cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Otaru Salihu Ohize
Ohize ya sami digiri na farko B.Sc. Ya karanta kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Legas a shekarar (1987) sannan ya yi Master of International Affairs & Diplomacy a Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria a shekarar (2003). Ya yi shekara goma sha biyar (15) a aikin sojan Najeriya da na ruwa na Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Okene a jihar Kogi a karo na biyu. Bayan ya hau kan kujerar majalisar dattawa a watan Yuni shekara ta 2007 an nada shi kwamitocin wasanni, harkokin ‘yan sanda, harkokin cikin gida, yaɗa labarai da yada labarai, gidaje, kasuwanci da noma. A wani nazari na tsakiyar wa’adi na ‘yan majalisar dattawa a watan Mayu shekara ta 2009, Thisday ya lura cewa bai dauki nauyin wani kudiri ba. Ya rasu ne a wani asibiti da ke Abuja a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016.
Eva Jablonka
Eva Jablonka ( חווה יבלונקה  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952) ɗan Isra'ila ce masanin ka'idar juyin halitta kuma masanin ilimin halitta, wanda aka sani musamman don sha'awarta ga gadon epigenetic . An haife ta a 1952 a Poland, ta yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila a 1957. Ita farfesa ce a Cibiyar Cohn don Tarihin Falsafa na Kimiyya da Ra'ayoyi a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . A cikin 1981 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Landau ta Isra'ila don ƙwararren Jagoran Kimiyya (M.Sc.) aiki kuma a cikin 1988, lambar yabo ta Marcus don fitattun Ph.D. aiki. Ita ce mai goyon bayan 'yancin ilimi, ta fahimci cewa a kan irin waɗannan batutuwa, "al'amuran ilimi da na siyasa ba za a iya raba su da gaske ba", ko da yake ba ta kasance mai goyon bayan sauƙaƙan mafita ba, kuma tana nuna fifikon bayyana matsayinta.
Yi aiki akan jigogi na juyin halitta
Jablonka ya buga game da jigogi na juyin halitta, musamman epigenetics. Mahimmancinta ga nau'ikan juyin halitta wanda ba na kwayoyin halitta ba ya sami sha'awa daga masu ƙoƙarin fadada iyakokin tunanin juyin halitta zuwa wasu bangarori. An bayyana Jablonka a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba wajen ci gaba da juyin juya hali a cikin ilmin juyin halitta, kuma shi ne babban mai ba da goyon baya ga fadada tsarin juyin halitta.
Littafinta na farko kan batun Epigenetic, Gadon Epigenetic da Juyin Halitta: Lamarckian Dimension (1995), an haɗa shi tare da Marion Lamb. Littafinta na Animal Traditions (2000), wanda aka rubuta tare da Eytan Avital, misalan tsarin watsa al'adun ɗan adam zuwa duniyar dabbar da ba ta ɗan adam ba, don nuna cewa juyin halittar al'adu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin halittar sauran dabbobi. Jablonka ya sake yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ɗan Rago akan Juyin Halitta a Girma Hudu (2005). Gina kan tsarin ilimin halittar ci gaba na juyin halitta, da kuma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na kwayoyin halitta da ilimin halitta, suna jayayya game da watsar ba kawai kwayoyin halitta ba, amma bambance-bambancen gado da ake yadawa daga tsara zuwa tsara ta kowace hanya. Suna ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan bambancin zai iya faruwa a matakai hudu. Na farko, a matakin da aka kafa na kwayoyin halitta. Abu na biyu, a matakin epigenetic wanda ya ƙunshi bambance-bambance a cikin "ma'ana" na nau'in DNA da aka ba da, wanda aka watsar da bambance-bambance a cikin fassarar DNA yayin tafiyar matakai na ci gaba a lokacin haifuwa, wanda zai iya dawowa cikin gyare-gyare na DNA kanta. Girma na uku yana ɗaya daga cikin sha'awa ta musamman ga Jablonka, wanda ya ƙunshi watsa al'adun ɗabi'a. Akwai misali da aka rubuta lokuta na zaɓin abinci da ake bayarwa, ta ilimin zamantakewa, a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, waɗanda ke dawwama daga tsara zuwa tsara yayin da yanayi ya ba da izini. Girma na huɗu shine gado na alama, wanda ya keɓanta ga ɗan adam, kuma a cikin abin da aka ba da al'adu "ta wurin iyawarmu na harshe, da al'adu, wakilcinmu na yadda za mu nuna hali, sadarwa ta hanyar magana da rubutu." A cikin kula da manyan matakai, Jablonka da Ɗan Rago sun bambanta tsarinsu daga banalities na ilimin halayyar juyin halitta, na "memes", har ma daga ra'ayoyin Chomskian na nahawu na duniya. Suna jayayya cewa akwai ci gaba da hulɗar tsakanin matakan - epigenetic, halayya har ma da hanyoyin gado na alama kuma suna haifar da matsa lamba akan gado na DNA kuma yana iya, a wasu lokuta, har ma taimakawa DNA ta canza kansu - don haka "haɓaka juyin halitta". Don aiwatar da rubutunsu, suna amfani da gwaje-gwajen tunani da tattaunawa tare da mai tambaya mai shakku, IM-Ifcha Mistabra, Aramaic, suna cewa, don "kishiyar zato".
A cikin 2008, Jablonka da Lamb sun buga takarda Gado mai laushi: ƙalubalanci Tsarin Zamani wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaida ga tsarin kula da tsarin halittar Lamarckian da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen juyin halitta da hanyoyin da ke tattare da gadon epigenetic kuma na iya haifar da canje-canjen gishiri waɗanda ke sake tsara epigenome.
A cikin 2019, Jablonka da Simona Ginsburg sun buga Juyin Halittar Rai: Koyo da Tushen Hankali. A ciki, Jablonka da Ginsburg sun ba da shawarar sabon ka'idar game da asalin sani, wanda ya danganci koyo. Ƙwararrun hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don alamar sauyi daga rashin rayuwa zuwa rayuwa, marubutan suna ba da shawarar saiti na ma'auni da ke nuna sauyi zuwa ƙaramin sani: wani hadadden nau'i na ilmantarwa na haɗin gwiwa, wanda suka kira ilmantarwa mara iyaka
Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai
Daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai shine batun haƙƙin ma'aikata wanda za'a baiwa mutane a wurin aiki guda albashi ɗaya.Kuma an fi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin nuna wariyar jinsi, dan gane da bambancin biyan jinsi. Daidaita albashi ya shafi cikakken adadin biyan da fa'idodi, gami da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun, biyan bashin albashi, kari da alawus. Wasu ƙasashe sun yi ƙaura fiye da na wasu don magance daidaiton albashi.
Tarihin farko
Yayin da aikin kwadago ya zama gama-gari a lokacin juyin juya halin Masana'antu, galibi ana biyan mata kasa da takwarorinsu na maza don wannan aiki, ko don wani dalili bayyanan ne cewa su mata ne ko kuma a karkashin wani dalili. Ka'idar daidaiton albashi don aiki iri daya ya taso ne a sames bangaren farko na mata, tare da kokarin farko na samun albashi daidai yana da nasaba da gwagwarmayar kungiyar kwadago a karni na goma sha tara a kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu: misali, jerin yajin aiki da mata masu hadin kai a cikin Birtaniya a cikin shekara ta 1830s. Matsin lamba daga Kungiyoyin Kwadago na da tasiri iri daban-daban, inda a wasu lokuta kungiyoyin kwadago ke karfafa ra'ayin mazan jiya. Carrie Ashton Johnson ' yar asalin Amurka ce wacce ta danganci albashi daidai da na mata a cikin ma'aikatun masana'antu game da batun zaben mata. A cikin shekarar 1895, jaridar Chicago Tribune ta nakalto tana cewa, "Idan aka ba wa mata kuri'a, za a samu albashi daidai wa daida." Koyaya, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da majalisun dokoki na ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu kamfanoni, guraren aiki, a hankali suka rungumi ƙa'idar daidaita biyan albashi don aikin daidai; Misali ɗaya na wannan tsari shi ne gabatarwar Ingilishi na Dokar Daidaita Doka ta 1970 don amsa duka ga Yarjejeniyar Rome da yajin aikin mashin ɗin Ford na shekarata 1968. A cikin recentan shekarun nan unungiyoyin kwadagon Turai gaba ɗaya suna matsa lamba ga jihohi da masu ba da aiki don ci gaba ta wannan hanyar.
Dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya
Haka kuma an biya albashi daidai don aiki daidai da Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu, Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar Zamantakewa ta Turai, da Mataki na 15 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin' Yan Adam da na Jama'a. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ya kuma yi shelar "ka'idojin samun daidaiton albashi don daidai wa daida".
Ka'idodin kariya huɗu na EEOC suna ba da izini ba daidai ba don aiki daidai lokacin da aka saita albashi "bisa ga (i) tsarin manya; (ii) tsarin cancanta; (iii) tsarin da ke auna yawan kuɗi ta hanyar amfani da su na yau da kullum; ko ( iv) ... duk wani abu banda jima'i. " Bambancin albashi saboda ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan ba ya keta yarjejeniyar.
Tarayyar Turai / Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Turai
Bayan Yakin Turai ya ga daidaitaccen tsari game da shigar mata cikin kasuwar kwadago da dokoki don inganta albashi daidai na aiki iri daya a duk kasashen Gabas da Yamma.
Wasu ƙasashe da ke cikin EU yanzu, gami da Faransa, Jamus, da Poland, sun riga sun tsara ƙa'idar biyan kuɗi daidai don aiki daidai a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su kafin kafuwar EU (duba jadawalin da ke ƙasa). Lokacin da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai, daga baya Tarayyar Turai (EU), aka kafa a cikin 1957, maƙasudin biyan kuɗi daidai don aiki iri ɗaya an laƙaba shi a matsayin babbar mahimmanci daga cikin abubuwan da ake da su. Mataki na 141 na Yarjejeniyar Rome ta ce 'kowace Memberungiyar Memberasa za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da ƙa'idar biyan kuɗi daidai ga mata da mata don aiki iri ɗaya ko aiki iri ɗaya.'  Yayin da yake ci gaba da zamantakewar al'umma, wannan shawarar ba lallai ba ce ta nuna ɗabi'un ci gaba da yawa a tsakanin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar:
An fayyace dokar EEC a cikin 1975 ta ɗaure da umarnin kai tsaye daidai na biyan albashi 75/117 / EEC. Wannan ya hana duk wani bambanci da kabilanci a dalilin jima'i dangane da biya; wannan da sauran umarnin an hade su cikin Umarni daya a 2006 (2006/54 / EC).
A matakin ƙasa ƙa'idar daidaitaccen albashi gabaɗaya ya kasance cikakke cikakke a cikin dokokin ƙasashe membobin EU 28 da ƙarin ƙasashe na Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Turai (EEA), Iceland, Liechtenstein da Norway. Candidateasashen candidatean takarar EU na Macedonia da Turkiyya suma sun daidaita dokokinsu bisa ƙa'idodin EU. Babban dokar ƙasa game da daidaiton biyan kuɗi tsakanin maza da mata don ƙasashen Turai daban-daban kamar haka. Dokar Sabuntawa ta 2018 game da Takaddun Shaida Daidaito dangane da Daidaitan Biyan Kuɗi a Iceland
Iceland ta gabatar da Daidaiton Batun Daidaita a 2012, ÍST 85: 2012 (Daidaitaccen tsarin kula da albashi - Bukatu da shiriya).kungiyar  kwadagon Icelandic, ƙungiyar masu ba da aiki da kuma jami'an gwamnati ne suka haɓaka matsayin tare da manufar cewa zai taimaka wa ma'aikata wajen hana wariyar albashi da kuma ba su damar zama sanannu.
Dokar Tarayya: Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta 1963 da Take VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1964
A ƙarni na 20, mata sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ma'aikata na Amurka amma har yanzu ana biyansu ƙasa da maza, ko dai aiki ɗaya ne ko wani aiki na daban. Akwai dokoki daban-daban na mata a wasu jihohi kamar, ba sa aiki da dare da kuma taƙaita lokacin aikinsu. Mata sun fara shiga karin ayyukan masana'anta lokacin da aka gwabza Yaƙin Duniya na II ya fara maye gurbin maza waɗanda suka shiga soja. Gibin albashi ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin yaƙin. Hukumar Kwadago ta Kasa ta sanya manufofi don taimakawa wajen samar da daidaito ga matan da ke maye gurbin maza kai tsaye.
Yunkurin farko na dokar biyan albashi daidai a Amurka, HR 5056, "Haramta Nuna Bambanci a Kan Lamarin Jima'i," 'yar majalisa Winifred C. Stanley na Buffalo, NY ce ta gabatar da ita a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1944. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, dokar da gwamnatin tarayya ta zartar a shekarar 1963 ta sanya doka ba ta biyan maza da mata kudaden albashi daban-daban na aiki iri daya kan ayyukan da ke bukatar kwarewa iri daya, yana daga cikin kokarinsu, da kuma daukar nauyinsu, kuma ana aiwatar da su a karkashin irin wannan yanayin aikin. Shekara daya bayan zartar da Dokar Biyan Daidaita, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1964. Lakabi na VII na wannan aikin ya sanya haramtacciyar wariya dangane da launin fata, addinin, launin, ko jinsi na mutum. Take na VII ya kai hari kan nuna wariyar jinsi da yawa fiye da Dokar Daidaito Daidaitawa ba kawai ga lada ba har zuwa biyan da ake amfaji da shi Kuma ana Kiran shi da mahimmancin diyya, sharuɗɗa, halaye ko gata na aiki. Don haka tare da Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa da Take na VII, mai ba da aiki ba zai iya hana mata albashi daidai dokar dai ta Samar da abubuwa da dama na aiki daidai ba; hana mata canja wuri, karin girma, ko karin albashi; sarrafa kimantawar aiki don mayar da albashin mata; ko kuma ware maza da mata da gangan zuwa aiki gwargwadon jinsi.
Tunda Majalisar na yin muhawara kan wannan kudirin a daidai lokacin da Dokar Daidaita Daidata ta fara aiki, akwai damuwa kan yadda wadannan dokokin biyu za su yi mu'amala, wanda ya kai ga zartar da Gyaran Sanata Bennett. Wannan Kwaskwarimar ta ce: "Ba zai zama aikin ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin wannan karamin juzu'i ga duk wani mai aiki ya banbanta ta hanyar jima'i ... idan irin wannan bambancin yana da izini ta tanadin [Daidaita Dokar Biya]." An sami rudani kan fassarar wannan Kwaskwarimar, wacce aka bar wa kotuna don warwarewa. Don haka dokar tarayya ta Amurka yanzu ta ce "masu ba da aiki ba za su iya nin ƙa'idojin na daga cikin nasarori da aka sami, ƙoƙari da nauyi, kuma akwai abubuwan da ake aiwayar da suaiwatar da su a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki a cikin tsari ɗaya."
Jihar New York
A cikin 1944, jihar New York ta haramta nuna wariya game da albashi dangane da jinsin mutum. A ranar 10 ga Yulin 2019, Gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo ya sanya hannu kan dokar doka wacce ke ba da tabbacin samun daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai ba tare da la'akari da jinsin mutum ba. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan dokar 1944 ta hana ma’aikata daga tambayar ‘yan takarar aiki game da albashin da suka biya a baya, wata baraka a tarihin aiwatar da daidaiton biyan albashin su dangane da jinsi. Cuomo ya sanya hannu kan dokar tare tare da faretin cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na 2019 a Birnin New York.
Jihar Washington
A Washington, Gwamna Evans ya aiwatar da nazarin daidaiton albashi a 1973 da wani a 1977. Sakamakon ya nuna karara cewa lokacin da ake kwatanta ayyuka na maza da mata sun kasance babu kusan wani juyi tsakanin matsakaitan ayyuka iri daya kuma a kowane bangare, an sami rata kashi ashirin cikin dari. Misali, ma'aikacin sabis na abinci yana samun $ 472 a kowane wata, kuma Direban Motar Isarwa ya sami $ 792, duk da cewa an ba su duka lamba ɗaya "maki" a kan ma'auni kwatankwacin jihar. Abin takaici ga jihar, kuma ga ma'aikatan jihar, magajinsa Gwamna Dixie Lee Ray ya kasa aiwatar da shawarwarin binciken (wanda ya bayyana karara cewa mata sun yi kasa da kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da maza). Don haka a cikin 1981, AFSCME sun gabatar da korafin nuna wariyar jinsi tare da EEOC akan wasu mahimman dokokin Gwamnatin Washington. Kotun Yankin ta yanke hukuncin cewa tunda jihar tayi wani bincike na nuna wariyar jinsi a cikin jihar, ta gano cewa akwai bambanci sosai a cikin albashi, kuma basu yi wani abu ba don inganta wadannan bambance-bambance, wannan ya zama nuna wariya a karkashin Title VII wanda yake "mamayewa da niyya . " Daga nan Kotun ta umarci Jiha da ta biya mata sama da 15,500 kudaden da aka biya daga 1979 bisa la'akari da nazarin 1983 na kwatankwacin darajar. Wannan ya wuce $ 800 miliyan. Koyaya, Kotun ofaukaka forara ta Amurka game da Yanki na Tara ta soke wannan shawarar, tana mai bayyana cewa Washington koyaushe tana buƙatar albashin ma'aikatansu don yin daidai da kasuwar 'yanci, kuma nuna wariya yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da bambancin albashi. Kotun ta ce, "Jiha ba ta haifar da banbancin kasuwa ba ... [kuma] ba doka ko dabaru da suke ganin tsarin kasuwar 'yanci wani kamfani ne da ake zargi." Duk da yake karar ba ta yi nasara ba a karshe, hakan ya haifar da dokar jihohi don kara albashin ma’aikatan jihar. Kudaden aiwatar da wannan tsarin biyan kudi daidai yake kashi 2.6% na kudin ma'aikata ga jihar.
Minnesota
A cikin Minnesota, jihar ta fara yin la’akari da ingantacciyar manufa mai dacewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 lokacin da Minnesotaungiyar Minnesotaungiyar Minnesota ta Majalisar kan Tattalin Arzikin Mata ta umarci Hay Associates don gudanar da bincike. Sakamakon ya kasance abin birgewa kuma yayi daidai da sakamakon a Washington (akwai tazarar kashi 20% tsakanin maza da mata masu biya). Hay Associates ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin shekaru 19 tun da aka zartar da Dokar Daidaito Daidai, nuna bambancin albashi ya ci gaba har ma ya karu daga 1976 zuwa 1981. Ta yin amfani da tsarin su, sun lura cewa yayin da aka ba masu direbobin bayarwa da masu buga takardu dukkansu maki 117 kowannensu "ya dace" ga jihar, an ba direban isar da kayan isar da sako (wata sana'a ce da maza suka mamaye) a duk wata yayin da aka biya ma'aikacin magatakarda. (wata mata ta mamaye sana'a) ana biyan ta $ 1,115 a wata. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa mata ba su da yawan gaske a cikin manaja da mukamai na kwararru, kuma galibi ana rarraba ayyukan gwamnati ta hanyar jima'i. Binciken daga karshe ya ba da shawarar cewa jihar ta dauki matakai da dama na ayyuka: 1) kafa kyawawan abubuwan da za a iya kwatanta su da ayyukan mata; 2) keɓe kuɗi don inganta rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi; 3) karfafawa mata gwiwa don tabbatar da mata da tsiraru 4) ci gaba da nazarin yanayin don inganta shi. Majalisar Dokokin Minnesota ta motsa nan da nan don mayar da martani. A 1983 jihar ta kasafta 21.8 dala miliyan don fara gyara banbance banbancen ma’aikatan jihar. Daga 1982 zuwa 1993, albashin mata a jihar ya ƙaru da kashi 10%. Kamar yadda jaridar Star Tribune ta ruwaito, a shekara ta 2005 mata a cikin gwamnatin jihar ta Minnesota sun samar da dala 97 a kan dala, hakan ya sanya jihar ta Minnesota a matsayin daya daga cikin mafiya daidaito ga mata ma’aikatan jihar a kasar. Shekaru biyar bayan haka a shekara ta 2010, an cimma cikakkiyar daidaiton kuɗin biyan mata a cikin aikin yi a jihar, tare da maimaitawa, yawanci ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ƙananan hukumomi da ke faruwa a kai a kai.
Massachusetts
A watan Agusta na 2016, Gwamnan Massachusetts Charlie Baker ya sanya hannu kan kudurin doka don inganta kan Dokar Biyan Daidaita ta Massachusetts da ta riga ta kasance. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, 2018, wannan gyaran da aka sabunta ya fara aiki ne don kare ma'aikata daga tambayar wanda ya dauke su albashinsu na baya. Gwamna Baker ya nemi canji a tsarin na yanzu bayan ya fahimci cewa mata a bangarorin su, a matsakaita, suna yin cent 76 akan dala idan aka kwatanta da maza masu yin aiki iri ɗaya. A karkashin sabunta Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts, ba a ba masu aiki damar samun banbanci a cikin albashi ga ma'aikatan da ke yin aikin da ke bukatar irin kwarewa, kokari, da nauyi. Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts kawai tana ba da izinin bambance-bambance a cikin biyan lokacin da ya dogara da cancanta, yawan shekaru, kudaden shiga da aka samu, ilimi, da wuri ko tafiya. A lokacin isowarsa a shekarar 2018, Dokar Biyan Daidaitawa ta Massachusetts ta zama mai ba da karfi mafi karfi na neman a biya su daidai tsakanin masu jinsi a Amurka. Ta zama jiha ta farko da ta samar da tabbaci na kariya ga masu daukar aiki a karkashin yanayin da suka gudanar da binciken kansu na ayyukan biyansu. Don kiyayewa, akwai buƙatar a tabbatar da rikodin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don rufe ɓarna a cikin biyan kafin su zama masu alhakin nunka daga cikin ma'aikacin da aka nuna wariyar.
Sauyin yanayi da samar da abinci a Afirka
Tasirin yanayin sauyin yanayi akan samuwa, amfani, da samun damar samar da abinci a Afirka ana kiransa sauyin yanayi da samar da abinci a Afirka. Masana'antar noma a Afirka na fuskantar tasirin sauyin yanayi, wanda ke bayyana a matsayin raguwar amfanin gona, da mutuwar dabbobi, da hauhawar farashin abinci. Yanayin duniya yana canzawa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam da kuma sauye-sauyen yanayi, a cewar rahotanni. Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC) ta bayyana a ma'anarta cewa sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan dan adam, ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. An lura da sauyin yanayi a matakan duniya, nahiya da nahiyoyi da suka haɗa da haɓakar yanayin iska da teku, hawan teku, raguwar dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara, haɓaka da raguwar hazo, canje-canje a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. marine nazarin halittu tsarin, da teku acidification. Noma da sauyin yanayi na Afirka suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi, Miliyoyin jama'a a Afirka sun dogara ga masana'antar noma don walwalar tattalin arziƙinsu da hanyoyin rayuwa. Amma duk da haka abubuwa daban-daban masu alaƙa da canjin yanayi kamar canjin yanayin ruwan sama, hauhawar yanayin zafi, fari da ambaliyar ruwa suna yin mummunan tasiri ga masana'antar noma. Yawancin al'ummar Afirka dake samun abinci na fuskantar wannan illa, wadanda suka hada da raguwar amfanin gona, asarar dabbobi, da hauhawar farashin abinci.
Adedeji Adeleke
Adedeji Adeleke (an haife shi 6 Maris 1956) hamshaƙin attajirin Najeriya ne, hamshaƙin ɗan kasuwa kuma shugaban jami'ar Adeleke. Shi ne kuma Shugaba na Pacific Holdings Limited. Shi ne mahaifin Davido, mawaƙin Najeriya da Sharon Adeleke. An auri Dr Vero Adeleke wanda ya rasu a ranar 6 ga Maris 2003. Ƙanin sa Ademola Adeleke shine gwamnan jihar Osun.
Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai
Dokokin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi, 2010s
California da New York City sun amince da dokokin da suka haramtawa ma’aikata yin tambaya game da tarihin albashi don tantance albashin da za a bayar don sabon aiki. Ana nufin wannan don rage gibin biyan jinsi ta hanyar rage tasirin wariyar da ta gabata. Sauran jihohin Amurka da yawa suna yin la'akari da irin waɗannan dokokin, har zuwa Mayu 2017.
Ostiraliya
A cikin 1948, Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta fara fahimtar daidaiton albashi don aiki daidai. Kungiyar kwadago ta duniya ce ta fitar da Yarjejeniyar Biyar Daidai. Taron ya bayyana cewa yana bada shawarar a ayyana ayyuka bisa yanayin aikin maimakon wanda yake aikin. Mata da maza sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar, suna kiran gwamnati da ta gyara babban taron 1951 da kuma biyan kuɗin doka daidai a Australiya. A cikin 1969, akwai karar da Unionungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu ta Australasian ta kawo game da Nama da liedungiyar Cinikin Kawancen. Ma’aikata sun yi ta jayayya kan a biya kowane ma’aikaci albashi daidai kuma hukuncin da hukumar ta yanke shi ne cewa mace ta ba da mafi karancin albashi a kashi 85 na na mazan. Wannan shawarar ta taimaka wajen biyan albashi daidai ga matan da ke aiki iri daya da maza za su yi, amma sauran matan duk sun samu kashi 85 cikin 100. A cikin 1972 an sake sake yanke shawara kuma dokoki sun nuna cewa ko mata ko maza waɗanda ke aiki a irin wannan aikin da ke da ƙima iri ɗaya, sun cancanci ƙimar aiki ɗaya.
A karkashin tsohuwar tsarin gyara albashin Australiya, "an biya albashi daidai na aiki daidai wa daida" na mata a shekarar 1969. An sanya dokar hana nuna wariya saboda jinsi a shekarar 1984.
Kanada
A amfani da Kanada, ana amfani da sharuɗɗan biyan daidaito da daidaiton biya ɗan bambanci da na sauran ƙasashe. Sharuɗɗan biyu suna nuni da ra'ayoyi daban daban na shari'a.
Biyan daidaito, ko daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai, yana nufin buƙatar cewa a biya maza da mata kuɗi ɗaya idan suna yin aiki iri ɗaya a ƙungiya ɗaya. Misali, dole ne a biya mace mai aikin wutar lantarki daidai da na lantarki a namiji a kungiya daya. An halatta bambance-bambance masu ma'ana idan saboda girma ko cancanta.
Dokar tana buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi a kowane ɗayan hurumin zartar da doka na Kanada (yankuna goma, yankuna uku, da gwamnatin tarayya). Lura cewa dokar tarayya tana aiki ne kawai ga waɗancan ma'aikata a cikin wasu masana'antun da gwamnatin ke sarrafawa kamar bankuna, masu watsa shirye-shirye, da kamfanonin jiragen sama, don kaɗan. Ga yawancin ma'aikata, dokar da ta dace ita ce ta lardin ko yanki.
Ga ma'aikata da aka tsara ta tarayya, ana bada tabbacin daidaiton biya a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada. A Ontario, ana buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ka'idodin Aiki na Ontario. Kowane yanki na Kanada yana da doka iri ɗaya, kodayake sunan doka zai bambanta.
Sabanin haka, daidaiton biyan kuɗi, a cikin mahallin Kanada, yana nufin cewa dole ne a biya mata ayyukan maza da kuma ayyukan mata-na ƙima iri ɗaya idan a cikin ma'aikaci ɗaya. Ana kiran kalmar Kanada game da daidaiton biyan kuɗi a matsayin "kwatankwacin darajar" a cikin Amurka. Misali, idan ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikatan wutar lantarki ana ganin suna da ayyuka daidai wa daida, dole ne a biya su ɗaya. Wata hanyar rarrabe ra'ayoyin ita ce a lura da cewa daidaiton biyan kudi yana magana ne kan 'yancin mata ma'aikata a matsayinsu na daidaiku, yayin da daidaiton biyan yake magana kan' yancin mata da mata suka mamaye a matsayin kungiya.
Sauyin yanayi da samar da abinci a Afirka
Tasirin sauyin yanayi kan samar da abinci a Afirka
Babban tushen kaso 3.6 cikin 100 na iskar Carbon Dioxide da ake fitarwa a duniya, shi ne yadda iskar gas ke tashi a Nijar da kuma tasoshin wutar lantarki da ake harba kwal a Afirka ta Kudu. Amma, dazuzzukan nahiyar suna bacewa cikin hanzari, wanda ke da mummunan sakamako ga duka Afirka da kuma yanayin gaba daya. Duk da samun ƙarancin iskar carbon dioxide idan aka kwatanta da sauran wurare, Afirka ta fi sauran nahiyoyi rauni ga illar da matsanancin yanayi ke haifarwa saboda rashin lahani na musamman. A cikin yankuna masu busasshiyar Afirka ta yamma da bushewar ƙasa, busasshiyar ƙasa ko hamada ta ƙunshi kashi uku cikin huɗu na saman nahiyar. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na Gabashin Afirka Kudancin Afirka, da Sudan. Ayyukan tattalin arziki sun dogara ne akan masana'antu masu ra'ayin sauyin yanayi, irin su noman ruwan sama, kamun kifi, ma'adinai, mai & iskar gas, gandun daji, yawon shakatawa, da sauransu. Noma yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 70% na ayyukan yi, 30% na GDP, da 50% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa a cikin tattalin arzikin ruwan sama. Masana'antar noma ta zama hanyar tsaro ga talakawan karkara. Jama'a suna ƙara samun sauki tun lokacin fari da ambaliya sun fi yawa kuma suna da ƙarfi a yankuna da yawa, gami da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Rift Valley, filayen Mozambique, Senegal, da Gambiya.
Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai
Kanada
Wasu yankuna na Kanada suna da dokokin biyan kuɗi yayin da wasu basu da, saboda haka wajibcin rarrabe tsakanin daidaiton biyan kuɗi da biyan daidaito a cikin amfanin Kanada. Misali, a Ontario, ana tabbatar da daidaiton biyan kudi ta hanyar Dokar Ka’idojin Aiki ta Ontario yayin da aka tabbatar da daidaiton albashi ta dokar Ontario Pay Equity Act. A gefe guda kuma, larduna uku na yamma (British Columbia, Alberta, da Saskatchewan) suna da dokar daidaita daidaito amma ba su da dokar biyan haraji. Wasu larduna (alal misali, Manitoba) suna da dokoki waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaiton biyan kuɗi ga masu ba da ma'aikatun gwamnati amma ba na ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ba; a halin yanzu, dokar daidaita daidaiton biya ta shafi kowa da kowa.
Kare tsarin mulki
A zaman wani bangare na Ka'idodinta na Manufofin Siyasa, Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta hanyar Mataki na 39 ya tanadi cewa dukkan jihohi suna jagorantar manufofinsu don samun daidaito a kan aiki daidai ga maza da mata, da kuma tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna da 'yancin yin isassun hanyoyin rayuwa. Duk da cewa wadannan Ka'idojin Ba su da hurumin zartar da su ta kowace kotu, amma suna da mahimmanci ga shugabancin kasar kuma jiha wajibi ne ta yi la’akari da su yayin zartar da dokoki.
Duk da cewa “biyan albashi iri daya don aiki iri daya” ba bayyanannen haqqin tsarin mulki bane, an karanta shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar fassarar Labarai na 14, 15 da 16 - wanda ke tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, kariya daga nuna wariya da daidaito a cikin lamuran aikin gwamnati. Kotun Koli ta Indiya ita ma ta ayyana wannan a matsayin wata manufa ta tsarin mulki, ga kowane mutum kuma yana iya samunta ta hanyar aiwatar da hakkokinsu na yau da kullun da aka shimfida a cikin Labarai na 14 zuwa 16. A cikin mashahurin hukuncin Kotun Koli, an kalubalanci yanayin aikin masu karbar iska ta Air India. Sharuɗɗan aiki sun buƙaci yin ritayar tilas ga mata: (i) bayan sun kai shekaru 33; (ii) idan sun yi aure cikin shekaru huɗu na hidimar; itama doka ce da aka yarda da ita ko (iii) akan ciki na farko. Kotun duk da haka ta yi fatali da wadannan tanade-tanaden kuma ta kasance masu nuna son kai da nuna wariya saboda ta saba wa doka ta 14, 15 da 16 ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
Sauyin yanayi da samar da abinci a Afirka
Tsarin abinci na Afirka da dabarun daidaita sauyin yanayi
Mutane, ƙungiyoyi, da cibiyoyi suna haɓaka dabarun daidaitawa masu zuwa don rage haɗarin sauyin yanayi:
Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai
Kariyar doka
A shekarar 1976, an zartar da dokar ba da lada daidai da nufin samar da lada daidai ga maza da mata ma’aikata da kuma hana nuna banbanci dangane da jinsi a dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi aikin yi da damar aiki. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta samar wa mata da 'yancin neman a biya su daidai ba ne, amma duk wani rashin daidaito dangane da tsarin daukar ma'aikata, horas da aiki, karin girma, da sauyawa a tsakanin kungiyar ana iya kalubalantar ta a karkashin wannan Dokar. Koyaya, girmanta bai kai ga yanayin da: (i) mace ke ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idodin dokokin ba mata kulawa ta musamman ba; da (ii) ana bai wa mace kulawa ta musamman saboda haihuwar ɗa, ko sharuɗɗan da suka shafi ritaya, aure ko mutuwa. Kamfanoni da masu ɗaukan ma'aikata ɗayansu ana iya ɗaukar nauyinsu don kiyaye ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar. A cikin shari'oi daban-daban, Kotun Koli ta Indiya ma ta nuna cewa nuna wariyar jinsi yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da maza da mata suka yi aiki iri daya ko aiki iri daya Wanda ake bukata. Koyaya, ya fayyace cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar sassauƙa yayin yanke shawarar wane irin aiki ne zai iya zama kwatankwacin yin la'akari da ayyukan da aka aiwatar a matsayin ɓangare na aikin, kuma ba ayyukan da za a iya yi ba.
Taiwan
Taiwan ta kafa dokar daidaita daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a aikin yi a shekara ta 2002. Yana tsara cewa dole ne mai ba da aiki ya ba da albashi ɗaya ga ma'aikatan da suke yin aiki iri ɗaya. Doka ta tanadi cewa, ma’aikata ba za su nuna wariya ga ma’aikata ba saboda bambancin jinsi ko jinsi a batun biyan albashi. Ma'aikata zasu sami albashi daidai don aiki iri ɗaya ko ƙimarsu ɗaya. Koyaya, idan irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen sakamakon tsarin manya ne, kyauta da tsarin horo zai tabbatar daya taimaka sosai, tsarin cancanta ko wasu dalilai masu gamsarwa na abubuwan da ba na jima'i ba ko kuma waɗanda ba na jima'i ba, ƙuntatawa da aka ambata a sama ba zai yi aiki ba. Masu ba da aiki ba za su iya bin hanyoyin rage albashin sauran ma’aikata ba don guje wa ka’idar sakin layin da ya gabata.
Brass Island
Brass Island tsibiri ne aNeja Delta a Najeriya. Wuri ne na Twon-Brass, shugaban karamar hukumar Brass ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Bayelsa.
Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai
Sukar
Sukar da ka'idar biyan albashi daidai na awanni masu aiki da mata ke aiki daidai da kananan ayyuka ta hanyar azuzuwan kariya sun hada da sukar hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don cimma hakan da kuma hanyar da ake auna rata. Wasu  sunyi imani cewa ayyukan gwamnati don daidaita bambancin biyan jinsi na haifar da tsoma baki ga tsarin musayar son rai. Suna jayayya batun na asali shine cewa mai aikin shine mamallakin aikin, ba gwamnati bane ko ma'aikaci. Mai ba da aikin yi shawarwari game da aikin kuma ya biya gwargwadon aikinsa, ba bisa ga aikin aiki ba. Batun tare da hakan shine maza ana ganin su manyan masu aiki ne bisa irin kwarewar da mace zata iya yi. Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa ba zai so ya rasa mafi kyawun wa'inda sune masu yin sa ba ta hanyar rama musu ƙasa kaɗan kuma zai iya rashin karfin biyan payingan ƙwararrun masu yin sa saboda yawan aiki zai ragu. Koyaya, Women'sungiyar Mata mai zaman kanta ta faɗi wani binciken wanda ke nuna hangen nesa na albashi mai yiwuwa ya ɓace "lokacin da aka sarrafa shi don ƙwarewa, ilimi, da yawan shekarun aiki".
Bambanci tsakanin daidaiton albashi don aiki daidai da biya daidai na aiki daidai yake
A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Daidaituwar Cigaba ta Washington ta amfani da bayanai daga Ofishin Labarun Labarun Labarun, ayyukan da suka fi yawan maza yawanci ana biyansu da kyau ba tare da la'akari da kwarewa ko matakin ilimi ba.
Misali, sau da yawa yana buƙatar irin wannan ƙwarewar da ilimi don zama lantarki kamar yadda yake don zama mai jinya. Koyaya, masu aikin lantarki, fannin da maza suka fi yawa, suna samun albashi fiye da masu jinya, fannin da ya mamaye mata. A cikin yanayi inda, misali, wutar lantarki ke yin aikin su ƙafa 200 sama da ƙasan bene na rijiyar mai, to ya kamata acigaba da amfaninda it's hard biya ya zama mafi girma saboda haɗarin sun yi yawa haka. Koyaya, wannan baya bayanin rata tsakanin matsakaicin aikin masu wutar lantarki.
Sukar da aka yi wa daidaitaccen albashi don aiki iri ɗaya shi ne rashin ingantattun hanyoyin daidaitawa, ya dogara ne da abubuwan da ke ƙarkashin ikon mallaka kuma ba ya dogara da ainihin hujjoji da ƙididdiga Kamar yadda yake a misalin da ya gabata, bincika ya tabbata da cewa magana ce ta ƙarya cewa masu aikin lantarki ke samun kuɗi fiye da masu jinya. Dangane da ƙididdigar masu aikin wutar lantarki suna samun ~ 1015 $ / mako-mako yayin da masu jinya ke samun ~ 1223 $ / mako-mako, don haka a wannan yanayin yana tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan jinya, filin da mace ta mamaye, sun fi ma’aikatan lantarki yawa, namiji mamaye filin.
Dokokin nuna gaskiya
Dokar nuna gaskiya ita ce buɗewa, da ka'idojin fa'idoji waɗanda ke ɗaukar kasuwanci da gwamnatoci. Dokokin nuna gaskiya suna tilasta kamfanoni su bayyana albashin ga ma'aikata, masu daukar ma'aikata, da kuma gwamnati. Tsarancin biyan jinsi an bayyana shi azaman matsakaicin bambanci tsakanin biyan diyya da aka baiwa  ga jinsunan mu maza da mata don aikinsu ko aikinsu. An sanya dokokin nuna gaskiya don rage wannan gibin na biyan albashi. Waɗannan dokokin sun haifar da ragin kashi biyu cikin ɗari a gibin jinsi ta hanyar samar da albashi ga jama'a, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ganin banbancin biyan kowane jinsi.
Ba tare da dokokin nuna gaskiya ba, masu ba da aiki suna ɗaukar mata da yawa idan aka kwatanta da maza saboda ƙananan albashi. Masu ba da aikin da ke ɗaukar nauyin maza da mata daidai suke ɗora wa kamfanoni ƙimar albashi, saboda albashin maza ya fi tsada sosai kuwa.
Garuruwan da suka aiwatar da dokokin nuna gaskiya sun nuna shaidar mahimman canje-canje a cikin albashin mata saboda nuna gaskiya. Bayyananniyar ba wai kawai a cikin gwamnati da ma'aikata ba ne, amma a tsakanin ma'aikata, ba wa mata da maza abokan aiki damar lura da albashin juna. Mata, musamman, na iya amfani da wannan bayanin don samun daidaiton biyan kuɗi. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen rage rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi na mata lokacin da suke aiki iri ɗaya da na mazaje.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
"Karanta Sabis ɗin Binciken Kasuwanci (CRS) game da Biyan Kuɗi
Ann Widdecombe
Ann Noreen Widdecombe DSG (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban 1947) ɗan siyasan Birtaniya ne, marubuci kuma halayen talabijin. Ta kasance yar Majalisar Wakilmeai (Birtaniya) (MP) na Maidstone, kuma tsohuwar mazabar Maidstone (Mazabar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya), daga 1987 zuwa 2010 kuma memba na Majalisar Turai (MEP) na Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila daga 2019 zuwa 2020. Asalin memba ce na Jam'iyyar Conservative, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Brexit, daga baya ta sake masa suna "Reform UK", a cikin 2019.
Farkon rayuwa
An haife ta a Bath, Somerset, Widdecombe ya karanta Latin a Jami'ar Birmingham sannan ya karancifalsafa, siyasa da tattalin arziki a Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Ta tuba daga Anglicanism zuwa Cocin Roman Katolika kuma ta kasance memba na Conservative Christian Fellowship. Ta yi ministar ayyuka daga 1994 zuwa 1995 da kuma karamar ministar gidajen yari daga 1995 zuwa 1997. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin William Hague a matsayin Inuwar sakataren lafiya na jihar|Sakatariyar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Shadow daga 1998 zuwa 1999 da Sakatariyar Cikin Gida ta Shadow daga 1999 zuwa 2001. An nada ta a Majalisar Wakilai a 1997.
Adelusi Adeluyi
Adelusi Adeluyi (an haife shi 2 ga Agusta 1940) ɗan Najeriya ne, likitan harhaɗa magunguna ne, lauya kuma tsohon Ministan Lafiya, wanda Ernest Shonekan da albarkatun ɗan adam suka naɗa a 1993. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanin Juli Plc, kamfani na farko da aka samu ci gaba a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen.
Ann Widdecombe
Kuruciya
An haife ta a Bath, Somerset, Widdecombe 'ya ce ga Rita Noreen ( née Plummer; 1911-2007) da kuma ma'aikacin farar hula Ma'aikatar Tsaro (Birtaniya) James Murray Widdecombe. An haifi kakan mahaifiyar Widdecombe, James Henry Plummer, ga dangin Cocin katolika na asalin Ingilishi a Crosshaven, County Cork, Ireland a cikin 1874.
Ta halarci makarantar Royal Naval da ke Singapore, da La Sainte Union Convent School a Bath. Ta karanta Latin a Jami'ar Birmingham daga baya kuma ta halarci Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, don karanta falsafar, siyasa da tattalin arziki. A 1971, ta kasance sakatariyar kungiyar Oxford na wa'adi daya, kuma ta zama ma'ajin makarantan na wa'adi daya a 1972; ba ta taba zama shugaban kasa ba. Yayin da take karatu a Oxford, ta zauna kusa da Mary Archer, Edwina Currie, da matar Gyles Brandreth Michèle Brown. Ta yi aiki da Unilever (1973-75) sannan a matsayin mai gudanarwa a Jami'ar London (1975-87) kafin ta shiga majalisar.
Azeez Issa Adesiji
Azeez Issa Adesiji shine shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Ilesa ta yamma a jihar Osun dake kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.
Ann Widdecombe
Aikin Siyasa
A cikin shekara ta 1974, Widdecombe ta kasance mataimakiya na kusa ga Michael Ancram a babban zaɓe na Fabrairu da Oktoba na waccan shekarar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1978, Widdecombe ya kasance kansila a Majalisar gundumar Runnymede a Surrey.
Ta tsaya takarar kujerar Burnley a Lancashire a zaben gama gari na 1979 sannan kuma, da David Owen, kujerar Plymouth Devonport a babban zaben 1983. A cikin 1983, ta (tare da Lady Olga Maitland da Virginia Bottomley ) ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwar Mata da Iyalai don Tsaro, ƙungiyar da aka kafa don adawa da sansanin zaman lafiya na mata na Greenham.
Rajae Rochdy
Rajae Rochdy-Abbas (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1983) 'yar wasan badminton 'yar kasar Morocco ce. Ta yi horo a gidan wasan motsa jiki na Boulogne Billancourt a Faransa.
BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles Women's doubles Mixed doubles
Nicky Oppenheimer
Nicholas F. Oppenheimer (an haife shi 8 Yuni 1945) ɗan kasuwan hamshakin attajirin Afirka ta Kudu ne. Ya kasance shugaban kamfanin hakar lu'u-lu'u na De Beers da na reshensa, Kamfanin Kasuwancin Diamond, kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Anglo American. Shi ne mutum na uku mafi arziki a Afirka.
Rayuwar farko
Oppenheimer dan Bridget ne (née McCall) da Harry Oppenheimer, kuma jikan Anglo American wanda ya kafa Ernest Oppenheimer (ƙarni na farko da ya shugabanci De Beers, daga 1929). Mahaifinsa dan asalin Jamus Bayahude ne. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Ludgrove, Makarantar Harrow da Christ Church, Oxford, inda ya karanta Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki, yana samun Oxford MA.
Sana'ar kasuwanci
Oppenheimer ya shiga Anglo American a 1968, an nada shi darekta a 1974, sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaba a 1983. Ya yi murabus a 2001, ya ci gaba da zama ba darekta ba har zuwa 2011.
An nada shi mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Siyar da Kasuwanci ta wancan lokacin (yanzu Kamfanin Kasuwancin Diamond ) a cikin 1984, kuma mataimakin shugaban kamfanin De Beers Consolidated Mines a 1985. An kuma nada shi shugaban Kamfanin Trading na Diamond a 1985. Shugaban kungiyar De Beers daga 1998 zuwa 2012, ya yi ritaya lokacin da aka sayar da hannun jarin iyali ga Anglo American.
Oppenheimer ya fito ne a cikin Lissafin Masu Arziki <i id="mwLw">na Sunday Times</i> 2018 a matsayin mutum na 23 mafi arziki a cikin Burtaniya, tare da bayar da rahoton fam biliyan 5.5. An sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa arziki a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin jerin Forbes na Billionaires na Duniya na 2019, tare da rahoton arziki kamar dalar Amurka biliyan 7.3 kuma, kuma, a cikin jerin 2020, tare da rahoton dalar Amurka $7.6. biliyan a watan Agusta 2020.
Tallafawa
Iyalin Oppenheimer sun jagoranci mafi yawan ƙoƙarinsu na taimakon jama'a don kiyaye abubuwan tarihi da mahimmancin al'adu na yankin Kudancin Afirka, da kuma haɓaka haɓakar al'umma a fagagen ilimi, lafiya, kiyaye yanayi da fasaha. Nicky Oppenheimer da dansa Jonathan Oppenheimer sun kafa gidauniyar Brenthurst a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin wata hanya ta ba da gudummawa ga muhawara kan dabaru da manufofi don karfafa ayyukan tattalin arzikin Afirka da ba da damar ci gaba mai hade da dorewa.
Iyali kuma sun daɗe suna shiga cikin lamuran muhalli da kiyayewa. Iyalin Oppenheimer sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da De Beers don kafa hanyar Diamond a cikin 2006 don haɓaka yuwuwar kaddarorin su don kiyayewa, bincike da dalilai na wayewar muhalli. Hanyar Diamond ta haɗu da shafuka 8 a arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya taso daga Namaqualand a bakin tekun yamma, zuwa Kimberley, arewa zuwa Tswalu a cikin Kalahari, da lambunan Brenthurst a Johannesburg, gabas zuwa Tsarin Halittar Ezemvelo da arewa zuwa Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve. a lardin Limpopo. Tun da 2015 Oppenheimer shima amintaccen Rhodes ne.
Kyauta
A cikin 2003, Technikon Witwatersrand ya ba Oppenheimer digiri na girmamawa. Ya karbi odar shugaban kasa na girmamawa (2004) daga tsohon shugaban kasar Botswana, Festus Mogae, da kuma zumuncin girmamawa (2009) daga Makarantar Kasuwancin London.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A 1968, ya auri Orcillia "Strilli" Lasch, 'yar masana'antu tycoon Helli Lasch; duka biyun Anglican ne. An haifi mahaifinsa Bayahude kuma ya koma Anglicanism.
Konda Reddis
Konda Reddis ko Hill Reddis ƙabila ce na dake zaune a jihar Andhra Pradesh dake cikin kasar Indiya tana kuma makwabtaka da jihohin Odisha, Tamil Nadu.
Manazarta
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Eyo-Esio-Uwak
Eyo Esio Uwak Oron garine ne cikin karamar hukumar Oron jihar Akwa Ibom sitet Najeriya.
Roy Andersen (janar)
Manjo Janar Roy Cecil Andersen CSSA SD & Bar SM MMM JCD tare da 30 Yr Clasp (an haife shi 12 ga Mayu 1948 a Johannesburg ) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma babban hafsan Reserve mai ritaya a cikin Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu daga manyan bindigogi. Ya sauke karatu daga Northview High School kuma ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand.
Lambar yabo
An ba shi da
Borokiri, Port Harcourt
Borokiri (wanda kuma ake wa lakabi da Borikiri ) unguwa ce a cikin birnin Fatakwal da ke kudu da Old GRA a jihar Ribas a Najeriya. Ya kwanta a latitude 4.749° N da longitude 7.035° E. unguwar tana da iyaka da titin Ahoada zuwa arewa, tsibirin Okrika daga gabas (ta wajen Aboturu Creek), filin mai na Orubiri zuwa kudu da titin magina. zuwa yamma. Amfanin ƙasarsa sun haɗa da wurin zama, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da hutu.
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adeyemi
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adeyemi babbar makarantar gwamnatin tarayya ce da ke birnin Ondo, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo don shirye-shiryen digiri. An sanya wa Kwalejin Ilimi Adeyemi sunan Canon MC Adeyemi (ɗaya daga cikin masana ilimi na farko a kasar Yarbawa ) saboda irin gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa ilimi a lardin Ondo na lokacin.
Tarihi
An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1963 domin samar da kwararrun malamai da za su koyar a makarantun sakandare da kwalejojin horar da malamai da gudanar da bincike da gwaje-gwaje kan hanyoyin koyarwa a kowane mataki na ilimi a Najeriya. Makarantar ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1964 tare da dalibai 93, mata 24 da maza 69, kuma ta koma kwalejin ilimi mai daraja ta ɗaya a Najeriya da kuma yankin yammacin Afirka. A halin yanzu, tana da makarantu biyar - Arts da Kimiyyar zamantakewa, Ilimi, Harsuna, Kimiyya, da Ilimin Sana'a da Fasaha - tare da duka sassan ilimi 28. ne na cibiyoyi daban-daban da suka taso a cikin shekaru sittin don samar da ci gaban ma'aikata a makarantun sakandare da kwalejojin horar da malamai a yankin Yamma. Kwalejin malamai (har zuwa 1963), Kwalejin Ilimi ta Ransome Kuti, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Olunloyo da Aikin Malamai na Ohio, Ondo duk sun kafa tushe mai ƙarfi wanda aka gina a kai. Duba misali, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adeyemi yanzu tana alfahari da Hostels guda 9 wanda ya ƙunshi dakunan kwanan dalibai mata 6 da ɗakunan kwanan ɗalibai maza 3.
Makarantu/Sassa a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adeyemi
Cibiyar tana koyar da shirye-shirye daban-daban a ƙarƙashin Makarantu / Sassa masu zuwa:
Cibiyar kuma na gudanar da shirin SIWES wanda ke baiwa ɗalibai damar samun gogewa mai amfani yayin da aka tura su wuraren aiki domin koyo na wucin gadi.
Matsayin Jami'a
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ƙarƙashin shugabancin Goodluck Jonathan ta ɗaya darajar Kwalejin zuwa cikakkiyar jami'ar ilimi a watan Mayun 2015. Sai dai sabuwar gwamnatin shugaba Mohammed Buhari ta yanke shawarar dakatar da wannan sabon matsayi a watan Agustan 2015 saboda babu wata doka da za ta iya aiki. Daga karshe majalisar dokokin tarayya ta amince da kudirin dokar kafa jami’ar tarayya ta Adeyemi a watan Disamba na shekarar 2018 kuma shugaban tarayyar Najeriya ya amince da kudurin a watan Disamba 2021.
Moroa
Moroa (wanda ake wa lakabi da Moro'a da Marwa ; Tyap : Sholyia̱ ) Basarake ne na al'ummar Asholio ƙauyen karamar hukumar Kaura da ke kudancin jihar Kaduna  yankin Middle Belt  Najeriya.
Grand Canyon
Grand Canyon (Hopi, Yavapai, Navajo,  Yaren Kudancin Paiute: Paxa'uipi, Spanish) wani canyon mai gangare  wanda kogin Colorado ya sassaka a Arizona, Amurka. Grand Canyon yana da 277 mi tsawo, har zuwa 18 mi fadi kuma ya kai zurfin sama da mil ( 6093 ft ).
Kogin da gefen yana ƙunshe a cikin Grand Canyon National Park, Gandun daji na Kaibab, Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument, Hualapai Indian Reservation, da Havasupai Indian Reservation da Navajo Nation. Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan kiyaye yankin Grand Canyon kuma ya ziyarce shi a lokuta da yawa don farauta da jin daɗin yanayin.
Kusan shekaru biliyan biyu na tarihin yanayin duniya an fallasa su yayin da kogin Colorado da magudanan ruwa suka yanke tashoshi ta hanyar Layer bayan dutsen dutse yayin da Dutsen Colorado ya daukaka. Duk da yake wasu al'amura game da tarihin ƙaddamar da rafin suna muhawara ta masana ilimin geologists,  da dama na binciken kwanan nan sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa kogin Colorado ya kafa hanyarsa ta wurin kimanin shekaru 5 zuwa 6 da suka wuce. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kogin Colorado ya kori raguwar raƙuman ruwa da ja da baya na tsaunuka, tare da zurfafawa da faɗaɗa kogin.
Tsawon shekaru dubbai, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun ci gaba da zama a yankin, waɗanda suka gina ƙauyuka a cikin kwarin da koguna da yawa. Mutanen Pueblo sun ɗauki Grand Canyon wuri mai tsarki, kuma sun yi pilgrimage a wurin. Bature na farko da aka sani ya kalli Grand Canyon shine García López de Cárdenas daga Spain, wanda ya zo a 1540.