cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kasasa'er no 'orip
Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.
Timor
Saka’orip(經濟)
Ona kitakit o samanikaway a kitakit itini i kasakitakit, sahetoay o paini no roma a kitakit ko saka’orip, misafilofiloay a sakanga’ayaw no saka’orip, nikawrira, tahanini awaay ho malaheciay to sakarihaday. 縮圖|yincumin no Sawalian-Tiwen kitakit
Tamdaw ato Pitooran(人口與宗教)
I 2011 miheca saka 7 folad ira ko 117 ’ofad ko polong a tamdaw. o syoto tatapangan tokay o Tili, ira ko 16 ’ofad ko maro’ay tamdaw. ilaloma’ nonini o yincumin no Sawalian-Tiwen(maramramay to ‘ilang no Papoya-tamdaw ato Malaysiya ano ca Polinisiya) mahaop ko 78%, Inni-tamdaw 20%, Conko-tamdaw 2%. Ira ko 91% no polong tamdaw nona kitakit o mitooray to Roma-Tinsikiw, o Fa’elohay-Misakristoay ira ko 2.6%, 1.7% o Muslain.0.3% o Indo-pitooran, 0.1% o Fcociyaw.
Yo misiiked ko Sawalian-Tiwen i 1975 miheca, o sowal no Potawya kono sifoan sowal, yo mihidegong ko Inni milalang to sowal no Potawya. 2002 misiiked a patireng to kitakit i,milaheci ko sifo o Potawya-sowal ato Toton-sowal ko halosowal no sifo,i kalo’orip ira ho ko 16 a kasasiromaroma a sowal no tamtamdaw, o tamdaw no itiniay mafana’ay sowal to safaw 10 a masasiromaromaay sowal. O roma sato i,o kalasowalan to romi’ami’ad o Inni-sowal ato Ikiris-sowal.
Manaco
Tamdaw ato sowal (人口與語言)
Mido’edoay to Fantikan(梵蒂岡城國 ;Latin a sowal :Status Civitatis Vaticanae ; Italiya a sowal :Stato della Città del Vaticano) ko kamamang no Monako.
Timor
Tamdaw ato Pitooran(人口與宗教)
Mingataay to sifo’ay-konis no cikiw itini, orasak tadafa’edetay a so’emaet, ‘adihay ko adada. O sakakaay a lifong o piyas,A-’atay,malalisan,cifa’edet, tenkero ato malaliya.
Manaco
Tamdaw ato sowal (人口與語言)
O farasu a sowal kono sifo a kalosowal, kalasowalan ko Ikiris-sowal, Italiya-sowal ato Monako-sowal(o matenakay nani Likoliya-sowal). O mafana’ay to tilid mahaop ko 99% no polong a tamdaw. O miketonan no rikec ko Tinsikiw malopitoora no kitakit, mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw mitooray to Tinsikiw, o Monako Tinsikiw-Tatapangan Etal ko mikowanay, nikawrira, mipa’adingay ko kinpo no Monako to paifaloco’ay a pitoor.
Timor
Ponka(文化)
Macacorok ko Potawya, Holan Dipon ato Inni a mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen, masasiroma ko mikowanay masasiroma ko nipainian a ponka, ora ko pirecep i ‘orip no tamdaw nona kitakit, macacamol heca ato ponka no itiniay a yincumin. Ira ko  micidekay a makayamay-dafong ato sakero. o kiwiku cowa ho katenak, nawhani cowa ka nga’ay ko ‘orip, i 2010 mihecaan a pisa’osi o mafana’ay to tilid dengan 58.3% no polong tamdaw.
Lalood no Madawdaw
Lalood no Madawdaw(麻荖漏戰役)
Itiyaay i 1911 miheca a lalood no Sawali'an 'Amis a tamdaw ato tayhin no Dipon. itini i Posongay kowan no Dipong o sakakaay konini a kalalood. Itiraay i Paimengan no Dipon i Folalacay orasaka, o "Cenkuwangaw fodfod" hananay no Dipon a pangangan,nikawrira o " Lalood no Madawdaw" hananay no 'Amis a pangangan, nawhanni, o kakita'an no Torik a niyaro' ato kakita'an no Madawdaw niyaro' ko milengatay a mitoker to Dipong to sapipaco'ay to pilokes no tayhing no Dipong to 'Amis a finacadan. Matiya toya i 1878 miheca pilood no itiraay i Cepo' a 'Amis to Kuwaping o polong no sawali'an a 'Aimis a tamdaw a mipaco'ay to nanipapotalay a mikowanay to sapipa'adingaw to finawlan ato sapidipotaw to niyaro' ato sera.
O kaloladay a 'orip no 'Amis(阿美族祥和的生活):
縮圖|Cilamalay sawalian no Taywan Do’edoen ko sowal no malitengay ato nitilidan, o na pala itini i Madawdaw o liomahan no Torik a niyaro’ itiya ho sanay, i ’ayaw no 300 ko mihecaan ira ko tata’angay a cunami(langod) ma’emin a malenlen no nanom kalo pala, o maamaan to sahetoay a mafadi’ cowa to ka nga’ay a kalaliomahen ko itiniay a maforaway.
Toloay ko kasasiroma a kasafelaw a mafolaway a tayni o cecay i, i ’ayaw no 145 ko mihecaan ira ko lalood i Cepo’ no ’Amis ato Kuwaping, namalowid to ko ’Amis a tamdaw maforaway a tayni nai Tingalaw, Cepo’ ko Cikatopay, Ciwidian, Cilangasan, Ciokakay ato Sapiyat a ngasaw a tayni mipamatang. O sakatimolan no sawaliaan itini sanay ko tamtamdaw a miharateng, o saka’amisan no Falangaway ’Amis a kalala’edan. Yo kaDipongan ira ko nani ’Etolan a mafolaway a tayni, to ikor to i, mada’edo a mafolaw ko nani Torikay ato Pa’anifong a tamdaw, orasaka, o nani ’Amisay a ’Amis, nani ’Etolan ato nani Torikay ato Pa’anifongay a mafolaway a matatekoay itini mapatireng to ko sakakaay a niyaro’ itini i pasawalian.
O kaloladay a 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw o maomahay, malaheci ko liomah mi'adopay, mifotingay, malaheci ko pitiposan ira ko tata'angay a ilisinan no niyaro', cowa ka matiya to roma a finacadan a milalitangal no tamdaw. o fa'inayan no 'Amis sahetoay mikadafoay mipalata'ang to parod no pikadafoan, ano manaay a mikadafo o matokaay a tamdaw sa a malikafay no cimacima. Ano mikadafo ko fa'inayan dengan o fonos ato takoyodan koni tatoyan a mikadafo, cowa ka mililam to dafong no loma'. O fafahiyan o maro'ay i loma' o mirocokay to dafong no loma'. Ano 'aloman to ko paro no laloma'an ciloma' to ko safa a fafahiyan, mitahidangan ko faki a mipakilac to dafong no laloma'an, icowaay a omah, hakowa ko papafelien a kolong, hatiraay ko 'orip no misa'Amisay a tamdaw tadarihadayay. yo tayni to ko Dipon 'afasen nangra ko sapi'adop kowang, anana: mafalic ko pinangan no 'orip sato ko 'Amis a tamdaw a matalaw. 縮圖|o minato no Singko
Papisakoli a misanga' to sawali'an lalan ato minato( 勞役阿美族人開拓道路建設漁港)
Yo tayni i sawalaian no Taywan ko Dipon a mikowan, nengneng han nangra ko 'Amis a tamdaw masinanot ko pinangan, manga’ay a ocoren lihaday a kowanaen a papisakoli, itira to a milaplap to finawlan a mipalalan, misanga’ to lalan, lalan no cinamalay, mikarkar to minato. misanga' to kayakay, mlahecu ko nani Singko tahira i Kakacawan a lalan, ato tahira i Koladot a lalan .Orasaka matahidang ko i Folalacay tahira i Torik a polong 'Amis a tamdaw misakoli.
Mi'afas to sapi'adop kowang ko Dipon(日本没收獵槍):
I 1900 miheca(Mieci 43 miheca) oya mikowanay to Taywan a Sotok no Dipon ci Sakuma Masata(佐久間左馬太 ／ さくま さまた) misatapang a midemak to "limaay mihecaan halaka to sapikowan to Yincumin), matalawen to pitoker no Yincumin, orasaka misatapang a mi'afas to kowang no Yincumin, o mamangay a kamaro'an no 'Amis a niyaro' no Posong ko pilingatoan, mi'afas to polong a sapi'adop a kowang.
I Mieci(明治1911) miheca saka 3 folad, milekal ko mikowanay a Dipong to o payci ko sapi’aca to kina’orip a payso saan, miha’emin a pacici a mi'afas to sapi’adop a kowang no ’Amis, orasaka, falic sato ko mi’adopay ko ladayay 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw, palawina sato to liomah. Toya miheca ma’eminay to ko kowang a ma’aca yosanany no Sotok-Fu(總督府) sakakaay mikowanany no Dipon to Taywan, orasaka, tona mihecaan saka 6 folad satapang eca ka pafeli to nikarorayan no kakita’an a payso saan. Tona miheca saka 5 folad, tayra i Folalacay a Mipadangay-Kowan no Dipon a mililifon, onini i, o saikoray to a lifon no kakita’an saan, minokay sato alasangaliwngiw sato ko kakita’an, ma'afas ko sapi’adop a kowang, mapalasawad heca ko palifon to katayalan, cifaloco’ sato ko 'alomanay laplapen ita kona Dipon nga’ sato. Saka 7 foald saka 25 romi’ad saopoen no kakeridan no tayhin ci Fukuma Hitasilo(福間彥四郎) ko kakita'an no kakoniyaro' tayni i Folalacay mikayki, kapoi'en ningra ko kakita'an naw ca ka laheci ko nipatorodan a palalan a tayal? mipelesay ta to ko kapoi' saka macacoli ato mipadangay kakita'an no Torik niyaro' ci Ra'olong, mitepi' laway ni Ra'olong koya tayhin, mapacikel to ko kakita'an no Torik ci Asan ato roma a kakita'an ato niocoran, taroh han to ci Fukoma tayra i papotal a mikilomot mipalo, oni to ko lalengatan no kalalood no Madawdaw. Oya tayhin namiocor heca papisanga’ to lalan, ano ira ko eca ka pakalaheci ko nipatorodan a tatodong no niyah a sasanga'en a lalan, o tata'ang ko poi’ no tayhin no Dipon, tepi’ han no tayhin no Dipon ko mipadangay kakita’an no Torik, ira to ko kakilomot han to no 'Amis a tamdaw a mipalo ko tayhin no Dipon.
Miseti' to kakita'an orasak malalood (摑打頭目耳光引起戰爭)
縮圖|289x289像素|piharatengan 'otoc Pakatengil to ko kakita’an no Madawdaw a niyaro’ ci Lekal, keriden to no kakita’an ko finawlan a mipadang, halo Torik niyaro’, Paongaongan niyaro’ tayra i Mipadangay-Kowan no Dipon i Folalacay a milood to kamaro’an no tayhin no Dipon, eca ka hakowa ko romi’ad maaro’ to no 'Amis koya Mipadangay-Kowan a loma’ no Dipon, ha’emin han to a miala ko polong a dafong no Dipon pasitira i satimolan no Kinafuki- 'alo a pahanhan.
Opoh sato ko Dipon a mitahidang to i Taypakay, Yilanay,Taycongay ato Taynanay a tayhin a mipadang milood, talacowa 'aloman ko tayniay a tayhin milood, o 'Amis sa i, cowaka hakowa ko ka'aloman no tamdaw, i saka’amisan no Kinafuki- 'alo ko tayhin no Dipon, i satimolan no ’alo no Pisirian ko ’Amis a tamdaw a motoker.
Safolafolad sako kalaloodan eca ka pakafilo ko tayhin no Dipong a milowid to 'Amis a tamdaw, orasaka tahidang han ko kakita’an no Falangaw ci Kolas Mahengheng a tayni ni Madawdaw papiliyo to faloco’ milalang to pilood to Dipon, pasowal saan cowa ko kakari’angen no Dipon kamo saan, kalikelon to kamo nani tokos 'adihay ko sapaini no Dipon to macahiway. Hayi haw sa koya milimekay i tokas a 'Amis a tamdaw, likelon sato. Malikelon to cangra mitala ko tayhin, oya kakeridan a tamdaw lalima, ira ko kakita’an no Madawdaw ci Lekal, ira ko kakita'an no Torik ci Asan pasila’enoen ko fongoh no Dipon i teloc no mipatirengan a 'akawangay 'aol, pasemsemen ho ko pica'it ta keton han koya sapifalod a towaso a mipaseta’ mipatay, ma’emin a todohen ko niyaro’ no Madawdaw ato Torik, oni pakaenan a kina’orip o koko’ to, o diyong to, o kolong to ma’emin a ma'afas no tayhin no Dipon.
Patireng to piharatengan a 'otoc (設立紀念碑)
I 2008 miheca o sapiharatengaw to to'as no 'Amis, itira i ka'etip no niyaro' patirengen ko "O ci'icelay milood to Dipon a 'Amis tamdaw no Madawdaw i 1911 miheca".
Sowal no Pangcah
O Sowal no Pangcah (kuwaping a sowal：阿美語) hananay i, o Pangcah a sowal.
Tangasa to i 2015 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 108200 a tamdaw somowalay to Sowal no Pangcah i hkal ma^min.
No papotalay a kakafit
Kasasiwasiw:Pangcah a sowal Kasasiwasiw:Sowal
Madagascar
Takaray sowal(概略)
O saka’etipay no Satimalan Kanatanatal a Finacadan ko ka itiraan nona kitakit, pakinien I sowal no Matakaskar I Repoblikan'i Madagasikara[1], na o mikowanan no Ferans itiya ho, sano Feransuen a sowal I République de Madagascar. Matakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit sanay ko tadangangan, i’ayaw no nini I Matakasi Kapolongan Kitakit hananay, sakamoko’ han a mitahidang to Matakaskar, oninian to ko ma’alaay a pangangan.
Itiraay I katimol saka’etip no Afrika ko kaitiraan, o saksepat ko ka tata’ang itini I polong no kitakit. Na malakitingay ho sera ato Into, I’ayaw no 8,800’emang ko mihecaan a malaliyas sacecay sa tomireng itini, malaay to icowacowaay a pala, sa ma’osaw ho kina’orip ato maamaan no hakal, o sa’adihayay ko maamaan kina’orip I hakal, mahaop ko 80% a kina’orip awaay iroma akanatal, ‘edeng itini ko iraay. Nikawrira, ona kakafahekaan a kina’orip mafolkok no ka’aloman no tamdaw a mafolaw a tayni.
O ngangan tora Matakaskar hananay caay ko nano sowal no itiniay tamdaw sanay, o nani ngoyosay no Yoropa a tamdaw i ka citelongan(中世紀)[2], I 13sici o nani Winisu a mihahinamay a tamdaw ci Makopolo ko sa’ayaway a mitilid to 「Madageiscar」sanay a tilid, masasifod ningra ko itiraay I minato no Samaliya a sowal toya Mokatisyu（Mogadishu）sa ko sowal. thumb|Isbaheysiga Mosque in Mogadishu (2).
Itiya to I 1500miheca, o mihahinamay a tamdaw no Polutokaru ci Tiaoku·Tiyas macakat tona kanatal pangangan han ningra to「São Lourenço」（聖洛倫索）, nikawrira, oni Makopolo ho a pangangan ko pido’edoan no Yoropa a pangangan to rayaray kanatal,sa tahanini o maalaay a pangangan i oya to「Madagasikara」ko matenakay. I sowal no itiniay a tamdaw away ho ko i’ayaway no「Madagasikara」sanay a ngangan.[3]
To'asan Miheca (早期)
I to’asan miheca i’ayaw no 2500miheca itiniay to a maro’ ko Matakaskar tamdaw sanay ko sowal no mikakarkaray tono to’asan ho a dafong a singsi no tata’angay pitilidan. Iraho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, o miriniay a pawacay no singsi I caay ka telang ko mihecan ko tamdaw a maro’ itini sanay.[4] Itiya ho o dodang ko pikalican nani Poloco mafolaw a tayni,nikawrira, o lamit no remes tora DNA I mingataay tono I Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw. thumb|Cilamlam to remes no Afrika (Malagasy girls Madagascar Merina) Yo kahatayni ho tamdaw adihay ho a manengneng ko matiyaay o co ko tata’ang a ‘ayam, o ‘aloay ‘efa,to ikor to I ma’adop ko ma’adopay, ma’eco no tamdaw ko kaitiraan malahedaw ko ka’oripan no ‘a’adopen.[6]
Matakaskar Hontian Kitakit(馬達加斯加王國)
Itiya I pisatapangan no 17sici Milina fanacadan mipatireng to Imolina Hontian kitakit takaraway tokatokasan, pasasitiri’en to ilawacay no riyar a hontian kitakit, caay ka samaan ko ‘icel nona kitakit.[7] Isatapangan no 18sici kalisepaten ni Anteliyamasinnawalona(Andriamasinavalona)Honti kona kitakit, alacecaen ningra a palilam ko sepat a wawa ningra, tongal sa ko kaawa no ‘icel no kitakit. Cecay a so’ot ko mihecan a malalaood, ci Anteliyananpoynaymilina(Andrianampoinimerina安德里亞南普伊奈梅里納)Honti ko miliyaway a palacecay to Imolina Hontian Kitakit. thumb|Andrianampoinimerina Namikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(Radama I) ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit. thumb|Ranavalona I
Na mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(Ranavalona I；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to pakisaka’orip to pakipunka to ko pi’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak to Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw.
Namikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(Radama I) ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit.
Na mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(Ranavalona I；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to, pakisaka’orip to, pakipunka to,mai’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak tono Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw.
O wawa ni Ranafalona sakacecay ci Latama sakatosa(RadamaⅡ,1861~1863) mido’edo a malahonti i, falicen nako koya ca’edasay a demak no winaan kalahonti, sadamsay nako ko pidipot to finawlan saan. Nikawrira,palahedawen to kono hontian a pikowan sanay ko kakeridan no kitakit ci Raynifoninahiteliniawni(Rainivoninahitriniony，1852~1865 ko kalakakeridan no kitakit), itira a mikomod toya I sifo’aay a Mirina Hongtian Kitaki(Kingdom of Madagascar，1540–1897,or Kingdom of Imerina）ato Hofa tamdaw malacafay a miwarwar mipalasawad ko Latama sakatosa honti(RadamaⅡ).[1] Yo mapalasawad to ko kalahonti ni Latama sakatosa(RadamaⅡ)i,mihayi ko finawlan to fafahi ningra ci Rasohirina(Rasoherina，1863~1868)a malahonti, nikawrira, irako salongoc no fanawlan to malalamod kiso aci Raynifoninahiteliniawni(Rainivoninahitriniony) nga’ mihayi kami to pikowan iso han no fanawlan,malacecay kamo a mikowan malalikel to tatayalen nga’ caka sakakinih ko ’icel. Milayap ci Rasohirina(Rasoherina)to hatiniay a sa’ali no finawlan lalamod sato ci Raynifoninahiteliniawnian,lalamoda saho sawaden ningra, paliyaw a cifainay to safa ni Raynifoninahiteliniawnian, ona safa a Raynifoninahiteliniawnian i,30miheca ko kalakakeridan no kitakit. Nakalakakeridan cingra i patireng icowacowa to pitilidan,paci’ecien a papitilid ko ka’emangay, tahidangen ningra ko Ikiris tamdaw malakomon no sofitay, sa matongal ko kaci’icel no sofitay.[2] Oloma sato mifalican a demak o pipalasawad to aduhayay ko kacifafahi,o kristo pitooran malapitooran no lalomaan no honti,sanoyanan sato a ‘aloman ko mitooray, nika caay ka sawad kono to’asan ho a pitooran demak.[3] O rikec no kitakit mitodongay tono Ikiris a rikec,i tatapangan aniyaro’ mikihatiya tono Yoropa tolo ko kasafatafatd.[4]
Nikowanan no Fransu a mihecahecaan(法國殖民時期)
1896miheca,mapalahedaw ko mali’acaay to koli a demak,nikawrira, 50’emang ko ka’adihay no koli away ko kalaklakan a maro’ sa kinaitiratira I loma’ no tawki a maro’, malamimaomahay, anca malatofangay.[12] I lawac no kakahaday lalan no syoto Antanalifopo adihay mapatireng ko malokasopsopan a loma’[13] to pilafinan no koli. Oya sa loma’ no honti malapiterian to tadamaanay dafong.[14] Adihay to ko mipatirengan a pitilidan, halo ya caayay ho ka tahiraan no Milina tamdaw toya maraayay ikemoday a niyaro’ ato salawacan no riyar mapatireng ko pitiridan. 6~13 ko mihecaan a ka’emangay mipaci’ecian a papitilid a mihatatanam to sowal no Fransu ato sakatayal a kicic.
Itiya I no hontian ho, o tayal ko sapasata no kalotamdaw to honti, onini a demak I mi’osawan no Fransu to sapisanga’ to lalan no cilamalay ato kalolalan.[15]
Itiya sato I sakacecay a kalaloodan no polong a kitakit,mikapot I sofitay no Fransu ko Matakaskar.[16] Tahayni sato I 20sici(‘ayaw no cecay so’ot miheca) ira ko pasaharateng no sifo no Toic to sapifaolawaw to Yotaya tamdaw tayra I Matakaskar.[17] Namalowid to ko Toic I caay sato ka laheci kona sapifolawaw to Yotaya a demak. thumb|ci Hitora o congtong no Toic(Hitler, Speer y Breker en París, 23 de junio de 1940) I sakatosa a kaloodan no polong a kitakit, ma’eco no Toic ko Fransu, mangoyangoy ko faloco’ no tamdaw no Matakaskar to pikowan no Fransu,ka o pisa’iked to a miniyahpikowan sato a misaharterateng no Matakaskar tamdaw, yo laheci saho ko lsakatosa lalood, i 1947miheca looden to no Matakaskar to mikowanay a Fransu.[18] I 1958miheca 10folad 14romi’ad, palosyang to pitatireng to Marakasi Kapolongan Kitaki,o cecay no komodan no Fransu a Niyahpikowan a kitakit,i 1959miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo,ta patireng to Pacarcaray Sifo, 1960miheca saka’enem folad sakasepat safaw romi’ad malaheci to tomireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit.[19]
Niyahpikowan a kitakit(獨立後)
Mapatireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit, kinasepatay to misariyariyad ko kapolongan kitakit, mipatireng to fa’elohay kitakit I miriyad a misang’ amisafa’eloh to kinpo. Nani 1960miheca tahira 1972miheca o sakacecay a kapolongan kitakit,o mitoro’an no Fransu ci Filipir．Cilanana(Philibert Tsiranana，1912年10月18日－1978年4月16日）)ko malacongtongay. thumb|o sa'ayaway congtong Filipir．Cilanana(Philibert Tsiranana 1962) O mitoro’an no Fransu sanaw o mitayalan ningra o sakaci’etan to, o sapikowan to toor hananay ko sowal no Fransu. Patinako han, o malakakeridan nomaamaan to a tatayalen sahetoay o Fransu a tamdaw,o singsi o Fransu to atamdaw, o sapipasifana’ o no Fransu tilid. Ciharateng sato ko finawlan ona tayal ni Cilanana caay ka sasiroma to pikowan no Fransu, o「fa’elohay a palatepesay mikowan」sa onian ko pakarawraw to finawlan a misapifelihaw tona sifo, 1972miheca saso’eli’elin sato a mafelih no finawlan.[20]
Itiya sato i sakacecay kanikawan to simal(1973~1974), awa to ko katayalan mataring to ko tada no kitakit, o ‘orip sato no finawlan tadapakoyoc to,[21] i 1979miheca la’eto sato a mapeleng kona sifo.
Palapalaan ato Taliyokan(地理和生態)
O dadahal no pala 59,2800㎢ saka47 laylay i polong kitakit, o sakasepat ko katata’ang a kanatal. I sawaliay no Afrika, o sangataay a kitakit i, o Mosanpiko. I kawali misi’ayaway to riyar no Into, o lawac no riyar i kawali i, sahetoay o kilakilangan, i sifo’ an i, o masa’apilisay a omaomahan.
I ’ayaw no 1,35’ok(億)miheca, malipowak ko cikiw malapecih ko Matakaskar,katimolay lawac no cikiw, Into a karopaw ato Afrika ato Satimolan Amirika. I ‘ayaw no 8899 ofad miheca, miliyaw heca a mapecih lacinowas sato ko Matalaslar ato Into, maraay ko piliyas to romaroma a hekal sa ma’osaw ho ko caay kafalic ko kalahad no maamaan a kina’orip, o kilakilangan ato ’a’adopen.[25] O sera no Matakaskar ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko semosemotan, ira ko sena’sena’an, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no pala. thumb|Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003
Edgar de Wahl
197px|右 Edgar de Wahl (23 August 1867 – 9 March 1948) pa to liu an serep lo hal ngakap apay tatsupan Baltik Jerman i tehyang, matematis mi luy, lixang mi inulakan. Pi malisan ya, mi tupa ay manunutun sa iye ki, la dehaka si Interlingue ya inutulul ni iye, ya tupa sa ngaki nga Occidental pa tems iti.
Madagascar
Palapalaan ato Taliyokan(地理和生態)
O romi’ad 'i, saka11folad~saka4folad, kafodo’an ato kafaliyosan, i saka5folad~saka10folad kasi’emelan, o ka’oradan, sa kahenay a malahad ko kinairaira. I sasifo’an a takaraway a pala ma’icangay sa’emelay. I 2004miheca ira ko tata’angay afaliyos, 172tamdaw ko mapatayay,21’ofad 4260tamdaw ko mafolaway.
Nano katelangan a miheca malaliyas to karopaw, sa caay ka cilamlam to samaamaanay a kinairaira, 90% odeng itini a ira, o lotong to, o ‘ayam to sahetoay o kakafahekaan a kinaira.[26]
I matakaskar iraay ko cecay ’ofad no kasasiromaroma no kina’orip,80% o itiniay aca a ira ko nini.patinako han o Lan hana(蘭花)ira ko 860 ko kasasiromaroma, o kalitolo no sepat o tadamaanay no nini.[27] Ira ho koroma a patinakoan, itini i mitahepoan no kakarayan i faloay ko kasasiroma no lotong hanaay facidol,o itiratiraay aca i Afrika cecay,i Awco cecay, ’enem i Matakaskar.[28]thumb|Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madaga [[Faylo:Penang_Malaysia_Ravenala-madagascariensis-01.jpg|thumb|Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madagascariensis-01 Oroma sa o nangesan a kilang(棕櫚科)ira ko 170 ko kasasiroma,o sa’adihayay i tini Afrika, tona 170 no kasasiroma 165 itiniay aca i Matakaskar a malengaw.[29] Adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a talod, manga’ayay kalasapa’iyoen, patinako han oya cangcunhua(長春花) o lalengawan i nani Matakaskar a matenak taracowacowa to akitakit, faloay ko tatapngan a kahirahira, pito ko kahirahira itini i Matkaskar.[30] ona hana tonini i,o sapisanga’ sapi’ada to kang(癌症)adada a sapaiyo sanay ko mikakinkiway.O kakafahekan a kilang i o rafinala(ravinala)hananay o itiniay a tamdaw a pangang, matiya o macelakay ko wikor a ‘ayam, tadamakapahay sa malatahapinangan no kitakit ato hikoki no Matakaskar.[31] thumb|O kasasiromaroma a kina'orip(Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003)
Tamdaw(人口)
O caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw a finacadan ira ko Kaping, Into ato Tomo tamdaw,o cilamlamay to ‘ilang ko Yoropa a tamdaw caay to ka hakowa, naw iro malowan ko tamdaw hani, namasakakinih no itinitiniay aca a maro’, patinako han I 1976miheca marawraw a malaplap no Mahacanciya ko Kotomo atamdaw sa milaliw a mafolaw. O teloc no Yoropa matiya to a malowan. thumb|230x230px|Kasasiromaroma Finacadan(Ethnic groups of Madagascar Map) 2009miheca o katongal no masofocay tamdaw i 2.7%, o polong tamdaw nani 1900miheca 220 ‘ofad, macakat i 2012miheca to 2200 ’ofad. Kamoko’ay ko ‘orip, o caay ho ka tangasa i 15 ko mihecan mahaop 42.5%, nani 15 ko mihecan tahira 64 ko mihecan a tamdaw mahaop ko 54.5%, orasaka, o mata’elifay ko 65 ko mihecaan a malitengay haop sa to 3% aca.
Sowal (語言)
O lalengawan sowal no Mtakaskar nano Malay-Polinisya Finacadan,o matenakay a sowal tona kanatal, nikawrira, adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, nika talikeda ko tamtamdaw to masasiromaay sowal.[36] O na kasaniyaro’ a sowal i,tosa ko pecih o sakawli a Matakaskar ato o saka’etip a Matakaskar: o sakawali a niyaro’an sowal itiraay o sakawali a lilis no kilakilangan pala ato takaraway pala, o Milina niyaro’an sowal no Antananalifo o capa’ to onini sowal; o maro’ay I ka’etip a lilis no riyar a finawlan sahetoay ono saka’etipay Matakaskar sowal.
Yo pikowanan ho Fransu o sowal no Fransu ko hasasowal no sifo i Matakaskar, 1958 mihea masanga’ ko sa’ayaway a kinpo, itini tona kinpo a rikec I, o Matakaskar ato Fransu sowal kono sifoan sowal sanay ko tilid, malamikapotay sato ko Matakaskar to o Fransu sowal a kitakitakit, orasak o mitiliday ma’emin maafana’ to sowal no Fransu. O miliyawan a misanga’ kinpo i1992miheca ono sifoan to sowal ko Matakaskar sowal, ono kitakit to sowal saan ko rikec,orasaka ono Fransu sowal ko tilid, ono Fransu sowal ko tilid no sifo,naw iro sato ko fanawlan ora ko saka pakokot i Hoing(法院) mipacalalay to kinpo saan. Nika caayay ho kalatiliden no rikec ko tilid no Matakaskar, sa o hasowal ho no sifo ko Fransu sowal sato ko pisawkit no Kinpo Pisawkitan(高等憲法法院).
2007miheca a fa’elohay kinpo palaliyad heca a patalehekal tono sifoan sowal, o sowal no Matakaskar, sowal no Fransu ato sowal no Ikiris mapolong to malasowal no sifo.[37] 2010miheca 11folad a Polongan Pitopa no Finawlan(全民公投) mapalahedaw ko kalasowal no sifo ko Ikiris sowal.
Pitooran(宗教)
Malakitosa ko tamdaw no Matakaskar mipaso’elinay ho tono to’asan a pitooran,o sowal no to’as i,o ma’oripay a tamdaw ato mapatayay iraay ho ko kali’eki’ay akalakiting sanay. Orasaka, adihay ko lisin to pingodo to to’as, o demak no mitooray i misafangcal to tadem, o itiraay i takaraway pala ko ‘orip a tamdaw ira ko「mifelih to tatirengan no mapatayay a pariko a lisin」(famadihana),onini haw i,karkaren nani tadem ko tatirengan no mapatayay, mahelek a misawsaw pariko’en to [[Faylo:Famadihana reburial razana ancestor Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Famadihana reburial razana ancesfa’elahy a fancalay kiradom ta liyawen ho a mitadem(misawsaw to ’okak lisin), itini to matiniyay a lisin i mapolongay ko salawinawina ato niyaro’ a malipahak a mingodo to to’as, o roma i matahidang ko fiyaw a niyaro’ tayni a palafang mili’epah, ma’acang, nikawrira, o paysin no to’as i misa’icelan a mido’edo ta madipot no to’as yo sanay. Ano ira ko citatiihay a tamdaw ato loma’ onika caay ka pingodo to to’as, mapalafo to no to’as sanay ko tatodong. O citatiihay sato a tamdaw ato ciloma’ay misakolong paka’en to to’as to sapisaysay to faloco’ no to’as ta caay to ka palatiih to i hekalay ho laloma’an.
O tamdaw no Matakaskar ira ko kalitosa to mitooray ci Yisoan, o Ciwlokiw ato Tinsikiw makalitos ko tamdaw. Anini sato sahetoay to mapalamlam ko pitoor to Kristo ato to’asay a pitooran,patinako han ano midemak to「mifelih to tatirengan no mapatayay a pariko a lisin」(famadihana) a lisin i, itira ho i kyokay a miinori, malaheci to itira to i pitademan kono to’as a lisin. O mitooray to Kristo ira ko Tinsikiw, Fa’elohay Pitooran, Sini Pitooran ato Senko Pitooran, wataay ko picirep to sici nona kitakit.[38]
Ira a matenak ko Islam Pitooran ato Into Pitooran tona kitakit, o mitooray to Islam a tamdaw ira ko Matakaskar, Into, Pakistan ato Komo tamdaw.
Punka (文化)
Tada ahihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan no Matakaskar kitakit, oya cecay a finacadan o cecay a punka, halafin to ko ’orip itini sa masasifasif kono niyah punka, faco no ’orip, lekakawa, ato pitooran. Nilawrira, ira ko pinapina a kasasitekelo no punka, malopatosokan no Matakaskar punka. Caay ko ’edengan o sowal aca ko malaliniay a mafana’ a somowal a mitengil, malacecay ko rarengawan to’as ato pita’omg to to’as a lisin, ono to’asan a nitahafan nokakarayan a harateng i,o 「madadama」(fihavanana),「lemed」(vintana) ,「nokay no safalat」(tody) ato 「hasina」(hasina) ko micerepay i faloco’ no tamtadaw. thumb|karkaren nani tadem liyawen pariko' a mitadem.(Famadihana reburial razana ancestor Madagascar) O「hasina」hananay i fancalay a ’icel no ’orip sanay ko tatodong nona sowal, nika paso’elin ko finawlan ona fancalay ’icel ko midipotay to niyaro’ ato lalomaan ato ha’icel no malatapangay. Orama a heci no punka ira ho ko: mitalikay mikelit to ofil no panga, misalimela to ngasaw, paso’elin to cikawasay, mi’edaw misalisin ato no to’as a sapa’iyo, o paifatafatadan no tamdaw: ira ko fafaway tamdaw, ira ko kalotamdaw ato koli.[39] Pakaynien I rikec no kitakit mapalahedaway to ko paifatafatadan no tamdaw alekakawa,nikawrira, o nano nika sa tisil i syakay, o pili’etan a tayal ato hakowaay ko ‘icel iso a pakangiyangi to syakay nani tiniay i tisil no ’orip(社會種性).[40] Ano mimaaman to, o pi’edaw(Mpanandro) ko pinengnengan to kalotayal.
O punka no Matakaskar mipalatalahekalay to kasasiroma a rarengawa no punka, patinakohan, o tiftif a potoy(valiha) o ’aol ko sapisanga’, o Citola tiftif hananay, o nani satimolan Kalimantan Sakowan a tamdaw ko mihawikiday a tayni, miriniay tono aniniay Inni ato Filipin a tiftif.
Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)
[1] National Geographic. Style Manual. [2015-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-17）.
Rikisi no Rosiya
O Rikisi no Rosiya（kuwaping a sowal：俄羅斯歷史）
Madagascar
Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)
[2] Cousins, William Edward. Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects. London: The Religious Tract Society. 1895: 11–12 [2014-05-07].
Rikisi no Rosiya
I 1917 miheca mapalolol ko Rosiya, patireng to sa’ayaway a o kiwsanto komitekeday a mikowan a kitakit to Rosiya Siyakaysiwki Patatekoan Kitakit (Rosiya a sowal: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика;Roma tilid: Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika;Kuwaping sowal: 俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國),o sarakatay pahapinang i kinpo to Siyakaysiwki kitakit. [5] Isakatosa kalaloodan no polong kitakit, wataay ko ’icel no Rosiya sakapakalowid to sakalala’is. Malepong ko lalood o kafana’an i hekal ko sakakaay a kitakit ko Rosiya, o sakalalifet no Amirika i Li’etecayLalood. Itini i 20 sici ira ko tadamaanay a kaci’epocan dafong, ilaloma’ nonini i,o sarakatay pakasanga’ to nakamayan a fo’is, o sarakatay pakacolo’ to tamdaw tayra i dohaw no kakarayan. I 1990 miheca o sakatosa ko katata’ang a cidafongay kitakit.[6] O sakakaay ko kaadihay no sofitay i hekal, o saadihayay ko sapipatay to tamdaw a dafong.
Madagascar
Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)
[3] Room, Adrian. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2006: 230 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7. （原始內容存檔於2014-05-13）.
Rikisi no Rosiya
1991 miheca matekop to ko Patateko’an Kitakitno Rosiya, oya mikapotay a 15 kitakit misiiked a tomireng,nifalic to kinpo ta mala Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit, itira to a mangay a mirocok to ’icel no kitakit.
Madagascar
Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)
[4] Crowley, B.E. A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2010, 29 (19-20): 2591–2603. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2591C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030.
[5] Peter Forster, Shuichi Matsumutra, Matthieu Vizuete-Forster, Petya Belinda Blumbach & Robert Dewar. The Genetic Prehistory of Madagascar's Female Asian Lineages. Shuichi Matsumura, Peter Forster, Colin Renfrew (編). Simulations, Genetics and Human Prehistory. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Press. 2008: 71–77.
[7] Ogot, Bethwell. Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO. 1992: 418 [2014-05-08]. ISBN 978-92-3-101711-7. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-20）.
[8] Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre. Shipwrecks of Madagascar. New York: AEG Publishing Group. 2008: 7 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-1-60693-494-4.
[10] Curtin, Philip D. Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 186 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-0-521-59835-4. （原始內容存檔於2014-05-27）.
[12] Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press. 2005: 878. ISBN 1-57958-453-5.
[13] Fournet-Guérin, Catherine. Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. 2007: 45–54 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-2-84586-869-4. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-26）.
[14] Frémigacci, Jean. Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?. Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (編). Histoire d'Afrique. Paris: Editions Karthala. 1999: 421-444. ISBN 978-2-86537-904-0.
[15] Reinsch, Paul Samuel. Colonial Administration. New York: Macmillan. 1905: 377 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-08）.
[16] Bureau of African Affairs. Background Note: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2011-05-03 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）
[17] Browning, Christopher R. The Origins of the Final Solution. Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 2004: 81–89 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 3-540-63293-X. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-13）.
[18] Lehoullier, Sara. Madagascar: Travel Companion. New York: Other Places Publishing. 2010: 107 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-0-9822619-5-8. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-08）.
[19] Pryor, Frederic L. The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1990: 209–210 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-0-19-520823-8. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-22）
[20] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）.
[21] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）.
[22] Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?. International Crisis Group. [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-09）.
[23] Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?. International Crisis Group. [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-09）.
[24] Madagascar Court confirms President-elect. Voice Of America. 2014-01-17 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-04）.
[25] University of Berkeley: Understanding Evolution. Where did all of Madagascar's species come from?. 2009-10 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-05）.
[26] Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew. World Regional Geography. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. 2008: 517 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-0-495-38950-7. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-19）.
[28] Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF. Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets. Systematic Biology. 1998, 47 (2): 181–207. PMID 12064226. doi:10.1080/106351598260879.
[29] Bradt, Hilary. Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. 2011 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-1-84162-341-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.
[31] Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Nature of Madagascar. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. 2011-08-24 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-03）
[32] "World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. 聯合國經濟和社會事務部人口司. [2019-11-09].
[34] Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P. The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005-05-04, 76 (5): 894–901 [2014-05-10]. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703. doi:10.1086/430051. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-19）.
[35] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）. i'ayaway a tilid ko nini Itini i 20 00 S, 47 00 E, noAfilika ko Madagascar. Polong no sekalay i 587,041 sq km “saka 47 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 581,540 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 5,501 sq km ” Polong i 24,430,325 ko tamdaw.
[36] Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo. Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache. Langues INALCO. Paris: Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque. 2001: 8. ISBN 2-911053-79-6.
[37] Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. 2010-06 [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-13）.
[38] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. International Religious Freedom Report: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2006 [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-14）.
[40] Middleton, Karen. Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar. Los Angeles: Brill. 1999: 259–262, 272, 309 [2014-05-10]. ISBN 978-90-04-11289-6. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-21）.
Pitiri'an tilid(參考文件)
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 71.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業)
a sera 21.50%, malo no roma to a sera 7.40%.
siyoto(首都) O |[Antananarivo(安塔那那利佛) ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 26 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Hery Rajaonarimampianina(埃里·拉喬納里馬曼皮亞尼納), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 25 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Congo,Republic
縮圖|Hata no Kongko Kapolongan Kitakit
Rikisi(歷史)
O sa’ayaway a patirengay to Kongko Hontian-Kitakit I, o Panto-tamdaw I teloc no saka13 sici ato satapangan no saka 14 sici, o nikowanan a sera mahaop ko Ankora, Kapong, ato Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit. Itira I kaleponan no saka15 sici tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw misatapang a miliwal to koli(大西洋奴隸貿易), tahira to I saka 19 sici itira toya Polin-Kayki (柏林會議; Toic a sowal:Berliner Konferenz；Ikiris a sowal:Berlin Conference. O kongko-Kayki: 剛果會議; Toic a sowal:Kongokonferenz; anoca o Sa’etipay Afrika Kayki西非會議; Toic a sowal:Westafrika-Konferenz) hananay ho pangangan. Itini tona kayki a miketon to sowal pakayni to i Konko-’Alo ko kalalaedan no Fransu-Nikowanan ato Mikotoday-Piliso a Kongko. 1910 miheca mipatireng to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika, mahaop ko Kongko-Kapolongan kitakit, Kapong.Cate ato Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit,o Polasa-Tokay ko Syoto.
I Sakatosa-Lalood, o sifo no Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit micoker to congtong no Fransu ci Taykawlo Tapang no Sofitay, 1940-1943 matoro’ ko Polasa-Tokay matiya o tanengnengan to naifaloco’ay a Franso. 縮圖|Polin-Kayki (柏林會議;) 1958 miheca saka 9 folad, ira ko pitopa no polong tamdaw no Franso to pihayi to fa’elohay Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit to pipalasawad to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit, oya mikapotay i Franso a sepatay kitakit alamisiied sa patireng to niyah a kitakit. Itira to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad laheci sato ko pisiiked no Kongko kitakit tahanini.yo misiiked to cilacila mafalic ko sifo, 1960 miheca malasa’ayaway congtong ci Folpi-yuru, caka halafin i 1963 miheca mafodfod to ’’Sakafalo- folad a pilolol” (「八月革命」) mapalasawad ko kalacongtong, ci Arfangs-Masangpa-Taypa ko malacongtongay, I 1968 miheca saka 7 folad saka31 romi’ad mafelih ni Malian-Enkowapi. Tocila a mihecaan falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan Kitakit”. 1977 miheca mapatay no cima a tamdaw ci Malian-Enkowapi, ci Noacimo-Yongpi-Awpangko ko malacongtongay, tosa miheca mapalasawad no mikowanay a Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko kalacongtong ni Noacimo, caka halafin malakakeridan no Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ci Toni-Saso-Enkuiso, patokeled ha a malacongtong.
1990 miheca saka7 folad, mifalah to Makos-Linin Ca’enot, nikawrira, mihadidi to Syakaysyuki, mihayi to “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” mifalah to mitekeday a mikowan. To cila a mihecaan masasowal ko Polong-Lisaot to pihayi to Pacarcaray-Kinpo, milolol toya pisiikedan ho a ngangan no kitakit, hata ato radiw no kitakit. 1992 miheca,midemak to nakairaan no “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” a sinkiw to congtong, o nihaopay to kalotamdaw a kakeridan ci Poskar-Lisopa ko maalaay malacongtong. 1997 miheca saka 6 folad, malengat ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit, laliw sato to kitakit ci Lisopa, ci Saso to ko malacongtongay. To ikor to nonini a sinkiw, i 2002 miheca ato 2009 miheca kinatosa a maladid maala to sinkiw malacongtong tahanini.
Sieci(政治)
縮圖|Sa'ayaway congton ci Fupir-Yuro O sieci no Kongko o Congtong-Nikapolongan Kitakit(總統制又稱為總統共和制), o polong no fanawlan ko misingkiway to congtong, pito muheca ko katayalan, kinacecay aca manga’ay a pararid malacongtong. o Tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo ato sarikec no sofitay ko congtong. Ira ho sakowan to mitoro’ to sakakaay matayalay no sifo, deng o congtong ko patosokan nona sakakaay matayalay. O pilisaotan no kitakit o Tosaay-Pikaykian-Faco, o Finawlan-Pikaykian ato Fafa’eday-Pikaykian, ona tosa a pikaykian malecad ira ko sakowan to misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O Fafa’eday-Pokaykian ira ko 66 ko kiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 60 a kiing o mitopaay-saopo ko misinkiway, o ‘osaw to 6 a kiing i,o Por-Etal a misinkiwan, 6 miheca ko katayalan, kalotolo mihecaan miritos to cecay no kalitolo falicen a misinkiw; o Finawlan-Pikaykian ira ko 153 ko kiing, o finawlan ko mitopaay, 5 miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay pararid a masadak malakiing. O congtong ato pikaykian malalen ira ko sakowan a pasadak to sasanga’en a rikec, nikawrira, cowa ka ira ko sakowan no congtong to sapipalasawad to pikaykian, orama sa i,o pikaykian away ko sakowan to sapipalasawad to tayal no congtong ato tapang no sifo. Ano awa ko congtong o kakeridan no Fafa’eday-Pikaykian ko mamipacarcar malacongtong. o aniniay a congtong ci Teni-Saso-Enkuyso.
O aniniay a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit i 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 romi’ad o finawlan ko mitopaay a mihayi, sa’osien o sakafalo a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit itini I rikisi no Kongko. Namisiiked halafin ko Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko maro’ay I sifo, ona Matayalay-Tang ci Malian-Enkowapi ‘ayaway congtong ko mipatirengay i 1959 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad, milekal o Kyosanto-Ca’enot a kasafelaw sanay. Nikawrira, 1990 miheca mifalah to Makoso-Linin Ca’enot, mihayi to roma a kasafelaw no ssieci. Ona kasafelaw no sieci nani 1992 miheca tahira i 1997 miheca saka 10 folad na malaheci ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit caay ka maro’ to tayal no sifo.
Tamdaw (人口)
縮圖|fafahiyan no Kongko Tona mihecahecaan narikay ko ka tongal no tamdaw no Kongko,nani pisiikedan patireng to kitakit i 1962 miheca ira ko 82 ‘ofad, tahira to i 1986 miheca tahiraay to i 179 ‘ofad ko katongal no tamdaw, 2017 miheca matongal ira ko 526 ‘ofad ko tamdaw.
Ikiris a sowal
350px|thumb| O Ikiris a sowal （kuwaping a sowal：英語）hananay i, o Sowal no Ikiris.
Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a Ikiris i United Kingdom.
Congo,Republic
Tamdaw (人口)
I laloma’ nonini i o Kongko(Bakongo) a tamdaw mahaop ko 48%, Sangka tamdaw mahaop ko 20%, Mupoci tamdaw mahaop ko 12%,Tiki tamdaw 17%, o Yoropa ato roma a finacadan 2% ano ira ko 3%. Itini i Kongko tadamadafdaf ko kala’intel kala’edes no finacadan,mangaleday ko i saka’amisay a Kongko tamdaw ato ikatimolay a Muooci ko kalatatoker. Ona kala’edes no finacadan nani 1993 miheca tahira I 1997 miheca o lalengatan no Laloma’ay Lalood no Kongko kitakit.
Ikiris a sowal
Tangasa to i 2006 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Ikiris a sowal i hkal ma^min.
Congo,Republic
Sowal (語言)
O maro’ay I Kongko a tamdaw ira ko 30% o Fransu a sowal ko hasowal to romi’ami’ad. O picyosa ni Omar Massoumou i,ikaka no 15 ko mihecaan a tamdaw nahaop ko 88% o Frabsu a sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ad,mafana’ a mitilid tono Fransu tilid. 縮圖|mitiliday a ka'emangay O Kitopa a sowal o misalofan misarihaday nani Kongko a sowal,orasaka i katimol no Kongko a niyaro’ isalawacan no lalan no cilamalay a tamdaw ira ko 50/35% oninian ko sowal to romi’ami’ad.
O Panti sowal ira ko 18% tamdaw ko somowalay. O congton ci Toni-Sannukinso (Denis Sassou-Nguesso) o Linkara a sowal kokafana’an ningra, ona sowal o masowalay i ka’amis ato katimol no kitakit.O Patiki a sowal irako 18% ko somowalay,itiraay i Porato-Etal (Plateaux Department) ato Sa’etipay a Kyuputo-Etal (Cuvette-Ouest Department) a kalasowalen. Raly sowal o maramramay to Kongko sowal ato Kiti sowal, itiraay I Poro-Etal (Pool Department) a kalasowalen. O saadihayay a kalasowalen tona kitakit i,Kapalay-sowal (手語) o nani Nayciliya a kapalay-sowal,nikawrira, mirecepay i oinangan ato wayway no Kongko a tamdaw.
Ikiris a sowal
Tilid no Ikiris (英語字母)
thumb|英語詞彙組成
Congo,Republic
Saka’orip a dafong(經濟)
縮圖|matayalay a fafahiyan O saka’orip a tayal no Kongko i,ira ko Liomah ato Nakamayan-Dafong, o Misanga’ay-to-Dafong o kasolin-simal a dafong ko sakakaay, maceroray to itiyaay ho a kilakilangan a pisanga’ to dafong. 1980 miheca macakat ko ‘aca no kasolin-simal, mapafahal ko kacakat no polongan-‘etan no Kongko, malasakalikiay a macakat ko kicay i Afrika. Nikawrira, 1994 miheca matefad ko ‘epoc no payso no Kongko tora Falang hananay to 50%, itira to ko kacakat no ‘aca no kalodafong to 61%. Ikor to i,ira ko ko padang no Hekalay-Kinko (World Bank，縮寫WB) ato Hekalay-Kiking no Payso a Lekatep (International Monetary Fund，縮寫：IMF) misahalaka sapisongila’aw to sapili’etan a demak.
Ikiris a sowal
No papotalay a kakafit
Kasasiwasiw:Ikiris a sowal
Congo,Republic
Saka’orip a dafong(經濟)
Caka halafin malengat ko Laloma’ay-Lalood no Kongko, mapalasawad koya sapisongla’aw a demak. Macakat to ko aniniay a congtong, patokitok a micoroh to sapisongila’aw demak, nikawrira, cowa ka sacecay ko ‘aca no kasolin-simal, ira ho rawraw i laloma’ no kitakit, onini ko sakacaay a nga’ay to katayalan no tamdaw. I 2018 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad mikapot to Paliwalay to kalolin-simal kitakit a lekatep (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries， OPEC ; Kuwaping a sowal:石油輸出國組織)
Ma Ying-jeou
O Sofoc ato kaka'mangan ningra(出生和孩童時期)
I 1950 a miheca saka pito folad safaw tolo a romi’ad ko kahofocan ni Ma Ying-ciw, o sieci ato sarikec ko tayal ningra, o mikapotay toCong-kwo-kwo-min-tang. o tato’asan nira itini i Ciyangso-sen Yongsing- siyen,Ciyangso-sen Yungsing siyen ,o pikafitan o ’orip nira itini i Funan-sen Siyangtanang siyen, o wawa ni Ma he-ling aci Cin hou-siyu, itiraay i SiyangkangCiolongyumati a sofocen, o nikowanan ho no Ikiris.
Satapangan ningra Matayal tono sici(從政初期)
I 1952 miheca mihakelong to mama ato ina ningra maforaw tayra i Taypak. Aniniay a tayal nira i, malasingsi no rikec a kasakapotan no Tongwo-Tasiye mipasifana’pakayniay to holic. O saka tosa safaw ato tolo safaw riyad mala Congtong no Cong-hwa-Min-kwo,mala sa’ayaway kamaro’an no Cong-kwo-kwo-min-tang, mala tapang no Taypak-kowan ato tapang no Rikec-sakowan.
Namala micoyakay ni Ciyang Cing-kwo Congtong to sowal no Ikiris, ikoro to mala midamaay a kakeridan no Congtong-fu. Mala kakeridan no Mikinkiway ato mipahapinangay iingkay no Mada’ecoay Midipot a sakowan, ato mala Taypiyaw no Sakakaay-kalomaocan no kitakit. 1993 a mihecaan maocor ni Lin Can o tapang no Mada’ecoay Midipot a sakowan mala mikomoday tayal no Mada’ecoay Midipot a sakowan.