cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sahel
Geography
Yankin Sahel ya 5900 km daga Tekun Atlantika daga yamma zuwa Bahar Maliya a gabas, a cikin bel ɗin da ya bambanta daga ɗari da yawa zuwa kilomita dubu (c. 600 miles) a faɗinsa, wanda ke da 3,053,200 km2. Wani yanki ne na rikon kwarya na ciyayi maras bushewa, savannas, ciyayi, da ciyayi masu ƙaya da ke kwance tsakanin savanna na Sudan mai dazuzzuka zuwa kudu da Sahara a arewa.
Hotunan yanayin yankin Sahel ya fi karkata ne; Yawancin yankin yana tsakanin kimanin 200 and 400 m a cikin girma. Tsaunukan tsaunuka da dama sun tashi daga yankin Sahel, amma kuma an sanya su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban saboda flora da namun daji sun bambanta da wuraren da ke kewaye. Ruwan sama na shekara ya bambanta daga kusan 100 - 200 mm a arewacin Sahel zuwa kusan 700 - 1,000 mm a kudu.
Flora da fauna
Yankin Sahel galibi yana cike da ciyayi da savanna, tare da wuraren dazuzzuka da ciyayi. Murfin ciyawa yana ci gaba da ci gaba da kasancewa a duk faɗin yankin, wanda nau'ikan ciyawa na shekara-shekara ke mamaye su kamar Cenchrus biflorus, Schoenefeldia gracilis da Aristida stipoides. Nau'in acacia sune manyan bishiyoyi, tare da Acacia tortilis sun fi kowa, tare da Acacia senegal da Acacia laeta. Sauran nau'in bishiyoyi sun hada da Commiphora africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Faidherbia albida, da Boscia senegalensis. A arewacin yankin Sahel, yankunan hamada, da suka hada da Panicum turgidum da Aristida sieberana, madaidaicin wuraren ciyawa da savanna. A cikin dogon lokacin rani, Kuma bishiyoyi da yawa suna rasa ganye kuma galibin ciyawa a kowace shekara suna mutuwa.
Sahel ta kasance gida ne ga ɗimbin dabbobi masu kiwo, ciki har da scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), dama gazelle (Gazella dama), Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), gazelle mai ja (Gazella rufifrons), ƙaton buffalo na prehistoric. ( Pelorovis ) da Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus busephalus buselaphus), tare da manyan mafarauta irin su kare daji na Afirka ( Lycaon pictus ), Arewa maso yammacin Afrika cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki), Arewa maso gabashin Afrika cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) , thetheran leo) . Kuma An rage nau'in nau'in da yawa ta hanyar farauta da gasa tare da dabbobi masu rauni ( Damazelle ( Dama Gazelle da Dog na Afirka ), ko kuma suka lalata ( Oryx mai ƙaho na Scimitar mai yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin daji, kuma duka Pelorovis da Bubal hartebeest yanzu sun ɓace).
Dausayin yanayi na Sahel yana da mahimmanci sosai ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da ke tafiya a cikin Afirka da kuma kan titin Afirka-Eurasia.
Yanayi
Yankin Sahel yana da yanayi mai raɗaɗi na wurare masu zafi ( Köppen yanayin rarrabuwa BSH ). Yanayin yawanci zafi, rana, bushewa da ɗan iska duk tsawon shekara. Yanayin yankin Sahel yana kama da, amma bai wuce yanayin hamadar Sahara da ke arewa ba.
Yankin Sahel yana samun ƙarancin hazo kaɗan zuwa rahusa kowace shekara. Takin yana da tsayi mai tsayi, lokacin rani mai yawa da kuma ɗan gajeren lokacin damina. Hazo kuma ba a saba da shi ba, kuma ya bambanta sosai daga yanayi zuwa yanayi. Yawancin ruwan sama yakan sauka a cikin watanni hudu zuwa shida a tsakiyar shekara, yayin da sauran watannin na iya zama bushewa. Gabaɗaya cikin yankin Sahel yana karɓar tsakanin kusan 200 mm da 700 mm na ruwan sama a shekara. Tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna da aka saba ɗauka don yanayin Sahel bisa ga ruwan sama na shekara shine kamar haka: yanayin Sahara-Sahelian, tare da ma'anar hazo tsakanin shekara a ƙalla 100 zuwa 200. mm (kamar Khartoum, Sudan), matsanancin yanayi na Sahel, tare da ma'anar hazo tsakanin 200 zuwa 700 na shekara-shekara. mm (kamar Niamey, Nijar) da yanayin Sahelian-Sudan, tare da ma'anar hazo tsakanin 700 zuwa 1,200 kowace shekara. mm (kamar Bamako, Mali). Dangantakar zafi a cikin ciyayi yana ƙasa da ƙasa sosai, yawanci tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 25% a lokacin rani kuma tsakanin kashi 25% zuwa 75% a lokacin damina. Mafi ƙanƙanta danshi yana da dangi zafi ƙasa da 35%.
Yankin Sahel yana da yanayi na dindindin, mai tsananin zafi, tare da yanayin zafi maras bambanta. Sahel ba kasafai ke fuskantar yanayin sanyi ba. A lokacin mafi zafi, matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin 36 and 42 °C (har ma da ƙari a cikin yankuna mafi zafi), sau da yawa fiye da watanni uku, yayin da matsakaicin ƙananan yanayin zafi yana kusa da 25 to 31 °C. A lokacin "lokaci mafi sanyi", matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin 27 and 33 °C kuma matsakaicin ƙananan yanayin zafi yana tsakanin 15 and 21 °C. Ko'ina a cikin Sahel, matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ya wuce 18 °C.
Yankin Sahel yana da tsayi zuwa tsayin daka sosai a duk shekara, tsakanin sa'o'i 2,400 (kusan kashi 55% na sa'o'in hasken rana ) da sa'o'i 3,600 (fiye da 80% na sa'o'in hasken rana). Tsawon lokacin hasken rana a yankin Sahel yana fuskantar matakan hamada, kuma yana kama da na hamadar Larabawa, alal misali, duk da cewa yankin Sahel yanki ne kawai ba hamada ba. Murfin girgije yana ƙasa da ƙasa sosai. Misali, Yamai, Nijar na da hasken rana na sa'o'i 3,082; Gao, Mali yana da kusan sa'o'i 3,385 na hasken rana; Timbuktu na kasar Mali yana da sa'o'i 3,409 na rana, kuma N'Djamena na kasar Chadi yana da hasken rana na sa'o'i kusan 3,205.
Al'adu
A al'adance, yawancin mutanen yankin Sahel sun kasance ƴan ƙauye ne, noma da kiwon dabbobi a cikin tsarin da bai dace ba, wanda tabbas shine mafi ɗorewa hanyar amfani da yankin Sahel. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin busasshiyar Arewa mai yawan sinadiran kasa da kuma kudu mai dausayi mai yawan ciyayi, ana amfani da shi ne ta hanyar samun makiyayan suna kiwo abinci mai inganci a Arewa a lokacin damina, da tattakin kilomita dari zuwa Kudu don kiwo. akan mafi yawan abinci, amma ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki yayin lokacin bushewa.
A Yammacin Sahel, auren mata fiye da daya da kuma auren kananan yara ya zama ruwan dare. Ana kuma yi wa mata kaciya a wannan yankin Sahel.
Etymology
An aro kalmar “Sahel” ne daga sunan yankin Larabci, الساحل al-sāḥil. Sāḥil a zahiri yana nufin "gabas, tudu", wanda aka bayyana a matsayin nuni na alama ga gefen kudu na babban yankin Sahara. Duk da haka, a irin wannan amfani ba a tabbatar da shi a cikin Larabci na gargajiya ba, kuma an yi nuni da cewa kalmar ta yiwu asalinta ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci سهل. sahl "a fili" maimakon.
Farkon noma
Kusan kashi 4000 BC, yanayin Sahara da Sahel ya fara bushewa cikin sauri da sauri. Wannan sauyin yanayi ya sa tafkuna da koguna sun ragu sosai kuma ya haifar da karuwar hamada. Wannan, ta biyun, ya rage yawan ƙasar da za ta iya zama matsuguni kuma ya haifar da ƙaura na al'ummomin noma zuwa yanayi mafi ɗanɗano a yammacin Afirka.
Zaman mulkin mallaka
Yammacin Sahel ya fada hannun Faransa a ƙarshen karni na 19 a matsayin wani yanki na Faransanci na Yammacin Afirka. An ƙara Chadi a cikin shekarata 1900 a matsayin wani yanki na Faransa Equatorial Africa. An raba yankunan Faransanci a cikin shekarata 1960.
Gabashin Sahel (bangaren da ake kira Sudan ) bai fada hannun turawan turai ba amma Muhammad Ali na Masar ya hade shi a shekara ta 1820. Ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Burtaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Masarautar Masar a cikin shekarar 1914. Yankin Sahel na Sudan ya zama wani yanki na Sudan mai cin gashin kansa a Shekarar 1956, kuma Sudan ta Kudu ta sami 'yancin kai daga Sudan a shekarar 2011.
Fari na baya-bayan nan
Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, yankin Sahel yana fama da fari da fari a kai a kai. Daya megadrought ya kasance daga 1450 zuwa 1700, 250 shekaru. An yi wani babban fari a yankin Sahel a shekara ta 1914 wanda ruwan sama ya yi kasa da matsakaicin shekara, wanda ya haifar da yunwa mai yawa. Daga shekarun 1951 zuwa 2004, yankin Sahel ya fuskanci fari mai tsauri da tsanani a Afirka. A shekarun 1960 an sami karuwar ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa yankin arewa mai busasshiyar ya fi samun sauki. Akwai turawa, da gwamnatoci suka goyi bayan mutane su koma arewa. Lokacin da dogon lokaci na fari daga shekarata 1968 zuwa 1974 ya fara, kiwo cikin sauri ya zama marar dorewa kuma babban sikelin ya biyo baya. Kamar fari a shekara ta 1914, wannan ya haifar da yunwa mai yawa, amma a wannan karon an ɗan husata da ganin duniya da kuma fitar da taimako. Wannan bala'i ya kai ga kafa asusun bunkasa noma na duniya.
2010 fari
Tsakanin Yuni da Agusta shekarata 2010, yunwa ta afkawa yankin Sahel. Noman Nijar sun kasa girma a lokacin zafi, 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa, kuma 1,200,000 na fuskantar barazanar yunwa. A kasar Chadi zazzabi ya kai 47.6 °C a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni a Faya-Largeau, ya karya tarihin da aka kafa a 1961 a wuri guda. Nijar ta yi daurin gindin mafi girman yanayin zafi a shekarar 1998, haka kuma a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, a 47.1. °C a Bilma. An karya wannan rikodin washegari, lokacin da Bilma ta ci 48.2 °C. An kai ga mafi zafi da aka yi rikodin a Sudan a ranar 25 ga Yuni, a 49.6 °C a Dongola, ya karya tarihin da aka kafa a 1987. Nijar ta ba da rahoto a ranar 14 ga Yuli cewa zawo, yunwa, gastroenteritis, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtukan numfashi sun yi rashin lafiya ko kuma kashe yara da yawa. Sabuwar mulkin sojan ya nemi agajin abinci na kasa da kasa tare da daukar kwararan matakai na kiran agajin kasashen waje. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, zafi ya kai kusan matsayi na tarihi a kan Chadi da Nijar, kuma a arewacin Nijar kimanin mutane 20 sun mutu sakamakon rashin ruwa a ranar 27 ga Yuli.
Hamada da asarar ƙasa
Yankin Sahel na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi. Idan har sauyin yanayi a yankin Sahel "ba a yi tafiyar hawainiya ba kuma kwararowar hamada ta yiwu a koma ta hanyar ayyuka masu ɗorewa da kowane nau'i na dazuzzuka, lokaci kaɗan ne kawai" ƙasashe kamar Nijar sun rasa ƙasarsu gaba ɗaya zuwa hamada saboda rashin tsaro da ba a kula da su ba. ayyukan mutane. Fiye da noma, kiwo, yawan jama'a da yawa, da zaizayar kasa, sun haifar da hamada mai tsanani a yankin. Wannan ya shafi ginin matsuguni, wanda ya sa ya zama dole a canza kayan da aka yi amfani da su. An gabatar da aikin gine-ginen da babu itace a yankin Sahel a shekarar 1980 ta taron karawa juna sani na raya kasa, wanda tun a wancan lokaci ya sami babban tasiri a yankin. Wani babban shiri na yaki da kwararowar hamada a yankin Sahel ta hanyar dazuzzuka da sauran ayyukan shi ne Babbar Ganuwar Kore.
Manyan guguwar ƙura suma suna faruwa akai-akai. A cikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2004, yawan guguwar ƙura da dama ta afkawa ƙasar Chadi, wadda ta samo asali daga Bala'in Bodélé. Wannan yanki ne gama gari don guguwar ƙura, wanda ke faruwa akan matsakaita akan kwanaki 100 kowace shekara.
A ranar 23 ga Maris,Na shekarata 2010, wata babbar guguwa mai yashi ta afkawa Mauritaniya, da Senegal, da Gambiya, da Guinea-Bissau, da Gini, da Saliyo na cikin gida. Wani kuma ya afku a kudancin Aljeriya, da Mauritania na cikin gida, da Mali da kuma arewacin Ivory Coast a lokaci guda.
Rashin zaman lafiya da tashin hankali
Kungiyoyin ta'addanci da suka hada da Boko Haram da Al-Qaeda a yankin Magrib (AQIM) da ke aiki a yankin Sahel sun taimaka wajen tashe-tashen hankula, tsatsauran ra'ayi da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin. A watan Maris din shekarar shekarata 2020, Amurka ta aika da wakili na musamman a yankin Sahel domin yakar tashe-tashen hankula daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda.
Manzo Peter Pham ya fara sabon aikinsa a ranar 1 ga Maris shekarar 2020. Ya kasance wakilin Amurka na musamman a yankin manyan tabkuna na Afirka tun watan Nuwamba shekarata 2018.
Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya, Mali, Sudan da sauran kasashe a yankin Sahel ya ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi, gurbacewar kasa, da karuwar jama'a. Ana kuma danganta fari da karancin abinci da rikicin Arewacin Mali.
A ranar 9 ga Yuli, shekarata 2020, Amurka ta nuna damuwa game da karuwar zarge-zargen take hakin bil'adama da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaron jihar a Sahel. Amsar Amurka ta zo ne bayan Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wasu takardu dangane da hakan a ranar 1 ga Yuli. Rahotanni a watan Maris din shekarar 2022 sun nuna cewa mayakan na ci gaba da bazuwa a Kudancin Sahel.
Wurare masu kariya
Yankunan da aka kare a Sahel sun hada da Ferlo Nord Reserve a Senegal, Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve na Sahel a Burkina Faso, Ansonga-Ménake Faunal Reserve a Mali, Tadres Reserve a Nijar, da Waza National Park a Kamaru.
Cervical vertebrae
A cikin tetrapods, kashin mahaifa (masu ɗaya: vertebra ) sune kashin wuyan wuyansa, nan da nan ƙasa da kwanyar. Truncal vertebrae (rabu zuwa thoracic da lumbar vertebrae a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ) kwance caudal (zuwa wutsiya) na mahaifa na mahaifa. A cikin nau'in sauropsid, ƙwanƙarar ƙwayar mahaifa tana ɗauke da haƙarƙarin mahaifa. A cikin kadangaru da dinosaurs na saurishian, haƙarƙarin mahaifa suna da girma; a cikin tsuntsaye, ƙananan su ne kuma gaba ɗaya sun haɗa su zuwa kashin baya. Hanyoyin juzu'i na vertebral na dabbobi masu shayarwa sun yi kama da hakarkarin mahaifa na sauran amniotes. shayarwa suna da kashin mahaifa guda bakwai, tare da sani guda uku kawai da aka sani sune manatee mai shida, sloth mai yatsu biyu tare da biyar ko shida, da ramin ƙafa uku tare da tara.
A cikin mutane, ƙananan ƙwayar mahaifa sune mafi ƙanƙanta na gaskiya kuma za'a iya bambanta su da sauri daga yankunan thoracic ko lumbar ta hanyar kasancewar wani nau'i (rami) a cikin kowane tsari mai juyayi, ta hanyar da vertebral artery, vertebral veins, da ƙananan baya. cervical ganglion wuce. Ragowar wannan labarin yana mai da hankali ne kan ilimin halittar ɗan adam.
Tsarin
Ta hanyar al'ada, ana ƙididdige kashin mahaifa, tare da na farko (C1) mafi kusa da kwanyar kuma mafi girma masu lambobi (C2-C7) suna tafiya daga kwanyar da ƙasa da kashin baya. An kwatanta halayen gaba ɗaya na kashin mahaifa na uku zuwa na shida a nan. Kashin baya na farko, na biyu, da na bakwai na ban mamaki ne, kuma an yi dalla-dalla daga baya.
Jijiyoyin kashin baya na mahaifa suna fitowa daga saman kashin mahaifa. Misali, jijiya na kashin baya 3 (C3) ta wuce sama da C3.
Atlas da axis
Atlas (C1) da axis (C2) su ne mafi girman kashin baya.
Atlas (C1) shine mafi girman vertebra, kuma tare da axis yana samar da haɗin gwiwa wanda ke haɗa kwanyar da kashin baya. Ba shi da jikin kashin baya, tsari mai juyayi, da fayafai ko dai babba ko ƙasa da shi. Yana da kama da zobe kuma ya ƙunshi baka na gaba, baka na baya, da talakawa biyu na gefe.
Axis (C2) yana samar da pivot wanda atlas ke juyawa akansa. Mafi mahimmancin halayen wannan kashi shine tsarin tsarin odontoid mai karfi (dens) wanda ke tashi a tsaye daga saman saman jiki kuma yana bayyana tare da C1. Jiki yana da zurfi a gaba fiye da baya, kuma yana tsawaita ƙasa gabaɗaya har ya mamaye ɓangaren sama da na gaba na vertebra na uku.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Cara Dunne-Yates (an haifeta aMaris 17, 1970 - Oktoba 20, 2004) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasa ce, ƙwararrun ilimin halitta, ƙwararren harshe, lauya, lauya, marubuci, mawaƙi, kuma uwar 'ya'ya biyu. Ta kasance mai lambar yabo ta Paralympic a duka wasannin hunturu da na bazara. Ta kasance mai ilimin Harvard, kuma ita kaɗai ce naƙasasshiyar farko Marshall (shugaban aji) na kowace babbar jami'a. Ita kuma lauya ce mai ilimi ta UCLA (1997), wacce ita ce ta farko da ta yi yaƙi da Majalisar shigar da Makarantar Law bisa doka don ta sa su yi amfani da tsarin jarrabawar Braille na LSAT.
Cervical vertebrae
Vertebra yana da girma
Vertebra prominens, ko C7, yana da tsayayyen tsari mai tsayi kuma sanannen kashin baya, wanda zai iya fitowa daga saman fata. Wani lokaci, ƙwayar mahaifa ta bakwai tana haɗuwa da ƙananan haƙarƙari mara kyau, wanda aka sani da ƙwayar mahaifa, wanda ke tasowa daga tushen tushen tsarin mai juyayi. Wadannan haƙarƙari yawanci ƙanana ne, amma suna iya damfara tasoshin jini lokaci-lokaci (kamar jijiya na subclavian ko jijiya na subclavian) ko jijiyoyi a cikin plexus na brachial, haifar da ciwo, rashin tausayi, tingling, da rauni a cikin babba, yanayin da aka sani da ciwo na thoracic outlet syndrome. . Da wuya, wannan haƙarƙari yana faruwa a cikin biyu.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Ciwon daji
An haife ta kuma ta girma a arewa maso yammacin Chicago, Illinois, an gano Dunne-Yates a cikin watanni 15 tare da retinoblastoma (RB), ciwon daji na retinal. Nan da nan aka cire ido daya, kuma bayan shekaru uku na chemotherapy da maganin radiation, an cire dayan idonta a matsayin maganin ceton rai.
Cervical vertebrae
Vertebra yana da girma
Dogon tsari mai kaurin kai na C7 yana da kauri kuma yana kusan kwance a cikin shugabanci. Ba a bifurcated ba, kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin tubercle wanda ligamentum nuchae ke haɗawa da shi. Wannan tsari ba koyaushe shine mafi shaharar tsarin tafiyar da baya ba, ana samun kusan kashi 70% na lokaci, C6 ko T1 na iya zama mafi shahara a wasu lokuta.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Ilimi
Ajin 1984 - Dunne-Yates ya halarci Makarantar Elementary ta Farnsworth.
Darasi na 1988 - Makarantar Sakandare ta Taft a Chicago.
Ajin 1992 - Dunne-Yates ya sauke karatu a matsayin Farko Marshall (shugaban aji) kuma magna cum laude daga Harvard tare da A.B. a cikin Nazarin Gabashin Asiya kuma ƙarami a fannin Tattalin Arziki.
Class na 1997 - Dunne-Yates ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Shari'a ta UCLA, bayan jinkirin jinya na shekara guda, kuma yayin horo ga 1996 US Paralympic cycling Team.
2002–2004 - Aboki a Jami'ar Brandeis, Waltham, Massachusetts - Shirin Malaman Nazarin Mata.
Aikin motsa jiki
A cikin 1976, lokacin da Dunne-Yates ke da shekaru shida, mahaifiyarta Mary Zabelski ta gabatar da ita wasan tseren tsalle-tsalle a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Chicago, Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Amurka (ABSF). Daga ƙarshe, Dunne-Yates da mahaifinta wanda zai kasance ba da daɗewa ba, Richard Zabelski, sun sami horo tare da ABSF a wuraren wasan kankara na gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na tseren ƙungiyoyi. A cikin 1979, bayan yanayi biyu na wasan tsere don nishadi a matsayin aikin iyali, ta shiga tseren kankara na farko. Tare da farkon bala'i, Dunne-Yates da uba, waɗanda suka yi aiki na musamman a matsayin mai horar da ƙwallan ƙwallon ƙafa a duk lokacin da take gudanar da wasan tsere, sun ɓullo da wata sabuwar dabarar jagora, inda mai tseren zai bi jagorar. Wannan dabarar “jagora ta gaba” ba a taɓa yin nuni da ita a baya ba a cikin tseren kankara makaho. Bayan fafatawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa tare da makafi daga ƙungiyoyi daga Wisconsin da Michigan, dabarun Dunne-Yates da kwarin gwiwa a matsayin ɗan tseren kankara ya inganta. Lokacin da ta kai shekaru 11, ta yi takara a rukunin mata na manya, inda ta nuna a karon farko dabarun jagora. An zabe ta a matsayin mafi karancin shekaru a kungiyar. Ta yi gasa tare da Ƙungiyar Alpine Ski ta Amurka daga 1982 zuwa 1989, kuma ta sami lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya a Switzerland, Kanada, Austria, da Sweden.
A cikin 1994, Dunne-Yates ya shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta UCLA. A cikin 1995, ta sadu kuma ta fara horo tare da Scott Evans, ƙwararren mai tseren keke na velodrome. Sun horar da kullun akan keken waƙar tandem, yayin da kowannensu ya halarci darasi a UCLA. Dunne-Yates da Evans sun shiga tsere da yawa don haɓaka ƙarfi, daidaitawa, da dabaru. A cikin 1996, sun shiga gasar tseren keken keke na farko ta Amurka a Houston, Texas, suna shiga cikin rukuni don masu keke na gani. Sun ci matsayi na farko kuma an zaɓi su don 1996 Atlanta Paralympic cycling Team. A duk tsawon aikinta na keke, Dunne-Yates ta kasance matukin jirgi na musamman daga Evans.
Gasar kankara ta Alpine ta Amurka
1979 – An haɓaka da kuma fara aikin fasaha na "Jagora ta Gaba", inda ake jagorantar skier ta hanyar sautin skis na jagora da umarnin magana daga gaban mai wasan skier na gani.
Cervical vertebrae
Vertebra yana da girma
Ƙaƙƙarfan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na iya zama babba kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran kashin mahaifa, amma gabaɗaya ya fi ƙanƙanta a ɗaya ko bangarorin biyu; lokaci-lokaci, yana ninka biyu, wani lokacin kuma ba ya nan.
A gefen hagu, lokaci-lokaci yana ba da hanya zuwa jijiyar vertebral; akai-akai, jijiyar kashin baya yana ratsa ta ta bangarorin biyu, amma tsarin da aka saba shine duka biyun arteries da jijiyoyi su wuce a gaban hanyar da ke jujjuyawar, ba ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ba.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Aikin motsa jiki
1981 - An zaɓa a matsayin ƙaramin memba na Ƙungiyar Ski na Paralympic na Amurka yana da shekaru 11.
Cervical vertebrae
Aiki
Motsin nodding kai yana faruwa ne ta hanyar jujjuyawa da tsawo a haɗin gwiwar atlanto-occipital tsakanin atlas da kashin occipital. Duk da haka, kashin mahaifa yana da kwatankwacin wayar hannu, kuma wasu sassa na wannan motsi saboda jujjuyawa da tsawo na ginshiƙin kashin baya kanta. Wannan motsi tsakanin atlas da kashi occipital galibi ana kiransa da "eh haɗin gwiwa", saboda yanayinsa na iya motsa kai sama da ƙasa.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Aikin motsa jiki
1981 - Mawallafan gasar zakarun kasa da yawa a Gasar tseren tsalle-tsalle na 88th na Amurka, Ƙungiyar Makafi Skiers (USABA).
Cervical vertebrae
Aiki
Motsi na girgiza ko jujjuya kai hagu da dama yana faruwa kusan gaba ɗaya a haɗin gwiwa tsakanin atlas da axis, haɗin gwiwa na atlanto-axial. Ƙananan juzu'i na ginshiƙan kashin baya kanta yana taimakawa wajen motsi. Ana kiran wannan motsi tsakanin atlas da axis a matsayin "babu haɗin gwiwa", saboda yanayinsa na iya jujjuya kai ta hanyar gefe zuwa gefe.
Muhimmancin asibiti
Canje-canje na lalacewa na mahaifa yana tasowa daga yanayi irin su spondylosis, stenosis na intervertebral discs, da samuwar osteophytes. Ana ganin canje-canje a kan radiyo, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin ƙididdiga daga 0-4 wanda ke fitowa daga canje-canje (0) zuwa farkon tare da ƙananan ci gaba na osteophytes (1) zuwa m tare da ƙayyadaddun osteophytes (2) zuwa matsakaici tare da ƙarin stenosis sararin diski. ko kunkuntar (3) zuwa mataki na manyan osteophytes da yawa, matsananciyar kunkuntar sararin diski, da kuma mafi tsanani sclerosis ( 4).
Cara Dunne-Yates
Aikin motsa jiki
Wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi
1984 – Lambun tagulla na mata masu tsalle-tsalle masu tsalle-tsalle (Innsbruck, Austria).
Cervical vertebrae
Muhimmancin asibiti
Raunin da aka yi wa kashin baya na mahaifa ya zama ruwan dare a matakin ƙwayar mahaifa na biyu, amma raunin da ba a sani ba ne. C4 da C5 sune wuraren da ke ganin mafi girman adadin raunin kashin mahaifa.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Aikin motsa jiki
1984 – Lambun tagulla na mata masu tsalle-tsalle (Innsbruck, Austria).
Cervical vertebrae
Muhimmancin asibiti
Idan ya faru, duk da haka, yana iya haifar da mutuwa ko nakasa mai zurfi, gami da gurgunta hannaye, ƙafafu, da diaphragm, wanda ke haifar da gazawar numfashi.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Aikin motsa jiki
1984 – Lambun Azurfa na Giant Slalom Alpine Skiing (Innsbruck, Austria).
Cervical vertebrae
Muhimmancin asibiti
Al'adar gama gari ita ce hana kashin mahaifa na mara lafiya don hana ƙarin lalacewa yayin jigilar zuwa asibiti. An yi nazarin wannan aikin kwanan nan yayin da adadin raunin raunin da ya faru na kashin baya zai iya zama ƙasa da 2% a cikin marasa lafiya marasa motsi. A cikin kawar da kashin mahaifa, nazarin Kanada ya haɓaka Dokar C-Spine ta Kanada (CCR) don likitoci su yanke shawarar wanda ya kamata ya sami hoton rediyo.
Cara Dunne-Yates
Aikin motsa jiki
IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships
1982 – Lambun tagulla na mata masu tsalle-tsalle (Le Diablerets, Switzerland).
1982 – Lambun tagulla ga mata masu tsalle-tsalle (Le Diablerets, Switzerland).
1982 – Lambar Azurfa don Giant Slalom Alpine Skiing (Le Diablerets, Switzerland).
1986 – Lambun tagulla na mata masu tsalle-tsalle (Salen, Sweden).
1986 – Lambun Azurfa don Giant Slalom Alpine Skiing (Salen, Sweden).
Wasannin Nakasassu na bazara
1996 – Lambun Azurfa don gaurayawan tandem 1 km keke (Atlanta, Jojiya).
1996 - Lambar tagulla don tseren tandem na mita 200, (Atlanta, Jojiya).
2000 - Matsayi na 10 a cikin kilo a 2000 (Sydney, Australia).
Gasar Keke Duniya
Gasar Kekuna ta Duniya ta 1998 - Memba na ƙungiyar tseren keke ta Amurka (Colorado Springs, Colorado).
Shawara
Nasarar bayar da shawarwarin Dunne-Yates sun haɗa da:
Girmamawa
1988 - An shigar da farkon shiga Jami'ar Harvard Digiri na farko. Ita kadai ce makauniyar daliba.
1989 – Wakilin hukuma na Richard M. Daley da birnin Chicago, ya ziyarci garuruwa da larduna daban-daban a cikin Japan, yana karantarwa, da rubuce-rubuce.
1992 – Ya kammala karatun magna cum laude tare da Bachelor of Arts a cikin Harsunan Gabashin Asiya da ƙarami a fannin Tattalin Arziki. Ta kasance "First Marshall" na Class 1992.
1996 – Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Reynolds daga Babban Asibitin Massachusetts don ƙoƙarinta na bayar da shawarwari a madadin iyalai da yara makafi, gami da waɗanda ke da ƙarin nakasa. Ta kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon Sanata Edward Kennedy.
1997 – Gwarzon 'yar wasa mata na Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Amurka
1998 - Gidauniyar Gene Autry Courage Award don nuna jarumtaka a yayin fuskantar wahala.
2001 - Kyautar Carpe Diem daga Gidauniyar Lance Armstrong.
2001 - An shigar da shi cikin Babban Masanin Ilimin-Dan wasa na Duniya, wanda ke Cibiyar Wasannin Duniya (Kingston, Rhode Island).
2002 - An ba da lambar yabo ta Jane Rainie Opel '50 Young Alumna Award daga Radcliffe Association, Jami'ar Harvard. Ana ba da lambar yabo a kowace shekara ga wata tsofaffin ɗalibai a aji na 10 na haɗuwa don gagarumin gudunmawar ci gaban mata, ga sana'arta, ko kuma ga cibiyar.
2002 - Jarumi na Gaskiya na Kyautar Wasanni daga Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni a cikin Al'umma, Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas (Boston, Massachusetts).
2010 - Wani mutum-mutumi mai girman rai mai kama da Cara Dunne-Yates da karen jagorarta, Haley, an gina shi kusa da gindin Elk Camp Gondola a ƙauyen Snowmass, Colorado. An matsar da mutum-mutumin a cikin 2019 zuwa wani wuri kusa da Cibiyar Canja wurin Base Village.
Lura
Bayanan kula, bayanin kula, ko n kula na iya komawa zuwa:
Honey Care Africa
Yankin aiki
A cikin shekarar 2004, tare da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation da kuma lamuni na babban haƙuri daga Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya, Kula da zuma ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta fiye da iyakokin Kenya kuma ta yi nasarar yin kwafinta a Tanzaniya. Yana aiki tun a shekarar 2013 a ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu.
A yau Kula da zumar Afirka yana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan guda 50 kuma ta taimaka sama da masu kiwon zuma sama da guda 9,000 (waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kai tsaye sama da guda 38,000) suna samun ƙarin kuɗin shiga na $180-250 a shekara. Ga mutane da yawa, kuɗin da ake samu daga kiwon zuma yakan haifar da bambanci tsakanin rayuwar ƙasa da talauci. Kula da zuma a Afirka shi ne ta fi kowace ƙasa samar da zuma mai inganci a Gabashin Afirka kuma a cikin manyan masu fitar da ruwan zuma a Yankin.
manufa da ajanda
Ta hanyoyi da dama, an kafa Honey Care a matsayin gwaji a ƙoƙarin ƙalubalanci da sake fasalin salon al'ada na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ci gaba da kuma sake fasalin yanayin da ke tsakanin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sassan ci gaba da kuma yankunan karkara. Wannan ya haifar da juyin halittar Honey Care's "Tripartite Model," wanda ke neman haɓaka haɗin gwiwa "nasara-nasara" tsakanin waɗannan manyan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo guda uku ta hanyar zana ainihin cancantar kowane.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Honey Care Africa da waɗanda suka kafa ta sun sami lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama saboda ayyukansu, gami da:
Kulawar zuma ta kuma sami lambar yabo mai inganci ta ƙasar Kenya a cikin Ƙananan Kasuwanci da Matsakaici daga Ofishin Ma'auni na ƙasar Kenya (2004) kuma an ba shi suna "Mafi Ƙarami zuwa Matsakaicin Kasuwanci a Afirka" don 2005-2006 a Kyautar SMME a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Har ila yau, ta sami "Kyauta ta Farko a cikin Sabbin Makamashi da Muhalli" a daidai wannan taron.
An ba da labarin kula da zuma a Afirka a lokuta da yawa a cikin manema labarai da kafofin watsa labarai ciki har da BBC, Chicago Tribune, The Globe and Mail, Financial Times, CNBC Turai, CBC, Rediyon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Daily Nation, da Tsarin Gabashin Afirka. An tattauna shi a cikin wasu mujallu na ilimi, ciki har da Stanford Social Innovation Review da MIT Sloan Management Review, kuma an nuna shi a cikin littattafai da dama da sauran ayyukan ilimi da aka buga.
Kwasi Boachi
Kwasi Boachi (24 Afrilu 1827 - 9 Yuni 1904) Yariman Asanteman ne wanda mahaifinsa, Sarki Kwaku Dua Panin ya aika zuwa Netherlands tare da dan uwansa, Kwame Poku, a cikin 1837, don samun ilimi a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan shawarwari. tsakanin Ashanti da Dutch game da ɗaukar sojojin Ashanti don rundunar sojan Dutch East Indies.
Yeshi Emebet
ASFAW, Yeshi Emebet BSc, MSc, an haife shi a shekarar 1944 a Habasha, ya kasance luma Masanin ilimin Habasha;
Kwasi Boachi
Rayuwar farko
Shi ɗan Kwaku Dua I ne wanda shine Sarki na takwas na Daular Asante. A zamanin cinikin bayi da bayan haka, mutane da yawa sun bar Afirka zuwa Amurka da Turai. Ya kasance cikin mutanen da suka bar bakin tekun Afirka don yin karatu, yayin da aka tilasta wasu fita daga nahiyar. Akwai yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin Kwaku Dua I da Sarki William I, cewa Kwasi Boakye zai dawo tare da dan uwansa, Kwame Poku bayan sun gama karatunsu. Kwame Poku ya koma Tekun Zinariya na Dutch kamar yadda aka tsara, Boachi ya zauna a Netherlands. An horar da shi a matsayin injiniyan ma'adinai a Delft Royal Academy, daga inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1847.
Yeshi Emebet
Tarihi
Malamin kiwon lafiya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya, babban malamin kiwon lafiya, Ma'aikatar Lafiya, wanda aka nada mai ba da shawara ga ma'aikatan filin da kuma mai koyar da ungozoma, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)
Kwasi Boachi
Aiki
A watan Yuli 1847, Boachi ya yi laccoci a Freiberg Mining Academy (Technische Universitat Bergakademie) a Jamus. A lokacin karatunsa ya zauna tare da Caroline Geudtner a Petersstrasse.
An aika da Boachi zuwa Dutch East Indies a cikin 1850, inda ya sami kansa yana nuna wariya ta hanyar babbansa, Cornelius de Groot van Embden, wanda ya karɓi diyya ta kuɗi a cikin 1857. Ya zama memba kuma wakili ga Dutch East Indies kuma a cikin 1871. A matsayin wani ɓangare na diyya, an ba shi wani yanki a Bantar Peteh, kudu da Buitenzorg. Boachi ya mutu a wannan gida a cikin 1904. Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Jama'a wanda daga baya aka canza shi zuwa Ƙungiyar Injiniya Delft.
Gada
Marubuci dan kasar Holland Arthur Japin ya rubuta wani labari na almara na tarihi wanda ya dogara da rayuwar 'yan uwan ​​Boachi, Zukatan Biyu na Kwasi Boachi, wanda aka saki a 1997. An nada shi memba na girmamawa a cikin 1893.
Yoshihide Suga
Yoshihide Suga (菅義偉) An haife shi a 6 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1948, shahararren dan siyasa kuma firayim minista na 99rd na kasar Japan kuma shugaban jam'iyar Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) tun daga 2020.
Tsarin Ciwon daji
Tsarin ciwon daji shine tsari na tantance iyakar abin da ciwon daji ya tasowa ta hanyar girma da yaduwa. Ayyukan zamani shine sanya lamba daga I zuwa IV zuwa ciwon daji, tare da kasancewa ciwon daji da kuma IV kasancewa ciwon daji wanda ya yadu zuwa iyakar abin da matakan tantancewar. Matsayin gabaɗaya yana yin la'akari da girman ƙwayar cuta, ko ya mamaye gabobin da ke kusa, yawancin yanki na yanki (kusa da) ƙwayoyin lymph nawa ya bazu zuwa (idan akwai), kuma ko ya bayyana a wurare masu nisa ( metastasized ).
Ba a aiwatar da tsarin tsarawa ga astrocytoma, wanda a maimakon haka an bayyana shi azaman "I-IV". Grade IV astrocytoma, wanda aka fi sani da glioblastoma multiforme, shine ciwon daji na farko na kwakwalwa wanda aka fi gani a cikin shekaru 7th na rayuwa.
La'akari
Daidaitaccen tsari yana da mahimmanci saboda jiyya (musamman buƙatun maganin kafin a yi aiki da/ko don jiyya mai ƙarfi, girman tiyata) gabaɗaya ya dogara akan wannan siga. Don haka, matakin da ba daidai ba zai haifar da magani mara kyau.
Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun ana tsara tsarin tsarawa. Misali, a lokuta na ciwon nono da ciwon prostate, likitoci akai-akai za su iya gane cewa ciwon daji ya fara da wuri kuma yana da ƙananan haɗarin metastasis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitoci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da PET scans, CT scans, ko sikanin kashi saboda bincike ya nuna cewa haɗarin samun irin waɗannan hanyoyin ya fi amfanin da za a iya samu. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da gwajin wuce gona da iri sun haɗa da marasa lafiya da ke karɓar hanyoyin cin zarafi, yin amfani da sabis na likitanci fiye da kima, samun bayyanar hasken da ba dole ba, da fuskantar rashin ganewa.
Cutar cututtuka
Pathologic Staging, inda masanin ilimin cututtuka yayi nazarin sassan nama, na iya zama matsala musamman don dalilai guda biyu: hankali na gani da kuma samfurin bazuwar nama. "Hanyar gani" na nufin samun damar gano ƙwayoyin kansa masu cutar kansa guda ɗaya waɗanda aka haɗa su da sel lafiyayyu akan faifai. Sa ido kan tantanin halitta ɗaya na iya haifar da kuskure kuma yana haifar da mummunar yaɗuwar cutar kansa da ba zato ba tsammani. "Samfurin bazuwar" yana nufin gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin lymph ana ɗaukar ceri daga marasa lafiya kuma ana bincika samfuran bazuwar. Idan sel masu ciwon daji da ke cikin kumburin lymph ba su kasance a cikin yanki na nama da aka gani ba, matakin da ba daidai ba da kuma rashin dacewa zai iya haifar da.
Bincike na yanzu
Sabbin hanyoyi masu mahimmanci na tsarawa suna cikin haɓakawa. Alal misali, mRNA don GCC ( guanylyl cyclase c ), wanda ke samuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin haske na epithelium na hanji, ana iya gano shi ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar ta kwayar halitta ( RT-PCR ) tare da matsayi mai mahimmanci da ƙwarewa. Kasancewar GCC a cikin kowane nau'in nama na jiki yana wakiltar metaplasia mai launi. Saboda yawan hazakar sa, duban RT-PCR don GCC yana rage girman rashin kima na matakin cuta. Masu bincike suna fatan cewa yin aiki tare da wannan matakin daidai zai haifar da mafi dacewa da magani da kuma kyakkyawan hangen nesa. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna fatan cewa wannan dabarar za a iya amfani da ita ga wasu takamaiman sunadaran nama.
Tsarukan aiki
Tsarin tsari sun keɓance ga kowane nau'in ciwon daji (misali, kansar nono da kansar huhu ), amma wasu kansar ba su da tsarin tsarawa. Ko da yake har yanzu tsarin fafatawa a gasa na wanzuwa ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, tsarin da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya shine na UICC, wanda ke da ma'anoni iri ɗaya na nau'ikan mutum ɗaya kamar AJCC.
Tsarin tsari na iya bambanta tsakanin cututtuka ko takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka.
Solid
Don ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, TNM shine tsarin da aka fi amfani dashi, amma an daidaita shi don wasu yanayi.
Gabaɗaya rukunin mataki
Gabaɗaya Rukunin Mataki kuma ana kiransa da Matsayin Lissafi na Roman. Wannan tsarin yana amfani da lambobi I, II, III, da IV (tare da 0) don bayyana ci gaban ciwon daji.
Hijiran mataki
Hijira mataki shine canji a cikin rarraba matakai a cikin takamaiman adadin cutar kansa, wanda ya haifar da ko dai canji a cikin tsarin tsarin kanta ko kuma canjin fasaha wanda ke ba da damar gano ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai zurfi don haka ƙarin hankali wajen gano yaduwar cuta ( misali, yin amfani da MRI scans). Hijira mataki na iya haifar da ban sha'awa al'amuran ƙididdiga (misali, abin mamaki na Will Rogers ).
Salwanta
Salwanta kalma ce da take nuna lalacewar abunda aka samu ko aka nema.
Mutanen Abidji
Abidji ’yan kabilar Akan ne da ke zaune a kasar Ivory Coast.
Fihirisar Rashin Daidaiton Jinsi
Ma'anar rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ( GII ) shine ma'auni don auna bambancin jinsi wanda aka gabatar a cikin Rahoton Ci gaban Bil'adama na 2010 na 20th bugu na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). A cewar UNDP, wannan ma'auni wani tsari ne na kididdige asarar nasarorin da aka samu a cikin kasa sakamakon rashin daidaiton jinsi. Yana amfani da girma uku don auna farashin damar: lafiyar haihuwa, ƙarfafawa, da shiga kasuwar aiki. An gabatar da sabon fihirisar a matsayin ma'aunin gwaji don magance gazawar abubuwan da suka gabata, Ma'aunin Ci gaban Jinsi (GDI) da Ma'aunin Ƙarfafa Ƙwararru (GEM), dukansu an gabatar da su a cikin Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam na 1995.
Asalin
Yayin da fahimtar duniya game da mahimmancin kawar da rashin daidaiton jinsi ke karuwa, an gabatar da Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Jinsi (GDI) da Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (GEM) a cikin Rahoton Ci Gaban Dan Adam na 1995. GDI da GEM sun zama fihirisa na farko don auna rashin daidaiton jinsi na duniya don Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. GDI da GEM sun fuskanci zargi da yawa saboda iyakokin hanyoyinsu da iyakoki.
Beneria da Permanyer sun bayyana cewa GDI da GEM ba ma'auni ba ne na rashin daidaiton jinsi a ciki da na kansu. GDI wani ma'auni ne mai haɗaka wanda ke auna ci gaba a cikin ƙasa sannan kuma ya gyara rashin daidaituwar jinsi; da GEM matakan damar da mata ke da su don samun hanyoyin samun iko a cikin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da yanke shawara. Dukansu biyun Beneria da Permanyer da'awar ba daidai ba ne a cikin ɗaukar rashin daidaiton jinsi. A cewar hukumar ta UNDP, an soki GDI saboda rashin iya auna daidaiton daidaiton jinsi saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da su na da alaka da ma'aunin ci gaban bil'adama (HDI), wani ma'aunin ci gaban dan Adam da UNDP ke amfani da shi.
Don haka, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin HDI da GDI sun kasance ƙananan suna haifar da ma'anar cewa bambancin jinsi ba shi da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ɗan adam. UNDP ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa duka GDI da GEM ana sukar su ne saboda matakan samun kuɗin shiga sun kasance sun mamaye sashin samun kudin shiga, wanda ya haifar da ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ba su iya samun maki mai yawa, ko da a lokuta da matakan rashin daidaiton jinsi na iya kasancewa. ya kasa. Alamomin GEM sun tabbatar sun fi dacewa da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba fiye da ƙasashe masu ƙasa da ci gaba. Tare da karuwar nuna damuwa game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi na duniya, mahalarta taron tattalin arzikin duniya a shekara ta 2007, da sauransu, sun fahimci cewa ci gaban mata wani muhimmin al'amari ne da ya shafi ci gaban kasashe.
Tun daga shekara ta 2006, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya tana amfani da Ƙididdigar Gender Gap Index (GGI) a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya na Gender, wanda ya sanya kasashe bisa ga gibin jinsinsu, a wani yunƙuri na ganin an fi dacewa da bambancin jinsi. Beneria da Permanyer sun soki GGI saboda kawai ɗaukar rashin daidaito a wasu al'amuran rayuwar mata don haka sun mai da shi ma'aunin rashin daidaiton jinsi.
Idan aka yi la’akari da yawan sukar da GDI da GEM ke fuskanta, UNDP na ganin cewa waɗannan alkalumman ba su cika bambance-bambancen da mata ke fuskanta ba. A yunƙurin sake fasalin GDI da GEM, UNDP ta gabatar da ma'aunin rashin daidaiton jinsi (GII) a cikin Rahoton Ci gaban Bil Adama na 2010. Sabuwar fihirisa wani ma'auni ne mai haɗe-haɗe wanda, a cewar UNDP, yana ɗaukar asarar nasarorin da aka samu sakamakon rashin daidaiton jinsi ta amfani da matakai uku: lafiyar haihuwa, ƙarfafawa, da shiga kasuwannin aiki. GII bai haɗa da matakan samun kudin shiga a matsayin sashi ba, wanda shine ɗayan mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da cece-kuce na GDI da GEM. Har ila yau, baya ba da damar samun manyan nasarori a cikin wani girma don rama ƙarancin nasara a wani.
Frederick Siegfried,
ARKHURST, Frederick Siegfried, an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan oktoba 1920, a Sekondi, kasar Ghana.
Iyali
Yana da mata da ya mace daya da namiji daya.
Karatu da aiki
Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, University of Aberdeen, Scotland; attaché, British Embassy, Rome, 1955-56, ma aikachi a Gold Coast Office, London, 1956-57, counsellor Na, Permanent Mission of Ghana to UN, 1959-60, Secretariat na UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 1960-62, faculty fellow na Centre for International Affairs, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1962-63, shugaba secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and head, Ghana Foreign Service, 1963-65, permanent representative of Ghana to UN, 1965-67, director na African Programmes, Adlai Stevenson Institute of Interna-tional Affairs, Chicago, USA,1967-70,  mataimaki na shugaba a Phelps Štokes Fund, 1970-74.
Naoto Kan
Naoto Kan (菅直人) An haife shi a 6 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1946, shahararren dan siyasa kuma firayim minista na 94rd na kasar Japan kuma shugaban jam'iyar Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) tun daga 2010.
Cassiel Ato Forson
Cassiel Ato Baah Forson dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta takwas a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Ajumako-Enyan-Esiam a yankin tsakiyar kasar a kan tikitin takarar jamhuriya ta hudu. National Democratic Congress (NDC). A shekarar 2013 ya zama mataimakin ministan kudi.
Shekarun farko da ilimi
An haifi Dr. Forson a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1978 kuma ya fito daga Ajumako Bisease a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa (zabin kuɗi) a watan Satumba na 2020 daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Ghana. Kafin samun digirin digirgir, dan majalisar yana da digiri na biyu na Masters: Jagoran Kimiyya a Haraji daga Jami'ar Oxford ta Burtaniya da kuma wani Jagoran Kimiyya a fannin tattalin arziki daga KNUST. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin lissafi a jami'ar bankin kudu da ke Landan.
Dr. Forson memba ne na Cibiyar Chartered Accountants, Ghana kuma ɗan'uwan Chartered Institute of Taxation.
Aiki
Dokta Forson dan majalisar dokoki ne na Ghana, Masanin tattalin arziki na kasafin kudi, Chartered Accountant, Masanin Haraji kuma Dan kasuwa tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekaru ashirin a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Ya kasance manajan darakta na Forson Contracts Limited a Burtaniya. Kuma ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Omega Africa Holding Limited.
Kwafo Kwaku
Iyali
Yana da mata da yaya uku.
karatu da aiki
University of Oxford, England, 1946-49, mataimaki registrar of Co-operatives, Accra,1950-57, yayi registrar of Co-operatives, Accra, 1959-60, yayi secretary, Development Sector, Accra,1960-61, yazo yayi permanent secretary, Ministry of Industry, Accra, 1961-64, yayi chief Research Division, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Addis Ababa, 1964-67, mataimaki na resident representative, UN Development Programme (UNDP), Tanzania, 1967-69, yayi chief, Centre for Economic Co-operation, ECA, Addis Ababa, 1970-74..
Cassiel Ato Forson
Zaben 2008
A shekarar 2008 ya tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana kuma ya yi nasara. Ya samu kuri'u 18,593 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 51.66% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya doke sauran 'yan takarar da suka hada da William Kow Arthur-Baiden, Alex Arthur, Rexford Mensah da Evans Addo-Nkum.
Zaben 2016
A shekarar 2016, ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekarar 2016, inda ya sake lashe zaben wanda ya ba shi damar wakiltar mazabarsa a karo na uku. A lokacin zaben 2016, ya fafata da Ransford Emmanuel Kwesi Nyarko, Jerry Henry Quansah, Sarah Mensah da Monica Daapong. Ya kayar da su ne da samun kuri'u 25,601 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 53.55% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
Zaben 2020
A babban zaben Ghana na 2020, ya sake lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin kasar da kuri'u 39,229 wanda ya samu kashi 58.1% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NPP Etuaful Rashid Kwesi ya samu kuri'u 28,229 wanda ya samu kashi 41.8% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takarar majalisar NDP Samuel Akombisa. yana da kuri'u 117 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI.
= KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI. = Al’amarin kyauta a mahangar addinin Musulunci, ana iya cewa baiwa ce, kuma ibada ce  muhimmiya. Bisa dalilin muhimmancinta yasa Allah (S.W.T) Ya yi ummarni da yin kyauta. A  ɗaya ɓangaren, sai aka kwaɗaitar da yawaita kyauta tare da bayyana fa’idojin da kyauta ke jawowa wanda ya yi ta. Akwai ayoyi da yawa waɗanda aka tsoratar da yin rowa, tare da nuna illolin da take jawo ma mai yinta, watau marowaci.
Cassiel Ato Forson
Mataimakin ministan kudi
A shekarar 2009 ya zama dan majalisar dokokin Ghana kuma ya zama mataimakin ministan kudi a shekarar 2013. A matsayin mataimakin minista ya taba zama mamba a kungiyar kula da tattalin arzikin Ghana. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan hukumomi da dama da suka hada da na Bankin Ghana da Ghana Cocoa Board. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Ghana a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da Bankin Duniya. An kuma bayyana gwanintarsa ​​a lokacin da ya jagoranci kwamitin da ya aiwatar da tsarin gyara tsarin kula da harkokin kudi na Ghana (GIFMIS).
Kwamitoci
Forson memba ne mai daraja a kwamitin kudi; dan kwamitin majalisar; memba na kwamitin harkokin waje sannan kuma memba na kwamitin zaben.
Osei Yaw Akoto
Osei Yaw Akoto (c. 1800 - 21 ga Fabrairu 1834), shi ne Sarki na bakwai na Masarautar Ashanti (Sarkin Ashanti) yana sarauta daga 1824 zuwa Sarki Asantehene Osei Yaw Akoto rasuwa ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1834.
Cassiel Ato Forson
Rayuwa ta sirri
Forson Kirista ne. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Rigima
Ana zargin Forson da yi wa Ghana asarar kudi a cikin sayan motocin daukar marasa lafiya 200 tsakanin 2014 da 2016.
Georges Amakue Dohuẹ
APEDO-AMAH, Georges Amakue Dohuẹ, an haife shi a 21 ga watan ogusta 1914, a Anécho, a kasar Togo,  ya shiga French Colonial Administration, daga baya yayi secretary to French High Commissioner, Lomé, director, Le Togo Français, councillor of Education, Youth and Sports, bayannan yayi minister of Finance, 1956-58, yazo yayi minister of Foreign Affairs, 1963-67, in private business, Côte d'Ivoire, yayi ambassador to Nigeria,1973,  tsohon dan kungiyar Parti Togolais du Progrès..
KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI.
Bayan ayoyin Ƙur’ani kuma,  akwai hadisai masu yawa da suka nuna muhimmancin kyauta. A musulunci an kira kyauta (bayarwa) da sunaye daban daban kamar: zakka da zakkatul fitir (zakkar kono) da  imfaƙi(ciyarwa) da waƙaf (bayar da gida ko gona ko makaranta) da wasiyya da layya da hadaya da sauransu.
Fortune Makaringe
Fortune Makaringe (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Orlando Pirates ta Kudu. Yana kuma buga wa tawagar kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu kwallo. Ya taba bugawa Maritzburg United wasa a shekarun baya.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
An haife shi a Johannesburg, Makaringe ya fara aikinsa a Moroka Swallows kafin ya koma Maritzburg United. Makaringe ya sanya hannu a Orlando Pirates a lokacin rani na 2019.
Ayyukan kasa
Makaringe ya buga wasansa na farko a [{Afirka ta Kudu]] a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 2018 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Madagascar, ko da yake Afirka ta Kudu ta yi rashin nasara da ci 4-3 a bugun fenareti. Ya kasance yana cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 28 na farko da kasar Afrika ta Kudu za ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2019 amma ba ya cikin tawagar ‘yan wasa 23 na karshe.
KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI.
Kyauta Da Sadaka
Kyauta da Sadaka suna da kusanci da juna matuƙa don sun yi kama, sau da yawa abin dakan bambanta su ita ce niyya.