cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ēsingtun, Norþ Þriðing
Ēsingtun (Easington) is þorp in þæm Norþ Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit hæfþ 923 buend.
Afen
right|thumb|300px|Afen on Baðanceastre Seo Afen (þe Afn and Afene eac hatte) is ea innan suðwesternum Englalande seo þurh þa byrg Bricgstowe and Baðanceastre iernþ.
Dorsæte
right|thumb|150px|Dorsǣte right|150px
Dornsǣte sind folc and Bryttisc scīr on Englum. Dornsǣte eardiaþ andlang ānes dǣles Bretene sūðernes sǣriman and þæs fægran landes būfan þǣm.
Þǣre scīre hēafodburg is Dornwaraceaster.
World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King
right|200px|Ƿoruld Gūþcræftes: Ƿræþ þæs Līċcyning
World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King (þæt mǣneþ on Englisce "Ƿoruld Gūþcræftes: Ƿrǣþþu þæs Līccyninges") is underset gamen tō þǣm folclican Blizzard gamen World of Warcraft, æfter World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade.
World of Warcraft World of Warcraft
Ċiriċeburne
Ċiriċeburne (Kirkburn) is þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit hæfþ 903 buend.
Spere
right|thumb|200px|[[Wōden|Ƿōden berende spere]] Spere (ēac hāteþ æsc, æscholt, daraþ, sprēot, gār, and gafeluc) is ƿǣpen mid hrunge and scarpum orde. His ord mæg on blōman standan, ac ēac oft standaþ hē on holte oþþe stāne. Speras mǣgon ƿesan tō ƿeorpenne oþþe tō stingenne.
Wigtūnscīr
Wigtūnscīr is lytlu scīr sēo is Gallowæges westdæl. Hēo is Scotlandes sūþwesternmeste scīr and hēr is Scotlandes sūþernmeste nǣs. Bewesten hie līþ þā nearwe sæsearm sēo bedāleð Breten of Uladstir.
Be ēasten Wigtūnscīre is Ciricecuðbrihtscīr and benorþen hie is Ayrscīr.
Garatūn
Garatūn (Garton in Holderness) is þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum.
Siexe and twentigoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American
Writweb
Āsnīþung Ānu. Þæt Burhwaregeriht þāra Geānedra Rīca tō geċēosanne ne sceal swā þām Geānedum Rīcum swā ǣniġum Lande þurh ealdor weorþan wiþsacen oþþe gescyrted, þā hwīle þe swylċe burhguman eahtatīne gēare oþþe yldre bēon. Āsnīþung Twā. Þæt Folcgemōt sceal meahte habban tō bedrīfanne þisne limuc þurh gerādlīce ǣlǣdnesse.
Heanric IV Engla Cyning
Heanrices Fæder wæs Iohannes of Gænte, Lonceastre Heretoga, be his mōdor Blanċe of Lanċeastre. Eadweardes III Cyninges sunusunu, heah riceswite to Riċarde þæm Cyninge. Siþðan ðe Eadweard Cyning hæfde crafinge to Francna cynedom, swa swa sohtede Heanric swylce cynedom.
In his cynedom aras Uwain Glynduur wiþ hine on Wealum and swa swa cwom swicdom be Heanric Percy Forma Eorl of Norðhymbraland, and Heanric Cyning wæs in þis sigefull be Scrobbesbyrig in 1403. Heanric IV Cyning forþferde in 1413, and his sunu, se wæs Heanric V Cyning, fang to rice æfter him.
Fēower and twentigoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American
Writweb
Āsnīþung Ānu. Þæt Burhwareġeriht þāra Ġeānedra Landa tō ġeċēosanne ne sceal sam þām Ġeānedum Landum sam ǣniġum Lande weorþan wiþsacen oþþe ġescyrted on ǣniġre frumrǣdenne oþþe ōþrum ġecorenscipe innan, swā for Fōresittende oþþe Wrixlfōresittende, swā for ċēasegan for Fōresittende oþþe Wrixlfōresittende, swā for Þēodwitan oþþe Speliġende on Folcġemōte, for þȳ þe tō sweþriġenne pollgafol oþþe ōþer gafol tō ġildanne. Āsnīþung Twā. Þæt Folcġemōt sceal meahte habban tō bedrīfanne þisne limuc þurh ġerādlīċe ǣlǣdnesse.
Antoni Gaudí
thumb|Antoni Gaudí Antoni Gaudí i Cornet ƿæs Spēonisc hēehcræftiȝa, ȝeboren þæs 25. dæȝes Sēremōnaþes þæs 1852. ȝēares in Reus (ēac hātte) Riudoms on Spēonlande and cƿæl þæs 10. dæȝes Sēremōnaþes þæs 1926. ȝēares in Barcelona on Spēonlande.
Wīþiġtūn, East Þriðing
Wīþiġtūn (Weeton) is lȳtel þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit ġesċiepeþ dǣl of Welwīce.
Americanisc fōtball
Americanisc fōtball, gemǣne cūþ sƿā fōtball innan American, and gridiron oþþe tackle fōtball ūtan American, is tēama indryhtegamen in Norðamerican.
Bradley Cooper
right|thumb|Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper is Geānedrīcisc scēawere.
Anlaf II Norrena Cyning
Anlaf II Harolding (995 – 29 July 1030), þes nama on Norðisc is Olaf Haradsson ƿæs Norrena Cyning of 1015 oð 1028. Æfter his dēaþ geaf man him be title Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae se is 'Norþƿeges Ēcecyning' andhe ƿæs to halga gehalgod in Niðerosse be Grimketel Biscope, ān ƿinter æfter his dēaþ. Anlaf forþferede æt sæcce æt þære Stiklestad Beadƿe on 29 Mædmonaþ 1030. His liclāf ƿæs in scrine geseted in Niðeross Hēahcirice, and þeos cirice ƿæs getimbrod ofer his byrgen.
Anlafes Halgan byrgebstede ƿæs gelōsen æt þære Ednīƿunge be Lutheriscum gelicnesbrāce in 1536–37.
Oððæt ðe Anlaf ƿæs cyning se ricsode mid eafoþe his miltse giefð his gemynding and he ƿeard on Norþmannum cumbol of þæm þēode.
Langtopt, East Þriðing
Langtopt (Langtoft) is þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit hæfþ 492 buend.
Olympisc Gamen
Þā Olympisc Gamen sind grēat betƿuxþēodlic gelimp mid sumorindryhtum and ƿinterindryhtum, hƿǣr mænig þūsend campmenn in mænigum gamencampum plegaþ. Þā Gamen gelimpaþ æfre ǣlc tū gēar, þā Sumor Olympisc Gamen and þā Ƿinter Olympisc Gamen stefaþ, þēah gelimpaþ hīe æfre ǣlc fēoƿer gēar innan hiera tīman gamenum.
Formeste, þā Eald Olympisc Gamen gelimpodon in Olympian, Crecalande, fram þǣm 8 gēarhundrede BCE oþ þæt 5 gēarhundred CE. Baron Pierre de Coubertin onstealde þæt Betƿuxþēodlic Olympisc Þing (IOC) in 1894. Þæt IOC ƿearþ þā Olympic Movement ānƿealdþing, hƿæm se Olympic Charter ƿielt.
Þēodlic dæg
Þeodlic dæg is folces freolsung þæron gemearcaþ menn hiera eþeles þeodhad oðþe his ricehad. Oft is þes dæg þæs rices sundorrīcesdæg oþþe swylc dæg ðæron wæs his leodweardcynn wæs onwended. Missenlice ricu freosiaþ hiera halgan mæssedæg oððe ðæs breges cennungdæg.
Se Þeodlica dæg is oft fæstendæg. Brettas and Dene næfð ðeodlic dæg.
centre|thumb|500px|Middangeardes landscite mid racum for þeodlicum dagum
Garatūn on þām Wealdum
Garatūn on þām Wealdum (Garton on the Wolds) is þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit hæfþ 348 buend.
Fyrstu Wær on Indiscum fotþoþer
Se I-League is Indisc andƿīs fōtball Þā nīƿe ceampmenn sind Dempo,
=Champions=
Tempest 2000
Hrēoh 2000 (hātte Tempest 2000 on Nīwum Englisce) is 1994 æfterweorc mid þǣm Atari Jaguar þæs 1981 gamenes Hrēoh, fram Dave Theurer. Se æfterfylgend wæs fram Jeff Minter gemacod.
Dunecan I Scotta Cyning
Dunecan I wæs Scotta Cyning þæs binama in þæm Scyttiscum gereord is An t-Ilgarach se menð "Adlica". He wæs geboren in 1001, he fang to rice in 1034 and forþferde æt sæcce on 1040. He is se stærlic staðol for Dunecane Cyninge in Willelmes Scacasperan pleg Macbeoðen.
Dunecan Cyning wæs Crínaning - Crinan his fæder wæs læwede abbod of Duncelde and his modor wæs Bethoc Mælcolmes II dohtor Cyninges.
26. Gēolmōnðes
26 Gēolmōnaþ is se 360a dæg (361a in hlīepgēarum) þæs gēares in þǣre Gregoriscan gerīmbēc. Þǣr sind 5 dagas mā.
Symbeldagas and observances
26 Gēolmōnaþ is folclic symbeldæg in manigum Westernum landum (ac ne in þǣm Geānlǣhtum Underrīcum.
Other annual occurrences
25 Gēolmōnaþ - 27 Gēolmōnaþ - 26 Blōtmōnaþ - 26 Æfterra Gēola -- Getalu ealra daga
Ratchet & Clank
Ratchet & Clank is gamen for þǣm PlayStation 2. Ȝemacod fram Insomniac Games and ālīesed fram Sony, is formest gamen þǣre Ratchet & Clank tale. Man ālīesde hit in Norðamerica þone 7 Blōtmōnþes, 2002 and in Europan þone nīehstan dæȝ, mid Iapaniscre ālīesunge þone nīehstan mōnaþ.
Ceafer
right|thumb|200px|Sume ceaferas Ceaferas (ēac hātaþ bīetlas; heora hādes ƿitenacræftiȝ nama is Coleoptera) sind hād sceancƿyrma. Þǣr sind mā ƿiht þæs ceafera hādes þonne þǣr sind on ǣnȝum ōðrum hāde, and hīe sind mā þonne fēorðe dǣl eallra ȝecūðra ƿihta. Nēan 40 hundtēontiȝoðena eallra sceancƿyrma sind ceaferas (þæt is, nēan 400,000 ȝecynda). Sēo mǣste cnēoris on ƿitenacræftiȝre endebyrdunȝe ēac lōcaþ þissum hāde (þe is þā ƿifelas). Hīe sind sƿīðe missenlīce, ac hit is heora ȝeƿuna tō hæbbenne hardne ȳttram bānlocan and hard fōrefiðeru.
Gwibdaith Hen Frân
Gwibdaith Hen Frân is drēamtrēpe fram Blaenau Ffestiniog in Wēalum.
Frūmcend
Sēo trēpe scōp in þæs 2006 ġēares and æfter þām, hē drīemde in swylce frēolstīdum swylce Gŵyl Car Gwyllt, Tân y Ddraig, Maes B, and Sesiwn Fawr in þæs 2007 ġēares.
Sēo nama (sēo in Ænglice "þæs ealdre crāwan færing" hātte) is æfter Jac y Frân (Jôhan sēo crāwe), sēo hūsdēor wæs.
In ġēare 2007 awrāt sēo drēamtrēpe hire ǣreste drēamhord, þone Cedors Hen Wrach hātte. Æfter þām cōm Tafod Dy Wraig in sumare þæs 2008 ġēares, and þǣræfter Llechan Wlyb in Þrimilce þæs 2010 ġeāres.
Scīrburna
right|thumb|200px|Scīrburna, on Dorsætum Scīrburna is lytlu ceapstōƿburg on Dorsǣtum.
In gēardagum ƿæs Scīrburna biscopstōl, oþðæt Ƿillelm I cyning anam hine tō Searobyrig.
Ūtera Nīwetūn
Ūtera Nīwetūn (Out Newton) is lȳtel þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum.
Dunecan II Scotta Cyning
Dunecan II wæs Scotta Cyning for fif monþum in 1094. He wæs Melcomes sunu Cyninges be Melcomes Cyninges forma wif seo wæs Ingebeorg Finnsdohtor.
In Seremonðe 1094 asettede Dunecan his eam Dufenal Cyning, ac beforan se ilcan winter cwom Dufenal eft and hine slog æt sæcce. Se Cranic bereceþ of his scortum cynedome:
Richard Nixon
200px|right|thumb|Rīcheard Nixon, foresittend
Rīcheard Mylnhūs Nixon ƿæs se seofon and þritigoða Foresittend þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca, fram þǣm 1969. gēar ōþ þæt 1974.
Folcland Īegland
right|100px right|250px
Þā Folcland Īegland licgaþ in þǣm sūðernan Garsecge ymbe 300 mīla of Sūðamerican and 700 mīla of Antarctica. Hie sind Bryttisc ofersǣ landscipe. Þā īega hēafodburg is Stanley on Ēastfolclande.
Scēapƿelig sindon þā Īegland, and hēr is hiera mǣst fēoh.
Siððan ðe Bretƿare fangon eft tō rīce on þissum īegum in 1833 hæfþ Argentina acƿæþ his crafing for þæm. In 1982 onsƿōg Argentinisc þreat þā Folcland Īegland and in þissum ƿīse begann sē Folcland Geƿinn hƿærin for tƿǣm mōnaþum feahton Brettas and Argentinaƿare, and hƿærof hæfde Brettas sige and sē Argentinisc þrēat ƿiþteah.
Siþþan þæm geƿinn, habbaþ þā īegland ƿeaxon mid fēoh fram fiscoþe and sīþe.
Nama
thumb|right|Folcland Cathedral Þāra Folcland Īeglanda nama geaf him Iohannes Strong sciphlāford in 1690, for in þǣm geare seglede he hēr and anamede þone ƿæterscipe betƿuh þǣm tƿǣm mǣstum īegum "Falkland Sound" æfter Anthony Cary, fifte Healfeorl of Folcland. Strong lendede on þæm īegum in 1690. Æfter manige ƿintra cƿōmon ēac Lidƿiccas on þā īega for fiscoþe and Louis Antoine de Bougainville geaf þone naman on Frencisce Îles Malouines in æfter Sancte Malo hȳðe. Spēne and Argentine brucaþ þone naman Islas Malvinas fram þæm Frenciscan naman.
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Stǣr
The islands were uninhabited when they were first discovered by European explorers, but there is evidence that Patagonian Indians may have reached the Falklands in canoes. Artifacts including arrowheads and the remains of a canoe have been found on the islands. There was also the presence of the Falkland Island fox, or Warrah (now extinct), but warrahs may have reached the islands via a land bridge when the sea level was much lower during the last ice age. A group of islands appeared on maps in the Falkland Island region from the early 16th century, so either Ferdinand Magellan or another early expedition may have sighted them. Amerigo Vespucci may have sighted the islands in 1502, but he did not name them. In 1519 or 1520, Esteban Gómez, a captain in Magellan’s expedition, encountered several islands that members of his crew called "Islas de Sansón y de los Patos" ("Islands of Samson and the Ducks"). These were probably the Jason Islands, northwest of West Falkland, and the names "Islas de Sansón" (or "San Antón," "San Son," and "Ascensión") were used for the Falklands on Spanish maps during this period. Piri Reis, a Turkish admiral of the time who drew reasonably accurate maps, showed islands that may well have been the Falkland Islands.
There is some dispute about which European explorer first set foot on the islands. The islands appear on numerous Spanish and other maps beginning in the 1520s. The English explorer John Davis, commander of the Desire, one of the ships belonging to Thomas Cavendish's second expedition to the New World, is recorded as having visited the islands in 1592. He was separated from Cavendish off the coast of what is now southern Argentina by a severe storm and discovered the islands. For a time the islands were known as "Davis Land". In 1594, the English commander Richard Hawkins visited the islands. Combining his own name with that of Queen Elizabeth I, the "Virgin Queen", he gave them the name of "Hawkins' Maidenland." Many give the credit to Sebald de Weert, a Dutchman, who discovered the islands in 1600.
In January 1690, Captain John Strong of the Welfare was heading for Puerto Deseado (now in Argentina). Driven off course by contrary winds, he reached the Sebald Islands instead and landed at Bold Cove. He sailed between the two principal islands and called the passage "Falkland Channel" (now Falkland Sound), after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, who as Commissioner of the Admiralty had financed the expedition (Cary later became First Lord of the Admiralty). The island group later took its English name from this body of water.
The first settlement on the Falkland Islands, named Port St. Louis, was founded by the French navigator and military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville on Berkeley Sound, in present-day Port Louis, East Falkland in 1764.
In 1774, as a result of economic pressures leading up to the American Revolutionary War, the United Kingdom withdrew unilaterally from many of her overseas settlements, including Port Egmont. Upon her withdrawal in 1776 the UK left behind a plaque asserting her claims. From 1776 until 1811 Spain maintained a settlement administered from Buenos Aires as part of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. On leaving in 1811, Spain also left behind a plaque asserting her claims.
On 6 November 1820, Colonel David Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate (Argentina) at Port Louis. Jewett was an American sailor and privateer in the employment of Buenos Aires businessman Patrick Lynch to captain his ship, the frigate Heroína (Lynch had obtained a corsair licence from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director José Rondeau). Jewett had put into the islands the previous month, following a disastrous eight month voyage with most of his crew disabled by scurvy and disease. After resting in the islands and repairing his ship he returned to Buenos Aires.
In 1828 the Argentines founded a settlement and a penal colony. United States warships destroyed this settlement in 1831 after the Argentine governor of the islands Luis Vernet seized US seal hunting ships during a dispute over fishing rights. Escaped prisoners and pirates were left behind. In November 1832, Argentina sent another governor who was killed in a mutiny.
In January 1833, British forces returned and informed the Argentine commander that they intended to reassert British sovereignty. The existing settlers were allowed to remain, with an Irish member of Vernet's settlement, William Dickson, appointed as the Islands' governor. Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane, returned later that year and was informed that the British had no objections to the continuation of Vernet's business ventures provided there was no interference with British control.
The Royal Navy built a base at Stanley, and the islands became a strategic point for navigation around Cape Horn. A World War I naval battle, the Battle of Falkland Islands, took place in December 1914, with a British victory over the smaller Imperial German Asiatic Fleet. During World War II, Stanley served as a Royal Navy station and serviced ships which took part in the 1939 Battle of the River Plate.
Sovereignty over the islands again became an issue in the second half of the 20th century. Argentina saw the creation of the United Nations as an opportunity to present its claim to the islands to the rest of the world. When signing the UN Charter in 1945, Argentina stated that it reserved its right to sovereignty of the islands, and its right to recover them. The United Kingdom's response was to state that the Falklanders first had to vote for the British withdrawal in a referendum and that this was an essential precondition for the fulfilment of UN Resolution 1514 (XV) on de-colonising all territories still under foreign occupation,
Talks between British and Argentine foreign missions took place in the 1960s, but failed to come to any meaningful conclusion. A major sticking point in all the negotiations was that the two thousand inhabitants of mainly British descent preferred that the islands remain British territory.
Folcland Geƿinn
300px|thumb|left|Bryttisce lyftfeallƿigan ƿeardað Argentinisce [[herenuman]]
On 2 Ēastermonaþe 1982 onsƿōg Argentina þā Folcland Īegland and fyrðre Bryttisc landrīce þæs sūðernra gārsecges (þæt is Sūþgeorgia þā īeg. Sē hererǣd sē ricsode Argentinan siþðan 1976 sohtede lof þærof. <!--The Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington, and two junior ministers had resigned by the end of the week [following the Argentine invasion] . They took the blame for Britain's poor preparations and plans to decommission HMS Endurance, the Navy's only Antarctic patrol vessel. It was a move which may have lead the Junta to believe the UK had little interest in keeping the Falklands. | accessdate =2007-03-18}}
After the war, the British increased their military presence on the islands, constructing RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the military garrison. Although the United Kingdom and Argentina resumed diplomatic relations in 1992, no further negotiations on sovereignty have taken place.
Politics
right|thumb|A Falkland stamp commemorating the coronation of [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI of the United Kingdom and his consort Queen Elizabeth.]]
Executive authority is vested in the Queen and is exercised by the Governor on her behalf. The Governor is also responsible for the administration of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, as these islands have no native inhabitants. Defence and Foreign Affairs are the responsibility of the United Kingdom. The current Governor is Nigel Haywood, appointed October 2010.
Middelenglisc spræc
Middel Englisc spæcen Engla and Scottas in þæm middelyldum in missenlicum aganspræcum, and man secgþ þe þisses gereordes ylde wæs þreo hund gearena of þæm ende þæs 12. gearhund oþ þæs 15. gearhundes ende ac man ne mot fæste bedælan Ænglisc spræc fram ærgeara Middelenglisc noððe Niwenglisc fram æfterweardum Middelenglisce and efne in Heanrices VIII Cyninges dæg fint man Middel Englisc scopcræft in Speke Parott þæm leode þone wrat Iohannes Skelton larteow and scop.
Gyldfōtþōðer
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Middelenglisc spræc
Middel Englisc greow ut Ænglisc spræc æfter þæm Norman tocyme in 1066. Wide wæs he gesprocen þurh þære Plantagenetylde (1154–1485). Seo Middelenglisc yld endode ymbe 1470, þæn sceaw 'Cancelere Seles Bysen', se wæs of Lundenes agansspræc, and begann to weardenne widespread æfter þe Willelm Caxton brohtede þone printing press on Bryten. Be þissa ylde ƿæs Norþhymbra aganspræc strang on Scottum and in norþernum Englaland and of him forþatyddrede Scotta Englisc and þone gereorde se todæg hæfþ his sceadwe on Geordie.
Gyldfōtþōðer
Gyldfōtþōðer oþþe gyldfōtball (hātte on Nīƿum Englisce "(association) football" on Englum, and "soccer" on þǣm Geāndum Rīcum and Australie), is hēapplega þe is betƿēonan tƿǣm hēapum gepleged, ǣlc þāra endleofon plegera hafaþ, and se folclicosta plega þǣre ƿorulde teohhod is.
Folcland Īegland
Politics
Under the constitution, which came into force on 1 January 2009 (which replaced the 1985 constitution), there is an Executive Council and a Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands. The Executive Council, which advises the Governor, is also chaired by the Governor. It consists of the Chief Executive, Financial Secretary and three Legislative Councillors, who are elected by the other Legislative Councillors.
Hōrdōm
thumb|Þissa daga strǣthōre in Tijuana on [[Mexico|Mexicwe]]
Folcland Īegland
Politics
The Legislative Council consists of the Chief Executive, Financial Secretary and the eight Legislative Councillors, of whom five are elected from Stanley and three from Camp, for four-year terms. It is presided over by the Speaker, currently Keith Biles.
Middelenglisc spræc
Æfter 1470 oþ 1650 wæs Engla gereord Early Modern English.
Folcland Īegland
Politics
The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes Falkland Islands on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
Hōrdōm
Hōrdōm is hǣmed þe is gelēanod. In þǣm mǣstan dǣle sidaþinga, man þenceþ þe hōrdōm is yfel weorc ; and hē is oft unlagful.
Middelenglisc spræc
Fruma
Ær Normadiges cyningas wæs Englisc þæs cynelican hired þæs spræce gesprōcen on West Seaxum, oððæt ðe oft mōt man readan geweorcas on Miercena spræc. Middel Englisc wæs of manigum læppan, ac his gesetlede bysen in þæm cancelleres sele wæs of Miercum, and Westseaxena gereordes ierfan forþferde.
Folcland Īegland
Relations with Argentina
The dispute over control of the islands has continued since the war. Diplomatic relations between Argentina and the UK were resumed in 1992, and embassies were reopened in London and Buenos Aires. In 1994, Argentina added its claim to the islands to the Argentine constitution, stating that this claim must be pursued in a manner "respectful of the way of life of their inhabitants and according to the principles of international law" (see: 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution).
Middelenglisc spræc
Scopas and writeras
Fea Middel Englisc scopas cunnan we þæs 12. gearhundes oððe þæs and 13. gearhundes forþæm þe on þæm hired ƿrāt man on Læden oððe Frencisc. In þæm 14. gearhund arāsen scopas on him wæron Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and se ungenemneda Perl Scop. Chaucer wæs se mæsta scop on Englacynn siððan Cynewulfes dæg.
Folcland Īegland
Relations with Argentina
In 1998, in retaliation for the arrest in London of the former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean government banned flights between Punta Arenas and Port Stanley, thus isolating the islands from the rest of the world. Uruguay and Brazil refused to authorise direct flights between their territories and Port Stanley. This forced the Islands' government to enter negotiations with the Argentine government and led to Argentina authorising direct flights between its territory and Stanley, on condition that Argentine citizens be allowed on the islands. One flight a month, operated by LAN Airlines, travels between RAF Mount Pleasant on East Falkland and Río Gallegos in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.
Middelenglisc spræc
Scopas and writeras
Eac þa Lollardas wrat on hiera aganspræce þe hie motan bringan Godes word þæm folce butan Romes handum. Iohannes Wycliffe and Iohannes Purvey wraten in swylce wise.
In 1470 brohtede Willelm Caxton ge þryccræft to Englalande and Chauceres Canterwaraburg Spellas (Tales of Caunterbury) geþrycede he in 1478.
Folcland Īegland
Relations with Argentina
Since the war, successive Argentine governments have stated their intention to pursue their claim to the islands by peaceful means. On the 22nd anniversary of the war, Argentina's President Néstor Kirchner gave a speech insisting that the islands would become part of Argentina. Kirchner, campaigning for president in 2003, regarded the islands as a top priority. In June 2003 the issue was brought before a United Nations committee, and attempts have been made to open talks with the United Kingdom to resolve the issue of the islands.
Middelenglisc spræc
History
Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the Ormulum (12th century), the Ancrene Wisse and the Katherine Group (early 13th century) and Ayenbite of Inwyt (ca. 1340).
Folcland Īegland
Relations with Argentina
In 2007 (exactly 25 years after the Argentine invasion), Argentina renewed its claim over the Falkland Islands, asking for the UK to resume talks on sovereignty. In March 2009, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated in a meeting with Argentine President Cristina Fernández that there would be no talks over the future sovereignty of the Falkland Islands. As far as the governments of the UK and of the Falkland Islands are concerned, there is no issue to resolve. The Falkland Islanders themselves are almost entirely British and maintain their allegiance to the United Kingdom.
Middelenglisc spræc
History
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Grammar
With its simplified case-ending system, the grammar of Middle English is much closer to that of modern English than that of Old English. Compared with other Germanic languages, it is probably the most similar to that of modern West Frisian, one of English's closest relatives.
Folcland Īegland
Relations with Argentina
On 22 September 2007, The Guardian reported the UK government was preparing to stake new claims on the sea floor around the Falklands and other UK remote island possessions, in order to exploit natural resources that may be present. In October 2007, a British spokeswoman confirmed that Britain intended to submit a claim to the UN to extend seabed territory around the Falklands and South Georgia, in advance of the expiry of the deadline for territorial claims following Britain's ratification of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. If the claim is disputed, the UN will suspend the claim until the dispute is settled. The claim is largely theoretical and does not affect the Antarctic Treaty or confer new rights upon Britain. Neither does it permit the exploitation of oil or gas reserves, since these are banned by a protocol to the treaty. It would enable Britain to police fishing within the zone to prevent over-exploitation of natural resources by commercial fishing in line with Britain's obligations under the treaty. Professor Klaus Dodds of the University of London, commenting in The Guardian, has suggested that the move goes against the spirit of the Antarctic Treaty. Argentina has indicated it will challenge any British claim to Antarctic territory and the area around the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Argentina made a similar claim in 2009, and the United Kingdom quickly protested against these claims.
Middelenglisc spræc
Nouns
Some nouns of the engel type have an -e in the nominative/accusative singular, like the weak declension, but otherwise strong endings. Often these are the same nouns that had an -e in the nominative/accusative singular of Old English. (These in turn inherited from Proto-Germanic ja-stem and i-stem nouns.)
Folcland Īegland
Relations with Argentina
In February 2010, the Argentine government announced that ships traversing Argentine territorial waters en route to the Falklands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands would require a permit, as part of a dispute over British oil exploration near the Falklands. The British and Falkland governments stated that Falklands-controlled waters were unaffected.
Middelenglisc spræc
Nouns
The strong -(e)s plural form has survived into Modern English. The weak -(e)n form is now rare in the standard language, used only in oxen, children, brethren; and it is slightly less rare in some dialects, used in eyen for eyes, shoon for shoes, hosen for hose(s), kine for cows, and been for bees.
Verbs
As a general rule (and all these rules are general), the indicative first person singular of verbs in the present tense ends in -e ("ich here" — "I hear"), the second person in -(e)st ("þou spekest" — "thou speakest"), and the third person in -eþ ("he comeþ" — "he cometh/he comes"). (þ (the letter 'thorn') is pronounced, in this case, like the unvoiced th in "think", but, under certain circumstances, may be like the voiced th in "that").
Folcland Īegland
Geography and ecology
The Falkland Islands comprise two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland (in Spanish Isla Gran Malvina and Isla Soledad respectively), and about 776 small islands. The islands are located 212 mi from the Isla de los Estados in Argentina (and 287 mi from the Argentine mainland); 304 mi from Chile; 669 mi west of the Shag Rocks (South Georgia) and 576 mi north of the British Antarctic Territory (which overlaps with the Argentine and Chilean claims to Antarctica in that region).
Middelenglisc spræc
Verbs
Plural forms vary strongly by dialect, with southern dialects preserving the Old English -eþ, Midland dialects showing -en from about 1200 onward and northern forms using -es in the third person singular as well as the plural.
Narranscīr
Narranscīr is lytlu Scīra þæs Geānedan Cynerīces on Morefflēotes sūþrime.
Lǣden-ofgangena stæfrǣwa
Bregdunga þǣre Lǣdenan stæfrǣwe bēoþ gebrocen fram þǣm wrītunggewunum manigra sprǣca þurhūt þā worulde. Þā tabullan under gadriaþ and wiþmetaþ āsciriendlica þāra stæfrǣwa.
Folcland Īegland
Geography and ecology
The total land area is 4,700 square miles (12,173 km2), slightly smaller than Connecticut or Northern Ireland, with a coastline estimated at 800 miles (1288 km).
Lǣden-ofgangena stæfrǣwa
Lǣden Staðolstæfrǣw
Þā Affricaniscan, Catalaniscan, Curdiscan, Deniscan, Niðerlendiscan, Nīwan Engliscan, Finniscan, Frenciscan, Norwegiscan, Slovaciscan, Spēoniscan, and Þēodiscan stæfrǣwa habbaþ ealle 26 bōcstafa.
In manigum þāra ufan sprǣca, þā "missiendan" bōcstafas sind gebrocen for folclicum wordum ellendisces ofcymes and hira ofgangenan (swā declīniendlic on Englisce) oþþe meterlice ānhāda (swā W for watt and V for volt).
Gebrādod Lǣden Stæfrǣw
The characters in the following tables may not all render, depending on operating system and browser version and the presence or absence of Unicode fonts.
Other alphabets based on the Latin alphabet
Several transcription and transliterations.
Folcland Īegland
Geography and ecology
The two main islands on either side of Falkland Sound make up most of the land. These are East Falkland, which contains the capital, Stanley, and most of the population; and West Falkland. Both islands have mountain ranges, the highest point being Mount Usborne, 2312 feet (705 m) on East Falkland. There are also some boggy plains, most notably in Lafonia, on the southern half of East Falkland. Virtually the entire area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.
Smaller islands surround the main two. They include Barren Island, Beaver Island, Bleaker Island, Carcass Island, George Island, Keppel Island, Lively Island, New Island, Pebble Island, Saunders Island, Sealion Island, Speedwell Island, Staats Island, Weddell Island, and West Point Island. The Jason Islands lie to the north west of the main archipelago, and Beauchene Island some distance to its south. Speedwell Island and George Island are split from East Falkland by Eagle Passage.
Numerous flora and fauna are found on the Falkland Islands. Notable fauna include colonies of the Magellanic Penguin.
The islands claim a territorial sea of 12 nmi and an exclusive fishing zone of 200 nmi, which has been a source of disagreement with Argentina. Biogeographically, the Falkland Islands are classified as part of the Neotropical realm, together with South America. It is also classified as part of the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom.
Climate
Surrounded by cool South Atlantic waters, the Falkland Islands have a Maritime Subarctic climate (Koppen Cfc) which is very much influenced by the ocean by having a narrow annual temperature range. January average maximum temperature is about 55 °F, while July maximum average temperature is about 39 °F. The average annual rainfall is 22.58 in but East Falkland is generally wetter than West Falkland. Humidity and winds, however, are constantly high. Snow is rare, but can occur at almost any time of year. Gales are very frequent, particularly in winter. The climate is similar to the Shetland islands in the United Kingdom, but with less rainfall and longer and slightly more severe winters.
Economy
The largest company in the islands used to be the Falkland Islands Company (FIC), a publicly quoted company on the London Stock Exchange. The company was responsible for the majority of the economic activity on the islands, though its farms were sold in 1991 to the Falkland Islands Government. The company now operates several retail outlets in Stanley and is involved in port services and shipping operations.
Except for defence, the islands are self sufficient; exports account for more than $125 million a year (2004 estimate).
Currency
thumb|One-pound coin of the Falkland Islands pound The Falkland Islands Government issues a local currency, the Falkland pound. It has notes and coins that are equivalent to the United Kingdom sterling coinage but with local designs on the reverse. The Falkland Pound is fixed at parity with the pound sterling and both circulate interchangeably on the islands. For more information about currency in the region see The Sterling Currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic.
The Falkland Islands also issue their own stamps, which are a source of revenue from overseas collectors.
Farming
Farmland accounts for 1123985 ha (1,123,985 hectares), more than 90% of the Falklands land area. Since 1984, efforts to diversify the economy have made fishing the largest part of the economy and brought increasing income from tourism. Sheep farming was formerly the main source of income for the islands and still plays an important part with high quality wool exports going to the UK: according to the Falklands Government Statistics there are over 500,000 sheep on the islands with roughly 40% on West Falkland and 60% on East Falkland.
Fiscoþ
The government has operated a fishing zone policy since 1986 with the sale of fishing licences to foreign countries has bringing in more than £40 million a year in revenues. Local fishing boats are also in operation. More than 75% of the annual catch of 200000 LT of squid, and most exports are to Spain.
Oil
An agreement with Argentina had set the terms for exploitation of offshore resources including large oil reserves as it was thought that there might be up to 60 billion barrels (9.5 billion cubic metres) of oil under the sea bed surrounding the islands. However, in 2007 Argentina unilaterally withdrew from the agreement. In response, Falklands Oil and Gas Limited has signed an agreement with BHP Billiton to investigate the potential exploitation of oil reserves. Climatic conditions of the southern seas mean that exploitation will be a difficult task, though economically viable, and the continuing sovereignty dispute with Argentina is hampering progress. In February 2010, exploratory drilling for oil was begun by Desire Petroleum, but the results from the first test well were disappointing. Two months later, on 6 May 2010, Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil". As of 8 May 2010, the commercial viability of the 174 ft oil bearing strata had yet to be established.
Defence
The UK provides defence and British military expenditures make a significant contribution to the economy.
Demographics
Census figures show that the population rose from an estimate of 287 in 1851 to 2272 in 1911. It was 2094 in 1921 and 2392 in 1931 but then the population declined and in 1980 it was 1813. The population then rose and was 2955 in 2006. The 2006 census recorded 2115 people in Stanley and 477 in Mount Pleasant. However, there were only 194 people in the rest of East Falkland, 127 people in West Falkland and 42 people in all the other islands. These figures exclude all military personnel and their families, but includes 477 people who were present in the Falkland Islands in connection with the military garrison. The American CIA stated that In July 2008, the population was estimated to be 3,140.
About 70 per cent are of British descent, primarily as a result of Scottish and Welsh immigration to the islands. The native-born inhabitants call themselves "Islanders"; the term "Kelpers", from the kelp which grows profusely around the islands, is no longer used in the Islands. People from the United Kingdom who have obtained Falkland Island status are known locally as 'belongers'.
Middelenglisc spræc
Verbs
The past tense of weak verbs is formed by adding an -ed(e), -d(e) or -t(e) ending. The past-tense forms, without their personal endings, also serve as past participles, together with past-participle prefixes derived from Old English: i-, y- and sometimes bi-.
Folcland Īegland
Demographics
A few Islanders are of French, Gibraltarian (such as the Pitaluga family), Portuguese and Scandinavian descent. Some are the descendants of whalers who reached the Islands during the last two centuries. There is also a small minority of South American, mainly Chilean origin, and in more recent times many people from Saint Helena have also come to work and live in the Islands.
Middelenglisc spræc
Verbs
Strong verbs, by contrast, form their past tense by changing their stem vowel (binden → bound), as in Modern English.
Pronouns
After the Conquest, English retained Old English pronouns, with the exception of the third person plural, a borrowing from Old Norse (the original Old English form clashed with the third person singular and was eventually dropped):
Here are the Old English pronouns.
The first and second person pronouns in Old English survived into Middle English largely unchanged, with only minor spelling variations. In the third person, the masculine accusative singular became 'him'. The feminine form was replaced by a form of the demonstrative that developed into 'sche', but unsteadily—'heyr' remained in some areas for a long time. The lack of a strong standard written form between the 13th and the 15th centuries makes these changes hard to map.
The overall trend was the gradual reduction in the number of different case endings. The accusative case disappeared, but the six other cases were partly retained in personal pronouns, as in he, him, his.
Orthography
The following characters can be found in Middle English text, direct holdovers from the Old English Latin alphabet.
Heafodstol
thumb|right|300px|Þæt middel [[Recwic|Recwices, þe is Eslandes heafodstol]]
Middelenglisc spræc
Orthography
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Ormulum, 12. gearhund
This passage explains the background to the Nativity:
Heafodstol
On steormæle is heafodstol (eac heafodburg and heafodburh hatte) seo heafodlice burg oþþe tun gesibb hire wealde. Heo is nean a seo burg þe lichamlice befehþ þæt setlærn and þæt gemotærn þæs setles wealdes and is geseted be lage.
Middelenglisc spræc
Epitaph of John the smyth, died 1371
An epitaph from a monumental brass in an Oxfordshire parish church:
Wycliffes Biblioþece, 1384
From the Wycliffe's Bible, (1384):
Chaucer, 1390s
The following is the beginning of the general Prologue from The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The text was written in  a dialect associated with London and spellings associated with the then-emergent Chancery Standard.
Gower, 1390
The following is the beginning of the Prologue from Confessio Amantis by John Gower.
Asterix
Asterix (āwended fōrnēan tō "Steorrincel") is hād on lēasspelle þe is fram Rene Goscinnye gewriten and fram Alberte Uderzoe on biliðum geseted. Uderzo ēac undergan tō wrītenne þā spell þǣr cwæl Rene on 1977. Þēos endebydrness bōca wæs ǣrost on þǣm Frenciscan bōcincle Pilote on Winterfylleþe 1959.
Heafodstol
Þa setlu wealdes on mægenum underriciscum domum sind gewunelice heafodstolas gehaten, ac æfter læssum wealdendum underdælum, word swelce fylces tun, fylces setl, oþþe byrig setl sind eac gebrocen.
In oðerum landum, se "wyrcenda" and "geseteda" heafodstol mæg wesan gesundrod for wyrcendlicum intingum, wrycende gelimpunge þære þe burg is gecuþ to "þæm heafodstole" þe nis soþlice healdend þæs setles wealdes:
On swelcum gelimpungum is seo burg þe hielt þone wealdenda heafodsto gewunelic understanden wesan se "ricisca heafodsto" ongemang elemanna. To bȳsne, Santiago is understanden wesan se heafodstol of Cilan þeah hire Gemot is in Falparegse.
To heafodlicum stede wealdes þæs landscipes oþþe rices, se heafodstol gecyndelice atihteþ þa steormællice geanmetedum and him þara cræftas sind þorftene to welwyrcendum wealde swelce æswutolas, tidingwriteras, and folclices rædes cneordlæcendas. Ieldre heafodstolas habbaþ eac oft growen on fornytte steormællice, lifwisisce, oþþe andgietfule stolas. Swelc is huru seo gelimpung Parises on Franclande and Buenos Airese Argentinan ongemang riciscra heafodstola, and Irkutskes oþþe Saltlagburge on Uta on heora landscipum. Naþȳslæs swelc halgung mæg wesan wiðerwinnende. Seo settung of Brasilie in Brasiles inlande wæs gedon be dæl to eowienne þæs gewealdes gesundrodnesse fram þæm crodenan and gewemedan ealdan heafodstole Rio de Janeiro. Þæt geweald Suþcorean gehet on 2004 þæt hit wege his heafodstol fram Seoule to Geongi-Gongtscu — þeah þe þæt word "Seoul" self mænþ "heafodstol" in þære Coreiscan spræce.
Seo gæderung wealdlices and feohhweorfunglices oþþe lifweglices domes nis nanum wisum woruldwide. Þeawlice heafodstolas magon feohhweorfunglice aþeostrian fram bifylclicum ofersteallum, swa swa hit gelamp mid Thebane, þe aþeostrode fram Alexandrie, Nantscing fram Scanghai, oþþe Edinburg fram Glasgowe. Þæt geafeall cynecynnes oþþe lifweges cuðe eacswa wyrcean þone deaþ his heafodstoles, swa swa hit gelamp be Bablonie and Cahocie. Æac wæron manige niwlice heafodstolas, swelce Abuja and Ottawa, rædlice geseted onweg fram feohhweorfunglicum stowum and nabbaþ giet weaxen greate to niwum feohhweorfunglicum burgum.
Heafodstolas swa tacnu
Andefen þæra eacnunge niwlicra caserrica and geþeodrica, heafodstolas habbaþ worden tacn for heora ricum heora gewealdu,, and gesetede be gewealdlicum andgiete. Ungelice midealdum ceastrum, þe wæron geset æghwær wealda heold his gemot, is seo ceosung, edsettung, staðoling, oþþe se onfeng niwlices heafodstokes carful gelimpung. To bȳsne:
Folcland Īegland
Demographics
The main religion is Christianity. The main denominations are Angelcirice, Rēmisce Cirice, Geānede Frēocirice, and Lutheran. Smaller numbers are Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists and Greek Orthodox; with the latter being due to Greek fishermen passing through. There is also a Bahá'í congregation. The Islands are the home of the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands.
Since the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 the islanders have been full British citizens. For the Argentine position on Falklanders’ citizenship, see Current claims.
Medical care
The Falkland Islands Government Health and Social Services Department provides medical and dental care for the islands. The King Edward VII Memorial Hospital (KEMH) is Stanley's only hospital. It was partially military operated in the past but is now under complete civilian control. Specialist medical care is provided by visting ophthalmologists, gynaecologists, ENT surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, psychiatrist, and oral surgeons from the United Kingdom provide specialist care. Patients needing emergency treatement are air-lifted to the United Kingdom or to Santiago (Chile).
Broadcasting
Radio services are operated by the Falkland Islands Radio Service, formerly the Falkland Islands Broadcasting Service, and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS). FM stereo broadcasting using the UK allocation is standard. Medium Wave broadcasting using 10 kHz steps (standard in ITU Region II).
The only terrestrial channel available is BFBS1. PAL television, using the UK UHF allocation standard. There is also a cable television service in Stanley operated by KTV Ltd.
Telephone
The Falkland Islands has a modern telecommunications network providing fixed line telephone, ADSL and dial-up internet services in Stanley. Telephones to outlying settlements use microwave radio. A GSM 900 mobile network was installed in 2005 providing coverage to Stanley, Mount Pleasant and surrounding areas. It is operated under the Touch Mobile brand.
Cable and Wireless is the sole telecommunications provider in the Falkland Islands.
Sport
There are more than 30 different sports clubs on the Falklands, including badminton, clay-pigeon shooting, cricket, football, golf, hockey, netball, rugby union, sailing, swimming, table tennis and volleyball. The Falklands compete in the biennial Island Games.
Transport
The Falkland Islands have two airports with paved runways. The main international airport is RAF Mount Pleasant, 26.89 miles (43.28 km) west of Stanley. There are weekly flights, operated by LAN Airlines, to Santiago, Chile, via Punta Arenas. Once a month, this flight also stops in Río Gallegos, Argentina.
The British Antarctic Survey operates a transcontinental air link between the Falkland Islands and the Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula and servicing also other British bases in the British Antarctic Territory using a de Havilland Canada Dash 7.
The smaller Port Stanley Airport, outside the city, is used for internal flights. The Falkland Islands Government Air Service (FIGAS) operates Islander aircraft that can use the grass airstrips that most settlements have. Flight schedules are decided a day in advance according to passenger needs. The night before, the arrival and departure times are announced on the radio.
The road network has been improved in recent years. However, not many paved roads exist outside Stanley and RAF Mount Pleasant. Speed limits are 25 mph (40 km/h) in built-up areas and 40 mph (64 km/h) elsewhere.
Landmines and ordnance
Depending on the source, between 18,000 and 25,000 land mines remain from the 1982 war. One source says that Argentina placed 18,000 landmines. The British Government stated that all but one of their anti-personnel mine were accounted for. The land mines are located in either 101 or 117 mine fields, that are dispersed over an area of 8 sq mi (20 km2) in the areas of Port Stanley, Port Howard, Fox Bay and Goose Green (these areas are now well marked). Information is available from the EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) Operation Centre in Stanley.
Some beaches were mined, and there have been concerns the tides could have moved some mines. Mines near rivers may also have been washed out of the marked area by flooding. As well, there is ordnance from the war. Between 1997 and 2002, 248 antipersonnel mines were destroyed in the Falklands, 16 were destroyed in 2003, one in 2005 and six antipersonnel mines were destroyed in 2006.
In February 2005, the charity Landmine Action proposed a Kyoto-style credit scheme, which would see a commitment by the British government to clear an equivalent area of mined land to that currently existing in the Falklands in more seriously mine-affected countries by March 2009. This proposal was supported by Falkland Islanders, for whom landmines do not pose a serious threat in everyday life. The British government has yet to declare its support or opposition to the idea.