewar wani ƙarin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanki ga al'umma, ƙarancin kuɗin gurɓatawa, daidai yake daidai da fa'idar da ake amfani da ita na cin ƙarin raka'a ɗaya na mai kyau ko sabis.
A cikin kasuwannin da ke da gurɓata yanayi, ko wasu abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin samarwa, daidaiton kasuwa mai 'yanci ba zai yi la'akari da farashin gurɓatawa ga al'umma ba . Idan farashin zamantakewar gurɓataccen abu ya fi tsadar sirri da kamfani ke kashewa, to, tsarin samar da kayayyaki na gaskiya zai kasance mafi girma. Ma'anar da kuɗin da ake buƙata na zamantakewar al'umma da buƙatun kasuwa suka shiga tsaka-tsaki yana ba da mafi kyawun ƙazanta na zamantakewa. A wannan lokacin, adadin zai zama ƙasa kuma farashin zai kasance mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da daidaiton kasuwar kyauta. Sabili da haka, ana iya la'akari da sakamakon kasuwa na kyauta a matsayin gazawar kasuwa saboda "ba ya haɓaka inganci".
Ana iya amfani da wannan samfurin a matsayin tushen don kimanta hanyoyi daban-daban na ciki na waje. Wasu misalan sun haɗa da jadawalin kuɗin fito, harajin carbon da tsarin tafiya da kasuwanci.
Hanyoyi
Mafarin farko na gurbatar yanayi da nau'ikan rayuwa ke haifarwa zai kasance aikin halitta ne na wanzuwarsu. Sakamakon masu halarta akan iyawa da matakan yawan jama'a sun faɗi a cikin yanayin zaɓin yanayi. Waɗannan da sun haɗa da halakar jama'a a cikin gida ko a ƙarshe, bacewar nau'ikan. Hanyoyin da ba za su iya tsayawa ba sun haifar da sabon ma'auni da canje-canje da daidaitawa suka kawo. A cikin matsananci, ga kowane nau'i na rayuwa, la'akari da gurɓataccen abu ya maye gurbin na rayuwa.
Ga ɗan adam, mahimmancin fasaha shine rarrabewa da la'akari mai mahimmanci, duka a matsayin mai ba da ƙarfi da ƙarin tushen abubuwan da suka dace. Rashin tsira, damuwar ɗan adam sun haɗa da kewayo daga ingancin rayuwa zuwa haɗarin lafiya. Tun da kimiyya ta riƙe nunin gwaji don zama tabbatacce, maganin zamani na guba ko cutar da muhalli ya haɗa da ayyana matakin da ake iya ganin sakamako. Misalai na gama-gari na filayen da ma'aunin aiki ke da mahimmanci sun haɗa da sarrafa hayakin mota, bayyanar masana'antu (misali Safety na Ma'aikata da Gudanar da Lafiya (OSHA) PELs ), toxicology (misali LD50 ), da magani (misali magani da allurai na radiation ).
"Maganin gurbatar yanayi shine dilution", ƙa'ida ce wacce ke taƙaita tsarin gargajiya na kula da gurɓataccen ruwa wanda isasshe gurbataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani. Ya dace da wasu aikace-aikace na zamani na zamani, kamar tsarin aminci na dakin gwaje-gwaje da sarrafa kayan gaggawa na sakin abubuwa masu haɗari. Amma yana ɗauka cewa diluent ɗin yana cikin wadatar da ba ta da iyaka don aikace-aikacen ko kuma sakamakon dilutions ana karɓa a kowane yanayi.
Kafin karni na 19
Gurbacewar iska ta kasance tare da wayewa. Gurbacewa ta fara ne tun kafin tarihi, lokacin da mutum ya halicci gobara ta farko. A cewar wani labarin 1983 a cikin mujallar Science, " Sot " da aka samu a kan rufin kogon da aka rigaya ya ba da shaida mai yawa na yawan gurɓacewar yanayi da ke da alaƙa da rashin isassun iska na buɗe wuta."
Ƙarfe ya bayyana a matsayin maɓalli mai mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar matakan gurɓataccen iska a wajen gida. Babban samfuran glaciers a Greenland suna nuna haɓakar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu mai alaƙa da samar da ƙarfe na Girka, Roman, da Sinanci. Konewar gawayi da itace, da kasancewar dawakai da yawa a wuraren da aka tattara sun sanya biranen zama tushen gurbataccen yanayi. Sarki Edward I na Ingila ya haramta kona gawayin teku ta hanyar shela a Landan a shekara ta 1272, bayan hayakinsa ya zama matsala;  man fetur ya zama ruwan dare a Ingila cewa an samo wannan sunan na farko na shi saboda ana iya kwashe shi daga wasu bakin teku ta hanyar tayar da hankali.
Karni na 19
Juyin juya halin masana'antu ne ya haifar da gurbatar muhalli kamar yadda muka sani a yau. Har ila yau, London ta rubuta ɗaya daga cikin matsananci na matsalolin ingancin ruwa a baya tare da Great Stink a kan Thames na 1858, wanda ya haifar da gina tsarin magudanar ruwa na London ba da daɗewa ba. Batutuwan gurbatar yanayi sun karu yayin da karuwar yawan jama'a ya zarce yiwuwar yankunan da za su magance matsalar sharar gida. Masu gyara sun fara buƙatar tsarin magudanar ruwa da ruwa mai tsabta.
A cikin 1870, yanayin tsabta a Berlin yana cikin mafi muni a Turai. August Bebel ya tuna da yanayi kafin a gina tsarin magudanar ruwa na zamani a ƙarshen 1870s: Gurbataccen ruwa daga kwatocin gidaje tare da mummunar wari me ban tsoro. Babu bayi na ana gari a layi ka inda baƙi musamman mata suna takura idan biyan bukata ya kama su abin mamaki shine a manyan birane an rasa bayi.Ko Berlin ba ta bar rashin wayewa zuwa wayewar kai har sai da bayan 1870
Karni na 20 da 21
Yanayin da ba zai yuwu ba ga babban birnin duniya, kuma gwamnatin Jamus ta Imperial ta kawo masana kimiyya, injiniyoyi, da masu tsara birane don ba wai kawai warware matsalar ba, har ma don ƙirƙirar Berlin a matsayin birni mafi girma a duniya. Wani masani dan Burtaniya a cikin 1906 ya kammala cewa Berlin tana wakiltar "mafi cikakkiyar aikace-aikacen kimiyya, tsari da tsarin rayuwar jama'a," ya kara da cewa "abin mamaki ne na gudanar da harkokin jama'a, birni mafi zamani kuma mafi kyawun tsari wanda akwai."
Fitowar manyan masana'antu da yawan amfani da gawayi ya haifar da gurbacewar iska da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma yawan fitar da sinadarai na masana'antu da ke kara tabarbarewar sharar dan adam da ba a kula da su ba. Chicago da Cincinnati sune biranen Amurka biyu na farko don kafa dokokin tabbatar da tsabtace iska a cikin 1881. Gurbacewar yanayi ta zama wani babban batu a Amurka a farkon karni na ashirin, yayin da masu neman sauyi suka dauki batun gurbacewar iska sakamakon kona kwal, gurbacewar ruwa da rashin tsaftar muhalli ke haifarwa, da gurbacewar tituna da dawakai miliyan 3 da suka yi aiki a biranen Amurka suka haifar. 1900, samar da adadi mai yawa na fitsari da taki. Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi Martin Melosi ya lura, ƙarnin da suka fara ganin motoci suna maye gurbin dawakai suna ganin motoci a matsayin "mu'ujiza na tsabta". A cikin 1940s, duk da haka, hayaki da ke haifar da mota ya kasance babban batu a Los Angeles.
Sauran garuruwan sun biyo baya a cikin ƙasar har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ɗan gajeren lokaci Ofishin Kula da Iskar Sama a ƙarƙashin Sashen Cikin Gida. Garuruwan Los Angeles da Donora, Pennsylvania sun fuskanci matsanancin al'amuran hayaki a ƙarshen 1940s, suna zama wata tunatarwa ta jama'a.
Gurbacewar iska za ta ci gaba da zama matsala a Ingila, musamman daga baya a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, da kuma kara zuwa kwanan nan tare da Babban Smog na 1952. Sanin gurbatar yanayi ya bazu ko'ina bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tare da fargabar da aka samu sakamakon rahotannin faɗuwar rediyo daga yaƙin nukiliya da gwaji. Sai abin da ba na nukiliya ba - Babban Smog na 1952 a London – sun kashe akalla mutane 4000. Wannan ya haifar da wasu manyan dokokin muhalli na zamani na farko: Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace na 1956.
Gurɓatawa ya fara jawo hankalin jama'a a Amurka tsakanin tsakiyar 1950s da farkon 1970s, lokacin da Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Amo, Dokar Tsabtace iska, Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta, da Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa. Mummunan al'amura na ƙazanta sun taimaka wajen haɓaka hankali. PCB da aka zubar a cikin Kogin Hudson ya haifar da dakatar da EPA akan cin kifin ta a 1974. Labaran labaran kasa a karshen shekarun 1970 - musamman gurbataccen dioxin na dogon lokaci a Canal Love wanda ya fara a cikin 1947 da zubar da ba tare da kulawa ba a cikin kwarin Drums. - ya jagoranci dokar Superfund na 1980. Gurbacewar filayen masana'antu ya haifar da sunan Brownfield, kalmar da a yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsara birane.
Masifu na kasa da kasa kamar tarkacen jirgin dakon mai na Amoco Cadiz a gabar tekun Brittany a shekarar 1978 da kuma bala'in Bhopal a 1984 sun nuna dunkulewar irin wadannan al'amura da ma'aunin da kokarin magance su ke bukatar shiga. Yanayin yanayi mara iyaka da teku babu makawa ya haifar da illar gurɓacewar yanayi a matakin duniya tare da batun ɗumamar yanayi. Kwanan nan kalmar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayoyin cuta (POP) ta zo don bayyana ƙungiyar sinadarai kamar PBDEs da PFCs da sauransu. Kodayake tasirin su ya ragu da ɗan fahimta saboda ƙarancin bayanan gwaji, an gano su a wurare daban-daban na muhalli da ke nesa da ayyukan masana'antu kamar Arctic, suna nuna yaduwa da haɓakar halittu bayan ɗan ɗan gajeren lokacin amfani da tartsatsi.
Matsalar da aka gano kwanan nan ita ce Babban Fasin Sharar Faci, babban tarin robobi, sludge na sinadarai da sauran tarkace wanda Arewacin Pacific Gyre ya tattara zuwa wani babban yanki na Tekun Pacific. Wannan matsala ce da ba a san ta ba fiye da sauran da aka kwatanta a sama, amma duk da haka yana da sakamako mai yawa kuma mai tsanani kamar karuwar mace-mace na namun daji, yaduwar nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'in nau'i da kuma cinye mutane masu guba. Ƙungiyoyi irin su 5 Gyres sun yi bincike game da gurbatar yanayi kuma, tare da masu fasaha irin su Marina DeBris, suna aiki don yada batun.
Gurbacewar da haske ke haifarwa da daddare na zama matsala a duniya, wanda ya fi tsanani a cikin birane, amma duk da haka yana gurɓata manyan yankuna, nesa da garuruwa.
Haɓaka shedar gurɓacewar ƙasa da na duniya da kuma ƙara fahimtar jama'a a tsawon lokaci sun haifar da haɓakar muhalli da motsin muhalli, wanda gabaɗaya ke neman iyakance tasirin ɗan adam ga muhalli.
Sandaran
Sandaran ( Persian , kuma Romanized kamar Sandarān ; wanda kuma aka sani da Sandavān )  wani ƙauye ne a cikin Gundumar Karkara ta Howmeh-ye Sharqi, a cikin Babban Gundumar Ramhormoz County, Lardin Khuzestan, Iran. A ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai mutane 183, a cikin iyalai 46.
Karibiyan
Karibiyan (Caribbean ko Caribbean) yanki ne cikin Nahiyar Amurika. Yankin ya ƙunshi rukunin tsuburai sama da 7,000. Ya haɗa harda kogin Karibiyan.
Taswira
Yankin Karibiyan ya haɗu da Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas da arewa, bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka zuwa kudu, bakin tekun Tsakiyar Amurka zuwa kudu maso yamma, da kuma Tekun Mexico zuwa arewa maso yamma. Yammacin Indiya sunan ne ga rukunin tsibirin Bahamas da na Antilles. Antilles sun kasu kashi biyu: Babban Antilles mafi girma, a iyakar arewacin Tekun Karibiyan, da kuma erananan Antilles, a gabas da kudu. Tsibiran Caribbean suna da ƙasa iri daban-daban. Saboda wannan, tsibirai suna da tsire-tsire iri iri iri da dabbobi, har ma da waɗanda ba a sani ba. Shahararrun tsibirai a yankin Karibiyan sun hada da Cuba, Jamaika, Puerto Rico da Hispaniola. Kasashen Jamhuriyar Dominica, da Haiti suna kan Hispaniola. Hakanan akwai farin rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da rana mai zafi a wurin.
Mohammed Sabo (politician)
Mohammed Sabo Nakudu (an haife shi a 11 ga Janairu acikin shekarar1960) sanata ne mai wakiltar gundumar Jigawa ta Kudu maso Yamma, Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Ya taba zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Minna. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa na Jihar Jigawa kan Ma'adinai Mai Tausayi. Ya yi aiki a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya tsawon wa’adi biyu a shekarata (2007-2011) da kuma (2011-2015). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya tsakanin 2015-2019. Kwamishinan zabe na jihar, Prof. Adamu Isge. Ya sanar da cewa Sabo ya samu kuri'u 224,543 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na PDP, Mustapha Sule Lamido, wanda ya samu kuri'u 143,611. Bayan zaben shekarar 2019, an nada Sabo Nakudu shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan albarkatun kasa. Wannan daga baya ya kai shi ga jagoran Kwamitin Ad-hoc akan doguwar PIB (Bill Industry Industry). Majalisar dattijai a ranar Alhamis 1 ga Yuli 2021 ta zartar da Dokar Masana'antar Man Fetur (PIB) bayan kusan shekara guda da tattaunawa. Tun da aka yi bitar shi a lokuta da yawa cikin shekaru goma sha uku da suka gabata tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a shekarata 2008, PIB ta ƙunshi dokokin man fetur na Najeriya guda 16 waɗanda ke bayyana tsarin mulkin da zai jawo hankalin masu saka jari cikin ƙasar.
Kadaladi (Tiruvannamalai)
Kadaladi ( lafazi ) wani karamin kauye ne a cikin Kalasapakkam taluk, gundumar Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, Indiya. Garuruwan da ke kusa da su sune: Kalasapakkam, Pudupalayam, Thurinjapuram da Polur. Ya zo ƙarƙashin Kadalady Panchayath. Tana da nisan kilomita 26 KM zuwa Arewa daga rukunin shugaban Gundumar Thiruvannamalai. 10 KM daga Kalasapakkam. 183 KM daga babban birnin jihar Chennai
Kadaladi Pin code shine 606908 kuma babban ofishin gidan waya Kadaladi (Tiruvannamalai).
Kilpalur (2 KM), Korattampattu (3 KM), Dhamarapakkam (3 KM), Melpalur (3 KM), Mattavettu (5 KM) sune Villaauyukan kusa da Kadaladi. Kadaladi yana kewaye da Kalasapakkam Block zuwa Gabas, Thurinjapuram Block zuwa Gabas, Jawathu Hills Block zuwa Arewa, Tiruvannamalai Block zuwa Kudu.
Polur, Tiruvannamalai, Tirupathur, Vaniyambadi sune kusa da Garuruwa zuwa Kadaladi.
Yawan jama'a na Kadaladi
Tamil shine Yaren gida a nan.
Siyasa a Kadaladi
DMK, AIADMK, INC, PMK, ADMK sune manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a wannan yanki.
Joe Irukwu
Joseph Ogbonnaya Irukwu (1934-2023) babban jami’in inshora ne na Najeriya, lauya, malami kuma marubuci wanda ya rubuta ayyukan da suka shafi harkar inshora a Afirka. Ya kuma kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar Ohaneze Ndigbo, kungiyar kabilu da siyasa da zamantakewa da ke wakiltar muradun Igbo a siyasar Najeriya.
Irukwu shi ne wanda ya kafa Manajan Daraktan Kamfanin Reinsurance na Najeriya, a shekarar 1989, ya kafa Kamfanin Inshorar Cigaban Afirka wanda daga baya aka sayar da shi ga bankin Diamond.