cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye
Bayani
A cikin tsarin jeri-jeri na babban gidan sarauta na tsakiya daga Shepherd's Historical Atlas,  sassan ƙasar da aka yi aiki daban-daban a cikin tsarin fili suna bayyana nan da nan. Kuma A cikin wannan shirin, da manor gidan an saita dan kadan baya daga ƙauyen, amma daidai sau da yawa ƙauyen girma a kusa da forecourt na manor, tsohon bango, yayin da manor asashe miƙa waje, kamar yadda har yanzu ana iya gani a Petworth House. Kamar yadda damuwa don keɓantawa  ya karu a cikin karni na 18, gidaje masu nisa daga ƙauyen. Misali, lokacin da sabon mai gidan Harlaxton Manor, Lincolnshire ya buƙaci sabon gida a cikin shekarata 1830s, an watsar da wurin da gidan da yake da shi a gefen ƙauyensa don wani sabo, keɓe a wurin shakatawa, tare da Kauyen daga gani.
A cikin al'ummar noma, yanayin zaman ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin duk abubuwan zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Kuma Akwai tsarin shari'a guda biyu na mallakar filaye kafin a yi mulki. Ɗayan, wanda aka fi sani da shi, shine tsarin riƙe ƙasa " a cikin cikakken ikon mallaka. Sauran shine amfani da precaria ko fa'idodin, wanda ƙasar ke riƙe da sharadi (tushen kalmar Ingilishi "precarious").
A cikin waɗannan tsarin guda biyu, sarakunan Carolingian sun ƙara na uku, aprisio, wanda ya danganta manorialism tare da feudalism. Aprisio ya fara bayyanarsa a lardin Charlemagne na Septimania a kudancin Faransa, lokacin da Charlemagne ya zaunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Visigothic da suka gudu tare da sojojinsa masu ja da baya bayan gazawar da ya yi a Zaragoza na kimanin 778. Ya magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar raba filayen da ba a yi noma ba na “Hamada” mallakar gwamnatin fisc karkashin jagorancin sarki kai tsaye. Waɗannan abubuwan mallakar aprisio sun ƙunshi takamaiman yanayi. Takaitaccen tallafin aprisio na farko wanda aka gano yana a Fontjoncouse, kusa da Narbonne (duba Lewis, hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa). Kuma A cikin tsoffin ƙauyuka na Romawa, tsarin ƙauyuka, wanda ya samo asali daga Late Antiquity, ya gaji duniya ta tsakiya.
Mai kamawa
Wanda ya mallaki wani magidanci yana da lakabin " Ubangiji ". Zai iya zama mutum, a mafi yawan lokuta ɗan ƙasa na manyan mutane ko na Bourgeoisie, amma kuma mutum mai shari'a galibi ma'aikaci ne na majami'a kamar abbey, babban coci ko canonical babi ko tsarin soja. To An yi amfani da ikon Ubangiji ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki daban-daban, mafi mahimmancin abin da shi ne ma'aikacin kotu. Mai mulki kuma na iya zama ubangiji; Seigeuries da ya mallaka sun zama yankin sarauta.
Hakanan ana ba da laƙabin Ubangiji, musamman a wannan zamani, ga daidaikun mutane masu riƙe da filaye masu daraja waɗanda ba na duk wani yunƙurin ba. Waɗannan “ ubangiji ” wani lokaci ana kiran su sieurs, daidai da kalmomin a zamanin da.
Mulkin ƙasa
Ubangiji shi ne kai tsaye ko fitaccen mai mallakar kadarorin kasa na ubangijinsa. Ba za a iya amfani da ra'ayin cikakken ikon mallaka a kan wata maslaha ta gama gari ba, Dan haka saboda akwai kuma wasu fiye da babban mai amfani waɗanda ke da haƙƙi akan waɗannan kayayyaki. Mu  rarrabe a cikin mulkin ƙasar saiti biyu saiti wanda shine saitin kayan da ubangijin ke tanadin yin amfani da shi kai tsaye da kuma babban mai haya, dukiyar da aka danka wa mai hayar cin amanar dukiyarsa ba tare da biyan kuɗin sarauta ba, galibi ana kiranta cens da ayyuka kamar Corvée. Rarraba tsakanin ajiyar da wa'adin ya bambanta dangane da lokaci da yanki.
Abubuwan gama gari
[[File:Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg|thumb|443x443px| Gabaɗaya taswirar manor na tsakiya.
Wuraren masu launin mustard wani ɓangare ne na demesne, wuraren ƙyanƙyashe na glebe.
William R. Shepherd, Atlas na Tarihi, 1923]] Manors kowanne ya ƙunshi har zuwa nau'ikan filaye guda uku:
Ƙarin hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga Ubangiji sun haɗa da cajin yin amfani da injinsa, gidan burodi ko matse ruwan inabi, ko hakkin farauta ko barin aladu su ci abinci a cikin gandun daji, da kudaden shiga na kotu da kuma biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya akan kowane canji na dan haya. A cikin wani gefen asusun, gudanar da manorial ya haɗa da kashe kuɗi mai yawa, watakila dalilin da yasa ƙananan manors ke son dogaro da ƙasa akan zaman villein. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">]
Abubuwan da aka dogara da su ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar tsarin ubangiji da ɗan haya, amma zaman ya zama a aikace kusan na gadon duniya, tare da biyan kuɗi ga ubangiji akan kowane gado na wani ɗan gida. Ba za a iya watsi da ƙasar Villein ba, Kuma aƙalla har sai yanayin alƙaluma da tattalin arziƙi ya sa jirgin ya zama kyakkyawan shawara; kuma ba za a iya ba da su ga wani ɓangare na uku ba tare da izinin Ubangiji ba, da biyan kuɗi na al'ada.
Ko da yake ba 'yanci ba, vilins ba su kasance cikin matsayi ɗaya da bayi ba: suna jin daɗin haƙƙin doka, bisa al'adar gida, kuma suna bin doka da ake tuhumar kotu, duk wanda shine ƙarin tushen samun kudin shiga. Bayar da hannun jarin villein ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma ana iya mayar da aiki a kan kuɗin zuwa ƙarin biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ya faru tun daga ƙarni na 13.
Ƙasar da ba a bar ta ga masu haya ba ko kuma an kafa wani yanki na ƙasa na demesne da ake kira "sharar gida"; yawanci, wannan ya haɗa da shinge, verges, da dai sauransu. Ƙasar gama gari inda duk membobin al'umma ke da haƙƙin wucewa an san shi da "sharar iyayen gidan su". Kuma Wani ɓangare na ƙasa mai ƙazanta na manor wanda ba a noma shi ana kiransa sharar Ubangiji kuma yana hidima ga hanyoyin jama'a da kiwo na gama gari ga Ubangiji da masu haya. A cikin ƙauyuka da yawa a lokacin farkon zamani, an yi gine-gine ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin sharar gida ta Ubangiji ta hanyar squatters waɗanda za su nemi hujjar su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tallafin gida. Misali na sharar gida na ubangiji, inda manyan cibiyoyin suka girma ta wannan hanyar, shine ƙauyen Bredfield a Suffolk. Alaren Ubangiji yana ci gaba da zama tushen hakkoki da al'amuran hakki a wurare kamar henley-in-arden, Warwickshire.
Masu haya
Masu haya sun mallaki filaye a kan manor ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin doka da yawa: ikon mallaka, mallakan mallaka, na al'ada na al'ada da hayar hayar.
Bambanci tsakanin manors
Kamar feudalism wanda, tare da manorialism, sun kafa tsarin shari'a da tsari na al'ummar feudal, Kuma tsarin manorial ba su kasance iri ɗaya ko haɗin kai ba. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar baya, yankunan da ba su cika ba ko kuma babu su sun ci gaba yayin da tattalin arzikin manomi ya sami ci gaba mai ma'ana tare da canza yanayin tattalin arziki.
Ba duk gidajen gonaki ne suka ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan filaye guda uku ba. Yawanci, demesne ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin noma, da kuma mallakar villein fiye da haka; to amma wasu gidajen gonaki sun kunshi na demesne kawai, wasu kuma mallakar manoma kawai. Matsakaicin adadin wa'adin da ba'a kyauta ba zai iya bambanta sosai, sannan tare da dogaro da yawa ko žasa ga aikin albashi don aikin noma akan lalata.
Manors sun bambanta a cikin tsarinsu na yanki: yawancin ba su zo daidai da ƙauye ɗaya ba, a'a sun ƙunshi sassan ƙauyuka biyu ko fiye, yawancin na ƙarshe sun ƙunshi sassan aƙalla ɗaya. Wannan yanayin wani lokaci yakan haifar da maye gurbinsu ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ko makamancinsu a cikin nau'ikan wajibcin ƙwaƙƙwaran waɗancan manoma da ke zaune nesa da kadarorin Ubangiji.
Kamar yadda yake tare da filaye na ƙauye, demesne ba yanki ɗaya ba ne, amma ya ƙunshi gidan tsakiya mai maƙwabtaka da gine-ginen gidaje, tare da tarkace da aka tarwatsa ta cikin gidan tare da masu 'yanci da villein: Bugu da ƙari, iyaye gidan su na iya ba da hayar abubuwan mallakar kyauta. zuwa maƙwabtan maƙwabta, da kuma riƙe wasu matsuguni ɗan nesa don samar da mafi yawan kayan amfanin gona.
Haka kuma ba lallai ba ne a gudanar da manors ta hanyar manyan iyayengiji masu yin aikin soja (ko kuma, tsabar kuɗi a madadin) ga mafi girman su: babban kaso (ƙimar da aka kiyasta a 17% a Ingila a shekarata 1086 ) ya kasance na sarki kai tsaye, kuma mafi girman rabo (maimakon haka). fiye da kwata) an gudanar da bishop da gidajen ibada . Mazaunan coci sun kasance sun fi girma, tare da babban yankin villein fiye da maƙwabtan maƙwabta.
Tasirin yanayi a kan tattalin arzikin gida yana da sarkakiya kuma a wasu lokuta ya sabawa: yanayin sama yana son kiyaye yancin manoma (kiwon kiwo musamman kasancewar rashin aikin yi, sabili da haka rashin bukatar sabis na villein); a daya hannun, wasu yankunan tuddai na Turai sun nuna wasu yanayi na zalunci, yayin da yankin Gabashin Ingila ke lamuni da wani babban makiyaya mai 'yanci na musamman, a wani bangare na gadon Scandinavia.
Hakazalika, yaɗuwar tattalin arziƙin kuɗi ya haifar da maye gurbin ayyukan ƙwadago ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, amma bunƙasar samar da kuɗin da sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya bayan shekarata 1170 da farko ya sa manyan ma'aikata su dawo da kadarorin da aka ba da hayar tare da sake shigar da kudaden ma'aikata a matsayin ƙimar tsayayyen tsabar kudi. an ƙi biyan kuɗi a zahiri.
Dam ɗin Allemanskral
Dam ɗin Allemanskraal, dam ne a lardin Free State na Afirka ta Kudu, akan kogin Sand. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1960. Tafkin yana da babban ƙarfin 174500 m3, da fili mai faɗin 26.481 km2, bangon dam ɗin yana da 38 m babba.
Dam ɗin yana kewaye da shi gaba daya, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Reserve Game na Willem Pretorius.
Meri Nana-Ama Danquah
Meri Nana-Ama Danquah (an haife ta a 13 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 1967) marubuciya ce dan ƙasar Ghana, edita, ɗan jarida kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a, wanda sunan ta a lokacin haihuwa shi ne Mildred Mary Nana-Ama Boakyewaa Brobby. An fi saninta da tunawa da 1998 Willow Weep for Me: A Black Woman’s Journey Through Depression.
Rayuwa
Nana-Ama Danquah an haife ta ne a Accra, Ghana, ga Josephine Nana Korantemaa Danquah da Norbert Duke Brobby. Kakanninta na haihuwa shine Dr J. B. Danquah, marubuciya kuma fitaccen dan siyasa na kasar Ghana, kuma ita 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Paul Danquah ce, wacce ta rubuta a jaridar Washington Post.
Danquah ta koma ƙasar Amurka tun tana dan shekara shida don zama tare da kuma mahaifiyarta, wacce ta yi ƙaura zuwa can shekaru uku da suka gabata don zuwa Jami'ar Howard. Iyayenta sun sake su bayan shekaru shida, suna rabuwa lokacin da Danquah yake ɗan shekara 11. Yayin da yake halartar Foxcroft, makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata da ke Middleburg, Virginia, Danquah ta yanke shawarar canza sunanta daga Mildred Brobby zuwa Meri Danquah. Bayan da ta sauka daga Jami'ar Maryland, daga ƙarshe ta koma Los Angeles tana da shekara 20.
Danquah ta haifi 'yarta a shekarar 1991, kuma sun zauna tare da saurayin Danquah a lokacin kuma mahaifin' yarta. Bayan da aka nemi umarnin hana shi daga mahaifin 'yarta dangane da rikicin cikin gida, Danquah da' yarta sun koma Washington D.C., inda iyayenta da 'yar uwarta suke zaune.
Yayin da take cikin D.C., Danquah ta fahimci cewa ta sha wahala daga rashin kwanciyar hankali na asibiti, wata cuta da za ta zama tushen abin tunawa da Willow Weep for Me: A Black Woman’s Journey Through Depression, wanda aka buga a 1998 don yabo mai mahimmanci. An buga bayanai daga littafin a cikin anthology Out of Her Mind: Women Writing on Madness. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Kasa ta zaɓi Danquah a matsayin mai magana da yawun kamfen ɗin su game da Clinical Depression, wanda yunƙurin musamman matan Afirka-Amurkan ne.
A cikin shekarar 1999, Danquah ta sami digiri na Master of Fine Arts a cikin Rubutun Halitta da Adabi, tana mai da hankali kan Ƙirƙirar Ƙira, daga Kwalejin Bennington, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa kammala karatun digiri ba. Ta yi koyarwa a Jami'ar Ghana, a Otis College of Art and Design, kuma a cikin shirin MFA na Kwalejin Antioch, kuma ana neman ta a matsayin mai magana da malami.
Ta kuma tsara tarihin rubuce-rubucen mata, ciki har da Shaking the Tree: A Collection of New Fiction and Memoir by Black Women (2003), wanda Maya Angelou ta ce game da shi a wata fa'ida: “Ms. Danquah ta girgiza bishiyar adabi. 'Ya'yan itacen da suka fadi zai ciyar da masu karatu na dogon lokaci..."
A cikin shekarata 2011, Danquah ta sanar da cewa tana aikin novel. Ta rubuta labarai da ginshiƙai a cikin wallafe-wallafen ciki har da The Washington Post, Village Voice, The Los Angeles Times, Allure, Essence, The Africa Report da Daily Graphic. Ita ce babban editan adabi da al'adun Afirka a Los Angeles Review of Books.
Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin tarihin shekarar 2019 New Daughters of Africa, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya, tare da tarihin "Tace lafiya lau ga Mary Danquah".
Oliver Lam-Watson
Oliver Lam-Watson (an haife shi 7 Nuwamba 1992) ɗan shingen keken hannu ne na Biritaniya. Ya ci tagulla a cikin epée na ƙungiyar maza da azurfa a cikin ƙungiyar Maza a wasannin nakasassu na 2020 a Tokyo.
A cikin rayuwarsa na sirri shi ne mai ba da shawara ga haɗakar nakasa, wanda yake haɓaka ta amfani da dandamali na kafofin watsa labarun kan layi daban-daban. Duk da haka duk da cewa ya sami babban mabiya da farin jini, har yanzu ba a tantance shi ta kan layi ba kuma ba shi da “kassar shuɗi”.
Wani ƙalubale na kanshi na Oliver shine babban farautarsa ​​don samun lambar yabo ta Gasar Zakarun Turai a cikin horon Foil. Duk da cewa ya samu lambobin yabo a matakin kasa da kasa da na nakasassu, lambar yabo ta kasa da ta ci gaba da tsere masa, don haka babu shakka zai zama babban abin da za a mai da hankali a kakar wasa mai zuwa.
Kasuwancin shara a duniya
Kasuwancin shara a duniya shi ne kasuwancin sharar gida tsakanin ƙasashe don ƙarin magani, zubarwa, ko sake amfani da su. Ƙasashe masu tasowa ne sukan shigo da shara masu guba ko masu hadari daga kasashen da suka ci gaba.
Rahoton Bankin Duniya Menene Sharar gida: Binciken Duniya na Gudanar da Sharar Sharar, ya bayyana adadin dattin da aka samar a wata ƙasa. Musamman kasashen da ke samar da dattin datti sun fi ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban masana'antu. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, "[g] gaba daya, yayin da karuwar tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar al'ummar birane, mafi yawan sharar da ake samarwa." Don haka, ne, ƙasashe a Arewacin Duniya, waɗanda suka fi haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da ƙauyuka, suna samar da datti fiye da ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya.
Hanyoyin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a halin yanzu suna bin tsarin sharar da ake samarwa a Arewacin Duniya da kuma fitarwa zuwa da zubar da su a Kudancin Duniya. Dalilai da yawa sun shafi ƙasashen da suke samar da sharar gida kuma a wane girma, sannan kuma gami da wurin yanki, matakin masana'antu, da matakin haɗa kai cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.
Masana da masu bincike da dama sun danganta karuwar kasuwancin sharar gida da kuma mummunan tasirin sharar da yaduwar manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal. Tare da babban sauyin tattalin arziƙin zuwa manufofin tattalin arziƙin Neoliberal a cikin shekarun 1980, sauye-sauyen manufar “kasuwa mai ‘yanci” ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya. Henry Giroux, Shugaban Nazarin Al'adu a Jami'ar McMaster, sannan kuma ya ba da ma'anarsa game da manufofin tattalin arziki neoliberal:"'Neoliberalism ... yana kawar da tattalin arziki da kasuwanni daga maganganun wajibai da tsadar zamantakewa. . . . A matsayin tsarin siyasa da siyasa, to Amman tsarin mulkin neoliberalism yana da alaƙa da mayar da ayyukan jama'a na gwamnati, sayar da ayyukan gwamnati, soke tsarin kuɗi da aiki, kawar da jin dadin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi, sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki da zuba jari, da tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace inganta rayuwar al'umma.'"Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan dandali na tattalin arziki na mayar da ‘yan kasuwa, neoliberalism ya ta’allaka ne kan fadada yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin ‘yanci da kafa kan iyakokin kasashen duniya da kasuwannin cinikayya. Kuma 'Yancin ciniki, manufar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda a cikinta ya rushe kasuwancin gaba daya, ba tare da barin haraji, ƙididdiga, ko wasu ƙuntatawa kan cinikayyar kasa da kasa ba, an tsara shi don haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da kuma haɗa su cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da cewa an ƙirƙiri ́yancin gudanar da kasuwanci cikin 'yanci ne domin baiwa kowace ƙasa damar kaiwa ga nasara a fannin tattalin arziki, amma sakamakon waɗannan manufofin ya yi illa ga ƙasashen duniya ta Kudu, wanda a zahiri ya gurgunta tattalin arzikinsu a matsayin bautar da yankin Arewacin Duniya ke yi. Ko da magoya bayan irin su Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, "ci gaban haɗin kai ya kasance marar daidaituwa duk a cikin 'yan shekarun nan"
Hujja a cikin goyon baya
Masu goyon bayan cinikin sharar duniya a halin yanzu suna jayayya cewa shigo da sharar wata hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za ta iya amfanar da kasashen da ke da karancin baiwa tattalin arzikin duniya. Kasashen da ba su da karfin samar da kayayyaki masu inganci za su iya shigo da sharar gida don bunkasa tattalin arzikinsu.
Lawrence Summers, tsohon shugaban jami'ar Harvard kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin duniya, ya fitar da wata takarda ta sirri da ke jayayya game da cinikin sharar duniya a shekarar 1991. Takardar ta ce:"“Ina ganin dabarar tattalin arziki da ke tattare da zubar da kaya masu guba a cikin kasar mafi karancin albashi abu ne mara kyau kuma ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan. . . A koyaushe ina tunanin cewa ƙasashe a Afirka suna cikin ƙazantar ƙazanta; ingancin iska ɗin su tabbas yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin inganci idan aka kwatanta da Los Angeles. . . Kawai tsakanina da ku bai kamata bankin duniya ya kara karfafa kaura daga masana'antu masu datti zuwa kasashe mafi karancin ci gaba ba?'"Wannan matsayi, wanda ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki da kuma riba musamman na kudi, ya nuna babbar hujjar cinikin sharar gida a duniya. Cibiyar Cato ta buga labarin da ke tallafawa kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya yana mai nuni da cewa "akwai kadan shaida cewa sharar gida masu hatsari, wadanda galibi cututtukan carcinogen ne, ke haifar da yawan mace-mace a kasashe masu tasowa." Da yake kuma karin haske kan wannan batu, labarin ya yi nuni da cewa "mutane a kasashe masu tasowa bisa hankali za su amince da karuwar kamuwa da gurbacewar yanayi don musanya da damar da za su kara yawan to amfanin da suke samu - kuma, saboda haka, kudin shiga."
Gabaɗaya, hujjar cinikin sharar duniya ta ta'allaka ne a kan hasashen cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa na buƙatar ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Magoya bayan sun ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin harkokin kasuwancin sharar gida, Kuma kasashe masu tasowa na Kudancin Duniya za su fadada tattalin arzikinsu tare da kara samun riba.
Sukar
Masu sukar cinikin sharar duniya suna jayayya cewa rashin tsari da gazawar manufofin da suka sa kasashe masu tasowa su zama matsugunin juji masu guba don sharar gida mai hatsari. To amman Adadin da ake yi na jigilar datti zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na kara yawan hadarin da mutanen wadannan kasashe ke fuskanta. Masu sukar illolin da cinikin sharar duniya ke haifarwa sun nanata yawan barnar da jama'a ke fama da su a kasashe masu fama da talauci. Sun yi nuni da cewa yawancin sharar da ake samu a duniya, kasashen yamma ne (Amurka da Turai) ne ke samar da su, amma duk da haka mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya daga wadannan sharar sun fito ne daga kasashe matalauta da ba su samar da sharar ba.
Peter Newell, Farfesa na Nazarin Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa "rashin daidaituwa na muhalli yana ƙarfafawa kuma, a lokaci guda kuma yana nunawa, wasu nau'o'in matsayi da amfani tare da layi, jinsi da jinsi." Masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar da ke haifar da illar da ke tattare da sharar sharar ta shafi marasa galihu fiye da sauran, masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar zubar da shara tana da matukar tasiri sosai ga mutane masu launin fata, mata da masu karamin karfi musamman.
Dangane da cinikin sharar duniya don sake haifar da rashin daidaito a duniya, yawancin masu fafutuka, masu shiryawa, da masu kare muhalli daga yankuna da abin ya shafa a Kudancin Duniya sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu game da manufofin cinikin sharar duniya. Evo Morales, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Bolivia, yana jayayya da tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu da ke tilasta wa kasarsa da al'ummarsa cin moriyar kasa. Yana cewa:"'Idan muna son ceto duniyar duniyar, don ceton rayuka da bil'adama, muna da alhakin kawo karshen tsarin jari-hujja. Sai dai idan ba mu kawo karshen tsarin jari hujja ba, ba zai taba yiwuwa a yi tunanin za a samu daidaito da adalci a wannan duniyar tamu ba. To Don haka ne nake ganin yana da muhimmanci a kawo karshen cin zarafin bil’adama da sace-sacen albarkatun kasa, da kawo karshen yake-yake na barna a kasuwanni da albarkatun kasa, da wawashe makamashi, musamman ma burbushin halittu. ga yawan cin kaya da kuma tarin sharar gida. Tsarin jari-hujja yana ba mu damar tara sharar gida kawai.”"Jean Francois Kouadio, ɗan asalin Afirka da ke zaune kusa da wurin da ake zubar da guba a ƙasar Ivory Coast, ya bayyana abin da ya samu game da illar abubuwa masu guba da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin al'ummarsa. Yayin da manyan kamfanonin kasashen Yamma ke zubar da shara masu guba a Ivory Coast, Kuoadio ya rasa yara biyu sakamakon sharar guba. Ya bayyana asarar 'yarsa ta biyu Ama Grace, da kuma yadda likitocin "sun ce ta yi fama da matsananciyar glycemia ta hanyar sharar gida mai guba." Baya ga masu suka daga Kudancin Duniya, masu bincike da masana a Yamma sun fara yin tsokaci game da rashin daidaituwar rarraba mummunan tasirin wadannan mummunar zubar da sharar da ke haifarwa. Dorceta Taylor, Farfesa a Jami'ar Michigan, ta yi jayayya game da yadda waɗannan manufofin ke shafar mata masu launi a ƙasar Amurka:"'Mata masu launin fata sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen gwagwarmaya don jawo hankali ga al'amuran da ke lalata al'ummomin tsiraru - batutuwa irin su zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari, bayyanar da guba; . . . Al'ummomin su, wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙantar muhalli ... su ne ma'ajin kayan sharar gida na samar da jari-hujja da yawan amfani da su. Sakamakon haka, sun kasance cikin sahun gaba wajen fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli; su ne wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin muhalli, masu fafutuka na asali, masu bincike, masu shirya taro, shugabannin taron bita, masu fafutuka, da masu gudanar da yakin neman zabe da al'umma.'"TV Reed, Farfesa na Turanci da Nazarin Amirka a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, ya ba da hujjar cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin mulkin mallaka na tarihi da mulkin mallaka mai guba ya ta'allaka ne akan hasashe na ƙasa na asali a matsayin 'sharar gida'. Ya yi nuni da cewa al'adun yammacin duniya sun dauki kasar 'yan asali a matsayin "marasa cigaba" da "marasa amfani", don haka mutanen da ke cikinta ba su da "wayewa". Yin amfani da wuraren tarihi na mulkin mallaka, mai guba ya sake haifar da waɗannan gardama guda ɗaya ta hanyar ayyana ƙasa ta Kudu ta Kudu a matsayin wacce za a iya kashewa ga sharar ƙasashen yamma.
Mulkin mallaka mai guba
Mulkin mallaka mai guba, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin tsarin da "kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin da ba su da tsada don fitarwa ko zubar da gurbataccen sharar da kasashe masu ci gaba ke yi," shi ne babban abin zargi a kan cinikin sharar duniya. Mulkin mallaka mai guba yana wakiltar manufofin neocolonial wanda ke ci gaba da kiyaye rashin daidaito a duniya a yau ta hanyar tsarin cinikayya mara kyau. Turawan mulkin mallaka mai guba yana amfani da kalmar mulkin mallaka saboda "halayen mulkin mallaka, da suka shafi dogaro da tattalin arziki, cin gajiyar aiki, da rashin daidaiton al'adu suna da alaƙa sosai a cikin sabon yanayin mulkin mallaka na sharar guba."
Sharar gida
Sharar lantarki, wanda kuma aka sani da e-sharar gida, tana nufin na'urorin lantarki da aka zubar. Ragi mai saurin girma na sharar lantarki a duniya ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa ci gaban fasaha, canje-canje a kafofin watsa labarai (kaset, software, MP3), faɗuwar farashin, da kuma tsarin tsufa. An kiyasta kimanin tan miliyan 50 na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Amurka da Turai. Yawancin wannan sharar lantarki ana jigilar su zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na Asiya da Afirka don sarrafa su da sake sarrafa su.
Nazari daban-daban sun yi bincike kan illar muhalli da lafiya da wannan sharar ta e-sharar ta haifar ga mutanen da ke rayuwa da aiki a kusa da juji na lantarki. Karafa masu nauyi, gubobi, da sinadarai suna zubowa daga wadannan kayayyakin da aka jefar zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa, suna jefa mutanen yankin guba. Mutanen da ke aiki a cikin wannan juji, yaran gida da ke neman kayan da za su sayar, da Kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al’ummomin da ke kewaye duk suna fuskantar wannan gubar mai kisa.
Wani birni da ke fama da mummunan sakamakon cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Guiyu, China, wanda ake kira da juji na lantarki na duniya. Yana iya zama juji na e-sharar gida mafi girma a duniya, tare da ma'aikata suna tarwatsa sama da fam guda miliyan 1.5 na kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran na'urorin lantarki a kowace shekara.
Toka mai ƙonewa
Tokar innarator ita ce tokar da ake samarwa a lokacin da masu ƙonewa suka ƙone datti don zubar da shi. Konewa yana da tasirin gurɓatawa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sakin iskar gas iri-iri, ƙarfe mai nauyi, da sulfur dioxide.
Lamarin da ya faru a Tekun Khian
Misalin tokar wutar lantarki da ake zubarwa a Kudancin Duniya daga Arewacin Duniya a cikin musayar cinikayya ta rashin adalci shine lamarin zubar da sharar Tekun Khian</i>. Dauke da kimanin ton 14,000 na toka daga wani incinerator a Philadelphia, jirgin dakon kaya, Tekun Khian, zai zubar da sharar sa. Duk da haka, bayan da Jamhuriyar Dominican, Panama, Honduras, Bermuda, Guinea Bissau, da kuma tsibirin Antilles na Holland suka ki amincewa da su, a ƙarshe ma'aikatan jirgin sun zubar da wani yanki na toka a kusa da Haiti. Bayan canza sunan jirgin sau biyu don gwadawa da ɓoye ainihin asalin, ƙasashen, Senegal, Morocco, Yemen, Sri Lanka, da Singapore sun hana shigar da jirgin. Bayan kin amincewa da akai-akai, an yi imanin an zubar da tokar a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Indiya. Bayan wannan bala'i na kula da sharar gida, gwamnatin Haiti ta hana duk wani sharar da aka shigo da shi, wanda ke jagorantar wani yunkuri na gane duk munanan sakamakon da wannan sharar ta haifar a duniya. Dangane da lamarin zubar da sharar tekun Khian da makamantansu, an rubuta yarjejeniyar Basel don tsayayya da abin da kasashe masu tasowa suka sani da 'yan mulkin mallaka mai guba.' An buɗe don sanya hannu a cikin Maris shekarata 1989 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Mayu shekarar 1992. Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da ita ba.
Sharar sinadarai
Sharar sinadarai ita ce sharar da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba daga sinadarai masu haɗari, galibi waɗanda manyan masana'antu ke samarwa. Yana da matukar wahala da tsada a zubar dashi. Yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa da haɗarin lafiya yayin fallasa, sannan kuma dole ne a kula da shi a hankali a wuraren sarrafa shara mai guba.
Italiya na zubar da sinadarai masu hadari a Najeriya
Misali daya na sharar sinadarai da ake fitarwa daga Arewacin Duniya zuwa Kudancin Duniya shine taron wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Italiya da ke neman gujewa ka'idojin tattalin arzikin Turai. Ana zargin cewa yana fitar da ton 4,000 na datti mai guba, dauke da tan 150 na polychlorinated biphenyls, ko PCBs, dan kasuwar dan kasar Italiya ya yi jigilar dala miliyan 4.3 a cikin jigilar datti zuwa Najeriya. Jaridar Fordham Environmental Law Review ta buga labarin da ke yin bayani dalla-dalla kan illar dattin da aka yi wa Najeriya:"“Sakamakon batan shara a matsayin taki, kamfanin na kasar Italiya ya yaudari wani ma’aikacin katako mai ritaya/ jahiliya ya amince ya ajiye gubar a bayan gidansa dake tashar ruwan Koko ta Najeriya akan kudi kadan da dala har 100 duk wata. Wadannan sinadarai masu guba an fallasa su ga rana mai zafi da kuma yara masu wasa a kusa. Sun kutsa cikin ruwan Koko wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutanen kauye goma sha tara da suka ci gurbatacciyar shinkafa daga wata gona da ke kusa.”"Wannan misali ɗaya ne na yadda ɗimbin ciniki na gargajiya, daga ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da suka ci gaba ya yi mugun tasiri, rashin adalci, da rashin daidaituwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a Kudancin Duniya.
Sharar gida
An bayyana cinikin dattin robobi a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sharar ruwa. Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibin su ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharudda.
Tasiri kan muhalli
Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayi da yanayin halittu. Nazari daban-daban sun yi la'akari da yadda yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ya haifar da guba a yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren zubar da ruwa, inda suka kashe tsuntsaye da yawa, kifi, da sauran namun daji. Akwai Kuma nau'ikan sinadarai masu nauyi a cikin iska, ruwa, ƙasa, da laka a cikin da kewayen waɗannan wuraren juji masu guba, kuma matakan tattara ƙarfe masu nauyi a waɗannan wuraren suna da yawa kuma suna da guba.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiyar ɗan adam
Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunar illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu tasowa na iya zama mafi haɗari ga haɗari mai haɗari na cinikin sharar gida, kuma suna cikin haɗari musamman daga tasowa matsalolin lafiya. Hanyoyin zubar da wadannan sharar gida masu guba a kasashe masu tasowa suna fallasa yawan jama'a (ciki har da al'ummomi masu zuwa) ga sinadarai masu guba. To Ana zubar da waɗannan sharar gida mai guba a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ana ƙone su a cikin injina, ko kuma a wasu matakai masu haɗari. Ma’aikata suna sanye da kayan kariya kaɗan kaɗan lokacin sarrafa waɗannan sinadarai masu guba, kuma suna fuskantar waɗannan gubar ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, shakar numfashi, hulɗa da ƙasa da ƙura, da kuma shan gurɓataccen abinci da ruwan sha a cikin gida. Matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari suna shafar mutane ta hanyar haifar da ciwon daji, ciwon sukari, sauye-sauye a cikin ma'auni na neurochemical, rushewar hormone daga masu rushewar endocrin, Kuma sauye-sauyen fata, neurotoxicity, lalacewar koda, lalacewar hanta, cutar kashi, emphysema, ovotoxicity, lalacewar haihuwa, da dai sauransu. cututtuka masu mutuwa. Yin zubar da waɗannan sharar gida da ba daidai ba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya masu mutuwa, kuma yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a.
A siyasa
A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2018, Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte na Philippines ya yi barazanar shelanta yaki idan Kanada ta kasa sake kwato dattin tan 64 na datti da suka yi kuskuren lakabi a matsayin mai sake yin amfani da su. An ce kayan dattin daga Kanada wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya sake sarrafa kayan filastik a cikin shekarar 2016 da ya gabata. An riga an san Duterte game da kalamai masu tsauri da muguwar ɗabi'a. A yayin taron ASEAN da aka shirya a Manila na kasar Philippines, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya halarci inda aka tambaye shi ko wane mataki za su iya yi don magance wannan batu. Trudeau ya yi alƙawarin cewa za su dawo da dattin Kanada daga Philippines amma bayan shekaru biyu an daidaita shi. Duterte ya bai wa gwamnatin Canada har zuwa ranar 30 ga Mayu ko kuma kotun kolin ta Philippine za ta kara dagula lamarin a kotun kasa da kasa. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da yaƙin sharar gida na Philippine-Canada.
Bayan wata guda, Malaysia ita ce kasa ta biyu a Asiya da ta ta'azzara cinikin sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Canada, UK, Japan da Amurka. A cewar ministan muhalli na Malaysia; Yeo Bee Yin ya yi kakkausar murya cewa 'yan Malaysia ba za su karbi shara daga kasashen da suka ci gaba ba saboda hakan ya saba wa hakkin dan Adam.
Kasar Sin ta kuma takaita shigo da datti daga kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma a halin yanzu kasashen Asiya irinsu Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam da Myanmar sun zama jaji na gaba na kasashen da suka ci gaba wanda hakan bai dace ba.
martani na kasa da kasa game da batutuwan cinikin sharar gida
An sami martani daban-daban na kasa da kasa game da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da cinikin sharar gida na duniya da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita shi sama da shekaru talatin. Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari ya tabbatar da cewa yana da wuyar daidaitawa saboda akwai sharar da ake sayar da ita, kuma sau da yawa dokoki suna da wuyar aiwatar da su. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana samun manyan lalurori a cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ba ƙasashe da kamfanoni damar zubar da shara masu haɗari ta hanyoyi masu haɗari. To amman Babban yunƙurin da ya fi fice don daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Yarjejeniyar Basel.
Taron Basel
Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su, wanda akafi sani da Yarjejeniyar Basel, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita ƙauran ƙaura na ɓarna mai haɗari. An kafa yarjejeniyar Basel ne a shekara ta 1989 da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita ma'amalar sharar gida mai haɗari, musamman don hana zubar da datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. An samar da yarjejeniyar ta Basel ne biyo bayan wasu manyan batutuwan da aka yi ta fama da su inda aka rika jibge sharar guba masu yawa a cikin kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba, lamarin da ke jefa mutane da muhalli guba. Yarjejeniyar dai na neman rage samar da barna masu hadari, da sarrafa tare da rage cinikinta a kan iyakokin kasar.
SHARRI
Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli don Haɓaka Ƙa'ida ta Ƙa'ida akan Haramtacciyar hanya (ENFORCE) wata hukuma ce da ƙwararrun masana masu dacewa ke aiki don inganta yarda da Yarjejeniyar Basel. Ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira don magance batutuwan da ke kan iyaka na cinikin sharar ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda batun cinikin sharar da ke tsakanin kasa da kasa ya ratsa kan iyakoki da dama kuma ya shafi kasashe da dama, kuma yana da muhimmanci sosai a samu wata kungiya ta kasa-da-kasa, wadda ke jagorantar wadannan al'amura. Mambobin ENFORCE sun haɗa da wakilai ɗaya daga kowane yanki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyar waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma wakilai biyar daga cibiyoyin Basel Convention na yanki da masu daidaitawa, bisa ga daidaiton wakilcin yanki. Membobin kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Kasa da Kasa (INTERPOL), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don hanawa da dakatar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa irin su Basel Action Network (BAN), da sauran kungiyoyi da dama su ma sun cancanci zama mambobi. na ENFORCE.
Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa
A cikin shekarar 1999 Yarjejeniyar Basel ta zartar da Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa wanda ke neman inganta matakan tsari da mafi kyawun kare mutane daga sharar gida mai haɗari. Yarjejeniyar kan Alhaki da ramuwa tana ƙoƙarin "ƙaddamar da hanyoyin da suka dace lokacin da ƙetare iyakokin sharar gida ke haifar da lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli". Yarjejeniyar "tana sanya tsauraran alhaki ga diyya a cikin yanayin da ya shafi ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Basel, amma sai dai yayin da suke kula da sharar fage ta hanyar sanar da su, jigilar su, ko zubar da su." Yana neman daidaitawa da tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ƙasashe da na kamfanoni da dokokin Basel. Koyaya, kuma yawancin ƙasashe ba su sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya ba, don haka amfanin sa yana da iyaka.
Yarjejeniyar Lomé IV da Yarjejeniyar Cotonou
A kokarin kare kansu daga zubar da sharar da ba ta dace ba, kasashen Afirka, Caribbean, da Pasifik (ACP) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lome IV, wacce ke zama kari ga Yarjejeniyar Basel kuma ta haramta “fitar da datti mai hadari daga Tarayyar Turai zuwa kasashen Turai. Jihohin ACP." Wannan Yarjejeniya dai wani yunkuri ne na kasashe masu tasowa na kare kansu daga kasashen yammacin duniya da ke fitar da shararsu zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar safarar sharar da ke da hadari. Lokacin da yarjejeniyar Lomé IV ya kare a shekara ta 2000, kasashen ACP da kasashen Turai sun kulla sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Cotonou, wadda ta amince da wanzuwar kasadar da ba ta dace ba a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma sha'awar kare kariya daga jigilar kaya masu haɗari masu haɗari zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe. .”
Taron Bamako
A shekara ta 1991 kasashe masu tasowa da yawa a Afirka sun yi taro don tattauna rashin gamsuwarsu da yarjejeniyar Basel wajen tsara yadda ake zubar da datti a cikin kasashensu, tare da tsara dokar hana shigo da datti zuwa kasashensu mai suna Yarjejeniyar Bamako. Yarjejeniyar Bamako ta sha bamban da na Basel a cewar Bamako “ainihin ta haramta shigo da duk wata sharar da ake samarwa a wajen OAU (Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka) don zubarwa ko sake amfani da ita kuma tana ɗaukar duk wani shigo da shi daga wata Jam’iyya ba bisa ka’ida ba. aiki." Duk da haka, Kuma waɗannan ƙasashe ba za su iya aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba za su iya hana zubar da shara masu guba ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da kuma rashin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Don haka, aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Bamako yana da iyaka.
Sukar wadannan martani
Laura Pratt, kwararre kan cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da ƙoƙarin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa na daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari, Kuma "yarjejeniyoyi na duniya na yanzu, duka da tartsatsi, yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace da doka da kuma ajandar ad hoc tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe, ba su samu ba. ya kasance mai nasara wajen kawar da mulkin mallaka mai guba kamar yadda masu goyon bayan za su yi fata." Ta bayyana cewa akwai madogara daban-daban a tsarin da ake da shi a halin yanzu da ke ba da damar ci gaba da zubar da barasa, da kuma rashin kula da mulkin mallaka mai guba. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da cigaba da jigilar kayayyaki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da rashin ma'anar sharuddan.
Kayan jigilar kayayyaki na yaudara da ɓoyewa
Pratt ya bayyana cewa duk da yunƙurin daidaita zubar da shara ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, “[o] sau da yawa ana yin ɓarna mai haɗari ne kawai a ƙarƙashin izinin ƙarya, cin hanci, lakabin da bai dace ba, ko ma da hujjar ‘sake yin amfani da su,’ wanda ke daɗa girma.” Kamfanoni sukan fitar da barnar da suke da ita zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar fasa-kwauri ba bisa ga ka'ida ba. Ƙoƙarin daidaita wannan kasuwa ya fuskanci cikas sakamakon rashin iya sa ido a harkar kasuwancin, saboda yawancin ƙasashe ba su da wata hukuma ta doka da za ta hana ko ladabtar da fataucin barasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Bugu da ƙari, Pratt ya yi bayanin cewa ba tare da haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin kasa da kasa don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin ba, sannan Kuma yana da matukar wahala ga ƙasashe su "mallakar da cinikin haramtacciyar sharar gida, saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin albarkatun tilastawa da daidaiton tsari." Kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu sun fi daukar nauyin wannan haramtaccen aiki, kuma galibi ba su da wadata ko karfin kare kansu.
Matsaloli tare da ma'anar doka
Wani batu tare da yarjejeniyar Basel da sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa don daidaita cinikin sharar shine wahalar samar da fayyace ma'anoni iri ɗaya game da sharar gida. Kuma Wadannan ma'anoni masu fadi da ma'ana suna haifar da matsala tare da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, yayin da bangarori daban-daban ke fassara harshen yarjejeniyoyin daban don haka suna aiki daidai da haka. Misali, “rashin bambamta tsakanin ‘sharar gida’ da ‘kayayyaki’ a cikin yarjejeniyar da ma’auni na ‘masu haɗari’ sun ba da damar ci gaba da fitar da ‘sharar lafiya’ a ƙarƙashin lakabin kayayyaki ko albarkatun ƙasa, duk da ana cewa waɗannan sharar gida har yanzu suna haifar da haɗarin muhalli da lafiya ga ƙasashe masu tasowa."
Ciwon Cushing
Ciwon Cushing shine tarin alamomi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na dogon lokaci ga glucocorticoids kamar cortisol. Alamomi da alamomi na iya haɗawa da hawan jini, kiba na ciki amma tare da siraran hannaye da ƙafafu, alamun mikewa jajaye, jajayen fuska, zagayen jajayen fuska, dunƙule kitse tsakanin kafadu, raunin tsoka, raunin ƙasusuwa, kuraje, da raƙuman fata da ke warkewa da kyau. Mata na iya samun gashi da yawa da kuma rashin haila. Lokaci-lokaci ana iya samun canje-canje a yanayi, ciwon kai, da kuma jin gajiya na dindindin.
Ciwon Cushing yana haifar da ko dai yawan magungunan cortisol irin su prednisone ko ƙari wanda ko dai ya haifar ko ya haifar da samar da cortisol mai yawa ta hanyar glandan adrenal. Abubuwan da ke haifar da adenoma pituitary an san su da cutar Cushing, wanda shine na biyu mafi yawan sanadin cutar Cushing bayan magani. Wasu ciwace-ciwace kuma na iya haifar da Cushing's. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna da alaƙa da cututtukan gada kamar nau'in neoplasia na endocrine da yawa da kuma hadaddun Carney. Bincike yana buƙatar matakai da yawa. Mataki na farko shine duba magungunan da mutum yake sha. Mataki na biyu shine auna matakan cortisol a cikin fitsari, yau ko a cikin jini bayan shan dexamethasone. Idan wannan gwajin ba shi da kyau, ana iya auna cortisol da dare. Idan cortisol ya kasance mai girma, ana iya yin gwajin jini don ACTH.
Yawancin lokuta ana iya magance su da kuma warkewa. Idan saboda magunguna, ana iya rage waɗannan sau da yawa a hankali idan har yanzu ana buƙata ko a daina a hankali. Idan ciwace ta haifar da ita, ana iya magance ta ta hanyar haɗin tiyata, chemotherapy, da/ko radiation. Idan pituitary ya shafi, ana iya buƙatar wasu magunguna don maye gurbin aikin da ya ɓace. Tare da jiyya, tsawon rayuwa yawanci al'ada ne. Wasu, waɗanda aikin tiyata ba zai iya cire duka ƙari ba, suna da haɗarin mutuwa.
Kimanin mutane biyu zuwa uku a kowace miliyan suna fama da cutar a kowace shekara. Yawanci yana shafar mutanen da ke tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 50. Mata suna fama da cutar sau uku fiye da maza. Matsakaicin ƙarancin haɓakar haɓakar cortisol ba tare da bayyanar cututtuka ba, duk da haka, ya fi kowa. Likitan likitan kwakwalwa na Amurka Harvey Cushing ne ya fara bayyana ciwon Cushing a shekara ta 1932. Cushing's syndrome na iya faruwa a wasu dabbobi ciki har da kuliyoyi, karnuka, da dawakai.
Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023
Wannan jerin sunaye ne mutanen da a halin yanzu ke aiki a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya (a Majalisar Tarayya ta 9 ).
Membobin shiyya
Ya zuwa ranar 27/7/2022:
Yaa Gyasi
Yaa Gyasi (an haife ta 1989) ita marubuciya Ghana ce kuma Ba’amurkiya. Littafin tarihinta na farko Homegoing, an buga shi a shekarar 2016, ta lashe ta, tana da shekara 26, lambar yabo ta National Book Critics Circle's John Leonard Award don mafi kyawun littafin farko, lambar yabo ta PEN/Hemingway don littafin farko na almara, Gidauniyar Littattafai ta "5 a karkashin 35" tana girmama 2016 da Kyautar Littattafan Amurka. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Vilcek don Alkawarin kirkirar littattafai a shekarar 2020.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a Mampong, Ghana, 'yar Kwaku Gyasi ce, farfesa ce ta Faransanci a Jami'ar Alabama a Huntsville, da Sophia, wacce ke jinya. Iyalinta sun koma Amurka a 1991 lokacin da mahaifinta ke kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a Jami’ar Jihar Ohio. Iyalin kuma sun zauna a Illinois da Tennessee, kuma daga shekaru 10, Gyasi ya girma ne a Huntsville, Alabama.
Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts a Turanci a Jami'ar Stanford, da Jagorar Fine Arts daga Taron Marubutan Iowa, shirin kirkirar rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar Iowa.
Aiki
Jim kadan bayan kammala karatun digiri a Stanford, ta fara karatunta na farko kuma ta yi aiki a kamfanin farawa a San Francisco, amma ba ta ji daɗin aikin ba kuma ta yi murabus bayan an karɓe ta zuwa Iowa a 2012.
Littafin tarihinta na farko Homegoing wanda aka gabatar dashi shine ya kawo ziyarar 2009 zuwa kasar Ghana, farkon Gyasi tun bayan barin kasar tun yana jariri. Littafin labari an kammala shi a cikin 2015 kuma bayan karatun farko daga masu shela, an sadu da abubuwa da yawa kafin ta karɓi ci gaba mai lamba bakwai daga Knopf. Ta-Nehisi Coates aka zaba Homegoing don lambar yabo ta National Book Foundation ta 2016 "5 a karkashin 35", kuma an zabi littafin ne don lambar yabo ta National Book Critics Circle's John Leonard Award, lambar yabo ta PEN / Hemingway don mafi kyawun littafin farko, da Kyautar Littattafan Amurka don gudummawa ga bambancin wallafe-wallafen Amurka.
Rubutun nata ya kuma bayyana a cikin irin waɗannan wallafe-wallafen kamar African American Review, Callaloo, Guernica, The Guardian, da Granta.
Gyasi ta ambaci Toni Morrison (Song of Solomon), Gabriel García Márquez (One Hundred Years of Solitude), James Baldwin (Go Tell It on the Mountain), Edward P. Jones (Lost in the City), da Jhumpa Lahiri (Unaccustomed Earth) kamar yadda wahayin.
Tun daga shekarar 2016, Gyasi ta zauna a Berkeley, California. A cikin Maris 2021, ta rubuta makala akan "wannan tambaya na 'kasuwancin karatu', na yadda muke karantawa, dalilin da yasa muke karantawa, da kuma menene karatun yake yi mana kuma." Ta rubuta, "Yayin da na yi imani da gaske ga ikon wallafe-wallafe don kalubalanci, zurfafawa, canzawa, na kuma san cewa siyan littattafai daga marubutan baƙar fata ba kawai ka'ida ba ne, rashin jin daɗi da rashin talauci ga ƙarni na cutarwa ta jiki da ta tunani.."
Caz Walton
Caz Walton OBE (an haife ta Carol Bryant; 1 Fabrairu 1947) ita 'yar Burtaniya ce mai ritayar keken guragu kuma tsohuwar manajan ƙungiyar Wasannin nakasassu ta Burtaniya. Ta kasance 'yar wasan zinare da yawa da ta samu lambar yabo wacce ta fafata a wasannin nakasassu da dama. Tsakanin 1964 zuwa 1976 ta lashe lambobin yabo a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, ninkaya, wasan teburi, da wasan wasa. Ta yi hutu daga wasannin nakasassu, inda ta shiga wasan kwallon kwando da wasannin wasan shinge a shekarar 1988. Gabaɗaya Walton ta lashe lambobin zinare goma a lokacin wasanta na Paralympic, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Burtaniya da suka yi nasara a kowane lokaci. Walton kuma ya kamata a ba ta zinare a gasar Pentathlon ta Mata ta Tel Aviv a shekarar 1968 bai cika ba amma, saboda kuskuren kididdigar maki da ta samu wanda ba a lura da shi ba a lokacin, an ba ta matsayi na uku da lambar tagulla.
Aikin wasanni
Walton ta ji daɗin dogon aikin gasa, ta lashe lambobin yabo a Turai, Commonwealth, da Gasar Duniya. Ta yi gasa a fannoni daban-daban, da suka haɗa da wasannin motsa jiki, wasan tennis, wasan ninkaya, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon kwando.
Wasannin nakasassu
Gasar wasannin nakasassu da Walton ta fi samun nasara ita ce Wasannin 1972 a Heidelberg. Ta lashe zinare biyu da tagulla daya a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle da zinare a gasar kwallon tebur. Ta shiga wurin wasan katangar maimakon wasan ninkaya, inda ta yi nasara a gasar novice foil. A Wasannin 1976 a Toronto Watson ya shiga irin wannan al'amuran, inda ya lashe tagulla a wasannin motsa jiki, wasan tennis, da wasan wasa.
Walton ta yi ritaya daga gasar kasa da kasa a shekara ta 1994. Ta zama manaja ta tawagar wasan wasan nakasassu ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1996, inda ta sake taka rawar gani a wasannin na 2000 da 2008. Domin wasannin 2004 ta kasance shugabar kungiyar ta Burtaniya.