cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Steat unnaneagh
300px|thumb|right|Caslys-çheerey ta taishbyney steatyn unnaneagh y theihill (ayns gorrym). 300px|thumb|right|Ta'n [[Reeriaght Unnaneysit ny steat unnaneagh...]] 300px|thumb|right|...agh ta [[ny Steatyn Unnaneysit ny steat conastagh.]] Ta steat unnaneagh ny steat seyr ta reirit myr unnid ynrican raad dy vel y reiltys meanagh ny chorys reirey s'yrjey as dy vel rheynnyn reiragh (unnidyn fo-ashoonagh) stiurey cummaghtyn ta rheynnit magh ec y reiltys meanagh. Ta corys unnaneagh reiltys ec cooid vie jeh steatyn y theihill.
Ta steatyn unnaneagh neuchosoylagh rish steatyn conastagh (conastaghyn).
Commagh (grammeydys)
Ayns çhengoaylleeaght as grammeydys, ta commagh çheet er argane olt neuchaglaaee.
Dy cadjin, t'ad cur commee ry-cheilley lesh king oltyn aistragh. Ayns çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh, as adsyn nyn jengaghyn ennymagh-cassidagh, ta'n jees gymmyrkey 'syn aght cheddin. Ayns çhengaghyn ergatagh-jeeragh, cha nel shen kiart; t'adsyn cur ry-cheilley cassyn as commee, cha nel king as commee. Myr shen, ta çhengoayllee eddyrscarrey y tree. T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh shellagh (S) son dy chowraghey commee ayns oltscarrey çhengoaylleeagh. Ta aittin (A) cowraghey king, as ta onnane (O) cowraghey cassyn.
Skeerey Vraddan
Ta Skeerey Vraddan ny Skylley Vraddan (Braddan) ny skeerey heeynt 'sy çheadin Medall, Mannin. T'ee sheeyney veih ny skeeraghyn Maayl as Creest ny h-Ayrey 'sy twoaie, as çhemmal rish ny skeeraghyn Carmane, Marooney, as Connaghyn 'sy vean, as t'ee çhemmal rish Stondane 'sy jiass. Ta'n ayrn twoaie sleitagh as ta'n ayrn jiass ny smoo rea. Ta'n ayrn jiass goaill stiagh ardjyn cummaltagh faare da Doolish. She Thomas Philip Caley Captan ny Skeerey.
Far-skeealaght launyssagh as yee-launyssagh
Ta far-skeealaght launyssagh as yee-launyssagh çheet er shaanraghyn jeh'n far-skeealaght heiltynagh ta ronsaghey strughtooryn sheshoil as politickagh. Ta'n far-skeealaght launyssagh soilshaghey magh soiaghey ta coardail rish ethos yn ughtar as t'ee goaill stiagh cowraghyn jeh rieughid elley as ad jeerit er yeearreeaghtyn y lhaihder. Ta'n far-skeealaght yee-launyssagh kiarail y red n'oi: soilshaghey soiaghey nagh vel coardail rish ethos yn ughtar. Ta noaskeealyn ennagh mestey yn daa haanrey, dy mennick myr macsoyley er ny bollee eigsoylagh foddee yn sheelnaue goaill rish as ny bollee shen croghit er reihyssyn y çheelnaue. Ta flaunyssyn as jee-launyssyn ry-gheddyn dy mennick 'sy far-skeealaght heanse as ayns sorçhyn elley jeh'n far-skeealaght heiltynagh.
Va ny smoo na 400 obbraghyn flaunyssagh soilshit magh 'sy Vaarle roish y vlein 1900 as ny smoo na thousane elley er nyn jeet magh car y feedoo eash. Ta'n bishaghey shen bunnit dy cooidjagh er aase yn anaase 'sy far-skeealaght haanrey, 'sy far-skeealaght heanse, as 'sy far-skeealaght aeglagh dy mennick, agh, chammah's shen, er y chaghlaa sheshoil ny s'lhea hug twoaieaght cooishyn sheshaghtagh ny dowanagh, lheid as adsyn bentyn rish y çhaghnoaylleeaght, caghlaa emshyraght, as aase eaarroo yn phobble. Ta fir jeh ny beoynyn shen er nyn groo fo-haanraghyn er lheh lheid as y far-skeealaght egg-launyssagh, y far-skeealaght emsyraght, noaskeealyn jee-launyssagh aeglagh, as noaskeealyn jee-launyssagh feminagh.
Oettern-Bremke
She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh Oettern-Bremke. T'eh ny lhie mysh 5 km çheu hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Bentrup, Loßbruch, Klüt, Jerxen-Orbke as Niewald ny slystyn ta çhemmal rish.
Va'n clyst cochorpit lesh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn y ghurneilys ynnydagh.
Ta'n clyst 3.2 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 153 deiney cummal ayn. She Bernd Moritz (SPD) y meoir as she Manfred Stölting (SPD) yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.
Pivitsheide V. H.
She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh Pivitsheide V. H. Ta'n "V.H." çheet er "Vogtei Heiden". T'eh ny lhie mysh 7 km çheu heear veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Nienhagen, Heidenoldendorf, Hiddesen as Pivitsheide V. L. ny slystyn ta çhemmal rish.
Va'n clyst cochorpit lesh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn y ghurneilys ynnydagh.
Ta'n clyst 3.45 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 3,321 deiney cummal ayn. She Ralf Hamann (SPD) y meoir as she Wolfgang Köster (SPD) yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.
Ann Dowd
She ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee Ann Dowd (ruggit er 30 Jerrey Geuree 1956). T'ee er ny chloie paartyn co-hassooagh ayns ram scannaneyn, goaill stiagh Green Card (1990), Lorenzo's Oil (1992), Philadelphia (1993), Garden State (2004), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Marley & Me (2008), Side Effects (2013), St. Vincent (2014), Captain Fantastic (2016), as Hereditary (2018). Chloie Dowd y karacteyr Sandra 'sy scannane creauagh Compliance (2012), raad hooar ee Aundyr y National Board of Review son y Ven-aghteyr Co-hassooagh Share.
Va paart reiltagh ec Dowd 'sy straih The Leftovers (2014–2017) liorish HBO, raad hooar ee enmyssaght son Aundyr Primetime Emmy son y Ven-aghteyr Cuirreydagh Ard-yindyssagh ayns Straih Drama. Ayns 2017, hoshee ee cloie Aunt Lydia 'sy straih yee-launyssagh The Handmaid's Tale liorish Hulu, raad chossyn ee Aundyr Primetime Emmy son y Ven-aghteyr Co-hassooagh Ard-yindyssagh ayns Straih Drama.
Wichita, Kansas
She Wichita y balley smoo ayns Kansas, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Va 389,902 cummaltee 'sy valley rere coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2016. She Bob Buckhorn meoir y chaayr. Va'n chaayr bunnit 'sy vlein 1863.
Çheer-oaylleeaght
Rere Oik Coontey-pobble ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ta'n chaayr 423.70 km² er eaghtyr, 412.56 km² jeh ayns thalloo as 11.14 km² jeh ayns ushtey.
Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit
Ta Wichita lannoonit rish ny baljyn as ny caayryn shoh heese:
Eaynin
250px|right|thumb|[[Aillte an Mhothair, Coontae yn Chlaair, Nerin.]] Ayns çheer-oaylleeaght as creg-oaylleeaght, ta eaynin çheet er oaie chreggagh phontreilagh ny begnagh phontreilagh. Ta eayninyn crooit myr eiyrtys jeh crimmey as emshyraghey. Ta eayninyn ry-akin dy mennick rish cooseyn, ayns ardjyn sleitagh, er lhiargee, as rish awinyn. Ta eayninyn ry-akin ayns buill raad ta ny creggyn ta jannoo seose ny h-eayninyn jeenagh noi'n chrimmey as yn emshyraghey.
Yn Ghrianchryss
thumb|right|300px|Caslys-seihill as y ghrianchryss cowrit lesh jiarg thumb|300px|right|Ynnydyn as emshyraght ghrianchryssagh oc, dy ghra myr shen, tempreilys [[mean (maddaght)|vean harrish 18 °C (64 °F) er fud ny bleeaney.]]
She ard mygeayrt Cryss ny Cruinney ee yn Ghrianchryss ny yn Chryss Heh. T'ee roshtyn Çhyndaa yn Phartan 'sy twoaie ec 23° 26′ 16″N (ny 23.4378°) N as Çhyndaa yn Ghoayr 'sy jiass ec  23° 26′ 16″ (ny 23.4378°) S. Ta'n Ghrianchryss goaill stiagh dagh ooillay ynnyd 'sy teihll raad ta'n Ghrian dy jeeragh er-dty-skyn keayrt ennagh 'sy vlein (poynt fo-ghreiney).
T'ad scarrey yn Ghrianchryss veih daa chryss elley ny cruinney: dowan-lheeadyn meanagh as.
Emshyraght as imbaghyn
thumb|left|Fliaghey meeoil meanagh rere cryss. Ta ny smoo fliaghey ayn 'sy Ghrianchryss na t'ayns dowan-lheeadyn smoo.
Dy mennick ayns ymmyd cadjin, ta "grianchryssagh" cowraghey emshyraght ghrianchryssagh, dy ghra myr shen, çheh as tash er fud ny bleeaney, as ram glassyraght ayn.
Ta imbaghyn çhirrmey as fliughey ec ymmodee ynnydyn grianchryssagh. Ayns lheid yn ynnyd, ta cooid smoo jeh fliaghey ny bleeaney goll er ceau 'syn imbagh fliaghee. Cha nel feer imbagh fliaghee ec keyllyn fliaghee grianchryssagh, son ta fliaghey kinjagh oc er fud ny bleeaney. Ayns kuse d'ardjyn as imbagh fliaghee oc, ta brishey 'sy 'liaghey tra ta scughey çheu-ard oc (eddyr oc as ard ny twoaie ny ard y jiass, rere y lieh-chruinney).
My ta'n imbagh fliaghee taghyrt 'syn imbagh çheh, ny 'sy tourey, ta fliaghey tuittym 'syn 'astyr son y chooid smoo. 'Syn imbagh shoh ta quallid aer çheet as quallid ushtey millish çheet dy ve ny share, as ta glassyraght gaase dy tappee, myr shen ta baair anmagh 'syn imbagh. Er y laue elley, ta thooillaghyn ayns awinyn as ta kuse dy veiyn shirrey thalloo ard. Ta quallid thallooin leodaghey er y fa dy vel stoo beaghee goll er laistey ass y thalloo, as ta crimmey ayn. Ayns ardyn as malaarey ayndaue, ta mennickaght ny smoo 'syn imbagh shoh. Dy cadjin, ta dolley bee leah 'syn imbagh shoh kyndagh rish yn imbagh çhirrym roish, son nagh vel y maair aarloo foast.
Cha nel emshyraght ghrianchryssagh ec dagh ard 'sy Ghrianchryss. Ta tundrey alpagh as sleityn sniaghtagh ayn, goaill stiagh Mauna Kea, Slieau Kilimanjaro, as ny h-Andeeyn eddyr y Veneswaaley as ardjyn hwoaie ny Shillee ny ny h-Argenteen. Rere rang-oardraghey emshyraght Köppen, shimmey ard 'sy Ghrianchryss t'ad cur "çhirrym" ny "breck-hirrym" er, goaill stiagh yn Sahara, faasagh Atacama as eear-chooyl ny h-Austrail.
Eggochoryssyn ny Grianchryss
thumb|left|250px|Palmyn [[cro bainney 'sy Vrasseel.]] thumb|250px|Keyll ghrianchryssagh faggys da [[Fonds-Saint-Denis, Martinique, y Rank.]]
Ta lossreeyn grianchryssagh dooghyssagh da'n Ghrianchryss. Ta eggochoryssyn grianchryssagh goaill stiagh keyll 'liaghee, keyll yn-lhoamey hirrym, keyll yialgagh, faasagh as ynnydyn elley. Dy cadjin, ta bea-neuchaslys vooar ayn, chammah's dooieyn dooghyssagh, ayns keyljyn son y chooid smoo. Cha nel monney stoo beaghee ayns thalloo keyljyn grianchryssagh, as myr shen t'ad surranse jee-cheyllaghey, ny keayrtyn fo chorys.
Wuhan
She Wuhan (Sheenish aashagh: 武汉; Sheenish hradishoonagh: 武漢; pinyin: Wǔhàn) preeu-valley Hubei, nane jeh ny queiggaghyn Sheenagh. Ta'n balley ny valley smoo 'sy Çheen veanagh. T'eh ny lhie ayns çheu hiar jeh Thalloo Rea Jianghan, as çheet ry-cheilley roshtynyn ny h-awinyn Yangtze as Han. Ta'n balley ny chree ry hoi arraghey, lesh shiartanse dy raaidyn yiarn, raaidyn, as bayryn gleashtanagh goll trooid y valley. Ta mygeayrt 9,100,000 cummaltee 'syn ard moirvaljagh 'sy vlein 2006, as 6,100,000 cummaltee 'syn ard baljagh.
Hetra-veeagheyder
Ta hetra-veeagheyder ny heterotroph çheet er organe bioag ta goaill bree kemmigagh ass stoo orgaanagh er son y çhymshal bea echey. Ta bun yn 'ockle Greagish: ἕτερος heteros, "elley" as τροφή trophe, "beaghey". Ta heterotroph cosoylaghey rish hene-veeagheyder ny autotroph, as adsyn jannoo ymmyd jeeragh jeh binn vree, myr sampleyr, sollys, son dy yannoo stoo orgaanagh jeh carboan daa-osseed.
Ayns geuley bee, she eederyn ad hetra-veeagheyderyn. T'ad goaill carboan orgaanagh liorish ee hene-veeagheyderyn ny hetra-veeagheyderyn elley. She hetra-veeagheyderyn ad dagh ooilley baagh, chammah's fungyssyn as ymmodee bacteyryn. Ta shiaranse dy vaaghyn (myr sampleyr, corrylyn jannoo shimbosh lesh hene-veeagheyderyn as goaill carboan orgaanagh 'syn aght shen. Ta kuse dy lossreeyn sheadanagh er jeet dy ve nyn hetra-veeagheyderyn myrgeddin; agh lossreeyn feill-eeagh, t'ad gee cretooryn son dy ghoaill ny smoo neetrageen, agh she hene-veeagheyderyn t'ayn ny yei shen, as adsyn goaill bree jeh soilshey ny greiney.
My ta dooie ennagh ny hetra-veeagheyder, shegin da goaill y carboan echey ass stoo orgaanagh. My t'eh goaill neetrageen ass stoo orgaanagh, agh bree jeh bun elley, she hene-veeagheyder t'ayn. Ta daa aarheynn dy hetra-veeagheyder:
Mean-çheerey Heear Hostyn (coontae)
She coontae jesh-chliaghtagh as moirvaljagh ayns ard Mean-çheerey Heear Hostyn eh Mean-çheerey Heear Hostyn. T'eh çhemmit liorish Staffordshire da'n twoaie as heear, Warwickshire da'n çhiar, as Worcestershire da'n jiass.
Pivitsheide V. L.
She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh Pivitsheide V. L.. Ta'n "V.L." çheet er "Vogtei Lage". T'eh ny lhie mysh 7 km çheu hiar hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. She Pivitsheide V. H. yn un lyst ayns Detmold ta çhemmal rish.
Va'n clyst cochorpit lesh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn y ghurneilys ynnydagh.
Ta'n clyst 5.9 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 6,469 deiney cummal ayn. She Rüdiger Scheuß (SPD) y meoir as she Edith Kruse (SPD) yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.
Marlon Brando
She aghteyr scannane as çhellveeish Americaanagh va Marlon Brando (3 Averil 1924 — 1 Jerrey Souree 2004).
NASA
right|thumb|Lhunney yn Spaal Spoar Discovery 'sy vlein 2008 Jantys reiltyssagh as freggyrtys echey son claare spoar hivoilagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as son ronsaghey yn etlanys as yn aerospoar eh yn National Aeronautics and Space Administration ny NASA ("Reirey Ashoonagh yn Etlanys as y Spoaraght"). Ren yn National Aeronautics and Space Act ("Slattys ry hoi'n Etlanys as y Spoaraght Ashoonagh") cur NASA er bun er 29 Jerrey Souree 1958 myr ynnydagh er yn National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ny NACA ("Bing Coyrlee Ashoonagh son yn Etlanys"). Hoshee obbraidyn y jantys er 1 Jerrey Fouyir 1958. Veih'n lhing shen ta eiyrtyssyn ronsey spoar jeh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er ny gholl fo stiurey NASA da'n chooid smoo, goaill stiagh tarlheimyn Apollo er yn Eayst, y stashoon spoar Skylab, as y Spaal Spoar. Ec y traa t'ayn ta NASA cur pohlldey da'n Stashoon Spoar Eddyr-ashoonagh as freayll rick er yn Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle as er carbid yn Commercial Crew Development. Ta'n jantys freggyrtagh er son y Launch Services Program ("Claare Shirveishyn Lhunnee") as y chlaare shen kiarail oaseiraghey er obbraidyn lhunnee as stiurey co-earroo sheese da lhunnaghyn NASA gyn skimmee.
An Caisleán Nua, Coontae Ghoon ny Ghoal
She balley beg as purt ayns twoaie y lieh-innys Inis Eoghain er coose hwoaie Choontae Ghoon ny Ghoal, Nerin, eh an Caisleán Nua (Yernish son "y Cashtal Noa"; Greencastle). T'eh ny hoie faggys da Bun an Phobail as mysh 32 km veih Caayr Ghoirrey.
Cooitinagh
She brat coadee ec bioag ennagh eh cooitinagh ny cuticula. T'ad jeant ass caghlaaghyn stoo lajer, yn-filley as orgaanagh, dys fendeil organeyn ny h-ayrnyn scanshoil. Shimmey sorçh dy chutinagh t'ayn, as cahlaaghyn bun, strughtoor as dooghys kemmigagh oc; cha nel ad coreggyragh. T'ad ry-akin ec lossreeyn, dhianeyn, arthropodyn as beiyn elley.
Deiney
Ayns ronsaghey-kirpey deiney, ta cooitinagh çheet er killagyn epiderm (killagyn keratinagh) ta jannoo y proteen keratin, ny er brat dy chillagyn ta coodaghey corp fuilt.
Beishteigyn
Ayns baagh-oaylleeaght, ta cooitinagh beishteigagh ny strughtoor yl-vrattagh er çheumooie epiderm kuse dy veishteigyn. Dy cadjin, t'ad ec Nematoida as arthropodyn. Ta cooitinagh arthropodagh creoiaghey myr ushylagh mooie.
Ta cooitinagh nematoidjagh jeant ass proteen as collagen yl-chianglt son y chooid smoo, as glycoproteen as lipaid myrgeddin.
Ta cooitinagh arthropodyn jeant ass son y chooid smoo, as proteenyn, lipaidyn as  myrgeddin. Ta eddyr-chianglaghyn jannoo eh neulhoobagh. Ta neulhoobaght y chutinagh croghey er ny proteenyn hene t'ayn, as coreir ny kitin as ny catecholameenyn. Ta proteenyn s'geayrey ny s'buiggey.
Lus-oaylleeaght
Ayns lus-oaylleeaght, ta cooitinagh lus ny choodagh kereagh jeant ec killagyn epiderm. T'eh fendeil noi buinnagyn, as leodaghey coayl ushtey. T'ad jeant jeh cutin ny cutan son y chooid smoo, as kere nyn mast'oc. Ta cooitinagh feer çhiu ec lossreeyn do nagh caillee ad monney ushtey ayns buill gyn monney ry-choayl. Ta cooitinagh çhiu ec kuse dy lossreeyn rish slyst ny marrey, dyn vendeil noi nieunaght sollan.
Fliughane-oaylleeaght
Ayns fliughane-oaylleeaght, ta cooitinagh ny pileipellis çheet er brat mooie stoo kirpey basidiocarp fliughane ennagh. Shen ny t'ad speeiney dys aarlaghey fliughane myr bee.
Bruce Miller (gienteyder)
She screeudeyr as gienteyder çhellveeish Americaanagh eh Bruce Miller. Ta enney share er son Eureka (2006), The 100 (2014) as The Handmaid's Tale (2017). Chossyn Miller Aundyryn Primetime Emmy son Straih Drama Ard-yindyssagh as son Screeudeyrys Ard-yindyssagh son Straih Drama ayns 2017 er son yn obbyr ren eh er The Handmaid's Tale, chammah as Aundyr Golden Globe son y Straih Hellveeish Share - Drama. She eshyn va'n chied chlaare er ardan strooanagh ren cosney Emmy son Straih Ard-yindyssagh. Er y gherrid, ren Miller fo-screeu bargane lhiassee marish ABC Signature as Hulu.
Bea phersoonagh as ynsagh
Va Miller troggit ayns Stamford, Connecticut, as dirree eh ass Ollooscoill Brown ayns 1987.
Qin Shi Huang
Va Qin Shi Huang (Sheenish: 秦始皇; pinyin: Qín Shǐhuáng; Wade-Giles: Ch'in Shih-huang) (259 RC – 210 RC), ennym persoonagh Ying Zheng (Sheenish: 嬴政; pinyin: Yíng Zhèng), ree y steat Sheenagh Steat Qin veih'n vlein 246 RC derrey 221 RC car Eash ny Steatyn Caggee. Haink er dy ve ny chied impir er y Çheen unnaneysit 'sy vlein 221 RC. Va'n çheer fo reirey echey derrey yn laa baaish echey ayns 210 RC as eh 50 bleeaney d'eash.
Overland Park, Kansas
Çheer-oaylleeaght
Rere Oik Coontey-pobble ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ta'n chaayr 195.22 km² er eaghtyr, 193.84 km² jeh ayns thalloo as 1.38 km² jeh ayns ushtey.
Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit
Ta Overland Park lannoonit rish ny baljyn as ny caayryn shoh heese:
Algaghyn glassey
She possan dy algaghyn ad algaghyn glassey, as ad shennayraghyn ny h-embryophyta. She possan paraphyletagh t'ayn son t'eh cowrit rere ny t'eh faagail magh, shen ny lossreeyn ooashley. Ta clade ayn ta goaill stiagh y jees oc, as shen Viridiplantae ny Plantae.
<!-- The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic seaweeds. In the Charales, the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 8,000 species of green algae. Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in euglenids and chlorarachniophytes were acquired from ingested green algae, and in the latter retain a nucleomorph (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium, and in Hydra viridissima and in the Platyhelminthes. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia of the class Trebouxiophyceae and Trentepohlia (class Ulvophyceae), can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichens. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. Trentepohlia is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family Graphidaceae.
Cellular structure
Members of the Chlorophyceae class undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a phycoplast.>
Like land plants, Charophyte green algae undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the phragmoplast, is formed from the mitotic spindle and cell division involves the use of this phragmoplast in the production of a cell plate.
Origins
Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary endosymbiotic event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound organelle, the plastid. This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three autotrophic clades with primary plastids: the green plants, the red algae and the glaucophytes.
Evolution and classification
Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and glaucophyte algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato.
The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The Chlorophyta includes the early diverging prasinophyte lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The Streptophyta includes the charophytes, a paraphyletic assemblage of freshwater algae from which the land plants have evolved. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.
The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were included before in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms.
Reproduction
Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called alternation of generations.
Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells (isogamy) to fertilization of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (oogamy). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called prasinophytes.
The species of Ulva are reproductively isomorphic, the diploid vegetative phase is the site of meiosis and releases haploid zoospores, which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase.
Chemistry
The green algae span a wide range of δ13C values, with different groups having different typical ranges.
Green algae contain sulfated polysaccharides like rhamnan sulfate in the amorphous sections of their cell walls. Some species also contain gallotannins.
See also
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Netflix
She shirveish strooanagh fo-screeuit as colught gientyn Americaanagh eh Netflix, Inc. Ta'n colught bunnit ayns Los Gatos, California. V'eh bunnit er 29 Luanistyn 1997 liorish Reed Hastings as Marc Randolph ayns Scotts Valley, California, as t'eh kiarail lioarlann jeh scannaneyn as straihyn çhellveeish trooid barganeyn rheynnagh chammah as e ghientynyn hene ta goll er enney myr Netflix Originals.
Samira Wiley
She aghteyr Americaanagh ee Samira Denise Wiley (ruggit er 15 Averil 1987). Ta enney share urree son e paartyn myr Poussey Washington 'sy straih drama aittys Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019) liorish Netflix as myr Moira 'sy straih drama yee-launyssagh The Handmaid's Tale (2017–jiu) liorish Hulu, raad chossyn ee Aundy Primetime Emmy son Ben-aghteyr Cuirreydagh Ard-yindyssagh ayns Straih Drama.
Va paartyn elley ec Wiley ayns scannaneyn lheid as The Sitter (2011), Nerve (2016), Detroit (2017), as Social Animals (2018). Ren ee insh y scannane feanish Night on Earth (2020) liorish Netflix.
Feish
Ta feish (feis ny fèis) çheet er feailley ellynyn as culoor Gaelgagh tradishoonagh. Ga dy vel keeal ny s'lhea ec ny Manninee, ayns Nerin ta feis çheet dy mennick er cohirreydssyn daunse Yernagh as, ayns Nalbin, t'eh çheet er coorseyn ynsee thummee ta jeeraghey er y chiaull hradishoonagh as er y chultoor. S'trome-chooishagh ayns Gaelg ny h-Albey yn scarreydagh er-yn-oyr dy vel anchaslys ayn 'sy cheeal as ayns fockley magh eddyr feis as fèis — ta feis çheet er y woiddeeaght.
Warwickshire
She coontae reiragh as jesh-chliaghtagh ayns Mean-çheerey Heear Hostyn eh Warwickshire. T'eh çhemmit liorish Mean-çheerey Heear Hostyn as Staffordshire da'n çheear hwoaie, Leicestershire da'n çhiar hwoaie, Northamptonshire da'n çhiar, Sheer Aah yn Ollee da'n jiass, Gloucestershire da'n çhiar yiass, as Worcestershire da'n çheear.
Mynreayrtan
Ta mynreayrtan ny chullee heyrlann ta lhiggey dhyt fakin nheeghyn ta ro-veg dy 'akin lesh yn tooill rooisht. Ta mynreayrtagh cowraghey reddyn nagh vel ry-akin ec yn tooill gyn ymmyd mynreayrtan.
Shennaghys
She mynreayrtan shilleydagh eh y chied chiaddey, agh cha nel feanish fondagh er yn ynlaghteyr. Ren ad mynreayrtan leah ayns 1590 ayns Middelburg, 'syn Çheer Injil. T'ad genmys daa yantagh speckleyryn er son yn obbyr: Hans Lippershey (ynlaghteyr fodreayrtan leah) as Zacharias Janssen.
Mynreayrtaght hooilley
Ayns 1893 chroo August Köhler soilshaghey Köhler, ny haase scanshoil dys ceau sollys er sampleyryn. Ren Fritz Zernike as George Nomarski feddyn magh saaseyn elley ta lhiggey dooin scrutaghey sampleyryn tarhoilshagh: as.
Mynreayrtaght lectraneagh
thumb|right|300px|Sniengan fo [[mynreayrtan lectraneagh leayrtagh]]
Rish ny 1900yn, hooar ad saase mynreayrtagh elley ren ymmyd jeh lectraneyn ayns ynnyd sollysh dys jannoo jalloo. Hug Ernst Ruska toshiaght er y chied vynreayrtan lectraneagh ayns 1931, ny mynreayrtan lectraneagh ym-skeayllee. Ta lectraneyn cur cruinnys ny s'meeney sollys. Ayns 1935, chroo Max Knoll y mynreayrtan lectraneagh leayrtagh. Haink ad dy ve cadjin erreish da'n Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. Ren Ruska kiaddey traghtee jeh'n vynreayrtan ym-skeayllee tra v'eh gobbraghey da Siemens ayns 1939, as ren Charloes Oatley as Gary Stewart kiedday traghtee jeh'n vynreayrtan leayrtagh ayns 1965 fo'n ennym "Stereoscan".
Mee
Feaillere Jooliagh as Gregoiragh
Ta 12 vee 'syn 'eaillere Gregoiragh, cosoylagh rish yn 'eaillere Jooliagh:
Yn Phatagoan
right|thumb|Caslys-çheerey yn Phatagoan She ard ayns jiass America Yiass ta rheynnit eddyr yn Argenteen as y Çhillee ee yn Phatagoan (Patagonia). T'ee cummal rheynn yiassagh ny h-Andeeyn gys y neear-yiass rish y Cheayn Sheealtagh as shiar veih ny sleityn gys y Cheayn Sheear. 'Sy neear, t'ee goaill stiagh Valdivia sheese gys Tierra del Fuego.
Ta'n fockle Patagoan çheet as patagón y Spaainish va ymmydit ec Fernão de Magalhães 'sy vlein 1520 as eh cur sheese er mooinjer ghooie yn ard as lught y turrys echey credjal dy nee foawir v'ayn 'sy vooinjer ghooie shen. T'eh er credjal nish dy row lught y turrys shen cur sheese er y lught Tehuelche as ad 180 cm (5′11″) er yrjid ayns cosoylaght rish yrjid chadjin (155 cm ny ~5′1″) ny Spaainee jeh'n traa shen.
Ta rheynn Argenteenagh yn ard goaill stiagh queiggaghyn Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut as Santa Cruz, myrane lesh rheynn hiar yn ellanragh Tierra del Fuego as y rheynn smoo jiassagh jeh Queiggey Buenos Aires: Patagones Partido.
Ta rheynn Shilleeagh yn ard goaill stiagh ny queiggaghyn as ny h-ardjyn jiassagh Valdivia, Llanquihue, Aisén as Magallanes, goaill stiagh rheynn heear Tierra del Fuego as Rheynn y Chayrn, as Queiggey Palena ayns Ard Los Lagos.
David A. R. White
Ta David Andrew Roy White (behrt 12 Boaldyn, 1970) ny chloieder fillym, stiureyder as ghienteyder Americaanagh.
Shellagh (billey)
She billey 'sy ghenus Salix ee shellagh. Ta mysh 400 dooie ayn. She biljyn as crouwyn yn-lhoamey t'ayn, as t'ad ry-akin er thalloo bog feayr y lieh-chruinney Hwoaie son y chooid smoo. T'ad currit da crosh-horraghey, as ta ymmodee crosh-sheelree ayn, dooghyssagh ny ellynagh. Myr sampleyr, ta shellagh lhoobagh (Salix × sepulcralis) ny crosh-sheelragh Salix babylonica Çheenagh as shellagh vane (Salix alba) Europagh.
Blaaghyn
Ta shallee dioecious, as ta clooieyn ny gayt firrinagh as bwoirrinagh çheet magh er daa villey. Cha nel seepalyn ny petyllyn ec ny blaaghyn.
Mean Lodainn
She ard coonseilagh ayns Nalbin ee Mean Lodainn (Meadhan Lodainn, Cooncil o Midlowden, Midlothian).
Shellagh (billey)
Blaaghyn
Cha nel blaaghyn firrinagh agh staimynyn as trellag naghtyr, nyn soie er crottyl, as eshyn croghey er gass chrouw-vlaaghey. She oohchrooagh as fynnagh eh y crottyl. Ta anthyryn daa-chillagagh oc.
Cha nel blaaghyn bwoirrinagh agh un oohrey as trellag naghtyr er bun chrottyl, as eshyn croghey er gass chrouw-vlaaghey myrgeddin. Ta'n oohrey un-chillagagh, lesh gynoecium daa-vabbagh as ymmodee oohagyn.
Queiggey yn Pholynn Vooar
Ta Queiggey ny Polynn Mooar ny nah wheiggey smoo rere eaghtyr as ny trass queiggey smoo rere earroo yn phobble. She Poznań y preeu-valley; caayryn scanshoil elley t'ayn, t'ad goaill stiagh Kalisz, Konin, Piła, Ostrów Wielkopolski as Gniezno. Tan queiggey çhemmit liorish shiaght queiggaghyn elley: ta Pomorze Heear 'sy neear hwoaie, Pomorze 'sy twoaie, Kujawy-Pomorze 'sy niar hwoaie, Łódź 'sy niar yiass, Opole 'sy jiass, y Tileesh Eeaghtyragh 'sy neear yiass as Lubusz 'sy neear.
Thomas Shimmin
She fer fritlag as feelee Manninagh va Thomas Shimmin (1800 – c. 1876–1879 ). She "Tom the Dipper" (Tom y Thummeyder) y lhiass-ennym v'echey.
Ren eh screeu as goaill arraneyn 'sy Ghaelg as 'sy Vaarle. Va ny daanyn  Yn Coayl jeh'n Lillee (The Loss of the Lily), Happy Marriage of the Prince of Wales, as The Royal Manx Railway, or £5 of wit for a penny coontit mastey ny daanyn echey
V'eh deyrit daa cheayrt er son roosteyrys, 'sy vlein 1843 da'n chied cheayrt as reesht 'sy vlein 1851. 'Sy vlein 1843, hug ad deyrey arree dys yn Austrail, agh v'eh pardoonit as lhiggit seyr ayns Jerrey Souree 1847. Ren eh sharmanaghey chammah. Hooar eh baase, foddee 'sy vlein 1876 ny 1879.
Noel Dempsey
Ta Noel Dempsey (ruggit 6 Jerrey Geuree 1953) ny pholitickeyr Yernagh jeh'n phartee politickagh Fianna Fáil. T'eh ny TD son y Vee Heear as t'eh ny Hirveishagh Arraghey. Va tammylt jeant echey myr Shirveishagh Çhymmyltaght as Gurneilys Ynnydagh (1997-2002), Shirveishagh Ynsee as Oaylleeaght (2002-2004) as Shirveishagh Çhellinsh, Marrey as Cooid Najooragh (2004-2007).
Aavioghey ny Gaelgey
Ta aavioghey ny Gaelgey, ny aavioghey yn Ghaelg, çheet er yn obbraghey dy aavioghey çhengey ta goll er shooyl ayns Mannin ‘sy Ghaelg. She çhengey Cheltiagh ‘sy chrouw Ghaelgagh ee yn Ghaelg, goll rish yn Yernish as y Ghaelg Albinagh ta goll er loayrt ayns Mannin son y chooid smoo, as cosoylagh rish ny çhengaghyn shen, ta'n Ghaelg er ny gholl stiagh ayns paase d'aavioghey. Cha nee obbraghey çhengoaylleeagh ny lomarcan t’ayn ‘syn aavioghey, agh obbraghey ta goaill stiagh begnagh dagh ayrn jeh’n chultoor Gaelgagh lheid as y chiaull Vanninagh hradishoonagh, y daunse Manninagh, as ny skeealyn as y veeal-arrish Vanninagh. Ta coontyssyn ennagh gra dy ren toshiaghey yn aavioghey ‘sy 19oo eash yeianagh lesh cur er bun y Çheshaght Ghailckagh, agh s’foddee dy ren toshiaghey yn aavioghey ‘sy 17oo eash yeianagh as 'sy 18oo eash leah lesh çheet magh ny chied teksyn Gaelg, y Vible Chasherick as Coyrle Sodjey, v’er nyn gur magh ec yn aspick Manninagh Thomas Wilson (1663 - 1755), ga nagh row aavioghey yn çhengey er laccal oc agh aght son dy skeayley fys y Chreestiaght harrish yn ellan.
Veih’n traa shen gys y 20oo eash yeianagh va ram obbraghyn screeuee currit magh ‘sy Ghaelg, as ad cur sheese er coorseyn crauee, coorseyn dy hennaghys, as coorseyn lettyragh, as ad ny mastey obbraghyn elley. Rere shen, va farraneyn jeh’n çhengey screeuee ayn son dy chooney lesh ny h-aaviogheyderyn cur y çhengey reesht er yn ardan, ga nagh row lettyraght ghooie ayndaue agh çhyndaaghyn crauee as carvallyn.
Jiu, ta staydys oikoil ec y çhengey, ga nagh vel ee coontit myr çhengey oikoil yn ellan, as t’ee goll er n’ynsaghey ayns bunscoillyn, meanscoillyn, as ollooscoillyn ennagh, as t’ee goll er ymmyd ec y reiltys as myr enmyssyn ec shiartanse dy lughtyn-reill ayns Mannin, lheid as Lught-Reill Lectraghys Manninagh as Undinys Eiraght Vannin.
Shennaghys y Ghaelg
right|thumb|[[Thomas Wilson (aspick)|Thomas Wilson (1663–1755), Aspick Sodor as Vannin as cuirreyder magh y chied lioar phrentit, y Choyrle Sodjey, 'sy Ghaelg.]] Cosoylagh rish y Ghaelg Albinagh, dirree yn Ghaelg magh ass y Çhenn Yernish va goll er loayrt ayns Nerin, Nalbin as Mannin. Haink y çhengey shen gys yn ellan marish sushtallee as cummaltee veih Nerin as veih'n Ghallioo 'sy 4oo, 'sy 5oo as 'sy 6oo eashyn BNJ. Ec y traa shen ren y Yernish ymmyd jeh'n abbyrlhit Romanagh son dy screeu sheese y çhengey as ta ny screeuyn shen ry-akin ayns imraaghyn oirragh er çheughyn jeh laue-screeuyn Ladjyn. Ansherbee, cha nel sampleyryn jeh ny laue-screeuyn shen ry-gheddyn ayns Mannin.
Goaill toshiaght 'sy 9oo eash, ren ny Loghlynee soiaghey er yn ellan, as ny yei shen, ren ad cummal 'syn ellan as ghow ad laueyn y chummaght stiagh hucsyn. Ta cleayney ny Loghlynee ry-akin er ny h-undinyssyn politickagh as leighoil, as ta reiltys yn ellan, Tinvaal, bunnit er y whaiyl oc. Ansherbee, gyn y wooise da'n chummaght as y chleayney v'ayn ec ny Loghlynee, cha row cleayney mooar ec y Loghlynish er y Ghaelg. Da'n chooid smoo, ta cleayney yn Loghlynish ry-akin ayns boayl-enmyn ta goaill jerrey lesh y veer yerree -by ("balley") as -aa ("ellan"; -ey y Vaarle), lheid as Colby, Delbee, Sulby, Rhumsaa, as Laksaa. T'eh er credjal ec çhengoaylleeyn as screeudeyryn shennaghys dy row yn Ghaelg myr çhengey ny mayrey ec y vooar-chooid jeh cummaltee yn ellan 'sy lhing shen, as ee goll er loayrt ec ny deiney cadjin myr y chied çhengey, as ec yn lught ooasle Loghlynagh myr y nah hengey.
Hie yn ellan stiagh ayns laueyn ny Norlynee tra va Reeriaght Vannin as ny h-Ellanyn currit er bun 'sy vlein 1079, as hoshee lhing noa jeh neu-chrogheydys, seyr veih ny Gaeil elley, as seyr veih cummaghtyn joarree elley, fo reirey yn ree Gorree Crovan. 'Sy lhing shen va'n Ghaelg shickyr veih cleaynaghyn joarree as bree er y çhengey veih çhengaghyn elley. Agh haink jerrey lesh y çhickyrys shen tra hooar y ree Magnus III baase 'sy vlein 1265. Lurg y baase echey, hie yn reeriaght stiagh ayns laueyn Alistair III ny h-Albey, as harrish y daa cheead-bleeaney shen ny lurg, hie yn ellan eddyr laueyn ny h-Albinee as ny Sostynee. 'Syn eash shen, dirree yn Ghaelg magh ass ny çhengaghyn Gaelgagh elley myr çhengey er lheh.
Lurg y veereiltys shen hie shickyrys er ny lhiasaghey ayns staydys reiragh yn ellan. Veih'n vlein 1334 er y chooid sloo, hie yn ellan stiagh ayns laueyn ny Sostynee. Hug y ree Edard III Hostyn shellooderys yn ellan hug y Chied Eearley Salisbury. Veih'n eash shen, va'n Ghaelg er ny scarrey magh ass ny çhengaghyn Gaelgagh elley ayns Nerin as Nalbin, as va'n ellan nish fo reirey ny Baarleyderyn. Va shellooderys yn ellan giootit gys y lught thie Stanlagh, Eearlaghyn Derby, veih'n vlein 1405 derrey yn vlein 1736. Er feie'n eash shen va'n chooid smoo jeh pobbyl yn ellan foast loayrt y Ghaelg, as va'n Vaarle ec y lught ooasle. Er-yn-oyr nagh row yn Ghaelg ec y lught ooasle, as nagh row ad cummal er yn ellan son y chooid smoo, cha row gialdyneryn-argid ayn son dy chooney lesh cur magh clouyn as lettyraght 'sy Ghaelg. Son dy chooney lesh skeayley yn Chreestiaght er feie'n ellan, va Lioar y Phadjer Chadjin çhyndaait gys y Ghaelg ayns 1610. Roish jerrey'n cheead-bleeaney shen va'n Vible Chasherick çhyndaait gys y Ghaelg, as reesht 'sy vlein 1707, va'n chied lioar phrentit 'sy Ghaelg currit magh - Coyrle Sodjey liorish yn Aspick Wilson. Fo laueyn yn eiyrtyssagh ec Wilson, Mark Hildesley (1695 - 1772), dirree staydys y Ghaelg. Va co-ennaghtyn ec Hildesley rish y Ghaelg, as ren eh shirrey stooghyn ynsee dy ve ry-gheddyn ayns ny scoillyn 'sy Ghaelg, as ren eh yeearree yn Ghaelg dy chur ayn myr aght ynsee ayns ny scoillyn. Va rah ayn 'sy pholasee shen as eh pohlldit ec Aspick York, as beggan er gherrid lurg shen va begnagh dagh scoill gynsaghey trooid y Ghaelg. Ansherbee, ga dy row mooadaghey ayns earroo ny h-obbraghyn va currit magh 'sy Ghaelg 'sy lhing shen, va ymmyd y Ghaelg tuittym.
Failleil y Ghaelg
Lurg baase Hildesley, haink er shassooyn dy ve ny smoo obballagh da'n çhengey, as ren Agglish Hostyn tayrn magh y pohlldey da'n ynsagh trooid y Ghaelg ayns ny scoillyn. 'Sy vlein 1782, cha row yn Ghaelg myr çhengey ynsee ayns dagh scoill faagail magh queig jeu. Va'n ynsagh 'sy Ghaelg currit stiagh reesht ayns ny scoillyn Doonee car ny 1820yn. Ayns 1825 ren yn Aspick Murray cur fys da'n Çheshaght ry hoi Cur er Oaie y Fys Creestiagh, y farrane son cur magh stooghyn crauee 'sy Ghaelg roish shen, nagh row feme ayn ny smoo er stooghyn 'sy çhengey.
Lurg y Çhialg Vooar ayns 1765, va ard-chioneys yn ellan astreeit veih Duic Athol gys y Chrooin Ghoaldagh. Rere coayl y çheet stiagh myr eiyrtys haghyr bishaghey ayns earroo ny deiney boghtey, as va ooashley as ymmyd y Vaarle yrjit ayns Mannin. Va stayd y Ghaelg towlit fo voalley liorish arraghey stiagh veih Nalbin as Sostyn as arraghey magh ny Manninee gys Sostyn, America as çheeraghyn elley. Haink er y Vaarle dy ve ny çhengey valjagh, as hie ee magh er feie'n ellan lesh troggal ny raaidyn noa. Agh by eh çheet stiagh yn turrysid y baggyrt smoo er y Ghaelg. Ayns ny 1830yn haink mysh 20,000 deiney gys yn ellan myr turrysee, agh ayns ny 1890yn haink ny smoo na 250,000 dy hurrysee. Ta shennockle Manninagh veih'n eash shen gra "Tra haink ny skibbyltee boghtey stiagh, hie yn Ghaelg magh". Haink er y Ghaelg dy ve kianglt rish y voghtinys, y vellid, as yn anoayllys, myr y cheilley ec ny Gaelgeyryn pene. Ren ny paraantyn loayrt rish nyn cloan ayns Baarle, ga dy row ad loayrt ayns Gaelg eddyr oc hene myr çhengey roonagh.
Cha nel staydraa oikoil ayn mychione earroo ny Gaelgeyryn ayns Mannin roish y choontey-pobble 'sy vlein 1871. Rere y choontey-pobble shen va 190 Galegeyryn un-hengagh, as 12,340 Gaelgeyryn daa-hengagh ass 54,042 cummaltee yn ellan, t'eh shen 22.8% jeh pobble yn ellan. Agh rere coontey-pobble 'sy vlein 1901 cha row agh 59 Gaelgeyryn un-hengagh as 4,598 Gaelgeyryn daa-hengagh, ny 8.5% jeh pobble yn ellan; 'sy vlein 1911 cha row yn Ghaelg agh ec 4.6% jeh pobble yn ellan. 'Sy vlein 1951 cha row agh 355 Gaelgeyryn ayn, as 'sy vlein 1974 hooar y Gaelgeyr jerrinagh Ned Maddrell baase.
Ansherbee, dy mennick, tra ta'n loayreyder jerrinagh jeh çhengey erbee er ny gheddyn baase, t'eh er credjal dy vel y çhengey marroo. Cooish elley v'ayn 'sy Ghaelg, as y boayl shen goaill sorçh dy chowrey da aavioghey yn çhengey. Veih'n vlein shen ta ram sheshaghtyn, reagheydyssyn, scoillyn, brastylyn, a.r.e. er cur er bun, as rere coontey-pobble 'sy vlein 2001 va ny smoo na 1,500 loayreyderyn y çhengey ayns Mannin.
Yn 18oo eash
Cha row gleashaght reaghit ayn ayns aavioghey yn Ghaelg 'sy 18oo eash, agh 'syn eash shen va'n Chreestiaght coontit myr tosheeaght ec y lught ooasle. Ec y traa v'ayn va'n chooid smoo jeh cummaltee yn ellan foast loayrt 'sy Ghaelg. Va ram lioaryn as clouyn currit magh 'sy cheead-bleeaney shen, y chooid smoo jeu currit magh liorish arrymee as shirveishee. B'eh Thomas Wilson yn aspick er yn ellan ec y traa shen, as, son dy chooney lesh ny shirveishee fockle Yee dy skeayley feie'n ellan, ren eh cur magh y lioar Principles and Duties of Christianity ny Coyrle Sodjey 'sy vlein 1707. . 'Sy vlein 1748, liorish cooney veih ny h-ard-viggaryn Curghey as Walker tra v'ad er nyn bryssoonaghey ayns Cashtal Rosien 'sy vlein 1722, ren yn Aspick Williams çhyndaa yn Sushtal Scruit liorish yn Noo Mian va screeuit ec Ean Oliver.
'Sy vlein 1755 hooar Wilson baase as va Aspick noa, Mark Hildesley, reiht da Aspickys Sodor as Vannin, agh cha row jerrey currit er ny clouyn Gaelgagh. 'Sy vlein 1765 va çhyndaa jeh The Book of Common Prayer, ny Lioar ny Padjeryn Cadjin currit magh, ga dy ren yn Aspick John Phillips y chied çhyndaa er 'sy vlein 1610, çhyndaa nagh row currit er clou. 'Sy vlein 1763 va'n chied chooid jeh'n Chonaant Noa currit magh ec y Society for the Propogation of Christian Knowledge fo cleaynaghey yn Aspick Hildesley, as va'n nah chooid currit magh kiare bleeantyn ny lurg. 'Sy vlein 1771 haink y chied ym-lioar jeh'n Çhenn Chonaant magh as yn obbyr v'ayn 'sy çhyndaa shen er ny scarrey eddyr kiare çhyndaaderyn as feed. Haink y nah chooid jeh'n Çhenn Chonaant magh 'sy vlein 1773 as haink y lane Chonaant Noa magh 'sy vlein 1775. Ansherbee, cha vaik Hildesley eiyrtyssyn yn obbyr echey v'er cur magh lurg y vlein 1772, blein vaaish Hildesley. 'Sy traa shen va'n Ghaelg failleil.
'Sy vlein 1766 cha row ayn agh un skeerey nagh row kiarail ynsagh trooid y Ghaelg. Agh 'sy vlein 1782 cha row agh 5 scoillyn feie'n ellan kiarail ynsagh trooid y Ghaelg, as y chooid elley nish kiarail yn ynsagh ayndaue trooid y Ghaelg, gyn y wooise da çhengey ghooie ny cummaltee. Er y laue elley, va mooarane dy stooghyn er ny chur magh feie'n cheead-bleeaney, stooghyn scanshoil, goaill stiagh çhyndaa jeh Paradise Lost (Pargys Caillit) liorish John Milton 'sy vlein 1796, gyn leagh da aavioghey yn çhengey ayns ny keead-bleeantyn elley.
Yn 19oo eash
right|thumb|Logo [[yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh, sheshaght va currit er bun 'sy vlein 1899 liorish A. W. Moore son freayll as cur er oaie yn Ghaelg.]]
Ec toshiaght y 19oo eash cha row mooarane scansh currit er staydys y Ghaelg, as v'eh shen ry-akin da'n chooid smoo 'sy chorys ynsee as ayns ny kialteenyn er yn ellan. Cha row ynsagh 'sy Ghaelg ry-gheddyn agh ayns kuse veg dy scoillyn, agh va'n ynsagh 'sy Ghaelg currit stiagh reesht ayns scoillyn Doonee ayns ny 1820yn. Ansherbee, hie yn sorçh d'ynsagh shen er ny lhaggaghey mygeayrt y vlein 1872. Va'n staydys er ny vroojey liorish y Clattys Ynsee 1872 tra va corys dy ynsagh ashoonagh currit er bun. Ga nagh row feme er ny scoillyn jannoo ynsaghey trooid y Vaarle, cha ren ny scoillyn jannoo nyn ynsaghey trooid y Ghaelg, agh trooid y Vaarle. Hie yn corys shen er ny niartaghey rere y Clattys Ynsee 1892.
Agh ga nagh row scansh currit er y Ghaelg ayns ny scoillyn as ny kialteenyn ny smoo, cha row lhiettalys currit er cur magh reddyn 'sy Ghaelg, as ad cur cooney da'n aavioghey ayns ny bleeantyn s'anmey. 'Sy vlein 1804 hie A Practical Grammar of the Antient Gael[i]c; or Language of the Isle of Mann, Usually Called Manks ("Lioar Grammeydys ny Gaelgey") er ny chur magh liorish yn Arrymagh John Kelly. Va shalee echey fockleyr tree-hengagh dy chur magh 'sy vlein 1805, agh va'n lioar scrysst ayns aile 'syn oik prental. 'Sy vlein 1822 hie Banglanyn y Chredjue Chreestee magh liorish y Prayer-book and Homily Society as ayns 1835 hie A Dictionary of the Manx Language er ny chur magh liorish Archibald Cregeen (1774 - 1841), fockleyr ta coontit dys y laa t'ayn myr nane jeh ny fockleyryn smoo scanshoil 'sy Ghaelg.
'Sy nah lieh jeh'n 19oo eash v'eh so-leayr ec pohllderyn y chultoor Manninagh dy row yn cultoor shen ayns gear-ghaue fo cleayney yn arraghey stiagh veih Sostyn, as ayns Toshiaght Arree 'sy vlein 1858 ren fir jeu cur er bun sheshaght ry hoi cur magh, ny aa-chur magh dagh red bentyn rish shennaghys as cultoor yn ellan fo'n ennym "The Manx Society for Publication of National Documents" ny "The Manx Society". Harrish ny 25 bleeantyn va'n çheshaght gobbraghey, ren ee cur magh 33 ym-lioaryn bentyn rish Mannin, as clouyn elley goaill stiagh Recortyssyn Reeaghyn Vannin as ny h-Ellanyn (1859-60), y Fockleyr Manninagh as Baarlagh liorish Juan y Kelly v'er ny reaghey ec yn Arrymagh William Gill (1866), çhaglym jeh shennocklyn, raaghyn, bannagyn, a.r.e fo'n ennym Mona Miscellany (1869), aa-chur magh A Practical Grammar of the Antient Gael[i]c liorish John Kelly (1870), as Coontey-Ghiare jeh Ellan Vannin, ayns Gailck v'er ny chur magh ec y Çheshaght 'sy vlein 1872, agh v'er ny screeu ec Joseph Bridson mygeayrt y vlein 1760. Ansherbee, ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh jeh'n çheshaght hie ee er ny sheebey, as 'sy vlein 1908 haink jerrey lesh y çheshaght. Va ny lioaryn, clouyn, docamadyn as nyn lheid astreeit gys y Thie Tashtee Manninagh as Treishteilee ny Lhiaghtyn Shenndeeagh.
Agh gyn y wooise da obbyr y Manx Society, va earroo ny Gaelgeyryn foast tuittym, as v'eh shen ry-akin ayns ny staydraa: ny smoo na 12,300 Gaelgeyryn ayns ny 1870yn leah, agh ny sloo na 5,000 Gaelgeyryn ec toshiaght y 20oo eash. Dirree garrey son çheshaght Ghaelgagh car y lhing shen, as fo yerrey va'n Çheshaght Ghailckagh currit er bun 'sy vlein 1899 ry hoi freayltys as ardjaghey yn Ghaelg.
Yn 20oo eash
S'foddee yn 20-oo eash dy vrishey sheese ayns daa rheynn 'sy ghleashaght aavioghey. Ren y chied rheynn 'sy ghleashaght shen sheeyney veih bunneeaght y Çheshaght Ghailckagh ayns 1899 gys ny 1920yn tra ren Mona Douglas cur Aeglagh Vannin er bun as tra va Caarjyn Vannin currit er bun. Ren y nah rheynn sheeyney veih ny 1970yn gys y laa t'ayn nish, lesh staydys oikoil ec y Ghaelg, bunscoillyn Gaelgagh, as nyn lheid. Va'n chied rheynn kianglt rish freayltys y Ghaelg myr çhengey ashoonagh as bio yn Ellan as, dy kinjagh, va Gaelgeyryn dooghyssagh ayn ayns ny bleeantyn shen rere ny coontaghyn-pobble. Ansherbee, va'n nah rheynn 'sy ghleashaght aavioghey kianglt rish pohlldal y Ghaelg as yn aalaanaghey eck.
'Sy chied lieh jeh'n 20oo eash va anaase mooar ec ram deiney ayns dagh red Gaelgagh, goaill stiagh y çhengey hene. Son dy chooney lesh yn aavioghey hie First Lessons in Manx liorish Edmund Goodwin er ny chur magh 'sy vlein 1901. 'Sy vlein shen va 59 Gaelgeyryn un-çhengagh foast ayn er yn Ellan, myrane lesh 4,419 Gaelgeyryn elley. Agh v'eh so-leayr ec graihderyn y Ghaelg dy row yn çhengey geddyn baase. Ny deiney nagh row jargal lhiettalys dy chur er eh shen, ren ad stiurey nyn eabyn oc ayns troaghyn Gaelgagh elley lheid as clubyn aegey, kiaull, a.r.e. Ayns 1921 haink y Cohaglym Celtiagh gys yn Ellan marish Douglas Hyde, chied Eaghtyrane Nerin. 'Sy vlein 1924 va'n Chruinnaght Vanninagh Ashoonagh currit er bun ec William Cubbon. Ansherbee, gyn y wooise da ny h-eabyn v'ec ny deiney shen 'sy traa shen, cha row Gaelgeyryn un-hengagh da'n chied cheayrt er yn ellan rere y choontey-pobble ayns 1921, as cha row agh 529 Gaelgeyryn ayns 1931.
Eddyr yn obbyr shen ayns ny 1920yn as ny 1970yn cha daghyr monney ayns aavioghey yn çhengey. Va ny kied recortyssyn rheaymyssagh jeant jeh'n çhengey 'sy vlein 1933 liorish yn Olloo Carl J. S. Marstrander veih'n Rheynn Cheltiagh ayns Ollooscoill Oslo, Ren Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann ("Commishoon Beeal-Arrish Nerin") (1948) as y Manx Museum Folklife Survey (1949-51) jannoo straih jeh recortyssyn jeh ny Gaelgeyryn jerrinagh. 'Sy vlein 1952 ren Douglas C. Fargher (1926 - 1987) guee er sleih Vannin 'sy phabyr-naight Mona's Herald raad screeu eh:
Ga dy dooar y Gaelgeyr jerrinagh, Ned Maddrell, baase 'sy vlein 1974, va'n anaase 'sy Ghaelg er ny vleaystey veih toshiaght ny 1970yn, as 'sy vlein 1976 va Clubyn Gaelgagh currit er bun ayns scoillyn ennagh. 'Sy vlein 1979 hie yn fockleyr Baarle-Gaelg liorish Douglas C. Fargher er ny chur magh, y chied fockleyr Gaelgagh jeh'n 20-oo eash. Myrane lesh y çhengey, va anaase mooar ry-akin ayns kuse vooar dy reddyn Gaelgagh, lheid as y chiaull Vanninagh, y daunse Manninagh as reddyn elley lheid as shen. 'Sy vlein 1977 va Feailley Vanninagh Rhumsaa reaghit ec Mona Douglas, feailley v'er kelloorey dagh red bentyn rish y tradishoon Gaelgagh. Va'n feailley aachummit blein ny lurg shen son dy 'reayll tradishoon y Chruinnaght Vanninagh Ashoonagh va currit er bun ayns ny 1920yn. Agh, 'sy chooish shoh, v'ee aachummit myr y Chruinnaght as ee ny feailley queig-laa as Eddyr-Cheltiagh nish.
Hie taghyrtyn bentyn rish y Ghaelg er oaie dy tappee ayns ny 1980yn as ny 1990yn. Va bunneydys yn ynsaghee as y staydys oikoil ec y Ghaelg currit sheese ayns ny 1980yn, as 'sy vlein 1982 va teisht y GCE O Level scruit da'n Ghaelg, ga dy row'n aarlagh jee er n'gheddyn ayns brastylyn fastyragh. Va enney nish ec ny lughtyn-reill as va feme ec ny h-ynseyderyn sheshaght, bing ny corpane oikoil dy chur er bun da femeyn y voodeeys Gaelgagh, lheid as soilsheanyn, fockleyryn, termeeaght noa, a.r.e., dy chur er oaie as er bun. 'Sy vlein 1985 va Coonceil ny Gaelgey, fo-ving jeh Undinys Eiraght Vannin as bing slattyssagh jeh'n Reiltys, currit er bun ry hoi kiarail enmyssyn da rheynnyn reiltyssagh, enmyn straidey, as crooaght focklyn as abbyrtyn noa.