cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nerin
Moggylyn bree
Er y gherrid ta eabyn er ny n'gholl ersooyl ayns Nerin dy ghoaill ymmyd ass bree yn-aanooaghey lheid as bree gheayee. Ta ynnydyn mwyljyn-geayee er nyn droggal ayns coondaeghyn slystagh lheid as Doon ny Ghoal, May Eo, as Aontrym. Ta ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee er ny ve troggit magh veih coose Choontae Cheeill Mantan ec Ynnyd Mwyljyn-Geayee Vullagh Inver Mooar as bee eh ny ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee smoo er y theihll. T'eh er credjal dy nee'n ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee ayns Inver Mooar troarey 10% dy lectraghys Nerin tra t'eh creaghnit. Ta troggalys ynnydyn mwyljyn-geayee er ny ve moalit rere condaigys veih co-phobbylyn ynnydagh, as fir jeu credjal nagh vel ny trubeenyn-geayee dy h-aalin. She Cnoc an Turlaigh jeh chooid yn ESB yn un heyrraad ry hoi tastey bree 'sy steat.
Deiney
Ren ny kied deiney cummal ayns Nerin mychione 9,000 bleeantyn er dy henney, agh cha nel mooarane fys er enney ain mychione ny cummaltee henn-chlaghagh ny noalittagh. Ta ronsaghey gien-oaylleeagh 'sy vlein 2004 coyrlaghey dy daink ny kied chummaltee dys yn ellan as ad çheet harrish ny sheelogheyn rish coose y Cheayn Sheears veih'n Spaainey. Rere sheiltynyssyn ny s'leah, haink ad veih'n Oarpey veanagh. Ta recortyssyn shendeeagh as caardyssagh goaill baght er beays dussanyn dy chynneeyn eigsoylagh foddee v'ad feayn-skeealleydagh ny firrinagh, lheid as ny Cruthinee, ny h-Attacotti, ny Conmaicne, ny h-Eóganachta, ny h-Érainn, as ny Soghain, mastey kynneeyn elley. Harrish y 1,000 bleeaney jerrinagh haink ny Loghlynee, ny Normanee, ny h-Albinee, as ny Sostynee as ad cur lesh y phobble dooghyssagh.
Ta'n Chreestiaght ny possan crauee smoo ayns Nerin. She Catoleaghys Raueagh y rheynn chrauee smoo as eh cowraghey 73% jeh pobble yn ellan (as mychione 87% jeh pobble Phobblaght Nerin). Ta'n chooid elley jeh'n phobble nyn gooid jeh rheynnyn Protestoonagh eigsoylagh (mychione 53% jeh pobble Nerin Hwoaie). She Agglish Anglicaanagh Nerin y nah agglish smoo. Ta'n pobble Islamagh ayns Neirn gaase, rere arraghey stiagh son y chooid smoo. Ta pobble beg dy Ewagh ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin chammah. Ta 4% pobble ny Pobblaght jannoo cur sheese orroo hene myr deiney gyn craueeaght. Ta 14% pobble Nerin Hwoaie jannoo y cur sheese cheddin orroo.
Dirree sleih-earroo Nerin dy tappee veih'n 16-oo eash derrey'n 19-oo eash veanagh. Haghyr gonney craaynagh ayns ny 1840yn, as myr eiyrtys, hooar un villioon dy 'leih baase as daag ny smoo na millioon dy 'leih yn ellan jeeragh lurg y ghonney. Harrish y keead-bleeaney eiyrtyssagh huitt sleih-earroo yn ellan dys earroo va lieh chooid jeh'n çhenn earroo, traa va bishaghey tree-filley ayns sleih-earroo ry-akin ayns çheeraghyn Oarpagh elley.
thumb|left|Caslys-çheerey Nerin ta taishbyney [[glooaght y phobble rere coontae, 2002. Gow tashtey er y ghlooaght 'sy niar as ayns Ullee]] Chur arraghey magh ass Nerin lesh sleih-earroo Hostyn, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ny Canadey as ny h-Austrail raad ta eebyrtys Yernagh mooar cummal jiu. Va ny cooseyn sheear as jiass jeeillit son y chooid smoo rere yn arraghey magh shen. Roish y Ghortey Mooar, va'n ghlooaght cheddin, begnagh, ayns queiggaghyn Connaghtey, Lion as Mooan as cha row Queiggey Ulley cha glooit as y tree queiggaghyn elley. Jiu, ta'n ghlooaght foddey ny s'trimmey ayns Ullee as Lioin, ayns Divlyn er lheh, na ayns y Vooan as Connaghtey.
Rere raahys aasagh veih'n jeihaght yerrinagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, haink er Nerin dy ve ny boayl da sthie-arraghey. Veih ren yn Unnaneys Oarpagh sheeyney magh dys y Pholynn dy ghoaill stiagh ayns 2004, ta ny Polynnee 'sy chied ynnyd rere earroo sthie-arree (ny smoo na 150,000), as sthie-arree elley er nyn jeet veih'n Litaan, y Phobblaght Çheck, as y Latvey. Ta sthie-arraghey mooar er ny akin ayns Pobblaght Nerin er lheh. Rere coontey-pobble 2006, v'eh recortyssit dy row 420,000 fir whaagh, ny 10% jeh'n sleih-earroo, cummal ayns Pobblaght Nerin. Ta cooid vooar jeh ny sthie-arree neu-Oarpagh jeant seose jeh Sheenee as Naigeeree, myrane lesh deiney ass çheeraghyn Affrickagh elley. T'eh er credjal, ansherbee, dy daag seose dys 50,000 obbreeyn arraghee veih'n Oarpey Hiar roish jerrey ny bleeaney 2008.
Ta'n Vaarle Yernagh er ny loayrt ayns Nerin veih ny Mean Eashyn as, rere arraghey çhengagh car y 19-oo eash, ta'n Vaarle er ny chur stiagh ayns ynnyd y Yernish myr y phreeu-hengey da'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobble. Cha nel y Yernish loayrit dy mennick magh ass y chorys ynsee agh ec mysh 10% sleih-earroo Phobblaght Nerin as ta 38% jeu ta ny smoo na 15 bleeaney d'eash rang-oardit myr "Yernisheyryn". Ayns Nerin Hwoaie, she'n Vaarle y çhengey oikoil de facto, agh ta staydys ec y Yernish as ec yn Ullanish, as ee loayrit çheu yiass veih'n joarey chammah. Ayns ny jeihaghtyn jeianagh, rere'n sthie-arraghey, ta ram çhengaghyn elley er ny çheet stiagh dys Nerin, as ad çheet as yn Aishey as yn Oarpey Veanagh son y chooid smoo.
Cultoor
upright|thumb|[[Ard-Chrosh Ard Bó]]
Ta cultoor Nerin jeant seose jeh meeryn cultoor y çhenn sthie-arraghee as cleaynaghyn (lheid as cultoor Gaelgagh) as, er y gherrid, Sostnaghey as Americaanaghey myrane lesh commeeys ayns cultoor ny h-Oarpey. Rere keeal lheeadagh, Ta Nerin coontit myr nane jeh ny hashoonyn Celtiagh 'syn Oarpey, gollrish Nalbin, Bretyn, y Chorn, Mannin as y Vritaan. Ta'n cochiangle shen dy cleaynaghyn cultooagh ry-akin ayns cummaghyn cam ta enmyssit fee Yernagh ny Cruint Cheltiagh. T'ad ry-akin ayns ornaidys ny h-obbraghyn crauee as neuvonnagh mean-eashagh. Ta'n aght shen foast ennoil jiu ayns cliejeeneydys as ellyn ghraafagh, myrane lesh yn aght er lheh jeh kiaull as daunse Yernagh tradishoonagh, as t'ad er ny ve cowreydagh da cultoor "Celtiagh" noa-emshiragh son y chooid smoo.
Ta'n Abbey Theatre ("Theater ny Mannishter"), va bunnit ayns 1904 ayns Divlyn, ny heater ashoonagh as ta'n Taibhdhearc, va bunnit ayns 1928 ayns Galliu, ny heater Yernish ashoonagh. Ta screeuderyn cloie lheid as Seán O'Casey, Brian Friel, Sebastian Barry, Conor McPherson as Billy Roche er enney er feie ny Cruinney.
Ellyn
Ta shiartanse dy hengaghyn goll er loayrt ayns Nerin. Ta'n Yernish y phreeu-hengey ghooghyssagh 'syn ellan. Veih'n 19-oo eash yeianagh, haink er y Vaarle dy ve ny preeu-hengey da'n chooid smoo dy 'leih as haink ee stiagh ayns Nerin ayns ny Mean Eashyn. Ta mynlaght vooar foast loayrt ayns Yernish jiu, agh cha nel ee ny kied çhengey agh ec cooid veg jeh'n phobble. Fo bunraght Phobblaght Nerin, ta staydys oikoil ec y daa hengey, agh ta staydys ashoonagh ec y Yernish as t'ee coontit myr y chied hengey. Ayns Nerin Hwoaie, ta'n Vaarle ny preeu-hengey, as ta staydys mynlagh ardjynagh er y Yernish as er y Vaarle Albinagh Ultagh.
thumb|left|upright|Duillag ghaahit veih [[Leabhar Cheanannais]]
Ta cohortys mooar jeant ec Nerin ayns lettyraght ny cruinney ayns dagh banglane, 'sy Vaarle er lheh. Ta feeleeaght ayns Yernish coontit myr y feeleeaght ghooghyssagh shinney 'syn Oarpey, as ta ny sampleyryn s'leah çheet ass y 6-oo eash. 'Sy Vaarle, va enney mooar er Jonathan Swift ayns ny traaghyn echey er son e obbraghyn lheid as Gulliver's Travels as A Modest Proposal, as t'eh foast enmyssit dy mennick myr y grinder toshee 'sy Vaarle, as ta enney mooar er Oscar Wilde son ny keeayllidyn echey ta aaraait dy mennick. 'Sy 20-oo eash haink kiare cosneyderyn jeh Aundyr Nobel ayns Lettyraght ass Nerin: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett as Seamus Heaney. Faagail magh nagh row Aundyr Nobel bronnit er James Joyce, t'eh coontit myr nane jeh ny screeuderyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n 20-oo eash. Ta'n noa-skeeal veih'n vlein 1922 Ulysses coontit myr nane jeh ny h-obbraghyn smoo scanshoil ayns lettyraght yeianagh as ta e heihll kelloorit dagh blein er 16 Mean Souree ayns Divlyn, as y laa shen enmyssit "Bloomsday". Ta lettyraght Yernagh noa-emshiragh kianglt dy mennick rish yn eiraght çheerey eck trooid screeuderyn lheid as John McGahern as feeleeghyn lheid as Seamus Heaney.
thumb|upright|[[James Joyce, nane jeh ny screeuderyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n 20-oo eash]]
Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, ta kiaull hradishoonagh as daunse Yernagh çheet dy ve ennoil reesht, trooid y phenomenon Riverdance er lheh, cloie theateragh jeh daunse tradishoonagh Yernagh. Ayns ny bleeantyn meanagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, tra va Nerin jeianaghey, huitt y chiaull hradishoonagh ass foayr, ayns ardjyn baljagh er lheh. Car ny 1960yn, as tayrn stiagh ennal veih gleashaght chiaullee çheerey Americaanagh, haghyr aavioghey ayns anaase ayns kiaull hradishoonagh Yernagh, as va'n aavioghey shen stiurit liorish possanyn lheid as The Dubliners, The Chieftains, Emmet Spiceland, The Wolfe Tones, ny Clancy Brothers, Sweeney's Men as fir er lheh lheid as Seán Ó Riada as Christy Moore. Hug possanyn as kiaulleyderyn, goaill stiagh Horslips, Van Morrison, as Thin Lizzy meeryn dy chiaull hradishoonagh stiagh 'sy chiaull chraaee noa-emshiragh as, car ny 1970yn as ny 1980yn, haink er yn anchaslys eddyr kiaulleyderyn tradishoonagh as kiaulleyderyn craaee dy ve millit, as cooid vooar dy 'leih goll harrish ny linnaghyn ayns aghtyn cloie. Ta'n cleayney shoh ry-akin ayns obbyr jeianagh jeh ellyneyryn lheid as Enya, The Saw Doctors, The Corrs, Sinéad O'Connor, Clannad, The Cranberries, Black 47 as The Pogues mastey possanyn elley. Car ny 1990yn, haink fo-horçh dy chiaull veainagh çheerey magh ayns Nerin as ee mestey kiaull veainagh hrome lesh kiaull Yernagh as Celtiagh. V'ad ny possanyn toshee jeh'n fo-horçh shen na Cruachan, Primordial, as Waylander. Ta possanyn kiaullee noa-emshiragh ennagh goaill ny s'gerrey da feaym "tradishoonagh", goaill stiagh Altan, Téada, Danú, Dervish, Lúnasa, as Solas. Ta fir elley goaill stiagh ymmodee dy chultooryn myr co-haaghey dy horçhyn, lheid as yn Afro Celt Sound System as Kíla. Ta'n chooish ry-akin mastey biallyssyn Yernagh gys yn Eurovision Song Contest, co-hirrey kiaullee ooilley-Oarpagh ta cosnit shiaght keayrtyn ec Nerin, ny ny smoo na un çheer elley.
T'ad yn ellyn ghraafagh as y jallooderys Yernagh s'leah na grainnaghyn ta ry-akin ayns buill lheid as Sí an Bhrú as t'ad ry-gheddyn trooid jeantaneyn veih'n Eash Ooha as ny grainnaghyn crauee as laue-screeuyn daahit veih'n eash veanagh. Car y 19-oo as y 20-oo wash, haink tradishoon dooghyssagh lajer jeh daahghey magh, goaill stiagh fir lheid as John Butler Yeats, William Orpen, Jack Yeats as Louis le Brocquy.
Oaylleeaght
thumb|upright|right|Chur [[Robert Boyle Leigh Boyle ayns focklyn]]
Ta fishigee Yernagh ard-ghooagh elley goaill stiagh Ernest Walton, cosneyder yn Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig 'sy vlein 1951. Marish y Reejerey John Douglas Cockcroft, v'eh ny chied ghooiney ren skeiltey çheshvean y vreneen rere saaseyn ellynagh as hug eh contoyrtyssyn da lhiasaghey sheiltynys noa jeh cormid honn. Ta unnid çhiassid absoloidagh, y Kelvin enmyssit ayns onnor William Thomson, ny yn Çhiarn Kelvin. Ren y Reejerey Joseph Larmor, fishigagh as maddaghteyr, noaidyn ayns toiggalaght y lectraghys, niartallaght, çhiass-niartallaght as sheiltynys lectrane dy stoo. V'eh yn obbyr smoo cleaynagh ayn na Aether and Matter, lioar er fishag sheiltynagh va soilshit 'sy vlein 1900.
Chur George Johnstone Stoney stiagh yn enmys lectrane 'sy vlein 1891. V'eh John Stewart Bell noader dy Çhoarym Bell as pabyr bentyn rish feddyn magh anleigh Bell-Jackiw-Adler as v'eh enmyssit son aundyr Nobel. Ta maddaghteyryn ard-ghooagh goaill stiagh lheid as y Reejerey William Rowan Hamilton, as ard-ghoo er son ynlaght y chiarneen. Va cleayney mooar ec Francis Ysidro Edgeworth ayns lhiasaghey tarmaynys noa-chlassicagh, as eh goaill stiagh kishtey Edgeworth. Va John B. Cosgrave ny hur-oayllee ayns sheiltynys earrooee as ghow eh magh ard-earroo lesh 2000 bun-earrooyn 'sy vlein 1999 as earroo Fermat covestagh recortyssit 'sy vlein 2003. Ren John Lighton Synge immeeaght ayns magheryn ennagh dy oaylleeaght, goaill stiagh obbrinaght as saaseyn towse-oaylleeagh ayns conastaght chadjin. Va'n maddaghteyr John Nash myr nane jeh ny scollagyn echey.
Ta hoght ollooscoillyn as ram Undinyssyn Çhaghnoaylleeaght ayns Nerin myrane lesh Undinys Ard-Studeyrys Ghivlyn, va bunnit ayns 1940 marish y fishigagh Erwin Schrödinger myr stiureyder.
Spoyrtyn
Ta ram spoyrtyn elley goll er chloie as fakin, goaill stiagh bluckan bascaidagh, doarneyrys, criggad, eeasteyraght, golf, ratçhal cooyn liauyrey, bluckan laue, hockee, ratçhal cabbil, spoyrtyn gleashagh, lheimyraght chabbil as leddoge.
The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue
She scannane kiaullee bioghit Americaanagh voish y vlein 1997 eh The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue. Ta'n scannane eiyrtyssagh er The Brave Little Toaster voish y vlein 1987. Va'n scannane skeayllit magh jeeragh er feeshan er 20 Boaldyn 1997 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit as er 25 Boaldyn 1999 ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit liorish Walt Disney Home Video.
Nerin
Spoyrtyn magheragh
thumb|upright|left|[[Paul O'Connell roshtyn da'n vluckan car linney-magh noi'n Argenteen ayns 2007]] Ayns 1950, ren FIFA gurneil ny sheshaghtyn cloiederyn dy reih veih ny thallooyn er lheh oc as, ayns 1953, ren eh gurneil dy nee "Pobblaght Nerin" yn ennym va currit er fwirran ashoonagh yn FAI, as "Nerin Hwoaie" yn ennym va currit er fwirran yn IFA veih shen magh (lesh lhimmaghyn er lheh). Ghow Nerin Hwoaie ayrn ayns kione-chloiaghyn Cappan y Theihll ayns ny bleeantyn 1958 (as ad er nyn rosh gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh), 1982 as 1986. Ghow Pobblaght Nerin ayrn ayns kione-chloiaghyn Cappan y Theihll ayns 1990 (as ad er nyn rosh gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh), ayns 1994 as ayns 2002 as ghow ad ayrn ayns Feniaghtys ny h-Oarpey ayns 1988. Ta anaase mooar Yernagh ayns leegyn soccer Sostynagh as Albinagh.
The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue
Va scannane eiyrtyssagh, The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars, skeayllit magh ayns 1998.
Nerin
Spoyrtyn magheragh
Ayns neu-chosoylaght rish soccer, ta Nerin cur un 'wirran ashoonagh ruggyr magh er y vagher, as ta'n fwirran as y spoyrt er feie Nerin stiurit ec un heshaght, yn Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU). Ghow fwirran ruggyr Nerin ayrn ayns dagh Cappan Ruggyr y Theihll, as rosh ad gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh ayns kiare jeu. Va cloiaghyn ruggyr cloit ayns Nerin car Cappanyn y Theihll ayns ny bleeantyn 1991 as 1999. Ta kiare fwirranyn keirdey Yernagh ayn as da dagh fer jeu cloie 'sy Magners League as tree jeu cloie er son Cappan Heineken. Ta ruggyr Yernagh er ny heet dy ve ny smoo cohirreydagh ec corrymyn eddyrashoonagh as queiggagh veih'n vlein 1994 tra haink er y spoyrt dy ve ny spoyrt keirdey. Car y traa shen, ren Ullee (1999 ), y Vooan (2006 and 2008 ) as Lion (2009 ) cosney y Cappan Heineken. Ayns bishaghey rish shen, ta fwirran eddyrashoonagh Nerin er gheddyn ny smoo as ny smoo rah ayns Feniaghtys ny Shey Ashoonyn noi ny fwirranyn reiht elley Oarpagh. Haink y rah shen, goaill stiagh Tree-Chrooinyn ayns 2006 as 2007, ry-cheiley lesh greim glen dy varriaghtyn, ta enmyssit Grand Slam, ayns 2009.
Va fwirran criggad Nerin mastey ny h-ashoonyn coheshaghtagh chossyn ayrn ayns Cappan Criggad y Theihll 2007. Chur Nerin y Phakistaan fo haart as ren ad creaghney 'sy nah ynnyd 'sy cho-rheynn, as hooar ad ynnyd ayns keim y Super 8 jeh'n feniaghtys. Ghow y fwirran ayrn 'syn ICC World Twenty20 2009 lurg e cho-varriaght ayns ny qualleeaghtyn, raad ghow ad ayrn ayns keim y Super 8. Myrane lesh shen chossyn Nerin y Whalleeaght da Cappan ICC y Theihll as ad shickyraghey nyn ynnyd ayns Cappan Criggad y Theihll 2011, myrane lesh staydys ODI oikoil derrey 2013.
Ta fwirran ruggyr leeg Nerin jeant seose son y chooid smoo jeh cloieyderyn ta bunnit ayns Sostyn lesh kianglaghyn lught thie Yernagh, as cloiederyn elley çheet magh ass cohirrey ynnydagh ass yn Austrail. Rosh Nerin ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh ayns Cappan Ruggyr Leeg y Theihll 2000.
The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars
She scannane kiaullee bioghit Americaanagh voish y vlein 1998 eh The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars. T'eh bunnit er y ghiare-skeeal voish y vlein 1988 fo'n ennym cheddin liorish Thomas M. Disch. T'eh eiyrtyssagh er The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue (1997). Va'n scannane skeayllit jeeragh er feeshan er 18 Boaldyn 1998 ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit liorish Walt Disney Home Video.
Nerin
Spoyrtyn elley
thumb|[[Ratçhal cabbil ayns Shliggagh]] Ta ratçhal cooyn liauyrey as ratçhal cabbil nyn spoyrtyn ennoil as cadjin ayns Nerin. Ta ram sleih frastyl er staidyn cooyn liauyrey as ta ram cruinnaghtyn ratçhal cabbil goll er taghyrt ayn. Ta ard-ghoo er yn ellan son fuilleeaght as ynsaghey cabbil roie as ta ram cooyn roie er nyn assphurtal magh dagh blein. Ta rheynnag ratçhal cabbil co-ghlooit ayns Coontae Cheeill Darey son y chooid smoo.
Ta roortaghys Yernagh er ny lhiassaghey ayns ny traaghyn jeianagh, as daa voyn ard-ghooagh er nyn gosney ec Sonia O'Sullivan ayns ratçhyn 5,000 meteryn; boyn airhey ec Feniaghtyssyn y Theihll 'sy vlein 1995 as boyn argid ec Cloiaghyn Olympagh sy vlein 2000 ayns Sydney. Chossyn Gillian O'Sullivan boyn argid 'sy ratçh shooill 20k ec Feniaghtyssyn y Theihll ayns 2003, as chossyn cleeader ratçhal Derval O'Rourke boyn airhey ayns Feniaghtyssyn Çheusthie y Theihll 'sy vlein 2006 ayns Moscow. Chossyn Olive Loughnane boyn argid ayns ratçhal shooil 20k ayns Feniaghtyssyn Roortaghys y Theihll ayns Berleen ayns 2009.
Ta doarneyrys reirit ec yn Irish Amateur Boxing Association. Ayns 1992, chossyn Michael Carruth boyn airhey son y doarneyrys ayns Cloiaghyn Olympagh Barcelona as 'sy vlein 2008 chossyn Kenny Egan boyn argid son doarneyrys ayns Cloiaghyn Olympagh ayns Beijing.
Ta golf feer-chadjin ayns Nerin as she çhynskyl mooar t'ayn turrysid ghalf as ee tayrn ny smoo na 240,000 keayrtee golf dagh blein. Va Cappan Ryder 2006 cloit 'sy K Club ayns Coontae Cheeill Darey. Haink er Pádraig Harrington dy ve ny chied Yernagh veih Fred Daly ayns 1947 dys y British Open ayns Càrn Fheusda dy chosney ayns Jerrey Souree 2007. Chossyn eh e ard-ennym ayns Jerrey Souree 2008 roish chossyn eh y PGA Championship ayns Luanistyn. Haink er Harrington dy ve ny chied Oarpagh dys y PGA Championship dy chossyn er feie 78 bleeaney as v'eh ny chied chosneyder veih Nerin.
Ta traieyn da markiaght tonn ry-gheddyn er coose heear Nerin, ayns An Leacht as Cooan Ghoon ny Ghoal er lheh, as ad foshlit da'n Cheayn Sheear. Ta cummey funnyl er Cooan Ghooan ny Ghoal as t'eh goaill greim er geayaghyn neear/neear yiass veih'n Cheayn Sheear, as t'ad croo emshyr vie da markiaght tonn, 'sy gheurey er lheh. Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, haink markiaght tonn feniaghtagh ny h-Oarpey dys Bun Dobhráin. Ta thummey scuba çheet dy toshiaght ayns Nerin er oyr ny h-ushtaghyn gilley as earrooyn mooarey dy vioys marrey, rish y choose heear er lheh. Ta ram lhongvrishaghyn ry-akin rish coose Nerin lesh fir jeh ny thunnaghyn lhongvrishaghyn share ry-akin magh veih Cionn Mhálanna as magh veih coose Choontae Chorkee.
Ta Nerin ny kione-jurnaa cadjin as ennoil son eeastagh lesh millaghyn dy loghyn, ny smoo na 14,000 km (8,700 mi) dy awinyn ta gymmyrkey eeastyn as ny smoo na 3,700 km (2,300 km) dy choose. Ta speyr honderagh Nerin cooie da eeastagh spoyrt. Tra ta breckeragh braddan as brick foast ennoil lesh breckeyderyn, hooar eeasteyragh braddan aaniartaghey ayns 2006 lesh dooney eeasteragh lhieen troa braddan. Ta eeasteyragh garroo lhiassaghey dy beayn. Ta eeasteragh marrey lhiassit lesh ram traieyn currit er caslyssyn-çheerey as cowrit, as ta mychione 80 dooieyn dy eeastyn marrey.
Bee as jough
thumb|left|[[Caashey Gubbeen, sampleyr jeh aa-anaase ayns jannoo caashey Yernagh]]
Ta bee as coagyraght Yernagh goaill cleanaghyn veih ny troaryn ta lhiassit as ny beiyn ta troggit ayns speyr honderagh yn ellan as veih ny coryn sheshoil as politickagh ayns shennaghys Nerin. Myr sampleyr, car yn eash veih ny Mean Eashyn derrey çheet y phraase 'sy 16-oo eash v'eh ny chowrey smoo jeh tarmaynys Nerin na bochillaght ollee, as va earroo ollee ec peiagh corrym rish y stayd sheshoil echey. Er yn oyr shen, cha ren bochillyn buitçheraghey baa va troarey bainney. Er yn oyr shen, va feill vuc as feill vane ny smoo cadjin na feill vart, as ta slissagyn roauyr dy vagoon saillit as eeym hailjey nyn droyn sampleyragh jeh'n vee Yernagh veih ny Mean Eashyn. Va aght dy choyrt folley veih ollagh as dy mestey'n fuill lesh bainney as eeym (cosoylaght son y chooid smoo rish ny Maasai) ry-akin dy mennick as ta putage ghoo, ta jeant seose jeh fuill, grine (oarn son y chooid smoo) as blasstalys, foast ny h-anjeeal undinagh ayns Nerin. Ta dagh fer jeh ny cleanaghyn shen ry-akin ayns y "rolley anjeeal".
Chur çheet stiagh y phraase ayns lieh jerrinagh y 16-oo eash cleayney mooar er y choagyraght Yernagh veih shen magh. Chur boghtinys mooar creeaght ayns aght croit as 'sy 19-oo eash veanagh va'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobbyl gee bee va jeant seose jeh praaseyn as bainney. Dee lught thie sampleyragh, va jeant seose jeh fer, ben, as kiare paitçhyn 18 claghyn (110 kg) dy phraaseyn dagh shiaghtyn. Rere shen, ta lhongaghyn ta coontit myr lhongaghyn ashoonagh cur seose neu-ghalaantaght vunneydagh rish coagyraght, lheid as yn anvroie Yernagh, bagoon as caayl, bacstaí (sorçh dy phannag phraase), ny caayl kionnan, lhongey ta jeant seose jeh praaseyn lahnit as anvroie caayl ny caayl.
Keayrt va Nerin ny çheer smoo scanshoil son troarey ushtey bea, as va 90% jeh ushtey bea 'sy theihll troarit ayn rish toshiaght y 20-oo eash. Ansherbee, myr eiyrtys jeh ny smuggleyderyn alcoal car y veelowalys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (as ushtey vea jeh drogh-whaalid er ny chreck lesh enmyn "Yernagh" orroo as eh shen jeeilley yn foayr cadjin son cowraghyn Yernagh) as myr eiyrtys jeh ny custymyn er ushtey bea Yernagh harrish yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh car y Chaggey Traghtee Anglo-Yernagh ayns ny 1930yn, huitt creck jeh ushtey bea Yernagh er feie ny cruinney gys 2% rish mean y 20-oo eash. Ayns 1953, rere creear veih'n reiltys Yernagh, v'eh feddynit magh nagh row ushtey bea Yernagh er fys ec 50% jeh iuderyn ushtey bea ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Ansherbee, va iu yn ushtey bea Yernagh foast ennoil ayns Nerin, as ayns ny jeihaghtyn jeianagh, ta'n ushtey bea Yernagh girree ny smoo scanshoil er feie ny cruinney. Dy cadjin, cha nel ushtey bea Yernagh cha jaaghagh as ushtey bea Albinagh, agh cha nel eh cha millish as ushtey bea Americaanagh ny Canadagh. Ta'n ushtey bea ny vun da liggooryn kay, lheid as Baileys, as ta'n "caffee Yernagh" (jinlag dy chaffee as ushtey bea va cummit, rere rish, ayns stashoon etlan marrey Faing) coontit myr y jinlag Yernagh smoo ennoil, foddee.
Noteyn
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The Brave Little Toaster
She scannane kiaullee bioghit Americaanagh voish y vlein 1987 eh The Brave Little Toaster. Er ny stiurey ec Jerry Rees, t'eh bunnit er y ghiare-skeeal voish y vlein 1980 fo'n ennym cheddin liorish Thomas M. Disch. Ta'n scannane goaill stiagh ny roltagyn Deanna Oliver, Timothy E. Day, Jon Lovitz, Tim Stack, as Thurl Ravenscroft, marish Wayne Kaatz, Colette Savage, Phil Hartman, Joe Ranft, as Jim Jackman ayns paartyn co-hassooagh.
Gollage
right|thumb|Gollageyn eigsoylagh Ayns skynneydys as cooid aarlee, ta gollage çheet er greie, ta jeant ass meain jiu son y chooid smoo, raad tan'n laue eck goaill jerrey ayns kione ta banglaneaghey ayns shiartanse d'eeacklyn as ad cam keayrtyn. Foddee yn ymmydeyr bee y leeaney son eh y yiarrey marish skynn ny eh y chummal seose as y chur rish y veeall.
Berlebeck
Haink er Berlebeck dy ve ny chooid jeh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn reiltyssagh.
Ta'n clyst 12.6 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 2,446 deiney cummal ayn. She Harald Matz (SPD) y meoir as yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.
Greg Davies
She fer aitt, aghteyr, çhebbeyder, as screeudeyr Bretnagh eh Gregory Daniel Davies (ruggit er 14 Boaldyn 1968). Ta enney share er son e phaartyn myr Greg ayns We Are Klang, Mr Gilbert ayns The Inbetweeners, Ken Thompson ayns Cuckoo, y Taskmaster ("Mainshtyr") ayns Taskmaster, Dan Davies ayns Man Down, as Paul Wickstead ayns The Cleaner. T'eh er ny ghoaill ayrn myr eshyn hene chammah ayns Mock the Week, Fast and Loose, Live at the Apollo, as Would I Lie to You?
Kyla Pratt
She ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee Kyla Alissa Pratt (ruggit er 16 Mean Fouyir 1986 ). Chur ee e goo rish y characteyr Penny Proud 'sy chied straih vioghit da'n Disney Channel va enmyssit The Proud Family, as Breanna Latrice Barnes ayns One on One liorish UPN. Erreish j'ee neen karacteyr Eddie Murphy y chloie ayns ny filmyn Dr. Dolittle as Dr. Dolittle 2, haink er Pratt dy ve ny ard-characteyr 'sy straih aayeant jeh'n chiartys ayns filmyn lheid as Dr. Dolittle 3, Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief, as Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts. Ta Pratt er ny chloie chammah ayns ny filmyn Fat Albert, Hotel for Dogs, as The Proud Family Movie. Chammah's shen, t'ee er ny chloie 'sy straih Let's Stay Together. T'ee gobbraghey nish er Black Ink Crew: Compton liorish VH1 as mastey yn fwirran er Call Me Kat liorish Fox, as t'ee aavioghey paart Penny ayns The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder er Disney+.
An Bóthar Buí, Coontae yn Vee
Ta an Bóthar Buí (Enfield, Yernish son "y Baayr Buigh") ny valley ayns jiass Choontae yn Vee, Nerin. Ta'n balley ny hoie eddyr Cionn Átha Gad as Cill Choca er yn R148 va enmyssit yn N4 roish haink er y valley dy ve shaghnit liorish yn M4 ta goll veih Divlyn gys Shliggagh. Cha nel y balley agh fodjeeaght ghiare veih'n joarey rish Coontae Cheeill Darey.
Laramie, Wyoming
Ta Laramie ny chaayr ayns Albany County, Wyoming, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Va 31,312 cummaltee 'sy chaayr rere coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2011. She Dave Paulekas meoir y valley.
Çheer-oaylleeaght
Rere Oik Coontey-pobble ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ta'n chaayr 46.00 km² er eaghtyr
Dún Seachlainn
Ta Dún Seachlainn ny Domhnach Seachnaill (Dunshaughlin) ny valley ayns Coontae yn Vee, Nerin. Ta'n balley ny hoie 29 km sheear hwoaie veih Divlyn as 19 km shiar yiass veih'n Ooive er raad yn N3. Rere coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2006 va 3,384 cummaltee 'sy valley.
Brian Cox (aghteyr)
She aghteyr Albinagh eh Brian Denis Cox (ruggit er 1 Mean Souree 1946). T'eh er obbraghey marish y Royal Shakespeare Company as y Royal National Theatre dy lheeadagh raad hooar eh enney son e huarystal myr Ree Lear. Ren eh cloie paartyn co-hassooagh ayns Rob Roy (1995) as Braveheart (1995) liorish Mel Gibson. She Cox va'n chied aghteyr ren cloie Hannibal Lecter er y scaailan ayns Manhunter (1986). She cosneyder daa Aundyr Olivier Award, un Aundyr Primetime Emmy as un Aundyr Golden Globe, as t'eh er ve enmyssit son BAFTA as tree aundyr y Screen Actors Guild. Ayns 2003, v'eh pointit dys Oardagh yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh myr Anneyder.
Mastey ny scannaneyn echey, t'ad goaill stiagh The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996), The Boxer (1997), Rushmore (1998), Super Troopers (2001), The Bourne Identity (2002), The Ring (2002), 25th Hour (2002), Troy (2004), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), Red Eye (2005), Zodiac (2007), The Escapist (2008), Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), RED (2010), Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), Coriolanus (2011), RED 2 (2013), Churchill (2017), as Remember Me (2019). Ta Cox er chloie er yn ardan ayns Lunnin chammah as t'eh er chosney daa Aundyr Olivier son yn Aghteyr Share son e chloiaghyn ayns Titus Andronicus lesh y Royal Shakespeare Company as Rat in the Skull lesh y Royal Court Theatre, as hooar eh daa enmyssaght son Aundyryn Olivier ayns Misalliance as Fashion.
Ree Vannin
By enmys reeoil eh Ree Vannin (Rex Manniae, King of Mann) va currit er reireyderyn ennagh, seyrey ny fo smaght, va stiurey Reeriaght Vannin eddyr ny bleeantyn 1237 as 1504. Ec y traa t'ayn jiu, cha nel yn enmys ymmydit agh ta "ree" ny "benrein" Vannin enmyssit Çhiarn Vannin jiu.
Reeriaght Vannin as ny h-Ellanyn (roish 1237)
Goaill toshiaght 'sy vlein 1237, va Reeriaght Vannin as ny h-Ellanyn rheynnit ayns daa ayrn. Ren reeaghyn goll er oaie lesh nyn stiurey harrish Mannin, agh haink er ny h-ellanyn Albinagh dy ve goit stiagh myr çhiarnaght ny h-Albey. Son shennaghys ny reireyderyn va stiurey ny h-Ellanyn Albinagh lurg y date shoh, jeeagh er Çhiarn ny h-Ellanyn.
Reeriaght heyr (1333 - 1399)
Er 9 Luanistyn 1333 ren Edard III shaghney dagh aggyrtyn Sostynagh er Mannin, as ren eh cur enney er Mannin myr reeriaght heyr fo'n ree eck, William Montacute, 1d Eearley Salisbury.
Totum jus et clamium quod habemus, habuimus vel aliquo modo habere poterimus, in Insula de Man cum suis pertinentiis quibuscumque; ita quod nec Nos, nec haeredes nostri, seu quivis alius nostro nomine, aliquid juris vel clamii in Insula praedicta de caetero exigere poterimus vel vindicare.
Ard-Hiarnys Sostynagh (1399 - 1504)
Er-yn-oyr dy ren eiyrtyssagh Inry, Edard III, cur Mannin er enney myr reeriaght heyr, cha ren Inry IV aggyrt dy jeeragh er y chrooin Vanninagh. Ayns e ynnyd, ren eh fockley magh dy row yn reeriaght currit fo haart rere barriaght. Rere y leigh eddyr-ashoonagh ec y traa shen ren yn aght shen cur fo haart yn oardagh bunraghtoil v'ayn. Er 19 Jerrey Fouyir 1399 yiall eh yn Ellan, myr fo-reill fo'n Chrooin Hostynagh, gys Henry Percy, 1d Eearley Northumberland myrane lesh cummaghtyn lheeadagh dy reill as reeoilidyn kianglt rish, myrane lesh yn aght 'Çhiarn Vannin', ayns ynnyd feudalaght as myr shen gyn seyrsnys. Gyn y wooise da shen, ren Percy enmyssey eh hene myr 'Ree Vannin'.
We have given and granted … to the said Earl of Northumberland the Island, Castle, Peel and Lordship of Man, and all the islands and lordships appertaining to the said Isle of Man, which belonged to Sir William le Scrope deceased, whom in his life We lately conquered, and so have decreed him conquered, and which by reason of that conquest, as having been conquered, We seized into Our hands; which decree and conquest as touching the person of the said William and all his lands and tenements, goods and chattels, as well within as without Our Kingdom, in Our Parliament by the assent of the Lords temporal … at the petition of the Commons of Our said Kingdom, are confirmed …
Lurg yn irree magh traitooragh liorish Percy, yiall Inry VI seyrsnys yn Ellan, er conaantyn cosoylagh agh er lhing unnane as e heihll, gys y Reejerey Juan y Stanlagh 'sy vlein 1405. Ayns bishaghey lesh shen, agh er aght er lheh veih reirey yn Ellan, va patroonys Aspickys Sodor as Vannin gialdit da Juan y Stanlagh.
Va ny lettyryn-foshlit shen jeant neuvreeoil as aa-ghialdit er 6 Averil 1406. Eishtagh, va'n gialdyn eiraghtoil as va leagh feudalagh anchasley ayn - va feme er y Çhiarn Manninagh nish goaill stiagh toyrtys ammys as keesh dy ghaa hirragh dy yiall da dagh Ree Sostynagh lesh lhing nyn grooinaghey oc. Jiu, ta'n tradishoon shen dy ghialdyn shirree ry-akin er armys Vannin raad ta'n shirragh shassoo er y çheu toshtal.
Çhiarn Vannin (1504 - jiu)
Cha ren mac Homase Stanlagh, 2h Eearley Derby, ymmyd jeh'n enmys 'Ree', as v'eh as y lught eiyrtyssagh echey er enney dy cadjin myr 'Çhiarn Vannin'. Ansherbee, va'n enmys Ladjynagh Rex Manniae et Insularum (Ree Vannin as ny h-Ellanyn) er ymmyd ny keayrtyn ayns docamadyn oikoil derrey'n 17-oo eash er y chooid sloo.
Arabish
She çhengey Hemittagh Veanagh ee yn Arabish (العربية al-ʿarabiyyah, ASE: [ʔæl.ʕɑrɑˈbiːjɐ], ny عربي ʿarabī, [ˈʕɑrɑbiː]), as myr shen ta kiangley eddyr ee as ny çhengaghyn Semittagh elley lheid as yn Ewnish as ny çhengaghyn Noa-Aramaagh. Ta ny smoo loayreyderyn ny h-Arabish na loayreyderyn jeh çhengey Hemittagh elley. T'ee myr çhengey ghooghyssagh ec ny smoo na 280 millioonyn dy leih, as ta'n chooid smoo jeu cummal 'sy Niar Meanagh as 'syn Affrick Hwoaie. Ta staydys oikoil eck ayns 26 çheeraghyn as ayns 4 reagheydyssyn eddyr-ashoonagh, goaill stiagh ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit, as she çhengey liturgagh yn Islam t'aynjee. Ta sorçhyn eigsoylagh jeh'n Arabish ayn, as ad er nyn rheynn magh harrish ard mooar dy çheer-oaylleeagh. Ta fir jeu do-hoiggalagh eddyr nyn geilley. Ta'n Arabish Chadjinit Noa-emshyragh er n'ynsaghey ayns ny scoillyn, as ny h-ollooscoillyn, as er n'ymmyd ayns buill obbree, reiltyssyn as 'syn ym-ysseraght.
Raad ny Foillan
Ta Raad ny Foillan ny cassan troagyraght liauyr ayns Mannin.
Bollagh as shennaghys
Ta Raad ny Foillan goaill toshiaght as goaill jerrey ec Droghad y Villey Bleeaney harrish Purt Ghoolish. Ta'n cassan kiarkylagh, ta 102 meeilaghyn er liurid, taishbynit er feie yn choose Manninagh liorish cowraghyn ta taishbyney foillan er cooylrey gorrym.
Va'n cassan currit er bun son dy chelloorey feaillaghyn "Vlein yn Eiraght" 'sy vlein 1986, as t'eh goll rish y choose dy cadjin as t'eh jeant seose jeh thalloo anchasley, eddyr traieyn gavel ec Inver Ayre gys cruink as eayninyn yrjey.
Ta'n cassan jeant seose jeh ny rheynnyn shoh:
left|thumb|Mannin
Blaanid as beiyn
Ec ny rheynnyn slystagh ta ushagyn marrey lheid as pirree, pibbinyn Manninagh, pibbinyn, stronnagyn, as foillanyn ry-akin myrane lesh raunyn glassey, as ec buill antraieagh ta kirree loaghtan Vanninagh ry-akin ayns ardjyn ta freillt liorish Undinys Eiraght Vannin.
Donna Murphy
She ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee Donna Murphy (ruggit er 7 Mayrnt 1959). Ta enney share urree son yn obbyr eck 'sy theater kiaullee. V'ee enmyssit son Aundyr Tony queig keayrtyn as chossyn ee y Ven-aghteyr Share ayns Obbyr Chiaullee daa cheayrt: son e paart myr Fosca ayns Passion (1994–1995) as myr Anna Leonowens ayns The King and I (1996–1997). V'ee enmyssit chammah son e paartyn myr Ruth Sherwood ayns Wonderful Town (2003), Lotte Lenya ayns LoveMusik (2007) as Bubbie/Raisel ayns The People in the Picture (2011).
Ren Murphy e toshiaght er Broadway myr ynnydagh 'sy chloie kiaullee They're Playing Our Song ayns 1979. Ta e cloiaghyn elley goaill stiagh obbraghyn lheid as Song of Singapore (1991) as Hello Again (1993), chammah as y caghlaays jeh Bette Midler myr y karacteyr enmyssagh ayns aavioghey Broadway jeh Hello, Dolly! (2017–2018). Ayns 1997, chossyn ee Aundyr Daytime Emmy son y Chloieder Ard-yinddysagh ayns Sur-obbyr Phaitçhyn son e paart ayns Someone Had to be Benny, episode jeh'n straih Lifestories: Families in Crisis liorish HBO. Ta e paartyn fillym goaill stiagh Anij ayns Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), Rosalie Octavius ayns Spider-Man 2 (2004), Mother Gothel 'sy fillym bioghit Tangled (2010), as nane jeh ny scrudeyryn reiltyssagh ayns The Bourne Legacy (2012). Ayns 2022, t'ee cloie Caroline Astor 'sy straih The Gilded Age liorish HBO.
Spein
thumb|Speinyn maidjey, [[sleih Betsileo, Madagascar, y 19oo eash]] thumb|Spein as gollage [[Yn Impiraght Hasaanagh|Sasaanagh (4oo eash)]] Ta spein (keayrtyn spain) çheet er greie ta goaill stiagh meilley aaghowin veg, ooh-chrooagh ny runtit, ec kione laue. She sorçh dy skynneydys t'ee myr ayrn jeh soiaghey buird er lheh. T'ad goll er ymmyd son bee y arraghey dys y veeal. Chammah's shen, t'ad goll er ymmyd son bee y aarlaghey liorish towshan, mestey, as tilgey mynayrnyn as son bee y hendeil. Ta speinyn noa-emshiragh jeant ass meain, aamaid, porslyn ny plastagh. Shimmey sorçh dy spein t'ayn as ad jeant ass stoo eigsoylagh son ram ymmydyn as bee.
Airn
Ta airn çheet er messyn cruinney Prunus domestica fogh. insititia as Prunus spinosa, nyn miljyn messey feie. Ta messyn oochrooagh ec ''P. domestica fogh. insititia'' chammah, fo'n ennym airnag.
Renniagh (lus)
She lus erbee 'sy rheynn Pteridophyta eh renniagh ny faarney. Ta mysh 12 000 dooie ayn. . Ta sylem as phloem oc, as myr shen, she lossreeyn cuishlagh t'ayn. Ta gass, duillagyn as fraueyn oc, agh cha nel rassyn ny blaaghyn; t'ad geddyn sliught liorish sporragyn.
Tom Holland
She aghteyr Sostynagh eh Thomas Stanley Holland (ruggit er 1 Mean Souree 1996).
Fer sniaghtee
thumb|220px|Sampleyr dy fer sniaghtee keintagh thumb|Fer sniaghtee, video thumb|220px|Fer sniaghtee - Yn Ghermaan
Renniagh (lus)
Haink rish renniee 'sy recortys fossylagh 'syn Eash Charboniferagh, agh cha row ny dooieyn jeianagh ayn derrey anmagh 'syn Eash Chretaceagh son y chooid smoo.
Cha row monney feu tarmaynagh ec renniee, agh ta sleih troarey kuse jeu er son bee, jeshanaghey, ny er son yeehrullaghey thalloo sollit. Ta kuse jeu nyn sarkylyn scanshoil.
Bea
Corys bea renniagh cadjin:
Eggoaylleeaght Renniee
thumb|150px|left|Renniee ec Muir Woods, California Ga dy vel renniee cummal ayns cooillyn boggey scaadooagh rere'n eie chadjin, t'ad ry-akin ayns ymmodee çhymbyllaghtyn elley, goaill stiagh sleityn, ushtey, carrickyn eaynagh, as magheryn. Son y chooid smoo, she sur-lossreeyn t'ayn, as t'ad gaase dy mie ayns oayllyn oirragh raad troyn ny çhymbyllaght cur lhiettal er lossreeyn blaaghey. Ta kuse jeu mastey ard-sarkylyn ny cruinney, as t'adsyn goaill stiagh renniagh vooar ny thalloo sleitoil, as Azolla ny loghyn grianchryssagh; ta'n daa ghooie jannoo coloinyn mooar ta skeaylley dy tappee.
T'ad ry-akin ayns kiare oayllyn erskyn ooilley: keylljyn boggey scaadooagh; scaanaghyn ayns carrickyn; curree gheayragh; as er biljyn grianchryssagh, raad ta ymmodee dooieyn nyn epiphyteyn.
Strughtoor renniee
thumb|Renniee ec [[Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens]] thumb|Renniee, [[Dicksonia antarctica foddee, ec Nunniong, yn Austrail]]
Gametophyteyn
Ta gametophyteyn renniee anchasley rish gametophyteyn lossreeyn rassagh. Ta'n gametophyte renniagh cadjin jeant magh jeh:
Ymmyd tarmaynagh
Cha nel renniee cho scanshoil as lossreeyn rassagh dy tarmaynagh, agh ta ymmyd jeant jeh kuse jeu. Ta sleih gee shiartanse dy renniee, myr sampleyr duillagyn beggey renniagh vooar (Pteridium aquilinum), Matteuccia struthiopteris, Osmunda cinnamomea, ny Diplazium esculentum. T'ad caigney Polypodium glycyrrhiza er son y vlass mie eck.
Ta renniee 'sy ghenus Azolla nyn lossreeyn beggey snaueagh nagh vel gollrish renniee chadjin. Ta ymmyd jeant jeu er son lhiasaghey ayns magheryn reise yn Aishey hiar-yiass, er y fa dy vel ad tashtey nitrageen as jannoo beaghey lus jeh.
Shimmey renniagh t'ad gaase myr lossreeyn çheer-yallooagh, er son duillagys jesheenagh, as myr lossreeyn thie. T'adsyn goaill stiagh renniagh Voston (Nephrolepis exaltata), Asplenium nidus, as y ghenys Platycerium.
Ta fir elley nyn sarkylyn nieunagh ny dooieyn ruegeydagh. T'adsyn goaill stiagh Lygodium japonicum as Onoclea sensibilis. Ta renniagh ushtey vooar (Salvinia molesta) mastey sarkylyn smessey ushtee ny cruinney.
Ta'n renniagh Pteris vittata ard-haglym arsnick ass y thalloo.
T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh renniee villagh ayns ardjyn grianchryssagh.
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Fer sniaghtee
She jalloo deiney ta crooit lesh sniaghtey eh fer sniaghtee. Dy mennick, t'ad crooit liorish paitçhyn myr paart dy halee lught thie as ad kelloorey yn geurey. Ayns cooishyn ennagh, ta mooarane dy fir niaghtee crooit liorish commee ayns feaillaghyn geuree. Er yn oyr dy vel y fer sniaghtee giare-heiltagh, she sampleyr mie dy ellyn hoiagh.
Troggalaght
Ta sniaghtey paggal crooit nar ta sniaghtey poodyragh cadjin çheet begnagh dys y phoynt lheie echey as nar t'eh bog as cruinnagh. T'eh shen lhiggey da troggalaght vluckanyn sniaghtee mooarey rere rowlal vluckan dys y phoynt dy vel eh cha mooar as t'er laccal. My ta'n bluckan sniaghtee çheet dys bun y sniaghtee, foddee eh rassey seose faiyr, shillee, cray, a.r.e. 'Syn Oarpey as ayns America Hwoaie, ta fir niaghtee troggit lesh 3 cruinnaghyn as ad jannoo seose y kione, y colb, as y corp injil. She yn fassan cadjin t'ayn na'n fer sniaghtee dy yesheenaghey, lesh creggyn, geayl, maidjaghyn aamaid, as glassraghyn. Ta carradjeyn ny shillishyn ymmydit ry hoi'n stroin, as ta maidjaghyn aamaid ymmydit ry hoi ny laueyn as ta creggyn ymmydit ry hoi ny sooillyn (geayl dy tradishoonagh). Ta deiney ennagh cur nyn vir niaghtee ayns eaddee (bussalyn mwannal, jaggadyn, eddyn).
Ta fir niaghtee troggit 'syn Aishey Hiar lesh daa chruinney. 'Sy Çhapaan, she Yuki daruma (雪だるま) (foc. sniaghtey-daruma) yn ennym oc.
Y fer sniaghtee smoo 'sy theihll
thumb|Y ben niaghtee "Olympia" Va recortys son y fer sniaghtee smoo 'sy dowan skeayllt magh ayns 2008 ayns Bethel, Maine. Va'n fer sniaghtee 122 ft er yrjid, as va ennym y çhannadeyr Americaanagh Olympia Snowe va tuarastyl Maine currit er.
Unicode
Ayns Unicode, she yn cowrey "fer sniaghtee" ayn na U+2603.
Renniagh (lus)
Cultural connotations
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds. In Slavic folklore, ferns are believed to bloom once a blein, during the Ivan Kupala night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a "fern flower" is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly, Finnish tradition holds that one who finds the "seed" of a fern in bloom on Midsummer night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing Will o' the wisps called aarnivalkea mark the spot of hidden treasure. These spots are protected by a spell which prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations.
"Pteridomania"' is a term for the Victorian era craze of fern collecting and fern motifs in decorative art including pottery, glass, metals, textiles, wood, printed paper, and sculpture "appearing on everything from christening presents to gravestones and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the Wardian case, a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland, is a notable example of this type of nature printing. The process, patented by the artist and soilsheyder Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was Alois Auer's The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process.
Misunderstood names
In addition, the book Where the Red Fern Grows has elicited many questions about the mythical "red fern" named in the book. There is no such known plant, although there has been speculation that the oblique grape-fern, Sceptridium dissectum, could be referred to here, because it is known to appear on disturbed sites and its fronds may redden over the winter.
Evolution and classification
One problem with fern classification is the problem of cryptic species. Cryptic species are those which are morphologically similar to another species, but which differ genetically in ways that prevent fertile interbreeding. A good example of this can be seen in the currently-designated species Asplenium trichomanes, the maidenhair spleenwort. This is actually a species complex which includes distinct diploid and tetraploid races. There are minor but unclear morphological differences between the two groups, which prefer distinctly differing habitats. In many cases such as this, the species complexes have been separated into separate species, thus raising the number of overall fern species. Possibly many more cryptic species are yet to be discovered and designated.
Ferns have traditionally been grouped in the Class Filices, but modern classifications assign them their own phylum or division in the plant kingdom, called Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. The group is also referred to as Polypodiophyta, (or Polypodiopsida when treated as a subdivision of tracheophyta (vascular plants), although Polypodiopsida sometimes refers to only the leptosporangiate ferns). The term "pteridophyte" has traditionally been used to describe all seedless vascular plants, making it synonymous with "ferns and fern allies". This can be confusing since members of the fern phylum Pteridophyta are also sometimes referred to as pteridophytes. The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called pteridology, and one who studies ferns and other pteridophytes is called a pteridologist.
Traditionally, three discrete groups of plants have been considered ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns—families Ophioglossaceae (adders-tongues, moonworts, and grape-ferns) and Marattiaceae—and the leptosporangiate ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with a large, fleshy rhizome, and are now thought to be a sibling taxon to the main group of ferns, the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of plants were considered "fern allies": the clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts in the Lycopodiophyta, the whisk ferns in Psilotaceae, and the horsetails in the Equisetaceae. More recent genetic studies have shown that the Lycopodiophyta are only distantly related to any other vascular plants, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant clade, while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as much "true" ferns as are the Ophioglossoids and Marattiaceae. In fact, the whisk ferns and Ophioglossoids are demonstrably a clade, and the horsetails and Marattiaceae are arguably another clade. Molecular data — which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny — have been supplemented by recent morphological observations supporting the inclusion of Equisetaceae within the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm, and peculiarities of their roots (Smith et al. 2006, and references therein). However, there are still differences of opinion about the placement of the Equisetum species (see Equisetopsida for further discussion).
One possible means of treating this situation is to consider only the leptosporangiate ferns as "true" ferns, while considering the other three groups as "fern allies". In practice, numerous classification schemes have been proposed for ferns and fern allies, and there has been little consensus among them. A new classification by Smith et al. (2006) is based on recent molecular systematic studies, in addition to morphological data. This classification divides extant ferns into four classes:
Smith's Classification
The complete classification scheme proposed by Smith et al. (2006; alternative names in brackets):
External links
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Kleger
She commyoon 'sy rheynn Mor-Bihan, y Vritaan, eh Kleger (Cléguer). 'Sy vlein 2011 va 3,298 dooinney cummal 'sy chommyoon.
Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit
Ta Kleger goll er lannooney rish:
Gillette, Wyoming
Ta Gillette ny chaayr ayns Campbell County, Wyoming, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Va 31,971 cummaltee 'sy chaayr rere coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2014. She Tom Murphy meoir y valley. Va'n chaayr bunnit 'sy vlein 1892.
Çheer-oaylleeaght
Rere Oik Coontey-pobble ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ta'n chaayr 49.21 km² er eaghtyr.
Dún Búinne
Ta Dún Búinne (Dunboyne) ny valley ayns Coontae yn Vee, Nerin. Son y chooid smoo t'eh ny fo-valley jeh Divlyn. T'eh ny hoie er crossag jeh raaidyn yn R156 as yn R157, beggan çheu yiass veih'n N3.
Moritz Schlick
She fallsoonagh as fishigagh Germaanagh va Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick (14 Averil 1882 – 22 Mean Souree 1936). She Schlick va ayr bunnee yn jarrooaght resoonagh as Chiarkyl Veen.
Plaase Mariinskyi
right|thumb|Eddin y phlaase She aarys oikoil Eaghtyrane yn Ookraan ee Plaase Mariinskyi (Маріїнський палац, Mariïnsjkyj palac). Ta'n phlaase Varockagh Ealisaidagh soit er broogh jesh yn awin Dnieper ayns Kyiv, yn Ookraan, as t'ee sheeyney ry-cheilley rish thie yn Verkhovna Rada, parlamaid yn Ookraan.