cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Greenlan
Kolinlan格陵蘭
Kolinlan-Kanatal(Kalaallit Nunaat；Grønland) ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera, itiraay i saka’amisan no sakawali no Ka'amisay-Amirika, ila’eday no Ka’amisay So’edaan-Riyar ato Tasiyang. O sa’osi i 2019 mihecaan ira ko 55,992 ko tamdaw, o kaditek no tamdaw 0.028 km².Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo,macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’.
Aparaham Linken
縮圖|Abraham LincolnAparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
Fenek(智慧)
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
Nalipaan(事蹟)
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
Sakisici(政治)
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan
Notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan (Inkilis: Austronesian languages, “Notimolan a kalokanatal”(Austronesia) a sowal, tosaay ko tilid: austro ato nesia pakapotan. Austro nai Lating a tilid austrālis, timol a sowal; nesia nai Kirisiya a sowal nesos, kalokanatal sowal, o adihayay ko kalokanatal i katimolay Taypinyang sanay.) o notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan ko nisowalan no i Tayangcu ato timolan no Asiya finacadan.
Halo tungtiwen, Intonisiya, Malaysiya, Filipin, Wenlay, Matakaska, Keronisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit, Hawayi, ato Polinisiya ato Taywan yincuminco, Nahay huyhuy finacadan (Can ngasaw), Niwzilan a maoli finacadan (Polinisiya ngasaw), mafokilay somowal to no Papowa a Milanisiya finacadan (no Satimolan Kanatal a kasado’edo a aowal, o matiyaay no Papowa a finacadan ko silosi) alomanay finacadan.
No Taywan a sasowalen 出台灣假說
Ci Sutele ato ci Marke i 1975 mihecaan pasadak mihapiw, nao tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a sowal ko Taywan, hakalay mirocokay hakasi milayap to nikingkiwan ningra[17]. Mangalef ni Pitiro Pirwote (inkilis: Peter Bellwood) i 1991 mihacaan i “Kaki Amilika tamdaw) a cassi, pakayni toni mihapiwan ikor i, “o tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a sowal o nai Taywanay” sanay ko pahapinang, malo kalacecayan no alomanay a hakasi[18]. I:kor miliyaw pasadak, Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan o nai Asiya a pala a tayni saan, i ’ayaw no 8000 mihecaan tayni i Taywan, i:kor macowat to saki no riyaray a fana’(’icel), ditdit sa a mafolaw tayra i roma a kanatal, nengneng[19]; halafin to kakaya’ay romi’ad, paterep sa, ta mido’edo a mafolaw, ano mipili’ to ta’angay ato mamangay kitakit, saheto i fa^edetay ato ciherangay pala ko tadamaan a kanga’ayan.
Dotocen ko ni Pirwote a nikingkiwan, no Satimolan kalokanatal a sowal o nai Asiya a pala ko katayni han ko Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, latek o milecaday to tayniay i Taywan a tayni ato nai timolay Asiya finacadan, micedekay tayni i Taywan, i ’ayaw no 6000 mihecaan. Latek ’ayaw no 5000 mihecaan, itiya misatapang nai Taywan pasitimol malopisak tayra i Filipin a kanatal, masapinangay i sa’amisan a Lisong pala. Nanitira malinah tayra i Polocu, sawaklian no Intonisiya, o romi’ad latak i ’ayaw no 4500 mihecaan.
Onini a kalopisak a safaco, manga’ay o nokonga a kalenak ko kahapinangan, pakayni i katalawali malinah no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, ato timolan a Amilika a yincumin kalalitemohan, o konga ko sapalenak nai Amilika patayra i liyok no Taypinyang a pala[21][22]. Roma kacipinangan o i Taypinyang rorang a kilan. 2015 mihecaan Taywan daykako no lotok a liyok kinaira si ato Celi kitakit malakapot mikingkiw, misapinang to ’etipay Taypinyang a kitakit a patinako to rorang a kilang, masapinang kasaniyaro’ a rorang ato timolan Taywan a rorang a kilang ira ko kalecadan no langdaway a sapiwina a patodongan (inkilis: haplotype), ’etip Tapinyang kasakitakit a rorang kilang o nai Taywanay. Nawhani no Taypinyang rorang a kilang awaay ko okangan tawinaan sanay sasiroma a lengaw, caay ka lonok a sa ciheci, pakaynien no tamdawa ko pipasidenga ko pipalenak, saka maplasawad ko no ’a’adopen a nipalenakan. Taypinyang rorang a kilang a tolak o sakadademak no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, saki lekakawa o sakadademak ko tolak. Nawhani Taypinyang rorang a kilang ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan madadihecoay, mitoor ko nakilang to kalalinah no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan malenak. Mapahapinang itini malalikeday ma’orip kina no Taywan a sowal[23].
No nai palapalaan (tayliko) tatapangan a sowal 巽他大陸起源說
Ni Setifen Openhaymo pasadakan. nai palapalaan (tayliko) tatapangan a sowal, no ki’etecay ho a wali-timol-Asiya masararem ho tono anini a riyar, Kafa kitakit, Sumentala kitakit ato Makaysiya kitakit makakafitay, masataylikoay, sakadadahal no Asiya. Nikawrira kaki’etecan, kalalaedan no ki’etec, macakat to ko nanom, malenlen to ko pala. Oni a palaay maro’ay mapalinah, matiya o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan.
Kawaliay Asiya tayliko mililisay to riyar a sowal 東亞大陸沿海假說
I Fucien matanam i Tansesan ko nalacolan, i Cangcu-Tungsan-Tamawsan nalacolan, Nintesyaposin-huangkuasan-Piciw nalacolan, Ciencu-cinciangsan-saciw nalacolan, Fucu-pintan-kociwto nalacolan, midotoc to nikingkiwan malecad to Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan no punka. I Fucien masadakay a ’ongcoy, fokeloh pa’ot ato sacocok a po’ot, i Polinisaya manengneng to. I Fucien pinapina ta’angay kasadakan no fokeloh, misadita’an a nalacolan a nisanga’an, sakadademak, no ina a sowal ko pipacoroh, timolay Taypinyang, Indoyang a kalokitakit o tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, i wali-timol no Cungkuo mililisay to riyar a punka ira ko kararomakatan. Cungkuo yiyaw taykako ci Keyincin hakasi, mihadoy to makalasapiwina fana’ kafafalic pakairaan ato kicic, misilsil to i Macu-Liyan-tao masadakay a Liyan-tao tamdaw a horac, liyawen patireng mirocok a rayray, saka ’aya:way a Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan i ’ayaw no 8000 mihecaan o nai lilisay to niyaro’ no rirar no Fucien, miliyang to Taywan ato wali-timol-Asiya kitakit o ’ayaway nai Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan saanay sowal[24]. O nangra pihaen, E ato R9 o cecayay masadak i Taywan a yincumin a rocok, o Liyan-tao tamdaw ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ira ko sangasaw saan, malengat ko hekalay to no tamdawan fana’ a kalisaot ato kalaliyang; nawhani no calayan a E pisacecay to i Cungkuo tayliko awaay mahapinang, ato ni Ke a malawama ikoray pado’edo topakayniay i Liyan-tao saka 1 tamdaw a Y cengel heci no pikingkiw, makinsaay a tatosa a tamdaw to nano Liyan-tao tamdaw to malaheciay a cengel no pikingkiw, tangasa anini awaay ho i Taywan ko pihapiw, masiromaay a pikingkiw, awaay ko macaco’elisay a pahapinang a sowal. [25] Cunghuaminkuo mikingkiway to to’as ci Can-kung-I midotoc to no Fucu-pintan-kuciwto nalacolan pasadam, ikoray i no’etipan lilis a riyar no Taywan a Tafenkeng a punka ato nini a punka mamatatoresay, tosaay a punka laway pasowal I’ayaway iraay to Fucien ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko lalengawan saan. [26]
No potalay a pakakafit (外部連結)
Cristian Capelli; 等. A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001, 68 (2): 432–443 [2012-01-11]. PMC 1235276 可免費查閱. PMID 11170891. doi:10.1086/318205. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-19）.
本條目出自公有領域：Chisholm, Hugh (編). 大英百科全書 (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社. 1911.
Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University
Languages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language Family（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages
Fadas
縮圖|fadas O tadakaolahan no Pangcah a komaen ko fadas,
Fadas 翼豆
縮圖|Fadas(翼豆、四角豆、羊角豆) I ayaw no Ikor ni kiristo 1910 a mihaca, mapacomod no tato’asan no Taywan koni fadas, na i Tonnanya a kitakit mipacamod, anini i, ’aloman mipalomaay i pasawali no Taywan, awa:ay ma’araw ko mipalomaay i saetip no Taywan, nikaora awaay ma’araw i taheka, ona fadas a dateng komaenay ko Malaysiya a kitkit. 翼豆 O fadas han no ’Amis pangangan, o nipalomaan no Yancomin kakaenen a dateng, awa:ay ma’araw i Taywan, matatodong itira i Kalingko ato i Posong ko pipalomaa nira,nawhan matatodong ko kamolahan no fadas toni a pala, awa:ay ko fao, sanaw caay nipaiyo, o safangcalay no aniniay a tamdaw konini a dateng. Ipasawali a niyaro’ no Taywan a Yancomin, mahapingan ma’araw i niyaro’ no ‘Amis, o paro no loma’ maemin mipaloma to fadas i padatengan,o pipaloman no fadas itini i mo^etep a folad tangasa itini i romamiheca no sepat a folad, ma’araw to ko kangdaway ato maloloay a fadas,paytemek sa ko paro no loma’ paloma i lawac no loma’, caay ko ‘aloman ko mipa’acaay a patiyamay, ira ma’araw i padetengay pa’acay to dateng ato i misinafel a patiyamay, awa:ay ma’araw I roma a pa’acaay to dateng.
Tahapinangan形態
Tahapinangan ko heci no fadas, mahapingan ira ko sepat ma’atonglay a manengneng, makofel a nengnengen tadasasiroma a nengnengen, matiya o latak a nengnengen,orasaka ira ko pangangan nira o latak a rara’ han. O milalahay ko papah nira, sangaen ko pilalahan nira a ‘awol. Pipalomaan a folad i falo folad tangsa i siwa a folad, i safaw cecay folad ko kacihecian no fadas, safaw lima a romi’ad cihana,kor to i manga’ay to mipitpit to heci nira, sasiroma sa tata’ang ko heci nawhan, o rama a sapal caay ka lecad ko heci nira ko kakaya,sepat polo’ kongfen tangasa lima polo’ kongfen ko kakaya no heci nira, ira ko safaw lima tangasa i tosa polo’ ko kakaya nira,ilaloma no heci ira ko sapaloma, cecay hecian pina ko sapalom caay ka lecad kaadihay, o hana, o heci,o koengelay a papah, maeming manga’ay makaen, manga’ay malohiliw ko tapangangan nira, tadafangcal nengnengen ko hana,o kangdaway maloloay ko cengel no hana, manga’ay o malopinengnengan no lafang ko hana nira, palama to caay ka lecad a sapal,ira ko cikongaay to konga, manga’ay a makaen, matiya o konga a kaenen takaraw ko Tanpayce nira.
Mitangtang料理
Itya ho, ano mitangtang to fadas ko Yancomin, awa ko mipacamolan to manmaan, o cilah aca ko mipacamolan a misakohaw, anini sato i, adihay to ko pisafel, ano misakohaw sai, pacamol to to okak no titi no fafoy, ano miciyan sa, pacamol ho to titi, to afar, to sorita, ira ko mitangtangan i namon, maecak to i, kahot han miteli i sala pacamol han to masamaanay a tenas, adihay to ko sasiroma a misafel. Ira ko mipalamaan no mako a fadas, kacihecian a foladan, malofic ko heci nira, ano mapitpit to, tangsol han telien i pinsing, aka taelifen ko cecay lipay, nawhani, koheting to koya fadas, caay to kaeso kaenen. Ceno’ hanca i fadisaw, ta pacamolen to miming a simal ato cilah, kaen han micedem, manga’ay misapoener to remes.
Kuwaping a sowal
frameless|350px|right
O Sowal no Kuwaping (漢族的語言, 漢語) hananay i, o Kuwaping a sowal.
Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a Kuwaping i Congko.
Tangasa to i 2015 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 13.4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Kuwaping a sowal i hkal ma^min.
Kasasiwasiw:Kuwaping a sowal
O Amilika a Lemed
O Amilika a Lemed 美國夢
Nika o caayay kapapina a tamdaw mi’epesay to American a Dream(lemed) o misangalefay to dafongan to sakakadofahaw milita’ang ato lipahakan pahapinang. Nawhani kao ’alomasnay kitakit a tamdaw caay ka matira, itini i Amilika o pakoniraay a kicay adihayay, awaay ko tatodong no sifo, saka o syakay no Amilika ranikay ko kadademakan. Nai pisiiked no Amilika tangasa i 19 sician, dadahalay a sera awaay ko maro’ay ato ciseraay, manan cifaloco’ay a tamdaw manga’ay micelap misafaloco’ mimatang. Tangasa i falicen to kikay ko sakatayal, ta’akay a parapatan a kinaira ato fa’elohay kakayan a fana’ ranikay ramakat i syakay no Amilika.
Commonwealth of Dominica
縮圖|Hata no kitakit
Dominica(多米尼克國，Ikiris a sowal: Commonwealth of Dominica)
o itiraay I Sifo’ay-Amirika Karopy-Riyar a kanatalan kitakit, o cecay a kanatal no Sa’etipay-Kanatanalan, I sasifo’an no ipapotalay kowan (Matiniko ato Kuatoropo)no Fransu.o tatapangan a tokay o syoto o Roso(Roseau).
Ngangan no kitakit(國名)
縮圖|kaitiraan no Tominika kitakit O pihongyaku no Sakakaay Midemakay to Kalokitakit no Conghuwaminko o Tominiko hananay. Ono Congko a pihongyaku I, o katelangay ho a pangangan o Matatekoay-Kitakit no Tominiciya hananay.nikawrira, marawraw ko tamdaw to roma a kitakit itira to I Karopi-Riyar a Tominiko Kapolongan-kitakit, onini ko pifalic no Congko I 1994 miheca saka1 folad saka 14 romi’ad o Tominiko Kitakit, decdecan pangangano Tominiko.
Rikisi (歷史)
O salikolay malami’ecoan kowan no Yoropa ko Tominiko itini I Karopi-Riyar, nawhanni, tada o ci’icelay a mitoker to kahecalay tomdaw ko Tominiko.i 1763 mihecaan pafelien no Fransu I Ikiris ko Tominiko. Tahira to I 1978 miheca nga’ malaheci ko pisiiked patireng to niyah a kitakit.i 1980 miheca mafelih no finawlan ko Mitekeday-Skowan a sifo, misingkiw to fa’elohay a kakeridan no sifo I 1980 miheca ci Mali-Yukiniya-Carso (瑪麗·尤金妮亞·查爾斯，Dame Mary Eugenia Charles ) ko malacongliay, satapang sa kona kitakit a macomahad, o sa’ayaway a fafahiyan malacongliay itini I Karopy-Riyar cinira,15 ko mihecaan ko katayalan ningra.
Kaitiraan (地理)
縮圖|261x261像素|Tiyapolotin cinamalay lotok (Morne Diablotins) O Dominika a kitakit itiraay I ka’amisay no sawalian no Mamangay Antilis-Kanatanatal no sawalian a Karopi-Riyar, isakawali misi’ayaway to Saka’amisay-Riyar, isaka’etip o Karopi-Riyar, o polong sera dengan 751 km². o sa’akawangay a tokos I, o itiraay I ka’amis a Tiyapolotin-Cinamalay Lotok, o takaraw ira ko 1,447 laya’ ,masa’efo’efong kano lotok mademet ko kilakilang. I sasifo’an ira ko mamangay a dafdaf. Tadaadihay ko ‘alo madacidas ko rakat no nanom, orasaka, cowa ka nga’ay romakat ko tamina. Isaka’eti no dafdaf ira ko Laiyie’alo, isakawali no dafdaf ira ko Kaserporoso ‘alo. adihay ko fa’edetay nanom itini, o cinganganay I, o itiraay I katimol a Fo-Fanaw Fa’edetay nanom. O lilis no riyar ira ko 148 kilo, masa’ako’akong, adihay heca ko sapatih sanay a kasangapad tono’. O fa’edetay a riyariyaran ko kakarayan itini, nani saka 6 folad tahira I saka 10 folad o kala’oraday, nani 11 folad tahira I saka5 folad o kakedalan a romi’ad, I saka7 folad tahira I saka 9 folad adihay ko faliyos. O lalen no fa’edet ira ko 27℃. O omah ira ko 1.7 ‘ofad kofo ko sera, o kilakilangan matahepo ko polong no kitakit to 41%, adihay ko tadama’anay aa kahengangay kilang(紅木) ato  Yu-kilang(柚木)itini. 縮圖|245x245像素|Hlyuci no Karopi tamdaw (Carib Territory)
O Holyuci no karopi tamdaw (加勒比人領地)
Ona Holyuci no karopi tamdaw(加勒比人領地:Ikiris a sowal: Carib Territory)，也被稱作加勒比人保留地Carib Reserve).o cecay a pala no Tominiko, itiraay i tadasalawacan a tokotokosan no Tominiko, misi’ayaway to Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran (Ikiris a sowal:Atlantic Ocean), o kakahad non apala ira ko 15 kofo.o nipatirengan no maro’ay i Tominiko ko yuencumin no Karopi-Riyar.onini ko sapawacay to i’ayaway no Yoropa ato ikoray maforaw a tayni. Orasaka,oya mi’ecoay mikowan a Ikiris tamdaw mihayi ta patireng sako Karopi tamdaw tona Holyuci I 1903 miheca.
Itini tona pala ira ko pito a niyaro’ onini i, Pataka niyaro’, ’Orang niyaro’, Mawo ’Alo niyaro’, Siesir niyaro’, Ngawliti ’Alo niyaro’, Siniko niyaro’, ato Tona-Aoti niyaro’. O mikowanay a iingkay ato paimengan itiraay I sasifo’an a Salipiya niyaro.
O maro’ay itini a tamdaw anini ira ko 3000 a Karopi tamdaw, o iingay ona pala cisalongocay to sakowan, o tapang nona pala o Karopi Tomok.
Kanasaw/’a’owang
U nisimsiman nu tamdaw tu kanasaw/’a’owang, matiya caay ku ma'uripay, anu eca caay kavana' a dademak. Nika, dademak cangra a mikilim tu kakaenen, anu awaay ku kakaenen i, maka muketep a li-mi(厘米) ku rakat tu cacay a remi'ad; anu adihay ku kakaenen i, a milawit tu cacay a kong-ci(公尺) ku rakat nangra.
Aa
O 'ayam ko aa, saheto o mafana'ay a midangoy.
Aka to a pisiyor manga'ay to a manengneng no aa ko ikor.
Manga'ay a kaenen ko fita'ol ato titi no aa.
Kamelengay ko podac no fita'ol no aa.
Manga'ay a malasapisanga' to dihekoay a riko' ko opih no aa.
'afar
O 'afar（kuwaping a sowal:蝦） hananay i, ira ko kakaya'ay a tiyad. O sasera no tiyad no mira i, ira ko sapidangoy a oo'.
Manga'ay a malakakaenen ko 'afar i cowacowa a finacadan. Manga'ay a malosapacedam ko 'afar, manga'ay ho a malosinafel cecay.
Manga'ay a pakaenen i karase ko 'afar a malotanengnengan. Caay ka edeng o tanengnengan ko 'afar, manga'ay ho cangra a milowan to damay ato misolac to kadit no karase.
Solita
O solita hananay, o ma'oripay i riyar, o tadangangan(學名) no solita pakayni i sowal no Amilika i, o "Octopoda".
O roma i, repeten no tamdaw a mipacakay.
Awaay ko 'okak no solita, nikaorira mafilo nangra a mipatay ko fafoy no riyar ato roma tata'angay a foting malokakaenen nangra.
Fangcal ko pono' no solita, o tadafangcalay i 'emin no caay kaci'okak a pina'orip i riyar.
Papua New Guinea
Takaray sowal(概略)
O tada ngangan nona kitakit sano Ikirisen I Independent State of Papua New Guinea, sano sowal no Papua Picin i Papua Niugini, sano Silimotu sowal i Papua Niu Gini, o ma’alaay a ngangan i o Papua Niw Kiniya, sa kantang han i Paniw. Itiraay I satimolan no Dadahalay Riyar, o malapotay a sera I fatad no sakawali no Niwkiniya pala, madado’edoay ko sera I saka’etip to Papua Sakowan no Inni,I katimol I mingataay to Auco, I ka’etip masasi’ayaw to Solomon riyaran pala. O na ngangan to Papua Niwkiniya hananay I,itiya awa ho a tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw, O papua sanay a sowal I o pitoro’to riyaran pala. Nani cowaay ko palamitan nona tilid hokiya, tahanini away ho mapatesekay a sowal. Ira ko cecay a sowal I nano sowal no Totori Tata’angay Laloma’an (蒂多雷蘇丹國)a sowal sanay(Tidore language),ona Laloma’an I o cecay a mikowanan no Kakita’an I Moluka riyaran pala I Inni. o tatodong nona sowal(o imi nona sowal) ,「papu」o(malacecay)sanay,「a」o (milalangay),patateko han i 「cowa ka lacecay」ano ca, o「iraayay a pala(sa caka lacecay)」sanay. Ora Irian hananay ngangan I o pitoro’ toya riyaran pala ato Irian Sakowan a sowal no Inni,oya I Irian Barat sakowan. Ona sowal no maro’ay I Piyako riyaran pala a Piyako tamdaw a sowal, o imi ira i 「palowad」、「mapacakat」sanany, nipahadakan ni Markus Kaysipo i 1945miheca,yo kalomowadan ningra a malatapang no Irian Sakowan.
Pi'arawan(目錄)
2	Takaray Sowal(概要)
3	Likisi(歷史)
4	Palapalaan ato kakarayan(地理與氣候)
5	Sakowan(行政區)
7	Punka ato Sowal(文化與語言)
8	Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)
likisi(歷史)
I’ayaw no 8000 patek miheca, iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ I takraway a tokos. Nani 18sici tahira I 19sici nga’ ira to ko kaysya no Olanta nani Patawiya a tayni mikowan tona kanatal, nikawrira,o lawac nona kanatal sahetoay o kilakilangan ato nanonanoman a henot, caayay ho ka nga’aay a ‘aroen no tamdaw, sa itira sanay ko tamdaw i hadhad no lawac no riyar a ma’orip. Itira sato i 19sici ‘aloman’aloman ko Yoropa a tamdaw mala’afa’afas a micowat hano niyah sakowan, 1884miheca o Ikilis ato Toic malapecih han ko NiwKiniya, ato I ngataay a kanatal. I 1906miheca patelas han no Ikilis a pafeli ko Auco toya mikowanan a sera mala no Auco to a samowan.
Yo malaheci ko sakacecay a lalood no kaloakitakit,ma’eco no Auco koya mikowanan no Toic asera no PapuwaNiwkini, I 1920miheca,12folad,17romi’ad palaheci han to no Kocilinmon(國際聯盟) a papikowan ko Auco; I kalaloodan to sakatosa no kalokitakit, ma’eco no sofitay no Dipong ko na kitakit,yo malaheci to ko lalood I sano yanan han no Linhoko a papikowan ko Auco toya sakowan no Toic a pala, itiya sato I 1949miheca,oya nano sakowan no Ikiris ato sakowan no Toic palapolong han a palacecay, o 「PapuwaNiwkini Sakowan」han a pangangan. Tahira sato I 1973miheca 12folad 1romi’ad, milikakawa to Niyahpikowan.1975mihwca, mapalasawad to ko pikowan no Auco nga’ tiring sanay to kona kitaki.
Sakowan(行政區)
PapuwaNiwkiniya a kitakita I sepatay ko tata’angay a Sakowan(Rigion), onini ko kasa’ike’iked no tayal to, patiyamay to,ato kasasiromaroma no ‘orip no tamdaw. Tona sepat a tata’angay Sakowan I nipecihan ho to 22 asakowan(省) ato cecay a Niyahpikowan(Pusenwil Niyahsakowan) ato kamaro’an no sifo a Tata’angay Sakowan. O cecay a sakowan I nipecihan ho to maloniyaro’. Syoto:Mosipi Minato1
2.	Cinpo sakowan(Chimbu)
4.	Kawaliay a NiwPuriteng sakowan(East New Britain)
5.	Ka’etipay a Sipik sakowan(East Sepik)
6.	Enga sakowan(Enga)
7.	Kihaw sakowan (Gulf)
8.	Matang sakowan(Madang)
9.	Manus sakowan(Manus)
10.	Milen a kihaw sakowan (Milne Bay)
13.	Ka’amisay Oro (Oro Northern)
14.	Pukenpiri Niyahsakowan (Autonomous Region of Bougainville) 縮圖|Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection) 15.	Katimolay a Takaraway pala sakowan(Southern Highlands)
16.	Sa’etipay sakowan(Western)
17.	Sa’etipay Takraway pala sakowan(Western Highlands)
18.	Ka’etipay a NiwPuriteng sakowan(West New Britain)
19.	Santaw ka’etipay Sipik sakowan (Sandaun)West Sepik.
21.	Hila sakowan(Hela)
22.	Ciwaka sakowan(Jiwaka)
Sici(政治)
縮圖|Huli Wigman visit Cooktown, Australia 2005 [[File:Port Moresby parliament building front, by Steve Shattuck.jpg|thumb|Port Moresby parliament bu O sici no PapuwaNiwkiniya a kitakit i, o Rikec no Tapang(君主立憲) ko pido’edoan no demak,o Tapan no kitakit I, o Fafahiyan Honti no Ikiris,nikawrira, caayay ka itini ko aro’ no honti, sa toro’ hananay ko Sotok a mikowan. O misang’ to rikec no kitakit ato mamikantok to komuing a pikaykian no kitakit(Lipoing) cecayay aca,o Tapang no sifo I o Congli(總理)，o kakeridan no sa’alomanay ko tamdaw I pikaykian ko cacitodong tora mamalatapang. O kiing no Lipoin I 111ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini I 21 ko tamdaw to halokilac no 21 sakowan, 22 ko tamdaw ko halokilac no Syoto kamaro’an no Tata’angay sifo.
Ono sici a Tang(政黨) ira ko 40 ko kasasiromaroma a tang,ilaloma’ no nini to ci’icelay a tang o Kuominlinmon Tang, o Matayalay Tang, o Misopsopay kinairaira Tang,Masakapotay Tang,Panku Tang,Midayhyoway to Finawlan Tang, O Kalatamdaw ko Pi’arawan Tang,Matayalay Tang,Tara’ayaway Tang,PapuwaNiwkiniya Tang ato Aniniay ko ’orip Tang.
Punka ato Sowal(文化與語言)
Itini I PapuwaNiwkiniya cisafaway to cecay a patek ko kasasiromaroma a sowal, oni ko kaira no kasasiromaroma a punka, sa ira ko masamaamaanay a mito’eto’an, sakero, sapi’adop, riko’ radiw, ato nipatirengan a dafong. Ona kasasiromaroma a punka i, masasiroma ko sowal. O nika’orip to romi’admi’ad o niyaro’ ko pi’arawan a mawmah,cecay a niyaro’ ma’edengay a komaen ko finawlan. Oroma sa I cowa ka o kamaomah aca, ko ’orip, mi’adopay, mi’alaay to I palapalaay a tali. O mawmahay to, o mi’adopay to, o mifotingay to oya inanengay a tamdaw o kakangodoan no finawlan. Itira i salawacan no Sipik ’alo a niyaro’ i o mito’eto’ay to to’as ho a dafong, itini toya mito’eto’an a dafong mipahapinangan ko matiyaay ‘adingo no to’as. O payso no PapuwaNiwkiniya I, o tolak no cekiw ko sapisanga’, mapalasawaday to i 1933miheca. Nikawrira, itira I kemoday no palapalaan a niyaro’ I,oninian ho ko kalapaysoan apinangan no tamtamdaw,o todongay o heci no punka, ano mi’ala to fafahiyan kadafo, o sainokay I o tolak no cikiw a payso. O sainokay no roma a niyaro’ o payso, o diyong,o ‘ayam. O 「sing sing」hananay a ilisin no itira I tokotokosan a niyaro, tada o kakahemekan ko kasiromaroma a cengel no ca’edong, o sapipahapinangan to ‘adongo no ‘ayam, kilang ato tokas, cikafong to ciopihay,ciriko’ to tolak no ‘a’asopen, micipoh to laway ato tatirengan, masakero, romariw to no kalaloodan tata’angay demak.ci Safulo.
Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)
[1] Pickell, David; Kal Müller. Between the tides: a fascinating journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea. Tuttle Publishing. 2002: 153. ISBN 978-0-7946-0072-3. ISBN 978-1-4128-1206-1.
[2] Tarmidzy Thamrin. Boven Digoel: lambang perlawanan terhadap kolonialisme. Ciscom-Cottage. 2001: 424 （印度尼西亞語）.
Tamorak
O tamorak/o ciyak.(南瓜)
O tamolak hananay i todongay tadafongcalay a maro dateng, itini i posong haw i, o ciyak hanangra a pangangan, ano hapinangen ko tomolak i, adihay koka sasiloma nira, irako tata’akay ko heci, irako ki^mingay ko heci, irako mato rifer no paliding a heci, irako mato to’to’ a heci, halo ya ko^ngelay a teloc papah nira tada fangca:lay a kala datengen, sanaw  nano ‘ayaw o tamolak i otada da:teng no mita o Pangcah, ano i rotok to, ano i enal to, manga’ay to paloma to kolotamolak.
Naicowaay ama lengn’ak ko tamorak/ciyak.(南瓜的發展)
Ano dodoen ko fana’ nomi kingkiway i, o sowal nangra to pakayraay to lalengn’atan no tamorak i, naitiniay i Amirika(美國) ami salingato sanay, itiraay ko tatapangan nira saan, Nanqua(南瓜)( Crookneck Squash, Pumpkin) hananay sanaw adi:hay itini i Amirika komatilaay, o sasanga’en nangra to Nanqua pay(南瓜派), lomasato malawod ko wansenchiy(萬聖節) nangra o tamorak to ko sasang’aen nagnra to maama:an, sanaw i Amirika ko saadihaiy to tamorak/ciyak. Dodosato a tayni tini ino holaman(華人) a kanatal niyaro amarenak halo Taywan amapolong, aca ataynito iromaroma a finacadan.
O pinangan no tamorak/ciyak.(南瓜的特色)
roma i kilang ami kalic, sanaw ira ko mipalangraay ami paloma to tamorak, nikaolira a ciheciay to tata’akay ko heci i, caay kaga’ay palangraen, matiyahan to sinal ami paloma i sera a papi dapdap ami lalad, tia cihci sato cingra i fangcalay a arang amiritod, ya kimingay ko heci i mipalanglaan amaca’it ko heci nira, o tomolak hawi caay ka ‘dengan o heci nira kamaka’enay, ya koengelay a teroc ato hana nira i, tada fangcalay a marodateng, romasato yapapah nira nawhani kakahaday ngaay sapitafo to felac ami tangtang to hemay ato hakhak, hanaw irako mipanganganay to fankoa(飯瓜) sanay，lomasa mato ‘ekim ko kamaroro nira sanaw i o chinkoa(金爪) han nangra a pangangan, oromasato nawhani adi:hay itini i inaka, sanaw ira ko panganganay to fangkoa(番瓜) sanay. O karengawan to cecay a mihecaan i itiraay to kacihrangan ato karawfawan, marawod toko roma a mihecaan i madeng to ko to’as nira a ciheci to, matafesiw to toro a mihecaan i, mariteng to mafadi’ ma’icang mapatay cingra.
Siaw Can-haw
O Amis Sinsin (Holam: 阿美老師; Siaw Can-haw(蕭傳顥); ) cecay mi'edaw a tamdaw to Ciweytusu(紫微斗數) i Taywan. Na u micamol to malalifet (命運好好玩) i JET綜合台.
Kasasiwasiw:Amis Kasasiwasiw:Mi'edaw a tamdaw Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis Kasasiwasiw:Taywan
Papotalay a lahod to’edip
Papotalay a lahod to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：外氣層）
Tamorak
O heci no tamorak/ciyak.(南瓜的果實)
O heci no tamorak/ciyak hawi, sahto maloloay ko adihaiay, caay ka^dengan aca a karadatengen, adihaiay ko iofong nira, fangcalay pacamolen i hemay a komaen, iraay ko
β-foloposo(胡蘿蔔素), ato fitamin(維他命)to C/E nira, o saka ci’icel a tanektek no tileng a caay kaci adada tora ‘ekan(癌症) hananay, ano mitangtang to heci nira i, mang’aay halo podac han ami tangtang, oya kakoc nira fangcalay temoen a komaen, iraay koya sin(鋅) hananay to saka ramakat no remes, sanaw o sowal no ihekkalay to kalocimacimahawiy “komaen to tamorak to sapatongal to remes saan”(南瓜補血). Mang’aay sano Padakaen(西式) ami tangtang tora nangkapay(南瓜泒) ato tankaw(蛋糕), mang’aay a saholoen to hemay, nikaorila ono nomita o pangcah i sakohaw hanaca halopapah ato hana nira ato o kalomaanmaan ami pacacamol. Dengansa caay kangaay a pacefasa apacacamol to roma a datengan, kafan’ato ami na’on to sapipacamol, olomasato caay kang’aay a misa adihay ta:to a koma^en, nawhani takalaw kora tinfen(澱粉) nira, ano matafesiw ko kakomaen i, tosaka tatiih aca no tileng.
Masamaanay kopi satamorak/ciyak no pangcah/’Amis.(阿美族如何種植南瓜)
Nanoto’as tahanini halafinaiy to kopi satamorak/ciyak no mita o pangcah, awaay to kopinang to mihcaan, nikaolira mananamay to ami satamorak/ciyak ko to’as no mita o pangcah/’Amis, ano itini to irikot, ano itini to iomah aca irotok ami sarafal, mangaay to ami paloma to tamorak/ciyak, roma palilis itini i rawac taliyok no omah, ano malarok ami pananom ami patayhi i, fangcal ko rengaw adihay koheci nira, dengansa caay kang’aay a matiya o saitaw a mipawali ami na’ang ami sahalafin, o sapipaloma to
tamorak i, pakaylaay toya kakoc nira, yacaho kapi tangtang to heci no tamorak/ciyak i, miri’ayaw ami ara to kakoc nira ami pawali ami ‘icang, dodosato marawod kopipalomaan i, araen kora kakoc ami rafong i sera to sota’, ta romengaw kora tamorak/ciyak, maara ko  pangkiw no mihcaan i, ma^deng to ko to’as nira ami lalad i, yacaho kaciheci i nga’aiay
to a datengen, yaheci nira i yacahoka’ikes i, nga’ay to ri’ayawen amiara, roma i ano matatodong ko ‘ikes nira i, fangcalay halo podach han ami tantaneng, e^dengsa ano ‘atekak tato ko podach nira i podachenho tiya dangdangen.
Omaan ko nana’ongen a komaen to tamorak/ciyak.(食用南瓜應注意事項)
Haiy fangcal toko tamorak/ciyak akaradatengen a komaen sakita, nikaolira, ano caay kapina’on i, o sakatati’ih no tileng, o maan kora nana’onen, ora tamorak/ciyak hawi tatiih apacamolen to karang a komaen, ano ka^nen hawi, o mara sakawarak ko tamdaw, romasato ano o foting tora liyi(鯉魚) hananay ato o hala ato o titi no sili tatiihay to ama cacamol, tangtang hanaca ami sakohaw, akato pacamolen to tomato ato damdam, oya takalaway ko wesenso/C(維生素/C) tora pocay(菠菜), yocay(油菜) hananay i, caay ka fangcal a macacamol. Sanaw kapina’on to amitangtang a koma^en, hapinangen to ko sapacacamol tiya caay ka kali’ang ko tileng. (Siwkolan 'Amis Suman2023/06/18)
Tahapinangan參考文獻:
Ø  南瓜的營養成分.
Ø   南瓜營養好處多：6大驚人健康好處報你知.
Ø  吃南瓜好處多但注意千萬不能和它一起搭配.
Liberia
Liberia（kuwaping a sowal: 賴比瑞亞）
Liberia nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris a sowal: Republic of Liberia), o sasowalen to Liberia (Inkiris a sowal: Liberia, tengilen i/laɪˈbɪəriə/), o tadasowal pangangan i Liberia nikapolongan kitakit, itiniay i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot mililisay to riyar a kitakit, ka’amis o Guinea, kaetip ka’amis o lion rock, kawali o Ivory Coast, kaetip katimol o Tasiyang a no congtong a nipatatekoan kitakit.
O finawlan no kitakit salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad tamdaw, o dadahal no sera 43,000 pinfang mile (11 ’ofad 1,369 pinfang kongli). O tadasowal no kitakit o Inkiris a sowal, nika oni kitakit ira ko 20 no kasasiroma a sowal no niyaro’ sowal, pahapinang o nia kitakit a finacadan ato kasairaira no ponka. O tadamaanay a maci ato sata’akay maci o Monrovia.
O Liberia nai 19 sician, o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika micokeray to pipatireng to kitakit, oni a sacefang minengneng to kohetingay tamdaw i Africa safaniyot ikaka to i Amilikaay ko nga;ay to pakonira ato kacemahadan no kitakit[4]. Nai 1822 miheca tangasa 1861 miheca o ma lalooday ko laloma’ay no kitakit itiya, ira ko 15,000 no tamdaw i milika to sakisyakay ato sarikec a mapenec a mifades ko sakapakonira ato pakoniraay kasofocan a kohetingay tamdaw[5] milinah tayra i Liberia a sa’etal, onini a maro’ay mihawikid to kaitiraay nangra i Amilika a ponka ato to’asan, mirara mala o Amilika – Liberia ko niyah[6][7].
O Liberia a kimpo ato fayfay mitodongay to no Amilika, o tadamaci o ACS a micokeray ato Amilika congtong ci James Monroe a ngangan ko panganganan. Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o Amilika tangasa i 1862 miheca 2 folad 5 romi’ad a mihayda. 1848 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad, nao masofocay i Norfolk si no Virginia kanatal o Africa teloc a Amilika cidafongay tamdaw ci Joseph Jenkins Roberts mipadang to Liberia to sapisiiked, nanoya misiiked ko Liberia itiya mala o sa’ayaway congtong, o ngangan no Liberia i Inkiris a sowal “pakonira” (liberty) ato “masedal” (liberated) sanay a sasowalen. I 20 sician, o Liberia ato Ethiopia i Africa safaniyot caayay kacingcing a misiikeday a kitakit.
O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw malitemoh nangra ko caayay kasasinga’ay to yincumin no Liberia, mangalef oya ma’oripay mapateked ko i sekalay sa’etal a yincomin. Nicingcingan a sera malefo no sekalay kakeridan no Crewe finacadan ato Grebo finacadan a malipalaw. O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw mipalowad micekeroh to selal mipatireng to kiwkay ato pitilidan, mikiwiko to itiniay finawlang[8].
I sa’ayaw, o Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw masatadamanay a mimingay selal, mirepet to caayay ka salongan mirepetay to sakowan no sici; tangasa 1904 miheca o yincomin itini to no niyah a sera a malasawad ko sakacingangan no Liberia[8][9].
I 1980 miheca, ci William R Tolbert ko mikowanay to sici a o katalawan mifalic ko sofitay, ci Tolbert i kafalican no sici a mapatay, pahapinang o paherekan no Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw itini kitakit ko sakowan, nanoya o Liberia ira ko 20 mihecaan ko caayay ka cekal ko sici itiya. I nano finawlan palowad to kitakit wiyyinhuy 5 miheca ko no sofitay pikowan ato Liberia kitakit kapolongan kasarekad 5 miheca no finawlan sakowan, ikor ira ko laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood to saka 1 ato saka 2 i Liberia. O nia kalalood ci mapatayay to 25 ’ofad tamdaw (salongan 8% ko tamdaw) ato awaayay ko pinakayan a ’alomanay tamdaw, nanoya i laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood o sakasokedet no kicay no Liberia to 90%.
I 2003 mihecaan a kasasinga’ay a katateletelakan, o Liberia itiya to i 2005 miheca citodong to fa’elohay nikapolongan a singkiw, ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf toya singkiw maala malacongtong, ao misanga’ay to likisi a sa’ayaway fafahiyan congtong i Africa safaniyot kitakit. O pipatireng to parana’an no kitakit ato ona syakay sapatado masasisiwtoc ato 2013 – 2016 mihecaan a masangil no katalawan Ebola virus (salofong), tangasa i 2015 miheca, o kitakit ira ko 83% a tamdaw itiniay a macahiway a ’orip i kasakitakit[11].
Kacedengan romi’ad (節日)
Satadamaanay kacedengan no Liberia o sakicima tamdaw ato no Kristokiw a sacedeng.
Fa’elohay miheca (1 folad 1 romi’ad); patirengan to sofitay (2 folad 11 romi’ad); piasikan to tadam (3 folad saka 2 lipay saka 3 romi’ad); kasofocan ni Roberts congtong a romi’ad (3 folad 15 romi’ad); pitolonan romi’ad (4 folad saka 2 lipay saka 5 romi’ad); papolongan romi’ad (5 folad 14 romi’ad); pisiikedan romi’ad (7 folad 26 romi’ad); pafayfayan romi’ad no kitakit (8 folad 24 romi’ad); kansyasay (11 folad saka 1 lipay a saka 4); kasofocan ni Duberman congtong romi’ad (11 folad 29 romi’ad); Kristmas romi’ad (12 folad 25 romi’ad).
Likisi (歷史)
Nai 1462 mihecaan, madado’edo ko Portugal, Netherland, Inkiris, Fance tayni micingcing, o Europe tamdaw pangangan to itiniay “o damdam a lislis no riyar”, itini mifades a malali’aca to tamdaw. I 1821 miheca o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika i lilisay no riyar patireng to kohetingay tamdaw to “mafolaway sa’etal”. I 1822 miheca tangasa 19 sici 60 mihecaan, o patodong a maro’ay o pakalayap to pakoniraay a nifadesan, o salongan kohetingay tamdaw pacomod iAmilika, pasowal “Monrovia”, I 1824 mihecaan mafalic ko ngangan to Liberia, ikor pasayra to i sekal ko pilenak, i 1838 miheca mapatateko ko kasamafolaway sa’etal, mafalic ko pangangan “Liberia nipatatekoan a kitakit”. O Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o sa’ayaway misiikeday aniniay cisalongoc kitakit i Africa safaniyot. O ’ayaway picingcingan no Abyssinia hongti kitakit to Africa safaniyot a misiikeday a kitakit.
I 1878 mihecaan, o True Whig kasarekad midotoc cisakowan to 102 miheca, mi’efet to miliyangay a sarekad a demakan, o nia sarekad malao mihecaan a kasarekad lekakawa patireng to parariday mikowan to halafinay. I 1885 miheca, o Liberia mapidah i Inkiris, pakelac to ka’amisay no Mano ’alo a sera; i 1892 miheca, mapidah haca to France, mapakelac haca to dadahalay Maryland kafolawan sa’etal. Ikor kinapinapina pakelac to sera to Inkiris, France a tasaay kitakit. I 1908 mihecaan itiya, awaayay ho ko masongila’ay a kalangangan.
I 1944 miheca tangasa 1971 miheca, ci William Wakanarath Shadrach Tubman malacongtong to 27 miheca, nanoya pacakat to sakacingangan no yincumin Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, midakdak to kalacecayan no finacadan a telek, misa’icel palasawad to no Amilika kohetingay tamdaw ato no yincumin a kalalaedan. I 1971 miheca mapatay ci Duberman, ci William Richard Tolbert to ko midotocay malacongtong. I 1979 miheca, miliyangay mipalowad to sakarawraw, mapenec no hitay.
I 1980 miheca 4 folad, o nano Crane finacadan congtong a misarokoay kakeridan ci Samuel Canon Doe a 17 sofitay mipalowad mifelih, mafelih ato mapatay ci Tolbert, paherek sa ko halafinay no Amilika teloc Liberia tamdaw to picalap mikowan to kitakit, mala o sa’ayaway kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan no kitakit.
I 1984 miheca, o sakowan ni Doe pafelien ko finawlan mikowan, miliyaw malomaoc, patireng to kimpo. Tona miliyas ci Doe to kalahitay ningra i 1985 miheca maala malacongtong.
I 1990 miheca 7 folad, oya maolahay to kitakit a sarekad itira i Monrovia, malitosa a sasiiked, oya Liberia mangalef talahenot ko rarawraw no lalood. 8 folad, o Lekatep no Europe miocor to palarihadayay hitay micomod i Monrovia, masasiwtoc to ni Taylor a hitay. O kasakitakit a syakay to ko mipalali’ayay, mipaocor to taypiaw I Banjul ta’angay maci no Gambia a lomaoc, patireng to “polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo”. I 9 folad, marofo ci Doe, itiya makowang mapatay i lalan no Monrovia. 11 folad, ci Sawyer mapatireng a mala congtong no polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo, nika liyangen ni Taylor.
I 1991 mihrca 3 folad, o laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood no Liberia macowat to tayra i sakafiyaw a kitakit i Lion rock ato Guinea. I 1993 miheca 7 folad, o kacacofelan kalalood itira i Banning no Cotonou maci malaheci ko katatelek, patireng to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy satakaraway ’icel mikowan to kitakit. I 1994 miheca 5 folad, masakapot ko pacena’an sifo.
I 1995 miheca, nawhani kasacefang caay ka raheked ko palaisal to kacitodong, malaliyaw haca ko kalalood. 8 folad, masasiocor haca ko kasacefang itira i Abuja maci no Nigeria matatelek, o a enemay tamdaw kitakit ko wiyyinhuy mikotay to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy. 9 folad, militaw hace ko masakapot ko pacena’an sifo.
I 1996 miheca, misamawmaw ci Taylor mirepet to kakeridan misa’adaay a cefang, saka malaliyaw haca ko laloma'ay no kitakit a malalood, 8 folad, itini i no kasakitakit a syakay pipenec, o kasacefang miliyaw haca masasitelek, mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang.
7 miheca ko halafin no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood cimapatayay ira ko 15 ’ofad no tamdaw, 85 ’ofad no tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan, mamaledoay malasawad ko kicay no Liberia a kitakit.
I 1997 miheca 2 folad, kasacefang mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang mipatireng to kasarekad. 7 folad, misingkiw, maala ci Taylor malacongtong. O ’atekakay ko sapi’emet ni Taylor to kitakit, milaheci to sakarihaday no laloma' no kitakit, misatatas palowad to kicay.
Nikawrira, 1999 miheca, ka’amisay no Liberia masadak ko cecay mifelihay to sifo a hitay, katengilan ira ko picoker no Guinea safo, itiya malaliyaw haca to laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood. Tangasa i 2003 miheca, o nisa’etan no sifo a polong no sera ni Taylor toloay ira ko cecay (3/1), o Monrovia talahenotay i kalaloodan. O nano Nigeria a citodongay i kaetipay no Africa kitakit palekapotay miliyaw miocor to parihadayay a sofitay. 8 folad 11 romi’ad, ci Taylor mihapiw to pisawad, pasi micokeray to congtong ci Moses Bulla ko cacitodong to sakowan, itiya milaliw tayra i Nigeria. Talacowa kasakitakit a yimeng sacefang ao ka’anof ato lalood ko patodong to kaciraraw ni Taylor a mirepet, caay ka kahien no Nigeria pasadak. Sacisowal sa dengan o Liberia citodongay i rikec a sakowan ko pasadakay to sapipatayra a salongoc, caay ko mamakahi ko Nigeria ci Tayloran.
Mirakarakay lahod to’edip
Mitongalay to’edip, miliyasay to’edip, tingrohay no mirakarakay lahod to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：游離層） laenoay no papotalay a lahod to’edip, la’ed to sera 800 kongli, Taykongcan no kasakitakit itiraay toni a kato’edip no lahod to’edip.
Liberia
Likisi (歷史)
I 2003 miheca 10 folad 1 romi’ad, o Linhoko a miparihadayay a sofitay ko citodongay to Liberia, o pipalasawad to laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood a kasacefang a sakarari’ang. Tangasa anini, oya to 5500 tamdaw no Linhoko itiraay i Liberia kitakit. Talacowa o rarawraway a demak caay ka lasawad, nikawrira matayoay ko pipalasawad sakarari’ang a tayal.
I 2003 miheca 8 folad 18 romi’ad, ni Bra a sifo ato kasarekadan a cefang masasi tilid to telek “Accra rihaday kasasitelek”, itiya i 10 folad misakapot patireng to polong kitakit a linci sifo. Itiya mapatoro’ ci Charles Judd Bryant ko kakeridan linci a sifo, itira i 10 folad 14 romi’ad mihapiw patireng.
Mata’elif ko tosa miheca, i 2005 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad, i pikantok no Linhoko miliyaw to nikapolongan a singkiw. Sakacecay a pitopaan, ci George Weah ko ka’ayaway, nika caay pakalatosa, nikawrira i 11 folad 8 romi’ad miliyaw to sakatosa i, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pakalowiday a maalaay.
I 2011 miheca 10 folad, o parihadayay tamdaw ci Leymah Gbowee nawhani mikeriday to fafahiyan sakarihaday a onto i 2003 miheca paherek to saka tosa no Liberia a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood a mapakompay to Nobel peace prize[14].
I 2011 miheca 11 folad, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pado’edo a maala to congtong, pado’edo 6 miheca ko liyad[15].
I 2013 hiheca, oya Ebola virus (lifong) milesap i kaetipay no Africa, saka tosa miheca 3 folad micomod i Liberia, tangasa i 2016 miheca, ira ko 10,675 tamdaw madengaay, ira ko 4,809 tamdaw mapatayay. O i Monrovia tadamaci ira ko 7 tamdaw mapatayay.
I 2017 miheca misingkiw ko Liberia, ’ayaway wa’ayay mali, tadamaanay to i likisi a no Africa safaniyot mimaliay ci George Weah i 2018 miheca 1 folad 22 romi’ad mihapiw mapatireng to congtong[16][17], o saka sepat malakapahay no Africa safaniyot a Ci Weah misekongay to mapoheday, mifalicay to kicay, misekong to mafokilay to tilid ato sapipacakat to saka’orip a congtong ko patosokan a lekadan[20].congtong[18]. I pipatirengan pasowal sa 74 mihecaan sakinacecay no Liberia koni to mirocokay a pita’elifan a kasakapolongan[19].