cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Oie Houney
Ta gastidyn as gammanyn er yn oie goaill stiagh scaaghey, ceau coamraghyn as frastyl er kayleeyn coamree, çheinjeanyn, snuggal son ooylyn, as e lheid. Ayns Mannin hene, ta paitçhyn ceau coamraghyn as goll veih thie gys thie shirrey miljanyn ny argid. Ayns neu-chosoylaght rish y chooid elley jeh'n Theihll, ta ny paitçhyn gymmyrkey londeyryn napin ayns ynnyd jeh londeyryn pumkin, as t'ad goaill arraneyn Oie Houney. Ta kuse ennagh jeh ny shenn chliaghtaghyn cosoylagh rish adsyn ta kianglt rish y Vlein Noa ayns Jerrey Geuree. Tra da fadeyraght, roie-insh yn emshir, as faaishnagh v'ayn. Va leoie yn aile jeant rea 'sy çhiollagh ec jerrey ny h-oie as ren cummaltee yn thie tannaght da cowrey coshey ayn. My va'n cowrey jeeraghey lesh y dorrys, s'foddee dy beagh baase 'sy thie 'sy vlein ry-heet. Agh my va'n cowrey jeeraghey çheusthie, s'foddee dy beagh ruggyr 'sy thie.
Bun-ocklaght
She Sauin y fockle noa-emshiragh ta currit er yn 'eailley. Ta ny h-Albinee cur Samhuinn [ˈsavɯɲ] er as ta ny Yernee cur Samhain er. Ta'n tree focklyn shen çheet magh ass Samain [ˈsaṽɨnʲ] ny Shenn Yernish, fockle ta çhyndaait myr "jerrey souree". Ta ny Gaeil ooilley cur Sauin, an t-Samhuinn as Samhain er y vee t'ayn eddyr Mee Yerrey Fouyir as Mee ny Nollick. Rere bun-ocklaght theayagh, ta Samain çheet magh ass daa 'ockle: sam ("sourey") as fuin ("lhie ny greiney", "jerrey"). Ta sam ny Shenn Yernish çheet magh ass *semo- ny çhengey Phroto-Ind-Oarpagh. Ta co-cheintee goaill stiagh haf ny Bretnish, hañv ny Britaanish, summer ny Baarle as sumar ny Shenn Loghlynish, lesh dagh fockle jeusyn shen çheet er "sourey", as sáma ny Sanskrit ("imbagh").
'Sy vlein 1907, ren Whitley Stokes cur sannish da bun-ocklaght veih *samani ny Proto-Cheltish ("cruinnaght"), co-cheintagh lesh sámana ny Sanskrit, as samana ny Gothish. Ta J. Vendryes kiangley nagh vel ny focklyn ta goaill stiagh *semo- ("sourey") kianglt rish samain, graa dy row "jerrey yn touree" ec ny Celtiee taghyrt ayns Mee Yerrey Souree, as nagh row eh taghyrt ayns Mee Houney, myr ta currit ayns feanish ec gorffennaf ("Jerrey Souree") ny Bretnish. Foddee dy beagh shen dellal lesh fockle Celtish Ellanagh son "cruinnaght", *samani ny *samoni, as fockle son "sourey", saminos (çheet magh ass *samo-: "sourey") currit liorish samrad, *samo-roto-. Beagh samain ny Yernish neuchianglt dy bun-ocklagh rish "sourey", agh çheet magh ass "cruinnaght". Ansherbee ta ennym y vee çheet ass yn eash Phroto-Cheltiagh, cf. SAMON[IOS] ny Goalish veih feaillere Coligny, as foddee dy vel y kiangley rish "sourey" rere bun-coklaght theayagh, dy bunneydagh, çheet ass traa roish ny Celtiee Ellanagh.
Dy mestit, ta Samonios (Jerrey Fouyir/Mee Houney) ny Goalish co-reggyrtagh da GIAMONIOS, y shiaghtoo mee (Averil/Boaldyn) as toshiaght y touree. Ta'n fockle Giamonios, toshiaght y touree, kianglt rish yn 'ockle son "geurey", *g'hei-men- ny Proto-Ind-Oarpish (hiems ny Ladjyn, ziema ny Latvish, žiema ny Litaanish, zima ny Slavish, kheimon ny Greagish, gimmanza ny Hittitish), cf. gem-adaig ("oie yn gheuree") ny Shenn Yernish. S'foddee, er y fa shen, dy row y chied vee jeh imbagh y touree 'sy Phroto-Cheltish enmyssit "geuragh", as dy row y chied vee jeh imbagh y gheuree enmyssit "sourinagh". Ta'n soilshaghey shen jannoo yn soilsheydys jeh "cruinnaght" gyn bree, ny cur soilshaghey rere bun-ocklaght theayagh dys traaghyn feer leah.
Va Sauin enmyssit Féile Moingfhinne ("feailley Mongfhionn"). Rere Sanas Cormaic, by ee Mongfhionn y ven-jee va ny Yernee phaganagh cur ooashley da er Samain.
Jiu, ta ny Manninee jannoo ymmyd jeh Boaldyn, Luanistyn as Sauin myr enmyn da'n wheiggoo, da'n hoghtoo, as da'n chied vee jeig. Ta ny Yernee jannoo ymmyd jeh Bealtaine, Lúnasa as Samhain da ny meeghyn cheddin, as ta ny h-Albinee jannoo ymmyd jeh an Lùnasdal as an t-Samhuinn da Luanistyn as Mee Houney.
Arrane Oie Houney
right|thumb|250px|Paitçhey ta ceau coamrey Souney as eh cloie "Click ny Cair". right|thumb|250px|Londeyr napin, londeyr Souney sampleyragh jeh Mannin as ny çheeraghyn Gaelgagh.
Fer jeh ny h-arraneyn smoo scanshoil ta kiaullit er Mannin car Oie Houney: (Loayrt)
Geayr salicylagh
She geayr hiddrocsygien beta eh geayr salicylagh. Ta'n ennym ass Ladjyn salix, shellagh, er y fa dy vel y geayr ry-gheddyn ass roost y villey. She geayr orgaanagh crystallagh gyn daah t'ayn. T'eh jannoo obbyr broddag lossreeyn, as ta ymmyd jeant jeh ayns co-haaghey orgaanagh.
Blaa Boaldyn
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
thumb|left|Caslys yn [[19oo eash.]] She lus lussagh sheer-vio t'ayn. T'eh jannoo coloinyn mooarey liorish cur magh raisoamyn. Ta stholeyn noa çheet magh ass king stolonyn rish y tourey. Rish yn arrey, t'adsyn gaase dys stholeyn duillagagh noa ta kianglt rish ny stholeyn elley fo'n thalloo. Ta gish wheesh as 30cm er yrjid oc, as duillag ny ghaa 10-25cm er lhiurid oc. Ta daa duillag ec gish blaaghey, as crouw-vlaaghey dy 5-15 blaaghyn. She tepal bane jeh cummey cluig eh y blaa, mysh 5-10mm er crantessen as soar millish oc. She berrish beg jiarg eh y mess echey. Ta beggan dy rassyn baney-dhoney ayn, as t'ad çhirmaghey dy trooid-hoilshagh. T'ad hene-hast, as my ta'n choloin jeant jeh un lus ynrican, cha nel ad cur magh rassyn. <br style="clear:both" />
Rang-oardraghey
thumb|left|Convallaria majalis arr. rosea Ta traa arraghyssyn ayn, as ny keayrtyn ta lus-oayllee dyn eddyr-scarrey myr dooieyn ny fo-ghooieyn. Rere shen, foddee nagh vel agh un dooie 'sy ghenus Convallaria, agh foddee dy vel ny smoo.
Ta kuse dy 'leih goaill rish Convallaria transcaucasica myr dooie. Va Convallaria japonica ayn, agh t'ad rang-oardraghey eh myr Ophiopogon japonicus nish. <br style="clear:both" />
Nieu
Ta dagh ayrn jeh'n lus feer nieunagh. Ta mysh 38 sorçhyn dy chardenolideyn ayn, goaill stiagh:
Ta saponinyn ayn myrgeddin. Ga dy vel eh niaunagh, va ymmyd lheeys jeant jeh.
Skeerey Rosien
Ta Skeerey Rosien (Rushen), ny Skyll Chreest Rosien (Baarle: Kirk Christ Rushen) ny skeerey 'sy çheadin Rosien er coose jiass Vannin. Ta'n skeerey ny h-ard eeasteyragh as eirinagh. Ta'n skeerey nane jeh tree skeeraghyn 'sy çheadin lesh yn ennym cheddin. She Skeerey Chairbre as Skeerey Malew y daa skeerey elley. Ta'n skeerey 24.6 km² er eaghtyr as ta 1,591 cummaltee aynjee rere coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2006 (goaill magh Purt le Moirrey as Purt Çhiarn). T'ee sheeyney veih Halley'n Traie eddyr lieh-vollagh eddyr Balley Chashtal as Purt le Moirrey gys ny h-eayninyn çheu heear jeh Cronk ny Arrey Laa. T'ee rheynnit ayns daa ayrn. Ta'n preeu-ayrn soit da'n twoaie as da'n shiar hwoaie veih Purt le Moirrey as Purt Çhiarn. Ta'n ayrn s'loo soit da'n jiass as da'n sheear yiass veih ny baljyn beggey shen as t'ee goaill stiagh y claghan Creneash as yn ellaneen y Cholloo myrane lesh y daa chreg Famman Kitterland as Carrick ny Colloo.
Reiltys
Ta Skeerey Rosien stiurit as reirit ec Barrantee Skeerey Rosien. T'ad çheet ry-cheilley ec cruinnaghtyn ayns Halley Balley Phesson. She Stanley Ditchfield Clucas Captan ny Skeerey, as she Adrian Tinkler Caairliagh ny Barrantee.
Rolley Captanyn Skeerey Rosien
Ta'n rolley shoh goaill stiagh dagh Captan veih'n vlein 1627:
Anne Frank
She jeelaneyder Germaanagh-Ollanagh jeh sluight Ewagh va Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (12 Mean Souree 1929 – Toshiaght Arree ny Mayrnt 1945}}). Nane jeh ny guintee Ewagh s'ard-ghooagh 'sy Deherree, hooar ee enney lurg e baase marish soilshaghey magh ayns 1947 jeh The Diary of a Young Girl (Het Achterhuis dy bunneydagh 'syn Ollanish, "y cooyl thie"; Baarle: The Secret Annex), raad chur ee sheese ayns focklyn e bea 'syn ollaght eddyr 1942 as 1944 car cummaltys Germaanagh y Çheer Injil car y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. She fer jeh ny lioaryn smoo ennoil t'eh as she bun shiartanse dy chloiaghyn as scannaneyn t'eh chammah.
Va Anne ruggit ayns Frankfurt, y Ghermaan. Ayns 1934, tra v'ee kiare bleeaney dy lieh d'eash, darree e lught thie dys Amsterdam, y Çheer Injil,lurg ghow Adolf Hitler as y Partee Natseeagh stiurey as reirey harrish y Ghermaan. Cheau ee yn chooid smoo jeh'n vea eck ayns ny mygeayrt Amsterdam. Rish Boaldyn 1940, va ny Frankyn goit ayns Amsterdam ayns ribbey yn chummaltys Germaanagh er y Çheer Injil. Chaill Anne e seyraanaght Ghermaanagh ayns 1941 as haink urree dy ve coontit myr peiagh gyn steat. As tranlaaseyn noi ny h-Ewnyn mooadaghey ayns Jerrey Souree 1942, hie ad ayns follaght ayns shamyryn follit çheu cooylloo lioaraghan 'sy thie raad va ayr Anne, Otto Frank, gobbraghey. Derrey goaill seose y lught thie liorish y Gestapo er 4 Luanistyn 1944, ren Anne screeu dy mennick ayns jeelane hooar ee myr toyrtys ruggyree.
Lurg y ghoaill seose oc, va ny Frankyn ymmyrkit dys sleih-champyn. Er 1 Sauin 1944, va Anne as e shuyr, Margot, ymmyrkit voish Auschwitz dys sleih-champ Bergen-Belsen, raad hooar ad baase (voish taiphus s'liklee) reggyryn dy veeghyn ny s'anmey. Hoshiaght, v'eh oolit ec y Chrosh Yiarg dy dooar ad baase ayns Mayrnt, as ren lughtyn-reill Ollanagh cur 31 Mayrnt sheese myr laa oikoil nyn maaseyn. Ta ronsaghey noa gra dy dooar ad baase ayns Toshiaght Arree ny Mayrnt leah.
Ren Otto, yn un vayrnagh ass lught thie ny Frankyn, filley er-ash dys Amsterdam lurg y chaggey as hooar eh magh dy row jeelane Anne sauailt liorish e scrudeyr, Miep Gies. Reih eh cooilleeney y mian smoo ec Anne ve ny screeudeyr as hoilshee eh magh e jeelane ayns 1947. V'eh çhyndaait voish yn Ollanish vunneydagh dys y Vaarle ayns 1952 myr The Diary of a Young Girl, as voish shen, t'eh er ny ve çhyndaait ayns ny smoo na 70 çhengaghyn.
Barbrag
She crouw 'sy chynney Berberidaceae ee barbrag (Berberis vulgaris). T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Europey veanagh as jiass, yn Affrick heear-hwoaie as yn Aishey heear. T'ee er ny jannoo dooie da'n Europey hwoaie as America Hwoaie myrgeddin.
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She crouw yn-lhoamey t'ayn, wheesh as 4m er yrjid. Ta duillagyn eelipsagh beggey eck, 2-5km er lhiurid as 1-2km er lheead, as saue-eeacklagh. T'ad gaase ayns dhossan dy 2-5 as jialg myrane lhieu. Ta blaaghyn buighey 4-6mm er crontessen eck, er panicle 3-6km er lhiurid.
Ta berrishyn jiargey dronuillagagh eck, 7-10mm er lhiurid as 3-5mm er lheead. T'ad appee anmagh 'sy tourey; t'ad yn-ee, agh sharroo dy liooar. T'ad bee scanshoil da ushagyn beggey, as t'adsyn skeaylley ny rassyn 'sy check oc.
Ymmyd
Ta milljan Rooshagh jeant jeh berrishyn barbrag (Барбарис), as ta ymmyd jeant jeu ayns coagyraght ny h-Eeraan. Ta soo jeant jeu 'syn Europey.
Er lhimmey jeh ny berrishyn as rassyn eck, t'ee beggan nieunagh. Ta berberine aynjee.
Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit
She kione steat as toshiagh reiltys Steatyn Unnaneysit America eh eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (President of the United States ny POTUS myr aa-gherrid). Ta'n eaghtyrane stiurey banglane kiannoortagh y reiltys conastagh as she ard-anneyder Forsaghyn Armit ny Steatyn Unnaneysit t'eh ny ee.
Barbrag
Ymmyd
T'ee ny oastagh meanagh da'n fungys Puccinia graminis, ny doghan curnaght.
Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit
Ta pooar yn eaghtyraneys er ny vishaghey dy lheeadagh voish bunneeaght yn oik ayns 1789. Ga dy vel pooar yn eaghtyrane er ny vishaghey as lhaggaghey harrish traa, ta'n eaghtyrane er ny chloie paart niartal ayns seihll politickagh America voish toshiaght y 20oo eash, goaill stiagh bishaghey mooar car eaghtyraneys Franklin D. Roosevelt. 'Sy traa t'ain, ta sleih jeeaghyn er yn eaghtyrane myr nane jeh ny figooryn politickagh smoo cummaghtagh 'sy theihll myr toshiagh yn un far-phooar 'sy theihll ta foast er mayrn. Myr toshiagh yn ashoon as y tarmaynys smoo echey rere LTS ennymagh, ta'n eaghtyrane goaill shelloo er pooar creoi as bog.
Enda Kenny
She politickeyr Yernagh as fer toshee jeh'n phartee politickagh Fine Gael eh Enda Kenny (Éanna Ó Coinnigh; v'er ny ruggey 24 Averil 1951). V'eh reiht myr Taoiseach Nerin lurg Ard-Reihys 2011 er 9 Mayrnt 2011. Roish shen v'eh ny 'er toshee er y Chontraartys ayns Dáil Éireann, y thie s'inshley jeh'n Oireachtas (Parlamaid Phobblaght Nerin). Dirree eh myr Teachta Dála (Çhaghter yn Dáil, ny TD dy mennick ayns Yernish as ayns Baarle) son May Eo 'sy vlein 1975 myr eiyrtyssagh yn ayr echey Henry Kenny. Ren Kenny shirveishey myr Shirveishagh Turrysid as Traght eddyr ny bleeantyn 1994 as 1997.
Keyll Teutoburg
thumb|[[Pairk Najooragh Cheyll Teutoburger / Eggegebirge, pairk najooragh ayns jiass Cheyll Teutoburg as ayns Eggegebirge]] thumb|300px|Reayrt sheear hwoaie harrish Keyll Teutoburg er [[Grotenburg veih'n Hermannsdenkmal]] thumb|300px|[[Externsteine faggys da Horn-Bad Meinberg]] thumb|300px|Y Felsen Hockendes Weib ec [[Eayninyn Dörenther]] thumb|upright|Yn [[Hermannsdenkmal]] She slieau-reayn injil keylljagh ayns Niedersachsen as 'sy Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen, y Ghermaan, eh Keyll Teutoburg (Teuto 'sy raa cadjin; Teutoburger Wald). T'eh ny lhie faggys da Osnabrück as Bielefeld. By eh Osning yn ennym va currit er yn ard shen as er Eggegebirge ry-cheilley derrey yn 17-oo eash.
Ta enney mooar er yn ard er oyr y chah briwnyssagh eddyr ny Rauee as ny Germaanee 'sy vlein 9 BNJ. T'ad yn Hermannsdenkmal ("Lhiaght Hermann") as ny yindyssyn najooragh Externsteine as Eayninyn Dörenther ny buill hurryssagh smoo cadjin. She Barnacken y slieau s'yrjey.
Nearag
thumb|250px|Nearagyn scanshoil yn arm ayns buigh Ta nearag çheet er dhossan dy yn neayr-chillag 'sy chorys nearag ymmyllagh. T'ad gymmyrkey lectro-chemmigagh dys as voish organeyn ymmyllagh. Ta strughtoor ny nearag hene shareaghey fondid ym-skeaylleydagh.
Ta nearag coyrdagh, as ny h-acsoanyn gollrish frauaigyn. Ta brat dy stoo kirpey kianglee (endoneurium) mygeayrt dagh acsoan; t'adsyn kianglt myr fo-dhossan ny, as brat kianglee elley (perineurium) echey. Ta brat sodjey mooie dy stoo kirpey kianglee mygeayrt y lane nearag, as shen epineurium.
Chammah's neayr-chillagyn, ta killagyn Schwann ayns nearag dys troggal brat myelin mygeart ny neayr-chillagyn.
Çhengaghyn Mayagh
She kynney çhengey ad ny çhengaghyn Mayagh. Ta ny çhengaghyn shoh goll er loayrt ayns Mesoamerica as America Veanagh hwoaie. Ta 6 millioon dy loayreyderyn oc, ayns Mecsico, yn Ghuatemaley, yn Veleesh as ny Hondooraghyn son y chooid smoo.
Sorbish Eeghtyragh
Ta Sorbish Eeghtyragh (dolnoserbšćina) ny çhengey vynlagh ta loayrit 'sy Ghermaan 'syn ard shendeeagh, Lausitz Eeghtyragh. T'ee nane jeh ny çhengaghyn Slavagh as ee gollrish y Pholynnish.
Çhengaghyn Mayagh
Ta'n kynney Mayagh mastey kynneeyn share er nyn nocamadys ayns America.
Rish yn eash roie-Cholombagh, va kuse dy hengaghyn Mayagh screeut 'sy screeu jalloo-ocklagh Mayagh, ayns eash Chlassicagh ny Mayee er lheh (250-900 BNJ). Ta ny smoo na 10,000 cowraghyn grainnit er mayrn er troggalyn, claghyn cooinaghtyn, pasheydys as ayns lioaryn pabyr roost, as ram screeueeaght 'syn abbyrlhit Romanagh erreish da'n eash choloinagh. Myr shen, ta bun mie ayn er son toiggal shennaghys roie-Cholombagh, gyn cosoylaght ayns America.
Troyn
Ta troyn cadjin ny chengaghyn Mayagh goaill stiagh:
Sléibhte Dhoire Bheatha
right|thumb|Reayrt er Cró Nimhe right|thumb|Loch Ghleann Bheatha ayns Cnoic Dhoire Bheatha She yn slieau-reayn smoo ayns Coontae Ghoon ny Ghoal, Nerin, Sléibhte Dhoire Bheatha (Yernish son "Sleityn Gharragh Vea"; Derryveagh Mountains). Ta'n chooid smoo jeh eaghtyr y choontae jeant ass ny sleityn shoh. Ta ny sleityn scarrey ny h-ayrnyn slystagh, lheid as Gaoth Dobhair as na Gleannta, veih ny baljyn mooarey yn-çheerey, lheid as Littyr Kennain as Bealach Féich. She an Earagail y slieau s'yrjey 'sy clieau-reayn.
Kirree varrey
She ushagyn varrey kirree varrey (Hydrobates pelagicus). Ta'n ushag veg doo faagail magh kease lhean vane as rimmeig vane fo ny skianyn eck as ta etlagh craa gollrish etlagh craitnag. Ta'n vooar-chooid jeu sheelraghey er ellanyn magh ass cooseyn yn Oarpey lesh ny h-earrooyn smoo ayns Ellanyn ny Geyrragh, y Reeriaght Unnaneysit, Nerin as yn Eeslynn. Ta earroo mooar ry-gheddyn er y Cholloo chammah. She fo-ghooie er lheh ad ny h-ushagyn meanvooiragh.
István Sándorfi
Va István Sándorfi (Étienne Sandorfi; 12 Mean Souree 1948 - 26 Nollick 2007) ny pheinteyr Ungaaragh. Rug eh ayns Budapest ny h-Ungaar as hooar eh baase ayns Paarys ny Frank.
Seihll aeg
Va Sándorfi ruggit ayns Budapest 'sy vlein 1948 nar va'n ayr echey gobbraghey lesh colught Americaanagh. 'Syn eash shen va ny cummynee reirey yn çheer, as er yn oyr shen, v'eh currit ayns pryssoon ayns 1950 er feie 5 bleeaney. V'eh skeaylt magh agh laaghyn ennagh roish irree magh ny bleeaney 1956. 'Sy vlein shen, hreig y lught thie echey yn Ungaar, as hie ad dys yn Austeyr toshiaght, dys y Ghermaan ny s'anmey, as ayns 1958 dys y Rank. Hoshee Sándorfi jallooaghey nar v'eh 8 bleeaney d'eash, as nar v'eh 12 vleeaney d'eash, hoshee eh daahghey lesh peintyn ooill. Hooar eh e cheim 'syn École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts ayns Paarys. Myrane lesh shen, ren eh studeyrys 'syn École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs.
Va daa inneen behrt echey: Ange (r. 1974) as Eve (r. 1979).
Hooar eh baase lurg çhingys giare er 26 Mee ny Nollick 2007, as v'eh oanluckit, ayns coardailys rish y toill echey, ayns Budapest.
Ellyn as obbraghyn
Ayns ny 1970yn ren Sándorfi ymmyd ass eh hene myr mannakeen, er yn oyr nagh row eh jargal ve gobbraghey tra va joarree jeeaghyn er. Va'n chied haishbynys echey ayns galleree beg ayns Paarys, agh va'n chied haishbynys mooar echey taishbynit ayns 1973 'sy Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. Lurg eh shen, va ny h-obbraghyn echey ry-akin ayns thieyn tashtee ass y çheer ayns baljyn lheid as København, y Raue, München, y Vrussyl, Basel, York Noa, Los Angeles as San Francisco.
Er e obbraghyn ren eh ymmyd ass nheeghyn quaagh, ny gleashaghtyn as soiaghaghyn quaagh. V'ad ny daaghyn gorrym, laylac as y mestey jeu, daaghyn yn eash 1970-1980 echey. Ayns ny 1980yn ren eh peintal ayns cummey mraane as seihll feagh. Veih'n vlein 1988, cha ren eh peintal agh er mraane ynrican.
Haghyr y chied haishbynys Ungaaragh echey ayns 2006 ayns Budapest. Haghyr taishbynys reesht ayns 2007 ayns Debrecen. V'eh shen y chied cheayrt er ash dys yn Ungaar veih'n vlein shen ayns 1956.
Nord (rheynn y Rank)
She rheynn ayns twoaie yn Rank eh Nord (Frangish son "Twoaie"). V'eh currit ry-cheilley veih ayrnyn heear ny coondaeghyn shenndeeagh yn Flandyryn as Hainaut (ta ny h-ayrnyn hiar soit 'sy Velg) as Aspickys Cambrai. She Lille y chaayr smoo 'sy rheynn as eh ny phreeu-valley, ny meoiraght, er y rheynn. Ta Nord ny rheynn smoo cummaltit 'sy Rank lesh ny smoo na daa villioon dooinney dy lieh cummal ayns rere ooley pobble ny bleeaney 2006. Ta Nord coontit myr cooid jeh'n ard Nord-Pas-de-Calais. T'eh goll er cruinnaghey liorish ny rheynnyn Frangagh Pas-de-Calais as Aisne, myrane lesh y Velg as Mooir Hostyn.
Ta ny caayryn Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing as Villeneuve d'Ascq jannoo seose possan dy valjyn as caayryn çhynskylagh as eear-veaineraght as ny smoo na millioon dy 'leih cummal ayndaue. Ta baljyn mooarey scanshoil elley 'syn ard, goaill stiagh Valenciennes, Douai as Dunkerque. T'ad ny h-awinyn smoo ayn na awinyn Yser, Lys, Escaut, Scarpe, as Sambre.
Shamyr Ghorraghey yn Unnaneys Mooar
thumb|Grand Union Camera Obscura. She troggalys quaagh ee Shamyr Ghorraghey yn Unnaneys Mooar ta aahoilshaghey jallooyn yn ard mygeayrt, liorish cooney voish soilshey as scaaneyn, er scaailanyn baney çheusthie jeh doonaghyn stiagh y troggalys. She shamyr ghorraghey yn ennym ta currit er y ghreie. She fer jeh ny buill hurryssagh va troggit er Kione Ghoolish car y 19oo eash yeianagh as y 20oo eash leah.
Shennaghys
She shelloo preevaadjagh v'eh hannah agh haink jerrey lesh yn obbraghey ayns ny 1990yn. Haink er y çhamyr ghorraghey dy ve ny helloo jeh Eiraght Ashoonagh Vannin. Chur ad coodaghey coadee mygeayrt e strughtoor Victorianagh. Hie yn çhamyr ghorraghey er ny aalhiassaghey as ny aacherraghey as t'ee foshlit reesht car ny meeghyn souree as er n'obbraghey dy arryltagh. She cowrey thallooin er lheh ta shassoo magh tra ta'n jeeagheyder çheet er ny baatyn gys Doolish.
Lille
She caayr ayns twoaie yn Rank eh Lille (Rijsel). She yn chaayr smoo ayns Boodeeys Baljagh Lille Métropole t'ayn, y kiarroo ard moir-valjagh 'sy çheer lurg Paarys, Lyon as Marselha. T'ee soit er yn awin Deûle faggys da'n joarey eddyr y Rank as y Velg. She preeu-valley yn ard Nord-Pas-de-Calais t'ayn as meoiraght y rheynn Nord.
Rere coontey-pobble y vlein 2006 va 226,014 dooinney cummal 'sy chaayr. Agh, er y laue elley, ta ny smoo na millioon dooinney cummal ayns Lille Métropole, ard ta goaill stiagh Roubaix, Tourcoing as ram fo-valjyn elley.
Łobez
She caayr ayns yn Pholynn eh Łobez ͡Labes), Wheiggey Pomorze Heear. 'Sy vlein 2015 va 10,409 deiney cummal 'sy chaayr. Ta Łobez ny hoie er yn awin Rega.
Huang Xianfan
Va Huang Xianfan (Sheenish hradishoonagh:黄現璠; Sheenish aashit: 黄现璠; pinyin: Huáng Xiànfán; Wade-Giles: Huáng Hsiènfán; 13 Sauin 1899 - 18 Jerrey Geuree 1982) ny screeudeyr shennaghys ass Deynphobblaght y Çheen.
Kerrin Tahrir
right|thumb|Reayrt my-hwoaie gys thie [[yn Mogamma as jalloo Omar Makram ayns Kerrin Tahrir.]] right|thumb|Reayrt oie my-yiass er Kerrin Tahrir veih [[Straid Talaat Harb.]] She kerrin baljagh theayagh mooar ayns Cairo ny h-Egypt Kerrin Tahrir (ميدان التحرير Midan Tahrir‎, ASE: [meˈdæːn el-, ettæħˈɾiːɾ], Kerrin y Teyrsnys). Va'n kerrin enmyssit Midan Ismaileyya ny Kerrin Ismailia dy bunneydagh, as ennym y reireyder 19oo eashagh Khedive Ismail currit er. By chiaddeyder y chummey "Paarys er y Neel" er çheshvean y valley eh Ismail. Lurg yn Irree Magh 'sy vlein 1919 va'n kerrin enmyssit Kerrin y Teyrsnys, agh cha row yn kerrin enmyssit myr shen dy h-oikoil derrey'n Irree Magh 'sy vlein 1952. Fo'n irree magh shen va staydys ny çheerey caghlaait veih staydys reeriaghtagh bunraghtoil gys staydys pobblaghtagh.
Çhionnraaghyn 2011
By nane jeh ny buill vooarey ayns çhionnraaghyn Egyptagh 'sy vlein 2011, as yn ard-voayl ayns Cairo, eh yn Kerrin. Ren ny smoo na 15,000 deiney cummal yn kerrin er 25 Jerrey Geuree 2011, as car y lhing shen va shirveishyn eddyr-voggylagh gyn-streng millit. Ayns ny laghyn ny lurg haink er y Kerrin dy ve ny ard-voayl da ny çhionnraaghyn ayns Cairo. Rish y 30oo laa jeh Jerrey Fouyir ren y BBC cur fogrey ayn dy row ny smoo na 50,000 çhionnraaderyn ayn, as er 31 Jerrey Geuree ren co-reggyrtee veih Al Jazeera soilshey dy row ny smoo na 250,000 dy leih ayn. Er 1 Toshiaght Arree haghlym ny smoo na 1 villioon dy hionnraaderyn 'sy Cherrin.
Huang Xianfan
Seihll
Rug eh ayns Fusui er 13 Mee Houney, 1899. V'eh ynsit ayns King Nanning High School Guangxi (1922-1926)，Ollooscoill Chadjin Veijing(1926-1935) as Ollooscoill Impiroil Tokyo (1935-1937). V'eh ny leaghteyr ayns Guangxi veih'n vlein 1938 derrey 1940. V'eh ny olloo lesh shennaghys ayns Ollooscoill Guangxi veih 1943 derrey 1953.
Foillan saggyrt
She foillan mooar ta sheelraghey er cooseyn Atlantagh yn Oarpey eh yn foillan saggyrt (Larus fuscus). She ushag arraghee eh, ta tannaghtyn feie'n gheurey voish ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh dys yn Affrick Heear. T'ad ry-akin ayns America Hwoaie chammah. Rish ny bleeantyn shoh chaie, haghyr bishaghey mooar ayns earrooyn ny foillanyn saggyrt.
Sliabh Liag
She slieau er coose Atlantagh Choontae Ghoon ny Ghoal, Nerin, eh Sliabh Liag (Yernish son "Slieau Lhiack"; Slieve League). T'eh shassoo 601 m (1,972 tr) er yrjid as eh girree jeeragh magh veih'n 'aarkey. Rere shen, ta fir jeh ny h-eayninyn marrey s'yrjey 'syn Oarpey ayn.
Agglish Hostyn
thumb|right|Logo Agglish Hostyn thumb|right|Ard-cheeill Canterbury, coontit myr moir-cheeill Agglish Hostyn She agglish Chreestiagh ee Agglish Hostyn (Church of England). Ta Agglish Hostyn coontit myr agglish vunneeaghtagh Hostyn. Ta ard-aspick Canterbury ny chleragh smoo shinsheragh, ga dy nee ree ny benrein y Reeriaght Unnaneysit yn ard-chiannoort. She Agglish Hostyn moir-agglish y Chommeeys Anglicaanagh. Ta e shennaghys goll sheear dys yn agglish Chreestiagh va recortyssit ayns Bretyn Raueagh ec y 3-oo eash as dys sushtallys Gregoiragh dys Kent fo laue Augustine Canterbury.
Ren yn agglish Hostynagh shaghney yn reirey paabagh tra ren Inry VIII failleil jannoo e phoosey rish Catreeney Aragon y yannoo gyn bree ayns 1534. Ren yn Aachummey Sostynagh greesaghey fo reirey lhiass-reeaghyn Edard VI roish scarrey giare jeh aachummey yn reirey paabagh fo Voirrey I as Philib. Ren Aght y Chiondeeaght 1558 aanoaghey yn scarrey as ren yn Coardailys Ealisaidagh goaill coorse ren lhiggey da'n agglish Hostynagh cur sheese urree hene myr agglish Aachummit as Chatoleagh:
Gaoth Dobhair
She skeerey er coose Atlantagh Choontae Ghoon ny Ghoal, Nerin, eh Gaoth Dobhair (Yernish son "Geay Doour"; Gweedore). T'eh sheeyney magh feie 28 km (16 mi) veih Mín an Chladaigh 'sy twoaie gys Croithlí 'sy jiass, as feie 14 km (9 mi) veih Dún Lúiche 'sy niar gys Machaire Chlochair 'sy neear. She fer jeh ny h-ardjyn çheerey smoo cummaltit 'syn Oarpey t'ayn as mysh 4,000 deiney cummal ayn. Ta seyrlannyn ardjynagh jeh'n çhirveish radio Yernish RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta soit ayn, myrane lesh campus mooie Ollooscoill Nerin, Galliu. Ta Gaoth Dobhair ny hoie fo scaa an Earagail.
Ta enney mooar er yn ard er-yn-oyr dy vel eh coontit myr crean y chultoor Yernagh, goaill stiagh shenn-chliaghtaghyn Yernagh, y chiaull hradishoonagh, y theater, ny cloiaghyn Gaelgagh as y Yernish. She ard Gaeltacht t'ayn as y chooid smoo jeh pobbyl yn ard nyn Yernisheyryn. Ta'n ennym "ny tree skeeraghyn" currit er Gaoth Dobhair as ny h-ardjyn Cloch Cheann Fhaola as na Rosa.
Screeu caslys
Ta screeu caslys çheet er ymmyd caslyssyn ayns çhaghteraght. Ta ny caslyssyn cowraghey nhee ennagh, as t'ad jeeaghyn gollrish ny t'ad çheet er. She sorçh dy screeu eie t'ayn.
Cha nee feer chorys screeuee t'ayn, er y fa nagh vel corys screeuee erbee ayn as eshyn jeant magh jeh caslyssyn ynrican. Ny yei shen, va caslyssyn bun choryssyn screeuee leah, myr sampleyr, jeenysagh as jalloo-screeueyrys Egyptagh, ec y toshiaght.
Rish y traa, ta caslyssyn goll er jannoo aashagh, as foddee nagh vel ad jeeaghyn rish ny t'ad çheet er dy cruinn. Shoh lhiasaghey aittin (A) jeh caslys chione ghow (ayns jalloo-screeueyrys Egyptagh as yn abbyrlhit Proto-Sinaitagh) dys y cummey neuloaghtagh jeianagh 'syn abbyrlhit Romanagh.
Chammah's shen, cha nod oo jannoo jeh dy chooilley red, myr sampleyr, eieyn neuloaghtagh, ny enmyn. Myr shen, ghow ad toshiaght sheeyney magh ymmyd ny caslyssyn, myr cowraghyn sheeanagh (bentyn rish sheeanyn ny focklyn) as neuloaghtagh (bentyn rish eieyn as reddyn nagh nod oo jannoo caslys jeh). Myr sampleyr, foddee oo jannoo ymmyd jeh caslys jeh keyll son dy chowraghey keyl myrgeddin; ny foddee oo jannoo ymmyd jeh caslys jeh laue son dy chowraghey obbyr. Cha nee screeu caslys glen v'ayn ny lurg shen.
Ymmyd elley
Ta ymmodee fograghyn jannoo ymmyd jeh caslyssyn son dy chur roish eie.
Agh son y chooid smoo, t'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh cowraghyn neuloaghtagh myrgeddin.
Çhalse III y Reeriaght Unnaneysit
She Ree yn Reeriaght Unnaneysit as 14 reamyssyn elley eh Çhalse III (Charles Philip Arthur George; ruggit er 14 Sauin 1948). Hie eh er roshtyn dys y chrooin er 8 Mean Fouyir 2022 lurg baase e voir, Benrein Ealisaid II. Myr Diuc y Chorn as Diuc Valley Voaid voish 1952 dys y roshtyn echey, she eshyn va'n eirey baghtal shinney as s'odjey er shirveish ayns shennaghys y Reeriaght Unnaneysit, as Prinse Vretin shinney as s'odjey er shirveish, as yn enmys freillt echey voish 26 Jerrey Souree 1958 derrey yn roshtyn echey. Ec 73 bleeaney d'eash, she Çhalse yn dooinney shinney roshtyn dys y chrooin Ghoaldagh, recortys va freillt hannah henne ec Illiam IV as eh 64 bleeaney d'eash
Sigourney Weaver
Ta Susan Alexandra "Sigourney" Weaver ny ben-chloieder fillym Americaanagh. Rug ee ayns Caayr York Noa er 8 Jerrey Fouyir 1949.
Ard-vinishter y Reeriaght Unnaneysit
Cha nel oik yn ard-vinishter bunnit er slattys ny docamad bunraghtoil, agh er bun cadjinchliaghtey raad ta'n monark roie poinsheil myr ard-vinishter yn peiagh s'liklee barrantys y thie s'inshley y oardail; dy cadjin, she toshiagh y phartee politickagh ny cochiangley parteeyn politickagh t'ayns shelloo yn earroo smoo jeh soiagyn 'sy çhamyr. V'eh fogrit ec yn Ard-vinishter Boris Johnson er 31 Jerrey Geuree 2022 dy beagh Oik yn Ard-vinishter currit er bun dy formoil.
Ta'n ard-vinishter gobbraghey ex officio myr Ard-hiarn y Tashtee, Shirveishagh y Çhirveish Heayagh as y vinishter ta freggyrtagh son y çhickyrys ashoonagh. Ta cairyn ennagh bronnit er ard-vinishteryn, cha myr ard-vinishter agh myr yn ynnyd oc myr Ard-hiarn y Tashtee, goaill stiagh yn aarys oc ec 10 Downing Street. Ayns 2019, va oik Shirveishagh son yn Unnaneys currit er bun; she Boris Johnson va'n chied ard-vinishter yn enmys shen y ghoaill.
Haink er Liz Truss dy ve ny Ard-vinishter er 6 Mean Fouyir 2022, lurg hie ee ayns ynnyd Boris Johnson myr Toshiagh y Phartee Cumaadagh agh dirree ee magh ass oik yn Ard-vinishter as toshiagh y phartee lurg 50 laa ayns shelloo ny h-oikyn. Va Rishi Sunak reiht myr toshiagh y phartee ayns e ynnyd as haink er dy ve ny Ard-vinishter er 25 Jerrey Fouyir 2022.
Micheál Martin
She politickeyr Yernagh as fer toshee er Fianna Fáil, y partee reiree ayns Reiltys Phobblaght Nerin eh Micheál Martin (v'er ny ruggey 1 Luanistyn 1960). T'eh ny Teachta Dála son Corkee Yiass Meanagh, oik ren eh goaill shelloo er da'n chied cheayrt 'sy vlein 1989. Ta Martin er n'obbraghey myr Shirveishagh Ynsee as Oaylleeaght (1997-2000), myr Shirveishagh Slaynt as Paitçhyn (2000-2004), myr Shirveishagh Treealys, Traght as Faillee (2004-2008) as myr Shirveishagh Cooishyn Joarree (2008-2011).
Queiggey Pomorze Heear
She queiggey ayns sheear hwoaie yn Pholynn eh Queiggey Pomorze Heear (województwo zachodniopomorskie, ). T'eh çhemmit liorish Queiggey Pomorze 'sy niar, liorish Queiggey ny Polynn Mooar 'sy niar yiass, liorish Queiggey Lubusz 'sy jiass, liorish ny steatyn Germaanagh Mecklenburg-Vorpommern as Brandenburg 'sy neear, as liorish y Vooir Valtagh 'sy twoaie. She Szczecin y preeu-valley as y chaayr smoo ayn.
Va'n queiggey currit er bun ass ny shenn wheiggaghyn Szczecin as Koszalin as ayrnyn dy wheiggaghyn elley er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1999. Ta ennym yn ard shenndeeagh Pomorze currit er y wheiggey.
Caayryn as baljyn
Ta 64 caayryn as baljyn 'sy wheiggey. Shoh rolley ny caayryn as baljyn rere earroo yn phobble (rere earrooyn oikoil 'sy vlein 2006 ):
Bradley Cooper
Ta Bradley Cooper ny chloieder fillym Americaanagh. Rug eh ayns Abington, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er 5 Jerrey Geuree, 1975.
Stronnag ghoo
Ta etlagh jeeragh tappee ec stronnagyn dooey agh cha nel ad gastey. She fo'n ushtey t'ad ny smoo gastey as ad thunney 30-60 m (100-195 tr) er diunid. Ta diunidyn thunnee seose dys 180 m (590 tr) recortyssit.
Yn Çhannon
Ta'n Çhannon ny Awin ny Shannon (Abhainn na Sionainne / an tSionainn / an tSionna; River Shannon) ny h-awin s'liurey ayns Nerin, as ish 386 km (240 mi) er lhiurid. Ta'n awin scarrey neear Nerin (Queiggey Connaghtey son y chooid smoo) veih'n niar as y jiass (Queiggey Lion as y chooid smoo jeh Queiggey Mooan). Ta Coontae yn Chlaair coontit myr cooid jeh'n Vooan, agh t'eh ny hoie çheu heear jeh'n awin. Ta'n awin ny joarey fishigagh mooar eddyr y neear as y niar, as cha nel agh feed poyntyn goll tessen yn awin eddyr Balley Limmeragh 'sy jiass as an Damhshraith 'sy twoaie.
Nollick
250px|right|thumb|Jesheenyssyn Nollick er nyn daishbyney She feailley Chreestee ee Yn Nollick, as ish kelloorey ruggyr Yeesey Chreest. T'ee goll er kelloorey er 25oo Mee ny Nollick ec jerrey yn Çheet. Ga dy nee feailley Chreestee t'ayn, ta ymmodee neuchreestee goaill ayrn ayns cliaghtaghyn myr goaill carvallyn, cur giootyn as kaartyn Nollick, as jesheenaghey thieyn as baljyn. Ta Laa Nollick ny laa seyr ashoonagh ayns ymmodee çheeraghyn, eer kuse dy heeraghyn gyn shennaghys profete Creestee de 25 Mayrnt.
Ta kuse dy h-Agglishyn Creestee Cair-chredjuagh Hiar kelloorey y Nollick er 6oo Jerrey Geuree, er y fa dy vel 6oo Geuree corrym rish 25oo Mee ny Nollick 'syn 'eaillere Gregoiragh oc.
Cliaghtaghyn jeianagh
Ta cliaghtaghyn Nollick jeianagh anchasley ayns dagh çheer, agh ta fir chadjin goaill stiagh:
Ta'n chooid smoo dy chliaghtaghyn Nollick jeianagh noa dy liooar. Screeu Sebastian Brant ayns Das Narrenschiff (1494) dy row sleih cliaghtey cur banglaneyn juys ayns thieyn. Cha nel feanish shickyr er bun viljyn Nollick, agh v'ad ry-akin ayns 1605 ayns Strasbourg. Ta recortys ven ooasle Hileeshagh er ymmyd cainleyn orroo ayns 1611.
Haink rish feaillereyn Nollick traghtee 'syn Ghermaan ayns 1851. Rere jeeaghtys, va'n feailley cur gys cooinaghtyn Chreestee dy row Yeesey ny yioot Yee, as va çheet ny saggyrtyn Pershagh taishbyney dy row y Nollick bentyn rish giootyn. Va sleih cliaghtey cur giootyn derrey y 15oo eash, as v'eh mie er bun rish y 18oo eash. Shen feanish dy nee feailley seihlltagh v'ayn, bentyn rish y lught-thie as caarjyn, as er yn oyr shen va ny Puritaanee shassoo noi kelloorey Nollick, as dobbee ad yn 'eailley.
Nollick seihlltagh
Derrey leah 'sy 20oo eash, ta paart ec y Nollick myr laa seyr mooinjer seihlltagh, as t'ee goll er kelloorey ec Creestee as neuchreestee myrgeddin. Ta'n Nollick seihlltagh shoh goll er cowraghey liorish maylayrtey giootyn, as ta paart mooar ec Jishag y Nollick 'syn 'eailley.
Er coontey eiyrtys creck as cur giootyn, kaartyn, bee as stoo elley, she traa scanshoil ee Nollick er son tarmaynys. Ta laghyn seyrey ashoonagh ry-gheddyn ayns ymmodee çheeraghyn myrgeddin.
Shennaghys
Va ny shenn Chreestee eddyrscarrey laa ruggyree Yeesey as yn 'eailley liturgagh echey. Rish daa cheead s'leaie ny Creestiaght, er lheh, v'ad shassoo noi kelloorey laghyn ruggyree martyryn as Yeesee. Bare lhieu ny laghyn martyrys oc y chelloorey. Ayns Raue, cho leah as 336 BNJ, va feailley er 25 Mee ny Nollick cowraghey toshiaght ny bleeaney. Rish jerrey y 4oo eash, va'n chooid smoo jeh'n theill Creestee kelloorey ruggyr Chreest er 25oo Mee ny Nollick. Er lesh Chrysostom, by 'eer laa ruggyree Chreest v'ayn. Mean 'sy 5oo eash, ghow rish agglish Yerusalem rish y date 25oo Mee ny Nollick myrgeddin, as haink eh ayns ynnyd yn 'eailley shinney v'oc er 6oo Jerrey Geuree. Agh cha nel yn Agglish Armeainagh er ngoaill rish rieau. Va feailley ruggyree goll er kelloorey ec ny h-agglishyn Hiar er 6oo Jerrey Geuree, as ish Epiphania ny Theophania (focklyn ny Shenn Ghreagish bentyn rish soilshaghey jee). Ayns shiartanse jeu, v'ad kelloorey bashtey Yeesey as y chied mirril jeant echey, ec Cana, er y laa cheddin myrgeddin.
Va cummaght mooar er kelloorey ny Creestee Heear ec cliaghtaghyn Raue. Va Paab ny Raue lhaih tree erinyn er Laa Nollick. V'ad cliaghtey lhaih yn erin bunneydagh ec Keeill Pheddyr er moghrey Nollick. Agh rish y wheiggoo eash, ghow ad toshiaght erin noa y lhaih "mean 'syn oie" (ec gerrym yn chellee 'sy toshiaght, agh ec mean-oie fy yerrey) ec çhiamble cratçh Chreest, as eshyn er ny hroggal ec Keeill Santa Maria Maggiore myr coip jeh'n chratçh ec Bethlehem. Fy yerrey, rish yn eash Vaisantagh 'sy çheyoo eash, ghow ad toshiaght treeoo erin y lhaih ayns Raue, as eshyn ec irree yn laa ec Keeill Sant' Anastasia. She martyr v'ayn, as va'n 'eailley eck goll er kelloorey ayns Istanbul er 25oo Mee ny Nollick. Mean 'sy 11oo eash, ren ad scughey yn erin bunneydagh jeh Keeill Pheddyr da Santa Maria Maggiore raad va'n nah erin goll er lhaih myrgeddin.
Derrey'n 8oo eash, ta hoght laghyn dy liturgey ry-gheddyn ec ny Creestee Heear, rere ny feaillaghyn Caisht as Feailley Çhybbyrt Ushtey.
Qui-Gon Jinn
She karacteyr far-skeealagh 'sy tuinney Star Wars eh Qui-Gon Jinn. She Liam Neeson yn dooinney ren cloie yn karacteyr ayns ny scannaneyn. She karacteyr mooar eh 'sy treeskeealag scannane roie-immeeaghtagh, as eh ny chaggeyder ayns The Phantom Menace (1999). T'eh ry-akin rish tammylt veg myr scaan forsey 'sy straih vioghit voish y vlein 2008 The Clone Wars, yn episode jerrinagh jeh'n straih Obi-Wan Kenobi, chammah's Attack of The Clones as The Rise of Skywalker myr goo jee-chorpit as Neeson gaavioghey yn paart echey ayns dagh fer jeu adsyn heose.
Nollick
Shennaghys
Leah 'sy 6oo eash, ren yn ard-ree Justinian laa seyr ny theay jeh Nollick. She feailley feer ennoil v'ayn er feie yn Europey ayns ny Mean Eashyn, as hie ram drama as kiaull er cummey er-e-son. Leah 'sy 13oo eash, hug Francis Assisi er bun ooashley y chratçh Nollick.
Foillan
She ushagyn marrey jeh'n chynney Laridae 'sy fo-oardagh Lari ad foillanyn. Mastey ny h-ushagyn, she yn mooinjerys s'faggys daue na ny gantyn (kynney Sternidae). Ta'n mooinjerys eddyr oc as ny h-awkyn ny s'odjey. Derrey yn 21oo eash, va'n chooid smoo jeh foillanyn currit stiagh 'sy ghenus Larus, agh ta'n rang-oardraghey coontit nish myr rang-oardraghey neuchiart.
Er y chooid smoo, ta foillanyn nyn ushagyn meanagh dys mooarey, lheeah ny bane ayns daah, marish markyn dooey er nyn ging ny skianyn. Ta graagyn garroo oc as t'ad çhiu marish gobyn liauyrey as cassyn craitnagh. Ta'n chooid smoo jeu jannoo nyn idd er y thalloo as t'ad gee feill as ad feddyn nyn mee bio ny dy emshiroilagh. Ta'n bee bio dy mennick goaill stiagh crustee, eeastyn shliggagh, eeastyn as ushagyn beggey. Ta cabyn jee-yeushanagh oc as t'eh shen lhiggey daue spooilley mooar y ee. Er y chooid smoo, ta foillanyn cummal er y choose ny faggys da'n choose as cha nel ad goll magh foddey er y vooir, goaill magh ny pirree.
Nollick
Shennaghys
Rish y 16oo eash, va'n chooid smoo jeh agglishyn Aachummit freayll Nollick. Myr sampleyr, va Martin Luther soiaghey mooar jee 'sy phreacheil echey. Ny yei shen, ren ny Puritaanee Hostnagh eab yn 'eailley shoh y scryssey magh 'sy 17oo eash. Hie ee erash ayns Sostyn rish aachroo Ree Hostyn ayns 1660, agh ayns cummey ny smoo seihlltagh. Fo cummaght Puritaanagh, she laa obbyr v'ayn ayns America derrey mean 'sy 19oo eash, ayns Sostyn Noa er lheh. <!-- The coincidence of the Roman date for the Feast of the Nativity, December 25, with the date of Natalis Solis Invicti, a winter solstice festival established by the emperor Aurelian in 274 CE, has encouraged the hypothesis that Christmas represents a Christian appropriation of the solstice festival, and similar pagan backgrounds have been proposed for the Epiphany festival on January 6. Contrary to this prevailing view, Louis Duchesne in his Christian Worship (London, 1903) suggests that those dates were computed as nativity dates from the inclusion of the Incarnation (i.e., the conception of Christ) in the themes celebrated at Pascha on known fixed dates, March 25 in Africa and Rome, April 6 in Asia Minor and elsewhere in the East. In modern times, March 25 is celebrated as the Feast of the Annunciation (the conception of Christ) nine months before Christmas, except among the Armenians, who continue to follow the tradition of Jerusalem by observing the Nativity on January 6 and the Annunciation nine months earlier. In the course of the later fourth and fifth centuries other Eastern churches adopted the Roman festival of December 25, thenceforward devoting January 6 only to the celebration of Christ's baptism. In that same period the January festival was adopted at Rome, and its nativity theme was narrowed to the visit of the Magi, from which it came to be considered the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles.
In most Latin cultures, the Epiphany festival remains the occasion for the exchange of gifts, after the example ofPage 1744 |  Top of Article the Magi, while in northern Europe and English-speaking countries that custom, continued from pre-Christian year-end festivities, attaches rather to Christmas. In the Byzantine and other Eastern churches where Epiphany celebrates Christ's sanctification of water by his baptism, a major feature of the celebration is a blessing of water that is drawn by the faithful and carried to their homes, a custom for which pre-Christian roots are also claimed in modern scholarship. ADVENT
Analogous to the period of preparation for Easter, a fast before the nativity developed in the West into a preparatory season. In addition to the Roman December Embertide, churches in Gaul observed fasts of six weeks or more; a common form was called Saint Martin's Lent, from its beginning on November 11, the Feast of Saint Martin of Tours. That season, known as Advent, developed themes associated both with the advent of Christ at his nativity and the second advent at the end of this world's history, the two advents having been expressed by the same term (parousia) since the Greek theologians of the second century. A forty-day fast is also kept before Christmas in the Eastern churches, but this never received the liturgical articulation of Advent in the West, where Advent today comprises the four weeks (or, in Milan, six weeks) before Christmas.
Source:  Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. p1741-1745. Thomas J. Talley Title: Christian Liturgical Year -->
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The precise origin of assigning December 25 as the birth date of Jesus is unclear. The New Testament provides no clues in this regard. December 25 was first identified as the date of Jesus' birth by Sextus Julius Africanus in 221 and later became the universally accepted date. One widespread explanation of the origin of this date is that December 25 was the Christianizing of the dies solis invicti nati (“day of the birth of the unconquered sun”), a popular holiday in the Roman Empire that celebrated the winter solstice as a symbol of the resurgence of the sun, the casting away of winter and the heralding of the rebirth of spring and summer. Indeed, after December 25 had become widely accepted as the date of Jesus' birth, Christian writers frequently made the connection between the rebirth of the sun and the birth of the Son. One of the difficulties with this view is that it suggests a nonchalant willingness on the part of the Christian church to appropriate a pagan festival when the early church was so intent on distinguishing itself categorically from pagan beliefs and practices.
A second view suggests that December 25 became the date of Jesus' birth by a priori reasoning that identified the spring equinox as the date of the creation of the world and the fourth day of creation, when the light was created, as the day of Jesus' conception (i.e., March 25). December 25, nine months later, then became the date of Jesus' birth. For a long time the celebration of Jesus' birth was observed in conjunction with his baptism, celebrated January 6.
None of the contemporary Christmas customs have their origin in theological or liturgical affirmations, and most are of fairly recent date. The Renaissance humanist Sebastian Brant recorded, in Das Narrenschiff (1494; The Ship of Fools), the custom of placing branches of fir trees in houses. Even though there is some uncertainty about the precise date and origin of the tradition of the Christmas tree, it appears that fir trees decorated with apples were first known in Strasbourg in 1605. The first use of candles on such trees is recorded by a Silesian duchess in 1611. The Advent wreath—made of fir branches, with four candles denoting the four Sundays of the Advent season—is of even more recent origin, especially in North America. The custom, which began in the 19th century but had roots in the 16th, originally involved a fir wreath with 24 candles (the 24 days before Christmas, starting December 1), but the awkwardness of having so many candles on the wreath reduced the number to four. An analogous custom is the Advent calendar, which provides 24 openings, one to be opened each day beginning December 1. According to tradition, the calendar was created in the 19th century by a Munich housewife who tired of having to answer endlessly when Christmas would come. The first commercial calendars were printed in Germany in 1851. The intense preparation for Christmas that is part of the commercialization of the holiday has blurred the traditional liturgical distinction between Advent and the Christmas season, as can be seen by the placement of Christmas trees in sanctuaries well before December 25.
Toward the end of the 18th century the practice of giving gifts to family members became well established. Theologically, the feast day reminded Christians of God's gift of Jesus to humankind even as the coming of the Wise Men, or Magi, to Bethlehem suggested that Christmas was somehow related to giving gifts. The practice of giving gifts, which goes back to the 15th century, contributed to the view that Christmas was a secular holiday focused on family and friends. This was one reason why Puritans in Old and New England opposed the celebration of Christmas and in both England and America succeeded in banning its observance.
The tradition of celebrating Christmas as a secular, family holiday is splendidly illustrated by a number of English “Christmas” carols such as "Here We Come A-Wassailing" or "Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly." It can also be seen in the practice of sending Christmas cards, which began in England in the 19th century. Moreover, in countries such as Austria and Germany, the connection between the Christian festival and the family holiday is made by identifying the Christ child as the giver of gifts to the family. In some European countries Saint Nicholas appears on his feast day (December 6) bringing modest gifts of candy and other gifts to children. In North America, the pre-Christmas role of the Christian Saint Nicholas was transformed, under the influence of the poem 'Twas the Night Before Christmas, into the increasingly central role of Santa Claus as the source of Christmas gifts for the family. While both name and attire—a version of the traditional dress of bishop—of Santa Claus reveal his Christian roots, and his role of querying children about their past behaviour replicates that of Saint Nicholas, he is seen as a secular figure. In Australia, where people attend open-air concerts of Christmas carols and have their Christmas dinner on the beach, Santa Claus wears red swimming trunks as well as a white beard.
Photograph:Christmas morning. An American family prepares to exchange gifts. Christmas morning. An American family prepares to exchange gifts. LWA-Dann Tardif/Corbis
Given the importance of Christmas as one of the major Christian feast days, most European countries observe, under Christian influence, December 26 as a second Christmas holiday. This practice recalls the ancient Christian liturgical notion that the celebration of Christmas, as well as that of Easter and of Pentecost, should last the entire week. The week-long observance, however, was successively reduced to Christmas day and a single, additional holiday on December 26.
Although a Christian holiday, Christmas is also widely celebrated by many non-Christians, and some of its popular celebratory customs have pre-Christian or secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift-giving, music, an exchange of greeting cards, church celebrations, a special meal, and the display of various decorations; including Christmas trees, lights, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. In addition, Father Christmas (known as Santa Claus in some areas, including North America, Australia and Ireland) is a popular mythological figure in many countries, associated with the bringing of gifts for children.
Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. -->