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Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on Averroes' Incoherence of the Incoherence, argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek Stoicism and that the term mutakallimun (those who speak to each other, i।e। dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as dialektikoi। Aristotle। Metaphysics, XII। De Anima ৪১৩a৪–৫; ৪১৪a১৯–২০ Wael B। Hallaq (১৯৯৩), Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৮। Oxford University Press, । Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on Averroes' Incoherence of the Incoherence, argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek Stoicism and that the term mutakallimun (those who speak to each other, i।e। dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as dialektikoi। Aristotle। Metaphysics, XII। De Anima ৪১৩a৪–৫; ৪১৪a১৯–২০ Wael B। Hallaq (১৯৯৩), Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৮। Oxford University Press, । I। M। Bochenski (১৯৬১), "On the history of the history of logic", A history of formal logic, পৃষ্ঠা। ৪–১০। Translated by I। Thomas, Notre Dame, Indiana University Press। (cf। Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) Lenn Evan Goodman (২০০৩), Islamic Humanism, পৃষ্ঠা ১৫৫, Oxford University Press, । Science and Muslim Scientists, Islam Herald। Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah (১২৬৩–১৩২৮), the Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin (Refutation of Greek Logicians), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism See পৃষ্ঠা। ২৫৩–৫৪ of Street, Tony (২০০৫), "Logic", in Peter Adamson and Richard C। Taylor, The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, পৃষ্ঠা। ২৪৭–৬৫, Steve A। Johnson (১৯৮৪), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", The Muslim World ৭৪ (৩–৪), ১৬১–৭১। d Irwin, Jones (Autumn ২০০২)। "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"। The Philosopher। LXXXX (২)। Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on Averroes' Incoherence of the Incoherence, argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek Stoicism and that the term mutakallimun (those who speak to each other, i।e। dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as dialektikoi। Aristotle। Metaphysics, XII। De Anima ৪১৩a৪–৫; ৪১৪a১৯–২০ Wael B। Hallaq (১৯৯৩), Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৮। Oxford University Press, । I। M। Bochenski (১৯৬১), "On the history of the history of logic", A history of formal logic, পৃষ্ঠা। ৪–১০। Translated by I। Thomas, Notre Dame, Indiana University Press। (cf। Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) Lenn Evan Goodman (২০০৩), Islamic Humanism, পৃষ্ঠা ১৫৫, Oxford University Press, । Science and Muslim Scientists, Islam Herald। Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah (১২৬৩–১৩২৮), the Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin (Refutation of Greek Logicians), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism See পৃষ্ঠা। ২৫৩–৫৪ of Street, Tony (২০০৫), "Logic", in Peter Adamson and Richard C। Taylor, The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, পৃষ্ঠা। ২৪৭–৬৫, Steve A। Johnson (১৯৮৪), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", The Muslim World ৭৪ (৩–৪), ১৬১–৭১। d Irwin, Jones (Autumn ২০০২)। "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"। The Philosopher। LXXXX (২)। al-Hilyah (৬/৩২৪) Muhsin Mahdi (১৯৭৪), "The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn at-Nafis by Max Meyerhof, Joseph Schacht", Journal of the American Oriental Society ৯৪ (২), পৃষ্ঠা। ২৩২–৩৪। Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা ৯৫–১০১, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৩] Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d। ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা। ৪২, ৬০, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৪] Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২০–২১ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, ২২ March ২০০৩। Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৮। Nawal Muhammad Hassan (১৯৮০), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication। Cyril Glasse (২০০১), New Encyclopedia of Islam, পৃষ্ঠা ২০২, Rowman Altamira, । Amber Haque (২০০৪), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health ৪৩ (৪): ৩৫৭–৭৭ [৩৬৯]। Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২১৮ Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, । Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২৪–৩৯ Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২১–২২ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I। Conrad (১৯৯৬), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৮–৪৬, Brill Publishers, । Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (১৯৮১), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, পৃষ্ঠা ৫, সংস্করনs de la Méditerranée।[৫] ^ Jump up to: a b Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২২২ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৭ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২৪৭ al-Hilyah (৬/৩২৪) I। M। Bochenski (১৯৬১), "On the history of the history of logic", A history of formal logic, পৃষ্ঠা। ৪–১০। Translated by I। Thomas, Notre Dame, Indiana University Press। (cf। Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) Lenn Evan Goodman (২০০৩), Islamic Humanism, পৃষ্ঠা ১৫৫, Oxford University Press, । Science and Muslim Scientists, Islam Herald। Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah (১২৬৩–১৩২৮), the Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin (Refutation of Greek Logicians), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism See পৃষ্ঠা। ২৫৩–৫৪ of Street, Tony (২০০৫), "Logic", in Peter Adamson and Richard C। Taylor, The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, পৃষ্ঠা। ২৪৭–৬৫, Steve A। Johnson (১৯৮৪), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", The Muslim World ৭৪ (৩–৪), ১৬১–৭১। d Irwin, Jones (Autumn ২০০২)। "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"। The Philosopher। LXXXX (২)। Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on Averroes' Incoherence of the Incoherence, argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek Stoicism and that the term mutakallimun (those who speak to each other, i।e। dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as dialektikoi। Aristotle। Metaphysics, XII। De Anima ৪১৩a৪–৫; ৪১৪a১৯–২০ Wael B। Hallaq (১৯৯৩), Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৮। Oxford University Press, । d Irwin, Jones (Autumn ২০০২)। "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"। The Philosopher। LXXXX (২)। Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on Averroes' Incoherence of the Incoherence, argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek Stoicism and that the term mutakallimun (those who speak to each other, i।e। dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as dialektikoi। Aristotle। Metaphysics, XII। De Anima ৪১৩a৪–৫; ৪১৪a১৯–২০ Wael B। Hallaq (১৯৯৩), Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৮। Oxford University Press, । I। M। Bochenski (১৯৬১), "On the history of the history of logic", A history of formal logic, পৃষ্ঠা। ৪–১০। Translated by I। Thomas, Notre Dame, Indiana University Press। (cf। Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) Lenn Evan Goodman (২০০৩), Islamic Humanism, পৃষ্ঠা ১৫৫, Oxford University Press, । Science and Muslim Scientists, Islam Herald। Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah (১২৬৩–১৩২৮), the Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin (Refutation of Greek Logicians), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism See পৃষ্ঠা। ২৫৩–৫৪ of Street, Tony (২০০৫), "Logic", in Peter Adamson and Richard C। Taylor, The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, পৃষ্ঠা। ২৪৭–৬৫, Steve A। Johnson (১৯৮৪), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", The Muslim World ৭৪ (৩–৪), ১৬১–৭১। d Irwin, Jones (Autumn ২০০২)। "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"। The Philosopher। LXXXX (২)। Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on Averroes' Incoherence of the Incoherence, argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek Stoicism and that the term mutakallimun (those who speak to each other, i।e। dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as dialektikoi। Aristotle। Metaphysics, XII। De Anima ৪১৩a৪–৫; ৪১৪a১৯–২০ Wael B। Hallaq (১৯৯৩), Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৮। Oxford University Press, । I। M। Bochenski (১৯৬১), "On the history of the history of logic", A history of formal logic, পৃষ্ঠা। ৪–১০। Translated by I। Thomas, Notre Dame, Indiana University Press। (cf। Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) Lenn Evan Goodman (২০০৩), Islamic Humanism, পৃষ্ঠা ১৫৫, Oxford University Press, । Science and Muslim Scientists, Islam Herald। Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah (১২৬৩–১৩২৮), the Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin (Refutation of Greek Logicians), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism See পৃষ্ঠা। ২৫৩–৫৪ of Street, Tony (২০০৫), "Logic", in Peter Adamson and Richard C। Taylor, The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, পৃষ্ঠা। ২৪৭–৬৫, Steve A। Johnson (১৯৮৪), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", The Muslim World ৭৪ (৩–৪), ১৬১–৭১। d Irwin, Jones (Autumn ২০০২)। "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"। The Philosopher। LXXXX (২)। Fancy, পৃষ্ঠা। ৪২, ৬০ Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d। ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা। ২০৯–১০ (Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame)। ^ Jump up to: a b Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (১৯৯৬), History of Islamic Philosophy, পৃষ্ঠা ৩১৫, Routledge, । d e f Craig, William Lane (June ১৯৭৯), "Whitrow and Poপৃষ্ঠাer on the Impossibility of an Infinite Past", The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, ৩০ (২): ১৬৫–৭০ [১৬৫–৬৬], doi:১০।১০৯৩/bjps/৩০।২।১৬৫ Osman Amin (২০০৭), "Influence of Muslim Philosophy on the West", Monthly Renaissance ১৭ (১১)। ^ Jump up to: a b Jan A। Aertsen (১৯৮৮), Nature and Creature: Thomas Aquinas's Way of Thought, পৃষ্ঠা ১৫২। BRILL, । Bradley Steffens (২০০৬)। Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, । (cf। Bradley Steffens, "Who Was the First Scientist?", Ezine Articles।) d Sabra (২০০৩)। Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician Archived ২০০৭-০৯-২৭ at the Wayback Machine।, Harvard Magazine, October–December ২০০৩। Plott (২০০০), Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism, Pt। II, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৬৫।, Motilal Banarsidass Publ। Cillis, Maria। Free Will and Predestination in Islamic Thought: Theoretical Compromises in the Works of Avicenna, al-Ghazali and Ibn 'Arabi। Quran ৯:৫১ Cohen-Mor (২০০১, পৃষ্ঠা ৪): "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they haপৃষ্ঠাen: 'Say: "Nothing will haপৃষ্ঠাen to us except what Allah has decreed for us।।।" ' " Ahmet T। Karamustafa। "Fate"। Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online।: The verb qadara literally means "to measure, to determine"। Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation"। Jump up ^ Farah (২০০৩, পৃষ্ঠা। ১১৯–২২) Patton (১৯০০, পৃষ্ঠা ১৩০) L। Gardet (২০০১), "djuz’", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, CD-ROM সংস্করন, v। ১।১, Leiden: Brill A। Abd-Allah। "The Qur'an, Knowledge, and Science"। University of Southern California। Retrieved ২০০৮-০১-২২। Quran ২১:৩০ Nasr (১৯৯৩), পৃষ্ঠা ৭৭ Conway Zirkle (১৯৪১)। Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ৮৪ (১), পৃষ্ঠা। ৭১–১২৩। Mehmet Bayrakdar (Third Quarter, ১৯৮৩)। "Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism", The Islamic Quarterly। London। Ehsan Masood, [১], Islam's evolutionary legacy, The Guardian Jan Z। Wilczynski (December ১৯৫৯), "On the Presumed Darwinism of Alberuni Eight Hundred Years before Darwin", Isis, ৫০ (৪): ৪৫৯–৬৬ [৪৫৯–৬১], doi:১০।১০৮৬/৩৪৮৮০১ Farid Alakbarov (Summer ২০০১)। A ১৩th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, Azerbaijan International ৯ (২)। Fahd, Toufic, Botany and agriculture, পৃষ্ঠা ৮১৫।, in Morelon & Rashed (১৯৯৬) Footnote ২৭a to Chapter ৬, Part ৫ in Khaldūn, Ibn, The Muqaddimah, Franz Rosenthal (trans।) Muhammad Hamidullah and Afzal Iqbal (১৯৯৩), The Emergence of Islam: Lectures on the Development of Islamic World-view, Intellectual Tradition and Polity, পৃষ্ঠা। ১৪৩–৪৪। Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad। "Ikhwan as-Safa and their Rasa'il: A Critical Review of a Century and a Half of Research", by A। L। Tibawi, as published in volume ২ of The Islamic Quarterly in ১৯৫৫; পৃষ্ঠা। ২৮–৪৬ Muqaddimah, Chapter ৬, Part ৫ Muqaddimah, Chapter ৬, Part ২৯ Dr Valérie Gonzalez, "Universality and Modernity", The Ismaili United Kingdom, December ২০০২, পৃষ্ঠা। ৫০–৫৩। Nader El-Bizri, "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press), Vol। ১৭, Issue ১ (২০০৭): ৫৭–৮০। El-Bizri (২০০৭) and handouts of El-Bizri's lectures at the Dept। of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge [২] Smith, A। Mark (২০০৫), "The Alhacenian Account Of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, ১৫: ২১৯–৪০, doi:১০।১০১৭/S০৯৫৭৪২৩৯০৫০০০১৮৪ ^ Jump up to: a b M। S। Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (১৯৯৯), The Age of Achievement: Vol ৪, Motilal Banarsidass, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৩–৩৪, M। S। Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (১৯৯৯), The Age of Achievement: Vol ৪, Motilal Banarsidass, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৪–৩৫, Roshdi Rashed (২০০৭)। "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy ১৭, পৃষ্ঠা। ৭–৫৫ [৩৫–৩৬]। Cambridge University Press। Rashed (২০০৭), পৃষ্ঠা ১১। ^ Jump up to: a b Sardar, Ziauddin (১৯৯৮), "Science in Islamic philosophy", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved ২০০৮-০২-০৩ Mariam Rozhanskaya and I। S। Levinova (১৯৯৬), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed।, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol। ২, পৃষ্ঠা। ৬১৪–৪২ [৬৪২], Routledge, London and New York Dr। A। Zahoor (১৯৯৭), Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni, Hasanuddin University। Iqbal, Muhammad (১৯৩০), "The Spirit of Muslim Culture", The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, retrieved ২০০৮-০১-২৫ Dallal, Ahmad (২০০১–২০০২), The Interplay of Science and Theology in the Fourteenth-century Kalam, From Medieval to Modern in the Islamic World, Sawyer Seminar at the University of Chicago, retrieved ২০০৮-০২-০২ Glick, Livesey & Wallis (২০০৫), পৃষ্ঠা। ৮৯–৯০ Cas Lek Cesk (১৯৮০)। "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (৯৮০–১০৩৭)", Becka J। ১১৯ (১), পৃষ্ঠা। ১৭–২৩। ^ Jump up to: a b David W। Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August ২০০৩)। "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views ৪ (২)। Toby E। Huff (২০০৩), The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, পৃষ্ঠা ২১৮। Cambridge University Press, । Ray Spier (২০০২), "The history of the peer-review process", Trends in Biotechnology ২০ (৮), পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৫৭–৫৮ [৩৫৭]। Sajjad H। Rizvi (২০০৬), Avicenna/Ibn Sina (c। ৯৮০–১০৩৭), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ^ Jump up to: a b Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২৪–৬২ ^ Jump up to: a b Dr। Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (১৯৮২), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf। Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher Archived ২০০৮-০২-০৬ at the Wayback Machine।, Encyclopedia of Islamic World)। On the Sources of Islamic Law and Practices, The Journal of law and religion ISSN ০৭৪৮-০৮১৪ Souaiaia ২০০৫ vol: ২০ iss:১ p:১২৩ Jon Mcginnis, Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources, পৃষ্ঠা ২৮৪, Hackett Publishing Company, । Muhsin Mahdi (১৯৭৪), "The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn at-Nafis by Max Meyerhof, Joseph Schacht", Journal of the American Oriental Society ৯৪ (২), পৃষ্ঠা। ২৩২–৩৪। Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা ৯৫–১০১, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৩] Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d। ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা। ৪২, ৬০, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৪] Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২০–২১ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, ২২ March ২০০৩। Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৮। Nawal Muhammad Hassan (১৯৮০), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication। Cyril Glasse (২০০১), New Encyclopedia of Islam, পৃষ্ঠা ২০২, Rowman Altamira, । Amber Haque (২০০৪), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health ৪৩ (৪): ৩৫৭–৭৭ [৩৬৯]। Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২১৮ Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, । Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২৪–৩৯ Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২১–২২ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I। Conrad (১৯৯৬), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৮–৪৬, Brill Publishers, । Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (১৯৮১), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, পৃষ্ঠা ৫, সংস্করনs de la Méditerranée।[৫] ^ Jump up to: a b Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২২২ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৭ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২৪৭ al-Hilyah (৬/৩২৪) Muhsin Mahdi (১৯৭৪), "The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn at-Nafis by Max Meyerhof, Joseph Schacht", Journal of the American Oriental Society ৯৪ (২), পৃষ্ঠা। ২৩২–৩৪। Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা ৯৫–১০১, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৩] Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d। ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা। ৪২, ৬০, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৪] Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২০–২১ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, ২২ March ২০০৩। Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৮। Nawal Muhammad Hassan (১৯৮০), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication। Cyril Glasse (২০০১), New Encyclopedia of Islam, পৃষ্ঠা ২০২, Rowman Altamira, । Amber Haque (২০০৪), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health ৪৩ (৪): ৩৫৭–৭৭ [৩৬৯]। Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২১৮ Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, । Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২৪–৩৯ Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২১–২২ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I। Conrad (১৯৯৬), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৮–৪৬, Brill Publishers, । Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (১৯৮১), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, পৃষ্ঠা ৫, সংস্করনs de la Méditerranée।[৫] ^ Jump up to: a b Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২২২ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৭ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২৪৭ al-Hilyah (৬/৩২৪) Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২৪–৩৯ Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২১–২২ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I। Conrad (১৯৯৬), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৮–৪৬, Brill Publishers, । Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (১৯৮১), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, পৃষ্ঠা ৫, সংস্করনs de la Méditerranée।[৫] ^ Jump up to: a b Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২২২ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৭ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২৪৭ al-Hilyah (৬/৩২৪) Muhsin Mahdi (১৯৭৪), "The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn at-Nafis by Max Meyerhof, Joseph Schacht", Journal of the American Oriental Society ৯৪ (২), পৃষ্ঠা। ২৩২–৩৪। Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা ৯৫–১০১, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৩] Nahyan A। G। Fancy (২০০৬), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d। ১২৮৮)", পৃষ্ঠা। ৪২, ৬০, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame।[৪] Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২০–২১ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, ২২ March ২০০৩। Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৮। Nawal Muhammad Hassan (১৯৮০), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication। Cyril Glasse (২০০১), New Encyclopedia of Islam, পৃষ্ঠা ২০২, Rowman Altamira, । Amber Haque (২০০৪), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health ৪৩ (৪): ৩৫৭–৭৭ [৩৬৯]। Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২১৮ Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, । Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২৪–৩৯ Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা। ২২১–২২ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I। Conrad (১৯৯৬), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, পৃষ্ঠা। ৩৮–৪৬, Brill Publishers, । Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (১৯৮১), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, পৃষ্ঠা ৫, সংস্করনs de la Méditerranée।[৫] ^ Jump up to: a b Toomer (১৯৯৬), পৃষ্ঠা ২২২ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২২৭ Russell (১৯৯৪), পৃষ্ঠা ২৪৭ al-Hilyah (৬/৩২৪)