Σταυρός_του_Ιησού_Χριστού
Ρωμαϊκή σταύρωση σε σχήμα ΤΑΥ
Στη βιβλιογραφία αναφέρεται ότι οι Ρωμαίοι είναι εκείνοι που εισήγαγαν το εκτελεστικό όργανο που εκτός από την κάθετη δοκό, συχνά περιελάμβανε και μία οριζόντια η οποία ονομαζόταν patibulum<i> Ενδεικτικά, αναφέρουν για το patibulum: * The Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia. Moody Press, λήμμα Cross: «The patibulum, a wooden crossbar» * Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964-c1976, (Vol. 7, σελ. 573)'': «Crucifixion took place as follows. The condemned person carried the patibulum (cross-beam) to the place of execution» * ''New Bible Dictionary, InterVarsity Press, σελ. 245: «He was then made to carry the cross-beam (patibulum) [..] It was this patibulum, not the whole cross» * The murder of Jesus: A study of how Jesus died, Nashville, TN: Word Pub, 2000, σελ. 193: «to carry only the lateral crossbeam (known as the patibulum)» * The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised (Vol. 1, σελ. 826)'': «The initial variation in form of the primitive cross was apparently the addition of the cross-beam. This development, in the Roman world at least, may be related to the carrying of the patibulum» * ''Art in the Early Church, Walter Lowrie, σελ. 129: "The patibulum (fig. I on pl. 32a), an upright stake with a transverse bar above it, is the most realistic form of the cross on which criminals were hung" * The Seven Books of History against the Pagans, Roy J. Deferrari, Paulus Orosius, 1964: «The transverse beam was called the patibulum and, in Rome at least, it was customary for the criminal to carry only this beam.» * A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology, C. Scribner's Sons, σελ. 140: «the leaders of all the peoples fastened to the patibulum.» * Treatises on Penance: On Penitence and on Purity, Newman Press, σελ. 294'': «Patibulum (from patere) [...] In executions, this was fastened to the stipes or palus to form a cross. Hence, by metonymy, patibulum is often used for crux.» * ''The Mythical Interpretation of the Gospels: Critical Studies in the Historic Narratives, Thomas James Thorburn, σελ. 276: «In accordance with the usual custom in the case of condemned criminals, Jesus had to bear the horizontal beam (patibulum) of his cross to the place of execution.» * On the Trial of Jesus, Paul Winter, σελ. 65'': «A heavy wooden bar (patibulum) was placed upon the neck of the condemned man, and his outstretched arms were fastened to the beam. In this position, he was led to the place of execution. There he was lifted up, the beam being secured to a vertical stake (simplex), fixed in the ground, so that his feet hung suspended in the air.» * ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Vol. 3, σελ. 312: «the cross-piece ( patibulum ) was either bolted fast to the upright post» * Dallas Theological Seminary. (1983). Bibliotheca Sacra Volume 140 σελ. 120): «It is this writer’s position that the phrase “take up his cross” is a figure of speech derived from the Roman custom requiring a man convicted of rebellion against Rome’s sovereign rule to carry the cross-beam (patibulum) to his place of execution.» * Oxford Readings in the Roman Novel, S. J. Harrison, Oxford University Press, 1999, σελ. 260: "Patibulum seems to be used here as a synonym for crux" και η μέθοδος αυτή σταύρωσης είχε εφαρμογή σε όλη τη διάρκεια της Ρωμαϊκής κυριαρχίας και η σημασιολογία της ελληνικής λέξης την εποχή της Καινής Διαθήκης περιελάμβανε και το σταυρικό όργανο σε σχήμα T .