cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Katsina
2013
An yi hasashen cibiyar a matsayin cibiya mai son ci gaba da kasuwanci da ke haɗa mafi kyawun ayyuka a tsarin makarantu a Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya, Cibiyar an haɓaka ta a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta ci gaba da fasaha tare da dacewa da tattalin arziƙin duniya a aikace a matsayin fifiko da manufar farko. Makarantu biyu na farko a fannin fasaha da kasuwanci, da cibiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararru, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da shirye-shiryen horar da ƙwararrun za su samar da cikakkiyar hanyar ilimi da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun guraben ilimi ga al'ummar Najeriya baki ɗaya.
Makarantar ta himmatu wajen haɓakar al'ummarmu da kuma bayanta ta hanyar haɓaka ra'ayoyi zuwa kyakkyawan sakamako, samarwa da watsa sakamakon bincike don haɓaka fasaha da ci gaban kasuwanci, da horarwa da samar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata a cikin ICT da karatun Kasuwanci.
Mu ƙwararriyar makaranta ce, ta zamani wacce aka sadaukar da ita don samarwa ɗalibanmu cikakken ilimin da ke shirya su da matakan ƙwarewa, sha'awa, da ƙirƙira don ba da gudummawa yadda ya kamata don ci gaban al'umma. Don cimma wannan, muna ɗokin zama mai ba da ilimi a aji na farko, haɗin gwiwa a duniya kuma ana yaba wa sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa da bincike a cikin nazarin kasuwanci, fasahar sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa da sauran fannonin koyo.
Jiga
Jiga na iya koma zuwa:
Khamis Jabir
Alh Aliyu Ya'u Dogara Ismail Muhammad Umar Mohammed Rigasa Abubakar Galadima Dangaladiman Zazzau Hakimin Gundumar Rigasa Arch Muhammad Aminu Idris Abubakar Najume Hassan Abdullahi
Olga Paredes
Olga Paredes (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984) ƴar asalin ƙasar Bolivia ce kuma editar Wikipedia. A cikin 2022, abokin haɗin gwiwar samar da Wikipedia Jimmy Wales ya ba ta suna Editar Wikimedia ta shekara a taron Wikimania 2022 na shekara-shekara. Ita ce mutum ta farko daga Bolivia da Latin Amurka da ta sami wannan lambar yabo.
Paredes masaniyar gine-gine ce a Jami'ar Higher na San Andrés. Ita ce shugabar Wikimedistas de Bolivia, da kuma alaƙa da Wikimuheres (Wikinarii), Heochikas, da kuma gyara OpenStreetMap.
Suleymane Aw
Souleymane Aw (an haife shi 5 ga watan Afrilun 1999) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal.
Sana'a
A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan 2019, ya koma kulob ɗin Faransa Béziers.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar cin kofin duniya na U-20 na 2017, 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2019 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations da 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Rashin jini
Rashin jini (Turanci: anemia) matsala ce wadda tazama ruwan dare a,
Kassim Aidara
Kassim Aidara (an haife shi 12 ga watan Mayun 1987) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya.
Sana'a
Aidara ya fara aikinsa da Wellington United ta New Zealand kuma daga baya ya wakilci ƙananan kulab ɗin Jamus wato Niendorfer TSV, USC Paloma, Lüneburger SK Hansa.
A cikin watan Disambar 2011, Aidara ya sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Estoniya JK Tallinna Kalev. Bayan ya zura ƙwallaye huɗu a ƙungiyar, ya koma JK Sillamäe Kalev na wannan ƙasa a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2012. A kakar 2013, ya zira ƙwallaye 17 a wasanni 34. Ya koma FCI Tallinn a shekara mai zuwa. A ƙarshen shekara, ya yi gwaji tare da kulob ɗin Vietnamese Sông Lam Nghệ An. A cikin shekarar 2016, ya koma Sillamäe.
Aidara ya canza kulab da ƙasashe a kan 4 Oktoba 2017 kuma ya sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar I-League ta Indiya Minerva Punjab. A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamban ya fara bugawa kulob ɗin a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Mohun Bagan. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a nasarar da suka yi da Chennai City da ci 2–1. Aidara ya ci 2017-18 I-League tare da Minerva Punjab.
Aidara ya koma Gabashin Bengal FC don kakar 2018–19 bayan kammala kakar 2017-18 I-League.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Shi ne babban ƙanin Mohamed Aidara wanda shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.
Dam ɗin Stompdrift
Dam ɗin Stompdrift, Haɗaɗɗen dam ne mai haɗe da baka da nau'in nauyi da ke kan kogin Olifants kusa da De Rust, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu.
An gina shi a cikin shekarar 1965 kuma yana aiki da farko don dalilai na ban ruwa. Ƙarfin haɗarin dam ɗin ya kasance a matsayi mai girma (3) saboda rashin isasshen ƙarfi a cikin hanyar malalewa da damuwa na tsarin.
Ƙanzuwa
Ƙanzuwa ko Ƙazuwa wata cuta ce da take addabar fatar mutum ta hanyar fitar da ƙurarraji. (Turanci: scabies)
Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka
A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, cinikin ƙwayoyi a Afirka ta Yamma ya haɓaka cikin sauri yayin da karuwar buƙatun Amurka da Turai na cocaine, cannabis, da sauran magunguna. Wannan ya haifar da fadada hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban guda biyu, wadanda dukkansu suka bi ta yammacin Afirka. Hanya ɗaya da aka fitar da tabar wiwi a cikin gida daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Turai da Asiya. Wata hanyar kasuwanci ta kwashe hodar iblis daga Latin Amurka da tabar heroin daga Afghanistan da kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa Turai da Amurka. A cikin wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu, masu fataucin muggan kwayoyi sun yi amfani da hanyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwar Mali da Berber suka kirkira a lokacin mulkin mallaka don jigilar kwayoyi a cikin yankin, da kuma fadin yankin yammacin Afirka a matsayin tsaka-tsakin tasha daga Latin Amurka da kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa Turai. Amurka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda munanan iyakokin Afirka ta Yamma, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki.
Da farko dai, an yi fasa-kwaurin miyagun kwayoyi ne da kadan; amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba kuma ana ci gaba da samun karuwar bukatar magunguna, kasashen yammacin Afirka - musamman Najeriya, Ghana, da Guinea-Bissau - an ba su amanar lodin hodar iblis da ya kai tan 135 zuwa 145 (a cewar UNODC ). Tun daga wannan lokacin Afirka ta Yamma ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi a duniya, tare da haɓaka iri-iri da adadin magungunan da ake fataucin su ta yammacin Afirka, da kuma faɗaɗa cinikin ƙwayoyi daga yammacin Afirka zuwa wasu sassan nahiyar. Matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da ba da fifiko daga gwamnatocin yankin ya haifar da karuwar kungiyoyin da ke yaki da muggan kwayoyi a yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka, inda suka sauya fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da ayyukan cikin gida.
Tarihi
A cewar ɗan tarihi Emmanuel Akyeampong, kayayyakin cannabis a yammacin Afirka sun wanzu kafin tsakiyar karni na ashirin. A shekarar 1934 hukumomin mulkin mallaka na ci gaba da gwajin noman Coca a Calabar da sauran wurare a Najeriya. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, 'yan sanda sun kama wasu manoman Najeriya da laifin noma da sayar da kananan tabar wiwi, wadanda ake jigilar su zuwa Turai da Amurka. Ana cikin haka ne masu tabar wiwi a Najeriya na siyan tabar wiwi da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dillalan Belgian Congo.
A shekarar 1952 ne aka fara rubuta cewa an yi amfani da yammacin Afirka a matsayin wurin safarar mutane a shekarar 1952, lokacin da jami’an Amurka suka lura cewa wata kungiyar hadin guiwa ta Lebanon ta boye tabar heroin a yammacin Afirka domin gudun kada ‘yan sanda su kama su, da kuma kaucewa binciken jami’an da ke kan hanyar kasuwancin Turai.
Tashin Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin babbar hanyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ya fara ne a kusan shekarun 1960, lokacin da Beatles da Swinging London suka shahara, kuma matasa maza da mata a Burtaniya da sauran sassan Turai sun nemi haramtattun kwayoyi. Tabar wiwi ya fi yawa, kuma rahotannin lokacin sun bayyana cewa ana fitar da tabar tabar da ake noman a yammacin Afirka daga Najeriya zuwa Turai da yawa. Kasuwancin miyagun kwayoyi ya zama matsala, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta fitar da wata doka cewa duk wanda aka samu da laifin fitar da wiwi zuwa kasashen waje za a daure shi na tsawon shekaru goma. Har zuwa shekarun 1980, 'yan Najeriya da dama da wasu 'yan kasuwa 'yan Ghana kan fita don yin ciniki bisa ka'idojinsu. Dillalan sun je wurare irin su Latin Amurka ko Asiya sun sayi kananan gungun kwayoyi masu yawa (yawanci hodar iblis ko tabar heroin), sannan suka sa ‘yan aike su fita su sayar da kadarorinsu. An yi hasashen cewa asalin fitar da muggan kwayoyi ya fara ne da daliban Afirka ta Yamma da ke zaune a EU da Amurka wadanda suka kasa karbar kudaden tallafin karatu, daga nan ne jami’an sojin ruwa na Najeriya suka dauki hayarsu wajen bayar da horo wadanda suka jibge a Indiya don kai kayan aikin. tabar heroin da suka saya, suka dawo da ita kasashen da suka zauna.
Bayan 1982 Amurka da Turai sun lura da karuwar masu safarar kwayoyi a Najeriya a kasashensu. Amurka ta kama 'yan Najeriya 21 da laifin safarar kwayoyi, sannan da yawa daga baya. A Turai wani jami'in ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Jamus ta Yamma ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekara ta gaba cewa Hamburg, Jamus na shigo da muggan kwayoyi daga Afirka ta Yamma, gami da tan daya da rabi na maganin asiri (mai yiwuwa marijuana) daga Ghana.
Bukata
Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2009, yawan shan hodar iblis ya rubanya a nahiyar Turai, a sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasashen Latin Amurka da dillalan Afirka ta Yamma sun kulla kawance domin saukaka zirga-zirgar miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar cin gajiyar jiragen sama da jiragen ruwa da ke shiga da fita daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka. Daga nan kuma aka yaɗa muggan ƙwayoyi ta Arewacin Amirka da Turai ta hanyar ƙabilun ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda ke da kayan aiki da albarkatu don safarar ƙwayoyi ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa.
Bukatun cikin gida na miyagun ƙwayoyi ya bambanta ga yankuna da yawan jama'a daban-daban. Amfani da abubuwa masu rahusa, kamar tabar wiwi da tushen abin sha da ake kira akpeteshie, ya faɗo sosai kan masu aiki da talakawa. A Ghana, ƙungiyoyi kamar masu hakar ma'adinai, ma'aikatan aikin gona, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna amfani da waɗannan abubuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta jure buƙatun rayuwa mai wahala ko kuma kwanakin aiki na wahala. Bukatun cikin gida na magunguna masu tsauri kamar su hodar iblis da tabar heroin, da kuma Mandrax da amphetamines, ana kallon al'adar a matsayin ana samun su ne kawai a tsakanin masu hannu da shuni . Sai dai kuma, faduwar farashin haramtattun magunguna masu tsada da kuma fadada hanyoyin amfani da su sun sa irin wadannan abubuwa su kasance cikin sauki ga ma'aikata a yammacin Afirka, musamman a tsakiyar gari. Ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari na abubuwa kamar hodar iblis da amphetamines ya sa su zama masu sha'awa ga ma'aikatan da ke da dogayen ayyukan aiki, da kuma ɗaliban da suke kwana suna karatu. Sakamakon ci gaba da yaɗuwar al'amuran duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, buƙatun abubuwa, musamman ma magunguna masu ƙarfi, ya bazu zuwa ga masu yawon bude ido da mazaunan ɗan gajeren lokaci na yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka.
Manyan hanyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka wadanda ke rura wutar wannan bukatu na samun ci gaba a wani bangare daga hannun dakarun gwamnati. Ba kamar hanyoyi daga Latin Amurka ko Asiya waɗanda suka sami ƙaruwar kulawa daga masu aiwatar da muggan ƙwayoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin cikas wajen safarar haramtattun abubuwa ta Yammacin Afirka. Cin hanci da rashawa da alakar siyasa da tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa ke kara rura wutar tsarin “jihar inuwar”, inda kudaden da ake samu daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi ke ba wa ‘yan wasan gwamnati damar gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kudadensu, sannan ‘yan siyasa ke samun madafun iko da tasiri bisa yadda za su iya samun kudade daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Ta wannan ma'ana, jari da albarkatun gwamnati da aka samu daga cinikin magunguna su ma suna cikin buƙatu sosai.
Shan miyagun kwayoyi
Sabbin kasuwanni na haramtattun abubuwa da kuma karbuwar karbuwar kwayoyi masu tsauri ya haifar da shari'o'in shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa a shekarun 1980 da 1990, yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi ya karu matuka a tsakanin matasa da kuma talakawan birane.
Ganin cewa kafin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi su yi jigilar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka, a yanzu sun fahimci cewa za su iya tara kudi ta hanyar sayar da kayayyakinsu a yankin. Sakamakon haka, kasashen da ke tsakiyar hanyoyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka—Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Saliyo, da Guinea-Bissau—duk sun ga karuwar shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi. A kasashe kamar Najeriya, akwai karancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na gwamnati da ake da su, wanda hakan ke barin masu shaye-shaye da iyalansu su tunkari illar kiwon lafiya da illar tattalin arziki da kansu.
Yayin da wuraren da ke damun kungiyoyin da ke kula da muggan kwayoyi ya koma kan isar da magunguna ga kasashen Yamma, ba a mai da hankali sosai kan bukatar gida da sha. Yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka ba su da isassun ayyuka ko manufofin da aka sanya don gudanar da ayyukan shaye-shaye da kamfen na yaƙi da muggan ƙwayoyi yadda ya kamata. Sarrafa magunguna daga yankin ya ba da fifiko kan daidaita fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashen yammacin Afirka.
Adadin yawan shaye-shayen kayan maye ya tsananta wasu batutuwa a Yammacin Afirka, gami da yaduwar cutar kanjamau da AIDS, yawan karuwanci, da yawan matalauta na birane waɗanda ke fama da tattalin arziki ta hanyar dogaro da kwayoyi. Shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin iyalai ya nuna tasiri mai dorewa a kan matasan birane kuma ya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar shan muggan ƙwayoyi tare da yawan damuwa da damuwa. Rikicin Casamance a Senegal misali ne na yadda karuwar bukatar kayayyaki a cikin gida ya haifar da damar kudi ga kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a yankin, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.
Shigarwa
Saboda karuwar bukatar magungunan haram da kuma karuwar riba daga haramtattun kwayoyi biyo bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1980, 'yan Afirka ta Yamma sun balle daga Afirka kuma suka samar da matsuguni a manyan garuruwa a duk fadin duniya don kafa hanyoyin sadarwar muggan kwayoyi. Kimanin kashi hudu zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na hodar iblis dake fitowa daga kasashen Latin Amurka zuwa Turai na ratsa yammacin Afirka.
Dangane da noman miyagun kwayoyi a cikin gida, Najeriya da Ghana sun kasance kan gaba wajen samar da tabar wiwi a yammacin Afirka. Ana yin noman ne da haɗin gwiwar manoman yankin, waɗanda ke shuka amfanin gona irin su okra da tumatur tare da tabar wiwi don rage haɗarin kama tsiron ko lalata gonakinsu da gwamnati ke yi. Ana kuma noma tabar wiwi a wurare masu nisa ko kuma ƙarƙashin gandun daji don ɓoye tsirran daga hukumomi.
Girman fargaba game da fadada samar da magungunan haram a yammacin Afirka ya haifar da mayar da hankali kan sarrafa wannan karuwar samar da abinci a matsayin burin da ya gabata, kan sauran batutuwa kamar amfani da muggan kwayoyi a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Manufofin kula da magunguna da ke tushen wadata sun yi mummunar tasiri ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka sami ƙarin ƙimar buƙatun haram ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba.
Sufuri
Rahoton Drug na Duniya ya bayyana cewa, "Cocaine da aka samu a Afirka ya samo asali ne daga Colombia da Peru kuma yawanci ana wucewa ta Brazil ." Heroin yakan bi ta yankunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, irin su Thailand, da kuma ta kasashen yammacin Asiya ta hanyar cakuduwar hanyoyin kan kasa da sufurin jiragen sama ta hanyar jigilar kaya. Ana tura waɗannan abubuwan daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Arewacin Amurka, Turai, da Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin wucewa kai tsaye da hanyoyin sadarwar aikata laifuka waɗanda ƴan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ke taimakon. A wasu lokuta, masu fataucin har sun yi amfani da matafiya na kasashen waje da ba su ji ba, a matsayin masinja, ta hanyar sanya musu jakunkuna da ba su da alama a cikin kayansu domin a biya su. Tun da farko dai an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na kwantena da jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu wajen jigilar hodar iblis daga yankin Latin Amurka zuwa yammacin Afirka, amma tun lokacin da 'yan sandan kasashen ketare suka fara kula da tekun sosai, sai ga shi 'yan fashin sun fara amfani da jiragen dakon kaya na hannu na biyu wajen kai hodar iblis zuwa yammacin Afirka. Ana iya samun jirage cikin sauƙi, kuma matuƙan da ke son yin jigilar waɗannan jiragen suna da sauƙin hayar. Sakamakon rashin dogaron hanyoyin sadarwa na radar na Afirka ta Yamma da kuma ɗaukar hoto, jiragen narco na iya tashi zuwa yankin ba tare da an gano su ba. An yi safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa Turai daga Guinea-Bissau ta hanyar amfani da jiragen sama da jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke amfani da “ alfadarsu ”, ko kuma jiragen ruwa na mutane, wadanda ke hadiye kwaroron roba cike da hodar iblis domin kaucewa tsaron jiragen sama.
Ana safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen yammacin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da dabaru iri-iri. A lokacin da ’yan kasuwa ke tafiya a kan titin kan ƙasa, ’yan kasuwa suna ɓoye abubuwa da wasu kayayyaki kamar gawayi, koko, da ’ya’yan itace, don ɓoye wari da kamanni a wuraren binciken ’yan sanda daban-daban. Ana kuma tafiyar da kayayyaki ta hanyar tasi da motocin daidaikun mutane a lokutan da ofisoshin gwamnati da hanyoyin kasuwanci ba su da ka'ida, kuma damar ganowa ta ragu sosai. A karshe, masu safarar muggan kwayoyi za su kuma biya jami’an tsaro da jami’an kan iyakokin kasar kudadensu don safarar abubuwa ta hanyoyin kasa da na ruwa cikin walwala ba tare da ladabtar da su ba.
Sakamakon Ƙasashen Duniya
Ingantacciyar tsaron kan iyakar Amurka tare da " yakin kan kwayoyi " a shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun yi mummunan tasiri ga kungiyar ( Daniel Barrera Barrera ), kwastomomin Colombian sun yi hasarar kuɗi mai yawa. Cibiyoyin laifuka daga Afirka ta Yamma, sun kuma bazu zuwa wasu yankuna - wato Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu mutane dake tsakiyar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun gudanar da ayyuka da kungiyoyi zuwa kudancin nahiyar, inda farashin zirga-zirga da hadarin ganowa ya yi kadan kuma ana samun sabbin kasuwanni na magunguna.
Brazil da Venezuela sun zama manyan yankunan da ake safarar miyagun kwayoyi da ke kan yammacin Afirka. Tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2008 akwai metric tonne 46 na hodar iblis da 'yan sanda suka kama. Wannan ya zo daidai da yadda gwamnatin Venezuelan ta daina aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Amurka (DEA). Rashin bin doka da oda a Venezuela, tare da rashin isasshiyar kula da iyakoki a kasashen biyu da kuma rashin isasshiyar kula da gabar teku a Brazil, na ba da damar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a kasashen biyu da makwabta. Kasashen Brazil da Venezuela na iya jigilar hodar iblis zuwa kasashen yamma da Afirka ta Kudu saboda rashin tsaro a nahiyoyin biyu.
Maganin Magunguna
Haɓaka kasancewar ƙungiyoyin fataucin biyu da ke aiki a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma ƙaramar kasuwancin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma ya zaburar da kasuwannin cikin gida don samun nau'ikan magunguna. Kasuwancin gida na hodar iblis da tabar wiwi ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma, a wasu ƙasashe, ya yaɗa shan muggan kwayoyi a kusan kowane birni. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, marijuana (wanda aka noma da shi a sigar hashish ) ya rikide daga magani mara riba zuwa wanda ake sayar da shi a cikin gida kuma ana fataucinsa akan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a baya don hodar iblis da tabar heroin.
A baya, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da na gwamnati da na gwamnati sun kafa matakan dakile fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau da aka yi niyya. Manyan kasashen da ke samar da muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka a tarihi sun matsa lamba kan gwamnatocin Afirka ta Yamma da su kafa manufofin azabtarwa da kuma aiwatar da tsauraran hanyoyi na sarrafa hanyoyin kasa da kasa. Hakazalika bincike mai alaka ya mayar da hankali kan adadin kame da aka yi ko kuma adadin magungunan da aka kama, maimakon dangantakar da ke tsakanin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Wannan mayar da hankali kan kamawa da kamawa ya nuna cewa ba shi da wani tasiri a kan girman cinikin muggan kwayoyi na Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya sa masu fataucin yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin rugujewa da boye kawai. Wannan hanyar sarrafa ta, duk da haka, ta yi aiki don kai hari ga ƙananan masu noman cannabis da masu amfani da kayan maye, maimakon manyan masu fataucin kuɗi waɗanda ke da kuɗi da tasiri don guje wa azabtarwa.
Sakamakon da aka samu na waɗannan manufofin tilastawa ya kasance mai tsauraran matakan tsaro a tashoshin jiragen sama, tashar jiragen ruwa, da sauran kan iyakokin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. An tarwatsa kudaden kasa da kasa tare da yin watsi da su dangane da hanyoyin sadarwa na miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashe a yunkurin dakile cin hanci da rashawa da alaka da gwamnati da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi. A kasashe irin su Najeriya, an kafa hukuncin kisa a matsayin wata hanya ta ladabtar da masu hannu da shuni a kowane mataki da kuma hana duk wani shiga harkar sayar da muggan kwayoyi.
A Najeriya, wannan ba da fifiko ga tsauraran matakan sarrafa muggan kwayoyi, wanda ya ta'azzara sakamakon alakar da ke tsakanin Hukumar Yaki da Sha da Fataucin Miyagun Kwayoyi ta Kasa da kuma shugabancin kasar, ya haifar da mummunan yaki na muggan kwayoyi na cikin gida. Waɗannan matakan ba su ƙunshi cikakken tasirin fataucin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ba, kuma sun yi watsi da yadda fataucin ya haifar da al'adar shan muggan kwayoyi a tsakanin wasu al'ummomi da cibiyoyin birni.
Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Magunguna
Wani abin da ke haifar da saurin bunƙasa cibiyar safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ya kasance tushen cin hanci da rashawa a yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, idan ba duka ba. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ’yan siyasa da yawa suna amfana da kuɗin da ake wawure ta hanyar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ba su da kwarin guiwa wajen hukunta manyan masu safarar muggan ƙwayoyi da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa masu laifi. A mafi ƙaramar matakin ƙasa, masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi suna biyan jami'an kan iyaka da jami'an tsaro don wuce abubuwan ta hanyoyin sadarwar kan ƙasa cikin aminci kuma cikin ƙarancin haɗari. Ana yin wannan tattaunawa da biyan kuɗi kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyin fataucin sakamakon talauci da basussukan gwamnati da ke ba su damar biyan ma’aikatan gwamnati masu cin hanci da rashawa cikin arha.
Yakin basasa, juyin mulkin soja, da sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatoci na kara ta'azzara cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. 'Yan siyasar da ke cikin wadannan gwamnatocin da ba su da kwanciyar hankali suna gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na sakandare, ba bisa ka'ida ba don samun karfin iko. A Guinea Bissau, shugabannin sojoji da suka kwace mulki bisa zargin rage cin hanci da rashawa sun shiga cikin harkokin cin hanci da rashawa da ke saukaka kwararar kwayoyi a kan iyakokin kasar.
Yayin da ake ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba daga cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, wasu gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin Afirka sun kirkiro kungiyoyin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa domin fara sauya salon safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashensu. Najeriya ta kirkiro da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa da kuma hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa mai zaman kanta domin tantance jami’an gwamnati da ke daure da cin hanci da wawure dukiyar kasa a cibiyoyin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Wadannan yunƙuri na rage cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, da ma sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, sun gamu da cikas saboda raunin tsarin shari'a da kuma matakan cin hanci da rashawa da ke tattare da kowane mataki na gwamnati.
Gyara Manufofin Magunguna
A ci gaba da neman sabbin matakan kula da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da yin kwaskwarima kan matakan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun bullo da wasu tsare-tsare da suka mayar da hankali kan sauya akalar sauyi daga sarrafa fitar da haramtattun kayayyaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje. magungunan yaki da shan muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, da rage yawan shan magungunan da aka samu cikin sauki sakamakon cinikin muggan kwayoyi.
Kasashen Turai da dama da hukumomin tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi sun yi niyya don rage cutar da masu amfani da su a Afirka da kuma na duniya baki daya. Wannan yana nuna sauyi daga tsoffin manufofin da aka mayar da hankali kan kawar da fatauci da shan haramtattun abubuwa gaba ɗaya, don neman yin maganin illolinsu. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun samu ne ta hanyar bayanan manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke neman karfafa bincike kan cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, ta hanyar inganta fasahohin tattara bayanai da kuma binciken wasu hanyoyin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai da sauran haramtattun kwayoyi baya ga hodar iblis da tabar heroin. Dangane da karuwar shaye-shaye a yammacin Afirka, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan yadda za a bi da masu shan muggan kwayoyi da masu shan kwayoyi. Daga mahangar garambawul, manufar ƙungiyoyin ita ce gane hanyoyin tashin hankali da rashin shari'a da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a baya, da kuma sauya manufofin manufofin a maimakon sauƙaƙe sarrafawa ta hanyoyin bincike da muhawara.
Firas Ben Larbi
Mohamed Firas Ben Larbi (محمد فراس بالعربي; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 1996) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙasar Tunisiya ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga Ajman Club. Ya kuma wakilci Tunisiya a babban matakin kasa da kasa.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Ben Lardi ya fara babban aikinsa na Masar kuma ya buga wa Bizertin da Étoile du Sahel a gasar Ligue ta Tunisiya Professionnelle 1. A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2020, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta UAE Pro League Fujairah a matsayin aro, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4–2 a Sharjah.
Ayyukan kasa
Ben Lardi yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Tunisia U17 da suka fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 na 2013, tun a farkon wannan shekarar ya fafata a wannan bangare a gasar cin kofin Afrika na U-17 na 2013. A watan Satumba na 2019, an kira shi zuwa babban tawagar Tunisiya a karon farko, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2020 da Libya, wanda ya buga wasanni biyu.
Ismaila SC
Ismaily Sporting Club ( نادي الإسماعيلي الرياضي  ), ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Masar, wacce aka kafa a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1921 a matsayin El Nahda Sporting Club ( جمعية نهضة الشباب المصري   ) ( Lardin Masar : Nady El Nahda), tushen a Ismaïlia, Masar. An fi sanin kulob ɗin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. Har ila yau, ana la'akari da ita a matsayin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Masar, inda suka taimaka wa shahararren yawon shakatawa na gida don yin wasa don amfanin ƙasar mahaifa a kan sojojin da suka mamaye. Lakabin kulob ɗin The Brazilian, yana magana ne game da tufafinsu, wanda ya yi daidai da na tawagar Brazil, da irin wannan salon wasan.
Ismaily ya lashe gasar firimiya ta Masar sau uku a shekarun1967, 1991 da 2002, da kuma kofin Masar a 1997 da 2000. A cikin shekarar 1969 kulob ɗin ya lashe gasar zakarun CAF. Wannan taron, wanda shi ne na farko ga tawagar Masar, ya kasance mai ban mamaki a lokacin wanda ta hanyoyi da dama ya kasance babban nasara a zukatan dukkan tsararraki. Kulob ɗin ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na CAF a shekara ta 2003, amma ya sha kashi a hannun kulob din Enyimba FC na Najeriya.
Tarihi
Wurin kulob ɗin shi ne inda kasuwar Juma'a take a yau. Sai a shekarar 1926 ne ƙungiyar ta zama memba a hukumance a hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar. Ana kiran Ismaily masana'antar taurari, Ismaily ya samar da manyan 'yan wasa da suka shahara a Masar.
An san kulob ɗin a Masar da kuma magoya bayansa "El-Daraweesh"
An san su da buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa amma ba sa cin koci ko cin gasa, yawanci sukan yi rashin nasara a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe ko Quarter Final ko ma zagayen farko na kowane gasa. watau sun yi rashin nasara a gasar Masar a shekarar 2008 – 2009 daga rukunin rukuni na biyu a zagayen farko.
Halin farko na kulob ɗin ya kasance mai girman kai. A cikin bangon bulo na kulab ɗin, akwai filin yashi kawai, da ɗaki guda ɗaya, da wata ƙaramar bukka. Tabbas mazauna Ismaila basu gamsu ba; An cire bukkar aka maye gurbinsa da wani ƙaramin gini a shekarar 1931, aka dasa ciyawa a filin. An ci gaba da faɗaɗawa a cikin shekarar 1943, lokacin da kulob ɗin ya sayi fili mai fadin murabba'in mita 15,000 ya koma can.
Gina kulob ɗin yana buƙatar kuɗi, kuma an tattara jimillar 6453 LE daga iyalai da 'yan kasuwa na gida. Ga jerin masu bayar da gudummuwa masu karimci:
Wasan farko da ya gudana a cikin sabon filin wasa shi ne tsakanin Ismaily da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Ingila (Canal). An buɗe sabon kulob a hukumance a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun 1947. An shirya taron biki don wannan taron. A wannan rana ne aka buga wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Ismaily da Farouk First Club (yanzu Zamalek). Ismaily ya ci wasan da ci 3/2.
Manazarta
http://www.ismaily-sc.com/home/index.php/the_waroncairo/28912.html
Jerin Ƙamfanonin Ƙasar Gabon
Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.
Ala Najjar
Alaa Najjar ( علاء نجار Likita ne,  mai gyara Wikipedia kuma mai fafutuka na intanet, wanda aka nada shi Wikimedian na Shekarar a Wikimania a watan Agusta 2021 ta wanda ya kafa Wikipedia Jimmy Wales saboda rawar da ya taka a ci gaban Larabawa da al'ummomin likitoci. rawar da ya taka a ci gaban batutuwan COVID-19.
Moataz Zemzemi
Moataz Zemzemi (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekarata 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Tunisiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Niort ta Ligue 2 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tunisia.
Ala Najjar
Tare da sunan mai amfani na Wikipedia علاء( ʿAlāʾ ), Najjar babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ga WikiProject Medicine kuma mai gudanar da aikin sa kai a cikin Wikipedia na Larabci. Shi memba ne na hukumar Wikimedians na Levant User Group  kuma memba na hukumar edita na WikiJournal of Medicine. He is a board member of Wikimedians of the Levant User Group and an editorial board member of the WikiJournal of Medicine.
Ilimi da aiki
Najjar ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Alexandria, tsangayar ilimin likitanci a watan Janairu 2021 tare da Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB Bch). A halin yanzu yana aiki a "asibitin jama'a mai yawan aiki", ya gaya wa The National a cikin 2021.
Moataz Zemzemi
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A watan Janairun 2020, bayan da ya gaza shiga kungiyar ta farko, an mayar da Zemzemi aro ga tsohon kulob dinsa, Club Africain, har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2019-2020. Ya koma Strasbourg a watan Yuli 2020, yayin da har yanzu ba a dakatar da kakar ba saboda cutar ta COVID-19, bayan buga wasanni uku kacal. A cikin watan Agusta 2020, Zemzemi ya shiga kungiyar Championnat National Avranches akan lamuni na kakar 2020-21.
Ala Najjar
Wikipedia da ayyukan Wikimedia
Najjar babban mai ba da gudummawa ne tun 2014, kuma galibin gyaransa yana mai da hankali kan labaran da suka shafi magani. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa a Wikipedia na harshen Larabci da kuma a wasu ayyuka da dama kan ayyuka daban-daban na Wikimedia Foundation. Hakanan memba ne na kungiyar Wikimedia a cikin Levant kuma memba na hukumar edita na WikiJournal of Medicine tun Disamba 2018. Har ila yau, shi mamba ne a kungiyar sadarwar jama'a ta Wikipedia ta Larabci.
Moataz Zemzemi
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021, Zemzemi ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Ligue 2 Niort.
Ala Najjar
Wikipedia da ayyukan Wikimedia
Ya jagoranci aikin COVID-19 akan encyclopedia na Larabci kuma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga Magungunan WikiProject. Aikin Najjar yana taimakawa wajen yaƙar rashin bayanin likita da tunkarar cutar tare da ingantaccen, ingantaccen bayani.
An nada shi Wikimedian na shekarar a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2021 ta wanda ya kafa Wikipedia Jimmy Wales. An yaba wa Najjar saboda rawar da ya taka a ci gaban al'ummomin Larabawa da na likitoci da kuma rawar da ya taka a ci gaban batutuwan COVID-19. Saboda takunkumin tafiye-tafiye, Wales ba za ta iya ba da kyautar ga Najjar kamar yadda aka saba ba, amma a maimakon haka ta yi magana da shi cikin mamaki na Google Meet.
Moataz Zemzemi
Ayyukan kasa
Ya buga wasansa na farko a tawagar kasar Tunisia a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 2019 a wasan sada zumunci da kasar Iraqi, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Ali Maâloul na mintuna na 86.
Walid Cherfa
Walid Cherfa ( وليد شرفة  ; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 1986), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa Toulouse Rodéo.
Sana'a
An haifi Cherfa a Toulouse, Faransa. Ya kammala karatun matasa na Toulouse FC, ya bayyana a hankali ga ƙungiyar farko a lokacin kakar 2006-2007 a Ligue 1, daga baya ya yi aiki tare da kulob na rukuni na uku Tours FC.
A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2008, Cherfa ya koma Spain kuma ya shiga Gimnàstic de Tarragona a mataki na biyu akan kwangilar shekaru biyu. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2010, bayan an yi amfani da shi sosai a lokacin aikinsa, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 1 + 1 tare da wani bangare a wannan ƙasa da rukuni, Girona FC.
A ƙarshen Disambar 2010, ba tare da ya bayyana a cikin kowane gasa ga Girona ba, Cherfa ya ƙare haɗin gwiwa tare da Catalans kuma ya sanya hannu ga Albacete Balompié, kuma a cikin rukunin biyu na Sipaniya. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Aljeriya Ligue Professionnelle 1 gefen MC Alger.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 2012, ƙungiyar ta saki Cherfa. A watan Agustan 2012 ya shiga Kalloni FC a cikin matakin Girka na biyu, kuma daga baya ya yi takara a cikin ƙananan gasar Faransa ko mai son.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Babban ɗan'uwan Cherfa, Sofyane, shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma mai tsaron baya. Shi ma ya buga yawancin rayuwarsa a Faransa.
Marco Polo
Marco Polo (8 Janairu 1324) ɗan kasuwa ne na Venetia,   mai bincike kuma marubuci wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Asiya takan hanyar siliki tsakanin shekarata 1271 da 1295. An rubuta tafiye-tafiyensa a cikin Tafiya na Marco Polo (wanda kuma aka sani da Littafin Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Duniya da Il Milione, c. 1300 ), wani littafi da ya bayyana wa Turawa al'adu masu ban mamaki da ayyukan ciki na Gabashin duniya, ciki har da dukiya da girman daular Mongol da ƙasar Sin a daular Yuan, wanda ya ba da cikakken nazari na farko game da Sin, Farisa, Indiya, Japan da sauran biranen Asiya da ƙasashe.
Born in Venice, Marco learned the mercantile trade from his father and his uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, who travelled through Asia and met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, exploring many places along the Silk Road until they reached Cathay (China). They were received by the royal court of Kublai Khan, who was impressed by Marco's intelligence and humility. Marco was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary, and he was sent on many diplomatic missions throughout the empire and Southeast Asia, such as in present-day Burma, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. As part of this appointment, Marco also travelled extensively inside China, living in the emperor's lands for 17 years and seeing many things that had previously been unknown to Europeans. Around 1291, the Polos also offered to accompany the Mongol princess Kököchin to Persia; they arrived around 1293. After leaving the princess, they travelled overland to Constantinople and then to Venice, returning home after 24 years. At this time, Venice was at war with Genoa; Marco was captured and imprisoned by the Genoans after joining the war effort and dictated his stories to Rustichello da Pisa, a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married, and had three children. He died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.
Ko da yake ba shi ne Bature na farko da ya isa kasar Sin ba (duba Turawa a tsakiyar kasar Sin ), Marco Polo shi ne na farko da ya bar cikakken tarihin kwarewarsa. Wannan labarin na Gabas ya ba wa Turawa cikakken hoto game da yanayin Gabas da al'adun kabilanci, kuma shi ne tarihin farko na Yammacin Turai na anta, foda, kudin takarda, da wasu tsire-tsire na Asiya da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa. Littafin tafiye-tafiyensa ya ƙarfafa Christopher Columbus da sauran matafiya da yawa. Akwai adabi masu mahimmanci bisa rubuce-rubucen Polo; ya kuma rinjayi zane-zane na Turai, wanda ya kai ga gabatar da taswirar Fra Mauro.
Wurin haihu da asalin iyali
An haifi Marco Polo a shekara ta 1254 a Venice, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Venetian.
Mahaifinsa, Niccolò Polo, yana da gidansa a Venice kuma ya bar mahaifiyar Marco ta ciki don tafiya zuwa Asiya tare da ɗan'uwansa Maffeo Polo. Komawarsu Italiya don "tafi Venice kuma ziyarci gidansu" an kwatanta shi a cikin Tafiya na Marco Polo kamar haka: "sun tashi daga Acre kuma suka tafi Negropont, kuma daga Negropont sun ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Venice. A lokacin da suka isa wurin, Messer Nicolas ya gano cewa matarsa ta mutu, kuma ta bar mata ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, mai suna Marco.”
Kakansa na farko da aka sani shi ne babban kawu, Marco Polo (babban) daga Venice, wanda ya ba da rancen kuɗi kuma ya umarci jirgi a Constantinople. Andrea, kakan Marco, ya zauna a Venice a cikin " contrada San Felice", yana da 'ya'ya maza uku: Marco "babban", Maffeo da Niccolò (mahaifin Marco). Wasu tsoffin tushen tarihi na Venetian sun ɗauki kakannin Polo a matsayin asalin Dalmatiya mai nisa.
Suna Lakabi Milione
An ambaci Marco Polo sau da yawa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Jamhuriyar Venice kamar yadda Marco Paulo de confinio Sancti Iohannis Grisostomi, wanda ke nufin Marco Polo na contrada na St John Chrysostom Church.
Duk da haka, ana kuma yi masa lakabi da Milione a lokacin rayuwarsa (wanda a Italiyanci a zahiri yana nufin 'Miliyan'). A gaskiya ma, lakabin Italiyanci na littafinsa shine Il libro di Marco Polo detto il Milione, wanda ke nufin "Littafin Marco Polo, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da 'Milione' A cewar wani ɗan Adam na ƙarni na 15 Giovanni Battista Ramusio, 'yan uwansa sun ba shi wannan laƙabi lokacin da ya dawo Venice saboda ya ci gaba da cewa an kirga dukiyar Kublai Khan a miliyoyin. Hakazalika, ana masa lakabi da Messer Marco Milioni (Mr Marco Miliyoyin).
Koyaya, tunda kuma ana yiwa mahaifinsa Niccolò laƙabi da Milione, Masanin ilimin falsafa na ƙarni na 19 Luigi Foscolo Benedetto ya rinjaye cewa Milione. taqaitaccen sigar Emilione, da kuma cewa an yi amfani da wannan laƙabin don bambanta reshen Niccolò da Marco daga sauran dangin Polo.
Rayuwar farko da tafiya Asiya
A shekara ta 1168, babban kawunsa, Marco Polo, ya aro kuɗi kuma ya umurci jirgi a Konstantinoful. Kakansa, Andrea Polo na Ikklesiya ta San Felice, yana da 'ya'ya maza uku, Maffeo, duk da haka wani Marco, da mahaifin matafiyi Niccolò. Wannan zuriyar, wanda Ramusio ya kwatanta, ba a yarda da shi a duk duniya ba saboda babu ƙarin shaida don tallafawa.
Mahaifinsa, Niccolò Polo, ɗan kasuwa, ya yi ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya zama mai arziki kuma yana samun babban daraja. Niccolò da ɗan'uwansa Maffeo sun tashi tafiya tafiya ta kasuwanci kafin haihuwar Marco. A cikin 1260, Niccolò da Maffeo, yayin da suke zama a Constantinople, a lokacin babban birnin Daular Latin, sun hango canjin siyasa; sai suka kwashe dukiyarsu da kayan ado suka koma. A cewar The Travels of Marco Polo, sun ratsa yawancin Asiya, kuma sun gana da Kublai Khan, wani shugaban Mongol kuma wanda ya kafa daular Yuan. Shawarar da suka yanke na barin Konstantinoful ya tabbatar da lokaci. A cikin 1261 Michael VIII Palaiologos, mai mulkin Daular Nicaea, ya ɗauki Constantinople, da sauri ya ƙone kwata na Venetian kuma ya sake kafa daular Byzantine. An makantar da ƴan ƙasar Venetian da aka kama, yayin da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasarar tserewa suka halaka a cikin jiragen ruwa masu yawan gaske da ke gudun hijira zuwa wasu yankunan Venetian a cikin Tekun Aegean.
Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da yarinta na Marco Polo har sai da ya kai shekaru goma sha biyar, sai dai watakila ya shafe wani ɓangare na yarinta a Venice. A halin yanzu, mahaifiyar Marco Polo ta rasu, kuma inna da kawu sun rene shi. Ya sami ilimi mai kyau, koyan darussan kasuwanci da suka haɗa da kuɗin waje, kimantawa, da sarrafa jiragen ruwa; ya koyi Latin kadan ko babu. Daga baya mahaifinsa ya auri Floradise Polo (née Trevisan).
A cikin 1269, Niccolò da Maffeo sun koma ga iyalansu a Venice, sun sadu da matashi Marco a karon farko. A cikin shekarar 1271, a lokacin mulkin Doge Lorenzo Tiepolo, Marco Polo (yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai), mahaifinsa, da kawunsa sun tashi zuwa Asiya a kan jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa waɗanda Marco daga baya ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa. Sun tashi zuwa Acre daga baya suka hau kan raƙumansu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Farisa Hormuz. A cikin matakan farko na tafiya, sun zauna na 'yan watanni a Acre kuma sun sami damar yin magana da Archdeacon Tedaldo Visconti na Piacenza. Iyalan Polo, a wannan karon, sun bayyana nadamarsu da rashin samun wani Paparoma na tsawon lokaci, domin a tafiyar da suka yi a baya a kasar Sin sun samu wasika daga Kublai Khan zuwa Paparoma, don haka sai da suka tashi zuwa kasar Sin cike da takaici. A lokacin tafiyar, duk da haka, sun sami labarin cewa bayan watanni 33 na hutu, a ƙarshe, Conclave ya zaɓi sabon Paparoma kuma shi ne ainihin babban diyacon na Acre. Su ukun suka yi gaggawar komawa kasa mai tsarki, inda sabon Paparoma ya damka musu wasiku na "Babban Khan", inda ya gayyace shi ya aika da jakadunsa zuwa Roma. Don ba da ƙarin nauyi ga wannan manufa ya aika tare da Polos, a matsayin wakilai, ubanni biyu na Dominican, Guglielmo na Tripoli da Nicola na Piacenza.
Sun ci gaba da wuce gona da iri har suka isa wurin Kublai Khan a birnin Shangdu na kasar Sin (wanda ake kira Cathay a lokacin). A wannan lokacin, Marco yana ɗan shekara 21. Domin basira da tawali’u na Marco sun burge Khan, sai Khan ya naɗa shi ya zama jakadan ƙasashen waje zuwa Indiya da Burma. An aika shi a ofisoshin diflomasiyya da yawa a cikin daularsa da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya, (kamar Indonesia ta yau, Sri Lanka da Vietnam ),  amma kuma ya nishadantar da Khan da labarai da lura game da ƙasashen da ya gani. . A wani bangare na wannan nadin, Marco ya yi balaguro da yawa cikin kasar Sin, inda ya zauna a kasashen sarki na tsawon shekaru 17.
Kublai da farko ya ƙi sau da yawa ya bar Polos ya koma Turai, saboda ya yaba da kamfanin kuma sun zama masu amfani a gare shi. Duk da haka, a kusa da 1291, a ƙarshe ya ba da izini, yana ba wa Polos amanar aikinsa na ƙarshe: rakiyar gimbiya Mongol Kököchin, wanda zai zama mataimakiyar Arghun Khan, a Farisa (duba sashin labari ). Bayan barin gimbiya, Polos ya yi tafiya a kan ƙasa zuwa Konstantinoful. Daga baya suka yanke shawarar komawa gidansu.
Sun koma Venice a cikin 1295, bayan shekaru 24, tare da dukiya da dukiya da yawa.
Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight
Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight editan Wikipedia ce kuma mai ba da shawara don ƙara ganin mata a dandalin. An san ta da ƙoƙarinta na ƙirƙira da inganta labarai game da tarihin mata da tarihin rayuwar mata akan Wikipedia. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan daidaita gibin jinsi da tabbatar da cewa gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa a fannoni daban-daban ana wakilta daidai a kan layi.
Kundin Tsarin Mulki
Kundin tsarin mulki shine jimillar ƙa'idodi na asali ko kafaffen abubuwan da suka zama tushen doka na wata hukuma, ƙungiya ko wani nau'in mahalli kuma galibi suna da ƙayyadaddun yadda za'a gudanar da wannan ƙungiya.
Lokacin da aka rubuta waɗannan ƙa'idodin cikin takarda ɗaya ko saitin takaddun doka, ana iya cewa waɗannan takaddun sun ƙunshi rubutaccen tsarin mulki; idan an haɗa su a cikin cikakken takarda guda ɗaya, an ce ya ƙunshi kundin tsarin mulki. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya babban misali ne na kundin tsarin mulkin da ba a canza shi ba; A maimakon haka an rubuta shi a cikin muhimman Ayyukan majalisa, shari'o'in kotu ko yarjejeniyoyin.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya shafi matakai daban-daban na kungiyoyi, daga ƙasashe masu iko zuwa kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin da ba su da haɗin gwiwa. Yarjejeniyar da ta kafa kungiya ta duniya ita ma kundin tsarin mulkinta ce, ta yadda za ta ayyana yadda kungiyar ta kasance. A cikin jihohi, tsarin mulki yana bayyana ka'idodin da ƙasa ta dogara da su, tsarin da aka kafa dokoki da kuma ta wa. Wasu kundin tsarin mulki, musamman na kundin tsarin mulki, suma suna aiki ne a matsayin masu takaita ikon gwamnati, ta hanyar kafa layukan da masu mulkin jaha ba za su iya ketare su ba, kamar hakkoki na asali. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Indiya shine mafi dadewa rubutaccen tsarin mulki na kowace ƙasa a duniya, yana da kalmomi 146,385  a cikin harshen Ingilishi,  yayin da Tsarin Mulkin Monaco shine mafi guntu rubutaccen tsarin mulki tare da kalmomi 3,814. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na San Marino na iya zama kundin tsarin mulkin da aka rubuta mafi tsufa a duniya, tunda wasu muhimman takaddunsa suna aiki tun 1600, yayin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka shine mafi tsufa tsarin aiki. Tsawon rayuwar tarihi na kundin tsarin mulki tun 1789 kusan shekaru 19 ne.
Asalin kalma
Kalmar tsarin mulki ta zo ta hanyar kalmar Faransanci da kuma kalmar Latin constitutio, da aka yi amfani da ita don ka'idoji da umarni, kamar dokokin mulkin mallaka (constitutiones principis: edicta, mandata, decreta, rescripta). Daga baya, an yi amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin dokar canon don yanke shawara mai mahimmanci, musamman dokar da Paparoma ya bayar, wanda yanzu ake magana da shi a matsayin tsarin mulkin manzanni.
William Blackstone ya yi amfani da kalmar don gagarumin cin zarafi na amanar jama'a, na yanayi da kuma iyakar cewa ƙetare zai ba da hujjar mayar da martani na juyin juya hali. Kalmar kamar yadda Blackstone ya yi amfani da ita ba don rubutun doka ba ne, kuma bai yi niyyar haɗawa da ra'ayi na baya-bayan nan na Amurka game da bitar shari'a ba: "domin wannan shine ya sanya ikon shari'a fiye da na majalisa, wanda zai zama mai rushe dukkanin gwamnati".
Abbas Sadiq
Abbas Sadiq tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta Hausa wato Kannywood Kuma furodusa, yayi zamani a lokacin sani danja, Ibrahim maishinku ubale Wanke Wanke, yayi fina finai da dama a masana antar. Darakta ne Kuma Yana aiki da kamfanin MTN a matsayin ambassador nasu a program na TV Mai suna filin tashi mu taimakeka. Ya fara fim a shekarar 1986,Yana da aure da yara.Fina finan sa.