cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Forse
Electromagnetic forces
However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.
It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural "force", it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.
Nuclear forces
The strong force is today understood to represent the interactions between quarks and gluons as detailed by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The strong force is the fundamental force mediated by gluons, acting upon quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves. The strong interaction is the most powerful of the four fundamental forces.
The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called colour confinement.
The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 Kelvin. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.
Non-fundamental forces
Some forces are consequences of fundamental. In such situations, idealized models can be utilized to gain physical insight.
Normal force
The normal force is the repulsive force of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force which acts normal to the surface interface between two objects. The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface.
Friction
Friction is a surface force that opposes motion. The frictional force is directly related to the normal force which acts to keep two solid objects separated at the point of contact. There are two broad classifications of frictional forces: static friction and kinetic friction.
The static friction force will exactly oppose forces applied to an object parallel to a surface contact up to the limit specified by the coefficient of static friction  multiplied by the normal force (F_N). In other words the magnitude of the static friction force satisfies the inequality:
The kinetic friction force is independent of both the forces applied and the movement of the object. Thus, the magnitude of the force equals:
where is the coefficient of kinetic friction. For most surface interfaces, the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction.
Tension
Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings which are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.
Elastic force
An elastic force acts to return a spring to its natural length. An ideal spring is taken to be massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and infinitely stretchable. Such springs exert forces that push when contracted, or pull when extended, in proportion to the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position. This linear relationship was described by Robert Hooke in 1676, for whom Hooke's law is named. If \Delta x is the displacement, the force exerted by an ideal spring equals:
where k is the spring constant (or force constant), which is particular to the spring. The minus sign accounts for the tendency of the elastic force to act in opposition to the applied load.
Continuum mechanics
Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:
where V is the volume of the object in the fluid and P is the scalar function that describes the pressure at all locations in space. Pressure gradients and differentials result in the buoyant force for fluids suspended in gravitational fields, winds in atmospheric science, and the lift associated with aerodynamics and flight.
A specific instance of such a force that is associated with dynamic pressure is fluid resistance: a body force that resists the motion of an object through a fluid due to viscosity. For so-called "Stokes' drag" the force is approximately proportional to the velocity, but opposite in direction:
where:
More formally, forces in continuum mechanics are fully described by a stress tensor with terms that are roughly defined as
where A is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all deformations including also tensile stresses and compressions.
Rotations and torque
Forces that cause extended objects to rotate are associated with torques. Mathematically, the torque on a particle is defined as the cross-product:
where
Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. All the formal treatments of Newton's Laws that applied to forces equivalently apply to torques. Thus, as a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an alternative definition of torque:
This provides a definition for the moment of inertia which is the rotational equivalent for mass. In more advanced treatments of mechanics, the moment of inertia acts as a tensor that, when properly analyzed, fully determines the characteristics of rotations including precession and nutation.
Equivalently, the differential form of Newton's Second Law provides an alternative definition of torque:
Newton's Third Law of Motion requires that all objects exerting torques themselves experience equal and opposite torques, and therefore also directly implies the conservation of angular momentum for closed systems that experience rotations and revolutions through the action of internal torques.
Centripetal force
where m is the mass of the object, v is the velocity of the object and r is the distance to the center of the circular path and \hat{r} is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path. Such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object, and therefore do not change the speed of the object (magnitude of the velocity), but only the direction of the velocity vector. The unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path, and one that is tangential to the path. This yields both the tangential force which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up and the radial (centripetal) force which changes its direction.
Kinematic integrals
Forces can be used to define a number of physical concepts by integrating with respect to kinematic variables. For example, integrating with respect to time gives the definition of impulse:
which, by Newton's Second Law, must be equivalent to the change in momentum (yielding the Impulse momentum theorem).
Similarly, integrating with respect to position gives a definition for the work done by a force:
which is equivalent to changes in kinetic energy (yielding the work energy theorem).
Power P is the rate of change dW/dt of the work W, as the trajectory is extended by a position change in a time interval dt:
with the velocity.
Brassica oleracea
She dooie losserey yn-ee eh Brassica oleracea. Ta ny troaragyn echey goaill stiagh caayl vane, callish Rangagh, caaylag, caayl chraplit, caayl jiarg as gailan. T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey 'lystagh heear as yiass.
Forse
Potential energy
Instead of a force, often the mathematically related concept of a potential energy field can be used for convenience. For instance, the gravitational force acting upon an object can be seen as the action of the gravitational field that is present at the object's location. Restating mathematically the definition of energy (via the definition of work), a potential scalar field U(\vec{r}) is defined as that field whose gradient is equal and opposite to the force produced at every point:
Forces can be classified as conservative or nonconservative. Conservative forces are equivalent to the gradient of a potential while non-conservative forces are not.
Conservative forces
A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area.
Conservative forces include gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the spring force. Each of these forces has models which are dependent on a position often given as a radial vector \vec{r} emanating from spherically symmetric potentials. Examples of this follow:
For gravity:
where G is the gravitational constant, and m_n is the mass of object n.
For electrostatic forces:
where is electric permittivity of free space, and q_n is the electric charge of object n.
For spring forces:
where k is the spring constant.
Nonconservative forces
For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations which yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model which is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag. However, for any sufficiently detailed description, all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials.
The connection between macroscopic non-conservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.
Units of measurement
The SI unit of force is the newton (symbol N), which is the force required to accelerate a one kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second squared, or kg·m·s−2. The corresponding CGS unit is the dyne, the force required to accelerate a one gram mass by one centimeter per second squared, or g·cm·s−2. A newton is thus equal to 100,000 dyne.
The gravitational foot-pound-second English unit of force is the pound-force (lbf), defined as the force exerted by gravity on a pound-mass in the standard gravitational field of 9.80665 m·s−2. The pound-force provides an alternative unit of mass: one slug is the mass that will accelerate by one foot per second squared when acted on by one pound-force.
An alternative unit of force in a different foot-pound-second system, the absolute fps system, is the poundal, defined as the force required to accelerate a one pound mass at a rate of one foot per second squared. The units of slug and poundal are designed to avoid a constant of proportionality in Newton's second law.
The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass which accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène which is equivalent to 1000 N and the kip which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.
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Knesset
Ta'n Knesset (, HaKnesset "y Chruinnaght" ny "y whaiyl"; الكنيست Al-Kinīsat) ny whaiyl lattyssagh un-hamyragh er Israel. Myr crouw slattyssagh reiltys Israel, ta'n Knesset cur stiagh dagh leigh, reih yn Eaghtyrane as yn Ard-Vinishter (ga dy vel y fer jerrinagh pointit dy jesh-chliaghtagh ec yn Eaghtyrane), lowal rish yn arreydaght, as oaseiraghey obbyr y reiltys. Myrane lesh shen, t'eh moylley shirreyder da oik y Scruteyder Coontey da'n Eaghtyrane. Ta'n Knesset ny hoie ayns Givat Ram, Jerusalem.
Yn Norman
Ta'n Norman (Normandie) ny ard as ny cooid jeh'n Rank. T'ee soit er kione çheerey ayns sheear hwoaie yn Rank, lesh Mooir yn Eeaght da'n twoaie.
Slystyn Israel
right|thumb|300px|Slystyn Israel 1) Slyst Hwoaie 2) Slyst Haifa 3) Slyst Tel Aviv 4) Slyst Veanagh 5) Slyst Jerusalem 6) Slyst Yiass 7) Ard Judaea as ny Samaar Ta Israel goll er rheynn magh ayns shey slystyn, ta goll er enney 'syn Ewnish myr mehozot (מחוזות; un. mahoz), as queig fo-lystyn jeig, ta goll er enney 'syn Ewnish myr nafot (נפות, un. nafa). Ta dagh fo-lyst goll er rheynn magh ayns jeih ardjyn najooragh as daeed.
Slyst Hwoaie
Slyst Hwoaie (Mehoz HaTzafon). Earroo yn phobble: 1,241,900
Preeu-valley: Nasair
Slyst Haifa
Slyst Haifa (Mehoz Heifa). Earroo yn phobble: 880,700
Preeu-valley: Haifa
Slyst Tel Aviv
Slyst Tel Aviv (Mehoz Tel Aviv). Earroo yn phobble: 1,227,900
Preeu-valley: Tel Aviv
Slyst Veanagh
Slyst Veanagh (Mehoz HaMerkaz). Earroo yn phobble: 1,770,000
Preeu-valley: Ramla
Pershish
Pershish (پارسی) ny çhengey Ind-Oarpagh ta goll er loayrt ec mysh 110 millioon dy leih. T'ee goll er loayrt 'syn Eeraan, ayns Afghanistaan as ayns Tajikistaan er y chooid smoo.
Slystyn Israel
Slyst Jerusalem
Slyst Jerusalem (Mehoz Yerushalayim). Earroo yn phobble: 907,300
Kíla
She possan kiaullee tradishoonagh/dowanagh ass Nerin eh Kíla. Va'n possan bunnit 'sy vlein 1987 'sy scoill Ghaelgagh Coláiste Eoin ayns Divlyn. Va Eoin Dillon, Colm Mac Con Iomaire, Rossa Ó Snodaigh, Rónán Ó Snodaigh, Karl Odlum as Dave Odlum nyn olteynyn jeh'n phossan 'sy vlein shen. Hie Colm Ó Snodaigh stiagh 'sy phossan 'sy vlein 1988 tra va'n possan cloie ayns feailley 'sy Ghermaan.
Oie ny Feeleeyn Marrooit
thumb|Yn oardyr son Lozovsky y ghoaill seose Ta Oie ny Feeleeyn Marrooit (Дело Еврейского антифашистского комитета Dela Yevreyskogo antifashistskogo komiteta ny "Cooish y Ving Noi-ashistagh Ewagh"; הרוגי מלכות פונעם ראטנפארבאנד Harugey malkus funem Ratnfarband ny "Martyryn yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh") çheet er cur-gy-baase tree Ewnyn Soveidjagh jeig ayns Pryssoon Lubyanka ayns Moscow er 12 Luanistyn 1952. Va ny chied deiney goit seose ayns Mean Fouyir 1948 as Mean Souree 1949. Ren ny lughtyn reill cassid er dagh fendeilagh dy breagagh mychione y pheeikearys as y traitoorys chammah as kimmeeyssyn elley. Erreish daue ve goit seose, v'ad torçhit, bwoailt, as currit lioroosyn hene feie tree bleeaney roish my row ad kerrit dy h-oikoil. Va queig screeudeyryn Ewdish mastey ny fendeilee as dagh fer jeu nyn olteynyn jeh Bing Noi-ashistagh ny h-Ewnyn.
Slystyn Israel
Slyst Jerusalem
Preeu-valley: Jerusalem
Oie ny Feeleeyn Marrooit
Fendeilee
Va fir ennagh va kianglt dy jeeragh ny neu-yeeragh rish y JAC goit seose ayns ny bleeantyn mygeayrt y chooish leigh. Ga nagh row Solomon Mikhoels goit seose, ren Stalin sarey e vaase ayns 1948. Va Der Nister, screeudeyr Ewdish elley, goit seose ayns 1949, as hooar eh baase ayns sleih-champ obbyr ayns 1950. Hooar y cremeyder lettyragh Yitzhak Nusinov baase 'sy phryssoon, as va ny h-earisheyryn Shmuel Persov as Miriam Zheleznova lhiggit – dagh fer jeu ayns 1950.
Slystyn Israel
Slyst Yiass
Preeu-valley: Beersheba
Ard Judaea as ny Samaar
Ard Judaea as ny Samaar (Ezor Yehuda VeShomron). Earroo yn phobble: 327,750 cummaltee Israelagh (jeeagh er Deyn-oaylleeaght y Vroogh Heear son earroo ny Palasteenee)
Caayr Israelagh smoo: Modi'in Illit
Queiggey Zhytomyr
She queiggey 'syn Ookraan hwoaie eh Queiggey Zhytomyr (Житомирська область Zhytomyrs’ka oblast’) ny Zhytomyrshchyna (Ookraanish: Житомирщина) myr t'eh enmyssit dy mennick. She Zhytomyr y balley reiragh.
Kilomeadar kerrinagh
Ta kilomeadar kerrinagh (cowrey: km2) ny vishan jeh'n unnid towse SI eaghtyr meadar kerrinagh. Ta 1 km2 corrym rish:
Noi shen:
Ta "km2" cowraghey (km)2, "kilo-meadar kerrinagh", cha nel k(m2), "kilo meadar-kerrinagh". Ta 3 km2 corrym rish = 3,000,000 m2, cha nel 3,000 m2.
Reeriaght vunraghtoil
She corys reiltys ard-reeagh ee reeriaght vunraghtoil ta soiaghey ard-ree ny chione steat rere cagliaghyn bunraght screeut ny aafillit. Ta'n corys shoh soiaghey noi ry-hoi jarroo-reeriaght gyn cagliagh bunraghtoil erbee er pooar yn ard-ree.
Dy cadjin, ta parlamaid ec reeriaght vunraghtoil as pooar reiragh echey son y chooid smoo. Ta pooaryn yn ard-ree croghey er y vunraght t'ayn. Ny keayrtyn, ta currymyn jesh-chliaghtagh ec yn ard-ree; ny keayrtyn elley, ta pooar gear-ghaue ec yn ard-ree.
Ny keayrtyn, ta reeriaghtyn bunraghtoil er go-obbraghey marish reiltyssyn Fashishtagh (myr sampleyr, Yn Iddaal Fashishtagh as Yn Spaainey Francoagh) as ard-reillaghtyn caggee. Ny keayrtyn elley, ta laue scanshoil oc ayns shassoo noi coupyn d'état ny eabyn reiltyssyn deynlagh y chur fo haart liorish gleashaghtyn cummynagh ny fashistagh (myr sampleyr, coup 23-F ny Spaainey, ny coupyn 1981 as 1985 ny Çheerey Thai). Va paart y ree ayns ny cooishyn shen feer scanshoil.
Imraaghyn
Monarchia
Oarn
Ta oarn ny grine ta çheet ass y faiyr bleeanagh Hordeum vulgare. Ta ram ymmydyn ec yn oarn. T'ee ymmydit myr foddyr da sthockyn, myr braih vunneydagh da lhune as joughinyn drigit, as myr mynayrn ayns bee slaynt ennagh. T'ee ymmydit ayns awreeyn as broityn, as ayns arran oarn ayns cultooryn ennagh, veih Nalbin dys yn Affrick.
Ayns rang-oardraghey ny bleeaney 2007 er troaryn grineagh 'sy dowan, va'n oarn 'sy chiarroo ynnyd rere mooads va troarit (136 millioonyn dy hunnaghyn) as rere eaghtyr lhiassaghey (566,000 km²).
La Diva (albym Aretha Franklin)
Ta La Diva ny 25oo albym seyrlann liorish yn arraneyder Americaanagh Aretha Franklin. Va'n albym skeaylt magh er 6 Mean Fouyir 1979 liorish Atlantic Records. V'eh ny albym jerrinagh ren ee marish Atlantic lurg 19 albymyn bunneydagh jeant oc. Cha row rah traghtee ec yn albym as yn arraneyder jannoo eiyrtys freggyrt y yannoo liorish shalee disco-yeerit lesh y ghienteyder Van McCoy. She La Diva va'n obbyr yerrinagh ec McCoy roish my dooar eh baase ayns Mean Souree yn vlein cheddin.
T'eh ny hassoo myr yn albym s'inshley as s'messey rere creckyn mastey catalog Franklin lesh Atlantic Records. Ren "Ladies Only" roshtyn earroo 33 er kaart singylyn R&B liorish yn earishlioar Billboard tra ren y singyl eiyrtyssagh, "Half A Love", roshtyn earroo 65. Va'n albym recortyssit ec mullagh hooagh Franklin, as t'eh goaill stiagh tree obbraghyn lioree hene chammah as fer liorish e mac shinney, Clarence Franklin.
Breeshey Cowin
Ta Breeshey Cowin ny karacteyr sy çheeabin ÇhellVeeish, Cronk ny Marrey. She ben heshee Jamys Peddyr MacMannys t'ee.
Chrishell Stause
She aghteyr Americaanagh ee Terrina Chrishell Stause (ruggit er 21 Jerrey Souree 1981). Ta enney urree son e paart er y chlaare rieughid Selling Sunset er Netflix, chammah as aa-phaartyn çhellveeish myr Amanda Dillon er All My Children as Jordan Ridgeway er Days of Our Lives.
Catechism Martynas Mažvydas
thumb|Duillag ennymagh y Chatechism thumb|Fer jeh daa choip y Chatechism ta foast er mayrn She Focklyn Neuchramp y Chatechism (Katekizmo paprasti žodžiai) liorish Martynas Mažvydas y chied lioar phrentit 'sy Litaanish. V'eh prentit er 8 Jerrey Geuree 1547 liorish Hans Weinreich ayns Königsberg. Ta'n lioar, ta jeant seose jeh 79 duillagyn, geiyrt er ynsagh Martin Luther agh t'eh aahoilshaghey femeyn crauee as seihlltagh. Ta'n lioar goaill stiagh y chied daan Litaanish, bun-lioar marish abbyrlhit, catechism bunneydagh, as 11 hymn crauee marish kiaull lhean. Va'n lioar screeuit 'syn abbyrt Hamogitagh as prentit 'sy chloue Gothagh (schwabacher); ta'n roie-raa as y çhymnaghey prentit 'sy chloue Ladjynagh (antiqua).
Shennaghys
Ga nagh vel feanish yeeragh ayn, s'liklee dy nee Abraomas Kulvietis as Stanislovas Rapalionis bunneyderyn y lioar, as ad nyn ollooyn ayns Ollooscoill Königsberg. Honnick ad soilshaghey magh ny chied lioaryn Lutheragh 'sy Pholynnish as 'sy Phrooshish. Va costys y toilshaghey magh eeckit ass tashtey yn ard-Diuc. Va lhaihderaght er 200–300 dy leih ec y Chatechism, agh cha row dagh fer jeh ny coipyn ymmydit. Cha nel agh daa choip jeh'n Chatechism foast er mayrn: ta fer freillt ec Lioarlann Ollooscoill Vilnius as ta'n fer elley freillt ec Ollooscoill Nicolaus Copernicus ayns Toruń, y Pholynn.
Ughtarys
Cha nel y lioar symney yn ughtar ny yn reagheyder eck. Agh, v'eh er credjal voish y 16oo eash dy nee obbyr Martynas Mažvydas v'ayn as yn eie shen bunnit er imraa Baltramiejus Vilentas. Foddee dy row dooytyn ayn agh v'ad scrysst ayns 1938 liorish y çhengoayllee Polynnagh Jan Safarewicz tra ren eh feddyn magh acrostagh ayns roie-raa Litaanish y Chatechism. Tra dy vel peiagh lhaih ny chied lettyryn jeh ny linnaghyn 3 dys 19 'sy roie-raa, t'ad lettyraghey MARTJNVS MASVJDJVS, ny ennym Martynas Mažvydas 'sy Ladjyn. Va mysh daa hrass jeh teks y lioar screeuit ec Mažvydas. S'liklee dy nee Abraomas Kulvietis, Stanislovas Rapalionis, Jurgis Zablockis, as, foddee, y pesson Friedrich Staphylus ny h-ughtaryn elley.
Osasco
She baljaght as caayr ayns Steat São Paulo, y Vrasseel eh Osasco.
Abbyrlhit Baarleagh
She abbyrlhit eh yn abbyrlhit Baarleagh, as eshyn rere'n abbyrlhit Romanagh bunneydagh jeianagh. Ta shey lettyryn as feed echey.
Neva (awin)
She awin ayns sheear hwoaie ny Roosh ee awin y Neva (Нева́, ASE: ). T'ee roie magh veih Logh Ladoga trooid Queiggey Leningrad stiagh gys Baie Neva er Lhoob Finnlynn ayns Caayr Pheddyr. Gyn y wooise da'n lhiurid ghiare eck (74 km), t'ee ny trass awin smoo 'syn Oarpey rere y lhiggey magh eck (lurg y Volga as y Danube).
Cha nel awin alley roie magh as Loch Ladoga. Ta kiare caayryn troggit er ny brooinyn eck: Caayr Pheddyr, Shlisselburg, Kirovsk as Otradnoye, myrane lesh shiartanse dy valjyn as valjyn beggey elley. She awin yn-shiaulley t'aynjee as t'ee ny cooid jeh Bollagh Ushtey yn Volga as y Vooir Valtagh as Ammyr y Vooir Vane as y Vooir Valtagh.
Josephine Kermode
She screeudeyr cloie as feelee Manninagh va Josephine 'Cushag' Kermode (1852 — 1937). V'ee ruggit ayns Balley ny Loghey, Mannin. She inneen lesh yn Arrymagh William Kermode as shuyr lesh P.M.C. Kermode v'ee. Cha ren ee rieau poosey, agh ren ee gobbragh myr ben thie da'n vraar eck. Tra hooar eh baase hie ee gys Bournemouth, Sostyn, son cummal lesh e shuyr raad hooar ee baase 'sy vlein 1937. V'ee oanluckit ayns Wimbourne.
Straih Fibonacci
Ayns maddaght, ta ny earrooyn Fibonacci ny straih Fibonacci çheet er earrooyn yn 'traih shoh: Rere meenaghey, she 0 as 1 ad y chied daa earroo Fibonacci, as ta dagh earroo ny yei ny sym y daa roish. Ny keayrtyn, t'ad faagail magh y 0 as goaill toshiaght lesh 1, 1.
Rere maddaght, ta'n straih Fn dy earrooyn Fibonacci rere'n cochiangley aahaghyrtagh as ny earrooyn toshee heese echey
Ta ennym yn 'traih çheet er Leonardo jeh Pisa. V'ad cur Fibonacci er (girraghey er son filius Bonaccio, "mac Vonaccio"). Ren y lioar 1202 echey, Liber Abaci, cur stiagh y striah dys maddaght ny h-Oarpey Heear. V'eh mie er fys ayns maddaght Injinagh hannah.
Coontae Durham
She coontae jesh-chliaghtagh Hostyn eh Coontae Durham (County Durham). Ta lught-reill unnaneagh echey myrgeddin, as eshyn ny sloo na'n coontae. T'eh soit ec shiar twoaie ny çheerey. Va'n coontae bunnit 'sy vlein 1974. She Durham yn ard-valley echey. T'eh çhemmit liorish Cumbria da'n çheear, Yorkshire Hwoaie da'n jiass, as Northumberland as Tyne as Wear da'n twoaie. T'eh soit 'syn ard Sostyn Hiar Hwoaie.
Cronk ny Marrey (balley far-skeealagh)
She Cronk ny Marrey y balley far-skeealagh, raad ta Cronk ny Marrey soit.
Elbląg
She caayr ayns twoaie yn Pholynn eh Elbląg (Elbling). 'Sy vlein 2006 va 127,892 deiney cummal ayn. She preeu-valley Choontae Elbląg t'ayn as t'eh ny hoie ayns Queiggey Warmia-Mazury veih'n vlein 1999. Roish shen by phreeu-valley eh er Queiggey Elbląg eddyr ny bleeantyn 1975 as 1998 as by hoiag coontae eh ayns Queiggey Gdańsk eddyr ny bleeantyn 1945 as 1975. She purt er yn awin Elbląg t'ayn as yn awin shen stroo stiagh ayns Mooirlagh Wisła mysh 10 km çheu hwoaie veih'n chaayr. Lesh shen, ta goll magh ec y chaayr gys y Vooir Valtagh trooid Keyllys Baltiysk ta fo stiurey yn Roosh.
Tataree Chrimeeagh
Ta ny Tataree Chrimeeagh ny Tataree yn Chrimeea (Къырымтатарлар ny Qırımtatarlar) ny Crimee (Къырымлылар ny Qırımlılar) nyn bossan kynneeagh Turkagh as nyn ashoon ta dooghyssagh da'n Chrimeea. Haghyr crooaght as kynney-ghiennaghtyn ny Tataree Chrimeeagh eddyr y 13oo as y 17oo eash, tra ren ny Cumanee, va feddynit 'sy Chrimeea 'sy 10oo eash, unnaneysey rish kynneeyn elley va baghey 'sy Chrimeea voish ny shen earishyn as hie magh er nyn Dataraghey, goaill stiagh Greagee, Iddaalee, Armeainee, Gothee, Sarmaatee, as kynneeyn elley.
Ta'n Unnaneys Oarpagh as possanyn bun-dooghyssagh eddyr-ashoonagh cur enney oikoil orroo myr kynney bun-dooghyssagh as chur yn Ookraan staydys bun-dooghyssagh oikoil orroo ayns 2014. Ta'n lught reill Rooshagh roie coontey ad myr "mynlagh ashoonagh", agh cha nel ad cur enney orroo myr kynney bun-dooghyssagh, as t'ad foast jiooldey ny nee ny Tataree Chrimeeagh kynney ennymagh y Chrimeeagh, ga dy ren yn UPSS coontey ad myr bun-dooghyssee roish my row ad ceaut magh 'syn eebyrtys as myr row Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Hoshiallagh Hene-reiltagh y Chrimeea (PHHH y Chrimeea) scryssit. Jiu, she 15% jeh pobble yn Chrimeea ad ny Tataree Chrimeeagh. Ta eebyrtys ny Tataree Chrimeeagh foast ayn 'sy Turkee as 'syn Oosbeckistaan.
Sally Rooney
She ughtar as screeudeyr scannane Yernagh ee Sally Rooney (ruggit er 20 Toshiaght Arree 1991). T'ee er screeu tree noaskeeal: Conversations with Friends (2017), Normal People (2018), as Beautiful World, Where Are You (2021). Va Normal People aachummit myr straih hellveeish ayns 2020 liorish Hulu, RTÉ, Screen Ireland as y BBC. Te obbyr Rooney er gheddyn ard-voyllaghyn cremmeydagh as rah hraghtee as t'ee coontit mastey ny screeudeyryn milley-vleeanagh toshee.
Tom MacMannys-Cowin
Ta Tom MacMannys-Cowin ny karacteyr sy çheeabin ÇhellVeeish, Cronk ny Marrey. She mac Yamys Peddyr MacMannys as Vreeshey Cowin t'eh.
Glare
thumb|Glare Ta glare çheet er y phenomenon dy haghteraght eddyr sleih, ny screeut, ny cowrit, ny loayrit. Dy oaylleeagh, she corys dy chowraghyn cliaghtagh eh t'oc sleih chultoor ennagh, as ymmyd jeant jee son çhaghteraght rish y cheilley.
Son y chooid smoo, t'ad rheynn glare ayns ymmodee çhengaghyn, ga nagh vel creeee chruinney eddyr oc.
Linsey Dawn McKenzie
She craishteyder drualtagh, aghteyr pornograafagh, as persoonid çhellveeish Sostynagh ee Linsey Dawn McKenzie (ruggit er 7 Luanistyn 1978 ). Ren ee e toshiaght chraishtee gyn baare-eaddeeyn 'sy phabyr naight baghtagh Sunday Sport ayns 1994 tra v'ee 16 bleeaney d'eash. Ta enney mie urree son e keeaghyn mooarey, as hie ee er oaie ve ry-akin ayns reayn mooar d'earishlioaryn aasit, ynnydyn-eggey, meanyn scaalheanee, as feeshanyn, goaill stiagh y phornograafaght chreoi lurg 2000.
T'ee er ny gheddyn myn-staydys ard-ghooagh 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit raad t'ee er ny ve ry-akin er claareeyn çhellveeish cadjin, lheid as They Think It's All Over, I'm Famous and Frightened!, The Weakest Link, as Celebrity Four Weddings. T'ee er ny ve ry-akin ayns scannaneyn feanishagh bentyn rish bea craishteyderyn drualtagh, as v'ee ry-akin sc scannane Arthur's Amazing Things (2002) liorish Martin Gooch.
Bea leah
Va McKensie ruggit ayns Brent, Middlesex as v'ee troggit ayns Wallington, Surrey. T'ee ny screeblagh mastey troor dy chloan. Ren e paarantyn, Tony as Lesley McKenzie, scarrey voish y vheilley ayns 1987.
Coorse bea
Ayns 1994 leah, tra va McKenzie 15 bleeaney d'eash, chur ee fotografyn drualtagh sampleyragh dys jantyssyn craishtee ynnydagh. Hoshee e coorse craishtee liorish craishtey drualtagh as obbyr chullee snaue, as v'eh yn dean eck craishtey gyn baare-eaddeeyn y yannoo tra ren ee roshtyn 16 bleeaney d'eash ny s'anmey 'sy vlein cheddin. Ec y traa shen, fo Slattys cour Coadey Paitçhyn, 1978, v'eh lowit 'sy leigh ec paitçhyn 16 bleeaney d'eash craishtey gyn baare-eaddeeyn ayns Sostyn as Bretyn; va'n bun-eash leighoil yrjit dys 18 rere Slattys ny Loghtyn Comyssagh, 2003.
thumb|upright|McKenzie ec Erotica LA ayns 2006 As McKenzie geddyn ny s'niessey roish e 16oo laa ruggyree, dooyrt yn pabyr naight baghtagh Sunday Sport dy row anaase oc cooish veanyn y yannoo ass e toshiaght craishtee gyn baare-eaddeeyn. Car ny meeghyn Mean Souree as Jerrey Souree 1994, hoilshee eh magh fotografyn jeh McKenzie, co-earroo ny laaghyn derrey v'eh lowit 'sy leigh ee y haishbyney gyn baare-eaddeeyn.
Erreish j'ee roshtyn 16 bleeantyn d'eash, hie McKenzie er oaie craishtey gyn baare-eaddeeyn son y Daily Sport as y Sunday Sport. Ghow ee ayrn chammah er Page 3 ayns ny pabyryn naight baghtagh The Sun as The Daily Star; hass ee gyn baare-eaddeeyn ayns earishlioaryn fir lheid as Loaded; as hass ee slane gyn eaddeeyn ayns earishlioaryn Goaldagh lheid as Mayfair  as Men Only; as chloie ee ayns feeshanyn boggey eigsoylagh.
Er 29 Jerrey Souree 1995, beggan roish e 17oo laa ruggyree, ren McKenzie roie rooisht ec cloie criggad eddyr Sostyn as ny h-Injyn Heear ec Old Trafford. As ee ceau thong as braagyn spoyrt, roie ee magh er yn 'aaie marish ny focklyn "Only Teasing" va screeuit er ny keeaghyn eck.
Erreish da McKenzie roshtyn 18 bleeaney d'eash ayns 1996, hoshee e coorse craishtee ayns America Hwoaie 'syn earishlioar Score, ren kelloorey yn chooish lesh taishbynys McKenzie myr caillin coodee ayns cur magh Vee ny Nollick 1996.
Ayns ny 1990yn jeianagh, va McKenzie ry-akin dy mennick er ny bollee hellveeish da deiney aasit L!VE TV as Television X. V'ee ry-akin dy mennick ayns earishlioaryn, JABEyn, ynnydyn-eggey, as ny meanyn scaalheanee derrey 2004 jeianagh tra ghow ee aash voish y chraishtey son paitçhey y ruggal as obbraid leoddaghey keeaghyn y yannoo.
Hie yn beashnys Temptress: The Linsey Dawn McKenzie Story er ny hoilshey magh ayns 2015.
Taishbynyssyn
thumb|upright|McKenzie ec yn [[AVN Adult Entertainment Expo ayns 2011]] Va McKenzie ry-akin er y çhellveeish chadjin ayns claareeyn lheid as y claare keishtaghyn spoyrt They Think It's All Over, ny claareeyn çhellveeish rieughagh I'm Famous and Frightened! as The Salon, as y claare sheanse Brainiac: Science Abuse. Ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ghow ee ayrn ayns The Howard Stern Show ayns Jerrey Geuree 2003. Er 8 Mean Fouyir 2007, ghow ee ayrn ayns lhieggan giastyllagh jeh'n chlaare keishtaghyn The Weakest Link, raad va dagh streeuder ny chraishteyder drualtagh va sooree lesh, ny poost rish, bluckaneyryn. Ayns Mee ny Nollick 2010, ghow ee ayrn marish e fer sheshee Mark Williams er episode jeh Celebrity Four Weddings liorish Living TV. Ghow yn ben-aghteyr Tina Malone, y co-streeuder Spencer Smith voish Big Brother, y fer-obbee Paul Daniels as e ven heshee Debbie McGee, ayrnyn 'syn episode shen chammah.
Chammah's shen, ta McKenzie er ny ghoaill ayrn ayns daa scannane feanishagh bentyn rish seihllyn craishteyderyn drualtagh, The Curse of Page 3  and Girls Behaving Badly. Chloie ee yn karacteyr Beryl Fforbes-Juggs 'sy scannane Arthur's Amazing Things (2002) liorish Martin Gooch.
Cronk ny Marrey (reddaghey)
Foddee Cronk ny Marrey çheet er:
Croitish
She çhengey ashoonagh as oikoil ny Croit ee yn Chroitish (hrvatski). She nane jeh ny çhengaghyn Slavagh t'ayn as t'ee loayrit ec Croitee 'sy Chroit, ayns Bosnia as Herzegovina, as ayns çheeraghyn elley gerroil, as ec Croitee elley er feie ny Cruinney.
She abbyrlhit Ladjynagh Gaj yn abbyrlhit eck, as ta tree preeu-abbyrtyn eck: yn abbyrt Štokavagh, yn abbyrt Čakavagh, as yn abbyrt Kajkavagh. Ta'n çhengey lettyragh as chadjinit bunnit er yn abbyrt Štokavagh Heear, as yn abbyrt shen lhiggey da so-hoiggalys marish y Terbish, y Vosnish, as y Vontenegrish, quoi ta bunnit er yn abbyrt Štokavagh Hiar.
Enmyn ny meeghyn
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Edmund Goodwin
Va Edmund Goodwin (1844 -1925) ny 'er-ynsee as screeudeyr ny Gaelgey. Chur magh eh Lessoonyn ayns Çhengey ny Mayrey Ellan Vannin cour ynseydee y ghlare ayns 1901.
V'eh ruggit ayns Purt ny h-Inshey ayns 1844. Tra va Goodwin aeg, v'eh trome-çhing as cha row eh abyl dy hooyl dy mie son y chooid elley jeh e vea. Dobbyr Goodwin myr ynseyder-kiaull. Dynsee eh pianney as kiaulleeaght da Sophia Morrison.
Va Goodwin aghtal ec glaraghyn. Va Germaanish, Frangish, Iddaalish, Eeslynnish, Yernish, Ladjyn, as Gaelg echey, as v'eh abyl dy lhaih ymmodee elley. Dynsee eh brastyllyn Gaelg ayns Purt ny h-Inshey son mooarane bleeantyn.
Ren Goodwin cur er bun yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh marish John Joseph Kneen, Juan Clague, as A. W. Moore ayns 1899.
Hooar eh baase ayns 1925. V'eh oanluckit ayns Purt ny h-Inshey.
Z (lettyr)
She sheyoo lettyr as feed yn abbyrlhit Romanagh jeianagh eh Z ny z.
Shennaghys
T'ad gra dy daink shellagh jeh screeu caslys 'syn abbyrlhit Proto-Sinaitagh. Haink y cowrey shoh trooid coryssyn screeu Feaneeckagh, Greagagh, Etruscagh as Romanagh dys y chummey t'ayn nish.
Bro-Dreger
She nane jeh queiggaghyn tradishoonagh ny Britaan eh Bro-Dreger ny Treger (Trégor). Ta'n queiggey jeant seose jeh ayrn sheear y rheynn noa-emshiragh Aodoù-an-Arvor as shiar hwoaie y rheynn Penn-ar-Bed dys awin Montroulez. Ta'n queiggey 2,251 km² er eaghtyr. Çheu-sthie jeh ny joaraghyn tradishoonagh ta 192,000 dooinney cummal ayn.
Z (lettyr)
Coadyn co-earrooder
Ayns Unicode, ta Z mooar ec U+005A as z beg ec U+007A.
Ayns ASCII, ta Z mooar ec 90 as z beg ec 122. Ayns earrooyn jeesoil, shen 01011010 as 01111010.
Bro-Dreger
Commyoonyn
Ta 127 commyoonyn ayns Bro-Dreger.
Z (lettyr)
Coadyn co-earrooder
Ayns EBCDIC, ta Z mooar ec 233 as z beg ec 169.
Ayns HTML as XML, ta Z mooar ec "<tt>&#90;</tt>" as z beg ec "<tt>&#122;</tt>".
Sara Bertolasi
She ymmyrtagh Iddaalagh ee Sara Bertolasi (ruggit er 29 Averil 1988). Ec Cloiaghyn Olympagh y Touree, 2012, ren ee cohirrey ayns piyr neustiurit ny Mraane marish Claudia Wurzel. Ec Cloiaghyn Olympagh y Touree, 2016, en ee cohirrey 'sy chloie cheddin marish Alessandra Patelli. V'ee ny commagh jeh hoght mraane yn Iddaal chossyn boyn argid ec Feniaghtyssyn Ymmyrt yn Oarpey, 2012, er ushtaghyn dooghyssagh ayns Varese. Ren ee as Wurzel cosney boyn ooha ec Feniaghtssyn Ymmyrt yn Oarpey, 2021.
Chyler Leigh
She ben-aghteyr, arraneyder, as craishteyder Americaanagh ee Chyler Leigh West (née Potts; ruggit er 10 Averil 1982), ta goll er enney dy keirdey myr Chyler Leigh. Ta enney urree son e paart myr Janey Briggs 'sy fillym aittys Not Another Teen Movie (2001), myr Lexie Grey 'sy straih drama lheeys Grey's Anatomy (2007–2012) liorish ABC, as myr Alex Danvers 'sy straih far-feniagh Supergirl (2015–2021).
Laurence Skelly
She politickeyr Manninagh eh Laurence David Skelly OCS. V'eh reiht myr Eaghtyrane Tinvaal ayns Jerrey Souree 2021.
Karl Brandt
She lhee as offishear 'sy Schutzstaffel (SS) 'sy Ghermaan Natseeagh va Karl Brandt (8 Jerrey Geuree 1904 – 2 Mean Souree 1948). Va Brandt ynsit 'sy laue-lheeys as hie eh stiagh 'sy Phartee Natseeagh ayns 1932 raad haink er dy ve ny lhee coadee da Adolf Hitler ayns Luanistyn 1934. V'eh ny oltey jeh kiarkyl sthie Hitler ec Berghof, as v'eh reiht ec Philipp Bouhler, kione Hansyleyraght Hitler, son claare myghin-varroo Aktion T4 y stiurey. Ny s'anmey, va Brandt pointit myr Barrantagh y Reich cour Slayntaghys as Slaynt (Bevollmächtigter für das Sanitäts- und Gesundheitswesen). Va cassid cassey ayns prowaltys sheelnaue as kimmeeyssyn caggee elley jeant er ayns 1946 jeianagh as hass eh ayns cooish leigh roish bing chaggee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit marish 22 ghooinney elley 'sy chooish leigh Steatyn Unnaneysit America v. Karl Brandt, et al. V'eh feddynit kyndagh, deyrit gy baase, as croghit er 2 Mean Souree 1948.
Gorrymag chadjin
She foillycan beg 'sy chynney Lycaenidae ee gorrymag chadjin (Polyommatus icarus). T'ee ry-akin er feie ny Cryss Phalearctagh.
Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta ny mraane dhone, as ta ponkyn jiargey rish oirryn ny skianyn. Er y çheu s'yrdjey, t'ad gorrym ec bun ny skianyn, as ny keayrtyn t'ad gorrym son y chooid smoo.
Ec y daa cheintys, ta ponkyn baney as mean doo oc er ny skianyn s'inshley; mysh dussan er ny skianyn jerree as nuy er ny skianyn hoshee. Ta çhemmal bane rish oirr wooie ny skianyn.
Ta'n phraddag bane-ghlass as rimmeigyn buighey mygeayrt-y-moee; t'ee gollrish shilleen. Ta'n chryslid dhone ny glass-olive eck cleayney snienganyn, as t'ad ee y ymmyrkey stiagh 'syn edd oc dy cadjin. Ta'n chryslid cur magh druight molley as ta ny snienganyn dy ee.
Zoe Saldaña
Zoe Yadira Saldaña Perego (ruggit myr Saldaña Nazario er 19 Mean Souree 1978), she aghteyr Americaanagh t'ee. Erreish jee cloie marish y possan theater Faces, ren ee cloie ayns daa episode jeh'n chlaare çhellveeish Law & Order ayns 1999. Hoshee e coorse scannaneagh blein ny yei marish y scannane Center Stage (2000) as ee cloie daunseyr ballay.
Ren Saldaña obbraghey ayns scannaneyn far-skeealagh sheanse, goaill toshiaght ayns 2009 lesh e chied huarystal ayns straih tuarystalyn myr Nyota Uhura 'sy straih scannane Star Trek as e chied huarystal myr Neytiri 'sy straih scannane Avatar. T'ee cloie Gamora 'sy Dowan Scannaneagh Marvel, goaill toshiaght lesh Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). Ta Saldaña er ve cloie ayns tree ass y wheig scannane smoo berçhagh er çheu çheet-stiagh oc (Avatar, Avengers: Infinity War, as Avengers: Endgame), red nagh ren aghteyr elley erbee. Ny scannaneyn v'ee paartagh ayndaue, ren ad tayrn stiagh ny smoo US$11,000,000,000 er feie ny cruinney.
Meeiley cherrinagh
Ta meeiley cherrinagh (cowrey: mi², mi ker) ny unnid towse impiroil as SUA er son eaghtyr ta corrym rish kerrin un veeiley.
Ta meeiley cherrinagh corrym rish:
Sunderland A.F.C.
She club bluckan coshey Sostynagh eh Sunderland A.F.C.. Ta'n club cloie 'syn EFL Championship. Va'n club bunnit 'sy vlein 1879 liorish James Allan. Ec y traa t'ayn, she Tony Mowbray y reireyder. Ta'n club ceau coamrey jiarg as bane ayns rimmeigyn as cuttee ghooey son y chooid smoo, agh cheau ad coamrey slane gorrym eddyr ny bleeantyn 1880 as 1884.
Cruinlagh
right|thumb|Ta [[bieauid hanjentagh as bieauaghey stiagh ec cruinlag ta cruinlaghey yn Dowan.]] Ayns fishig ta cruinlagh çheet er coorse kiarkylagh red erbee fo cleayney yn ym-hayrn mygeayrt boayl 'syn 'eaynid, myr sampleyr cruinlagh planaid mygeayrt çheshvean chorys rollageagh, lheid as Corys ny Greiney. Ta cruinlagh eelipsagh ec planaidyn dy cadjin.
Świnoujście
She caayr as staydys coontae (miasto na prawach powiatu) echey eh Świnoujście veih'n vlein 1999, çheusthie jeh Queiggey Pomorze Heear. By chooid jeh Queiggey Szczecin eh eddyr ny bleeantyn 1975 as 1998. 'Sy vlein 2006 va 41,100 deiney cummal ayn.
Matt Littler
She aghteyr as stiureyder Goaldagh eh Matt Littler (ruggit er 19 Mayrnt 1982). Va Littler ruggit ayns Bury, Manchuin Vooar, y Reeriaght Unnaneysit. Ta enney share er er son e phaart myr Max Cunningham 'sy çheabin çhellveeish Hollyoaks liorish Channel 4 voish 1997 derrey 2008.
Gene Hackman
She aa-aghteyr as noaskeealagh Americaanagh eh Eugene Allen Hackman (ruggit er 30 Jerrey Geuree 1930). Harrish e choorse ren goll feie ny smoo na shey jeihaght, ta Hackman er chosney daa Aundyr Academy, kiare aundyr Golden Globe, un aundyr y Screen Actors Guild, daa BAFTA, as un Silver Bear.
V'eh enmyssit son queig Aundyr Academy as ren eh cosney yn Aghteyr Share son e phaart myr Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle 'sy scannane creau ard-voyllit The French Connection (1971) as yn Aghteyr Co-hassooagh Share myr "Little" Bill Daggett 'sy scannane Heear Unforgiven (1992) liorish Clint Eastwood. Haink ny h-enmyssaghtyn elley son yn Aghteyr Co-hassooagh Share marish ny scannaneyn Bonnie and Clyde (1967) as I Never Sang for My Father (1970), marish y nah enmyssaght son yn Aghteyr Share son Mississippi Burning (1988).
Ta scannaneyn Hackman elley goaill stiagh The Poseidon Adventure (1972), The Conversation (1974), French Connection II (1975), A Bridge Too Far (1977), Superman (1978) as ny scannaneyn eiyrtyssagh echey Superman II (1980) as Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), Hoosiers (1986), No Way Out (1987), Bat*21 (1988), The Firm (1993), The Quick and the Dead (1995),  Get Shorty (1995), Crimson Tide (1995), Enemy of the State (1998), Antz (1998), The Replacements (2000), Behind Enemy Lines (2001), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Runaway Jury (2003) as Welcome to Mooseport (2004) — e scannane jerrinagh roish my dirree eh magh ass y scannaneaght.
Manx Independent
Ta'n Manx Independent ny phabyr-naight shiaghtinoil baghtagh ayns Mannin. T'eh currit magh dagh Jeheiney. She Isle of Man Newspapers, cooid jeh Johnston Press, y shellooder er y phabyr-naight. T'ad yn Isle of Man Courier as yn Isle of Man Examiner ny shuyr-phabyryn echey.
Zheng He
She marrinagh, ronseyder, diploamagh, ard-marragh lhuingys, as muilteen cooyrtey Sheenagh car eash leah reeraghtys Ming va Zheng He (1371–1433 ny 1435). V'eh ruggit lesh lught thie Islamagh fo'n ennym Ma He as ny s'anmey ren eh doltey yn sliennoo Zheng va bronnit er liorish Impir Yongle. Fo barrantys Impir Yongle as Impir Xuande, hug eh currym er shiaght marrinyssyn tashtee dys yn Aishey Hiar Yiass, yn Aishey Yiass, yn Aishey Heear, as yn Affrick Hiar eddyr 1405 as 1433. Rere ny shenn-skeealyn, dymmyrk ny lhongyn mooarey keeadyn dy hiaulteyryn er kiare loutyn as va'd daa cheayrt ny s'liurey na lhong fuygh elley v'ayn rieau.
Gurneilys ynnydagh ayns Mannin
Sheadinyn
Ta Mannin er ny rheynn magh ayns shey sheadinyn: Inver Ayre, Glion Faba, Garff, Maayl, Rosien as Medall. T'ad ymmydit nish son:
Cha nel fys shickyr mychione çheet neose yn 'ockle "sheadin". Ta tree sheiltynyssyn ayn:
Jaapi
thumb|Jaapi [[Assamee|Assamagh (ornaidagh)]]
She edd tradishoonagh ass Assam ny h-Injey eh jaapi (জাপি).
Cullee/Troggal
Ta Jaapi cadjin sampleyragh jeant seose jeh cuirtlagh Aishanagh as/ny cuirtlagh chadjin ta feeit dy gloo ry cheilley. Va ny jaapiyn ornaidagh ceaut er sleih as ard-staydys orroo er y traa t'er n'gholl shaghey. Jiu ta jaapiyn ornaidagh jeant seose jeh caslyssyn cramp as ad jeant seose ass eaddagh (jiarg, bane, geayney, gorrym, as doo) as eh mestit stiagh lesh fidderaght y jaapi. Ta çhemmal jiarg sampleyragh croghit mygeayrt ny h-oirryn.
Çhengey (ronsaghey-kirpey)
right|thumb|Çhengey deiney