cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Coimpléasc comhordanáidithe
deas|200px|thumb|Coimpléasc comhordanáidithe Is éard a bhíonn i gcoimpléasc comhordanáidithe ná adamh nó ian lárnach, atá miotalach de ghnáth agus ar a dtugtar an t-ionad comhordanáidithe, agus sraith mórthimpeall air de mhóilíní nó iain faoi cheangal, ar a dtugtar lioganna nó oibreáin choimpléascúcháin. Miotail thrasdultacha a bhíonn páirteach sna coimpléisc comhordanáidithe seo, den chuid is mó, ach tá siad forleathan. Mar shampla, cuimsíonn siad an t-ian réasúnta simplí sulfáit teatráimínchopair, [Cu(NH3)4] 2+ SO4 2-, ar salann lonrach gorm é, agus cómhdhúile bunúsacha coimpléascacha cosúil le haemaglóibin (le hiarann, Fe, ann) is clóraifill (le maignéisiam, Mg, inti). Is coimpléisc comhordanáidithe iad go leor comhdhúil mhiotail, go háirithe miotail thrasdultacha.
Cineál Aodha na hEachtaí
Cenél Guaire is ea tríocha céad eile sa cheantar, ainmnithe as Guaire Aidne.
Tá an focal Eachtach caomhnaithe sa logainm Sliabh Eachtaí, atá in aice láimhe.
The Skeleton Dance
Gearrscannán beochana Meiriceánach is ea The Skeleton Dance a rinneadh sa bhliain 1929. Is é seo an chéad ghearrscannán Silly Symphony.
Fisic chlaisiceach
Na réimsí fisice a bhíodh ann roimh theacht chun cinn phrionsabal na gcandam. Bunaithe ar theoiricí is modh oibre mheicnic Newton, a ghlacann le cruinne inréamhinste. Níor leor na teoiricí seo, áfach, chun a bhfuil ar siúl taobh istigh den núicléas a mhíniú, ná iompar réad atá gar do luas forleata an tsolais.
Cnoc Clochdhroma
Is baile suite i gContae Dhoire é Cnoc Clochdhroma.
Mickey's Nightmare
Gearrscannán beochana Meiriceánach is ea Mickey's Nightmare a rinneadh sa bhliain 1932. Is gearrscannán Mickey Mouse é.
Comhéadan Sonraí Dáilte ar Shnáithíní (Optúla)
Prótacal caighdeánach deartha is feidhmithe líonraí ceantair áitiúil (FDDI i mBéarla) is ea Comhéadan Sonraí Dáilte ar Shnáithíní. Bunaithe ar shnáithíní optúla, in ionad cáblaí comhaiseacha, chun na ríomhairí nó na stáisiúin oibre a nascadh sa líonra.
Líne Mason-Dixon
Is líne dheighilte í An Líne Mason-Dixon, ar a dtugtar sa Bhéarla The Mason–Dixon line, nó The Mason and Dixon line nó Mason's and Dixon's line, a deighleann ceithre stát de chuid SAM, atá mar chuid de theorainneacha Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, agus West Virginia (cuid de Virginia go dtí 1863). Tharraing beirt réalteolaithe Briotanacha, Charles Mason agus Jeremiah Dixon, i 1763-1767 an teorainn. Glactar leis an líne mar theorainn idir tuaisceart is deisceart na Stát Aontaithe.
Celtica (iriseán)
Iris acadúil is ea Celtica: Journal of the School of Celtic Studies, tiomanta do Léann Ceilteach, agus béim ar leith ar litríocht na Gaeilge, teangeolaíocht agus logainmneacha.
Bunaíodh é sa bhliain 1946 agus foilsíodh é as sin amach ag 'School of Celtic Studies' ag Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath. I measc iar-phríomheagarthóirí tá T.F. O'Rahilly (1946–1950) agus Fergus Kelly. Eagraíodh an t-imleabhar is déanaí (33) ag Barry J. Lewis agus Ruairí Ó hUiginn.
Eachtraí Tintin
clé|250px|thumb|Eachtraí Tintin Is sraith leabhra iad Eachtraí Tintin a scríobhadh Hergé. Cuireann Gabriel Rosenstock an Ghaeilge ar gach leabhar, mar aistritheoir. Tá Tintin, iriseoir óg Eorpach, i ngach leabhar lena mhadra Báinín, agus go minic lena chairde eile.
Fisic dromchlaí
Staidéar ar airíonna leictreonacha is struchtúrtha dromchlaí ábhar, is é sin an ciseal seachtrach adamh iontu. Tá na hairíonna dromchlacha tábhachtach i gcuid mhaith réimsí, mar shampla, i gcatalú, creimeadh, astú leictreon ó dhromchlaí, na hairíonna optúla, agus i bhfrithchuimilt. Is tábhachtach freisin na cisil dhromchlacha a chruthaítear idir dhá sholad, mar shampla i bhfeistí leathsheoltóra. Déantar iniúchadh ar fhisic na ndromchlaí le díraonadh leictreon, micreascópacht fórsa adamhaigh, agus micreascópacht réimse-ianaíoch.
Fisic adamhach
mion Staidéar ar struchtúr is airíonna adamh, agus a n-idirghníomhuithe le radaíocht leictreamaighnéadach is adaimh eile. I 1911 rinne Ernest Rutherford turgnamh inar theilg sé alfa-cháithníní trí órdhuille, ag brath scaipeadh na gcáithníní.
Bhain sé ó na scaipléaráidí go raibh núicléas crua lárnach, timpeall 10 -14 m ar trastomhas, i ngach adamh, a bhí timpeall 10 -10 m ar trastomhas.
Thairg sé gurb é a bhí san adamh ná núicléas lárnach, luchtaithe go dearfach, agus leictreoin dhiúltacha ag fithisiú an núicléis, rud éigin cosúil leis na pláinéid ag fithisiú na Gréine. Ach de réir dlíthe na meicnice clasaicí, bheadh a leithéid d'adamh neamhchobhsaí mar go gcaillfeadh sé fuinneamh trí astú radaíochta leictreamaighnéadaí. clé|mion Chomh maith leis sin, ní léireodh an t-adamh sin na speictrim adamhacha inbhraiteacha. Réitíodh na fadhbanna seo le samhail fheabhsaithe an adaimh a shaothraigh Niels Bohr i 1913, ina raibh gach leictreon i bhfithis ar leith (sceall ar leith) timpeall an núicléis, le fuinneamh ar leith a bhraithfeadh ar gha na fithise.
Ós rud é nár ceadaíodh ach fithisí (scealla) ar leith, níorbh fhéidir ach fuinnimh ar leith a bheith ag na leictreoin, ionas go mbeadh patrún de leibhéil scoite cheadaithe fuinnimh i gceist. mion Ní astódh leictreoin i bhfithis cheadaithe fuinneamh leictreamaighnéadach, ach chomhfhreagródh léim leictreoin ó fhithis amháin go fithis eile d'astú nó ionsú cainníochtaí dea-shainithe solais, rud a réitigh leis na speictrim bhraite adamhacha. Samhail áisiúil amhairc ab ea samhail Bohr, agus de réir a chéile feabhsaíodh í le léargais ón meicnic chandamach.
Tá airíonna tonnacha ag leictreoin, agus is féidir fithisí nó scealla Bohr a thuiscint mar oiriúnú slánuimhir tonnta leictreon timpeall ar an núicléas. Is fearr cruinne gach leictreon a shamhlú mar dháileadh luchta leictrigh le huimhir chandamach ar leith ná mar phonc luchta i bhfithis chiorclach. Comhfhreagraíonn gach uimhir chandamach is féidir do leibhéal ar leith fuinnimh, ach ní féidir iad uile a shealbhú ag an am céanna.
Thug samhail Bohr míniú ginearálta ar speictrim adamhacha, ach ligeann teoiric na gcandam dúinn ríomhanna mionchruinne a dhéanamh ar na speictrim. Cinneann na huimhreacha candamacha is gá chun na leictreoin in adaimh neamhfhlosctha dúl a shainiú ionaid chruinne na ndúl sin ar an gclár peiriadach. clé|mion Cinneann an struchtúr leictreonach an cineál naisc cheimicigh a dhéanfaidh an t-adamh sin le hadaimh eile. Is féidir airíonna an adamh hidrigine a ríomh le hardchruinneas, ach i gcás adamh níos casta ná sin, bíonn fadhbanna móra i réamhinsint a n-airíonna.
Arthur Kingsley Porter
Seandálaí agus meánaoisí ba ea Arthur Kingsley Porter (6 Feabhra 1883 – 8 Iúil 1933) agus milliúnaí Meiriceánach ba ea é chomh maith. clé|mion|F[[Aerach|ear homaighnéasach, phós Porter Lucy Bryant Wallace in 1912]]
Fisic adamhach
I measc feidhmeanna díreacha teicneolaíocha na fisice adamhaí, tá léasair agus cloig adamhacha.
Arthur Kingsley Porter
Beatha
Ba sheandálaí meánaoise é Kingsley Porter. Bhí breis agus a dhóthain de mhaoin an tsaoil aige, é sona sásta ina shaol pósta, an-cháil air mar sheandálaí agus post sócúl aige in Ollscoil mór le rá Harvard. Bhí saol an mhadra bháin ag Kingsley Porter, ar an gcéad dul síos. Lena chois sin, ba leis an gcaisleán agus an t-eastát i nGleann Bheatha, Contae Dhún na nGall.
Ar 8 Iúil 1933 san oíche, chuaigh Kingsley Porter ar strae. Ach níor thángthas ar a chorp riamh Bhí bothán nó teach beag aige ar Inis Bó Finne, amach ó chósta Mhachaire Rabhartaigh agus bhí sé ann an oíche sin. Níl a fhios againn ar chuir sé lámh ina bhás féin, ar thit sé isteach san fharraige trí thimpiste nó ar imigh sé ón oileán faoi rún, b’fhéidir chun na mór-roinne le saol homaighnéasach a bheith aige. Bhí sé pósta ach fear homaighnéasach a bhí ann.
Chinn an t-ionchoisne, bunaithe ar fhianaise a mhná céile, gur bádh Kingsley Porter. Glacadh le tuairim a mhná céile, Lucy, gur thit sé le faill agus gur scuabadh a chorp chun siúil sa bhfarraige.
Níos déanaí
Tá ráflaí agus seanchas sa timpeall le blianta a mhaíonn gur scéal bréige a bhí anseo agus go raibh Kingsley Porter ag éalú chuig saol nua.
Nochtadh leacht ar an oileán sa bhliain 2021 i gcuimhne orthu siúd a raibh baint acu leis an oileán a bádh. Ach ní raibh ainm Kingsley Porter greanta sa chloch.
Masolino da Panicale
Ealaíontóir a rugadh i bPanicale na hIodáile ab ea Masolino da Panicale (Tommaso di Cristoforo Fini, 1383-c 1447). Péintéir cáiliúil i dtús na hAthbheochana.
Chabhraigh sé le Masaccio sna freascónna i Séipéal Brancacci i bhFirenze.
Fiachna mac Aodha Róin
Rí Ulad de Dhál Fhiatach ba ea Fiachna mac Aodha Róin (Sean-Ghaeilge Fiachnae mac Áedo Róin) (bás 789). Áed Róin mac Bécce Bairrche (bás 735) ba ea a athair, agus Breasal (died 750) a dheartháir, iar-ríthe beirt. Bhí sé i réim ón mbliain 750 go dtí 789.
Stair
Bhí a athair maraithe sa bhliain 735 i mbun chatha in éadan Ardrí na hÉireann Áed Allán (bás 743) de Chineál Eoghain agus d'éirigh Cathasach mac Ailealla (bás 749) de Dhál iomaíochta Araí ina rí Ulad. Maraíodh, in, Cathasach sa bhliain 749 ag Ráith Beithech, is dócha ar mhaithe le Dál Fhiatach, agus rinneadh rí de Bhreasal dheartháir Fiachna. Maraíodh Bressal féin sa bhliain 750 ach choinnigh Dál Fhiatach an ríogacht. Creideann an staraí Byrne, ámh, go raibh idir-ríocht ann idir réimis Aodha Róin agus Fiachna.
Réimeas
Chuir Fiachna Dál Fhiatach ar a chosa arís le linn a réimis fhada. Sa bhliain 759, bhí sé páirteach in scéal i measc chléirigh of Ard Mhacha. Thug Fiachna a thacaíocht don abb Fer-dá-Chrích in aghaidh sagart darbh ainm Aireachtach, a bhí faoi thacaíocht Dhúnghal mac Amhalaí, rí Bhreá. Chloígh Fiachna iad uile i gCath Emain Macha, agus maraíodh Dúnghal agus a chomhghuaillí, Donn Bó mac Con Brettan, rí Fhir Rois.
Sa bhliain 761, chloígh Fiachna fir Uí Eachach Chobha de Dhál Araí i gCath Áth Duma, agus maraíodh a rí, Ailill mac Feilimí. Buaileadh Uí Eachach Chobha go dubha arís sa bhliain 776, an uair seo ag na hOirthir, dream Oiriall.
Chuaigh i mbun achrainn chathartha Dál Araí sna blianta 776 agus 783. Sa bhliain 776 féin, thug Eochaid mac Fiachna tacaíocht sin éilitheoir, Tomaltach mac Ionrachtaigh (bás 790), agus chloígh agus mharaigh siad rí Dhál Araí, Cináed Ciarrge mac Cathussaig, agus a chomhghuaillí Dúnghal, rí Uí Thoirtre, dream eile Oirialla i gCath Drong.
Bhí an oiread sin cumhachta ag Fiachna gur lorg an Ardrí Donnchadh na Mí (bás 797) cruinniú leis ag Inis na Ríg in oirthear Bhreá. '' Chuir chomh-mhímhuinín áfach bac ar Fhiachna a theacht i dtír nó Donnchadh a dhul ar muir, chun buaileadh le chéile. B'fhéidir gurbh é chuid an chruinniú ná réimsí cumhachta a réiteach. B'fhéidir é go raibh Donnchadh ag iarraidh cúrsaí idir Uí Eachach Chobha, na hOirthir agus ceantar teorann Chonaille Muirtheimne a shocrú.
Leathadh Dhál Fhiatach
Le linn réimeas Fiachna, thosaigh leathadh Dhál Fhiatach ó thuaidh i dtreo bhruacha Loch nEathach. Sáinníodh dá bharr Dál Araí óna ngaoil, Uí Eachach Chobha, sa deisceart. Thug Fiachna a phátrúnacht do Bheannchar, mainistir Dhál Araí go traidisiúnta. Thiontaigh sé Dún Pádraig ina mhainistir ríoga, nó b'fhéidir go ndearnadh seo ag a athair: feictear an chéad abb Dhún Pádraig sna hannála ina thásc don bhliain 753.
Clann
Ríthe Ulad ba ea a mhic, Eochaidh (bás 810) agus Caireall (bás 819) were Kings of Ulster. Abb Dhún Pádraig ba ea mac eile leis, Loingseach (bás 800). Ba bhall de Chéilí Dé ba ea a nia, Diarmaid ó Aodha Róin (bás 825), a bhunaigh mainistir Dhíseart Diarmada sa bhliain 812, agus d'athadhain sé naisc idir Beannchar agus na Laigin.
Nuadha Neacht
Sa Rúraíocht agus Miotaseolaíocht na nGael, ba Ard-Rí na hÉireann é Nuadha Neacht (Sean-Ghaeilge  Nuadu Necht), (sa chiall glan, geall), mac Sétna Sithbac, sliocht de chlann Crimthann Coscrach, Laighin. Tháinig sé i gcoróin agus a réamhtheachtaí, Eterscél Mór, básaithe aige. Mharaigh Conaire Mór mac Eterscéil é in am agus i dtráth.
Achar ama
Bhí sé i réim ach ar feadh sé mhí. I bhfoinsí ar leith, faightear croineolaíochtaí ar leith dá réim:
San Fhiannaíocht
Ba shinsear Fionn mac Cumhaill, mac Treunmor mac Suaelt mac Eltan mac Baoisgne mac Nuada Necht féin.
Ceaptar scaití gurbh athair an draoi Tadg mac Nuadat (arbh mháthair Fhinn í a iníon, Muirne) é Nuadha Neacht féin, cé go bhfuil Nuada Airgeadlámh na dTuath Dé Danann atá i gceist.
Spinéad
Gléas ceoil le méarchlár atá cosúil le cruitchorda, ach le sraith amháin sreang ag rith go trasnánach i leith an mhéarchláir. An-choitianta sa 17ú céad.
Itamar Ben-Gvir
Dlíodóir agus polaiteoir Iosraelach is ea Itamar Ben-Gvir (Eabhrais: אִיתָמָר בֶּן גְּבִיר ; Araibis:ايتمار بن جبير: a rugadh Bealtaine 1976 ), a fheidhmíonn mar Aire um Shlándáil Náisiúnta. Tá sé ina bhall freisin den Knesset agus ina cheannaire ar Otzma Yehudit. Tá cur síos déanta air mar dhuine atá i bhfad ar dheis ar an speictream polaitiúil.
Éigse (iriseán)
Iris acadúil is ea Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies, tiomanta don Ghaeilge agus litríocht na Gaeilge.
Itamar Ben-Gvir
Cúisíodh Ben-Gvir, lonnaitheoir sa Bhruach Thiar, sna críocha faoi fhorghabháil Iosrael, go minic sna cúirteanna as círéibeacha, óráidí athlastacha in aghaidh na nArabach, agus as bac a chur ar obair na bpóilíní. Ciontaíodh é freisin as ciníochas agus as bolscaireacht a bheith aige ar son eagraíocht sceimhlitheoireachta.
Éigse (iriseán)
Tosaíodh é sa bhliain 1923 mar chuid de thogra ag Seanad Ollscoil na hÉireann chun Ciste Adam Boyd Simpson a úsáid um iriseán faoi Léann Ceilteach a fhoilsiú. Tháinig an iris seo, darb ainm Lia Fáil, amach don chéad uair sa bhliain 1926, eagraithe ag Douglás de hÍde, ollamh na Nua-ghaeilge ag an Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath (UCD). Foilsíodh an dara imleabhar sa bhliain 1932, nuair a chuaigh Hyde ar scor ó UCD.
Nuair a cuireadh an ciste go heisiach i leataobh don iris sa bhliain 1938, d'éirigh Gerard Murphy ina eagarthóir de. D'athraigh sé an t-ainm go Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies, agus d'fhoilsigh sé a chéad imleabhar sa bhliain 1939, agus go rialta as sin amach. Is é Liam Mac Mathúna an príomheagarthóir reatha.
Itamar Ben-Gvir
Bhí portráid aige, ina seomra suí, den sceimhlitheoir Iosraelach-Mheiriceánach Baruch Goldstein, a mharaigh 29 adhróirí Moslamach Palaistíneacha agus a ghortaigh 125 duine eile i Hebron, sa bhliain 1994, i Sléacht Mhosc Ibrahimi. Bhain sé an phortráid tar éis dó dul isteach sa pholaitíocht. Ciontaíodh é roimhe seo freisin as tacú le grúpa sceimhlitheoireachta ar a dtugtar Kach, a ghlac le Kahanism, idé-eolaíocht reiligiúnach antoisceach Zionach.
Faoina cheannaireacht, bhuaigh Otzma Yehudit (Gaeilge: Cumhacht Ghiúdach), páirtí a shealbhaíonn an Kahanachas agus an frith-Arabachas, sé shuíochán i dtoghchán reachtach Iosrael 2022, agus a bhfuil ionadaíocht aige i rialtas ar a dtugtar an rialtas is diongbháilte ar an eite dheas, i stair Iosrael. D'éiligh sé go ndíbreofaí saoránaigh Arabacha Iosrael nach bhfuil dílis d’Iosrael. Mar dhlíodóir, tá cáil air as radacaithe Giúdacha a chosaint ar a dtriail in Iosrael.
Spina bifida
Éalang comhbheirthe i veirteabra amháin nó veirteabraí éagsúla, ionas nach bhforbraíonn áirse an veirteabra. Tarlaíonn leibhéil éagsúla géire. I spina bifida occulta ní bhíonn corda an dromlaigh ná a scannán clúdaithe díláithrithe, agus ní bhíonn aon drochiarmhairt ann. I gcásanna níos troime, is féidir go ngobfaidh an scannán clúdaithe, nó an scannán is an corda, amach as an droim, agus bíonn an corda gan chosaint so-ghonta. Cuireann an éalang seo isteach ar an droim, agus má dhéantar dochar don chorda beidh parailis ar na géaga íochtaracha. Níl na cúiseanna ar eolas, ach meastar gur dócha go bhfuil ceangal aige le heaspa aigéid fhólaigh sa bhféatas is é ag fás sa bhroinn. Uaireanta, tugtar breis aigéid fhólaigh do mhná torracha chun an riocht a sheachaint. Déantar diagnóis réamhbheirthe trí thiúchan ard próitéine ar leith sa sreabhán aimníneach nó le híomháú ultrafhuaime.
Dún Bó
Is baile suite i gContae Dhoire é Dún Bó.
Eaglais Fheichein
Is baile suite i gComhairle Dhùn Phris is Ghall-Ghàidhealaibh í Eaglais Fheichein.
The Whoopee Party
Gearrscannán beochana Meiriceánach is ea The Whoopee Party a rinneadh sa bhliain 1932. Is gearrscannán Mickey Mouse é.
Druim Raithleann
Is baile suite i gContae Dhoire é Druim Raithleann.
Bun Abhann Duinne
link=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Castle%20Carra%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%20467784.jpg|clé|mion|Caisleán Cara, [[Bun Abhann Duinne]] Is baile i nGlinntí Aontroma Bun Abhann Duinne (Cushendun i mBéarla). Tá sé taobh le Sruth na Maoile, an caolas atá idir Contae Aontroma in Éirinn agus Cinn Tíre in Albain.
Stair
Ar an 2 Meitheamh 1567, maraíodh Seán Ó Néill go fealltach i gCaisleán Cara. Cuireadh é i reilig na mainistreach in aice láimhe
Lois McMaster Bujold
Scríbhneoir ficsin eolaíochta agus fantaisíochta í Lois McMaster Bujold. Rugadh ar an 2 Samhain 1949 i gColumbus, Ohio í.
Foilsíodh an chéad leabhar léi sa bhliain 1984 agus tá bunsaothar de bhreis is 20 úrscéal scríofa aici ó shin i leith. Cuireadh cuid de na saothair sin i gcló in athuair i bhfoirm cnuasleabhar.
Bhí sí ina ball de na Scribblies, cumann scríbhneoirí a bunaíodh i Minneapolis i dtús na bliana 1980. Sa chumann céanna, áirítear na scríbhneoirí gairmiúla Lillian Stewart Carl agus Patricia C. Wrede.
Is iad na scéalta ceoldráma spáis, faoi Miles Naismith Vorkosigan, is mó a thabhaigh clú do Bujold. Ach le blianta beaga tá carachtair nua á bhforbairt aici i réimsí na fantaisíochta chomh maith.
Jules Massenet
mion|Thais
Cumadóir ceoil a rugadh i Montaud na Fraince ab ea Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (12 Bealtaine 1842 – 13 Lúnasa 1912). I measc a cheoldrámaí tá Don César de Bazan (César Uasal as Bazan, 1872) is Manon (1884), agus scríobh sé oratóirí, sraitheanna ceolainne, píosaí don phianó, is amhráin.
Comheaspa imdhíonachta dhian
clé|200px|thumb|Comheaspa imdhíonachta dhian Saghas easpa imdhíonachta is ea comheaspa imdhíonachta dhian, a tharlaíonn de bharr teip an tímis forbairt is limficítí a tháirgeadh, na príomhchealla i bhfreagairt imdhíonach na colainne (SCI i mBéarla).
Ní bhíonn cumas ag páistí a rugadh leis an riocht seo ionfhabhtú a sheasamh, agus is annamh a mhaireann siad tríd an naíonacht. Ach tá torthaí maithe ina choinne á bhfáil le trasphlandú tímeas.
Doire Trasna
Is baile suite i gContae Dhoire é Doire Trasna.
Bréifne Thiar
Ríocht Ghaelach stairiúil ba ea Bréifne Thiar (nó Breifne Uí Ruairc, a bhí ann ón mbliain 1256 go dtí 1605, suite i gContae Liatroma an lae inniu. Tháinig ann don ríocht tar éis cogadh ar feadh i bhfad idir clanna Uí Ruairc agus Uí Raghallaigh, agus deighleadh ríocht Bhréifne ina Bréifne Thoir agus Bréifne Thiar.  Cruthaíodh a teorainneacha reatha sa bhliain 1583 nuair a rinneadh contae de Bhréifne Thiar agus tugadh an t-ainm Liatroim air, as an sráidbhaile, dún Uí Ruairc.  Bhíodh muintir Uí Ruairc i gceannas ann go dtí an 17ú haois, nuair a coigistíodh a gcuid tailte ag Ríocht Shasana. <!--
Formation
In 1172, Tighearnán Ua Ruairc, the longtime Lord of Breifne and Conmaice, was betrayed and killed at Tlachtgha during negotiations with Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath. Tighearnán was beheaded, and his head and body was conveyed to the Anglo-Normans in Dublin, where it was put on display. The assassination of Tighernán caused a war of succession in Breifne and for the next hundred years there would be no long standing King of Breifne, as rival branches of the O'Rourke clan fought for the kingship. This time of turbulence in the kingdom caused a great rift between the various branches of clan O'Rourke, with regular fighting between rival members. The instability and weakness of Breifne, which had already lost much of its territory during the Norman invasion, prompted the O'Reilly in the east of the kingdom to launch a campaign against the ruling O'Rourke dynasty. By the late 1230s the O'Reilly had usurped control of Breifne, Cathal O'Reilly ruled as king from the east of the kingdom and Cúchonnacht O'Reilly, Connacht's foremost general and close ally of King Felim O'Conor, had militarily taken control of western Breifne and expelled the O'Rourke leaders.
The turbulent decades that followed saw the O'Reilly switch allegiance to the Norman de Burghs and the O'Rourke were once again allied to Connacht. By 1250 the O'Reilly had been pushed back out of western Breifne as Connacht advanced into their eastern homeland. In 1256 the devastating Battle of Magh Slecht was fought between Connacht and the O'Rourke clan against the O'Reilly. Despite ending in an O'Rourke victory, they had lost complete control over the eastern half of their kingdom and the immediate chaos that ensued within West Breifne following the war left them without the power to retake it. As a result, Breifne was left permanently divided into East Breifne (O'Reilly) and West Breifne (O'Rourke).
Conflict with Connacht
After successfully repelling de Burgh and the O'Reilly, the kings of Connacht, Tír Eoghain and Tír Chonaill met at Caoluisce Castle to agree to form a united front against the Normans in the future. At these talks, which the O'Rourke lords of Breifne were excluded from, it was agreed that the king of Connacht was the rightful ruler of all of Breifne "from Kells to Drumcliff". Consequently, Aedh O'Conor saw Breifne as an integral part of Connacht rather than an independent kingdom and, as heir to the kingship, was determined to rein in its leaders. This put Aedh in direct confrontation with Conchobar O'Ruairc, king of West Breifne, who rebelled against him. According to the Annals of Connacht, the two men "had been good comrades till now".
To assert West Breifne's independence, Conchobar made peace with the de Burghs without the permission of the king of Connacht, prompting Aedh O'Conor to launch raids on West Breifne. In 1257, after a brief war, Conchobar submitted to O'Conor and signed a peace treaty offering O'Conor any lands of his choice in Breifne. O'Conor obtained the stone-castle on Cherry Island in Garadice Lough and put a garrison into it. Later that year, Conchobar violated the terms of the treaty and forced O'Conor's garrison out of the castle before razing it. Due to this act of betrayal, Aedh O'Conor elected Sitric O'Ruairc to replace Conchobar as king of West Breifne, however Sitric was soon killed by Domnall, Conchobar's son, to avenge his father's dispossession. This led to Domnall's arrest and imprisonment and Aedh O'Conor resumed raids on West Breifne.
This sparked a series of conflicts that lasted from 1257 to 1266 whereby Aedh O’Conor attempted to control the politics of West Breifne by instating and supporting his favoured candidates as kings, driving a wedge between the O’Rourkes, with devastating consequences for the unity and stability of the kingdom. Amlaib was chosen to succeed Sitric, however the kingdom was in disarray and, like his predecessor, his authority as king was nominal. His rule marks the first appearance in the annals of the king ruling "from the mountain westward" i.e. west of Slieve Anieran on the eastern shore of Lough Allen – a situation that was to be repeated in the 15th century. Art O’Ruairc, son of Cathal Riabach (King of Breifne, 1231–1236), ruled the east in opposition to Amlaib and Connacht.
In 1258, with the war against Connacht still ongoing, Conchobar was betrayed and murdered by his own men with the assistance of Matha O'Reilly, king of East Breifne, who had also risen up in rebellion against Aedh O'Conor. After his father's death, Domnall was released from prison and instated as king of West Breifne. However, shortly after his appointment as king, Domnall killed Magrath Mac Tiernan, chieftain of Tellach-Dunchada, which was a clan that held land within Breifne. As a result of this killing, Domnall was deposed as king by the major clans of West Breifne, including Tellach-Dunchada, who executed Domnall's brother Cathal in retaliation.
After Domnall was deposed, Art O'Ruairc was supported by the major clans as the effective ruler of the entire kingdom, but in 1259, he was taken prisoner by Connacht. Connacht continued to vie for control of Breifne and supported Art bec, Amlaib’s brother, as king in 1260. Evidently a rift emerged between the two as Aedh O'Conor killed Art bec, his own candidate for the kingship, that same year and met with Domnall. After peace between the two kingdoms was agreed, kingship was returned to Domnall. However, this peace was to be short lived, in 1260 the Tellach-Dunchada killed Domnall and in 1261 Art O'Ruairc escaped from imprisonment and was made king by the chieftains of Breifne upon his return. An attempt by Connacht to depose Art O'Ruairc and regain control of Breifne in 1261 failed when their army was defeated at Drumlahan by the O'Reilly and forced to retreat.
The conflict between Connacht and West Breifne ended in 1266, when Aedh O'Conor, now King of Connacht, launched a successful invasion of the kingdom and deposed Art O'Ruairc, instating Conchobar buide, son of King Amlaíb (1257–1258), as the new king. Aedh O'Conor also took hostages from all the major clans of the kingdom. The O'Rourke rebellion against Connacht's dominance was ultimately a failure, but the O'Reilly of East Breifne had succeeded in theirs and Connacht never regained control of the east.
Conchobar buide reigned with the support of the king of Connacht until his death in 1273. He was succeeded by Tigernan, grandson of Ualgarg Ó Ruairc (King of Breifne, 1210–1231), who died just one year after his inauguration. Following Tigernan’s death, Art O'Ruairc would again become king in 1275 and reigned only for a short time before being killed in battle against the Normans near Granard and was succeeded by his son, Amlaib who reigned until 1307, when he was killed in battle against the MacSamhradhain of Tullyhaw.
14th Century
Domnall Carrach, Conchobar buide’s brother, was inaugurated in 1307 and although he only ruled for four years until his death in 1311, his reign, but particularly that of his son Ualgarg Mór, marked the beginning of dynasty that would last for the rest of the kingdom’s history. Ualgarg Mór reigned for thirty years from 1316 to 1346 and restored power and prestige to West Breifne and the Ó Ruairc dynasty, which had been in decline for over a century and was under attack from almost all sides. He was inaugurated in 1316 with the support of King Fedlim of Connacht and fought alongside Fedlim in the Second Battle of Athenry that year. Following Fedlim's death at Athenry, Connacht descended into chaos as numerous contenders for its kingship emerged. In 1318 Ualgarg Mór forged an alliance with Maelruanaid Mac Diarmata, King of Moylurg, to support Fedlim's son Toirdelbach as king of Connacht. This was in competition to Domnall O'Conor of Clan Muircheartaigh Uí Conchobhair, who were at war with the Ó Ruaircs and were occupying large parts of West Breifne.
Cathal, Aedh mac Aedh Breifneach 's brother, killed Aodh bán in 1352 and re-instated Flaithbheartach as king, Clan Muircheartaigh's influence in West Breifne had returned. However Flaithbheartach died a few months into his reign and another of Ualgarg Mór's sons, Tadgh na gCaor, was made king. Under Tadgh na gCaor's leadership, Clan Muircheartaigh were finally driven out of Breifne in 1370 with the help of the O'Reilly, O'Farrell, Mac Raghnaill and Maguires. They sought refuge in MacWilliam Burke and never returned to West Breifne. Tadgh na gCaor and his followers settled in Cenel Luacháin, an area in the modern barony of Carrigallen that included some parishes in western County Cavan. He ruled from there until his death in 1376 and his younger brother Tigernán Mór succeeded him. Tadgh na gCoar's descendants became the O'Rourke's of Carrigallen.
Tigernán Mór reigned for 42 years from his power base at Dromahair. The later years of his reign were marked by a deepening rift between the various branches of the O'Rourke sept. He died of natural causes at an old age in his stronghold at Dromahair on St. Brigid's Day. Art, son of Tadhg na gCaor, and the head of the Carrigallen O'Rourkes raised an army to vie for kingship but it was eventually passed to Tigernán Mór's son Aodh buidhe. Aodh buidhe ruled from his father's castle for a year and half until his unexpected death in 1419 following an anomalously hot Autumn. His brother Tadhg was chosen to succeed him, but Art proclaimed himself king and was elected by his supporters. The stage had been set for the wars of succession which were to characterise the politics of West Breifne for the next century.
Wars of succession
For much of its history, West Breifne saw disputes over kingship, with persistent battles between rival factions. As a result of factions consolidating power in their home regions, three distinct branches of royalty emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries, named after the areas in which they were based. All three branches trace their lineage back to King Ualgarg mór (1316–1346). The O'Rourkes of Dromahair were the main line of kings. The term "O'Rourkes of Dromahair" only came into use after King Tigernán óg (1449–1468), and refers to those based in the capital Dromahair in the west of the kingdom. The O'Rourkes of Carrigallen were descendant from Tadgh na gCoar, Ualgarg mór's son, who reigned from 1352 to 1376. Due to their strategic location east of Lough Allen and the Iron Mountains, they twice divided the kingdom along east/west lines. The third branch, the O'Rourkes of Carha, based in the northwest, emerged in the mid 15th century with the crowning of King Donnchadh, great-grandson of Ualgarg mór. The kingship of West Breifne during this volatile period largely depended upon the often capricious support of the other clans within the kingdom and the surrounding area, notably the MacSamhradhain, Mac Raghnaill and Tellach-Dunchada.
First 1419–1424
The most significant of the rivalries was between the O'Rourkes of Dromahair, those based in the capital, and the O'Rourkes of Carrigallen. This rivalry would see the kingdom split between "East Breifne O'Rourke" (North Leitrim) and "West Breifne O'Rourke" (South Leitrim) at least twice. The first from 1419 to 1424, following the death of King Aedh buidhe. Aedh's brother, Tadhg, was chosen to succeed his brother as King, however in southern Leitrim, Art O'Rourke, son of King Tadgh na gcoar (1352–1376), was elected king with the support of the Tellach Dunchada, the Mac Raghnaill. At his inauguration, Tadhg had declared himself "king of all Breifne" and as a result Eoghan O'Reilly, king of East Breifne, threw his support behind Art O'Rourke and moved soldiers into Carrigallen. Beset with problems back home just months later, the O'Reilly withdrew support for Art and his rebellion collapsed. West Breifne was more or less completely under the control of Tadhg by the end of 1420 and Art was in exile, however it would take until 1424 for Art to finally submit to Tadhg.
Fourth 1528–1536
In 1488, Eóghan, son of Tigernán óg (1449–1468), killed King Feidhlimidh mac Donnchadha's son, also called Eoghan. Following the death of Feidhlimidh mac Donnchadha in 1500, Eóghan became king. After Eóghan's death in 1528, Feidhlimidh, another son of King Feidhlimidh mac Donnchadha, claimed the throne and ruled from Castle Carha, in contention with Brian Ballach, son of Eóghan. In 1536 Brian Ballach laid siege to Caste Carha and demolished it, re-establishing Dromahair's dominion over the entire kingdom. Feidhlimidh was deposed and died that same year as a prisoner of Brian Ballach.
Resolution
The rivalry between these branches ultimately ended in victory for the O’Rourkes of Dromahair and a return to stability in the succession of kings in the 1530s. Following the defeat of Lochlainn Ó Ruairc of Carrigallen in 1458 and the dissolution of his kingdom, the Carrigallen O’Rourkes ceased to rule over Breifne ever again. The O’Rourkes of Carha were wholly crushed by Dromahair in 1536 when Brian Ballach consolidated power over the entire kingdom. These regional conflicts over succession never re-emerged following this due to the changing political landscape in Ireland, as English influence grew in the latter half of the 16th century and the clans united to fight against their encroachments.
Following a period of relative calm, a brief power struggle between the sons of Brian Ballach ensued in the 1560s. Between 1564 and 1566 both Aodh Gallda and Aodh Buidhe were murdered by groups intent on getting Brian na Murtha crowned king. According to the annals, Aodh Gallda was murdered in Leitrim "by his own people". The murder of Aodh Buidhe was carried out by the vassals of Tyrconnell in Sligo, as Lord Manus O'Donnell's daughter was Brian na Murtha's mother. Following Aodh Buidhe's death, Brian na Murtha was elected king (or lord) of West Breifne in 1566.
Presidency of Connaught
The expansion of English power in Ireland arrived in West Breifne when Brian Ballach entered an agreement with the English in 1542. Under the terms of this agreement the O'Rourke king was to keep his authority and traditional rights over the other clans of West Breifne, the sitting O'Rourke king was also to be granted the peerage title "Viscount Dromahaire" and pay a tribute to the crown, however the terms of this treaty were never realized as the English failed to uphold them.
Lord Deputy John Perrot's unilateral declaration of the legal establishment of County Leitrim in 1565 heralded the first breach of this treaty. After coming to power, Brian na Múrtha Ó Ruairc was knighted by the English in 1567, but came into conflict with them due to the pernicious expansion of their authorities in Ireland. In 1569 West Breifne was subsumed into the Presidency of Connaught, an English government jurisdiction. This governorate was not recognised by the kings and chiefs of Connacht and the first Lord President of Connaught, Sir Edward Fitton, wielded virtually no power over the area. Gradually, many of the Irish kings began to tentatively work with the English (often through coercion), including Brian na Múrtha, who agreed to submit to the first composition of Connacht in 1576. These later submissions bore no resemblance to those agreed by Brian Ballach. Under the 1576 agreement the king of West Breifne was to answer to the Presidency-appointed High Sheriff of Leitrim, was denied the authority to rule over the other clans and, most crucially, was not allowed to maintain gallowglass.
Nicholas Malby, second Lord President of Connaught, and Brian na Múrtha had a strained relationship. Malby disparagingly referred to Brian na Múrtha as "a nobody....undeserving of his reputation" and remarked that he was "the proudest man this day living on the earth". Upon receiving reports that West Breifne was harbouring coyners and mercenaries, Malby ordered one of his officers to attack the kingdom in April 1578. They captured Leitrim castle, looted it and killed its occupants. This was the first time Tudor soldiers attacked West Breifne and was more about sending a message to Ó Ruairc that his kingdom was not impervious to English power, than about tackling coyners. Following the attack, Ó Ruairc sent his son Brian Óg na Samhtach to Dublin to complain on his behalf to Lord Deputy Henry Sidney of harassment by Malby and the Presidency. With Ó Ruairc humbled, Malby agreed to return Leitrim castle to him.
In turn, lands within Connaught were attacked by Ó Ruairc in 1580, illustrating the weakness of the agreement, which collapsed following Malby's death in 1581. Ó Ruairc now viewed both the Lord President of Connaught and the Lord Deputy of Ireland as hostile and from 1578 onwards he ordered the systematic destruction of several castles across the kingdom, including those at Leitrim, Dromahair and Ducarrick out of fear that the English would occupy them.
As part of the policy of surrender and regrant, Ó Ruairc surrendered his lordship on 2 June 1585 at the parliament in Dublin but was never re-granted lordship of County Leitrim, which took its present boundaries in 1583. He was a signatory of the Second Composition of Connaught in 1585, but resisted the appointment of a High Sheriff of Leitrim, and refused to pay rent on large tracts of land. He regarded his agreements with the presidency as non-binding and his relationship with England remained tense. As such, West Breifne existed in a state of semi-autonomy, as both its king and the English regularly signed agreements and failed to live up to those agreements.
Brian na Múrtha was particularly weary of the implementation of English Law over Brehon Law in West Breifne as this would disqualify his favoured son, Brian Óg na Samhtach, an illegitimate child by Annably O’Crean, wife of a Sligo merchant, from inheriting his title. Under English Law it would pass to his eldest legitimate son, Tadhg O’Rourke, who was only 8 years old in 1585 and living with his mother Mary Bourke, sister of the Earl of Clanricarde and Brian na Murtha’s estranged lawful wife.
The already bad relations between Brian na Múrtha and the presidency worsened during the rule of Lord President Sir Richard Bingham. Bingham and Ó Ruairc harboured a deep resentment of one another. Ó Ruairc, who Bingham referred to as a "proud beggar" commanded his forces to attack those of the presidency to halt their excursions into West Breifne, which had become commonplace by this stage, and to end Bingham's incessant harassment of his countrymen. During the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), Brian na Múrtha assisted at least eighty survivors of the Spanish Armada shipwreck off the Sligo coast to depart the country in the winter of 1588. Among the survivors was Captain Francisco de Cuellar, who kept a detailed account of the events and was hosted in Ó Ruairc's castle at Lough Gill. His aid to the Spanish would later be used against him in his trial for high treason.
In peace talks in 1589, following West Breifne’s brief war against the Presidency in April of that year, Ó Ruairc did accept the terms of a crown tribute, but resisted the new composition terms of 1585 and refused to allow the formation of a crown administration in the new County Leitrim. Instead of submitting to the presidency's authority, he sought what effectively amounted to full autonomy from the Kingdom of Ireland in Dublin. However, in the wake of the Spanish landings in Ireland, and due to West Breifne’s strategic location between Connacht and Ulster and its pre-existing reputation as a rebellious kingdom, Lord Deputy William Fitzwilliam – who was already aggressively trying to curb the powers of the Gaelic leadership, even those who had sworn loyalty to the crown – commanded Bingham to invade West Breifne. Bingham and his ally Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond, invaded the territory in January 1590 and had forced Ó Ruairc to flee by March.
Lords in exile
He was given refuge by Eoghan Óg, Chief of Mac Suibhne na d’Tuath, and stayed in his castle on the western shores of Tyrconnell for a year. He travelled to Scotland in February 1591 bearing gifts (including four Irish Wolfhounds), in anticipation of a meeting with King James VI, seeking to raise an army of mercenaries and retake his kingdom. In consultation with the English ambassador, King James VI denied him audience and was pressured by Queen Elizabeth I to arrest him and deliver him to England, citing the agreements made in the Treaty of Berwick. After much debate and controversy, Ó Ruairc was arrested in Glasgow on 3 April 1591 and delivered into English custody. He was kept at the Tower of London and was put on trial and asked to pledge to the crown, accepting all prior agreements, and to denounce his Catholic faith. In response he refused to recognise the authority of the court or Elizabeth and did not plead mercy. On charges that he failed to show proper "reverence" to the Queen when he allegedly dragged a portrait of her through the mud and then tore it apart, he responded that there was "a great difference between images of your Queen and those of saints". He was hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason on 3 November 1591.
News of Brian na Múrtha's death was met with shock back in Ireland, the annals describing it as "one of the mournful stories of the Irish". Brian Óg na Samhtach O'Rourke, his son and chief lieutenant during the war against Connaught, was also in exile following Bingham’s occupation of West Breifne. The other clans in the kingdom who had fought with Brian na Murtha unconditionally surrendered to Bingham in Athlone shortly after his exile, leaving Brian Óg with little support. Bingham described O’Rourke and his remaining followers as "80 beggarly traitors".
They saw Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam’s execution of Lord MacMahon and the division of his kingdom (modern day County Monaghan) into nine parts – amongst eight "loyal" clans and the Barony of Farney which was given to the Earl of Essex – and now the deputy's occupation of West Breifne, as a step too far. The expansionist forces of Fitzwilliam now extended the entire southern border of their kingdoms from Leitrim to Louth – the Tudor Conquest had reached Ulster. Throughout 1591 and 1592, Fitzwilliam and Bingham had drawn up plans for the full annexation of West Breifne into the control of the Kingdom of Ireland, but were forced to abandon these plans and withdraw due to the volatility of the region. This allowed Brian Óg to return to the kingdom and stake his claim as king.
Edmund McGuaran, a prominent Bishop from Tullyhaw in Breifne territory was instrumental in the formation of the Irish alliance. He spent much of the 1580s in Madrid, persuading King Phillip II of Spain to support the Gaelic kingdoms militarily, framing the conflict between them and England as a defence of Catholicism. O’Neill, O’Donnell and O’Rourke would all pledge their allegiance to the Spanish king in 1595. O’Rourke promised to be "a most faithful and obedient servant" of Phillip II. Were it not for England's desperation to see peace return to Ireland following the war, this would have surely seen them executed for treason. McGuaran travelled to Rome and was made Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland in July 1587 before returning to Ireland by 1592.
Gaelic Success 1593–1597
Sir George Bingham, brother of Richard and High Sheriff of Sligo based in Ballymote, and Brian Óg O’Rourke carried out the first acts of what was to become the Nine Years' War. George Bingham led an expedition into West Breifne and seized O’Rourke’s milch cows in lieu of unpaid rent. O’Rourke responded by hiring an army of mercenaries from Tyrconnell, Tyrone and Fermanagh, and set out with 1,100 men to Sligo in May 1593 and "there was little of that country which he did not plunder" – razing 13 villages and ransacking Ballymote itself. This was quickly followed by another excursion into Connaught, this time by Hugh Maguire who routed Sir Richard Bingham’s forces near Tulsk, County Roscommon. In the wake of these two consecutive defeats in May and June, Fitzwilliam offered Maguire and O’Rourke a white peace if Maguire disbanded the army he had assembled. His acceptance of this became the first of a number of ceasefires that characterized the Nine Years' War, where both England and the Irish lords had no intention of making peace but rather used the time to recover and regroup forces.
In September Maguire restarted his campaign and raided Monaghan, but by February 1594 Hugh Maguire, Brian Óg’s primary patron, had lost Enniskillen and was on the brink of defeat. The possibility of Maguire’s collapse, leaving the English on his doorstep, prompted Hugh Roe O’Donnell to intervene and by June 1594 the tide of war had turned again, they had retaken Enniskillen and soundly defeated the English army at Bel-Atha-na-mBriosgaidh, forcing them to retreat over the Arney River back into Cavan. Brian Óg himself spent 1594 in West Breifne and the northwest of Ireland, writing letters to other lords trying to convince them to join the war against England. By 1595 O’Donnell was firmly in control of West Breifne. O’Rourke, although allied to him, was completely dependent upon him. The kingdom was devastated after over a decade of intermittent war and O’Rourke was unable to raise soldiers himself and was given little of the spoils of war that O’Donnell and O’Neill had reaped. Many of the clans of West Breifne who had sworn loyalty to the English allied themselves with O’Donnell. The kingdom was frequently used as the route through which the Irish forces would travel to raid Connaught, before being used as a staging ground by O’Donnell to attack Annaly, Longford and Cavan. In June 1595 Sligo castle fell to O’Donnell and Sir George Bingham was killed. By 1596 West Breifne was part of what Richard Bingham termed "O’Donnell’s Commonwealth" which, along with Tyrconnell itself, now included Leitrim, Sligo, Mayo and Northern Roscommon – all territories that were firmly under Bingham’s control just 3 years prior.
Truce of 1597–1598
Bingham was relieved of his command and replaced by Sir Conyers Clifford in 1597, by which time O’Donnell had completely pushed the English out of Connacht. Despite early setbacks, by October 1597 the English were back in control of Connacht, due to the changing allegiance of the O’Conors of Sligo and the Burkes of Galway who turned on O’Donnell’s allied lords in Connacht and forced them to retreat. This success was a result of Clifford’s conciliatory approach to the Irish lords, favouring negotiation over conflict. In a letter to William Cecil, Chief Advisor of Queen Elizabeth, Clifford declared that all of Connacht was pacified, save Brian Óg O’Rourke, who Clifford was trying to win over to the English side.
The war had quieted down because of a truce signed between the English and rebel Irish lords in October 1597 that was set to expire in June 1598. In November 1597 Brian Óg, in a letter to Clifford, wrote that he would capitulate if the English were willing to guarantee the return of all of his father’s lands and recognize him, and not his half-brother Tadhg, as the legitimate heir under English Law and compromise on reduced taxes on those lands. Up until now any English assurances to O’Rourke were meaningless, as he knew they had no power to protect him from O’Donnell were he to switch allegiance. Upon receiving this offer Clifford immediately wrote to Cecil asking him to grant all of these requests. In December, Clifford was granted full authority to make peace with O’Rourke "as soon as possible" and "assure him his lands". In February 1598, O’Rourke, accompanied by thirty West Breifne nobles, travelled to Boyle and submitted to Clifford, handing over the letters he had received from Phillip II of Spain as a sign of his allegiance.