cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
ABUBUWAN DA AKE SO MUSULMI YA YI KAFIN SALLAR IDI
Tabbatuwar Sallar Idi:
Wankan zuwan Idi Sunnah ne. Ana son mutum ya yi wanka a ranar Idi kamar yadda yake wankan zuwa Juma'a.
Sanya tufafi masu kyau
Wannan al'ada ce da Musulunci ya tabbatar da ita. Kuma sunnah ce ga musulmi ya saka tufafi sabo mai kyau.Tufafi na musamman, kuma ga maza an fi son ya kasance tufafi farare.
Idi ranar bayyana farin ciki ne da godiya ga Allah a kan ni'imar da ya yi wa bayinsa na yin Arfa.
Zikiri yayin tafiya zuwa masallacin Idi
Ana son a yi ta yin kabbara a yayin tafiya Idi har idan an zauna a filin Idi zuwa sai liman ya zo."Mai tafiya idi zai dinga cewa: 'Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar,' ko kuma ya ce ' Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Lailaha illahahu Wallahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar Walillahil Hamd.""Ana kuma cewa: 'Allahu Akbar Kabira Walhamdu lillahi kasira, Walhamdulillahi bukratan wa asila.'"Za a daina kabbara idan Liman ya tayar da sallah.
Ba a sallar nafila a filin idi
Sallar Idi ba ta da Nafila domin ita ma Nafila ce. Amma idan a cikin masallaci ne za a yi Idi watakila saboda ruwan sama, to mutum yana iya nafilar gaisuwa ga Masallaci.
Amma a filin Idi ba a nafila. Mutum yana zuwa zai zauna kuma ya ci gaba da kabbara har isowar liman.
Sauraron huɗuba bayan sallar idi
Kurkuku
Kurkuku wannan suna ne na gidan da ake ajiye masu laifi da makamantanshi. A jahohi ko wanne sunada kurkuku saboda aje masu laifi.
ABUBUWAN DA AKE SO MUSULMI YA YI KAFIN SALLAR IDI
Tabbatuwar Sallar Idi:
Ana huɗubar Idi bayan sallame Sallah. Ana son a zauna a saurari hudubar Liman, ba a son daga sallame sallah a fice.
Duk da cewa ba wajibi ba ne, amma malamai sun ce yana daga cikin alherin da Annabi SAW ya yi nuni da shi domin samun albarkar addu'ar musulmi da ake yi a cikin huɗuba.
Wannan Sunnah ce ta Manzo SAW ba a son a tsayar da hanya daya. Ana son mutum ya sauya hanya idan zai dawo daga Idi domin zai yi wa wasu mutane na daban sallama sabanin wadanda ya yi wa sallama a lokacin tafiyarsa.
Yara da mata da tsoffi duka na zuwa Sallar idi
Ana son mata idan za su tafi idi su suturta jikinsu, ka da su tafi Ibadah suna bayyana jiki kuma suna bayyana adonsu. Sannan ba a son mata su jera sahu daya da maza a filin idi. An fi son maza suna gaba mata na baya.
Ibrahim Traore
Ibrahim Traore (an haife c. shekara ta 1988) hafsan sojan Burkina Faso ne wanda shine shugaban riƙo na gwamnatin soja ta ƙasar Burkina Faso tun bayan juyin mulkin 30 ga Satumba 2022 wanda ya hamɓarar da shugaba Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ibrahim Traore a shekara ta 1988. Ya yi karatu a jami'ar Ouagadougou inda yake cikin ƙungiyar ɗalibai musulmi. Ya shiga aikin sojan Burkina Faso a shekara ta 2010, kuma ya zama kyaftin a shekarar 2020. Ƙungiyarsa tare da runduna ta musamman ta "Cobra", ƙungiyar masu adawa da ta'addanci da aka kafa a cikin 2019, ana jayayya. A cewar majiyoyi da yawa kamar BBC, Al Jazeera, da Die Tageszeitung, yana cikin rukunin. Duk da haka, mujallar labarai Jeune Afrique ya bayyana cewa ba shi da alaƙa da "Cobras", kuma a maimakon haka ya yi aiki a cikin rukunin bindigogi.
Traore na cikin tawagar hafsoshin sojojin da suka goyi bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Burkina Faso a watan Janairun 2022 tare da kawo ƙungiyar Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration junta mulkin soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rundunar soji a Kaya, wani gari a arewacin Burkina Faso, ko dai a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Cobras" ko kuma rukunin bindigogi. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshi da yawa da suka yi yaki da 'yan tawaye a fagen daga a lokacin da ƴan jihadi suka ƙaddamar a Burkina Faso.
Da yawa daga cikin magoya bayan juyin mulkin na watan Janairu sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da yadda Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soji ke yi, dangane da gazawar sa na shawo kan tada kayar baya. Daga baya Traore ya yi ikirarin cewa shi da wasu jami’ansa sun yi ƙoƙarin ganin Damiba ya sake mayar da hankali kan ƴan tawayen, amma a karshe ya zabi ya hambarar da shi saboda “burinsa na karkata ga abin da muka yi niyyar yi”. Bugu da kari, an samu tsaikon biyan albashin sojojin "Cobra". Lokacin da maharan suka kaddamar da juyin mulkin nasu a ranar 30 ga Satumba, Traore ya rike mukamin Kyaftin kuma yana da shekaru 34. An gudanar da aikin tare da goyon bayan sashin "Cobra". Traore ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sabon shugaban ƙungiyar Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration.
Dorinan ruwa
Dorinar ruwa wannan dabbace mai girma wanda take iya rayuwa acikin ruwa da kuma doran ƙasa. A turance wannan dabbar itace Hippopotamus.
Csilla Kristof
Csilla Kristof ’yar Amurka ce mai ƙwanƙwasa mai tsalle-tsalle. Ta wakilci Amurka a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2002 a cikin tseren tsalle-tsalle.
Ta ci lambobin azurfa uku: a gasar Mata ta Downhill LW3,4,6/8,9, a cikin Giant Slalom LW6/8 taron mata da kuma a taron Slalom na Mata na LW6/8.
Rachael Battersby
Rachael Battersby ’yar wasan nakasassu ce wadda ta samu lambar yabo daga New Zealand wadda ta yi gasa a wasan tseren tsalle-tsalle. Ta fafata a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi ta 2002 inda ta ci lambobin zinare uku a Slalom LW6/8, Giant Slalom LW6/8, da Downhill LW3,4,6/8,9.
Jennifer Kelchner
Jennifer Kelchner ’yar Amurka ce mai tseren dutse. Ta wakilci Amurka a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 1998 da kuma na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2002 a cikin tseren tsalle-tsalle.
The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi
Zukatan Biyu na Kwasi Boachi (De zwarte ya sadu da het witte hart) shine littafin farko na shekarar 1997 wanda marubucin Holland Arthur Japin ya buga. Labarin ya ba da labarin sarakunan Ashanti guda biyu, Kwame Poku da Kwasi Boachi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga abin da ake kira Ghana ta yau kuma aka ba wa sarkin Holland William II a shekara ta 1837 a matsayin wanda zai tsaya musu a harkar kasuwanci tsakanin masarautar Holland da Ashanti. Yaran biyu sun girma kuma sun yi karatu a Netherlands, bayan haka Kwame ya dawo Afirka yayin da Kwasi ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Weimar Jamus sannan ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin Gabashin Indies na Dutch. Littafin labari hoto ne na bayan mulkin mallaka na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Holland. Da sauri ya zama mafi siyarwa kuma an fassara shi a duk duniya, kuma yanzu ana ɗaukar shi adabi na adabin zamani na Dutch.
Jennifer Kelchner
A cikin 1998 ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Mata ta Downhill LW3,4,6/8 kuma a cikin 2002 ta ci lambar tagulla a gasar Slalom na Mata ta Slalom LW3,4,9.
The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi
Fuloti
Labarin ya zama abin tunawa da Kwasi Boachi ya rubuta a cikin 1900, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Ashanti biyu da aka ɗauke daga ƙasarsu zuwa Netherlands a shekara ta 1837 don samun ilimin Kirista. Yawanci ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar tarihi, kuma an saita wani sashi a cikin Gold Coast na Dutch na karni na goma sha tara. Kwasi da sauran 'yan uwansa yariman Ashanti Kwame Poku suna shan wahala a makarantarsu da ke Delft kuma suna jan hankali daga kotun masarautar, wacce ke kallon yaran a matsayin abin sha'awa kuma, yayin da suke fifita su na ɗan lokaci, ta kasa ba su ci gaba da tallafawa. Kwasi da Kwame suna haɓaka; Kwasi ya zaɓi ya sa kansa cikin al'adun Dutch kuma ya musanta asalinsa na Afirka, yayin da Kwame bai iya daidaita da sabon yanayin sa ba. Ya dawo Afirka, amma ya sami kansa a matsayin wanda ba a so a can kamar yadda ya manta da yarensa na yanzu; mutanen sa ba su yarda da shi ba, wanda bai sake ganin su ba. Kusan shekaru uku ana jira a Sansanin Elmina don neman izinin komawa ga mutanensa yayin da a hankali ya bayyana yana nutsewa cikin rudu, sannan ya kashe kansa. A halin da ake ciki, Kwasi yayi ƙoƙarin neman sa'ar sa a yankin Dutch East Indies amma ya ci tura, saboda sabanin yadda ake nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma son rai da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin abokan karatun sa, wanda shine babba a Gabashin Indies.
Bayanan baya da abubuwan da zasu biyo baya
Littafin ya dogara ne akan wani ɓangare na matashin kansa mai raɗaɗi na Japin, kuma a wani ɓangare akan binciken tarihi-Japin ya shafe shekaru goma yana bincike kan labari, bayan fage na faɗaɗa (ɗan gajeren lokaci) na fadada mulkin mallaka na Dutch zuwa Yammacin Afirka. Ayyukan littafin suna faruwa a Afirka, Weimar, da Netherlands.
Tarba mai mahimmanci
Littafin ya kasance nasara nan take a cikin Netherlands,  kuma yanzu ana ɗaukar shi adabi na adabin Dutch na zamani. An yaba fassarar turancin ta a cikin New York Times a matsayin "Littafin farko na arziki da haɗari na Japin", "littafin ɗan adam mai zurfin tunani game da wani abu mai ban mamaki"; kuma ta Heidi Benson a cikin San Francisco Chronicle a matsayin "labari na gaskiya, cikakke kuma ɗan adam yayi zato, kuma wannan shine ma'aunin nasarar Japin." An kuma sake nazarin littafin a Ghana; wani mai bita a cikin The Statesman ya rubuta: "Tare da karin magana mai sauƙi kuma mai raɗaɗi, Japin yana iya ɗaukar tabbataccen ɗaukar muryar wani adadi na tarihi, don haka yana haskaka zunuban da suka gabata na ƙasar marubucin, har ma da na dogon lokaci- mutu Ashanti sarki."
Fassara da daidaitawa
An fassara shi da Ingilishi a matsayin Zukatan Biyu na Kwasi Boachi (2000) da Fotigal a matsayin O preto de coração brancoe (2003). A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2007, wasan kwaikwayo da aka kafa a kan labarin da aka fara gabatarwa a Rotterdam, tare da libinto na Ingilishi na Japin da kiɗa daga mawaƙan Burtaniya Jonathan Dove.
Kwarkwasa
Kwarkwasa wannan wani ƙwaro ne mai kama da ruwan ƙasa, ya cizo, sannan yana fitowa galibi idan an samu maiƙo ko zaƙi da dai sauransu.Suna fitowa da ayari sosai.
Ƙungiyar Matasan tafiyar da muhalli ta Ghana
Tsakanin shekarar 2018 da 2019, GYEM ya ƙaddamar da Shift Power, taron koli wanda ya kira matasa don tattauna batutuwa masu mahimmanci da suka shafi sarrafa sharar gida, tsaftacewa, gurɓataccen filastik, sauyin yanayi da makamashi mai sabuntawa. GYEM ta taka rawar gani a yaƙin adawa da shigar da masana'antar wutar lantarki a Ghana sannan kuma ta jagoranci yaƙin haƙar kwal a shekarar 2016.
Ƙaddamarwa
A cikin watan Oktoba 2020, GYEM ta kafa aikin kiosk na ruwa mai taken Kyensu Kiosk Manufar ita ce samar da a Al'umma masu karamin ƙarfi a gundumar Ga West Municipal tare da ruwan sha. Wannan al'umma ta fuskanci ƙalubale wajen samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.
Yakin neman zabe
A cikin shekarar 2018, motsin ya gudanar da Babban Taron Muhalli na Canjin Wuta don bikin Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya na shekarar 2018 a Accra. Taron ya tara matasa da masu ruwa da tsaki domin fara tattaunawa da daukar mataki kan al'amuran gurbatar ruwa a Ghana. A cikin watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ta jagoranci ƙungiyoyin matasa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula a wani kamfe na neman gwamnatocin kasashen Afirka da su ɗauki mataki kan sauyin yanayi.
Manazarta
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Joan Root
Joan Root (18 Janairu 1936 - 13 Janairu 2006) ƴar ƙasar Kenya ce mai kiyayewa, mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma ƴar shirin fim ɗin Oscar. Tare da mijinta mai shirya fina-finai, Alan Root ta yi jerin fina-finan namun daji waɗanda suka yi fice. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a cikin shekarar 1981 kuma Alan Root ya zauna a Nairobi daga baya.
Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Nairobi a shekarar 1936 a matsayin Joan Wells-Thorpe, Root ɗiyar Edmund Thorpe ce, wani ma'aikacin banki na ƙasar Burtaniya wanda ya yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Kenya don fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma ya zama mai shuka kofi mai nasara. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Lilian (Johnnie) Thorpe, née Walker.
Aiki
Shekaru goma kafin fina-finan namun daji irin su Maris na Penguins, Joan da Alan Root sunka fara yin fim ɗin ƙaura na dabba ba tare da tsangwama daga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan Adam ba. Fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Orson Welles, David Niven, James Mason da Ian Holm ne suka ba da labarin fina-finansu. Takardun labarin Tsira na cikin shekarar 1979, " Mysterious Castles of Clay ", an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Takardun shaida.
Tushen ta gabatar da Dian Fossey ga gorillas daga baya ta mutu tana ƙoƙarin ceto, ta ɗauki Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis a kan ƙasar Kenya a cikin ballolin su, kuma ta rufe yawancin Afirka a cikin shahararren injinsu guda ɗaya Cessna, motar su mai ƙarfi, da balloon su, a lokaci ɗaya sanye take tare da rafi don saukar ruwa.
Bayan rabuwar Tushen, ta sami gonar Lake Naivasha, tare da jirginsu da kuma kuɗin fina-finan da suka yi tare.
Bayan kisan aurenta Joan Root ta shiga cikin ayyukan kariya da kewayen tafkin Naivasha, wanda ya haɗa da tallafawa masana kimiyya da masu sa kai daga Cibiyar Earthwatch waɗanda ke lura da yanayin muhalli. Ta kuma jagoranci da kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga wata ƙungiyar masu yaƙi da farauta ta "Task Force" a yankin. Rundunar Task Force ta tsaurara dokar hana kamun kifi a kewayen tafkin Naivasha, tare da kame masunta tare da ƙwace da ƙona tarun, a wani yunƙuri na dakatar da kifayen fiye da kifaye, musamman kama kifi marasa girma. Duk da haka wannan ya jawo cece-kuce tare da mazauna yankin da suka ga tafkin Naivasha a matsayin abin da ya dace kuma na gama gari.
Kisa
A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2006, kwanaki biyar kafin cikarta shekaru 70, an kashe Joan Root a gidanta da ke tafkin Naivasha da wasu mutane huɗu da suka zo ƙofarta ɗauke da AK-47. Akwai mutane da yawa da ake zargi kamar tsofaffin ma’aikata da ba su ji daɗi ba, gungun masu aikata laifuka, ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta’adda, mafarauta, waɗanda fafutukan ta ke barazana ga tattalin arziƙinsu da ma ƴan Task Force. Mutanen huɗu da aka kama aka kuma tuhume su da kisan ta, sun ƙi amsa laifinsu kuma an sallame su a cikin watan Agustan 2007. Wasu da ke da hannu a cikin lamarin sun yi imanin cewa kwangila ce ta kashe, amma har yanzu ba a amsa tambayar wanda ya biya shi ba.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Tarihin Mark Seal na Joan Root, Wildflower: Rayuwa mai ban mamaki da Mutuwa a Afirka an buga ta Random House a cikin shekarar 2009. Littafin ya samo asali ne daga binciken wata ƙasida don Vanity Fair a cikin shekarar 2006 lokacin da Seal ya sha'awar wani rahoto game da mutuwar jagora na namun daji. Fina-finan Taken Aiki sun zaɓi haƙƙin fim don labarin Tushen kafin a rubuta littafin.
Fanta
'''Fanta wata alama ce ta Jamus wacce ke da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ɗan itace mallakar Amurka wanda Coca-Cola Deutschland ta ƙirƙira ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan kasuwan Jamus Max Keith. Akwai dadin dandano fiye da 200 a duniya. Fanta ya samo asali ne a Jamus a matsayin madadin Coca-Cola a cikin 1940 saboda takunkumin kasuwanci na Amurka na Nazi Jamus, wanda ya shafi samar da sinadaran Coca-Cola. Ba da daɗewa ba Fanta ya mamaye kasuwar Jamus tare da sayar da gwangwani miliyan uku a cikin 1943. An ƙirƙiri tsarin na yanzu na Fanta a Italiya a 1955.'''
Sansanin Sekondi
Sansanin Sekondi, shima Sansanin George, ya kasance sansanin Ingilishi a kan Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), wanda aka gina a 1682 a Sekondi (a baya Zakonde da Secondee),: kusa da Dutch Sansanin Orange, wanda aka gina a 1642. Wannan ginin na farko ƙarami ne, a cewar William Claridge: "[...] a Sekondi [...] Kyaftin Henry Nurse, Wakilin Kamfanin Ingilishi, shi ma ya gina kagara a can bayan 'yan shekaru. Dukan waɗannan gine -ginen sun kusan daidai gwargwado kuma harbin bindiga kawai", kuma, "Sansanin Orange na Dutch wani ƙaramin wuri ne, kasancewa kawai fararen gida ne a cikin yadi, yana hawa bindigogi takwas ko goma akan farfajiya a saman rufin. Farfajiyar Ingilishi ta farko gini ne mai kama da haka [...] ". : An lalata wannan sansanin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1698, a lokacin Yaƙin Dutch-Komenda, kuma ya rage zuwa bangon waje mai duhu. Ko da yake 'yan Dutch sun musanta hakan, rahotanni da wasiƙun da aka aika a lokacin sun nuna cewa 'yan Holan ne suka tunzura harin kuma an kai wasu kayan da aka wawashe zuwa Castle Orange da ke maƙwabtaka.
Tarihi
An gina sabon kagara na biyu kafin 1726 yayin da Smith ya zana shi (duba hoto a saman dama), wani mai binciken Kamfanin Afirka, da tsarin bene da aka bayar. A shekara ta 1782 Holan ya kwace sansanin kuma ya lalata shi, a cewar Claridge. "Nasarar da Holland kawai ta samu a lokacin wannan yaƙin shine kwace sansanin Ingilishi a Sekondi, wanda suka lalata gaba ɗaya."
Ko da yake an canja wurin daga baya, ba a sake gina sansanin ba. An canza shi zuwa Mutanen Holland a cikin 1868 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast, babban kasuwancin shinge tsakanin Biritaniya da Netherlands, kuma a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1872 aka mayar da sansanin zuwa Burtaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Anglo- Yarjejeniyar Dutch na 1870 - 1871.
13th Airborne Division (United States)
Bayan kunnawa sashen ya kasance a Amurka don kammala horo. An kammala wannan horon a watan Satumbar dubu days da Dari Tara da arba'in da hudu 1944, amma dole a kara shi da karin wata hudu lokacin da sashen ya samar da musanyawa ga Rukuni na tamanin da biyu 82 da dari da daya 101. Bangaren kuma ya gamu da tsaiko wajen kara yawan horo na horo saboda karancin jiragen jigilar kaya a Amurka. Wannan karancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar 82nd da 101st Division Airborne da suka fifita kan 13th dangane da kayan aiki saboda sassan biyu da ke aiki a cikin yaƙi a Turai. Sakamakon wadannan jinkirin da aka samu ba a ba da cikakken horo da shirye-shiryen yaki ba har zuwa watan Janairun dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da biyar 1945, kuma an canza shi zuwa Faransa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai a watan Fabrairu.
Lokacin da ta sashin ta isa zuwa Faransa, ta zo ƙarƙashin umurnin Sojojin Haɗin Jirgin Sama na Farko, wanda ke sarrafa duk tsarin jirgin sama na Allied. An zaɓi rukunin, tare da wasu biyu don shiga cikin Operation Varsity, aikin jirgin sama don tallafawa ƙungiyar Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group da ke ƙetare Kogin Rhine, amma an cire shi daga aikin saboda babu isasshen jirgin saman jigilar kaya don ɗaukar dukkan ukun. rarrabuwa cikin yaƙi. An shirya wasu ayyuka da yawa don rarrabuwa bayan ƙarshen Operation Varsity, amma an soke waɗannan ayyukan yayin da sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa suka ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin su kuma suka zama marasa ƙarfi. Bayan kawo karshen rikici a Turai, an tura Jirgin sama na 13 zuwa Amurka don yin shiri a can kafin ya shiga cikin shirin mamaye Japan, amma rikicin Gabas mai nisa ya ƙare kafin a buƙaci shi kuma ya kasance a cikin Amurka. Rundunar Sojin sama ta 13 a ƙarshe ba ta aiki a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da shida 1946 kuma an tura mayaƙanta zuwa rundunar 82nd Airborne Division.
Hannun hannun riga
An amince da facin kafada na rukunin, unicorn mai fuka -fukai cikin ruwan lemo a kan shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, reshe na launuka sabis na Sojojin Sojojin Amurka, ranar 2 ga Yuni 1943. A zinariya a baki " Airborne " tab aka sawa sama da insignia.
Horarwa
Tsakanin watan Agustan 1943 da Fabrairu 1945, sashin jirgin sama na 13 ya kasance a Amurka kuma bai yi hidima a ƙasashen waje ba ko shiga cikin kowane aiki na jirgin sama, yayin da ya fara horo don zama shiri mai shiri. A kwatankwacin, an sanya Rukuni na 82 da na 101 a matsayin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya masu aiki don yin hidima a ƙasashen waje a Turai, an tsara za a tura Sashe na 11 na Jirgin Sama zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific, kuma an ba da sashi na 17 na Jirgin Sama a matsayin Amurka dabarun ajiyar dabaru. A cikin wannan lokacin, ayyukan rukunin farko sun haɗa da horon iska, gami da shiga cikin darussan horo da yawa. Duk da haka, yayin da ake yin horon jirgin sama na rukunin farko na huɗu na jirgin saman Amurka a cikin 1943, na 13 ya gamu da matsaloli masu yawa lokacin da ya zo lokacin horo. A watannin ƙarshe na 1943 Ƙungiyoyin Jirgin Sama na 82 da 101 sun gudanar da atisaye na iska kuma sun gama horon su, sannan aka tura su Turai; don tabbatar da rarrabuwar kawunan za su iya gudanar da ayyukan iska, aka aika akasarin jiragen sufurin da ke cikin Amurka tare da su, har ma da yawa an tura su zuwa Turai a matsayin masu sauyawa bayan saukar jirgin saman Amurka a Normandy a watan Yuni 1944. A sakamakon haka, jirage kalilan ne na sufuri ke samuwa don amfani da 13th, kuma dole ne a jinkirta aikin horon horo na farko da aka tsara don Yuni 1944 zuwa 17 ga Satumba, sannan kuma har zuwa 24 ga Satumba. Horon horo na rarrabuwa ya faru a kusa da Camp Mackall, North Carolina, kuma ya sha wahala daga matsaloli da matsaloli da yawa. Mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta fara atisayen har zuwa daren 25 ga watan Satumba, kuma a lokacin ne kawai jirgin da ke ɗauke da bataliyar farko na dakarun soji uku zai iya tashi ya yi yunƙurin sauke sojojin saman a sassa uku daban -daban. Haɗuwa da rashin gani sosai, da rashin samun isasshen horo ga matukan jirgi na sufuri, ya haifar da tarwatsa matukan jirgin lokacin da aka sauke su. Kashi sittin da biyar cikin dari na sojojin sama da kayan aikin da aka sauke a yankin saukar da farko sun kasance a shirye don aiki mintina casa'in daga baya, kuma a cikin digon na biyu sojojin saman sun bazu sosai har zuwa karfe 10:00 na safiyar gobe kwamandan bataliyar. kawai yana da iko akan kashi ashirin cikin ɗari na mutanensa. Irin wannan adadi na masu fafutuka sun rasa yanki na digo na uku, kodayake yawancin an jefa su a cikin ƙaramin yanki inda za su iya taruwa. An ci gaba da samun ƙarin matsaloli, yayin da haɗarin jirgin sama ya kashe masu fafutuka takwas da matuƙan jirgin sama huɗu, kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da sabani a cikin ƙasa saboda ƙasa sun jinkirta da rashin kyawun yanayi. Bayan dare na farko, aikin ya ci gaba na ƙarin kwanaki uku kuma ya haɗa da aikin samar da hadaddun kayan aikin da aka tsara don gwada ko zai yiwu a samar da rundunar sojan da ke keɓe.
Gabaɗaya, masu sa ido da suka halarci wannan aikin sun ba da rahoton cewa sun gamsu da aikin abubuwan da ke haifar da guguwa. Duk da haka, da yawa sun lura cewa horar da matukan jirgi don ƙirƙirar jirgin sama da kewaya da dare bai yi gamsarwa ba. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da sauƙaƙƙen saukar jirgi na dare kawai lokacin da akwai gaggawa, kuma in ba haka ba masu tuƙi za su tashi cikin dare kuma su sauka a lokacin hasken rana don gujewa tarwatsawar manyan sojojin iska da raguwar inganci. Bayan waɗannan darussan sun ƙare, rukunin ya ci gaba da yin horo, amma ya ci gaba da jinkiri. An haifar da waɗannan lokacin da aka cire maza 1,652 daga rukunin don samar da ƙarfafawa ga rukunin Jirgin Sama na Amurka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai; wannan ya rage karfin rukunin sosai kuma ya tilasta ta tsawaita lokacin horo na karin watanni hudu. Bayan kammala horo a watan Janairu rukunin yana shirye -shiryen canja wuri zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific a farkon 1945. Koyaya, saurin ci gaban da sojojin Jamus suka samu a lokacin Yaƙin Bulge ya haifar da rarrabuwa zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai don ƙarfafa ɓangarorin Allied da ke cikin yaƙi.
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai
Sashin ya isa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai a farkon watan Fabrairu, yana zuwa karkashin umurnin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Farko, kuma an sanar da Manjo Janar Chapman cewa akwai yuwuwar cewa za a buƙaci sashen ya gudanar da ayyukan jirgin sama yayin ƙarshen matakan. yaqin kumbura. Koyaya, yaƙin neman zaɓe a Ardennes ya ƙare kafin a iya jigilar rukunin zuwa can. Dama ta gaba don 13th don shiga cikin aikin jirgin sama, da ganin zahiri yaƙi, shine a cikin Maris 1945 lokacin da Kawancen suka shiga cikin Jamus da kanta kuma suka isa Kogin Rhine. Bayan 'yan makonni kafin rukunin ya shiga cikin tsalle -tsalle na yaƙi a kan Rhine an sake tsara shi, bayan wani taro da Sashen Yaƙi ya yanke shawarar cewa mafi kyawun abin da aka tsara don rukunin jirgin sama shine Sojojin Sojoji guda biyu na Parachute Infantry Regiment kuma guda ɗaya kawai Glider Infantry Regiment. . Daga baya, runduna ta 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, wani tsohon sojan da ya yi aiki a Italiya, Kudancin Faransa da Ardennes, ya shiga cikin rukunin a farkon Maris, kuma an haɗa Runduna ta 88 na Glider Infantry a cikin 326th Glider Infantry Regiment wanda ya kasance a matsayin kawai rukunin. glider-based element. 517 na kwanan nan ya yi yaƙi yayin yakin Ardennes, kuma ya karɓi Sashin Shugaban Ƙasa don ayyukansa. Kogin Rhine ya kasance babban cikas na halitta ga ci gaban kawancen, amma idan an keta shi zai ba da damar Kawancen shiga cikin Filin Arewacin Jamusanci kuma a ƙarshe ya ci gaba a Berlin da sauran manyan biranen Arewacin Jamus. Bayan 'Hanyar Gabatarwa' da Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower, Babban Kwamandan Kawancen Sojojin Haɗin Kai, an yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin karya Rhine a yankuna da dama. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, wanda ke jagorantar Rukunin Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, ya tsara wani shiri don ba da damar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin umarninsa su karya Rhine, wanda ya yi wa lakabi da Operation Kwashe, wanda daga baya Eisenhower ya ba da izini. An yi hasashen Sojoji na Biyu na Burtaniya, a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant-General Miles C. Dempsey, da Sojojin Tara na Amurka, ƙarƙashin Lieutenant General William Simpson, suna ƙetare Rhine a Rees, Wesel, da wani yanki a kudancin Lippe Canal. Don tabbatar da cewa aikin ya yi nasara, Montgomery ya dage cewa an saka wani sashi na iska a cikin tsare-tsaren aikin don tallafawa hare-haren da za su faru, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Operation Varsity. An fara zaɓar ɓangarori uku na jirgin sama don shiga cikin Varsity, waɗannan su ne Sashin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na 6, Sashin Jirgin Sama na Amurka na 17, kuma a ƙarshe 13th, duk an ba da su ga US XVIII Airborne Corps, wanda Manjo Janar Matthew Ridgway ya ba da umarni. Koyaya, an gano cewa akwai isassun jirage masu saukar ungulu da ake da su a Turai don jigilar sassan jirgin sama guda biyu zuwa yaƙi, kuma saboda haka an cire shi daga Operation Varsity saboda ƙarancin gogewar yaƙi.
Bayan cire shi daga Operation Varsity, rabe -raben ya kasance a ajiye yayin da Sojojin Kawancen suka ci gaba har zuwa cikin Jamus, suna ƙaura zuwa Oise, Faransa, ranar 3 ga Afrilu don samar da ayyukan gudanarwa. An tsara sashin don shiga cikin wasu ayyuka da yawa na iska; duk da haka, waɗannan duk an soke su kafin su faru. Na farko daga cikin su shine Operation Arena, wanda ya yi tunanin saukowa tsakanin kashi shida zuwa goma zuwa abin da ake kira 'dabarar jirgin sama' a yankin Kassel na Arewacin Jamus; masu tsara ayyukan sun yi hasashen cewa aikin zai hana masu fafutukar kare yankin na Jamus wani yanki mai yawa kuma zai bai wa sojojin kawancen wani wuri don kara samun shiga cikin Jamus. An zaɓi na 13 don shiga, tare da 17th, 82nd da 101st Division Airborne da British 6th da 1st Airborne Divisions. An sanya ranar farko ta 1 ga Mayu don yin aikin da zarar an sami dukkan sassan da ake buƙata na jirgin sama da na ƙasa da aka kawo, amma a ƙarshe an soke shi a ranar 26 ga Maris saboda saurin motsi na Sojojin ƙasa da ke ƙasa suna watsi da buƙatar. aikin. An shirya wasu ayyukan jiragen sama guda biyu da za su hada da na 13. Operation Choker II zai kasance jirgin sama ya sauka a gabar gabashin Rhine kusa da Worms, Jamus ; shirin aikin ya kai wani mataki na ci gaba, kuma rarrabuwa ta kasance awanni ne kawai daga tashi daga filayen jirgin sama a Faransa lokacin da aka soke aikin saboda sojojin kawancen na kasa da suka mamaye wuraren da ake shirin sauka. An tsara Operation Inganci don sauka a kudu na 13 a kudancin Stuttgart, kwace filin jirgin sama da ke kusa da samar da wani jirgin sama don ƙarin sojojin su sauka a kusa da Black Forest. An shirya aikin ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, amma an soke shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu saboda rukunin kawancen da ke kewaye da yankin Black Forest da sanya shi ba dole ba.
Abun da ke ciki
Rukunin ya ƙunshi raka'a masu zuwa:
Kyaututtuka
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ba wa membobin rukunin kyaututtukan masu zuwa:
Gubar dalma ga dabbar raptors
Guba gubar lamari ne mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya da ke shafar yawan raptor, a tsakanin sauran nau'in. Ba tare da gyarawa ba, yawancin raptors za su shiga cikin alamun gubar dalma da zarar an shafa. Yayin da jama'a na iya zama ba su san yadda za su iya haifar da matsalar ba, kusan kashi Dari 100% na gubar dalma za a iya hana su idan mutane sun mai da hankali sosai kan farautarsu da ayyukansu. Akwai manyan masu bada gudummuwa guda biyu ga wadannan nau'in dabbobin daji da gubar dalma ke shafa kuma ta hanyar mafarauta ne masu amfani da harsashin gubar, ko kuma ta hanyar masu kifin dalma ta hanyar amfani da dalma.
Bayyanawa ga jagora
Lokacin da mafarauta suka harbe dabba, sukan bar ɓarna da sauran sharar gawa a cikin dazuzzuka daga baya. Wannan zai zama matsala idan mafarauci ya zaɓi yin amfani da harsashin gubar. An nuna cewa da gaske duk dabbobin da aka harba da gubar na dauke da gutsuttsura dalma a cikinsu. Harsashin gubar hatsi guda har 150 guda ɗaya yana da ikon kashe gaggafa 10. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin gawarwakin barewa 38 da aka bincika, sama da kashi 74% na su sun ƙunshi guntun dalma sama da 100 daga harsashi ɗaya. Daga wurin shigar harsashi cikin dabba, waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsura na iya yin tafiya har zuwa kimanin 45 cm cikin gawa. Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan gutsuttsura ƙanƙanta ne da ba za a iya gani da su ba, to Sai Dai amma za a nuna su akan hotunan dabbar. Masu cin zarafi da masu fasa bututun da suka gano ragowar dabbobin da sharar gida za su cinye wadannan kananan dalma. Daga nan sai a wargaje gutsuttsuran sannan a tsotse gubar a cikin jini saboda aikin nika na gizzard, wanda hakan ke haifar da tarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya' Dangane da matsalar kamun kifi, an gano lokacin kamun kifi mafi girma ya haifar da sakamako. Sannan a cikin mafi yawan adadin mace-mace sakamakon maganin gubar. Tsuntsaye na iya cin kifin da ya cinye jigon gubar ko nutsewa idan layin kamun kifi ya karye. Hakanan suna iya ƙoƙarin kai hari kan kifin da wani mai kamun kifi ya jawo shi. Akwai kuma abin da ake zubarwa ko kuma a bar shi a baya a cikin ruwa ko a wuraren kamun kifi, kuma wanda tsuntsaye za su iya cinyewa da gangan. Abin da ya kara dagula wannan al’amari shi ne, gubar ba wani sinadari ne da ake saurin kawar da shi ba, kuma ba za a iya kaskanta shi ba, domin abu ne mai tsayayye. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da tara tarin gubar a cikin mahalli a kan lokaci, saboda akwai ƙarin shiga fiye da yadda ake fita. Ko da yake ba a matsayin babban batu ba, akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fallasa namun daji a zahiri ga gubar, kamar ta hanyar fenti na tushen gubar ko ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai.
Wajan iyo
Wajan iyo yawanci wani tsari na wucin gadi wanda ya ƙunshi babban wuri inda ake tara ruwa na zamani wanda aka yi nufin yin iyo acikinsa. Tafki ne mai nunawa, tafkin mara zurfi wanda aka tsara don nuna tsari da kewayensa Tafkin Tide, wani tafkin dutse a bakin teku wanda ya cika da ruwan teku lokacin da igiyar ruwa ta fita. Gishiri da wuraren tafki, ɓacin rai mai riƙe da ruwa wanda ke tsakanin gishiri da marshes rufewa gulbi, ƙaramin ruwa mai zurfi Tafkin rafi, yanki mai shuru mai motsi a hankali na rafi Tafkin mai da aka kashe, wurin ajiya don amfani da sandunan mai daga injin makamashin nukiliyawajan iyo na turawa  yawanci wani tsari na wucin gadi wanda ya ƙunshi babban ruwa da aka yi don nufin yin iyo  Tafki mai nunawa, tafkin mara zurfi wanda Wajan yin iyo na turawa, ƙaramin ruwa mai zurfi  Tafkin rafi, yanki mai shuru mai motsi a hankali na r afi  Tafkin mai da aka kashe, wurin ajiya don amfani da sandunan mai daga injin makamashin nukiliyayalbi yanci wani tsari na wucin gadi wanda ya ƙunshi babban jikin ruwa da aka yi nufin yin iyo  Tafki mai nunawa, tafkin mara zurfi wanda aka tsara don nuna tsari da kewayensa  Tafkin Tide, wani tafkin dutse a bakin teku wanda ya rage cike da ruwan teku lokacin da igiyar ruwa ta fita. Gishiri da wuraren tafki, ɓacin rai mai riƙe da ruwa wanda ke tsakanin gishiri da marshes Plunge pool, ƙaramin ruwa mai zurfi  Tafkin rafi, yanki mai shuru mai motsi a hankali na rafi  Tafkin mai da aka kashe, wurin ajiya don amfani da sandunan mai daga injin makamashin nukiliya Wajan iyo, yawanci tsarin wucin gadi wanda ke dauke da babban jikin ruwa da aka yi nufin yin iyo
Gubar dalma ga dabbar raptors
Pathogenesis
Lokacin da gubar ta shiga cikin sashin narkewa na raptors, yanayin acidic na cikin su yana ba da damar rushewa da shiga cikin jini. Idan gutsuwar gubar tana cikin kyallen tsuntsu ne kawai, ba zai yuwu ta haifar da gubar gubar ba, saboda cikinta yana buƙatar rushe shi. Da zarar cikin jini, sannan an gano gubar don kwaikwayi rawar calcium a cikin jiki, kuma yana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin salula na yau da kullun da tsarin da calcium zai bi. Sakamakon haka, ba za a iya ci gaba da kiyaye calcium homeostasis da zarar gubar ta shiga cikin jini ba. Ana watsar da siginar siginar zuwa synapses na jijiyoyi yayin da ƙwayoyin jijiya na cholinergic ke hanawa, yana haifar da canjin hali kamar yadda aka shafi cerebellum. Sannan Ayyukan jijiyoyi a fili yana zama cikin haɗari sosai. A cikin jini da kanta, ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna haɓaka raguwar rayuwa, kuma ƙarancin haɗin heme yana faruwa saboda enzymes δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase da ferrochelatase sun zama masu rauni. Tsuntsu sai ya zama rashin jini.
Alamomi da alamomi
Lokacin da tsuntsaye suka fara nuna sauye-sauyen hali, za su iya fara nuna matsala wajen saukowa. Har ila yau, suna fara nuna matsayi mara kyau, kuma sau da yawa ana iya samun su suna kallon ƙasa. To amman Muryar su na iya canza sauti, saboda sau da yawa yakan zama babban honk, kuma suna iya buɗe baki a wani yanki tare da ƙarar hayaniya da ke fitowa daga ciki. Bayan kamar makonni biyu, dangane da, tsuntsu ya zama mai rauni a bayyane, kuma yawanci yana nuna matsala ta tafiya da tashi. Fuka-fukan kuma na iya fara fitowa a faɗuwa, tare da fiffiken fikafikan da ake ganin sau da yawa suna jan ƙasa, kuma tsuntsayen na iya yin ƙarancin ƙoƙarin samun abinci. Idan tsuntsu ya rayu bayan makonni biyi zuwa uku 2 zuwa 3 bayan gubar dalma to shi ma zai iya fara bayyana ya bushe kuma kashin keel zai iya bambanta sosai saboda a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci ba zai iya narkar da abinci ba yayin da filin ya zama gurgu. Ana ganin koren feces sau da yawa akan gashin wutsiya, a matsayin tasirin wannan.
Har ila yau, tsananin tattara gubar a cikin jini na iya yin illa ga tsarin koda da kuma tsarin haihuwa, kamar yadda kodan ke shafar kuma duk wani kwai da aka dage yana iya samun raunin bawo. Wasu nau'in mikiya kuma an gano cewa sun ragu don babu samar da maniyyi ya faru, kuma mazan na iya samun raguwar girman maniyyi. Har ila yau, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsuntsaye su fuskanci makanta a sakamakon yadda kwayoyin bitamin ke shafa. Sakamakon ire-iren wadannan tasirin da gubar ke yi a jiki ga mikiya, ba kasafai ba ne wadannan tsuntsayen su fuskanci girgizar tsoka ko na kasa kafafunsu su zama gurguje. Saboda wasu nau'o'in waɗannan alamun da mai raptor zai iya fuskanta, masu gyaran namun daji na iya samun sauƙi lokacin riƙewa da kuma kula da tsuntsaye saboda suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin da za su iya yin yaki.
Bincike
Mutumin da ya dandana tare da namun daji zai iya gano mafi yawan lokuta raptor mai alamar alama wanda ke da gubar dalma. Duk da haka, ba koyaushe ake gano cutar da ba ta dace ba. Tabbatacciyar hanyar tantance ko tsuntsu yana da gubar dalma ita ce ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin jini da gwada shi don gubar. To amman Ana ɗaukar tsuntsun al'ada kuma yawanci gubar ba ta shafa ba idan an gano jinin yana da ƙasa da kusan 20μg/dL, kodayake ba zai yuwu ba tsuntsu mai alama ya kasance ƙasa da 20μg/dL. Ana ɗaukar raptor a matsayin fuskantar adadin gubar a cikin tsarin su idan yana tsakanin 20-60 μg/dL. Idan mikiya tana da matakan jini na gubar sama da 60μg/dL to ana la'akari da shi a matsayin shari'ar asibiti kuma yiwuwar mikiya ta tsira a wannan lokacin ba ta da yawa. Hakanan za'a iya gwada hanta da kashi don gwada gubar gubar ko da yake wannan na iya faruwa ne bayan gaggafa ta riga ta mutu. Tsuntsaye kuma za a iya yin x-ray, saboda duk wani babban guntu na gubar da aka cinye za a iya gani a kai.
Magani
A lokacin da ake jinyar marasa lafiya da ke fama da gubar gubar, manufar ita ce rage shigar da gubar a cikin jini, don kawar da duk wani gubar mai guba da ke sha, da kuma taimakawa da tallafawa dabbar ta murmurewa. Idan gubar ta riga ta shiga cikin jini, yana da mahimmanci a bi da tsuntsun da wani abu da zai shiga jikin kowane ɓangarorin gubar ta hanyar amfani da mahaɗan chelating. Duk Wadannan mahadi za su sa tsuntsu ya kawar da gubar daga jikinsa ta hanyar fitar da su a cikin fitsari. Magunguna na yau da kullun waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance wannan sune EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) da DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da alluran intramuscularly tare da EDTA ko da yake a cikin jini sun fi tasiri, saboda tasirin gubar EDTA akan kodan. DMSA magani ne na baka na gama gari wanda ana iya amfani dashi don magani kuma. Idan an dauki x-ray kuma guntuwar gubar sun bayyana, ana iya cire su ta hanyar tiyata tare da endoscope, ta hanyar gastrotomy, ko kuma ta hanyar gavage a ciki, ko da yake idan ɓangarorin sun yi girma gubar gubar na iya yin girma a gare su. iya tsira daga tiyata.
Ilimi
An nuna cewa akwai ƙarin yawan gubar dalma da ake gani a lokutan farautar manyan wasanni. An tabbatar da cewa, daidaita harsashin dalma na iya rage yawan tsuntsayen da suka kamu da cutar da gubar dalma. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine mafarauta su canza zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba. Harsashin jan karfe shine mafi mashahuri madadin kuma sama da kusan kashi 90% na mafarauta sun ce yana aiki daidai ko ma fiye da harsashin gubar na yau da kullun, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓukan harsasai na ƙarfe waɗanda kuma za a iya amfani da su. Hakanan ana samun maganin kamun kifi mara gubar. Idan mafarauci ya ki canzawa zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba a matsayin madadin, to, kona gawar ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi na gaba. Ko da yake ana binne gawar ya fi a bar ta a fili, rodents da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya tono gawar cikin sauƙi sannan kuma za a sake fallasa gawar. Har ila yau, mafarauta su fahimci yadda gubar za ta kasance a cikin naman da suke farautar abinci idan suka yi amfani da harsashin dalma, wanda shi ma ba shi da lafiya ga mutum.
Cutar gubar dalma a Oakland
Cutar da gubar dalma a Oakland tana wakiltar mummunar barazanar lafiyar jama'a. Gurɓataccen gubar a cikin Oakland na zamani ya fito ne daga tushen farko guda uku: ragowar masana'antar da ta gabata, ajiya daga mai gubar, da guntun fenti daga fenti na gubar. Muhimman sassan birnin Oakland, California suna da matakan gubar ƙasa sama da kimanin 400 ppm, matakin da EPA na Amurka ya ba da shawarar a ɗauki matakin gyara, kuma sama da 80 ppm, matakin da Ofishin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli na California ke Haɗari. Kimantawa ya nuna ya kamata a dauki mataki. Ba duk yankunan Oakland ke shafa daidai ba: Cutar ta West Oakland ta fi tsanani, musamman a kusa da tsohon sansanin soja na Oakland, kuma yawancin yankunan da ke fama da talauci na Oakland suna fama da rashin daidaituwa (tun da yawancin mazauna ba su da albarkatun tattalin arziki don gyara lawns, ko ma don gyarawa). gidajensu).
Matsayin hawan jini na gubar yana da alaƙa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, ciki har da cututtukan gastrointestinal mai tsanani, neuromuscular, da alamun cututtuka. Wadannan matsalolin suna da mahimmanci musamman a cikin yara, kuma gubar dalma na yara na iya haifar da matsalolin hali, rashin ci gaba, da kuma raguwa na dindindin a cikin IQ.
Mahallin tarihi
Oakland ya kasance cibiyar masana'antu masu nauyi amma yawancin wannan masana'antar sun bar garin a cikin 1980s da farkon shakarun 1990s. Wannan asarar da aka yi na babban adadin ayyukan da ake biyan kuɗi mai kyau ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin yanayin kuɗi na yawancin Oaklanders, kuma yawancin masana'antun masana'antun da aka rufe ba su yi gyaran muhalli ba kafin rufewa, ya bar yawancin tsoffin yankunan masana'antu. mai gurɓatacce sosai da gubar da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oakland ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Amurka dangane da zirga-zirgar kwantena, kuma Oakland kuma a tarihi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jirgin ƙasa a gabar tekun yammacin ƙasar Amurka.
An yi amfani da fenti na tushen gubar a Oakland har zuwa lokacin da aka hana shi a shekara ta 1978, kuma har yanzu kusan gidaje 85,000 da aka gina a Oakland a wancan lokacin ana iya amfani da fentin gubar. Gilashin fenti ko ƙura daga fenti kafin shekarar 1978 na ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓatar gubar a Oakland. Akwai shirye-shiryen rage fenti iri-iri a cikin Oakland waɗanda ƙananan hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ke tafiyar da su, amma yawancin suna da iyakacin tasiri.
Oakland Army Base
Tsohon Oakland Army Base, wanda aka rufe a cikin shekarata 1999, yana da matukar gurɓatar da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da gubar. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar gubar sun haɗa da yanayin fenti mai tushen gubar, gyaran motoci, fenti mai guba, da sauran abubuwa. A lokacin da Sojoji ke aikin gyaran sansanin, yawancin yankunan sansanin sun kasa cimma burinsu na gyara.
Amco
A da akwai babban wurin rarraba sinadarai wanda AMCO Chemical ke gudanarwa a titin 1414 3rd, yanki ɗaya kawai kudu da tashar West Oakland BART. Daga shekarun 1960s har zuwa 1989, an cire manyan sinadarai daga tashar jirgin ƙasa kuma a adana su a cikin ganguna da tankunan ajiya kafin a tura su zuwa ƙananan kwantena don sake siyarwa. Wuraren ajiyar sinadarai masu yawa sun haɗa da tankuna 12 na saman ƙasa, tankuna biyu na ƙasa, da ganguna masu yawa. Ayyukan AMCO sun gurɓata yankin da ke kewaye da nau'in mahadi iri-iri, sun haɗa da kaushi mai chlorinated, vinyl chloride, dioxins, PCBs mahaɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa, arsenic, manganese, da adadi mai yawa na gubar. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mahadi ko dai sun gurɓata kadarori na kusa, sun shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, ko duka biyun. An ayyana wurin a matsayin rukunin asusun tarayya na tarayya.
Matakan gubar ƙasa duka a rukunin AMCO da kansa da kuma a yawancin gidajen zama na kusa sun wuce iyakokin aminci, kuma suna yin barazana ga amincin ɗan adam. Yawancin sauran gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke fitowa daga shukar AMCO ba su yaɗu ba kamar yadda gubar ta yi. Kamar yadda yake da sauran wuraren gurɓataccen gubar, akwai sauran hanyoyin samun gubar, kamar fentin gubar da man fetur.
Verdese Carter Park
Verdese Carter Park wurin shakatawa ne na birni a kusurwar 96th Avenue da Bancroft, a cikin gundumar Elmhurst na Gabashin Oakland, al'ummar Ba-Amurka da Latino da farko inda yawancin mazauna ke ƙasa da layin talauci. Tsakanin shekarun 1912 zuwa 1975 rabin kasan shafin ya mamaye wata shuka wacce ta fasa batir da aka yi amfani da ita kuma ta narkar da gubar su don kera sabbin batura, yayin da rabin shafin ke mamaye da wani greenhouse. Birnin Oakland ya samu duka kadarorin biyu a cikin shekarata 1976, kuma, bayan ayyuka biyu da nufin kawar da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba, wurin shakatawa ya buɗe wa jama'a a cikin shekarar 1978. Kafin farkon ayyukan kawar da birni, gwaji ya samo kusan gubar ppm 100,000 a cikin ƙasan wurin shakatawa.
Waɗannan ayyukan cirewa ba su da tasiri wajen tabbatar da wurin shakatawa, musamman saboda ba a kula da kubba na kariya da birnin ya sanya ba kuma ba a bincika ba kuma ya fashe. A shekara ta 1993, Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Amirka ta jagoranci wani yunkuri na tilastawa gwamnati ta tantance lafiyar dajin, bayan da wani abu mai launin rawaya ya fara fitowa daga fashe-fashe a filin wasan ƙwallon kwando a wurin shakatawa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, birnin Oakland ya katange wurin shakatawa kuma ya fara gwada yankin, EPA kuma ta shiga ciki. Ƙimar da EPA ta yi game da wurin ya gano cewa matakan gubar ƙasa da ya kai 6,700 ppm har yanzu suna nan a wurin shakatawa, da kuma matakan zinc fiye da 7,450 ppm, da matakan arsenic fiye da 700ppm. Ƙimar ta kuma gano cewa kaddarorin zama da ke cikin shinge bakwai na wurin shakatawa suma suna da matakan haɓakar gubar dalma, a wasu lokutan da ya kai 10,000 ppm. (84% na gidajen da ke yankin an gina su kafin shekarar 1950, kuma sun kasance suna wanzuwa yayin da tashar baturi ke aiki. ) An kuma samu matakan gubar dalma, wanda ake kyautata zaton daga wurin shakatawa, a wata makarantar firamare da ke kusa. Kodayake yawancin gurɓacewar da aka samu a waɗannan wuraren na iya faruwa ne saboda wurin shakatawa, fentin gubar da gubar gas daga manyan titunan da ke kusa da su na iya haifar da gurɓacewar. Hukumomin haɗin gwiwa na gida, jihohi, da tarayya sun ɗauki ƙarin jerin ayyuka tsakanin shekekarata 1993 zuwa 1996 da nufin gyara wurin shakatawa da kewayen kaddarorin zama. An sake buɗe wurin shakatawa a cikin shekarar 1996, kuma tsaftace duk kaddarorin zama na kusa tare da maida hankali kan gubar ƙasa> 1000 ppm AlliedSignal ne ya yi (wanda ya mallaki shuka, kuma EPA ta amince da ƙarshenta a cikin 2001 ta hanyar da ta warware AlliedSignal). duk wani abin alhaki na gaba
Kudu Prescott
Kudu Prescott unguwa ce mai shekara ɗari a Yammacin Oakland; saboda ayyukan masana'antu da suka gabata da kuma ƙasan maƙwabtan iskar gas sun kai matsakaicin gubar ppm 800 kafin babban tsaftacewar da EPA ke jagoranta. Wasu wuraren da aka fi gurɓata a unguwar suna da matakan gubar ƙasa sama da kimanin 2700 ppm. Tsaftacewa da EPA ke jagoranta ya yi amfani da ƙasa sama da ƙasusuwa daga pollock don canza gubar farko a cikin ƙasa zuwa pyromorphite, fili wanda ba shi da lahani ko da an sha. Tsaftarwar ta sami nasarar gyara kusan kashi 95% na kaddarorin zama a South Prescott, da kuma duk haƙƙoƙin jama'a.
Cypress Freeway
Titin Cypress Viaduct wani yanki ne mai hawa biyu na Nimitz Freeway wanda ya wuce 1.6 mile shimfidar Oakland, iyaka da Kudancin Prescott. An bi ta hanyar unguwar da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki tun asali, kuma a lokacin gininta ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun nuna rashin amincewa da cewa za ta lalata wata unguwa mai fa'ida, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa ba za a ba da shawarar hanyar da ta dace ba a cikin al'umma masu arziki. Tunda ba a hana gubar mai a cikin Amurka ba har zuwa Shekarar 1996, zirga-zirga ta hanyar hanyar ta asali ta haifar da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi sun zama gurbataccen gubar.
Sahel
Sahel / / sə ˈhɛl / ; ساحل  sāḥil [ˈsaːħil], "coast, shore")  shine yanayin da  rayuwa na canjin Hamada a Afirka tsakanin Sahara zuwa arewa da savanna na Sudan zuwa kudu. Da yake da yanayi maras bushewa, ya ratsa tsakiyar kudu ta tsakiya na Arewacin Afirka tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Kuma na Bahar Maliya.
Yankin Sahel na Afirka ya hada daga yamma zuwa gabas na arewacin ƙasarSenegal, kudancin ƙasar Mauritaniya, tsakiyar ƙasar Mali, arewacin ƙasar Burkina Faso, da matsananci kudancin ƙasashen Aljeriya, Nijar, matsananciyar arewacin ƙasar Najeriya, iyakar arewacin ƙasar Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tsakiyar Afirka Chadi, tsakiya da kudancin Sudan, iyakar arewacin Sudan ta Kudu, Eritriya da kuma arewacin Habasha.
A tarihi, yankin yammacin Sahel wani lokaci ana kiransa yankin Sudan ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان ). "Ƙasashen Sudan"). Wannan bel ɗin yana kusa tsakanin Sahara da yankunan bakin teku na yammacin Afirka.