cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai
Gurbacewar ruwa
Haƙar ma'adinai na iya yin illa a kan saman da ke kewaye da ruwan ƙasa. Idan ba a dauki matakan da suka dace ba, yawan adadin sinadarai da ba bisa ka'ida ba, irin su arsenic, sulfuric acid, da mercury na iya yaduwa a kan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na ruwa ko ƙasa. Yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi don magudanar ruwa na nawa, sanyaya nawa, hakar ruwa da sauran hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai na kara yuwuwar wadannan sinadarai su gurbata ruwa na kasa da na sama. Yayin da hakar ma'adinai ke samar da ruwan sha mai yawa, hanyoyin zubar da ruwa suna iyakance saboda gurɓataccen ruwan sha. Guduwar da ke ɗauke da waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da lalacewar ciyayi da ke kewaye. Zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwan saman ko a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa shine zaɓi mafi muni. Don haka, ana ɗaukar zubar da wutsiyar ruwa a matsayin mafi kyawun zaɓi (idan an zubar da sharar zuwa zurfin zurfi). Ajiye filaye da sake cika ma’adinan bayan ya kare ya fi kyau, idan ba a buqatar dazuzzukan da za a ajiye tarkace. Gurbacewar magudanar ruwa da ke haifar da zubewar sinadarai shima yana da tasiri ga lafiyar al'ummar yankin.
A cikin ingantattun ma'adanai masu kyau, masana kimiyyar ruwa da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suna yin taka-tsan-tsan auna ruwa don yin taka tsantsan don ware duk wani nau'in gurɓataccen ruwa da ayyukan ma'adinan ke iya haifarwa. Ana aiwatar da rage lalacewar muhalli a cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na Amurka ta hanyar dokokin tarayya da na jihohi, ta hanyar hana masu aiki don biyan ka'idoji don kariya daga sama da ruwan ƙasa daga gurɓata. Ana yin wannan mafi kyau ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin cirewa mara guba a matsayin bioleaching.
Gurbacewar iska
Gurbacewar iska na da mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban shuka, da farko ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da tarin albarkatu. Da zarar ganye suna da kusanci da yanayi, yawancin gurɓataccen iska, irin su O3 da NOx, suna shafar aikin haɓakar ganyen kuma suna tsoma baki tare da daidaitawar carbon ta hanyar ɗigon shuka. Gurbacewar iska da aka fara jibawa a ƙasa, kamar ƙarfe masu nauyi, da farko suna shafar aikin tushen kuma suna tsoma baki tare da kama albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar shuka. Wadannan ragi na kama albarkatun (samar da carbohydrate ta hanyar photosynthesis, cin abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai da ruwa daga ƙasa) zai shafi ci gaban shuka ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin rabon albarkatu zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Lokacin da damuwa da gurɓataccen iska ke haɗuwa tare da wasu matsalolin, misali damuwa na ruwa, sakamakon akan girma zai dogara ne akan hadadden hulɗar matakai a cikin shuka. A matakin yanayin halittu, gurɓataccen iska na iya canza daidaiton gasa tsakanin nau'ikan da ke akwai kuma yana iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin al'ummar shuka. A cikin tsarin agroecosystem, waɗannan canje-canje na iya bayyana a cikin raguwar yawan amfanin tattalin arziki.
Acid dutse magudanar ruwa
Ma'adinan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa yakan ci gaba a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa, don haka dole ne a rika fitar da ruwa daga cikin ma'adinan don hana ambaliya. Sa’ad da aka yi watsi da ma’adinan, aikin famfo ya daina, kuma ruwa ya mamaye ma’adinan. Wannan gabatarwar ruwa shine matakin farko a mafi yawan yanayin magudanar ruwan acid. Magudanar ruwan acid na faruwa ne ta zahiri a cikin wasu mahalli a matsayin wani bangare na yanayin yanayin dutsen amma yana dada ta'azzara ta hanyar manyan rikice-rikicen kasa na hako ma'adinai da sauran manyan ayyukan gini, yawanci a cikin duwatsun dake dauke da ma'adinan sulfide. Wuraren da ƙasa ta rikice (misali wuraren gine-gine, rarrabuwa, da hanyoyin sufuri) na iya haifar da magudanar ruwan acid. A cikin yankuna da yawa, ruwan da ke zubowa daga hannun gawayi, wuraren sarrafa kwal, wuraren wankin gawayi, da sharar sharar kwal na iya zama mai yawan acidic, kuma a irin wannan yanayi ana daukarsa a matsayin magudanar ruwa na acid mine (AMD). Irin wannan nau'in halayen sinadarai da matakai na iya faruwa ta hanyar hargitsi na ƙasan acid sulfate da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin bakin teku ko esturine bayan babban matakin teku na ƙarshe, kuma ya ƙunshi irin wannan haɗarin muhalli.
Manyan fasahohin fasaha guda biyar da aka yi amfani da su don sa ido da sarrafa kwararar ruwa a wuraren ma'adinai sune tsarin karkatar da ruwa, tafkuna, tsarin bututun ruwa na kasa, tsarin magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da shingen karkashin kasa. Game da AMD, gurɓataccen ruwa gabaɗaya ana zubar da shi zuwa wurin magani wanda ke kawar da gurɓataccen abu. Wani bita na 2006 na maganganun tasirin muhalli ya gano cewa "Hasashen ingancin ruwa da aka yi bayan la'akari da tasirin ragewa ya fi yin la'akari da tasirin gaske ga ruwan ƙasa, tsutsa, da ruwan saman".
Karfe masu nauyi
Karfe masu nauyi abubuwa ne da ke faruwa a zahiri waɗanda ke da nauyin atom ɗin mai girma da yawa aƙalla sau 5 fiye da na ruwa. Abubuwan masana'antu da yawa, na gida, aikin gona, likitanci da fasaha sun haifar da rarraba su cikin yanayi; da nuna damuwa kan illar da suke da ita ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli.
Karafa masu nauyi da ke faruwa a zahiri ana nuna su cikin sifofin da ba su da saurin isa ga tsire-tsire. A al'ada ana nuna su a cikin sifofin da ba za a iya narkewa ba, kamar a cikin tsarin ma'adinai, ko a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko hadaddun sifofi waɗanda ba su da sauri don ɗaukar shuka. Yawancin karafa masu nauyi da ke faruwa suna da ma'auni mai ban sha'awa a cikin ƙasa don haka ba su da saurin isa ga halittu masu rai. Matsakaicin kuzarin da ke faruwa tsakanin karafa masu nauyi da ƙasa na yau da kullun yana da girma na musamman idan aka kwatanta da wanda ke da tushen ɗan adam.
Rushewa da jigilar karafa da ƙarfe mai nauyi ta hanyar gudu da ruwa na ƙasa wani misali ne na matsalolin muhalli tare da hakar ma'adinai, irin su Britannia Mine, tsohon ma'adinan tagulla kusa da Vancouver, British Columbia. Tar Creek, wurin hakar ma'adinai da aka yi watsi da shi a Picher, Oklahoma wanda yanzu ya zama wurin Superfund na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma yana fama da gurɓataccen ƙarfe. Ruwa a cikin mahakar ma'adinan mai dauke da narkar da karafa masu nauyi kamar gubar da cadmium ya zubo cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, ya gurbata shi. Adana dogon lokaci na wutsiya da ƙura na iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli, saboda ana iya busa su cikin sauƙi daga wurin ta hanyar iska, kamar yadda ya faru a Skouriotissa, ma'adinan jan karfe da aka watsar a Cyprus. Canje-canjen muhalli kamar ɗumamar yanayi da ƙara yawan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na iya ƙara abun ciki na karafa masu nauyi a cikin rafi.
Tasiri akan bambancin halittu
Dasa ma'adinan babban gyare-gyaren wurin zama, kuma ƙananan rikice-rikice suna faruwa akan sikeli mafi girma fiye da wurin cin abinci, ragowar sharar ma'adanan nawa misali. Za'a iya lura da illolin da ba daidai ba bayan ƙarshen aikin ma'adinan. Rushewa ko gyare-gyare mai tsauri na asalin wurin da sakin abubuwa na ɗan adam na iya yin babban tasiri akan bambancin halittu a yankin. Rushewar wurin zama shine babban ɓangaren hasara na biodiversity, amma guba kai tsaye lalacewa ta hanyar abin da aka cire nawa, da guba ta kai tsaye ta hanyar abinci da ruwa, kuma na iya shafar dabbobi, ciyayi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gyaran wurin zama kamar pH da canjin yanayin zafi suna damun al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Dabbobin da ke da alaƙa suna da mahimmanci musamman, tunda suna buƙatar takamaiman yanayin muhalli. Lalacewa ko ƴan gyare-gyaren mazauninsu ya sa su cikin haɗarin halaka. Za a iya lalata wuraren zama idan babu isassun samfuran ƙasa da kuma samfuran da ba na sinadarai ba, kamar manyan duwatsu daga ma'adinan da aka jefar da su a cikin yanayin da ke kewaye ba tare da damuwa ga tasirin muhallin halitta ba.
An san abubuwan da ke tattare da karafa masu nauyi suna raguwa tare da nisa daga ma'adinan, da kuma tasiri akan bambancin halittu suna bin tsari iri ɗaya. Tasirin na iya bambanta da yawa dangane da motsi da kuma bioavailability na gurɓataccen abu : ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su kasance marasa ƙarfi a cikin muhalli yayin da ƙwayoyin hannu masu yawa za su shiga cikin wani ɗaki cikin sauƙi ko kuma kwayoyin halitta su ɗauke su. Alal misali, ƙayyadaddun karafa a cikin sediments na iya canza yanayin rayuwarsu, kuma ta haka gubarsu ga halittun ruwa.
Biomagnification yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gurɓataccen wuraren zama: tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan bambance-bambancen halittu, tsammanin cewa matakan maida hankali ba su da girma don kashe kwayoyin da aka fallasa kai tsaye, ya kamata ya fi girma ga nau'in da ke saman sarkar abinci saboda wannan lamari.
Nekane Díez
Nekane Díez Tapia (an haife ta 13 ga Agusta 1991) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wacce ke taka leda a Athletic Bilbao ta Primera División ta Spain.
Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai
Tasiri akan bambancin halittu
Mummunan illar hakar ma'adinai a kan halittu masu rai sun dogara sosai kan yanayin gurɓataccen abu, matakin maida hankali a cikin muhalli, da yanayin yanayin yanayin da kanta. Wasu nau'ikan suna da tsayayya da rikice-rikice na anthropogenic, yayin da wasu za su ɓace gaba ɗaya daga gurɓataccen yanki. Lokaci kaɗai ba ze ƙyale mazaunin ya warke gaba ɗaya daga gurɓataccen abu ba. Ayyukan gyaran gyare-gyare suna ɗaukar lokaci, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta ba zai ba da damar dawo da bambance-bambancen asali ba kafin aikin hakar ma'adinai ya faru.
Nekane Díez
Díez ta fara buga wasanta na farko a Athletic a wasan da ta doke ŽNK Krka da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin mata na UEFA ta 2007-08 kwanaki kadan kafin cikarta shekaru 16 - ta samu raga a wasan, kuma ta kasance matashin dan wasa da zura kwallaye a kungiyar. Ita ce ta uku mafi cin kwallaye a kakar 2010–11 da kwallaye 24.
Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai
Ƙwayoyin ruwa
Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin halittun ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanya ɗaya na iya zama guba kai tsaye; mafi girman haɗari ga wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da gurɓataccen abu ke tafi da ruwa a cikin ruwa ko kuma babu ruwa a cikin ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na na iya canza pH na ruwa, yana da wahala a bambanta tasiri kai tsaye akan kwayoyin halitta daga tasirin da canje-canjen pH ke haifarwa. Ana iya lura da tasirin duk da haka kuma an tabbatar da cewa gyare-gyaren pH ya haifar. Hakanan gurɓatawa na iya shafar halittun ruwa ta hanyar tasirin jiki: rafukan da ke da yawan adadin da aka dakatar da iyakataccen haske, don haka yana rage ƙwayoyin algae biomass. Ƙarfe oxide jijiya na iya iyakance biomass ta hanyar shafa algae ko abin da ke cikin su, don haka hana mulkin mallaka. Abubuwan da ke tasiri ga al'ummomi a wuraren magudanar ruwa na ma'adinan acid sun bambanta na ɗan lokaci da na lokaci: zafin jiki, ruwan sama, pH, salinization da adadin ƙarfe duk suna nuna bambancin akan dogon lokaci, kuma suna iya yin tasiri sosai ga al'ummomi. Canje-canje a cikin pH ko zafin jiki na iya shafar narkewar ƙarfe, kuma ta haka ne adadin da ake samu wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gurɓatawa yana ci gaba a cikin lokaci: shekaru casa'in bayan rufewar ma'adinan pyrite, pH na ruwa har yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai kuma yawancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ƙunshi yawancin kwayoyin acidophil. Wani babban binciken da aka yi la'akari da shi mai guba ga halittun ruwa shine gurbataccen yanayi da ya faru a Minamata Bay. Kamfanin sinadarai na masana'antu ya saki Methylmercury cikin ruwan datti kuma an gano wata cuta mai suna Minamata a Kumamoto, Japan. Wannan ya haifar da gubar mercury a cikin kifaye da kifin harsashi kuma yana gurɓata nau'ikan da ke kewaye da shi kuma da yawa sun mutu daga gare ta kuma yana shafar duk wanda ya ci gurɓataccen kifin.
Nekane Díez
A cikin watan Disamba na 2015 ta sami rauni na gaba yayin da take taka leda a Basque Country da Catalonia.
Kulob
Athletic Bilbao
Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai
Macro-kwayoyin halitta
An gyare-gyaren ƙwarin ruwa da al'ummomin crustacean a kusa da mahakar ma'adinai, yana haifar da ƙarancin yanayin zafi kuma maharan sun mamaye al'ummarsu. Duk da haka, bambancin halittu na macroinvertebrates na iya kasancewa mai girma, idan an maye gurbin jinsuna masu mahimmanci da masu haƙuri. Lokacin da aka rage bambance-bambance a cikin yankin, wani lokaci babu wani tasiri na gurɓataccen rafi akan yawa ko ƙwayoyin halitta, yana ba da shawarar cewa nau'ikan juriya waɗanda ke cika aikin iri ɗaya suna maye gurbin jinsuna masu ma'ana a cikin gurɓatattun wurare. Ragewar pH baya ga haɓakar ƙarfin ƙarfe na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri akan halayen macroinvertebrates, yana nuna cewa guba kai tsaye ba shine kawai batun ba. Kifi kuma yana iya shafar pH, bambancin zafin jiki, da yawan adadin sinadarai.
Tsire-tsire
Za a iya gyaggyara nau'in ƙasa da abun cikin ruwa sosai a cikin wuraren da ba su da damuwa, yana haifar da sauye-sauyen tsire-tsire a yankin. Yawancin tsire-tsire suna da ƙarancin juriya ga karafa a cikin ƙasa, amma hankali ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan. Bambance-bambancen ciyawa da jimillar ɗaukar hoto ba su da tasiri sosai ta yawan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu fiye da ganyaye da ciyayi. Ana iya samun abubuwan sharar ma'adinan da aka ƙi ko ganowa saboda ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a kusa da ma'adinan, wani lokacin nesa da tushen. Tsire-tsire da aka kafa ba za su iya kawar da damuwa ba, kuma za su mutu a ƙarshe idan mazauninsu ya gurɓata da manyan karafa ko metalloids a wani taro wanda ya fi girma ga ilimin halittarsu. Wasu nau'ikan sun fi juriya kuma za su tsira daga waɗannan matakan, kuma wasu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba waɗanda za su iya jure wa waɗannan ƙima a cikin ƙasa, za su yi ƙaura a cikin ƙasashen da ke kewaye da ma'adinan don mamaye yanayin muhalli. Wannan kuma zai iya barin ƙasa ta zama mai rauni ga yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa, wanda zai sa ta zama ta ga tsirrai.
Ana iya shafar tsire-tsire ta hanyar guba kai tsaye, misali abun ciki na ƙasa arsenic yana rage bambancin bryophyte. Hakanan ana iya gurbata ciyayi daga wasu karafa kamar su nickel da tagulla. Rashin acidification na ƙasa ta hanyar rage pH ta hanyar gurɓatar sinadarai kuma zai iya haifar da raguwar adadin nau'in. Masu gurɓatawa na iya canzawa ko dagula ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka canza wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, haifar da asarar ciyayi a yankin. Wasu tushen bishiyar suna karkata daga zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi don guje wa gurɓataccen yanki, don haka rashin tushe a cikin zurfin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar kawar da iska lokacin da tsayin su da harbin nauyi ya karu. Gabaɗaya, binciken tushen yana raguwa a cikin gurɓatattun wurare idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da gurɓatacce. Bambancin nau'in tsire-tsire zai kasance ƙasa da ƙasa a wuraren da aka kwato fiye da wuraren da ba su da damuwa. Dangane da takamaiman nau'in hakar ma'adinai, ana iya cire duk ciyayi da farko daga wurin kafin a fara haƙar ma'adinai na ainihi.
Noman amfanin gona na iya zama matsala kusa da ma'adinai. Yawancin amfanin gona na iya girma a wuraren da ba su da rauni, amma yawan amfanin gona gabaɗaya ya yi ƙasa da yadda yake a cikin yanayin girma na yau da kullun. Tsire-tsire kuma sukan tara karafa masu nauyi a cikin gabobin su na iska, mai yiyuwa kai ga cin mutum ta hanyar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Cin gurɓataccen amfanin gona na yau da kullun na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da ke haifar da dogon lokaci da ƙarfe. Sigari da aka yi daga shukar taba akan gurɓataccen wuraren yana iya yin illa ga yawan ɗan adam, saboda taba yana ƙoƙarin tara cadmium da zinc a cikin ganyen sa.
Dabbobi
Rushewar matsuguni na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. An lalata manyan wuraren zama na yanayi a lokacin aikin ma'adinai da kuma amfani da su, wanda ya tilasta wa dabbobi barin wurin.
Ana iya cutar da dabbobi kai tsaye ta samfuran nawa da sauran abubuwan nawa. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin da suke ci na iya haifar da guba: dawakai, awaki da tumaki suna fallasa su a wasu wurare zuwa yuwuwar tattarawar jan ƙarfe da gubar a cikin ciyawa. Akwai ƙarancin nau'in tururuwa a cikin ƙasa mai ɗauke da manyan matakan tagulla, a kusa da ma'adinan tagulla. Idan an sami ƴan tururuwa kaɗan, to akwai yuwuwar cewa sauran halittun da ke zaune a kewayen suna da tasiri sosai da babban matakan tagulla. Tururuwa suna da kyakkyawan hukunci ko yanki ya saba yayin da suke rayuwa kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa kuma don haka suna da damuwa ga rushewar muhalli.
Kwayoyin halitta
Kwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kula da gyare-gyaren muhalli, kamar pH da aka gyara, canjin yanayin zafi ko yawan sinadarai saboda girmansu. Misali, kasancewar arsenic da antimony a cikin ƙasa sun haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙasa gabaɗaya. Kamar yadda ruwa ke da hankali, ƙaramin canji a cikin ƙasa pH na iya haifar da gyare-gyaren gurɓataccen abu, baya ga tasirin kai tsaye ga ƙwayoyin pH masu hankali.
Kwayoyin halitta suna da nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta iri-iri a tsakanin yawan jama'arsu, don haka akwai damar da za a iya rayuwa na nau'in saboda tsayin daka ko juriya a cikin abin da wasu yankuna suka mallaka, gyare-gyaren ba su wuce iyaka ba. Duk da haka, rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi zai nuna babban hasara na bambancin jinsi, wanda zai haifar da raguwar yuwuwar daidaitawa ga canje-canje masu zuwa. Ƙasar da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi na iya zama alamar rage ayyukan ƙasa microfauna da microflora, yana nuna raguwar adadin mutane ko raguwar ayyukan. Shekaru 20 bayan tashin hankali, ko da a yankin gyarawa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa sosai idan aka kwatanta da mazaunin da ba su da damuwa.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi suna da damuwa musamman ga kasancewar sinadarai, kuma ƙasa a wasu lokuta takan damu sosai ta yadda ba za su iya haɗawa da tsire-tsire ba. Duk da haka, wasu fungi suna da ƙarfin tattara gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da ikon tsaftace ƙasa ta hanyar canza yanayin ƙazanta masu ƙazanta, wannan na iya kare tsire-tsire daga yuwuwar lalacewar da sinadarai za su iya haifarwa. Kasancewarsu a cikin gurɓatattun wuraren zai iya hana asarar ɗimbin halittu saboda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ma'adinai, ko ba da izinin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, kawar da sinadarai da ba a so daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Akasin haka, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya lalata muhalli: wanda zai iya haifar da haɓakar SO4 a cikin ruwa kuma yana iya haɓaka samar da ƙwayoyin cuta na hydrogen sulfide, guba ga tsire-tsire na ruwa da yawa.
Wutsiya
Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai suna haifar da wuce haddi na kayan sharar gida da aka sani da wutsiya. Abubuwan da suka rage bayan sun kasance sakamakon raba juzu'i mai mahimmanci daga rashi maras ƙarfi na ma'adinai. Waɗannan ɓangarorin da yawa sune cakuda ruwa, yashi, yumbu, da ragowar bitumen. Ana adana wutsiya da yawa a cikin tafkunan wutsiya waɗanda aka yi daga kwaruruka na zahiri ko manyan injinan madatsun ruwa da tsarin dyke. Tailings tafkunan na iya zama wani ɓangare na aiki na ma'adinai na tsawon shekaru 30-40. Wannan yana ba da damar ajiyar wutsiya don daidaitawa, ko don ajiya da sake amfani da ruwa.
Tushen lalacewa
Tulin ganima tulin nauyi ne wanda aka cire daga wurin hakar ma'adinai yayin hakar gawayi ko tama. Waɗannan kayan sharar sun ƙunshi ƙasa na yau da kullun da duwatsu, tare da yuwuwar gurɓata da sharar sinadarai. Lalacewar ta bambanta da wutsiya, domin ana sarrafa ta da kayan da ke saura bayan an fitar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci daga tama. Konewar ƙonawa na iya faruwa sau da yawa kamar yadda, tsofaffin nasihun ganima sukan zama sako-sako kuma suna kan gefen tari. Kamar yadda ganimar ta ƙunshi abu ne na carbonaceous da ke da zafi sosai, ana iya kunna shi da gangan ta hanyar kunna wuta ko kuma toka mai zafi. Tushen ɓarna na iya kama wuta sau da yawa kuma a bar shi yana ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko cikin tarin ganima na shekaru da yawa.
Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai
Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, ciki har da bincike, bincike, ginawa, aiki, kiyayewa, fadadawa, watsi, ƙaddamarwa da sake fasalin ma'adinai na iya tasiri ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli a cikin kewayon hanyoyi masu kyau da mara kyau, da kuma kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye hanyoyi.
Illar gurbacewar nawa akan mutane
Haka ma hakar ma’adinai na shafar mutane. Akwai cututtuka da yawa da za su iya fitowa daga gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke fitowa cikin iska da ruwa yayin aikin hakar ma'adinai. Misali, yayin aikin narkewar abubuwa masu yawa na gurɓataccen iska, kamar su gurɓataccen abu da aka dakatar, SO, arsenic particles da cadmium, suna fitarwa. Karfe ana fitar da su a cikin iska kamar yadda kuma. Hakanan akwai haɗarin lafiyar sana'a da yawa waɗanda masu hakar ma'adinai ke fuskanta. Yawancin masu hakar ma'adinai suna fama da cututtuka daban-daban na numfashi da na fata kamar asbestosis, silicosis, ko cutar huhu.
sare itatuwa
Tare da buɗaɗɗen ma'adinan simintin gyare- gyare, nauyin nauyi, wanda zai iya rufewa a cikin gandun daji, dole ne a cire shi kafin a fara hakar ma'adinai. Ko da yake saran gandun daji saboda hakar ma'adinai na iya zama kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da jimillar adadin zai iya haifar da ɓarnawar jinsuna idan akwai babban matakin ƙarancin gida. Rayuwar ma'adinan gawayi na daya daga cikin mafi kazanta da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka saboda yawan guba, da kuma karafa masu nauyi da ke fitar da muhallin kasa da ruwa. Ko da yake sakamakon hakar kwal yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don yin tasiri ga muhalli kona gawayi da gobara da za su iya ƙone har shekaru da yawa na iya sakin toka mai tashi tare da ƙara yawan iskar gas. Musamman cire ma'adinai wanda zai iya lalata shimfidar wurare, dazuzzuka, da namun daji da ke kusa da wuraren. Bishiyoyi, tsire-tsire da ƙasa na sama suna sharewa daga yankin ma'adinai kuma wannan na iya haifar da lalata ƙasar noma. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da ruwan sama ya faru, toka da sauran kayan ana wanke su cikin koguna da za su iya cutar da kifi. Har ila yau waɗannan tasirin na iya faruwa bayan an kammala wurin hakar ma'adinan wanda ke damun kasancewar ƙasar kuma maido da sare itatuwa yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da yadda aka saba saboda ingancin ƙasar ya lalace. Haƙar ma'adinai na shari'a, duk da cewa an fi sarrafa muhalli fiye da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, yana ba da gudummawa ga wani kaso mai tsoka ga sare gandun daji na ƙasashe masu zafi.
hakar kwal
Abubuwan muhalli na masana'antar kwal ba wai kawai suna yin tasiri ga gurɓataccen iska, sarrafa ruwa da amfani da ƙasa ba amma har ma suna haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya ta hanyar kona gawayi. Gurbacewar iska na karuwa a adadin gubobi kamar su mercury, gubar, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides da sauran karafa masu nauyi. Wannan yana haifar da al'amurran kiwon lafiya da suka shafi matsalolin numfashi kuma yana tasiri namun daji a kewayen yankunan da ke buƙatar iska mai tsabta don tsira. Har yanzu ba a san makomar gurɓacewar iska ba yayin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta yi ƙoƙarin hana wasu hayaƙi amma ba ta da matakan kula da duk tsiron da ke haƙar kwal. Gurbacewar ruwa wani abu ne da ke lalacewa a duk tsawon wannan tsari na hakar gawayin, tokar kwal yawanci ana kwashewa a cikin ruwan sama wanda ke ratsawa zuwa manyan wuraren ruwa. Yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa shekaru 10 don tsaftace wuraren ruwa waɗanda ke da sharar gida da yuwuwar lalata ruwa mai tsafta na iya sa tacewa ta fi wahala kawai.
Ma'adinan teku mai zurfi
Zurfafawar hakar ma'adinan teku don nodules na manganese da sauran albarkatu sun haifar da damuwa daga masana kimiyyar ruwa da kungiyoyin muhalli game da tasirin yanayin yanayin teku mai rauni. Ilimin tasirin tasiri yana da iyaka saboda iyakataccen bincike kan rayuwar teku mai zurfi.
Lithium ma'adinai
Lithium baya faruwa a matsayin karfe ta halitta tun da yake yana da karfin gaske, amma ana samunsa a hade a cikin kadan kadan a cikin duwatsu, kasa, da jikunan ruwa. Ana iya fallasa fitar da lithium a sigar dutse zuwa iska, ruwa, da ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar batura a duniya don ƙunshi lithium dangane da masana'antu, sinadarai masu guba da lithium ke samarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mutane, ƙasa, da nau'in ruwa. Yawan samar da lithium ya karu da kashi 25 cikin 100 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2007 don amfani da batura, kuma ana samun manyan hanyoyin lithium a cikin ma'adinan tafkin brine. Ana gano Lithium kuma ana fitar da shi daga ma'adanai 150, yumbu, brines da yawa, da ruwan teku, kuma kodayake hakar lithium daga nau'in dutsen yana da tsada sau biyu daga na lithium da aka ciro daga brines, matsakaicin ajiyar brine ya fi idan aka kwatanta da matsakaita. lithium hard rock ajiya.
Phosphate ma'adinai
Ana hako duwatsu masu ɗauke da phosphorus don samar da phosphorus, wani muhimmin abu da ake amfani dashi a masana'antu da noma. Tsarin hakar ya haɗa da kawar da ciyayi na saman, ta yadda za a fallasa duwatsun phosphorus zuwa yanayin yanayin ƙasa, yana lalata yankin ƙasa tare da fallasa phosphorus, yana haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka fitar daga ma'adinan phosphate sun kasance sharar gida, da wutsiya, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar ɗan adam ga ƙwayoyin cuta daga gurɓataccen wutsiya ta hanyar inhalation da abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke tasiri lafiyar ɗan adam ( Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu da Pb ).
Cire haƙar ma'adinai daga saman dutsen
Aikin hakar ma'adinai na tsaunin tsaunuka (MTR) yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sare bishiyu, kuma ana cire kutukan kwal da injina da abubuwan fashewa. Sakamakon haka shimfidar wuri ta fi saurin kamuwa da ambaliyar ruwa da haifar da gurɓatawar sinadarai. Yankin da ke da matukar damuwa da kawar da tsaunin dutse ya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwan rafi zuwa ga yanayin magudanar ruwa da na kasa don haka hakar ma'adinai ta saman tsaunuka tana shafar tasirin ruwa da magudanan ruwa na dogon lokaci.
Yashi hakar ma'adinai
Hakar ma'adinan yashi da tsakuwa na haifar da manyan ramuka da fissures a saman duniya. A wasu lokuta, hakar ma'adinai na iya fadada sosai har ya shafi ruwan ƙasa, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da teburin ruwa. Manyan barazanar ayyukan hakar yashi sun hada da lalata gadon tashoshi, samuwar kogi da zaizayar kasa. Hako ma'adinan yashi ya haifar da karuwar turbayawar ruwa a mafi yawan gabar tafkin Hongze, tafkin ruwa na hudu mafi girma a kasar Sin.
Ragewa
Don tabbatar da kammala aikin sakewa, ko maido da ma'adanan don amfani da su a nan gaba, gwamnatoci da yawa da hukumomi a duniya suna buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su sanya jinginar da za a gudanar da su ba tare da izini ba har sai an tabbatar da ingancin ƙasar da aka kwato, ko da yake idan hanyoyin tsaftacewa sun fi yawa. tsada fiye da girman haɗin gwiwa, za a iya watsar da bond ɗin kawai. Tun daga 1978 masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta kwato fiye da kadada miliyan 2 (8,000) km 2 ) na kasa a Amurka kadai. Wannan fili da aka kwato ya sabunta ciyayi da namun daji a wuraren hakar ma'adinai na baya kuma ana iya amfani da su wajen noma da kiwo.
Filin wasa na Kano Pillars
Filin wasa na Pillars filin wasa ne mai fa'ida da yawa a unguwar Sabon Gari Kano, jihar Kano, Nigeria. Wurin da yake wurin yana mahaɗar titin Abuja da titin filin jirgin sama. A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin filayen wasa biyu da Kano Pillars FC ke amfani da shi, ɗayan kuma filin wasa na Sani Abacha. Filin wasan yana da damar 10,000. A cikin 2014 ya zama gidan El-Kanemi Warriors na wucin gadi bayan an ga gidansu na Maiduguri ba shi da lafiya ga wasa.
Victor Eletu
Sana'a
Daga Lagos, Nigeria, Eletu ya shafe lokaci yana matashi a Prince Kazeem Eletu Academy a garinsu kafin ya sami gurbin karatu tare da AC Milan a shekarar 2018.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A watan Mayun shekarar 2023 an nada shi a cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na 2023.
Hazolahy
Hazolahy ƙungiya ce ta kiɗa daga Madagascar wacce ke yin nau'in Kiɗan gargajiya na mangaliba daga da gabar tekun kudu maso gabashin tsibirin. Kade-kade na kungiyar a wasu lokuta yana hade da salon muryar beko daga yankin Antandroy makwabciyarta a kudancin kasar Madagascar. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar, shi ne Thominot Hazolahy, ya taso ne a tsakanin mawaka, kuma tun yana dalibi ya kafa kungiyarsa ta farko, wadda ta yi wasa da blues da mangaliba da kuma reggae. Rukuninsa na biyu, Hazolahy, ya fi dacewa da nau'in mangaliba. Kiɗa na Hazolahy ya haɗu da muryoyin murya, katar ƙararrawa da kaɗe-kaɗe, gami da babban gangunan gargajiya mai mahimmanci na al'ada wanda shi kansa ake kira hazolahy. Memba mai kafa R. Benny ya bar ƙungiyar a shekarar 2004 don ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar Rabaza.
Kojo Asemanyi
Kojo Asemanyi dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta gabas a shiyyar tsakiya a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Dattijon Cocin Fentikos ne kuma Kirista, uba ne. A halin yanzu shi ne Magajin Garin Cape Coast.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Asemanyi a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1979 kuma ya fito ne daga Gomoa Buduatta a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Ya sami Diploma na Kasa a Cape Coast Polytechnic. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Gudanarwa a Jami’ar Cape Coast a shekarar 2011. Ya kuma yi digirinsa na biyu a fannin Public Administration a Jami’ar Phoenix da ke Arizona a Amurka.
Aiki
Asemanyi ya yi aiki a ma'aikatar gidan waya ta Amurka a matsayin abokin huldar jigilar kayayyaki da ke Delaware a Amurka daga 2013 zuwa 2016. Ya kuma kasance jami'in tsare-tsare a World Vision Ghana daga 2005 zuwa 2008. Ya kuma kasance mai kula da tallace-tallace na Tigo daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Hakanan ya kasance Abokin Samar da Samfura don Nixon Uniforms daga 2012 zuwa 2013.
Siyasa
Asemanyi dan New Patriotic Party ne. Ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar NPP inda ya samu nasara a kan Dr Marqus Yaw Danso. Shi ne tsohon dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta gabas a shiyyar tsakiya.
Zaben 2016
Ya ci nasara akan Desmond De-Graft Paitoo a babban zaben Ghana na 2016 inda ya lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin mazabar Gomoa ta Gabas. Ya yi nasara da kuri'u 17,654 wanda ya zama kashi 50.0% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Desmond ya samu kuri'u 15,010 wanda ya samu kashi 42.5% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada, dan takara mai zaman kansa Marcus Yaw Danso wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,604 da ya samu kashi 4.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, Eunice Assuman ta PPP. wanda kuma ya samu kuri'u 920 wanda ya zama kashi 2.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada sannan Godfred Kumedzro Cudjo na CPP ya samu kuri'u 105 wanda ya zama kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
Kwamitin
Asemanyi shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin zaɓe na majalisar dokoki kan harkokin wasanni.
Zaben 2020
Asemanyi ya sha kaye a zaben mazabar Gomoa ta Gabas a zaben Ghana na 2020 a hannun dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Desmond De-Graft Paitoo. Ya fadi ne da kuri'u 35,873 wanda ya samu kashi 48.4% na jimillar kuri'un da aka jefa yayin da Desmond ya samu kuri'u 36,637 wanda ya samu kashi 49.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, Samuel Kofi Essel na GUM wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,397 ya samu kashi 1.89% na kuri'un da aka jefa da Emmanuel Otchere na UPP. ya kuma samu kuri'u 173 wanda ya zama kashi 0.23% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Asemanyi Kirista ne.
Tallafawa
A cikin watan Yunin 2017, ya gabatar da gadaje na asibiti kusan 15 ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Gomoa Nyanyano, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Buduatta da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ojobi a Yankin Tsakiya.
A watan Yunin 2019, Asemanyi ya gabatar da kusan lita 35,000 na man fetur ga masunta kusan 2,300 a yankin tsakiyar Ghana.
A watan Disambar 2019 a lokacin bikin ranar manoma da masunta a Gomoa Gabas, ya gabatar da babur mai uku ga mafi kyawun manomi.
Masana'antar man fetur da ma'adinai ta Nijar
Masana'antar haƙar ma'adinai muhimmin yanki ne na Tattalin Arziƙin Nijar. Fitar da ma'adanai akai-akai yana kuma da kashi 40% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa.
Kayayyakin ma'adinai da ake nomawa a Nijar sun haɗa da siminti, kwal, gwal, gypsum, farar ƙasa, gishiri, azurfa, da tin, da uranium. A shekarar 2006, Nijar ta kasance ƙasa ta huɗu a duniya wajen samar da uranium. A cikin watan Agustan 2006 an yi amfani da sabuwar lambar ma'adinan ma'adinai da kuma tsohon ofishin binciken ma'adinai na ƙasa (ONAREM), wanda alhakinsa ya haɗa da shirya shirye-shiryen binciken haƙar ma'adinai, an maye gurbinsu da sabbin ƙungiyoyi biyu da aka kafa: Cibiyar Binciken ƙasa da Ma'adinai da Kamfanin Ma'adinai na Nijar (SOPaMin). ) . SOPaMin ita ce ta rike hannun jarin jihar a cikin kamfanonin uranium da ake da su kuma ita ce ke kula da harkokin kasuwanci, kamar siyar da uranium. Tun lokacin da aka amince da sabuwar dokar hakar ma'adinai, gwamnati ta ba da adadi mai yawa na sabbin izinin binciken ma'adinai. Nijar ta shiga cikin shirin bayyana gaskiya na masana'antu ( EITI ) a shekarar 2005, kuma, a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin EITI, a karshen shekarar 2006, an nada kwamitin tuntuba na kasa, wanda ya hada da wakilan jama'a. Rahoton bincike na farko wanda ya daidaita kudaden shiga da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai suka biya tare da rasit na gwamnati an shirya bayar da shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2007.
Ma'adanai a cikin Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa
Ɓangaren ma'adinai na Nijar ya kai kusan kashi 3% na GDP da kuma kashi 40% na kayan da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. A cewar Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), sabon sha'awar samar da makamashin nukiliya ya haifar da karuwar bukatar uranium, da karfafa fadada zuba jari a ma'adinan uranium da ake da su, da kuma inganta bincike. Saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a fannin ta shahararren kamfanin Faransa AREVA daga shekarar 2008 zuwa ta 2012 an yi hasashen zai kai dala biliyan 1.4, wanda zai ninka karfin samar da uranium na kasar.
Uranium
Tun daga shekarun 1950, Nijar an san cewa tana da manyan ma'adinan Uranium a cikin hamada da ke arewacin yankin Agadez, wanda ke da nisan 1000 km arewa maso gabashin Niamey.
A cikin shekarar 1971, an buɗe ma'adinan farko a wajen Arlit kuma SOMAIR, wani kamfani na ƙasa da Areva da gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin masu hannun jari. SOMAIR mallakin Areva ne da kashi 63.4% sai kuma gwamnatin Nijar da kashi 36.6% kuma tana da ma’aikata kusan 600. A cikin shekarar 1978, aikin hakar uranium na biyu ya fara aiki a Akokan kusa da Arlit kuma kamfanin COMINAK ne ke gudanar da shi, kamar SOMAIR tare da Areva da gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin masu hannun jari. COMINAK mallakin Areva NC ne da kashi 34%, gwamnatin Nijar na da kashi 31%, Kamfanin Haɓaka albarkatun uranium na Japan mai kashi 25%, da Enusa industrias avanzadas, Sa ta Spain mai kashi 10% kuma tana da ma'aikata kusan 1,100. Ma'adinan karkashin kasa na Akokan shi ne mafi girman ma'adinin uranium a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a duniya. Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziki a ƙasar, yayin da kasafin kuɗin Nijar ya bunkasa a shekarun 1970 saboda farashin Uranium da aka samu. Uranium da aka ciro daga SOMAIR da COMINAK da farko kamfanoni na Faransa ne suka siyar da su gabaɗaya, inda daga baya aka sake sabunta kwangilolin don baiwa Nijar gabaɗayan biyan kuɗin kwangila, hayar da ma’adanin da za ta iya siyarwa a kasuwannin duniya.
Ma'adinin Imouraren, wanda ake ginawa a halin yanzu, ana sa ran zai sami mafi girma a ajiyar uranium a Nijar (tan 120,000) duk da cewa yana da ƙarancin ma'aunin uranium (U3O8 @ 0.15%). Mahakar ma'adinan Imouraren, mai tazarar 80 km kudu da Arlit, an ba shi a watan Yuli 2006 ga Areva don wani ma'adinai da aka gano a 1969. An yi aiki da mutane ɗari a wurin a cikin 2006 kuma fiye da 55 km na aikin hakowa na ci gaba a wurin cikin tsawon shekara guda kuma an tura sama da ton 2 na ma'adinai don gwaji zuwa dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Areva Duk da haka an yanke shawarar a cikin 2014 ta Areva da kamfanin. Gwamnatin Nijar biyo bayan wata sabuwar tattaunawa ta kwantiragin da shirin kaddamar da ma'adinan zai jinkirta har sai an samu kyakkyawan yanayin kasuwa.
Kwal
Tarihin binciken kwal da haƙar ma'adinan ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 1968 lokacin da aka gano ma'adanar kwal a Anou Araren ta wata tawagar bincike ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hukumar Nukiliya ta Faransa Commissariat à l'énergie atomique. Wannan gano da kuma kamanceceniya da aka gano tare da yin amfani da ma'adinan Uranium a wannan yanki na Nijar ya haifar da samar da SONICHAR a shekarar 1975. Manufar ita ce ta hakar gawayin da za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ga ayyukan haƙar uranium a Arlit. A cikin shekarar 1980, an fara aikin hakar kwal a Anou Araren kuma bayan shekara guda, tashar wutar lantarki ta fara aiki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ayyukan hakar kwal sun tsaya cak. A shekara ta 2008, ana adana kwal. A cikin shekarar 2014, an fara ginin ma'adinan kwal na biyu a Salkadamna a Takanamatt, Yankin Tahoua. Kwal da aka hako daga ma'adinan za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 600 da kuma na'urar briquette na kwal daura da ma'adinan.
Zinariya
An dade da sanin tarin zinare da ake amfani da su a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar da kuma a yankin Agadez da ke arewacin kasar. An riga an gudanar da aikin hakar zinare na fasaha tsakanin kogin Niger da kan iyaka da Burkina Faso A cikin 2004, Samira Hill Gold Mine, wanda kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Liptako ke sarrafa, ya fara samarwa. Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Liptako mallakin wasu kamfanoni biyu na kasar Canada kashi 40% kowanne da gwamnatin Nijar da kashi 20%. Yawan zinare a shekarar 2011 shine 1,564 kg daga wannan ma'adanin kuma ya ragu a hankali tun 2008. A cikin 2014, an gano ma'adinan zinare guda biyu a yankin Agadez na Djado da Dutsen Ibl, 700 da 360. kilomita daga birnin Agadez, bi da bi. An gano wurin a Djado a cikin watan Afrilun 2014 kuma ya haifar da tseren zinare wanda ya jawo hankalin mazauna Agadez da masu neman mafaka daga kasashe makwabta kamar Chadi, Sudan da Burkina Faso. An dakatar da ayyukan da ake yi a wurin na Djado na wani dan lokaci domin tsara ayyukan bincike da hako sana'o'i, don inganta ababen more rayuwa, musamman samar da ruwa da kuma inganta tsaro. An gano wurin kusa da Dutsen Ibl a watan Satumbar 2014. Ana buƙatar izinin bincike ga duk masu neman izini kafin shiga rukunin yanar gizon.
Siminti
Ana hakar siminti a Nijar tun shekarar 1964 lokacin da aka bude kamfanin siminti na Malbaza. Da yake cikin yankin Tahoua, masana'antar siminti ita ce kawai irin wannan aikin har zuwa 2014. A cikin 2011, an fara aikin faɗaɗa masana'antar siminti na Malbaza tare da tsammanin ƙara ƙarfin aikinta da ninki 13. A cikin 2014, an fara aiki don sabon masana'antar siminti a Keita a yankin Tahoua. Kamfanin siminti na Malbaza a halin yanzu yana samar da tan 40,000 a kowace shekara kuma, idan aka fadada shi, ana sa ran zai kai tan 540,000 a kowace shekara. Ana sa ran simintin Keita da ake ginawa zai samar da tan miliyan 1 a kowace shekara yayin farawa da tan miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara bayan haka.
Matsalolin aiki
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka, 47.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 suna aiki yara kuma 4.3% daga cikinsu suna yin ayyuka masu haɗari a cikin sassan masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai don trona, gishiri, gypsum da zinariya. Jerin Kayayyakin da Ma’aikatar ta fitar a shekarar 2014 da ake samarwa da ‘ya’yan kwadago ko aikin tilastawa ta yi rahoton cewa har yanzu masana’antar hakar ma’adanai ta Nijar na yin irin wannan aiki wajen samar da wadannan kayayyaki.
Maƙabartar Ikoyi
Maƙabartar Ikoyi na daya daga cikin wurare na musamman da ke Ikoyi, wani yanki na karamar hukumar Eti Osa a jihar Legas, Najeriya. An birne wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama a maƙabartar irin su Herbert Macaulay.
Matsalolin kulawa
Maƙabartar Ikoyi ta fara rushewa a cikin 'Yan kwanaki a kokarin da karamar hukumar Eti Osa ta yi na ganin an samu masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu wajen ingantawa da kula da makabartar.
Daniel Daga
Daniel Demenenge Daga (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2007) matashin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasa da ƙasa gwagwalad wanda ke taka leda a tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20.
Maƙabartar Ikoyi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
6.45139°N, 3.41167°W6.45139°N, 3.41167°W
Gadar Mahaɗar Lekki da Ikoyi
Gadar mahaɗar Lekki-Ikoyi, gada ce mai tsawon kilomita 1.36 (0.84 mil) a jihar Legas. Gadar ta haɗa yankin Phase 1 na Lekki, da gundumar Ikoyi ta Legas. Gwamnan jihar Legas, Babatunde Raji Fashola ne ya kaddamar da gadar a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2013.
Zane da gini
Gadar dai ita ce gada ta farko da aka yi amfani da kebur wajen gina ta a Najeriya wadda kamfanin Julius Berger ta gina. Gadar tana da dakin kula mai tsawon mita 9 daga matakin ruwa domin ba da damar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa.
Daniel Daga
Rayuwar farko
Daga daga Makurdi ne a jihar Benue a tsakiyar gwagwalad Najeriya.
Sana'a
Daga ya kasance a makarantar koyar da kwallon kafa a Carabana FC. Daga's ya samu ci gaba tare da FC One Rocket tawagar farko a farkon shekarar 2022, fafatawa a cikin Nigeria National League. A wannan shekarar Daga nan ya koma gwagwalad buga wa Dakkada FC tamaula a Nigerian Professional Football League.
Gadar Mahaɗar Lekki da Ikoyi
Aiki
Gadar gada ce mai dauke da titi kuma an ƙayyaje amfani da ita ga motocin masu zaman kansu da na yan kasuwanci waɗanda ba su wuce daukan mutum 26 ba. Ƙofar shiga ta na nan a ƙarshen gadar Lekki. Wurin tsaron dai ya jawo cece-kuce inda wasu ‘yan Legas ke ganin cewa tun da aka gina gadar da jama’a ya kamata a rika amfani da ita ba tare da an biya ba.
Daniel Daga
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Daga ya kasance gwagwalad gwarzon dan wasa a wasanni uku daga cikin wasannin da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ‘yan kasa da shekara 20 ta fafata a gasar AFCON ta U20 ta shekarar 2023. Daga ya buga wasan farko na gasar AFCON U20 da Senegal a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2023. Sai dai raunin da ya samu a gwiwarsa a wasan ya sa ba zai buga gasar ba.
A cikin watan Mayu shekarar 2023 shi ne ƙaramin ɗan wasa da aka zaɓa a cikin tawagar Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekarar 2023. Ya fara dukkan wasannin Najeriya har sai da aka fitar da su daga gasar a wasan daf da na kusa da na shekarar karshe da Koriya ta Kudu U-20. Ya samu yabo kan yadda ya taka rawar gani a shekarar gasar. Ayyukan da ya yi a nasarar Italiya U-20 a gasar ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "tauraro a cikin yin".
Gadar Mahaɗar Lekki da Ikoyi
Aiki
A dayan bangaren kuma, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bayyana cewa ba wai kawai ana bukatar tara kudaden ne domin kula da gadar ba, har ma da samar da kudaden gina wasu gadoji da za su hada sassan Legas. Hanyar ruwan da aka gina gadar ya kasance mallakin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ne kuma ita take kula da shi.
Baya ga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, gadar kuma tana aiki azaman wurin nishaɗi. Mazaunan Lekki Phase 1 da Ikoyi masu son motsa jiki suna amfani da lungu da saqo na gadar wajen yin gudu da sassarfa, yawanci a safiya da maraice. Masu yawon bude ido da sauran masu ziyara ma suna ganin wannan gadar a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren da ake ziyarta kuma gadar ita ce wurin da aka fi daukar hoto a Legas. Wanda ya kafa Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg ya yi dan ga jera. gudun a kan gadar Mahaɗar Lekki da Ikoyi a yayin ziyarar da ya kai Legas.
Daniel Daga
Salon wasa
An bayyana Daga a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai rike da ragamar wasa kuma mai kawo gwagwalad cikas, mai son karewa.
Manazarta
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Elisabeth Ibarra
Elisabeth “Eli” Ibarra Rabancho (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1981) ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya ce mai ritaya wacce ta taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai tsaron baya. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Eibartarrak FT daga shekarar, 1995 zuwa 2002 da kuma ƙungiyar Superliga/Pimera División Athletic Bilbao daga shekarar, 2002 zuwa 2017. Ta buga wasanni 44 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya inda ta zura kwallaye biyu.
Milena Balsamo
Milena Balsamo (an haife ta 26 Janairu 1961 Bologna) ita 'yar wasan Paralympic ce ta Italiya.
Elisabeth Ibarra
Ibarra ta rike rikodin mafi yawan buga wasa a rukunin farko na mata na Athletic Bilbao (413) har sai da tsohuwar abokiyar wasan Erika Vázquez ta wuce ta a shekara ta, 2022. Kwallaye 111 da ta ci a duk wasannin da ta buga sun sanya ta zama ta uku mafi yawan zura kwallaye a duk lokacin. Ita ce kuma 'yar wasa daya tilo da ta taka rawa a dukkan gasar lig guda biyar da kungiyar ta lashe.
Milena Balsamo
Ta yi gasa a keken guragu a matsayin mai tsere a rukuni na 4, kuma ta halarci wasannin nakasassu na 1984 na Stoke Mandeville, da na nakasassu na bazara na 1988, a Seoul, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo guda biyar, gami da hudu a cikin relay.
Elisabeth Ibarra
Aikin kulob
Ibarra ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana shekara 13. Ta yi wasa a Eibartarrak FT (yanzu SD Eibar) tsawon yanayi bakwai, daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 2002, kafin ta shiga sabuwar kungiyar mata ta Athletic Bilbao a lokacin rani na 2002 zuwa 2003 Superliga kakar mata. Lokacin da ta fara isa kulob din, ta zabi riga mai lamba 17, don girmama tsohon dan wasan Athletic Joseba Etxeberria. Ta fara wasanta na farko a wasan da ta yi nasara da Torrejón da ci 7–1 a Lezama Facilities, a wani wasa na farko da kungiyar mata ta Athletic ta buga.
Ibarra ta zura kwallo a wasanni biyu na farko na Athletic a gasar cin shekara ta, kofin mata ta UEFA. A cikin watan Disamba shekara ta, 2012, ta buga wasanta na 300 ga Athletic. A cikin shekarar, 2016, ta lashe gasar lig ta biyar tare da Athletic kuma ta amince ta ci gaba da zama a kulob din na tsawon shekara guda.
A watan Mayun 2017, tana da shekaru 35, ta sanar da yin murabus daga wasan kwallon kafa. Ta buga wasanni 413 a Athletic Bilbao - 367 a gasar, 32 a Copa de la Reina, da 14 a gasar zakarun Turai. Ita ce ta uku mafi yawan zura kwallaye a kulob din, bayan Erika Vázquez da Nekane Díez, da kwallaye 111; daga cikin 104 sun zo a gasar, biyar a Copa de la Reina, biyu kuma a gasar zakarun Turai.
Milena Balsamo
Rayuwa
An haife ta a Bologna. An horar da ta a cikin San Michele Society.
Elisabeth Ibarra
Kulob
Athletic Bilbao
Milena Balsamo
Rayuwa
Ta ci lambar tagulla a wasannin nakasassu na bazara na 1984, a cikin mita 4x400, da lambar azurfa a mita 100. Ta lashe lambar zinare a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin rani na 1988 a cikin mita 4x100, da lambar tagulla a mita 4x200, da mita 4x400.
A shekarar 1992, ta bar gasar kasa da kasa.
Masallacin kasa na Ghana
Masallacin kasa na Ghana
masallaci ne a Ghana. Shi ne masallaci na biyu mafi girma a yammacin Afirka.
An gina masallacin akan kudi dala miliyan goma. Gidauniyar Hudai ta Turkiyya ce ke tallafawa da tallafin gwamnatin Turkiyya.
Hadadden ya hada da mazaunin limami, makaranta da dakin karatu. .
Tarihi
Ginin ya fara ne a 2012. Osman Nuhu Sharubutu a cikin jawabinsa ya yi ikirarin Jerry John Rawlings da wasu sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da filaye don tabbatar da aikin ga Musulmai a Ghana. A cikin 1995, JJ Rawlings ya ba da filin don maye gurbin wani masallaci da ya rusa don gina Rawlings Park a Accra. Al’ummar Musulmi a Ghana ne suka fara aikin kuma an watsar da shi kusan shekaru 10 saboda rashin kuɗi.
Wuri
Masallacin yana Kanda (Kawukudi) a Accra.
Umurnin
Nana Akufo-Addo ne ya ba da umarnin masallacin a ranar Juma'a 16 ga Yuli 2021. Taron ya samu halartar shugaba Mohammed Bazoum da tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar Mahamadou Issoufou. Haka kuma mahalarta taron sun hada da Mahamudu Bawumia, Fuat Oktay, Ali Erbas, da Osman Nuhu Sharubutu.