cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Simbabwe
right|thumb|350px|Ƿeald in Simbabƿan Simbabƿe is land in sūðernum Affrican.
Vancouver
right|thumb|300px|Vancouver Vancouver is miclu ceaster æt Bryttiscum Columbie ƿestsūðernum ecge, on þæm māran lande. Þēos burg is Bryttiscra Columbie mǣste burg and hiere ealdorlicu sǣceaster; noðȳlǣs nis hēo þæs underrīces hēafodstōl (se is Uictoria, on Vancouverīege).
Vancouver hæfþ 631,486 onƿunendas.
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG) is eormengyld on Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
Hē hafaþ nēan 13,623 leornungmanna.
Weorcendebyrdness
right|thumb|250px|Hū ƿeorcendebyrdness ƿyrceþ Ƿeorcendebyrdness is hēap ƿeorcƿrithyrste þe gedihteþ spearctellendlīchamhyrste and arēdaþ gemǣna þegnunga ƿeorcƿritum. Sēo ƿeorcendebyrdness is behēfe on endebyrdnesse ƿeorcƿritum.
On hyrste ƿeorcum sƿilce gemynde settung, ƿeald, and ƿæstm ƿyrceþ sēo ƿeorcendebyrdness tō middlene rihte betƿeox þǣm ƿeorcgeƿritum and þǣre līchamhyrste.
Suma folclīca ƿeorcendebyrdnessa sind Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu, Android, and iOS.
Aldealseñor
Aldealseñor is þorp in Spēonlande.
Las Aldehuelas
Las Aldehuelas is þorp in Spēonlande.
Charles Darwin
thumb|right|Charles Darƿin
Charles Robert Darƿin (12 februarius 1809- 19 esode 1882) ƿæs angle gebærde láre, ealdƿita sƿa maniend ond eorðan lár. Hƿa gebundon cræftiga andcýðnessa þæt ælcu déorcynn of æ forhƿierfaþ ofer gegange fram samodƿiste fðreoynu þéáh forbstæppvmge he benemnede 'gebærde gehlott.'
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET-RJ) is eormengyld on Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Þeodscland
Seo Gebundene Cynewise Þeodisclandes (ond Germanie) (Þeodisc: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is an þara woruldlædendra leodarice.
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca
Hē hafaþ nēan 9,669 leornungmanna.
Þeodscland
Halig Romanisc Rice
thumbnail|left|Cyre-Ðeodnas
Ausejo de la Sierra
Ausejo de la Sierra is þorp in Spēonlande.
Alentisque
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Alentisque is þorp in Spēonlande.
Franclandes Foresittend
Se Foresittend þǣre Frenciscan Cyneƿīsan (Président de la République française), þone man namaþ Foresittend Franclandes, is Franclandes gecoren hēafodmann and ēac be þǣm ilcan ambihte is hē ēaldormann Andorran.
Fēoƿer þāra fīfa Frenciscra cyneƿīsena habbaþ foresittendas for hēafodmannum, and forþǣm is se Frencisca foresittendhād se ieldesta in Europan.
Se Foresittend þǣre Cyneƿīsan is nū Emmanuel Macron.
Arcos de Jalón
Arcos de Jalón is þorp in Spēonlande.
Ninus
Ninus wæs cyning Babilōne æfter Nebronde, and his cwēn wæs Sameramis gehāten.
Arévalo de la Sierra
Arévalo de la Sierra is þorp in Spēonlande.
Sūþdakota
Sūþdakota (South Dakota) is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American. His hēafodburg is Pierre.
Almenar de Soria
Almenar de Soria is þorp in Spēonlande.
Nebrond
In þǣm Biblioþēce, Nebrond ƿæs cyning Babilōne ǣr Ninuse.
Sameramis
Sameramis wæs cwēn Babilōne æfter Ninuse, hire hūsbondan.
Norþdakota
Norþdakota (North Dakota) is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American. His hēafodburg is Bismarck
Spēonisc sprǣc
Seo Spēonisce sprǣc oþþe Ispānisċe sprǣc is Romanisc spræc, þe on Speonlande aras. Heo is seo oðer "modorspræc" æfter rime sprecenda in þære worulde, and in þæm 1999. gēare hæfþ 322 þusenda þusenda sprecera and eac 180 þusenda þusenda oðerspræcsprecera.
Lao
Þā Lao sind folclic mǣgþ Ēastansūðan Asian. Mǣste Lao menn wuniaþ in oþþe Laolande (ymbe 3 million) oþþe Thailande (ymbe 15 million). Þæt Lao folc Thailandes in Isan dǣle wuniaþ mǣst, þēah hēr sind mænig wīdgangol wyrcend of Isane þe þā wyrcaþ in ōðrum dǣlum, tō bīsene Bangcoce. Þæt Lao folc sprecaþ mænigfealde undersprǣcas þǣm Lao sprǣce and Isan sprǣce, þe Þā man eft gecwiðaþ swā ānfald sprǣce. Mænig lēode in Isan prefer the term Isan to Lao as a result of the "Thaification" campaigns of the 20th century, but there remain many close cultural bonds between the Lao people as a whole.
Stǣr
Þæt stǣr Lao is þæt stǣr Laose and stǣr Isane. <!-- To be translated These histories diverged in the 19th century, when the defeat of Vientiane's rebellion against Siam in 1827 led to large-scale population transfers from modern Laos to Isan, leaving Laos itself underpopulated. The breach was formalised by the Franco-Siamese treaties of 1893 and 1904, which made Isan and Laos the frontier between Siam and French Indochina.
Since then, both Thailand and Laos have carried out sustained campaigns to transform themselves into nation states centred on the Thai and Lao people respectively. In Isan this has meant the strengthening of the people's loyalties to Thailand, a process known as "Thaification". Many younger people in particular therefore prefer to consider themselves Isan rather than Lao: "Isan", literally meaning "northeast" implies belonging to Thailand, while "Lao" connotes instead a loyalty to Laos. In Laos, by contrast, the same process has resulted in the promotion of the Lao language and culture as the national language and culture.
Distribution
There are around 3 million Lao in Laos, constituting approximately 50% of the population (the remainder are largely hill tribe people). The ethnic Lao of Laos form the bulk of the Lao Loum ("Lowland Lao"). The Lao make up around a third of the population of Thailand: the main concentrations are in Isan (about 15 million people) and in Bangkok (where there are thought to be at least one million migrant Lao from Isan). There are other populations of ethnic Lao throughout Central Thailand, but these have been increasingly incorporated into the general Thai population. Small Lao communities exist in Cambodia, residing primarily in the former Lao territory of Stung Treng (Xieng Teng in Lao), and Vietnam, and there are also substantial, unknown numbers of Lao overseas. 500,000 people would be a rough estimate. Most of the latter were refugees from Laos who fled the Second Indochina War and the Pathet Lao.
It bears noting that the last official census conducted in Siam (later Thailand) in which "Lao" was a unique ethnic category showed almost half the population being "Lao." As part of Thaiification the "Lao" category was dropped and today it is unclear what share of the population of Thailand is of Lao origin.
Sprǣc
The Lao speak Lao and Isan. Each of these exists in various dialects. The Vientiane dialect has been adopted as the standard in Laos; there is no standard dialect of Isan, but most of its dialects are mutually comprehensible with Vientiane Lao. Most of the differences between Lao and Isan are due either to the greater use of Thai loan words in Isan, and to the adoption of different neologisms for concepts introduced since the division of Laos and Isan in the late 19th century (e.g. "motorcycle" is lot motorcy in Isan, but lot jak in Lao).
Sidaþing
Isan and Laos are both extremely poor economically, due to their relatively infertile land and dry climate. The most common lifestyle is therefore that of subsistence farming, with few major urban centres.
Laos and Isan share the Theravada Buddhist religion. The indigenous cuisines of Laoland and Isan are very similar, placing much emphasis on fish sauce, chilli and sticky rice. However, Lao cuisine has also absorbed some French and substantial Vietnamese elements, while the greater poverty of the rural areas of Laos has led to a more restricted diet than in most of Isan.
Laos and Isan share the mor lam style of folk music. Since the 1980s mor lam from Isan bas been a major cultural influence on Laos.
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Aliud
Aliud is þorp in Spēonlande.
Almajano
Almajano is þorp in Spēonlande.
Catte
Sēo catte, ēac hatte hūscatte, is lytel flǣscetende sycedēor þe lōcaþ tō þǣm undercynne Felis silvestris catus. Hire ƿilde foregengan, þencþ man, ƿæs sēo Mesopotamisce ƿildcatte. Sēo catte drohtnode mid menn hūru 9,500 gēara,
Seoh ēac
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Liccidfeld
Liccidfeld (Lichfield) is Stæffordscīre burg and ceasterscipe.
On Liccidfelde is biscoprīce, þæt ƿæs be Ceadde gestaðoled. Fore þǣre Cirice ednīƿunge ƿæs sē biscop of Liccidfelde ofer eallum Mierclande. On Offan Cyninges cynedōm ƿæs Liccedfeld ercebiscopes stōl.
Alorkær
Alorkær (Ellerker) is þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit hæfþ 307 buend.
Liccidfeld
Sēo Hēafodcirice, sēo hæfþ þrēo stīplas, stent onmiddan þǣre byrig.
Lēoðlic scātung
Lēoðlic scātung is plega hƿǣr mann, tƿā lēode, oþþe clīeƿen maciaþ spinnas, hlēapas, fōtƿeorc and oþþe sealtunga on īse.
Liccidfeld
Mǣre is Liccidfeld ēac forþæm is hē Samueles Johnsones cenningstōƿ.
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18. Mǣdmōnðes
18 Mǣdmōnaþ is se 199a dæg þæs gēares in þǣre Gregoriscan gerīmbēc (se 200a in bissextum). Þǣr sind 166 belīfendra daga.
Symbeldagas and observances
17 Mǣdmōnaþ - 19 Mǣdmōnaþ - 18 Sēremōnaþ - 18 Wēodmōnaþ - Getalu ealra daga
Crabba
Þā crabban sindon tīenfōtlīċ sċilldēor þæs brāden cynnes Brachyura, þe habbaþ swīþe sċeortne tæġl ("Brachyura" is Grēcisc for "sċeort tæġl": brakhús = sċeort; ourá = tæġl). Hī libbaþ in ealre weorolde sǣm, and in fersċum wætere, and on lande, habbaþ twā clawe and sindon behelmed mid ūterbānum (Grēcisċ: exoskeletós).
Līċcræft
Sōþe crabban habbaþ tīen sċancan, þā fyrste habbaþ clawe, and sind ne for styrunge. On ealle ac feawe crabbas (bisenung, Raninoida), þæt hrif is under þǣm brēoste behȳden, in þǣm grōwenum tīde. Þā mūþdǣlas þāra crabbra sind be brādum maxillipedum besettod, and þæt fore þes brēosthelmes ne hæfþ lāngne nebb.
Bises
Bises is gear hwærin hæfþ Solmōnaþ nigon and twēontig dagas, ne eahta and twēontig. Bises geboden weorþe ælcum feorþan geare.
In þære Gregoriscan gerīmbēc sind bises ælcum feorþan geare, þa is þæs geares gerīm in feower dælum gedælendlic, būton æt þæm gearhundrede endmeste gear, and in swilcum gearum bises is þa þæs geares gerīm in feower hundred dælum gedælendlic.) Þȳ wæs 2000 bises ac 1900 næs.)
Sēo Iulianisce gerīmbōc hædde bises ælcum feorþan geare gemænelīce. Sēo Gregorisce gerīmbōc hit āwendede forþæm wæs sēo gerīmbōc ne ābad mid sunnan tīdum.
Bises wæs on Rōmwarum "bissextilius annis", se is "gear þæs twafeald siexta", forþæm getealde man tūwa þone siexta dæg ærre id' Solmōnaþe.
Mosambice
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Mosambice is land in sūðernum Affrice. Hit hæfþ mǣre mid Sƿasilande and Sūðaffrican in þǣm sūþƿestdǣle, Simbabƿen in þǣm ƿestdǣle, Malaƿie and Sambie in þǣm norþƿestdǣle, and Tansanie in þǣm norþdǣle. Se Indisca Gārsecg is in ēastdǣle.
Earnulf Carendran
Earnulf Carendran (on Þēodsce: Arnulf von Kärnten) ƿæs cyning Ēastfrancena.
Stærbec on Englum tellað of þæm geare 888:
Elene Constantinoples
thumb|right|Elene Constantinoples
Flavia Iulia Helena, ēac Elene Sancta oþþe Elene Constantinonples genemnod ƿæs þæt forme ƿīf Constantines Chlores.
Heantun
right|250px|thumb|Heantun
Heantun (Wolverhampton) is Stæffordscīre burg and ceasterscipe. Hē ligþ on þǣm Blæcan Lande.
Microsoft
right|thumb|300px|Microsoft tācn Microsoft Gegyld is manigrīcisc gegyld þe ƿyrceþ ƿeorcƿrithyrste for spearctellendum. Sumu his brēmostra ƿeorca sind Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Skype, Bing, Internet Explorer, and Xbox 360; ac hīe habbaþ ēac ōðru ƿeorc.
Microsoft ƿæs fram Bill Gates and Paul Allen þæs 4. dæges Ēastermōnðes þæs 1975. gēares. Hit is þǣre ƿorulde mǣst ƿeorcƿrithyrste ƿyrcend æfter earnodum fēo.
Þæs 2013. gēares is Microsoft lādgegyld on ge hādspearctellenda ƿeorcendebyrdnessa dōme ge ƿritƿeorces endebyrdnessa dōme (mid Microsoft Office). Þæs Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2012. gēares sægde Microsoft þe hit forman mǣles ƿyrce hādspearctellend selfum - Microsoft Surface bredspearctellend.
Gemǣne cwidas in ōðrum sprǣcum
Þēos is getalu gemǣnra cƿida on syndrigum sprǣcum, for gemǣnum oferblican tīene oþ fīftīene grundcƿida in eallum þǣm mǣstum ƿoruldsprǣcum, and syndrigum smalum sprǣcum.
Ingengan tō ellandum oft cunnon þurhfaran mid sƿīðe sceortre getale cƿida, ēac mid tācnunge, efenlǣcunge, and rīma ƿrītunge on papre. Þēos getalu sceolde þegnian sƿā grundinladung tō þǣm sprǣcum.
Englisc (Germanisc)
Tō bisene, is hēr Englisc.
Dēaðes toln
Sēo dēaðes toln is sēo rīm þe andweardaþ þā rīm dēadra lēoda æfter campe, þrace, gelimpe, wedere, and ādle.
Age of Empires
Ieldu Rīċa (on nīƿum Englisce, Age of Empires) is se nama twēȝra gamena of Ensemble Studios. Man cann sƿā ān mæniȝra rīċa pleȝan, and ācostnian hū tō ȝeƿinnenne onȝēan ōðrum rīċum in þǣm gamene. Se pleȝere sceall ācostnian, tō gadrienne wuda, fōd, and ōðru þing tō būenne his þēod, and tō oferfeohtenne þā ōðra mid his here.
Eald Corēa
Gedēmed of Cīniscum cranicum cūðe se stæl Go-Joseones sƿā politisc ƿist bēon ȝemearcod sƿā cynerīce (Cīnisc: 國; pinyin: guó) hūru be anȝinne þæs 4. ȝēarhundrede beforan Criste cyme. Þis dǣllīce ȝerisnaþ mid þǣm tōcyme þǣre Īsenan Ielde in Corēan.
Go-Joseon inēode tō āfeallunȝe tīde, ac ƿæs edcƿicod in þǣm 2. ȝēarhundrede BC sƿā Wiman Joseon. Sume Corēisce cranicas ȝemenȝaþ Wiman Joseon, Gija Joseon, and þone fruman Go-Joseon sƿā tīde ānes Go-Joseones.
Ðisses rīces nama is in maniȝfealdum ƿīsum ȝeƿriten and in missenlicum ȝereordum. In Corēiscum Hangul is he '고조선', and Hanja is '古朝鮮'. In þǣm Lædnum stæfreaƿe ƿriteð man 'Go-Joseon' oþðe 'Ko-Josŏn' (be þǣm McCune–Reischauer bysne).
Alpanseque
Alpanseque is þorp on Spēnum.
Almazul
Almazul is þorp in Spēonlande.
Lesotho
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Lesotho (se is Basuta Land) is Cynerīce on Affrice. Hēo is eall mid Sūðaffrican geymbgyrded.
Coronaclēofanwyrm
Se Coronaclēofanwyrmsas bēoþ þone wyrms.
Sycedēor
Þā sycedēor (Mammalia) sind gefērscipe hƿeorfdēores. Þā habbaþ syndermearcung: þā habbaþ meolcþgetāga, þe þæt ƿīfliċe dēor meolc ofcymþ sƿā fēdnes for geongan; þā habbaþ hǣr; and þā sind ƿearmblōded.
Hēr sind 5,500 cynna in gefērscipe Mammalia, species, brytsnode ofer 1,200 cnōsla, 152 cnēorissa, and 46 hāda.
Ælfweard Westseaxna Æþeling
Ælfweard (Ælfweard of Wessex; gestorfen 924) wæs ōðer sunu Ēadweardes þæs Ieldran. Hē æfterfolgde his fæder swā Cyning Westseaxe, ac his ealdre healfbrōðor Æðelstān wearþ cyning ofer Mierce.
Arabas
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Arabas (العرب al-ʿarab) sind folc þāra nēam ēasternra landa, on norþum Affrice and ƿesternum Asie. Hiere ǣrrste ēþel ƿæs Arabea.
Araba gereord is Arabisc sprǣc, þe is Semetisc agansprǣc.
Fermanagh
right|200px right|thumb|Niþer Ernesmere
Fermangh is Bretta scīr on Norðernum Īrum. Þāra siexe scīrena þisses underrīces is Fermanagh anhaga būton stāþe on Neamere, ac hēo hæfþ for hiere lofe tƿegen brāda meras and beorhta, Hēah Ernesmere and Niðer Ernesmere, fiscƿelig and īegƿelig hƿæron comon manig menn þā hēr to seglian georn.
Hiere naman hæfþ Fermanagh of þære Scyttiscum sprǣce and is Fir Managh, þæt is þā Managingas.
Aldealices
Aldealices is þorp in Spēonlande.
Mearhsēaw
Mearhsēaƿ is sūðernra Geānedra Rīca morgenmete. Man macaþ hit mid mēare, and man macaþ þæt sēaƿ þurh þā cōcunge þæs smedman in gelynde. Man ēacnaþ hit mid meolce, sealte, and pipore tō scieppenne þicce sēaƿ. Man oft eteþ mearhsēaƿ mid ceacum.
Kentucky
Kentucky is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American.
Beormingas
Þā Beormingas wǣron fōresetnysse folc in Engleseaxiscan Bryttene. Hy "Bermingehām" staþolian. Beorma wæs heora brego.
Kansas
Kansas is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American. His nama is of Kansþēode scrælinga mǣgþe, forþǣm ƿæs hit Kansena land.
Elpend
Þā Elpendas (Elephantidae) (fram Ealdgrēciscum ƿorde ἐλέφαντ- [eléfant-], Stefn of ἐλέφᾱς [eléfās], „Elefant“) maciaþ cnēorisse þāra ƿōtdēora.
Elpendas sind þā mǣstan lifiendan landdēor. Æt his gebyrde ƿæg cealf hūhƿega 100 þūsendgrama.
Elpenda tuxas sind fruma elpendbāna.
Leðerhosu
thumb|right|200px|Ƿeras in leðerhosum
Leðerhosu ("Lederhose" on Þēodisce) sind leðerena cnēoƿbrēc. Oft on Nīƿum Englisce is þæt ƿord misƿrīten and missprocen sƿā "leiderhosen" (ƿordlīce on Þēodisce: hrēoƿlīce hosu) oþþe "liederhosen" (ƿordlīce on Þēodisce: sang-hosu). On Þēodisce sægþ man sƿā lē·der·hōs·en.
<!--They are made, in order of quality, from elk, goat, calf, or pig hide. Usually, they are handsomely and elaborately braided or embroidered with monograms, designs, edelweiss, hunting or peasant motifs. The buttons are generally made of rough-hewn elkhorn. They are also usually accompanied by leather suspenders (British, braces).
Traditionally, lederhosen were worn by Germanic men of the Alpine and surrounding regions, including Austria, the highlands and mountains of Southern Germany, the German-speaking part of Italy known as South Tyrol, which was formerly a part of Austria until after the Great War, and Switzerland. La Couturière Parisienne, however, claims that lederhosen were not originally only a Bavarian garment, but that they had been worn all over Europe, especially by riders, hunters and others—and not only by the peasant folk. Only people in the south of Bavaria (south of Munich) had "Lederhosen". The flap (drop front style) may actually be a unique Bavarian invention. It became so popular in the 18th Century, that it was known in France as "à la bavaroise," or in the Bavarian style.
Lederhosen have remained regionally popular and are commonly associated with virility and brawn. Among men, especially those in high positions such as Denny Crane, enjoy wearing them when hiking, working outdoors, or attending folk festivals and Beer Gardens; they are rarely seen elsewhere. Nevertheless, they have remained a symbol of regional pride. Their role in Bavaria is thus comparable to that of the kilt in Scotland.
Éire
Éire (gesægd ) is se Īrisca nama for Iralande.
Louisiāna
His nama is of Hlōðƿige (Louis) Francena Æþelinge.
Éire
Se nama Éire is se nemniendlicu ansīen on nīwum Īrisce þæs naman for þǣre gydenne Ériu, lārlic mann þe healp Gaelum, þæt hīe Īrland oferdrifon swā bescrifen in þǣre Bōc Inswōgunga. Éire is þā gīet gebrȳced on Īrisce tōdæg tō sprecenne ymbe þā īege Īrlandes swā swā þæt Īrland Cynewīse. Sēo forgifendlice ansīen Éirinn is on Englisc gewend swā Erin, þe is hwīlwendlīce gebrȳced swā lēoþnama for Īrlande on Nīwum Englisce, and þis is geworden gemǣne wīflic nama on Englisce (Erin).
6
''Þis geƿrit is ymbe þæt gēar 6. For þǣm tæle 6, sēo Six.''
Dēaðas
0er
Sangcræft
Man cann singan for lāre, lēane, blisse, oþþe þēawe. Gif man leornie and geþēawie bet, cann man oft bet singan. Cræftweorclice sangeras oþþe dōþ synderlīce āne wīsan sanges, and leorniaþ fram lārmannum geond heora weorcrynas.
Ciria
Ciria is þorp in Spēonlande.
Crecganford
Crecganford is tūn in Englalande.
Maine
thumbnail Maine is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American.
Marianland
Marianland (Maryland) is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American. His hēafodburg is Annapolis.
Benesingtūn
Benesingtūn is tūn in Englalande.
Heortford
right|thumb|250px|Heortford Heortford is burg in Heortfordscīre, seo is on Englum and is þǣre scīre scīrburg. Ligean ēa iernþ þurh þā burg.
Rumǣnia
Rumǣnia (România, ), oþþe Rumǣnisc Cyneƿīse, is land on Europan. His hēafodburg is Bucarest.
Ænglisc grammaticcræft
Dǣl sprǣce
Dǣl sprǣce sind
Rumǣnia
Rumǣnisc is Lǣden-cynn sprǣc oþþæt eall ymbe sind Ƿenodisc gereordan.
Lēohtgēar
Lēohtgēar is met lengþe, and getācnaþ þā feornesse, þe lēoht færþ in ānum gēare.
Beordan īeg
Beordan īeg is lytel tūn 10 mīlum beēastan Lincolne on Englalande.
Caltojar
Caltojar is þorp in Spēonlande.
Cubilla
Cubilla is þorp on Spēnum.
Deza
Deza is þorp on Spēnum.
Covaleda
Covaleda is þorp on Spēnum.
Dättlikon
Dättlikon is þorp in Swisslande. Hē is hæfþ 745 inbūenda (of 2015).
Who Loves You (gesang)
"Who Loves You" ("Hwā lufaþ þec" on englisce) is se hēafodgesang þǣre 1975 sangsammelunge fram The Four Seasons.
Negombo
Negombo is smæl tūn hwæthwegu 31 mīla (50 km) be Colombo norðan in Taprabane. Negombo hæfþ smalne port and his weorcsceaft hæfþ staðol on sīengange and fiscoþe. Þā restbeddhūs on þǣre hēafodlīnan Negombos sind oft croden mid Europiscum sīengangendum and ne ābiddaþ ǣfre þone betstan cēap. Ac fēring lȳt norþ gieldeþ þǣm sīengangendum þe sēcaþ friþsumran cystas.
Michigan
Michigan is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American.
Indo-Europisc sprǣchīred
Se Indo-Eoropisca sprǣchīred is sprǣchīred. In þissum sprǣchīrede sind ymbe 443 sprǣca and undersprǣca. Hīe sind mōdorsprǣca þrēora billionena folca.
Sprǣca in þissum sprǣchīrede sind Englisc, Nīƿenglisc, Spēonisc, Hindisc, Bengalisc, Persisc, Russisc, Gujaratisc, Italisc, Frencisc, and Þēodisc.
thumb|center|upright=3|Indo-Europisc sprǣchīred
Massachusetts
Massachusetts, ambihtlīce hātte sēo Cyneƿīse Massachusetts, is rīce in þǣm Nīƿes Englandes scēate þāra Geāndena Rīca American. Hēo hæfþ leodrǣdenne nēan 6,692,824, and mearce 10,555 fiðerscītra mīla.
Dweligende tungol
right|thumb|upright=1.5|Dƿeligenda tunglas right|upright=1.5|thumb|Dƿeligende steorran and dƿeorgsteorran thumb|upright=1.5|Ðā inneran dƿeligendan tunglas thumb|upright=1.5|Ðā fēoƿer entas mid þǣre Sunnan Dƿeligend tungol oþþe planēta is heofontungol þe færþ ymbe þā Sunnan. Grēcas gēafon þissum þingum hiera naman, þæt is on Grēcisce αστήρ πλανήτης þǣrof sind hiera Englisce naman. Hīe habbaþ þisne naman forþǣm þe hīe ne folgiaþ efen pæþ þurh rodor be nihte.
Eahta dƿeligende tunglas and fīf dƿeorglice dƿeligende tunglas ƿāt man in þǣre Sunnlican Endebyrdnesse, þā sind be feornesse of þǣre Sunnan:
Þunor is se mǣsta dƿeligenda tungol; his ƿiht is 318 Eorþan hefignessa and Ƿōden is se lēohtosta - his ƿiht is 0.055 Eorþan hefignesse.
Bosworth and Toller
Bosworth and Toller biþ nama þone man giefeþ to þǣre bēc þe be Ioseph Bosworth and T Northcote Toller gewriten wæs. Hiere nama on Nīwenglisce biþ An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, þe is "Ænglisc Wordbōc".
Beorgford
''Þis geƿrit is ymbe þone tūn Beorgforda in Oxanfordscīre. Sēo ēac Beorgford, Ceasterscīr and stedas genemnode Beorgford.''
Beorgford is tūn in Oxanfordscīre on Englum. Hē sitteþ on 18.64 mīlum (30 km) be Oxnaforda ƿestum.
Eallbærnet
thumb|350px|Deadan þæs Eallbærntes
Þæt Eallbærnet is nama þæs folcummorðres gedōn be Natsi Þēodsclande in þā Ōðran Ƿoruldgūðe.
Siexe þūsenda þūsend Iūdēas fram Þēodsclande and fram þǣm landum besetedon be Þēodscmenn in þǣm geƿinne ofslōg þā Natse, in ƿicum getimbrod for þissum morðre. Man hæfþ þæt eallbærnet ȝehāten enderǣsele for þǣm Iūdēiscan friȝnung.
Þā Natsis habbaþ ēac ōðer folc ācƿellode:
Missouri
Missouri is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American. Man hāteþ hine for þǣre Missouriēa, þe hæfþ hire naman from þǣm Ƿīnlandinlendiscan Missouriscan folce. Se nama cymþ fram ƿorde þe mǣneþ "hīe þā habbaþ trēoƿnu bātinclu".
Missouri ligþ on þǣm middelan ƿesternan dǣle þāra Geāndena Rīca. His hēafodstōl is Jeffersonburh, and þurh hine flōƿaþ sēo Mississippiēa and sēo Missouriēa. left|thumb|Marketstrǣt on Hermanbyrig
Medumƿeder
Missouri hæfð fūhtiende ƿorulddǣlic medumƿeder. Þæt ƿeder is ceald mid besnīƿodum ƿintrum and hāt mid fūhtiendum sumorum. Hærfest and lencten sind oft unfæste. On sūðdǣlum þæs rīces, syndriglīce on þǣm "Bootheel" oððe “Scōhhōh,” þæt medumƿeder nēan underƿearmgeardlic ƿierð. Onmiddan dǣle þāra Geāndena Rīca American, Missouri hæfð hƿīlum heard oððe hefelic medumƿeder. Būton hēagum beorgum oððe gārsecgum, þæt rīce is mid þǣm ƿindum fram þǣm Norðdǣle and Caribiscan Sǣ eāðe geƿealden. thumb|Seo Current eā on sūþdǣle þæs rīces
Dēor and Ƿyrte
Manige cynn dēora and ƿyrtena ƿuniaþ on Missouri. Ðǣr is fersc ƿæter on eām and on merum sƿilce Missouri eā, Mississippi eā, and þǣm mere þǣra Osarcena (Lake of the Ozarks). Ðǣr sind ēac brāde hyllas and æceras benorðan þǣre Missouri eā. Besūþan þǣre eā, findeþ man ƿudu, hyllas, and hlǣƿ. left|thumb|Ǣfenglōm þǣre Cǣnsasbyrig
Mǣsta Byrig
Þā fīf mǣstan byrig on Missouri sind Cǣnsasburg, Urbs Sancti Ludovici oððe "St. Louis," Spryngfeld, Sundorrīcehād oððe "Independence", and Columbia.
Cigudosa
Cigudosa is þorp in Spēonlande.
Preossna Cyning
Beforan þære Cirice Edniwunge wæs Preossland land on Ostsæs suðeasternum særime þærof þa Þeodscan Cnihtas heald ealdorscipe in hiera munucregle. In 1525 afang Ælflbeort Hohenzollern þara Cnihta Heahmagister þa Edniwung and þy aliesede he þone regol and weard Heretoga ofer þæm lande.
In 1618 geyrfweardode Iohannes Siegsmund Brandenbyrig Brego þone heretogarice ofer Preosslande and siððan þissum ierfe abad Brandenbur and Preossland ætgædre.
In 1701 crafde Friðric Brandenbyrig Brego þone titul ‘cyning‘ and he abannede þe he biþ ‘Cyning in Preosslande‘ forþæm þe he ne meaht beon cyning in Brandenbyrig se wæs in þæm Haligan Romaniscan Rice. Eftsone cneaw eall þe Preossland wæs cynerice in on Preossum and on Germanie.
Minnesota
Minnesota is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American.
Serbia
right|120px right|200px|border Serbia, oþþe Serbisc Cyneƿīse, is land on Europan. His hēafodburg is Belgrad.
Stǣr
Serbia ƿæs cynerīce of þǣm middlum ieldum. Turcas hie gehīersumodeon on þǣm ieldum æfter Kosovo-felð beadƿe in 1389. Serbia ābrac of þǣm Ottomaniscum Rīce in 1878. Hēo ƿearð cynerīce in 1882 under Milan Obrenović IV Cyning.
On 1918 Sƿeartbeorg ƿearð Serbie dǣl. In þǣm ilcan geare scop Petrus I Cyning Serba, Horoƿata and Slofena Cynerīce oþþe Iugoslavia Cynerīce, hƿǣron ƿǣs Serbia ān dǣl. Æfter þe Iugoslavia brāc ƿearþ Serbia frēorīce.
Elritūn, East Þriðing
Elritūn (Ellerton) is þorp in þæm East Þriding, se is Eoferƿicscire dǣl, on Englum. Hit hæfþ 388 buend.
Cuscan Rīce
Þes rīċe hæfþ se Cuscan folc of Yuezhi ȝemacod, þæt cōmon of tōdæȝes Xinjiang in Ċīnan, man þincþ hīe sind cynn tō þǣm Toharisc folc. Hīe hæfdon diplomatic contacts mid Rōme, Sassanisc Persea and Cīna, and for several centuries were at the center of exchange betƿēonum þǣm Ēaste and Ƿeste.
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Fruman
The Yuezhi reached þæt Crecisc rice Greco-Bactria, in þǣm Bactrian landscipe (norðernmest Afghanistan and Uzbekistan) ymbe 135 BCE, and displaced the Crecisc dynasties there, who resettled in Indus basin (in present day Pacistan) in the westdæl þæs Indocreciscan Rices.
A multi-cultural Empire
In the following century, the Yuezhi tribe of the Guishuang (Ch: 貴霜) gained prominence over the others, and welded them into a tight confederation. The name Guishuang was adopted in the West and modified into Kushan to designate the confederation, although the Chinese continued to call them Yuezhi.
Gradually wresting control of the area from the Scythian tribes, the Kushans expanded south into the region traditionally known as Gandhara (An area lying primarily in Pakistan's Pothowar, and NWFP region but going in an arc to include Kabul valley and part of Qandahar in Afghanistan) and established twin capitals near present-day Kabul and Peshawar then known as Kapisa and Pushklavati respectively.
The Kushans adopted many elements of the Hellenistic culture of Bactria, where they had settled. They adapted the Greek alphabet (often corrupted) to suit their own language (with the additional development of the letter Þ "sh", as in "Kushan") and soon began minting coinage on the Greek model. On their coins they used Greek language legends combined with Kharoshthi legends until the first few years of the reign of Kanishka, and after that date, used Kushan language legends combined with Greek language legends, both of them in the Greek script.
From the time of Wima Takto, Kushans started adopting the Indian culture like the other nomadic groups who invaded India. The first great Kushan emperor Wima Kadphises seems to have embraced Saivism, as indicated by his coins. The following Kushan emperors represented a wide variety of Indian and Central Asian deities, as well as the Buddha.
Heraios
Heraios was probably the first of the Kushan kings. He may have been an ally of the Greeks, and he shared the same style of coinage. Heraios was probably the father of Kujula Kadphises.
Kanishka I
The rule of the Kushans linked the seagoing trade of the Indian Ocean with the commerce of the Silk Road through the long-civilized Indus Valley. At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely oversaw a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan into northern India.
The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long-distance trade, brought Chinese silks to Rome, and created strings of flourishing urban centers.
Cultural exchanges also flourished, encouraging the development of Greco-Buddhism, a fusion of Hellenistic and Buddhist cultural elements, that was to expand into central and northern Asia as Mahayana Buddhism. Kanishka is renowed in Buddhist tradition for having convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. This council is attributed with having marked the official beginning of the pantheistic Mahayana Buddhism and its scission with Nikaya Buddhism. Kanishka also had the original Gandhari vernacular, or Prakrit, Mahayana Buddhist texts translated into the high literary language of Sanskrit. Along with the Indian king Ashoka, the Indo-Greek king Menander I (Milinda), and Harsha Vardhana, Kanishka is considered by Buddhism as one of its greatest benefactors.
The art and culture of Gandhara, at the crossroads of the Kushan hegemony, are the best known expressions of Kushan influences to Westerners.
Contacts with Rome
Several Roman sources describe the visit of ambasssadors from the Kings of Bactria and India during the 2nd century CE, probably referring to the Kushans:
Aelius Spartianus, speaking of Emperor Hadrian (117–138 CE) in his Historia Augusta writes: "Reges Bactrianorum legatos ad eum, amicitiae petendae causa, supplices miserunt" ("The kings of the Bactrians sent supplicant ambassadors to him, begging for his friendship").
Also in 138, according to Aurelius Victor (Épitomé‚ XV, 4), and Appian (Praef., 7), Antoninus Pius, successor to Hadrian, received some Indian, Bactrian (Kushan) and Hyrcanian ambassadors.
The Chinese Historical Chronicle of the Hou Hanshu also describes the exchange of goods between northwestern India and the Roman Empire at that time: "To the west (Tiazhu, northwestern india) communicates with Da Qin (the Roman Empire). Precious things from Da Qin can be found there, as well as fine cotton cloths, excellent wool carpets, perfumes of all sorts, sugar loaves, pepper, ginger, and black salt."
The summer capital of the Kushan in Begram has yielded a considerable amount of goods imported from the Roman Empire, in particular various types of glassware.
Contacts with China
During the 1st and 2nd century, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north and occupied parts of the Tarim Basin, their original grounds, putting them at the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce with the Roman Empire. They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they collaborated with the Chinese general Ban Chao against the Sogdians in 84 CE, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of Kashgar. Around 85 CE, they also assisted the Chinese general in an attack on Turfan, east of the Tarim Basin.
In recognition for their support to the Chinese, the Kushans requested, but were denied, a Han princess, even after they had sent presents to the Chinese court. In retaliation, they marched on Ban Chao in 86 CE with a force of 70,000, but, exhausted by the expedition, were finally defeated by the smaller Chinese force. The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire during the reign of the Chinese emperor Han He (89–106).
Later, around 116 CE, the Kushans under Kanishka established a kingdom centered on Kashgar, also taking control of Khotan and Yarkand, which were Chinese dependencies in the Tarim Basin, modern Xinjiang. They introduced the Brahmi script, the Indian Prakrit language for administration, and expanded the influence of Greco-Buddhist art which developed into Serindian art.
The Kushans are again recorded to have sent presents to the Chinese court in 158–159 CE during the reign of the Chinese emperor Han Huan.
Following these interactions, cultural exhanges further increased, and Kushan Buddhist missionaries, such as Lokaksema, became active in the Chinese capital cities of Loyang and sometimes Nanjing, where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. They were the first recorded promoters of Hinayana and Mahayana scriptures in China, greatly contributing to the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism.
Undergang
From the 3rd century the Kushan empire began to fragment.
Ymbe 225, Vasudeva I died and the Kushan empire was divided into western and eastern halves. Around 224–240, the Sassanians invaded Bactria and Northern India, where they are known as the Indo-Sassanians.
Around 270, the Kushans lost their territories on the Gangetic plain, where the Gupta Empire was established around 320.
During the middle of the 4th century CE a Kushan vassal in Pakistan, named Kidara, rose to power and overthrew the old Kushan dynasty. He created a kingdom known as the Kidarite Kingdom, although he probably considered himself a Kushan, as indicated by the Kushan style of his coins. The Kidarite seem to have been rather prosperous, although on a smaller scale than their Kushan predecessors.
Þā lāfa þæs Cuscan rīces wǣron forloren in 5th gēarhundred mid þǣre infare þāra Hwītra Hunnena and Islamiscan þungennesse. -->
Hēah Cuscan ƿealdendas
Heraios (c. 1 – 30), forma Cuscan ƿealdend, ȝemǣnelīċe Cuscan ƿealdungtīd is ȝecnēatod Kujula Kadphises (c. 30 – c. 80) Vima Takto, (c. 80 – c. 105) elcor ȝehāten Soter Megas oþþe "Miċel Hǣlend." Vima Kadphises (c. 105 – c. 127) se forma miċela Cuscena cāsere Kanishka I (127 – c. 147) Vāsishka (c. 151 – c. 155) Huvishka (c. 155 – c. 187) Vasudeva I (c. 191 – 225), se sīðemesta miċelra Cuscena cāsera Kanishka II (c. 226 – 240) Vashishka (c. 240 – 250) Kanishka III (c. 255 – 275) Vasudeva II (c. 290 – 310) Chhu (c. 310? – 325?) Shaka I (c. 325 – 345) Kipunada (c. 350 – 375)
Mississippi
Mississippi is rīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American. His hēofodburg is Jackson.
Fermat tæl
In rīmcræftum, Fermat tæl, genemnod æfter Pierre de Fermat, þǣm þe hīe ærest hogde, is positif tæl mid scape:
þider n is unnegatif tæl. Þā ærest eahta Fermat talu sind (æfterfylgung A000215 on OEIS):
Gif 2n + 1 frumtæl is, man cynþ ācȳðan þæt n must bēon 2-miht. (Gif n = ab þæt 1 < a, b < n and b is ofertæl, man hæfþ 2n + 1 ≡ (2a)b + 1 ≡ (−1)b + 1 ≡ 0 (mod 2a + 1).)
For þǣm ǣlc frumtæl mid scape 2n + 1 is Fermat tæl, and þās frumtalu hātte Fermat frumtalu. Man ƿāt ǣnlīce fīf Fermat frumtalu: F0, ... ,F4.
Basic properties
Þā Fermat talu āfylaþ þis recurrence relations
for n ≥ 2. <!-- TO BE translated Each of these relations can be proved fram mathematical induction. From se last equation, wé can deduce Goldbach's theorem: na twa Fermat talu share āc common factor. To (ge)seoh þes, suppose that 0 ≤ i < j ge Fi ge Fj hæbbe āc common factor āc > 1. Then āc divides both
and Fj; heonon āc divides their difference 2. Since āc > 1, þes forces āc = 2. This is āc contradiction, to ðon gehwa Fermat tæl is clearly odd. As āc corollary, wé obtain elra proof of se infinitude of se prime numbers: to gehwa Fn, choose āc prime factor pn; þa se sequence {pn} is an infinite sequence of distinct primes.
Hēr sind sum oðer basic properties of se Fermat numbers:
Primality of Fermat numbers
Fermat numbers ge Fermat primes wurdon ǣrest gehogod fram Pierre de Fermat, se þe rǣswode þæt ealla Fermat rīma sind prime. Indeed, þā forman fīf Fermat rīma F0,...,F4 sind éaþtǽcne tó béonne (irregular) prime. Hwæðere wearþ þéos rǽswung onsacen fram Leonhard Eulere in 1732 mid þǽm þe hé cýðde þæt
It is interesting to note hú Euler fand þás factorization. Euler hæfde proved that every factor of Fn sceall habban þone form k2n+1 + 1. For n = 5, þes means that se only possible factors are of se form 64k + 1. It did ne take Euler ful lang, lang gemetan se factor 641 = 10×64 + 1.
It is widely believed that Fermat was aware of Euler's result, swa hit seems curious hwi hé failed folgian geond on (+d,āc) se straightforward calculation gemetan se factor. One common explanation is that Fermat made āc computational mistake ge was swa convinced of se correctness of his claim that hé failed to double-check his gedeorf.
There are na oðer known Fermat primes Fn mid n > 4. In fact, gehwa of se following is an open problem:
The following heuristic argument suggests ðær are only finitely fela Fermat primes: according to se prime tæl theorem, se "probability" that āc tæl n is prime is æt mæst A/ln(n), hwær A is āc fixed constant. Therefore, se total expected tæl of Fermat primes is æt most
As of þes gewrit (2004), hit is known that Fn is composite to 5 ≤ n ≤ 32, although complete factorisations of Fn are known only to 0 ≤ n ≤ 11. The largest known composite Fermat tæl is F2478782, ge his prime factor 3×22478785 + 1 was discovered fram (+dat) John Cosgrave ge his Proth-Gallot Group on Winterfylleþ 10, 2003.
There are āc tæl of conditions that are equivalent to se primality of Fn.
Factorisation of Fermat numbers
...Lucas's theorem...Sierpinski tæl...
Fermat's fea theorem ge pseudoprimes
...Using Fermat numbers to generate infinitely fela pseudoprimes...
Relationship to constructible polygons
An n-sided regollic polygon can be constructed mid anwealda ge compass gif ge only gif n is āc miht of 2 hwæþer þe se product of āc miht of 2 ge distinct Fermat primes. In oðer words, gif ge only gif n is of se form n = 2kp1p2...ps, hwær k is āc nonnegative integer ge se pi are distinct Fermat primes. See constructible polygon.
A positive integer n is of se onuppan form gif ge only gif φ(n) is āc miht of 2, hwær φ(n) is Euler's totient function.
Other interesting facts
...Fn cannot be āc perfect miht, perfect, hwæþer þe dǣl of amicable pair, etc...
Generalised Fermat numbers
...medmicel definition of L(p,m) ge G(p,m)... -->
Android
right|thumb|200px|Android 4.4 KitKat home screen right|thumb|200px|Android searusprecend Android is folclīc ƿeorcendebyrdness on searusprecendum and ēac bredspearctellendum.
Hit is staðolod on Linux, þēah þe nis hē rihte full Linuxlīc. Ǣrest ƿorhte Android Inc. hit, ac siþþan bōhte Google Android Inc. hit. Se forma searusprecend þe brēac Android ƿæs asteald on folc on þǣm 2008. gēare. Hit is nū frēo ƿeorcƿrithyrst þe brȳcþ þæt Apache Lēaf.
Tōdæg is hit sēo folclīcoste searusprecenda ƿeorcendebyrdnesse. On þǣm æfterran 2012. gēare ƿǣron þǣr nēan 500 þūsend þūsenda Android searƿa.
Cidones
Cidones is þorp in Spēonlande.
Með
Með is scīr on Īrlande þære Cynewīsan. In geardagum wæs Meðrīce Īrlandes middel rīce and þæs ofercyninges setl wæs hēr æt Tara þæm dūne. Meðrīces westdæl is Westmeð sēo scīr.
Cerbón
Cerbón is þorp in Spēonlande.
Neamere
right|230px right|thumb|200px|Neamere
Neamere (Lough Neagh) is micel luh onmiddan Norðernum Īrlande. 151 mīla þæs feoƿerscyte hæfþ hē and fisc and ælas manig. Īege næfþ þis ƿæter nān in his healf tƿa hund mīla būton smæl gærsigoþ nēah his sūðernan rīm.
Fīf scīra Neamere ymbesittaþ; Antrimscīr, Dūnscīr, Ardmachusscīr, Tiroƿen and Lundenderryscīr.
Bann ēa, sē is Uladstires lengsta ēa, ierneð of Mūrnbeorgum in þisne mere, æt his sūþdæl and is eall besƿelged. Æt þæs meres norþernmentan ende springþ Bann ūt and flēoƿþ rihtnorþ oð Garsecge.
Lettland
Lettland, Latvia (Latvija ), oþþe Latvijas Republika, Latvija, Letonia is land on Europan. Her spricþ man Lettisce.
Stǣr þǣre Worulde
Þis geƿrit handlaþ þæt mennisce stǣr þǣre Ƿorulde. Ymbe eorþlīc stǣr þǣre ƿorulde seoh þæt Eorþlice stǣr, ymbe līfcræftlīc stǣr seoh līfes stǣre. <!--to be translated
Paleolithic
Homo sapiens sapiens first arose on the Earth between 400 and 250 thousand years ago during the Palaeolithic period. This occurred after a long period of evolution. Ancestors of humans, such as homo erectus, had been using simple tools for many millennia, but as time progressed tools became far more refined and complex. At some point humans had begun using fire for heat and for cooking. Humans also developed language sometime during the Paleolithic, as well as a conceptual repertoire that included systematic burial of the dead and adornment of the living. During this period all humans lived as hunter-gatherers who were generally nomadic.
Modern humans spread rapidly over the globe from Africa an the frost-free zones of Europe and Asia. The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the Ice Age, when temperate regions of today were extremely inhospitable. Yet, humans had colonised nearly all the ice-free parts of the globe by the end of the Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago.
Neolithic revolution
A major change, described by the great prehistorian Gordon Childe as a "revolution", occurred around the 9th millennium BC with the adoption of agriculture. Although research has tended to concentrate on the Fertile Crescent area of the Middle East, archaeology in the Americas, East Asia and Southeast Asia indicates that agricultural systems using different crops and animals may well have developed at similarly early dates. As might be expected, agriculture was particularly important in areas which became the cradles of early civilisations, such as the Yellow River valley in China, the Nile in Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Some peoples, such as Aborigines of Australia and the Bushmen of southern Africa, did not use agriculture until relatively modern times.
Agriculture led to several major changes. It allowed far larger population densities. It also created, and allowed for, the storage of food surpluses that could support people not directly involved in food production. The development of agriculture allowed the creation of the first cities. The development of cities has led to what has been called civilisation. First in the Sumerian civlisation of lower Mesopotamia (3500 BC), then Egypt along the Nile (3000 BC), the Harappan of the Indus (2500 BC), there is evidence of elaborate cities with higher levels of social and economic complexity. These civilisations were so different from each other that they must almostly certainly be thought of as independent in origin. At this same time developments such as writing, currency, and extensive trade were introduced.
Bronze and Iron ages
The agricultural settlements had until this time been almost completely dependent on stone tools. In Eurasia, copper and bronze tools, decorations, and weapons began to become commonplace around 3000 BC. After bronze the Eastern Mediterranean region, Middle East and China saw the introduction of iron tools and weapons. Some areas of the world, including all of the Americas, never developed metal tools, however.
The diffusion of ironworking technology was at least partially responsible for the collapse of the Minoan, Mycenaean and Hittite civilisations around 1200 BC, as these advanced peoples lost their technological lead to their barbarian neigbours. These collapses inaugurated a period of confusion, after which two competing civilisations emerged in the west, the Greeks and Persians. Chinese civilisation too began to assume its familiar aspect during the 1st millennium BC. The Zhou Dynasty produced a vast peasant workforce as well as a nobility in charge of organising government and conducting the worship of its ancestors.
Flintscīr
right|150px Flintscīr (Sir y Fflint) is scīr on Ƿēala norðƿestum ecg. Ǣr ƿæs þis land Ceasterscīre dæl oððæt ðe Snaƿdūnes cyninges cynytted hit mid hiera rice.
Stǣr þǣre Worulde
The Classical empires
By the last centuries BC the Mediterranean, the Ganges and the Yellow River became the seats of empires which future rulers would strive to imitate. In China the Qin and Han dynasties extended the rule of imperial government through political unity, improving communications and also notably the establishment of state monopolies by Emperor Wu. In India, the influence of the Guptas spread over much of the subcontinent via a network of tributaries and alliances. The ensuing stability contributed to herald the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. In the west, the Romans began expanding their territory through conquest and colonisation from the beginning of the 5th century BC. By the regin of Augustus around the birth of Christ, Rome controlled all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean.
Flintscīr
Sēo scīr līð andlang þǣm Īriscum Brime benorðen hie and hæfþ Ceasterscīr æt hiere ēasternum mearc and Denbighscīr be ƿesten hie. Lytlu is Flintscīr and bedæled in ðrim dālum þærof is his mǣsta dæl ymbe Flint þǣre byrig and andlang Dig ēa. Hiere sūðern dāl is ymbe þǣm Engliscum Mæglor.
Stǣr þǣre Worulde
The Classical empires
The great empires rested on the ability to exploit the process of military annexation and the formation of settlements to become agricultural centres. The relative peace they brought encouraged international trade and notably the growth of the Silk Road. They also faced common problems such as those associated with maintaining huge armies and the support of the bureaucracy. These costs fell most heavily on the peasantry, whilst land-owning magnates were increasingly able to evade centralised control. The pressure of barbarians on the frontiers hastened the process of internal dissolution. The Han empire fell into civil war in 220 whilst its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralised and divided around the same time.
Age of Kingdoms
Throughout the temperate zones of Eurasia and North Africa large empires continued to rise and fall. While the Roman Empire collapsed it was replaced a few centuries later by a number of powerful Catholic states. In China dynasties would similarly rise and fall. The most remarkable, if short lived, of these was the Mongol Empire which seized almost all of Eurasia's landmass, missing only western Europe and Japan.
Islam, which began in Arabia in the 7th century AD, was also one of the most remarkable forces growing from only a few followers to become the basis of a series of large Empires in India, the Middle East, and North Africa.
This period was marked by slow, but steady, technological improvements with developments of extreme importance such as the stirrup and printing arriving every few centuries.
Vast societies also began to be built up in Central America at this time with the Inca in the Andes and the Aztecs in modern Mexico being the most notable.
Rise of Europe
The Aztec and Incan empires were destroyed, as were many of the cultures of North America. Gold and resources for the Americas began to be shipped to Europe, while at the same time large numbers of European colonists began to emigrate to the west.
The Portuguese and Spanish Empires were at first predominant, but soon the more northern French, English, and Dutch began to dominate the Atlantic. In a series of wars fought in the 17th and 18th centuries, culminating with the Napoleonic Wars Britain emerged as the most powerful nation in the world. It controlled an empire that spanned the globe.