cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mynorgaanagh
Roish myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght
Rish y Gorley Doo (phlaih fairaigagh) roshtyn al-Andalus ‘sy Spaainey ‘sy 14oo eash, screeu Ibn Khatima dy row “myn-chorpyn” gowaltagh bun ghorley gowaltagh lesh adsyn çheet stiagh ‘sy chorp. Ayns 1546, hug roish Girolamo Fracastoro dy row bun çhingyssyn theayagh nheeghyn rassagh yn-astreeaghey nod ymmyrkey gorley liorish coventyn jeeragh ny neuyeearagh, as eer gyn coventyn harrish foddeeaght mooar.
She eieyn barelagh v’ayn er myn-vioee, gyn fysseree ny oaylleeaght erbee. Cha row feanish, taishbyney ny soilshaghey kiart mynyngione derrey’n 17oo eash. Shen er y fa nagh row mynreayrtanyn ry-gheddyn oc.
Shennaghys ‘eddyn magh myn-vioee
thumb|240px|right|[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, y chied myn-vea-oayllee as y chied dy ‘akin myn-vioagyn liorish mynreayrtan.]]
Va Anton van Leeuwenhoek mastey ny kied sleih dy ‘akin myn-vioagyn, liorish mynreayrtan rere’n chiaddey echey hene. Va’n cohortys hug eh da bea-oaylleeaght mastey ny smoo scanshoil rieau. By Robert Hooke eh y chied ren scrutaghey er bioagyn liorish mynreayrtan; screeu eh er killagyn losseree ‘sy lioar 1665 echey, Micrographia.
Roish my hooar magh Leeuwenhoek myn-vioee ayns 1675, cha hoig ad cre’n fa dod oo jannoo feeyn jeh smeïr-feeyney, caashey jeh bainney, ny cre’n fa va bee loauaghey. Cha ren Leeuwenhoek kiangley ny h-obbraghyn shoh as myn-vioee, agh phrow eh dy row bioagyn ayn nagh row ry-akin da’n tooill. Obbyr Leeuwenhoek, myrane lesh tastaghyn Lazzaro Spallanzani as Louis Pasteur, hug ad jerrey er y çhenn eie dy row bea hene-ghientyn ass stoo neuvio trooid loauaghey. Hooar magh Lazzaro Spallanzani dy dod eh jannoo awree shiast liorish broie, as marroo myn-vioee erbee v'aynjee. Hooar eh magh myrgeddin nagh nod myn-vioee noa soiaghey urree mannagh beagh eh goll er anchoodaghey da'n aer. Dobbyr Louis Pasteur ny smoo er y chooish, lesh anchoodaghey awree broit da'n aer ayns saaghyn as shollane oc, son dy lhiettal breneenyn jeh goll ny hrooid da'n awree, as ayns saaghyn gyn shollane. Haink stiagh yn aer trooid feddan cruillagh nagh lhig da joan bentyn rish yn awree. Lesh broie yn awree 'sy toshiaght, v'eh shickyr nagh row myn-vioee bio erbee 'syn awree ec y toshiaght. Cha daase red erbee 'syn awree car prowaltys Phasteur. Haishbynee shen dy row bioee erbee daase ayns lheid yn awree çheet stiagh jeh çheumooie, myr sporragyn er joan, as cha jagh ad er hene-gheintyn 'syn awree. Hug shen builley baaish da'n çheiltynys hene-ghientyn, as hug eh feanish da'n çheiltynys bunniag
Rang-oardraghey
thumb|380px|right|Shoh [[Billey phylogienagh|billey aafilleydagh son dy haishbyney shennayraght chadjin tree reamyn vea. Ta bacteyryn ayns gorrym, eukaryoteyn ayns jiarg, as archaea ayns geayney. Ta ynnydyn kuse dy phyla ayns cosoylaght rish y cheilley ry-akin mygeayrt-y-mysh.]]
Ma myn-vioee ry-akin er feie rheam vea ny cruinney. Ta bacteyryn as archaea mynreayrtagh dy kinjagh, bunnys, as ta shiartanse dy eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh myrgeddin. T'adsyn goaill stiagh protistyn, fyngyssyn, as shiartanse dy myn-vaaghyn as lossreeyn. Cha nel ad goaill rish dy cadjin dy vel veerysyn bio, as myr shen, cha nee myn-vioee t'ayn, ga dy vel myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght goaill stiagh studeyrys orroo.
Prokaryota
Ta daa ream ec ny prokaryoteyn, bacteyryn as archaea. She possan dy vioagyn smoo anchasley as lhieenar ny cruinney t'ayn, as adsyn cummal raad erbee ta ushtey fliugh ry-gheddyn as ta'n çhiassid fo +140 °C. T'ad cummal ayns sailley, thalloo, aer, cassanyn collaneagh-gastragh veiyn, çhibbraghyn çhehey, as foddey fo bleayst ny cruinney ayns cregyn. Ta prokaryoteyn er dagh eaghtyr nagh vel er ny hiastey er lheh, faggys. T'ad credjal dy vel mysh qeuig millioon trillioon trillioon jeu ayn, dy ghra myr shen 5×1030.
Bacteyryn
thumb|250 px|Bacteyryn [[Staphylococcus aureus er nyn mooadaghey 10,000x]]
Archaea
Ta archaea nyn un-chillagee gyn çheshvean, gollrish bacteyryn. 'sy traa t'er ngoll shaghey, cha dug ad tastey da ny h-anchaslyssyn eddyr oc, as v'ad cliaghtey cur bacteyryn myrane lesh archaea 'sy reeriaght Monera. Ayns 1990, hug roish y myn-vioagh-oayllee Carl Woese y corys tree reamyn, as eshyn eddyrscarrey bioagyn ayns bacteyryn, archaea as nd eukaryoteyn. Ta anchaslyssyn eddyr bacteyryn as archaea bentyn rish gien-oaylleeaght as bea-chemmig. Myr sampleyr, ta far-chrackanyn ec y ghaa; agh ta'n far-chrackan killag bacteyragh ass fosfaar-glisreed lesh kianglaghyn esteragh, as ta'n far-chrackan archaeagh ass lipaidyn eethyr.
Eukaryoteyn
Ta ymmodee eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh ayn. Anchasley rish bacteyryn as archaea, ta mynoltyn ec eukaryoteyn, myr sampleyr, çheshvean killag, farrys Golgi as mitochondria. Foddee eukaryoteyn ve haploid ny diploid, as ta ymmodee çheshveanyn killag ec kuse jeu (jeeagh er coenocyte). Cha nel dagh myn-vioagh ny un-chillagagh; ta eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh yl-chillagagh ayn.
Protistyn
Mastey ny eukaryota, she ny protista ny fir smoo un-chillagagh as mynreayrtagh. She possan feer anchasley rish y cheilley t'ayn. Ta kuse dy algaghyn nyn brotistyn yl-chillagagh, as ta corys bea er lheh ec lheeahid glooie lesh caghlaa eddyr cummaghyn un-chillagagh, yl-chillagagh as coloinagh. Cha s'ain quoid dy phrotisyn t'ayn; foddee nagh vel shin er chur enney agh er beggan jeu.
Beiyn
thumb|210px|Meeyllag mynreayrtagh [[meeyllag|Lorryia formosa.]]
Ta beiyn yl-chillagagh son y chooid smoo, agh ta fir jeu do-akin da'n tooill ny yei shen. Ta arthropodyn mynreayrtagh goaill stiagh meeyllagyn joaney as meeyllagyn partan. Ta crustee vynreayrtagh goaill stiagh copepodyn as cladocera, as ta ymmodee nematodeyn ro veg son adsyn y 'akin lesh y tooill myrgeddin. Ta rotiferyn feer chadjin myrgeddin; she eederyn-sheeley t'ayn, as adsyn cummal ayns ushtey millish. Foddee myn-veiyn geddyn sliught dy keintyssagh ny neucheintyssagh, as ta kuse jeu skeaylley da oayllyn noa myr oohyn oddys tannaghtyn bio raad nagh nod y baagh aasit. Foddee shiartanse dy veiyn bunneydagh, myr sampleyr, rotiferyn as nematodeyn, çhirmaghey dy slane as tannaghtyn nyn gadley rish tammylt liauyr.
Fungyssyn
Ta ymmodee dooieyn fungys unchillagagh, myr sampleyr, jastee fuinnee (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Foddee shiartanse jeu, myr sampleyr, Candida albicans, caghlaa phenohorçh as aase myr un-chillagee ayns shiartanse dy hymbyllaghtyn. T'ad geddyn sliught dy keintyssagh (liorish cur buinney magh ny scoltey jeesoil). Foddee ad jannoo sporragyn myrgeddin; she conidia neucheintyssagh t'ayn, ny basidosporragyn keintyssagh.
Lossreeyn
Ta algaghyn glassey goaill stiagh ymmodee bioagyn mynreayrtagh. Ta kuse jeu er nyn rang-oardraghey myr protistyn, as fir elley myr embryophyteyn (lossreeyn cadjin). Foddee algaghyn aase dy un-chillagagh ny myr driaght liauyr dy chillagyn. Ta scuitçheyderyn un-chillagagh as coloinagh nyn mast'oc, chammah's cummaghyn coloinagh, runt as snaieagh.
Bea
Ta myn-vioee ry-akin er feie ny cruinney, ayns dagh sorçh dy oayll, bunnys, as shen goaill stiagh ardjyn y Twoaie as y Jiass, faasee, geeseryn, cregyn as y marrey mooar. Ta kuse jeu er gormal rish ny feer-staydjyn shoh as er droggal coloinyn; she graihderyn barbaght t'ayn. T'adsyn er nyn ngeddyn ass cregyn wheesh as 7km fo eaghtyr ny cruinney. Ta kuse dy 'leih credjal dy vel wheesh dy vea fo eaghtyr ny cruinney as ersyn. Ta feanish ain daue tannaghtyn bio rish tammylt ayns folmid, as t'ad shassoo noi goulraght erskyn-ghorrym; myr shen, foddee ny nod ad tannaghtyn bio ayns spoar.
Ta kianglaghyn shimboshagh eddyr ymmodee myn-vioee as bioagyn smoo. Ta kuse jeusyn co-vondeishagh, agh ta fir elley jeeyllagh da'n olteyr (sheadanys). My t'ad nyn munyn çhingys, ta oayllee cur myn-vioee ghorlagh orroo.
Graihderyn barbaght
She myn-vioagh eh graihder barbaght, as eshyn er gormal rish staydyn beagh marrooagh da bioagyn elley. Myr sampleyr, ta lheid ny myn-vioee er nyn veddyn ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn heese:
Ta scansh ec graihderyn barbaght. T'ad lhiggey da bea thallooinagh lheanaghey ayns cooid mooir jeh ushtey ny cruinney, bleayst ny cruinney as yn aeraght. T'ad er n'aafilley troyn noi çhymbyllaghtyn varbagh, as fodmayd ymmyd jeu y yannoo ayns bea-haghnoaylleeaght. Chammah's shen, er y fa dy vel ad ayn dyn y wooise da lheid y varbaght, t'eh ny smoo cosoylagh dy beagh bea neuhallooinagh ayn myrgeddin.
Mynvioee thallooin
Ta'n corys neetragien thallooin croghey er tashtey neetragien ass yn aeraght. Un aght dy vel shen taghyrt, she liorish obbyr bacteyryn shimboshagh (genera Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, ny Azorhizobium) ta cummal ayns uddanyn ayns fraueyn lossreeyn poanragh.
Mynvioee himboshagh
Ta mynvioee himbosagh, myr sampleyr, fungyssyn as algaghyn, kiangley rish y chielley ayns scryss ny greg. Ta kuse dy fungyssyn jannoo shimbosh mycorhissagh myrane lesh biljyn; ta shen cur ny smoo beaghey da'n villey as shugyr da'n fungys.
Rianteg
She commyoon 'sy rheynn Mor-Bihan, y Vritaan, eh Rianteg (Riantec). 'Sy vlein 2011 va 5,117 dooinney cummal 'sy chommyoon.
Skeerey Stondane
Ta Skeerey Stondane ny Skylley Stondane (Santon Parish ny Santan Parish) ny skeerey ayns jiass Vannin eddyr Purt Soderick as Strooan Stondane ayns y çheadin Medall. Ta'n skeerey çhemmit liorish ny skeeraghyn Braddan da'n shiar, Marooney da'n twoaie, as Malew da'n sheear. Ta'n joarey jiass jeh'n skeerey jeant seose jeh Mooir Vannin. She Balley Noa y balley smoo 'sy skeerey. Ta Donald Gelling ny Chaptan ny Skeerey agh ta Andrew Parker ny Chaairliagh er ny barrantee.
Mynorgaanagh
Scansh
Ta feme ec deiney as y çhymbyllaght er mynvioee. Ta laue oc ayns coryssyn bunstoo ny cruinney, myr sampleyr, y corys carboan as y corys nitrageen. Ta ny paartyn elley oc goaill stiagh aa-choorsal fooillagh as kirp vioagyn elley liorish loaughey, as jannoo shimbosh myrane lesh bioagyn yl-chillagagh.
Bossan keylley
She lus sheer-vio 'sy chynney Apiaceae eh bossan keylley (Sanicula europaea). T'eh ry-akin er feie ny h-Oarpey ayns keyljyn dorraghey.
Mynorgaanagh
Ymmyd ayns bee
Ta sleih jannoo ymmyd jeh mynvioee ayns imbyl, jannoo feeyn, fuinney, piggylaghey as obbraghyn jannoo bee elley. Ta ymmyd elley jeant jeu dys gurneil gyle tra t'ad jannoo troar vainney, myr sampleyr caashey as binjean. Ta ny h-aaseyn shen cur blass da'n troar myrgeddin, as lhiettal bioagyn neuyesh jeh aase.
Bossan keylley
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta blaaghyn baney-jiarg echey ayns umbyl. T'ad goll er pollnaghey liorish shellanyn. Ta ny messyn echey caulgagh, as t'ad croghey er eaddee as fynney dys skeaylley ny rassinyn echey. Ta duillagyn babbanagh-duillageenagh echey.
Mynorgaanagh
Ymmyd ayns obbyr glennee ushtey
Ta ymmyd jeant jeh mynvioee sheelrit er lheh er son obbraghey bea-oaylleeagh er sorniagys as jeeyl çhynskylagh.
Bossan keylley
Nieu
Ta saponin 'sy lus, as myr shen t'ad beggan nieunagh.
Mynorgaanagh
Ymmyd dys gientyn bree
T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh mynvioee ayns gyle dys jannoo ethanol, as ayns frasseeaghyn bea-ghas er so dy yannoo meetane. Ta oayllee jannoo studeyrys er ymmyd algaghyn dys jannoo conney, as ymmyd vacteyryn dys jannoo ethanol kellaloyshagh ass jeeyll eirinagh as baljagh.
Bossan keylley
Ymmyd
Va ymmyd tradishoonagh jeant jeh myr saase eeastee, liorish cur ram jeu 'syn ushtey as lhiggey da'n nieu faase cur neeal er ny yeeastyn. V'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh myr stoo lheeys myrgeddin, noi çhingyssyn crackan as folley.</ref name="PFAF">
Mynorgaanagh
Ymmyd ayns oaylleeaght
Ta mynvioee nyn ngreieyn femoil ayns, bea-chemmig, gien-oaylleeaght, as bea-oaylleeaght cho-vreneenagh. Ta ny jasteeghyn (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) nyn ayns oaylleeaght, er y fa dy nee eukaryoteyn bunneydagh t'ayn, agh foddee ad goll er aase dy tappee as goll er caghlaa dy aashagh. T'ad feeu er lheh ayns gien-oaylleeaght, gienoam-oaylleeaght as proteeoam-oaylleeaght. Ta ymmyd jeant jeu son dy chroo steroidyn as ayns lheeys ghorlaghyn crackanagh. Ta studeyryssyn elley jeeaghyn er jannoo ymmyd jeu myr killagyn conney bioey, ny noi sollaghar.
Lheie deiney
Foddee mynvioee jannoo endohimbosh myrane lesh bioagyn smoo. Myr sampleyr, ta bacteyryn 'sy chorys lheieagh deiney cooney y chorys ym-yeenaght, jannoo biomaneyn (geayr folagh, bioteen as fir elley), as lheie carbey-hydraadyn neulheieagh dooin.
Çhingyssyn as jeen-oaylleeaght
Ta mynvioee nyn minn ymmodee gorlaghyn gowaltagh. Ny bioagyn hene, t'adsyn goaill stiagh bacteyryn gowaltagh (bun y phlaih fairaigagh, gorley shymlee as antraks); protosoa (bun malaarey, çhingys chadlee as tocsaplasmosh); as fungyssyn (bun meeyl chrackan, candeyjaash as histoplasmosh). Ta çhingyssyn elley, myr sampleyr floo as yn çhiassagh buigh, obbyr veeryssyn, as cha nel adsyn nyn mioagyn rere rang-oardraghey oaylleeagh cadjin. Rere obbyr derrey 2007, cha nel feanish baghtal er archaea gorlagh, agh ta sheiltynys ayn dy vel laue oc ayns çhingys ym-eeacklagh.
Scansh ayns eggoaylleeaght
Ta laue mooar ec mynvioee ayns obbraghyn louaghey, as shen aa-choorsal nitrageen as bunstooghyn elley da'n eggochorys.
Slaynt-oayllys
She shaghney doghanyn liorish scryssey jeh mynvioee ee slaynt-oayllys. Er y fa dy vel mynvioee ry-akin ayns dagh ooilley boayl, faggys, t'ee çheet er adsyn y injillaghey da keim beg, son y chooid smoo. Ny yei shen, ny keayrtyn, ta feme ayn dy vel nhee ny stoo ennagh lane amrid (dy ghra myr shen, gyn bioagyn ny veeryssyn erbee), myr sampleyr, spooytag.
Er son aarlaghey bee, t'ad ginjillaghey mynvioee liorish freayll (myr sampleyr, cur stiagh feeyn geayr), liorish jannoo ymmyd jeh greieyn glenney, liorish nagh tashtey agh rish tammylt beg, as liorish feayrid. My ta feme ayn er lane amrid, ta goulraghey ny ymmyd autoclave cadjin dy liooar.
The Rolling Stones
right|thumb|The Rolling Stones By phossan craa-chiaullee Sostynagh ad The Rolling Stones. Haink y possan ry-cheilley ayns London, Sostyn, 'sy vlein 1962. Va'n possan jeant seose jeh Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Ronnie Wood as Charlie Watts.
Prederion
She commyoon 'sy rheynn Mor-Bihan, y Vritaan, eh Prederion ny Branderion (Brandérion). 'Sy vlein 2011 va 1,308 dooinney cummal 'sy chommyoon.
Heertçh (ellan)
right|thumb|Reayrt er Am Baile as y cheiy. She Heertçh (Hiort, Hirta) yn ellan smoo mastey ellanyn yn ellanree t'er enney fo'n ennym cheddin. T'eh ny lhie magh veih coose heear ny h-Albey. Ta'n ellan 3.4 km (2.11 mi) er lheead veih'n neear my hiar, as 3.3 km (2.05 mi) veih'n twoaie my yiass. T'eh 6.285 km2 (2.427 mi ker) er eaghtyr as ta'n coose 15 km (9.3 mi) er lhiurid. Cha nel agh un ynnyd tarlheimagh er yn ellan as eh soit ayns baie coadit Bàgh a' Bhaile er çheu hiar yiass yn ellan. Magh veih Bàgh a' Bhaile as magh veih'n lhargagh veen ta roie gys Gleann Mòr, ta ny h-eayninyn shassoo jeeragh magh veih'n 'aarkey. She Conachair (430 m, 1,410 tr) y boayl s'yrjey er yn ellan. Ta Dùn scarrit veih Heertçh liorish ammyr cheyll aaghowin 50 m er lheead.
Plastaid
thumb|300px|Killagyn lus as [[chloroplast|chloroplastyn ry-akin ayndaue.]] She mynoltyn scanshoil ayns killagyn lossreeyn as algaghyn ad plastaidyn. Ta kemmigyn scanshoil goll er co-haaghey ayndaue. Dy cadjin, ta daaghyn co-haaghey sollysh ayndaue, as ta ny daaghyn shoh soaiaghey daah ny killag.
Ta dagh plastaid jannoo ymmodee coipyn jeh'n phlastoom kiarkylagh as 75-250 kilojees ayn. Ta earroo ny coipyn croghey er obbraghyn y phlastaid; ta ram jeu (harrish 1000 ny keayrtyn) ayns killaghyn ta rheynn dy tappee (cha nel monney plastaidyn ayns lheid ny killagyn), agh 100 ny ny sloo ayns killagyn aasit, as ny plastaidyn oc er nyn rheynn hene dys ymmodee plastaidyn. Ta mysh 100 gien 'sy phlastome, bentyn rish GRNr as GRNa, chammah's proteenyn as laue oc ayns co-haaghey sollysh, as obbraghyn aascreeu as çhyndaays. Agh cha nel shen agh ayrnag ny proteenyn as feme oc dys jannoo plastaid. Ta'n chooid smoo jeu er nyn goad ayns gienntagyn çheshveanagh, as ta cooilleeney gienntagyn plastaidagh as çheshveanagh co-reillt dys shickyraghey co-hrimmid cooie plastaidyn bentyn rish rheynn ny killag.
Ard-valley Dùn Dèagh
She ard coonseilagh ayns Nalbin ee Ard-valley Dùn Dèagh. T'eh mygeayrt yn ard-valley Dùn Dèagh hene.
Plastaid
Ayns algaghyn, t'ad cur "leucoplast" er plastaid erbee gyn daah. Cha nel shen y red cheddin as leucoplast lus.
Ard-valley Dùn Dèagh
Ta ardjyn coonseilagh ny h-Albey nyn eaghtyryssyn unnidagh, agh cha nel yn enmys shen currit orroo 'sy leigh.
Facebook
Ta Facebook ny ynnyd-eggey da moggyl soshiallagh va shiaullit ayns Toshiaght Arree 2004 as ta fo-reirey as fo-stiurey liorish y y cholught shelloodagh echey, Facebook, Inc., lesh ny smoo na 500 millioonyn dy ymmydeyryn breeoil ayns Jerrey Souree 2010. Foddee ymmydeyryn cur sleih lioroo hene myr caarjyn as foddee ad shiaull çhaghteraghtyn hucsyn. Myrane lesh shen foddee ad jannoo nyn skeealyn ass y noa. Foddee ymmydeyryn kiangley lesh moggylyn ta rang-oardit liorish ynnyd obbree, scoill, ny colleish. Ta ennym yn ynnyd-eggey çheet ass yn ennym cadjin jeh ny lioaryn ta currit ta scollagyn ec toshiaght y vlein acadoil liorish lught-reill ollooscoillagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as ad shirrey cooney ny scollagyn cur fys orroosyn hene. Ta Facebook lhiggey da dagh peiagh ta ny shinney na 13 bleeeaney d'eash cur ynnyd dauesyn hene er bun er yn ynnyd-eggey.
Va Facebook currit er bun liorish Mark Zuckerberg marish e chumraagyn shamyr as e chumraagyn scoillaragh va jannoo studeyrys er sheanse co-earrooagh myr Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz as Chris Hughes. Va olteynys yn ynnyd-eggey caglit liorish ny bunneyderyn dys scollagyn Harvard, agh ny s'anmey v'eh lheanit dys colleishyn elley ayns ard Boston, y Leeg Hibbin, as Ollooscoil Stanford. Chur eh cooney da scollagyn ec ollooscoillyn elley roish e foshley dys scollagyn ayns ard-scoillyn, as, fo yerrey, dys dagh peiagh ny shinney na 13 bleeaney d'eash.
Jodie Gasson
She aa-craishteyder an-ghraagh Sostynagh ee Jodie Gasson (ruggit ayns Brighton, Sostyn, er 25 Jerrey Fouyir 1988). Hoshee ee gobbyr myr craishteyder ayns 2008 as dirree ee ass ayns 2014. She yn çhuyr s'aa ee lesh y chraishteyder Kelly Gasson.
Yn Oarpey Hwoaie
right|thumb|250px|Yn Oarpey Hwoaie myr ta meenit ec [[ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit (ayns gorrym):
]] thumb|right|Soiaghey [[ny Çheeraghyn Nordagh]]
Çhengaghyn yn Unnaneys Oarpagh
T'ad çhengaghyn yn Unnaneys Oarpagh ny çhengaghyn ta loayrit 'syn Unnaneys Oarpagh. T'ad goaill stiagh tree çhengaghyn oikoil as feed jeh'n Unnaneys Oarpagh myrane lesh ram çhengaghyn elley. Ta'n UO shassoo seose er son caghlaays çhengoaylleeagh as ec y traa t'ayn ta Barrantagh Oarpagh ry hoi Yl-çhengeydys ayn - Leonard Orban.
Yn Oarpey Hwoaie
She yn Oarpey Hwoaie cooid hwoaie yn Oarpey. Ta ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit cur baght er yn Oarpey Hwoaie myr cooid hallooin ta goaill stiagh ny çheeraghyn as ny croghaneyn shoh:
Cha nel ny Çheeraghyn Nordagh ny yn ard Nordagh goaill stiagh agh fo-rheynn jeh ny çheeraghyn as ny croghaneyn va soilshit magh heose. Roish y 19-oo eash, va'n enmys 'Nordagh' ny 'Twoaieagh' ymmydit son Twoaie ny h-Oarpey ayns keeal va goaill stiagh ny çheeraghyn Nordagh, y Roosh Oarpagh, çheeraghyn Baltagh (yn Estaan, Livonia as Kurzeme). Ta'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit as Nerin coontit myr çheeraghyn 'syn Oarpey Heear ny keayrtyn.
Shennaghys
thumb|300px|Caslys-çheerey Ollanagh jeh'n Oarpey Hwoaie, clouit ayns 1601. Dy shendeeagh, choud's va'n Oarpey fo smaght ec yn ard Meanvooiragh (t'eh shen yn Impiraght Romanagh), va'n enmys 'Yn Oarpey Hwoaie' currit er dagh ard nagh row faggys da'n Veanvooir, goaill stiagh y Ghermaan, ny Çheeraghyn Injil, as yn Austeyr. Ta'n cheeal shen ymmydit ayns cooishyn ennagh, lheid as resoonaghtyn Aavioghey yn Twoaie. Ayns ny mean eashyn va'n enmys (Ultima) Thule ymmydit as eh çheet er boayl feayn-skeealleydagh ayns ny king hallooin smoo twoaie jeh'n vooar-rheynn.
Çheeroaylleeaght
Ta'n Oarpey Hwoaie jeant seose jeh lieh-innys Loghlin, lieh-innys Jutland, y thalloo rea Valtagh ta ny lhie da'n shiar as ny h-ellanyn ta nyn soie er yn 'aarkey vooar magh veih mooar-heer ny h-Oarpey Hwoaie, Greenlynn as mooar-rheynn vooar ny h-Oarpey. Ta joarey yn ard meenit liorish ny h-ellanyn volcaanagh 'sy neear hwoaie, yn Eeslynn as Jan Mayen er lheh, y coorse marrey sleitoil 'sy neear, sheeyney magh veih ny sleityn ayns ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh dys sleityn Loghlin, ny cruink as sleityn hwoaie meanagh 'sy Toolynn, as y thalloo rea 'sy niar ta goaill stiagh y Litaan, y Latvey, yn Estaan as Finnlynn.
She yn joarey smoo heear yiass na boayl ta begnagh ec 50° Twoaie as joarey smoo twoaieagh ec 81° Twoaie
Ta speyr yn ard er feie cleaynit liorish Stroo yn Eearvooir as cleayney bog echey er y speyr. Veih'n neear ta'n speyr anchasley veih speyryn mooiragh as fo-arctagh mooiragh. 'Sy twoaie as 'sy laare ta blass fo-arctagh ny Arctagh er y speyr, as da'n shiar she speyr fo-arctagh as sheeltagh/mooarheeragh.
Myr ta'n speyr anchasley veih ard dys ard, ta'n ghlasseraght cheaghlagh chammah, lesh tundrey goan 'sy twoaie as ayns ny sleityn ardey, keylljyn twoaieagh ayns ny h-ardjyn shiar hwoaie as meanagh, keylljyn bearkanagh sheeltagh (as y chooid smoo jeu ayns Gaeltaght ny h-Albey as sheear yiass Norlynn rieau) as keylljyn lhean-ghuillagagh sheeltagh 'sy jiass, 'sy neear as 'sy niar sheeltagh.
The Office (straih hellveeish Americaanagh)
She straih hellveeish sitcom far-eanishagh Americaanagh eh The Office. Ta'n straih cur sheese er bea obbree laaoil failleyderyn oik ayns crouw y cholught far-skeealagh Dunder Mifflin Paper Company ayns Scranton, Pennsylvania. Hie eh magh er ny scaalheaney er NBC eddyr 24 Mayrnt 2005 as 16 Boaldyn 2013, feie nuy straihyn. Bunnit er y straih Ghoaldagh fo'n ennym cheddin (2001-2003) liorish y BBC as er ny chroo ec Ricky Gervais as Stephen Merchant, v'eh aachummit son y çhellveeish Americaanagh liorish Greg Daniels, shenn screeudeyr son Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, as The Simpsons. V'eh co-ghientit liorish Deedle-Dee Productions as Reveille Productions (Shine America ayns ny laaghyn ny s'anmey), ayns bishaghey rish Universal Television. V'ad Daniels, Gervais, Merchant, Howard Klein, as Ben Silverman, ny h-ard-ghienteyderyn bunneydagh agh haink fir elley stiagh ayns ny straihyn anmagh.
Roie-ockle
She rang fockle eh roie-ockle. Son y chooid smoo, t'eh cowraghey cochianglaghyn bentyn rish reamys ny traa. Ta'n ennym oc er y fa dy vel ad roish ny t'ad bentyn rish, son y chooid smoo. 'sy Ghaelg as çhengaghyn Celtiagh elley (mastey fir elley), ta roie-ocklyn cowraghey peiagh as earroo liorish yn-filley. Myr shen, ny keayrtyn, cha nel red erbee nyn lurg, er y fa dy vel eh goit stiagh 'sy roie-ockle hene.
Eear-ocklyn as taah-ocklyn
Ayns kuse dy hengaghyn, ta focklyn jannoo yn obbyr cheddin, agh t'ad soit ny lurg ny focklyn. Myr shen, ta çhengoayllee cur eear-ockle orroo. Ny keaytyn, t'ad cur taah-ockle er y daa.
Myr sampleyr:
Cowrey Israel
Ta Cowrey Steat Israel taishbyney menorah eddyr daa vanglane olive er y daa heu, as y fockle  (Ewnish son "Israel") foue. Dy mennick ta daaghyn bane-ghorrym as bane er y chowrey, agh t'eh ry-akin ayns daaghyn elley bentyn rish ymmyd y chowrey.
Shennaghys
Ren Steat Israel doltey yn cowrey lurg cohirrey kiaddee 'sy vlein 1948. Ta kiaddey yn chowrey bunnit er y chur-stiagh ren Gabriel as Maxim Shamir cur stiagh 'sy chohirrey, marish troyn veih cuir-stiagh elley lheid as Oteh Walisch as W. Struski, as Itamar David as Yerachmiel Schechter. Va'n cowrey doltit ec y steat er 10 Toshiaght Arree 1949.
Cosoyley
300px|left|thumb|Ta'n jalloo er y chowrey bunnit er jalloo yn menorah er [[Arc Titus.]] Ta'n jalloo ta goll er ymmyd er y chowrey bunnit er jalloo yn menorah er Arc Titus. Va'n menorah ymmydit 'sy Çhiamble shenndeeagh ayns Jerusalem. She cowrey yn Ewaghys t'ayn veih ny shenn traaghyn. T'eh shassoo er son y toilsheraght chadjin.
Foddee dy vel yn cowrey bunnit er ashlish yn 'aihder bibleagh Zechariah, cabdil 4, raad t'eh cur sheese er menorah as daa villey olive cruinnaghey yn menorah er y daa heu.
Ta ny banglaneyn olive shassoo er son shee.
Yn Teelynn
Foddee dy vel y Teelynn çheet er:
Gowaltys
right|thumb|Gowaltys grine sampleyragh ayns America Hwoaie, lesh thie eirinagh, [[Ontario, y Chanadey.]] She ayrn dy hallooin eh gowaltys ny ferm ta goaill stiagh strughtooryn eigsoylagh, as ta casherickit da'n chliaghtey dy troarey as reirey bee (troar, grineyn, ny sthock, frauaigyn, as conney. Foddee dy vel gowaltyssyn ayns shelloo dooinney ynrican, lught thie, co-phobbyl, co-chorp, colught, ny steat.
Bossan ny jeeigey
She lus 'sy ghenus Elatine eh bossan ny jeeigey (Elatine hexandra).
Pont-Skorf
She commyoon 'sy rheynn Mor-Bihan, y Vritaan, eh Pont-Skorf (Pont-Scorff). 'Sy vlein 2011 va 3,337 dooinney cummal 'sy chommyoon.
Bossan ny jeeigey
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase wheesh as 20 cm er yrjid. Ta duillagyn maylartey eelipsagh dys spaddylagh echey. Ta blaaghyn baney echey, as tree petyllyn oc. Ta 6 staimynyn as tree carpyllyn oc.
Arabee Israelagh
She seyraanee Israel lesh eiraght chultooragh as hengagh as enney Palasteenagh oc ad seyraanee Arabagh Israel ny Arabee Israelagh. She Arabish y çhengey chadjin oc, gyn bwooise da'n chraueeaght t'ec y loayreyder. She daa-hengeyderyn y chooid smoo jeh ny h-Arabee shoh as ad loayrt yn Ewnish myr y nah hengey oc. She Moslymee y chooid smoo jeu, agh ta ram jeu nyn Arabee Chreestee as nyn Nroosee chammah.
Rere Ard-Oik Staydraa Israel v'eh oolit dy row 1,617,000 Arabee 'sy çheer 'sy vlein 2010, ny 20.5% jeh pobble y çheer. Ta'n chooid smoo jeu cur ashoonaght Phalasteenagh as seyraanaght Israelagh orroosyn. Ta mooinjeryssyn ec ram jeu rish lughtyn-thie 'sy Vroogh Heear as ayns Straih Gaza, chammah as rish lughtyn-thie ayns campyn kemmyrkagh 'sy Jordaan, 'sy Teer, as 'sy Livaan.
Stroll
right|thumb|Gooyn oie as gooyn jeant ass stroll Ta stroll çheet er sorçh dy fidderaght lesh baare gloasagh as cooyl ouyragh eck. Ta stroll ymmydit ayns eaddeeyn dy mennick: ayns jaggadyn bluckan-valley, breeçhyn cuttagh roortagh, fo-eaddagh ben, gooynyn oie, blooseyn, as gooynyn fastyr, agh t'ee ry-akin ayns breeçhyn cuttagh doarney, lheinaghyn as carvatyn.
Melissa Debling
She craishteyder an-ghraagh Sostynagh ee Melissa Debling (ruggit ayns Ramsgate, Kent, Sostyn, er 21 Toshiaght Arree 1989). T'ee er ve ry-akin ayns earishlioaryn lheid as Nuts, Zoo, Front and FHM. Ren ee obbraghey marish y linney keintys Elite TV chammah. Hoshee ee soilshaghey magh feailleraghyn ayns 2011 as chur ee magh e ynnyd-eggey hene ayns 2013.
Kione y Sker
230px|right|thumb|Kione y Sker, ny Creg Voirrey, ayns Baie Ghoolish veih Cosheeaght y Logh. Ta Kione y Sker ny Creg Voirrey (St Mary's Isle, Conister Rocks ny Tower of Refuge) ny chooid jeh sker ayns Mannin. T'eh ny chreg ta begnagh lane fo ushtey ec baare sker ayns Baie Ghoolish. Ta Kione y Sker lane fo ushtey ec raip-roayrt er lheh, as foddee peiagh erbee shooyl dys yn ellan ec y chontraie co-reggyrtagh.
Toor y Chemmyrk
Va cummey cashtal currit er y chemmyrk liorish y ard-obbree John Welch (y dooinney ta freggyrtagh er son cummey mooarane dy hieyn er lheh ayns Mannin). Ec y toshiaght va clageen ayn 'sy toor ry hoi symney cooney as va bee kiarit ry hoi ymmyd ec mayrnee. Ta'n thie ny lhie faggys da terminal baatey assaig y traa t'ayn jiu.
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig
thumb|Y shenn-chlose da Sabhal Mòr Ostaig thumb|Thieyn noa da'n cholaashtey Colaashtey ry hoi ynsaghey Gaelg ny h-Albey t'ayns Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, ta ny hoie mysh 3 km my hwoaie veih Armadail 'sy lieh-innys Slèite 'syn Ellan Skianagh ayns sheear-hwoaie ny h-Albey. Cooid jeh Ollooscoill y Ghaeltaght as ny h-Ellanyn (OGE) t'ayns Sabhal Mòr Ostaig as ta rheynn elley jeh ayns Eeley enmyssit Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle.
She liorish yn 'er-dellal ynnydagh yn Reejerey Iain Noble dy row yn colaaish shoh er ny chur er bun sy vlein 1973. 'Sy chied vlein va coorse er-lheh ry hoi dellal as y Ghaeltaght er ny hebbal, as she shiaght studeyryn ren frastyl er y choorse shen ec y toshiaght.
She yn bard ard-ghooagh Somhairle MacGill-Eain va ny oltey y voayrd ec y toshiaght. She yn schoillaragh Fearchar MacGillfheinnein ass Ratharsair va ny chied stiureyder lane-emshyragh y cholaashtey veih'n vlein 1976. Veih'n vlein 2002 va keimyn BA er nyn jebbal 'sy cholaashtey myr cooid jeh Undinys-ny-Milley-Bleeaney yn OGE.
Ynnyd ry hoi Leaghtyn bleeinoil Shabhal Mòr Ostaig yn colaashtey as hig studeyryn Ghaelg ny h-Albey dys shen veih dy chooilley voayl 'sy theihll. Veih'n vlein 2010 magh ta mysh keead studeyr lane-emshyragh bunnys frastyl er y cholaashtey as mysh hoght-feed studeyr gynsaghey ass yn 'oddeeaght as mysh nuy keead studeyr frastyl er ny giare-choorseyn souree ta bentyn rish y çhengey as rish y chultoor.
"Soalt Mooar Ostaig" bun as bree yn ennym "Sabhal Mòr Ostaig".
Yn Anglicaanaght
right|thumb|Y rosag Anglicaanagh She tradishoon çheusthie jeh'n Chreestiaght as ta jeant seose jeh Agglish Hostyn as agglishyn eigsoylagh as kianglaghyn shenndeeagh ny credjueyn, cliaghtaghyn as strughtooryn cosoylagh ree ee yn Anglicaanaght. Ta'n fockle Anglicaanaght çheet magh ass ecclesia anglicana, abbyrt veanagh y Ladjyn veih'n vlein 1246 ny ny s'leah as ee çheet er "Agglish Hostyn". Ta'n chooid smoo jeh Anglicaanee nyn olteynyn jeh agglishyn as adsyn hene nyn olteynyn jeh'n Chommeeys Anglicaanagh eddyr-ashoonagh. Ansherbee, ta agglishyn elley ta coontey adsyn hene myr agglishyn Anglicaanagh agh nagh vel coontit çheusthie jeh'n Chommeeys Anglicaanagh. T'ad goll er enney myr Agglishyn Anglicaanagh Beaynagh.
Skeerey Marooney
Ta Skeerey Marooney ny Skyll Marooney (Marown) ny skeerey hallooinit ayns Mannin. Ta'n skeerey ny soie 'sy çheadin Medall. Dy shendeeagh (er dyn vlein 1796), va'n skeerey soit 'sy çheedin Glion Faba. She Marooney yn un skeerey ayns Mannin nagh vel çhemmal rish y vooir. Ta'n Awin Doo roie trooid y skeerey. Ta ny baljyn beggey Glion Vyan as Balley ny Croshey soit 'sy skeerey. She Tim O'Hanlon Caairliagh ny Barrantee as she Charles Fargher Captan ny Skeerey.
Kione ny h-Ayrey
right|thumb|Thie sollysh Chione ny h-Ayrey. She Kione ny h-Ayrey (Point of Ayre) y boayl smoo twoaieagh ayns Mannin. T'eh ny lhie ec kione hwoaie Vaie Rhumsaa, 10 km (6.2 mi) çheu hwoaie veih Rhumsaa. Ta'n boayl so-roshtynagh liorish yn raad A16 veih Skyll Vreeshey. Cha nel boayl elley er yn ellan ny s'niessey da mooar-heer y Vretyn Vooar as eh ny lhie 26 km (16 mi) çheu yiass veih Burrow Head.
Kione (grammeydys)
Ayns çhengoaylleeaght as grammeydys, ta kione çheet er argane olt ennagh. Dy tradishoonagh, t'ad gra dy vel y kione cowraghey ny ta'n raa loayrt mychione.
Dy cadjin, t'ad cur commee oltyn neuchaghlaaee ry-cheilley lesh king oltyn aistragh. Ayns çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh, as adsyn nyn jengaghyn ennymagh-cassidagh, ta'n jees gymmyrkey 'syn aght cheddin. Ayns çhengaghyn ergatagh-jeeragh, cha nel shen kiart; t'adsyn cur ry-cheilley cassyn as commee, cha nel king as commee. Myr shen, ta çhengoayllee eddyrscarrey y tree. T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh aittin (A) son dy chowraghey king ayns oltscarrey çhengoaylleeagh. Ta shellagh (S) cowraghey commee, as ta onnane (O) cowraghey cassyn.
Sampleyryn
Sampleyryn :
Dy tradishoonagh, foddee oo cur kione er ny sampleyryn heese myrgeddin: Rere çhengoaylleeaght jeianagh, t'adsyn nyn gommee.
Bossan mollagh mooar
She lus ghoan 'sy chynney Asteraceae eh bossan mollagh mooar (Senecio sarracenicus). T'eh gaase ayns ardjyn najooragh rish awinyn. T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey as yn Aishey heear. Er coontey'n 'raue dowin echey, she dooie toshee t'ayn.
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She hemicryptophyte beayn-hassooagh t'ayn. Ta stholeyn wheesh as 150km er lhiurid echey, as raisoam feillagh. Ta bolganyn lane dy aer ayns roost ny fraueyn, nyn gochormyssyn noi buill curree gyn monney ocsygien. Ta'n ghass s'inshley oc echey renaigagh. Ta duillagyn sleeanagh liauyrey echey. Ta'n crouw-vlaaghey yl-chioneagh echey. Ta ny blaaghyn ayns cummey cluig as jeant jeh queig petyllyn buighey. T'ad goll er pollnaghey ec shey-chassee ny hene-phollnaghey, as ta ny rassinyn goll er skeaylley liorish y gheay, croghey er beiyn, as liorish snienganyn.
Lizzie Holden
She daawheeylleyder ratçhal keirdey Manninagh ee Elizabeth Rose Rebecca "Lizzie" Holden (ruggit er 12 Mean Fouyir 1997).
Doour
Foddee doour çheet er:
Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna
By fer jeh ny feeleeghyn by ennymoil, myrane lesh Peadar Ó Doirnín, Art Mac Cumhaigh as Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta, ass jiass Ulley as twoaie Lion 'sy 17oo as 'sy 18oo eash eh Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna (m. 1680 – 1756). V'eh ruggit as troggit ayns Fer Managh as, lurg lhing ghiare echey myr saggyrt, hie eh lesh yn 'eeleeaght myr coorse-bea.
Ga nagh vel "Cathal Buí", myr t'eh enmyssit dy caarjoil ayns beeal-arrish Bréifne, cha nel eh mie er enney ayns Nerin nish, agh ta'n obbyr mooar echey An Bonnán Buí tannaghtyn myr nane jeh ny keaynaghyn as arraneyn share er enney ass Nerin veih ny keead-bleeantyn jerree. Va çhaglym jeh'n obbyr echey, "Cathal Buí: Amhráin", foilshit magh ec y schoillar Breandán Ó Buachalla 'sy vlein 1975. Ta studeyrys er scoill feeleeaght Bréifne ry-heet veih Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin. Ta e heihll kelloorit dagh blein 'sy çheer ghooghyssagh echey 'sy Bhlaic as ayns Béal Cú lesh feailley ta enmyssit ayns e onnor, Féile Chathal Buí.
Algey
V'ad cliaghtey goaill stiagh Cyanobacteria prokaryotagh myr algaghyn, agh rere eieyn cadjin jeianagh, t'ad ny s'faggys da bacteyryn. Ta algaghyn çheet er bioagyn eukaryotagh ynrican jiu. Myr shen, ta çheshvean as plastaidyn far-chrackanagh ec feer algaghyn rere'n eie t'ayn nish. She possan paraphyletagh sa polyphyletagh t'ayn, er y fa nagh vel eh goaill stiagh dagh cloan y çhennayr co-chadjin s'jerree as cha nel shennayr algagh co-chadjin ec dagh fer jeu. Ny yei shen, t'eh jeeaghyn dy vel co-vun ec y plastaidyn oc.
Ta feanish fossyllagh ayn jeh algaghyn mysh 3 billioon blein er dy henney, 'syn Eash Roie-Chambriagh
Cha nel ymmodee oltyn lossreeyn thallooin ec algaghyn. Cha nel duillagyn, rhisoidyn ny fraueyn oc. Ta ymmydee jeu hene-veeagh, agh ta fir elley micsotrophagh (goaill bree liorish co-haaghey sollysh as liorish goaill stiagh carboan orgaanagh, myr sampleyr, liorish ee killagyn. Ta kuse dy ghooie un-chillagagh croghey er bree çheumooie as cha nel farrys co-haaghey sollysh oc.  Dys geddyn sliught, ta fir jeu rheynn dy neucheintyssagh, agh ta saaseyn crampit sheelraghey keintyssagh ec fir elley.
Ta farrys co-haaghey sollysh algey jeh Cyanobacteria 'sy toshiaght, as myr shen, t'ad cur magh ocsygien myr fo-hroar co-haaghey sollysh. Shen anchasley rish obbraghyn bacteyryn elley ta co-haaghey sollysh.
Rang-oardraghey
Rere soilshaghey jeinagh, she eukaryoteyn t'ayn, as adsyn co-haaghey sollysh ayns chloroplastyn (nyn mynoltyn far-chrackanagh). Ta GDN kiarkylagh 'sy chloroplast, as ta'n mynolt gollrish Cyanobacteria. She shimboshee sthie jeelymagh t'ayn, foddee. Ta cummey er lheh ec chloroplastyn dagh clein. Ta'n taabyl heese soilshaghey magh cummey ny tree possanyn algagh smoo. Ta mooinjerys ry-akin 'sy diagram er y çheu yesh. Ta olteynyn ayns ymmodee possanyn nagh vel co-haaghey sollysh nish. Ta plastaidyn elley (cha nel chloroplastyn) ec fir jeu foast, as cha nel plastaidyn erbee ec fir elley.
Rang-oardraghey rere plastaidyn:
John Travolta
She aghteyr as arraneyder Americaanagh eh John Joseph Travolta (ruggit er 18 Toshiaght Arree 1954). Haink enney mie er car ny 1970yn tra ren eh cloie er y sitcom çhellveeish Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–1979) as ayns ny scannaneyn rahoil Carrie (1976), Saturday Night Fever (1977), Grease (1978), as Urban Cowboy (1980). Huitt e choorse bea car ny 1980yn, agh haghyr aavioghey echey car ny 1990yn lesh e phaart ayns Pulp Fiction (1994), as hie eh er oaie cloie ayns scannaneyn goaill stiagh Get Shorty (1995), Broken Arrow (1996), Phenomenon (1996), Face/Off (1997), A Civil Action (1998), Primary Colors (1998), Hairspray (2007), as Bolt (2008).
Va Travolta enmyssit son Aundyr Academy son yn Aghteyr Share son e chloiaghyn ayns Saturday Night Fever as Pulp Fiction. Chossyn eh Aundyr Golden Globe son yn Aghteyr Share ayns Jalloo Roie Kiaullee ny Aittys son e chloie ayns Get Shorty as t'eh er gheddyn shey enmyssaghtyn, y fer jerrinagh ayns 2011. Ayns 2014, chossyn eh Aundyr IIFA son Ard-obbyr Ard-yindyssagh 'sy Scannaneaght Eddyrashoonagh. Ayns 2016, ren Travolta geddyn e chied Aundyr Primetime Emmy, myr gienteyder y chied straih jeh'n straih skeealyn çhaglit American Crime Story, er ny fo-enmyssey myr The People v. O. J. Simpson. Hooar eh enmyssaght elley son Emmy as son Golden Globe son e chloie myr y leighder Robert Shapiro 'sy straih. She etleyder preevaadjagh eh Travolta chammah.
Steve Buscemi
She aghteyr Americaanagh eh Steven Vincent Buscemi (ruggit er 13 Nollick 1957). Ta enney mie er son e phaartyn ayns ny scannaneyn Reservoir Dogs (1992), Desperado (1995), Con Air (1997), Armageddon (1998), Ghost World (2001), Big Fish (2003), as The Death of Stalin (2017). Ta enney mie er chammah son e cho-obbraghyn marish ny braaraghyn Coen as eh er ve cloie ayns shey scannane lioroosyn: Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), The Hudsucker Proxy (1994), Fargo (1996), The Big Lebowski (1998), as Paris, je t'aime (2006).
Ta coorse rahoil ec Buscemi chammah er y çhellveeish. Eddyr ny bleeantyn 2010 as 2014, ren Buscemi cloie y paart toshee myr Enoch "Nucky" Thompson 'sy straih hellveeish Boardwalk Empire liorish HBO as er ny chroo ec Terence Winter. Ren e chloie cosney da daa Aundyr y Screen Actors Guild, Golden Globe as daa enmyssaght son Aundyr Emmy. Mastey yn obbyr çhellveeish ta jeant echey, ta e phaartyn goaill stiagh The Sopranos (2004, 2006), 30 Rock (2007–2013), Portlandia (2014–2017) as Miracle Workers (2019–jiu). Ren eh e chied scannane myr stiureyder lesh y scannane Trees Lounge (1996), va screeuit echey as v'eh ny rollage ayn chammah. Lurg shen, ren eh stiurey Animal Factory (2000), Lonesome Jim (2004), as Interview (2007).
Ta Buscemi er obbraghey dy mooar 'sy vioghys, goaill stiagh obbyr ghoo myr Randall Boggs 'sy straih scannane Monsters, Inc. (2001–2021), Wesley ayns Home on the Range (2004), Horace Nebbercracker ayns Monster House (2006), Templeton the Rat ayns Charlotte's Web (2006), Scamper ayns Igor (2008), Bucky the Hamster ayns G-Force (2009), Wayne the Werewolf 'sy straih scannane Hotel Transylvania (2012–2022) as Francis E. Francis ayns The Boss Baby (2017).
Bun Cranncha
She balley ayns twoaie Choontae Ghoon ny Ghoal, Nerin, eh Bun Cranncha (Buncrana). T'eh ny lhie er Loch Súilí er Lieh-innys Inis Eoghain, 23 km çheu heear hwoaie veih Doirrey as 43 km çheu hwoaie veih Littyr Kennain. She Bun Cranncha y balley smoo ayns Inis Eoghain as y nah valley smoo 'sy choontae lurg Littyr Kennain.
Coontae Inver Ayre Hiar
She ard coonseilagh ayns Nalbin ee Coontae Inver Ayre Hiar (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir an Ear, Cooncil o Aest Ayrshire, East Ayrshire).
Ta ardjyn coonseilagh ny h-Albey nyn eaghtyryssyn unnidagh, agh cha nel yn enmys shen currit orroo 'sy leigh.
Gamman
thumb|She gamman gyn aarlaghey ta reaghit dy h-aashagh eh [[Tayrn teayddey.]] thumb|The Card Players (1895), peintal liorish [[Paul Cézanne ta soilshaghey magh gamman er ny kaartyn.]] She roortys strughtooragh eh gamman, t'er ny chloie er son taitnys as ta ymmydit ny keayrtyn myr greie ynsee Ta scansh eddyr gammanyn as obbyr (ta jeant er son leagh) ny ellyn (ta bentyn rish soilshaghey eieyn). Ny yei shen, cha nel scarrey glen eddyr oc, as t'eh er credjal dy vel ram gammanyn coontit myr obbyr (lheid as cloiederyn keirdey ayns gammanyn as cloiaghyn fakinagh) ny ellyn (lheid as ny gammanyn ta goaill stiagh lhie magh ellynagh lheid as Mahjong solitaire).
Ludwig Wittgenstein
S'cosoylagh dy nee Ludwig Wittgenstein eh y chied 'allsoonagh ren eab dy veenaghey gamman. 'Sy Ronsaght 'allsoonagh echey, hoilshee magh eh nagh row troyn gammanyn (myr sampleyr, cloie, reillyn as cohirrey) dy liooar dy veenaghey gammanyn. Ren eh briwnys dy vel sleih cur gamman er ymmodee obbraghyn gyn agh mooinjerys eaghtyragh eddyr oc.
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Roger Caillois
French sociologist Roger Caillois, in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men), defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics:
Chris Crawford
Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as: an interactive, goal-oriented activity, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere with each other.
Troyn as rang-oardraghey gammanyn
Games can be characterized by "what the player does." This is often referred to as gameplay. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game and that in turn produce skill, strategy, and chance.
Tools
Games are often classified by the components required to play them (e.g. miniatures, a ball, cards, a board and pieces, or a computer). In places where the use of leather is well established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as rugby, basketball, football, cricket, tennis, and volleyball. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of playing cards. Other games such as chess may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces.
Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board, play money, or an intangible item such as a point scored.
Games such as hide-and-seek or tag do not utilise any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an auto race can be radically different depending on the track or street course, even with the same cars.
Rules
Rules generally determine turn order, the rights and responsibilities of the players, and each player’s goals. Player rights may include when they may spend resources or move tokens. Common win conditions are being kied to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in Settlers of Catan), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in Monopoly), or some relationship of one’s game tokens to those of one’s opponent (as in chess's checkmate).
Skill, strategy, and chance
A game’s tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy, luck, or a combination thereof, and are classified accordingly.
Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as wrestling, tug of war, hopscotch, target shooting, and stake, and games of mental skill such as checkers and chess. Games of strategy include checkers, chess, go, arimaa, and tic-tac-toe, and often require special equipment to play them. Games of chance include gambling games (blackjack, mah-jongg, roulette, etc.), as well as snakes and ladders and rock, paper, scissors; most require equipment such as cards or dice. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example, American football and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while tiddlywinks, poker, and Monopoly combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most trick-taking games involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as Risk, Settlers of Catan, and Carcassonne.
Single-player games
Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a yo-yo or playing tennis against a wall is not generally recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any formidable opposition.
It is not valid to describe a computer game as single-player where the computer provides opposition. If the computer is merely record-keeping, then the game may be validly single-player.
Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually puzzles or recreations. -->
Sorçhyn
Ta ymmodee cummaghyn dy ghamman ayn, veih spoyrt cohirreydagh dys gammanyn boayrd as gammanyn co-earrooder.
Gammanyn jesh-laueaght
Ta lheid ny gammanyn goaill stiagh gammanyn as y feme schlei oc bentyn rish jesh-laueaght ny co-oardraghey laue-sooill. T'adsyn goaill stiagh Jenga, marmyreen, tiddlywinks as y lheid. Ta feme er cullee er lheh dys cloie fir elley, myr sampleyr, billiardyn as Subbuteo.
Gammanyn boayrd
Ta gammanyn boayrd jannoo ymmyd jeh boayrd ta taishbyney stayd, cooid as immeeaght ny cloiederyn, liorish cowraghyn er lheh. Dy mennick, ta kaartyn ny jeesley ayn myrgeddin. Son y chooid smoo, t'ad cloie ayns shayllyn: ta un chloieder smooinaghtyn as jannoo ny ta fo, as eisht ta'n nah chloieder jannoo shen. Cha nod cloiederyn jannoo agh rish y çhayll oc.
Gammanyn kaart
Ta gammanyn kaart jannoo ymmyd jeh paagey kaartyn. Foddee eh ve paagey cadjin Goaldagh-Americaanagh (52 chaart), agh ta paagaghyn as 32, 36 ny 40 kaart oc 'syn Europey, chammah's kaartyn tarot. Ta paagaghyn er lheh ec shiartanse dy ghammanyn, myr sampleyr, Uno.
Ta kuse dy ghammanyn boayrd jannoo ymmyd jeh kaartyn. Dy cadjin, shen dys soilshaghey immeeaght y ghamman ny dys obbraghyn gyn tort. Hoal noi shen, ta kuse dy ghammanyn kaayrt jannoo ymmyd jeh boayrd as cowraghyn er, dys soilshaghey y scensh son y chooid smoo.
Gammanyn jeesley
Ta gammanyn jeesley jannoo ymmyd jeh jeeslaghyn myr bun y ghamman. Son y chooid smoo, t'ad croghey er aigh, agh ny keayrtyn ta schlei chosoylaght bentyn rish.
Ta kuse dy ghammanyn elley (myr sampleyr, gammanyn boayrd) jannoo ymmyd jeh jeeslaghyn er son reih gyn tort.
Drine airn
She crouw 'sy ghenus Prunus eh drine airn (Prunus spinosa). T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Aishey heear, as yn Affrick hwoaie. T'eh jeant dooghyssagh ayns ardjyn ayns yn Teelan Noa as America Hwoaie hiar.
Gamman
Gammanyn jeesley
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Mira Awad
She arraneyder, aghteyr, as screeudeyr arraneyn Arabagh Israelagh ee Mīrā ’Anwar ‘Awaḍ (ميرا أنور عوض‎ Mīrā ’Anwar ʕawaḍ; Mira Anwar Awad; Мира Ануар Ауад; ruggit 11 Mean Souree 1975). 'Sy vlein 2009 ren ee shassoo son Israel ayns Cohirrey Arraneyn yn Eurovision marish yn arraneyder Ewnagh Israelagh Achinoam Nini as ad goaill yn arrane There Must Be Another Way. By ee y chied Arabagh ren goaill arrane er son Israel 'syn Eurovision as ee goaill y chied arrane lesh focklyn 'syn Arabish.
Drine airn
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She crouw ny billey beg yn-lhoamey eh drine ain. T'eh gaase wheesh as 5m er yrjid, as ta ny banglaneyn creoi as gloo. Ta roost dorraghey echey, as jialgyn er. Ta ny duillagyn oohchrooagh, 2-5cm er lhiurid as 1-2cm er lheead, as ta ooir saue-eeacklagh orroo. Ta ny blaaghyn 1.5cm er crantessen, as queig petyllyn baney ouyragh oc. T'ad daa-ghooghyssagh as t'ad goll er pollnaghey ec shey-chassee.