cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Croatia
Pacefaday Tilid(註腳)
[21] （英文）Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）.
[22] （英文）Culture and History. Croatian National Tourist Board. [2016-07-02]. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-16）.
[25] （克羅埃西亞文）Vladimir Huzjan. Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta. Povijesni prilozi (Hrčak Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske). 2008-07, 34 (34) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 0351-9767. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-17）.
Kakakitingan i Papotal(外部連接)
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Hawai
Mapateko no Amirika (美國兼併時期)
O kaliwasak nona kanatal i:
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca
thumb|Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca|alt=Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca.jpg
I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, malamikomoday a tamdaw.
Hawai
O tamdaw (人口)
O maro’ay tamdaw itini i, ono Aciya a tamdaw ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 40%, ini kowanan no Amirika a sakowan i, odeng o Hawai ko matiniay, caay ko nini aca, o cilamlamay to roma a ‘ilang a tamdaw i, adihay ko mahaopay. I lamoma’ no nini i, o teloc no Sipanya ko matongalay, siwatik sanay ko kaca ka hakowa no kohecaly ato kohetingay a tamdaw. Orasaka itini i, o kohecalay a mitiliday ko masamsamay i pitilidan.
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca
O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Malta(馬爾他) anini i ci Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 4 a romi’ad.
No papotalay a kakafit
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Hawai
O tamdaw (人口)
Ona maro’ay itini a tamdaw i, o i Amirikaay ko sofoc 82.2%, ono i romaay kitakit a sofocen i mahaop ko 75%, i raroma’ no nini i o nani Aciyaay kako sanay a tamdaw.
O Yincumin no Hawai (夏威夷原住民)
Oya ititiay a maro’ a tamdaw no Hawai Yincumin rowan sanay to anini.[3] Nikataynian ho kohecalay tamdaw i ’ayaw no 200 ko miheca yo macakat ci Kuku tapang no tamina iraay ko 30 ofad ko Yincumin a tamdaw, to ikor to i 19 sici (19世紀) rowan sa sepatay to ofad ko osaw, mapatay no mihawikidan no kohecalay tamdaw a lifong, ’aloman ko mipatayan no kohecaly tamdaw. Tahini to aniniay a mihecaan mararamod to roma a finacadan, tongal sato ko karahedaw no tada Yincumin no Hawai.
I 1959 miheca mapateko malocecay a sakowan no Amirika ko Hawai, mapenec ko ’orip no Yincumin tahanini o sakararem ko ’orip nangra.[4] O Yincumin kako sanay a tamdaw i, iraay ho ko mo’etep a ofad sanay ko sowal, nikawrira, ona tamtamdaw o caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i caay to ka hakowa ko osaw. O caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i 8, 000 to ko tamdaw sa ko sa’osi, o romaroma sa i mahaop ko 98% ciramramay to roma a finacadan.[5] O pisetek to sowal o so’elinay a Yincumin no Hawai sanay a rikec i, oya misanga’an i 1920 miheca a 「Hawai Tmadaw」sanay a rikec, tona rikec i, i’ayaw ni Kuku tapang no tamina yo macakat tona kanatal maro’ay to itini a tamdaw ko ni toro’an, o itirengay a remes i mirocokay ho to 50% nani to’as sanay ko pisetekan nona rikec. Nikawrira, o pihaop no Yincumin i polong tamdaw no Hawai i, ’edengan 5.9% aca, o sapiparocokaw tono niyah a punka i, mapatireng nangra ko 「Citodongay tono Hawai Demak」 (OHA, Office of Hawaiian Affairs), citodong a dademak to kalodemak no Hawai Yincumin.[6] Ona OHA caay ka piala to payso no sifo ta caay ka ngoyangoyen no sifo ko paiyincuminay a demak. Oyasato i 1990 mihecahecan, saadihay sato ko dademakay to sapipatikoaw tono niyah a salongac.[7]
O pisawkit to Kamihamiha Pitilidan (Kamehameha 裁判)
Oya nano to’asan a pitilidan no Yincumin no Hawai toya Kamihamiha Pitilidan, edeng o teloc no Yincumin ko mihaian a papicomod itini a mitilid, o ni’osawan no sa’ayaway a honti a dafong ko sapidemak tonini, caay ka piala to payso no sifo, o mitiliday a ka’emangay cidafohay, sa mapakokot no kohecay a tamdw o misakakinihay to roma afinacadan.[8] Nikawrira, misawkit sato ko sakaka’ay a pisawkitan i, ono Hawai Yincumin a teked pitilidan konini sa ko pipatosok sawkit, caay ka tama toya misakakinihay to roma a finacadan sanay a pikokot.
Onini i, o todongay o sapipatikoaw to niyah a salongoc sanay a demak, nawhani, na o mi’ecoan no kohecalay a tamdaw a pateko i Amirika a kitakit, mapalahedaw ko niyah mikowanay a honti no Hawai.
Mido’edo tona pisawkit i, 2009 miheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad, masongra’ ko pihai no Kinairaira no Pala a Iinkay no Lipoiing no Amirika (Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives) ko Miliyaw a Patiren Niyah Sifo tono Yincumin no Hawai (The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011/HR2314), ci AkaPil fafa’eday pikaykian no kitakit a kiing koni patarahekalay tona rikec, sa pangangan to Akak Rikec (the Akaka Bill after Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii)
Pakayni tona Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin, ira ko sapifelihaw a kiing, nikawrira, micoker ci Opama congtong to Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin.
Sowal (語言)
thumb|Austronesian languages
I 1978 miheca malaheciay to a patalahekalen no kinpo no Amirika ko halasowal no Hawai i o Hawai sowal ato Ikiris sowal. O nano to’asan a sowal no Hawai o nani capa’ay no Aostoronisya sowal (sakacecay a cicu), o to’as atamdaw no Hawai i, nano capa’ay no Aostoronisya a Polinisya tamdaw (sakatosa cicu). Orasaka matiya to i Taywanay a finacadan no Aostoronisya caay to ka hakowa ko mafana’ay a somowal. Nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan matongalay ko o ngiha’ no sowal no Hawai ko pitooran a mitilid to ngangan no pala.
Pitooran (宗教)
O pitooran no ta’asan Hawai tamdaw i o kimad, o kongko no ’orip, ato o patinako. To ikor to i, tayni to a micomod ko Kristo Pitooran. O kawasan ho a kimad i, o nani Polinisya a kimad ko adihayay, nikawrira, kakaya’ to ko mihecan, mafalic mafalic ko pakimaday i, masasiromaay ko nikimadan, I ’ayaw no 1800 miheca, o Kawasan kimad i oraay kono Hawai a kacidekan, malalitilitingay to pitooran nangra, tahira to i 19sici malalang to ko no to’asan a pitooran, nikawrira, tahanini iraay ho ko mitooray sa maosaw tahanini kono to’asan a punka.
O Yincumin no Hawai o mita’ongay to palapalan a masasiromaromay a kawas, ano silsilen koriaan i o milooday kawas ci Ku (Kū)、o ’orip kawas ci Kani (Kāne)、o liomah kawas ci Lono (Lono) ato no riyar kawas ci Kanaloa (Kanaloa). Caay ko nini aca, ira ho ko romaroma a kawas, ci Laka (Laka)、ci Kihawanihi (Kihawahine)、ci Papahanaumoku (Papahānaumoku), ato midipotay to karolomaan a kawas ci Aumakua (Aumakua).
thumb|Tatapangan kawas (Kuka'ilimoku) Adihay ta to ko kawas silsilen a mitilid ta nalikay a mafana’:
thumb|Pafilongan (USMC-101120-M-2339L-009) Tooren ko nini a pinangan no ’orip no Hawai tamdaw, o pafilongan a romi’ad itiraay i micelem ko Supalu Fo’is do’edo sa a masadakay a folad, o pihafayan ato pahanhanan a romi’ad ko nini, ma’edemg I saka 4folad no aniniay. Ona pafilingan i o Makalii’ hananay no Hawai tamdaw. (Makali`i; Maka o mata sanay, lii’ o mamangay sanay)
Tona pafilongan i, itiya i piceleman no Supalu fo’is ko finawlan macakat nani riyar.
Punka (文化)
Ono to’asan ho a kaka’enen i o Luawa (lūʻau) hananay no Hawai a tamdaw, o todongay o mikocisoay koranan, o pisacacak tonini i, i potal korkor han a miofang ko sera, tafo han to papah no facidol ato tali ko foting ato titi, teli han tora ofang a mitamek. thumb|Fula Sakero (Hula Kahiko Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 01) Nano to’asan o Pa·ina (pāʻina) anoca o Aha·Aina (’aha’aina) hananay ko pangangan tona tangidaf, o dengan i Pakarowid a milood, Pipakelangan to kaherekan no dodang, Sakacecay miheca nasofocen ko wawa, Kararamodan ato Pihemekan to kato’edaw no ‘orip a komaen tona kociso. Nano to’asan cipaysinay a malacafay komaen ko fainayan ato fafahiyan, mikociso sato i malacidekay a komaen. Itiya to i 1819 miheca o honti Kamihamiha 2 ko mifalicay tona lisin ta manga’ay to polong sa ko fainayan ato fafahiyan a mitaheka. O ’epah koroma aniniay to a mangaay a mili’epah ko tamtamdaw.
Ano mikociso i, caay aca ka ira ko radiw ato sakero, o sakero no Hawai to kafana’an no cimacima a tamdaw i, o Fula (sowal no Hawai: hula) hananay a sakero, onini ira ko sekero, ira ko romadiway, ira ko mi’olicay, ira ho ko misoniay to tiftif ato potoy. Ona Fula hananay a sakero ono to’asan i o Kahiko hananay, ono aniniay i o Auana hananay a pangangan, o polong nonini i o todengay o heci no punka ato pipakaso’elin to to’asan a kawas.
Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳)
[1] Kamihamiha sanay i, o mato’olay, o matemoyay sanay ko imi ira.
[2] McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, 57 (1) : 25–36 [2014-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-16).
[4] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 218ページ
[5] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 219ページ
[6] 中嶋弓子『ハワイ・さまよえる楽園』東京書籍、1993年、p.129-130. ISBN 4-487-75396-1.
[7] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧.
[8] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧.
[9] Gutmanis, June (1983). Na Pule Kahiko: Ancient Hawaiian Prayers. Editions Limited. pp. 4–14. ISBN 0-9607938-6-0
Djineljepan
Djineljepan（安坡部落）
93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 520 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i,  39 ko tamdaw.
O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)4%.
Ira ko paisingan(鄉安坡衛生室) i niyaro’.
o kasadakan no lihaf
Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis
Toda
toda（平靜部落）
Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko toda a niyaro’, 252 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 795 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.
97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 773 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i,  22 ko tamdaw.
O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko
Ira ko picodadan(平靜國小、平靜附幼) i niyaro’.
Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局平靜派出所) i niyaro’.
Ira ko paisingan(精英村衛生室) i niyaro’.
o kasadakan no lihaf
Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis
Djumulj
Djumulj（賓茂部落）
Itiniay i Jinfeng(金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko Djumulj a niyaro’, 34  ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.
98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 114 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i,   2 ko tamdaw.
O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko.
Ira ko paisingan(金鋒衛生所) i niyaro’.
o kasadakan no lihaf
Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis
Malasong
malasong （馬拉松）
O saparengreng no pakarongay no ’Amisan kasa’etel koni malasong a konglin, onini a malasong a cikay, o sapilifet no pakarongay to cikay ato hadidi, malo sakatanektek tariktik no tatirengan, o saka tanestes no tatirengan no Pangcah a tamdaw, o nano kaemangan a mikoling konini a demak.
Parengrengan toya romi’ad sepat ko toki to kanikaran maherek pato’aya to kawas i, polong a kapah masa’opo i talo’an, mawawacay ko tatirengan, tano sakelec sa to no kirarom i tatelecan, mitatoy to cipahpahay ho ’adiyam, malo sapatada ano ca pakafilo ko tatirengan, tahakawas ato makera ko satena’ to lalan, anca ca paka’araw ko mata, kemkem han mipa’epa’ sapipespes anca sapipacpac to tatirengan. Kanikaran misatapang lomowad malalifet, tahira i kahiceraan, makaki’ayaw ho ato cidal ko kalalifet.
I’ayaw no kalomowad, patahekal ho to epah, o ’icep, o toron sapato’aya to to kawas i kakaraayan ko tomok kakitaan mato’asay halo palimo’ot pa’icel, sowal sa, “Tadafangcalay a wawa no Pangcah, sa’icelen namo anini pasayra toya taengadat a pala comikay.” Matengil no ’alomanay maemin to mi lowi’, “Hai! waw!” sato, malecad toya palafacan a efa palifet to tala’ayaw a comikay. Ira i aikor a mikotod ko kangodoan, calowayay cinganganay a mato’asay, pacilo’ to kamay mitatoy to tomili’ay a ’ayam mitoor toya saikoray a tamdaw, matakop nira papikorahoc han nira to sakopol no ’ayam i koror, ano ira ko matakopay makorahot, o kakangodoan to saan ko ’alomanay, saka awaay ko caay pisa’icel a tamdaw.
Lawaca no lalan ’aloman ko mihamhamay pa’icel a finacadan, roma a tamdaw miala to pahpah no ’adiyam mipacpac pa’icel toya aikoray ho a tamdaw, tahira i kasadakan no talawadaw i riyar no Kalingko, saikoray mitaelif ho toya masataporoay i lawac no riyar, ta milakowit ho toya tafotafokan tangasa paherekan ta papinang to sakarayray. Naw patama sa mapili’ koya kasadakan no talawadaw i riyar saw? O rayray nano to’as o kacakatan no Satimolan a ’etal koni, o pisaharatengan to pisa’icel, to roray a pamatang, to pifariw to cikacekaan a a faloco’ no tato’asan.
Nengneng han ira ho ko samoecel sanay a tomireng ko miletekan ho a ’aol, mapasiket ko siwalaan, po’ot, ’idoc ato sapato’aya, ira ko patakecay i teloc no ’aol to fayfay sapapinang a lalosidan. Maein to tahini i paherekan ko ’alomanay, tomireng to ko Tomok pa’icel a pakimad, maherek to palata’angen ho koya calowayay to kaolah, liliden a mikakoy milowi’. Paherek sato ko Tomok a pasowal, “Malifet to namo ko karetengay a salifet, kahemeka to kamo! itini ho kako a miliyaw a pasowal, malakapah to kamo!”
Pi’arawan to lakaw
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Central African Republic
縮圖|Hata no Sifo'ay-Afrika kitakit
Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit (中非共和國; Fransu a sowal:République centrafricaine; Sangko a sowal:Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka;通稱中非).
O itiraay i sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit,o karopaway ko kamaroan nona kitakit, de’edo han ko rakat no toki ko kalafiyaw o Komayrong, Cate, Sotan, Katimolay-Sotan, Kongko Finawlan-Kitakit ato Kongko Kapolongan-Kitakit. Itiyaay i 1958 miheca saka 12 folad ko patirengan no kitakit, isa’ayaw ho i,caay ho malaheciay ko pisiiked, ikor to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 13 romi’ad malahei to misiiked mapatireng ko kitakit, o syoto i, o Panci (班基; Fransu a sowal:Bangui), itiraay i lawac no Panci-‘Alo kona niyaro’. 縮圖|kaitiraan no Sifo'ay-Afrika kitakit I’ayaway a Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit o Mikotoday-Fransu a Upanci-Syali kitakit(法屬烏班基-夏利領地; Territoire d'Oubangui-Chari), o mi’ecoan no Fransu a sakowan i Afrika,1950 miheca na misiiked patireng tona kitakit, cacorocorok sa ko Nisatekedan ko pikowan2.1993 miheca matongalmatongal ko pisa’eli no finawlan to o harateng no finawlan ko pi’arawan a mikowan sanay a longoc, satapang sato kona kitakit to o finawlan ko misinkiway to Tapang no kitakit,ci Anlan-Filikos-Potasay ko maalaay malacontong. I 2003 miheca mafelih no sofitay kona congtong, mapalasawad no kakeridan no sofitay ci Folangsowa-Pocice ko kalacongtong ni Potasay. 2004 miheca malengat ko Laloma’ay-Lalood no kitakit, iraira ko katatilid to misawad malalood i 2007 miheca ato 2011 miheca, I 2012 miheca malaliyaw heca ko kalalood, sanoyanan sato ko kaca ka pahanhan ko lalood.
Ano adihadihayay ko tadamaanay-fokeloh ato kinairaira no pala, patinako han o sarad-Yu,kasoling-simal, ‘ekim,tayamonto, kilang ato dinki no nanom, ato kakahaday a omah, nikawrira, o tadamanikaway a kitakit itini i hekal. I 2017 miheca o Kapolongan-Nitayalan- 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP, o cecay no mo’etep samanikaway kitakit I hekal, 2019 miheca a Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(人類發展指數;Human Development Index) o sakatosa nani saikor a sa’osien i polong no kitakit, o aikor i o Nire. ira ko sowal no mikinkiway o tadacaay ka taneknek a kitakit ato caay ka tatodong kamaro’an no tamdaw a kitakit sanay.
Rikisi（歷史）
I’ayaw no cecay ‘ofad ko mihecaan, oya tafotafokan a pala caay ka nga’ay o kamaro’an no tamdaw, orasaka, pasitimol a maforaw koya mi’a’adopay a finacadan tayra I ka’amis no Sahero-Etal. ona maforaway tayni a finacadan i satapang to a patireng to niyaro’ maro’ itini a maomah, oninian i,o cecay no i ka ci Fa'elohay-Fokelohan a mihecaan. 縮圖|228x228像素|Sa'ayaway congton Patayremi-Pokanta Itira to i saka 7 sici, sa’aloman sanay to ko maro’ay i Siso’ay-Afrika. Makowan no pinapina a hontian-kitakit konini a finawlan,ona makowanay a kitakit ira ko Nimo-Ponu(加奈姆-博爾努帝國;Kanem–Bornu Empire);Watai-Sotan(瓦達伊蘇丹國，或稱為瓦達伊帝國; Arapiya a sowal:سلطنةوداي; Fransu a sowal: royaume du Ouaddaï);Pacirmi(Baguirmi); ato ilawacay no Niro-’Alo a Tafo(達佛; Arapiya a sowal:دار فور‎). Ikor to adihay to pakiniyah sanay a milekal to nomako ko aniniay a Sifo’ay-Afrika sanay, o malopialaan to kuli, o kahiceraan no paliwalay to Kohetingay-Kuli ko ninian pala.
1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 13 romi’ad malaheci ko pisiiked patireng ko Sifo’ay-Afrika, ci Tafi-Tako ko pacarcaray malacongton, caka halafing malaso’elinay to a congton, o mitekeday ko pikowan. Orasaka, I 1965 miheca saka 12 folad saka31 romi’ad, oya toloay ko hana a kakeridan no sofitay ci Pokasa(讓-巴都·卜卡薩;Fransu a sowal:Jean-Bédel Bokassa) midemak to paka’icelay-pifelih to sifo, to cila a romi’ad paiked sa malacongtong, 1976 miheca saka 7 folad saka 4 romi’ad paiked sa malahonti, falic han ko ngangan no kitakit to Sifo’ay-Afrika Hontian Kitakit,to cila a miheaan saka 12folad saka 4 romi’ad misatata’ang to pipacalokan lisin,satapang to ko pi’enec to finawlan, wata ko kapadec no ‘orip no tamtamdaw. Yo ‘ayaway a congtong ci Tako ira ko pipadama no sofitay no Fransu ya mipalafang ci Pokasa tayra i Lipiya itiya ci Tako a mifelih to sifo, mili’yaw heca a malacongtong, lololen ko ngangan no kitakit to ‘ayaway a Sifo’ay- Afrika Kapolongan kitakit. 1981 miheca saka 9 folad, ci Antoli-Tiotoni-Kolipa(安德烈-迪厄多內·科林巴 ; Fransu a sowal :André-Dieudonné Kolingba) tapang no sofitay ko mifelihay to sifo,paiteked sa malakakeridan no kitakit. 縮圖|212x212像素|Fostan-Arsangci- Towatele congtong Tahira to i 1993 miheca, satapang sa kona kitakit to o finawlan ko misinkiway to mikowanay tamdaw, tona sinkiw ci Anre-Filikos-Potasay(安熱-費利克斯·帕塔塞;Fransu a sowal:Ange-Félix Patassé) maalaay tona sinkiw. 2003 miheca oya i’ayaway a kakeridan no sofitay ci Folangsowa-Pocico(弗朗索瓦·博齊澤 ; Fransu a sowal:François Bozizé) keriden ningra ko sofitay milood to kamaro’an no congtong laplapen ningra ko congton paiteked sa malacongtong,i 2005 mihecaan a sinkiw maala ci Pocico malacongtong no misinkiwan no finawlan.
Oya miketonan to a romi’ad to pisinkiwan to congtong i 2010miheca saka 4 folad mapanayar. Tona ingataay a mihecaan cilacila marawraw no Cisieliay-Mitokeray Sofitay(聖靈抵抗軍; Ikiris a sowal :Lord's Resistance Army), onini ko pipadang no Kinheko, ifiyaway kitakit ato Amirika to laplap tona miforiforay-sofitay. 2013 miheca o sakakaay o Muslin a komi ko mi li’angay to misakristoay, o ‘edef no kitakit macacoli ko Muslin ato misakristoay. 2014 mihea saka 1 folad,milalang ko fiyafiyaw a kitakit sawad sato ci Ciawtotiya a malacongtong,ci Aliksanta-Fitinan-Enken( Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet) ko miceroray malacongtong. To roma a sinkiw fafalo ko masadakay misinkiw ci Kasalin-Sangpa-Panca(凱薩琳·桑巴-潘扎;Fransu a sowal:Catherine Samba-Panza), nikawrira, caay ko ifaloco’ay no Fransu ora sa ka milalang to kalacongtong ni Kasalin, ocor han ko sofitay a mitaker to kalacongtong. Tona miheca saka12 folad saka13 romi’ad, ira ko Kapolongan-Pitopa to pihayi to fa’elohay-kinpo(Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit) do’edoen kona faelohay kinpo a sinkiw no congtong i 2015 -2016 miheca i sakatosa liyad a mitopa ci Fostan-Arsangci-Towatela(福斯坦-阿爾尚熱·圖瓦德拉; Fransu a sowal :Faustin-Archange Touadéra) ko pakaalaay to 62.71% a satopa, tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad maro’ to i kamaro’an no congtong.
Kaitiraan ato palapalaan(位置與地形)
O kaitiraan nona kitakit itiraay i sasifo’an ko Afrika,o kahiceraan no ka’amisaykatimolay, ka’etip ato kawaliay, tadamaan ko kaitirran nona kitakit, o polong a sera ira ko 62 ‘ofad 5900 km²,ika’amis no sakawali malafiyaw ato Sotan, ikawali madado’edo ato Katimolay-Sotan, katimol o Konko-Finawaln Kapolongan-Kitakit.isaka’etip o Komaylong, ka’amis o Cate,1000 kilo ko kalalaay ato riyar,o so’elinay o karopaw a kitakit. O palal i adihay ko takaraway lotok ato masatapoloay a pala, o lalen no takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 700 laya’, o takaraway-dahetal i katimol no sasifo’an no Afrika.
水系(rakat no nanom)
Adihay ko ‘alo no sifo’an-Afrika kitakit, o sakakaay i o Opanci-’Alo,Sali-’Alo, Lokong-’Alo ato Manpo-’Alo, o salawacan no ’alo masadafdafay ko sera, o roma sa i sahetoay to o tapolo a saer.
Kakarayan(氣候)
Ika’amis no Sifo’ay-Afrika kitakit o Fa’edetay-Semosemoatan Kakarayan, isakatimol o Fa’edetay-kala’oraday Kilakilangan Kakarayan, o lalen a fa’edet latek 27.8°C. isakatimol 8 a folad ko ka halafing no ’orad, tada patahtahay to nanom,isakatimolay cecay miheca ira ko 1200mm ko ‘orad, isalawacan no ‘alo so’emetay manga’ayay kaliomahan.
Pitooran (宗教)
縮圖|o kilang a dafong O sakakay ko ka’aloman ko mitooray i o misakristoay. I saka 17 sici mapacomod no paliwalay to kuli a itini i Sifo’ay-Afrika Kitakit ko Islam-Pitooran, paliwalen nganra ko kuli tayra i saka’amisan no Afrika ato lilis no Konko-‘Alo tahira i katimol. O Isalam a pitooran o sakatosa ko ka’aloman no mitooray, latek mahaop ko 15% no polong no tamdaw no kitakit, o sa’alomanay itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etip nona kitakit mingata to Cate-Kitakit ato Sotan.
Saka’orip(經濟)
O cecay no Sasafaay-Kacemahad a kitakit (最低度開發國家; Least developed country) i hekal kona kitakit.o kiomah ko sakakaay saka’orip no demak. Nani ka pisiikedan nona kitakit, sahetoay micangrayay to pipadang no roma a kitakit ko ’orip no tamtamdaw.o Fransu ko sakakaay mipadafo’ay, i 1997 miheca o milayapan a padafo’ no roma a kitakit ira ko 6000~9000 ‘ofad ko payso no Amirika. 縮圖|236x236像素|o padatengan O liomah i sahetoay o mamangay ko omah, o sakakaay a losay i o ‘alilay, kodasing, tamako,panay, tefos, damdam, kofi, parok, dateng ato losay, nikawrira, o heci cowa ka ‘edeng malakakaenen no finawlan. ilaloma’ nonini a nipalomaan i o’edengan o kafi ato parok ko nipasadakan a paliwal. Nikawrira, o kafi i sahetoaay o Yoropa a tamdaw ko mipatiyamay, o kanac no parok i o sanga’ayay itini i ‘edef no Afrika. Ira ho ko roma a nipasadakan a paliwal o simal no nanges ato komo, tadaadihay ko kinairaira no kilakilangan, o kilalakilangan no Sifo’ay-Afrika kitakit i ira ko 22 ‘ofad 6958 km²,o mitahepoan no kilang a sera ira ko 36.4%, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no kilang itini, i katimol no saka’etip ira ko kakahaday a Koni-No-Cikiwa a kilakilangan, nikawrira, awaay ko lalan cowa ka nga’ay a colo’en pasadak, orasaka, o kinairaira no kilakilangan caay ho tekaen a pacemahad.
Paliwalan a dafong(進出口貿易)
I 2015 miheca oni pacomodan a dafong a ‘aca ira ko 1.728 ok ko payso no Amirika, o sakakaay i o parok, kafi, tayamonto ato kilan, o nipaliwalan a kitakita i o Congko, Inni, Konko-Fianwlan Kapolongan kitakit ato Norwi.
I 2015 miheca oni pacomodan a dafong a mi’aca ira ko2,649 ok ko payso no Amirika,, o sakakaay ni’acaan i o simal, kakaenen, kasolin-simal, nananomen, sapaiyo,tosiya, toki, racio, nisanga’an nani kalas, o tipelok, kiladom, sakatayal, dafong no loma’, amoto,malad, kiay,dingki a dafong, hilyo, komo ato riko’.o sakakaay a kali’acaan a kitakit i o Norwi, Fransu ato Amirika.
Pacefaday a Tilid (註腳)
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Bolivia
Bolivia（玻利維亞）
Takaray sowal(概略)
O Polipiya a kitakit i,tada adihayay ko kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a malamlam maro’ itini. thumb|Hata no Polipiya (Flag of Bolivia) O Polipiya hananay(Sipanya a sowal:Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; Kiciwa a sowal:Wuliwiya Mamallaqta; Aymara a sowal:Wuliwya Suyu; Kuwalani a sowal:Tetã Volívia; Kuwaping a sowal:玻利維亞)Polipiya a kitakit itiraay i laloma’ no karopaw a kitakit i Katimolay Amirika Kanatal, o kapot no Katimolay Amirika Kanatal a Lekatep. Malafiyaway ato Pasi, Piru, Cili, Arkuntin ato Palakui tona lima a kitakit, o Syuto i,Sokeloy, nikawria, o kaitiraan no sifo i,itiraay i Lapas, ona Lapas a tokai nani tongroh no riyar matafesiway ko 3,600 m ko ka’akawang, o sa’akawangay itini i hekal a kitakit.
To’asan ho a mihecaheca(早期)
I kahelekan no saka 15 sici mapecoh no Sipanya ko Polipiya, malamicongacongay no Lapulata Congto Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:Virreinato del Río de la Plata; Kuwaping a sowal:拉布拉他總督轄區) no Sipanya.
I saka 19 sici a mihecahecaan malalifelifet ko Latin Amirika Karopaw to Sapisiikedaw, itiya ho o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, ona ngangan tonini i,o minganganay to tadaki’emelay a tadaw no Winoyloyla Lakalasu ci Simon Poliwa, o mitedalay to kasefet no Polipiya nani Sipangya i 1809 miheca ta Misaiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, o sapikinin tona tamdaw ko pangangan to Polipiya kitakit. thumb|O patirengay to kitakit ci Simon Poliwa (Portrait of Simón Bolívar by Arturo Michelena) I 1825 miheca malaheci ko kapisiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, nikawrira, cilacila a malalood ato kasafiyaw a kitakit, orasaka malowan ko fatad a sera no kitakit, ilaloma’ ira ko isaka’amisay no Cili a Antis Lotolotolan a pala, lilis no riyar a etal, isaktimolay no Pasi ato isaka’amisay no Palakui. Mangaled itiya i nani 1879 tahira i 1883 miheca a Syawsi Lalood(Sipanya a sowal:Guerra del Salitre;Kuwaping a sowal:硝石戰爭; oroma ho apangangan:Sipanya a sowal:Guerra del Pacífico; Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋戰爭), mapalahedaw ko o’edengan a milislisay to riyar a sakowan ato ikakaay a minato Antofaciyasita(Sipanya a sowal:Antofagasta; Kuwaping a sowal:安托法加斯塔),sanoyanan sato a mala ilaloma’ay no karopaw a kitakit ko Polipiya.[1]
Na pisiikedan to no Polipiya,o teloc no nani Yoropaay a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa a Mitiso tamdaw mapolong a mipatireng to sifo, halafin o Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan(Sipanya asowal:Caudillo) ato Nisatekeday a Cefan ko Sieci. O roma sato 'i, miwanikan ko ’alomanay a Intian Yuiencumin, sanga’ sa to rikec to sapi’enecaw to niyaro’ no Intian a tamdaw, ta lahoday to ko pi’afas to sera no Intian. 1900 miheca,o polong a tamdaw no Polopiya ira ko 1600 ofak ko ka’aloman, nikawria, ’edeng 3~4 ofad ko iraay ko ’icel no sinkiw.
1898 miheca,malaheci ko Lapas malasyuto tatapangan taokai no kitakit, o ci’icelay to sakowan i,mafalic to a tayra i citanengay ato cipaysoay a tamdaw.
Aniniay Miheca (當代)
I 1953 miheca masanga’ ko rikec to sapipalahedaw to Faco no Milikotan a Liomah, mifalic to sakiomah a fa’elohay faco. 1984 miheca, malepon ko Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan, o sinkiw to ko pi’aeawan to kaira no fa’elohay sifo. 2003 miheca cifangafang to no Palaan Kaso, mifaker ko polong tamdaw no kitakit, orasaka, tatootoor sa a misawad ko congton ci Sangcisu ato mitayliay malacongtong ci Misa, laliw sato tara i roma a kitakit. thumb|o Sa'ayaway a Yiencumin a congton ci Molalis(Presidentes del Perú y Bolivia inauguran Encuentro Presidencial y III Gabinete Binacional Perú-Bolivia ) 2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya.
2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit.[2]
Palapalan(地理)
Isa’amisay apala no Polipiya o dafdaf, sasifo’an o sakawaliay a apilis no Antis Lotok; isaka’etipay a pala o Antis Lotok ato Polipiya taporo. 4000 m ko kaitongroh no riyar, o matiyayay awaay ko tolas a takaraway dahetal. O sa’etipay no Antis Lotok nani ka’amis pasi timol ko kasado’edo, kalacinamalay kona tokos. O sakakaay ko takaraw a poco’ no lotok o IimaniPoco’（Sipanya a sowal:Montaña de Illimani; Kuwaping a sowal:伊宜馬尼峰）6.438 m nani tongroh no riyar. thumb|Antis Lotok (Aerial photo of the Andes) Ha’eminen a minengneng takaraway ko ka’etip masala’eno sanay i tarawali. Ora takaraway i ka’etip itiraay i Antis Lotok, o masala’enoay i kawali itiraay Amasin Kilakilangan. O itiraay i hefong koao’ o OroSakowan(Oruro;奧魯羅省). O satakaraway ko kaitiraan a Titikaka-Fanaw(Sipanya a sowal:Titicaca Lago，Aymara a sowal:Titiqaqa; Holam a sowal:的的卡卡湖)itiraay i kalala’edan no Piru ato Polipiya,o dadahal 8290 ㎢, o lalen a tangongol 140~180m, Uyuni-Cinahay-Fanaw(Kiciwa a sowal:Uyuni kachi qucha; Sipanya a sowal:salar de Uyuni; Holam a sowal:烏尤尼鹽沼）o dadahal i,10.58㎢,o kakaya’ nani ka’etip pasiwali 250km.
O sato’edaway ’alo no Polipiya o cipas no Amasin ’Alo o Mamoloy ’Alo(Sipanya asowal:Río Mamoré; Holam a sowal:馬莫雷河), pasarayray han pakayni i dadahal:
1.    Amacon ’Alo (Amazon;亞馬遜河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 70.67㎢, mahaop ko 64% a pala no Polipiya.
2.    Parana ’Alo (Paraná; 巴拉那河, o cipas no Lapulata ’Alo拉普拉塔河支流), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 24.51㎢.
3.    Titikaka-Tesakuwalo ’Alo (Titicaca-Desaguadero;的的喀喀湖-德薩瓜德羅河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 6.17㎢.
4.    Kankoso ’Alo (Cancoso;堪克索河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 2.02㎢ ko pala. thumb|Titikaka Fanaw (Lake Titicaca on the Andes from Bolivia) Itini i 17 00 S, 65 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko Bolivia.Polong no sekalay i 1,098,581 sq km “saka 28 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 1,083,301 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,280 sq km, Polong i 10,969,649 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 34.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 52.50%, malo no roma to a sera 13.20%.siyoto(首都),O Sokoloy(蘇克雷) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad.Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 6 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Foan Aywo Molalis(Evo Morales;Juan Evo Morales Ayma胡安·埃沃·莫拉萊斯·艾瑪), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.
Kakarayan(氣候)
O tosa no kalitolo a pala no Polipiya itiraay i Fa’edetay kakaraya ato Fala'efaay kakarayan[3], sahetoay o ma’icangay a sa’emel ko romi’ad; o ’orad nani sawalian no ka’amis tara sa’etip 2000mm lowan sa tahira i 100mm.
Sieci(政治)
O congtong no Polipiya o kapolongan no fainawlan a mitopa to sinkiw, 5 miheca kinacecay a misinkiw to congtong. O misanga’ay to rikec a Pikaikian no Kitakit o 「Kapolongan no Kasasiromaroma Finacadan Tata’angay Pikaikian」(Sipanya a sowal:Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional; Holam a sowal:多民族立法大會), tosaay ko kasasilsil:o Fafa'eday Pikaikian ato Kararemay Pikaikian, Fafa'eday Pikaikian 36 ko kiing,o Kararemay Pikaikian 130 ko kiing, malecad ato congtong 5 miheca kinacecay a sinkiwen. thumb|Kasasiromaroma Finacadan Tata’angay Pikaikian (Palacio de Congresos Bolivia) 2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya.
2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「República de Bolivia;玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton.
Kasasilsil Sakowan(行政區劃)
O pisilsil to katayalan a kasasa'er : 9 ko Sakakaay Sa’er(Sipanya a sowal:departamento), o mikowanan nonini ira ko 112 ko Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:provincial), o kahacecacecay no Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan silsilen ho pinapina a Siyang ato Cen(Sipanya a sowal:municipio), i la’eno nonini i, silsilen ho to pinapina aniyaro’(localidad).
9 Sakakaay Sa’er Sakowan(九個省及其首府):
Katenakan(分布)
Nano to’asan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ i ’edef no Polipiya, i kapolongan a faco no sera o takaraway a dahetal ato kasala’ed no tokos cowa ka ’aloman ko tamdaw a maro’, ano o cihenehenekay ko sera itini i,’edengan sa o mi’aopay a finacadan ko maro’ay itini, nawhani, cowa ka hakowa ko mama’ala to hakakaenen, o roma sa i,o mingata’ay to riyar ato isasifo’an a takaraway a dahetal no Piru a masopsop ko tamdaw a maro’, itini mahecaday to cowa ko cihenekay a sera caay ka tatodong sakaomahen, nikawrira, kakahad ko pipakaenan to ’a’aopen,ira heca ko adihayay a ma’osaw a tatafokeloh, orira to ko saka haneknek no aro’ no tamdaw itini.[4]
Finacadan (民族)
thumb|Aymara F inacadan(Mujeres aymara con siku y caja - flickr-photos-micahmacallen) Itiya i 2010 miheca a pisa’osi ira ko 1012.5 ofad ko polong a tamdaw, adihay ko kasasiromaroma a finacadan, Indian-Yuiencumin mahaop ko 60% ko tamdaw, o cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa o Mitiso hananay i,mahaop ko 26%, o Yoropa a kohecalay tamdaw ato roma a finacadan mahaop ko 14%. O Indian-Yuiencumin i,ira ho ko 36 ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, ilaloma’ no nini i,o satata’angay a finacadan o Kiciwa Finacadan ato Aymara Finacadan(艾馬拉族), ona tosa a fainacadan mahaop ko 85% no Indian-Yuiencumin no Polipiya.
Pitooran (宗教)
O malacinowasay ko sieci ato pitooran a kitakit ko Polipiya, o rikec no Kinpo:「mingodo mipa’ading ko kitakit to paiteked a mitoor ato naifaloco’ay a pakaso’elin, matiya o nikalacecay tono dohaw nisaharatengan, misiiked ko kitakit nani pitooran.」
Nengnengen ko sa’osi no mitokiay a mikinkiwaay no citodongay tona demak no Polipiya kitakit i 2001 miheca, o polong tamdaw no Polipiya mahaop ko 78% mitooray to Tisikiw, o roam mahaop ko19%, o cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas i,’engan 3%. O roma a pisa’osi no Katelang Sa’osi no Pitooran Iinkay a kirok, 2010 miheca o misakristoay i,92% ko mahaopay, ono to’asan a pitooran i,3.1%, Pahai Pitooran 2.2%, o cowa ka pitooran to kawas i,ilalem ho no 0.1%.
Kicai (經濟)
O matayalay no sifo no Polipiya sahetoay o malawacoay, ira heca ko pikowan no Sipanya, orasaka, o tadamanikaway itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw. O manikaway a tamdaw i,mahaop ko 66.4% no polong tamdaw no Polipiya, o tada o horac to ko kaawa a tamdaw i,45% ko mahaopay. o roma sa ’i, o ciseraay a tamdaw ira ko 90%, o caay ka papina a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay ko ’irang a tamdaw. thumb|Kowal (Chenopodium quinoa) Adihay ko kinairaira no gasolin simal ato kaso no pala,itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw o mido’edo’ay to Winoylyla ko kaadihay no kaso no pala, ira ho Tadafokeloh, sa pangangan ha to「oya maro’ay i ’ekim a ’adengan a miki’a’amay」.
Ira ho nalacolan no Inka-Hotinan Kitakit, o tadamaanay a rocokan no punka.
O misanga’ay to dafong a kofa ira ko misanga’ay to kakaenen, ira ko mililecay a tayal,misanga’ay to sikal no[5] katol,o ‘epah, o tamako a kahirahira. Cowa ko nini aca, ira ho ko misamaladnay, cinganganay itini i kalokitakit.
Oni pasadakan a paliwal a dafong i,ira ko nanisimalay dagong, tadafokeloh,misanga’an dafong ato dafong no saliomah. O sakakaay a ci’epocay a losay ira ko Limay a kowal(quinoa;藜麥), ariray, moki, konga ato kalitang.
O Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( GDP)nani 2005 miheca a 95.25 ok Amirika payso tahira to i 2009 miheca 172.17 ok Amirika Payso; Lalen a 'Etan no kalotamdaw( per capita disposable income ,GNI ) nani 1010 Amirika Payso matongal tahira i 1683 Amirika Payso.
Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)
[1] How Bolivia Lost Its Hat (2012). [2015-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）
[2] 存档副本. [2019-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-11）.
[3] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1. ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1 （中文）.
[4] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1–2. ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1 （中文）
[5] 玻利维亚国家概况. [2013-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-07）.
Kakafitan i Papotal(外部連接)
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Kacanglahan
Kacanglahan(春季)
O sa’ayway a palapatan no cecay a miheca ko kacanglahan. O pisatapangan(開始) no kacanglahana a romi’ad i, itiraay i saka 3 tahira i saka 5 no saka 2 a folad; o kalahecian no kacanglahan i, saka 5 tahira i saka 7 a romi’ad no saka 5 a folad. Itira i roma a kasa’etal i, nano satapangan no kacalahan tahira i kaherekan no lo’odan ko kacanglahan hananay. O pipalomaan to pinalengaw ko kacanglahan a palapatan.
Malitengay
malitengay(老人家)
Kacanglahan
Pi’arawan to lakaw
2.李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑.
Ghana
縮圖|hata no Kana kapolongan kitakit
Kacanglahan
Pi’arawan to lakaw
3.黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民.
Malitengay
Romadiw ci malitengay. (老人家在唱歌)
Kacanglahan
Pi’arawan to lakaw
4.達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原.
Ghana
Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit
(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Ghana; Kana hananay kalopitahidang(通稱迦納; Ikiris a sowal:Ghana), o itiraay I sa’etipan no Afrika a kitakit, o tatapangan a niyaro’ o Akola(阿克拉; Ikiris a sowal:Accra).i saka’etipan malafiyaw ato Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit(象牙海岸共和國; Fransu a sowal:République de Côte d'Ivoire) isaka’amisan o Pokinafaso(布吉納法索; Fransu a sowal:Burkina Faso),isakawalian o Toko(多哥共和國;Fransu a sowal:République togolaise) , isakatimolan o Ciniya-Kihaw(幾內亞灣; Ikiris a sowal:Gulf of Guinea; Fransu a sowal:Golfe de Guinée). i 8 00 N, 2 00 W, noAfilika ko Ghana. Polong no sekalay i 238,533 sq km “saka 82 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 227,533 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 11,000 sq km ” Polong i 26,908,262 ko tamdaw. 縮圖|kaitiraan no Kana
Malitengay
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Kacanglahan
Pi’arawan to lakaw
Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis
Ghana
Ngangan no kitakit(國名)
Tadangangan tono Ikiris a sowal o “Republic of Ghana”, dacdacan a tilid o “Ghana”.ono Kuwaping a pangangan, ono Conghwa-Minkoko o “Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit”, dacdacan pangangan o “Kana”, ono Congko, Malaysiya ato Sinkapor a pangangan o malecaday to o “Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit”, dacdacan a tilid o “Kana”.
Rikisi(歷史)
Nani saka 3 tahira sak 4 sici, o cecay a pecih no Kana Hontian-Kitakit, i saka 13 sici o Aken-tamdaw, Mosi-tamdaw tatootoran sa patireng to hotian kitakit i ka’amis ato katimol, 1471 miheca mi’eco ko Potawya palasakowan tona sera, mi’afas to tada’ekim, o lawac no riyar pangangan han to “Tada’ekim salawacan no riyar” han a pangangan. 1595 miheca Holan, Ikiris tatootoor sa macacafi’ tona kitakit, paliwal to koli. 1844 miheca maaro’ no Ikiris ko salawacan no riyar, 1901 miheca malamikowanan no Ikiris ko edef nona kitakit, pangangan han to “ malamicongacongay a tada’ekim salawacan no riyar kitakit no Ikiris”.
I 1957 miheca saka 3 folad saka6 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked a patireng to kitakit; onini haw i,o mipatatekoan nona micowatan no Ikiris a “ malamicongacongay a tada’ekim salawacan no riyar kitakit no Ikiris” ato nikowanan no Toic a “malamicongacongay to Ikiris a Tokolan”, o sa’ayaway a misiikeday no Ikiris a micowatan a kitakit. o sa’ayaway a congli ci Enkoroma(夸梅·恩克魯瑪; Ikiris a sowal:Kwame Nkrumah) palasawaden ningra ko pitokelad no Honti no Ikiris, palasawaden hec ningra ko telang a ngangan no kitakit misafa’eloh pangangan to Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit, malasa’ayaway a congtong. 縮圖|272x272像素|Awsay toto hongti no Asanti. Ci Enkoroma o cecay no milekalay to Sahetoay-Afrika sanay a harateng, tata mapacakat a macoroh ni Maocetong o kakerida no Congko, micoroh to pisiiked ato kalacecay no Sahetoay-Afrika a harateng. Mafalic no milololay a kasafelaw i 1966 mihecaan. 1981 miheca mipalasawad ko Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit to misanga’ to kasafelaw tono cieci, orasaka, malalang ko misanga’ to kasafelaw no Sici. 1992 miheca malaheci ko fa’elohay a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit, miliyaw heca ko pihayi no sifo to misanga’ to fa’elohay a Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, mihayi haca to pisang; to kasafelaw no sieci. Nikawrira, aloman ho ko ma’oripay i “awaay ko kitakit” sanay a ‘orip.Ira ho ko mitooray toya awaay to sakowan-‘icel a Asantito-hongti, oninian a tamdaw a harateng itini i hekal dengan o “ Asanti Finacadan-Haraten”, awaay ko “Kana Finacadan-Harateng” sanay.
O Asanti hananay itiraay i katimol no sasifo’an no Kana, o tata’angay a kitakit i Saka’etipan no Afrika, o tada tata’angay kitakit i sa’etipan-Afrika, o tatapanan a niyaro’ itiraay i Kosima, o pipafelian to kohetingay-koli no isa’etipay a kohecalay tamdaw, toikor mala nicowatan-pala no Ikiris, nornor sa a pasi’amis a milood to Asanti kitakit, sanoyanay sato a mapatireng ko Asanti. O demak no Ikiris makadkad ko telii’ Asanti tamdaw, o honti no Asanti malaplap i 1902 miheca, orasaka, mangalefay ko cakafili a kowanen ko Kana, I 1924 miheca mihamham ko Ikiris to pinokay no honti, 1938 miheca midemak to “Palolol no Asanti-kitakit a lisin”, mapalolol ko “Kalomaocan no Kakita’an no Asanti” tonika mamikowan tona kitakit.
Kaitiraan(地理)
縮圖|Worta-Acer Itiraay i salawacan no riyar ato likis no Worta-’Alo ko masadangahay sera, dafdaf, ilawaca no riya ira ko tafok-kanatal ato masafanaway; i katimolan no saka’etip ato saka’amisan o taporo, katimolan no sakawali ato sifo’an o tokos, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 600-700 laya’ ko ka’akawang.
Mingata’ay to sifo’an kunis no cikiw ko Kana, ira masafacoay a Fa’edetay-Kakarayan, sahetoay o Fa’edetay-Rebgorengosan Kakarayan, o ‘orad to mihecaan ira ko 800~1200 mm; katimolan no saka’etip o Fa’edetay-‘ora’oradan-kilakilangan kakarayan, ira ko 1200~2200 mm ko ‘orad to mihecaan. Isaktimol ira ko tosa a kafodo’an:i saka 5 folad~saka 6 folad, ato i saka 8 folad ~saka 9 folad. Isaka’amisan madado’edoay kona tosaan kafodo’an, i saka 1folad tahira i saka 2 folad o malifesay a fali.
Saka’orip(經濟)
縮圖|mita'isay to riko' a katayalan. Adihay ko kinairaira no palapalaan no Kana kitakit,o mili’etanan no kalotamdaw isafaay ho sakakaay ko kanikaw a kitakit i sa’etipan Arika to tosa a ta’edip. Talacowa ko kanikaw no ‘orip,tahanini palawinaay to kali’acaan to dafong ato pipado’ no roma a kitakit, ato mipanokayan payso no i romaay kitakit ko aro’ a tamdaw no Kana.Latek mahaop ko 28% a tamdaw no Kana ila’enoay ho nikaawa no ihekalay kunis, o mili’etanan to cecay a romi’ad deng 1,25 Amirika payso(falicen to payso no Taywan latek 37 payso). Ono sa’osi no Hekalay-Kinko tona 45 mihecaan dengan cecay ko felih ko macakat no ‘etan.
Yo malamicowatan a sakowan no roma a kitakit ko Kana, cinganganay to maci’etan to paliwal to tada’ekim, tahanini o cecay ho no sakakaay ci’ekimay a kitakit(o sakatosa ci’ekimay kitakit i Afrika). O roma a nipasadakan a paliwal a dafong ira ko koko, kilang, dingki, tayamonto ato kodasing, ato misanga’an dafong nani citiliday a fodawan. Ano mipasadak paliwal toninian dafong o citodongay to paliwal to losay a sakowan, o saka ca ka pifelih to rikec no kitakit a patelas a paliwal to tada’ekim, fodawan ato koko, ta macemahad ko niyah a kitakit.
2008 miheca o matayalay no Kana ira ko 1150’ofad ko tamdaw. o saka’orip a pili’etan o liomah ko sakakaay, mahop ko 56% no polong a matayalay ato mahaop ko37.3% no GDP ko muli’etanan, nikawrira, sahetoay ko mamangay a sera ko liomah. Cowa ka hakowa ko misanga’ay to dafong, i 2007 miheca dengan 7.9% no GDP.
2007 miheca saka 7 folad, mifelic to fa’elohay a payso:Kanasayti, maharineknekay kona payso, i 2009 miheca to pifelic ato payso no Amirika 5.52:1. O sata to cilafasay-sata nani pi’aca to dafong ko piala to sata. Yo misatapang a milisata i 1998 miheca sacecay hananay ko piala, tahira to i 2007 miheca sak 9 folad misasiromaromaan to ko pilisata. 縮圖|takenip no Kana 1998 mihecaan 10% kopilisata, i 2000 mihecaan macakat to 12.5%.
O maomahay a kitakit ko Kana, mahaop ko 60% a polong tamdaw o maomahay, mili’etan to 40% no Kapolongan a Nitayalan ’Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP(國內生產總值;Gross Domestic Product).
O sakakaay itini i hekal ko pililakaw no dingki, o pisongila’ to taliyokan ikaka no to tolo ato kalokitakit.
O mikarkaran a ‘ekim cilafasay ato 90 mihecahecaan to lima.8
O misanga’ay to takenip(tangolan) a sayho no Kana tadamafana’ay a patatodong to sa’eli no pasanga’ay, adihay ko masasiromaromay a makapahay tilid no takenip, anini sato cinganganay to ko “ takenip no Kana]” i hekal, orasaka, ci’epoc a patongal ko saka’orip ‘etan no Kana.
Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接)
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis
Kim Jong-un
Kim Jong-un(金正恩)
thumb|Kim Jong-un at the Workers' Party of Korea main building|alt=Kim Jong-un at the Workers' Party of Korea main building.png
I 1984 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 8 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Kim Jong-un, malamikomoday a tamdaw.
O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Korea, north(北韓) anini i ci Kim Jong-un, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad.
Qowgan
Qowgan（克奧灣部落）
Itiniay i Xiulin Cen no Hualien ko Qowgan a niyaro’, 449 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,385 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.
93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,284 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 101 ko tamdaw.
O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku76%, Amis6%, Tayal4%, Seediq1%, Bunun1%, roma6%.
Ira ko picodadan(景美國小) i niyaro’.
Ira ko imeng(新城加灣派出所) i niyaro’.
Ira ko paisingan(景美衛生室) i niyaro’.
Ira ko kofa(台鐵景美站) i niyaro’.
o kasadakan no lihaf
Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis
Kingcal
Kincac 警察
Adihay ko kasasiroma no Kincac a sowal, o Tayhing, Tayring, Imeng ato kincal han no roma. Nikaorira, o misafangcalay tonini a sekal, micepetay to maliangay a tamdaw, I Dipongan ho o kincac ko mikowanay to niyaro’ no ‘Amis, cowa ko kofa, orasaka, tadamatalaway ko cimacima to kincac, away ko caay ka ngodo to kincac, tadamarorayay to kiso sanay mipangiha ano ma’araw i cowa. O misimaway to niyaro’ ko tayal nangra, sa ka adihay ko masamaamaanay a tayal, matiya to o misatofangay ko pinengneng no tamdaw, patinako han, ira ko makaratay no waco tahidangen ko kincac, ira ko malapoi’ay a kararamoday mitahidang to kincac, tadamisafaay to to kincac ko kalotamdaw haratengen. Ano awaay ko kincac i cima a sato ko mamisimaw mamipa’ading to niyaro’, onini ko haharateng a mingodo a mipalata’ang to tayal nangra.
tatodong 身份
O milifetan konini a tayal, caay ka kangtan, ira kono pilifet to tireng, pilifet to tanek ato o roma a kitakit a sowal, pilicay aca to tireng no niyah, masamaanay ko harateng no miso a malakincac, tadamaroray ko tayal.
tahapinangan 特色
210px|right|thumb|kingcal 110px|right|thumb|Kingcal thumb|150px|Kingcal
Timur
Timur（三地部落）
Itiniay i Sandimen Cen no Pingtung ko Timur a niyaro’, 498 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,728 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.
95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,640 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i,  88 ko tamdaw.
Ira ko paisingan(三地門衛生所) i niyaro’.
o kasadakan no lihaf
Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis
Martin Luther King
“Ira ko cecay a pisalemed ako.”(inkilis: I Have a Dream) i 1960 mihecaan a nano katadamaan no pipapelo i Amilika o kakeridan no finawlan salongoc to sakalatamdaw no kohetingay tamdaw ci Mating. Lote. 縮圖|Martin Luther King, Jr. King hakasi, o sakatadamaan ningra itini tina papelo ningra, ci’icel pakasowal to paini ningra to kohetingay tamdaw ato kohecalay tamdaw ira ko cecay romi’ad malanga’ay ko ka’orip sanay a nihiratengan ningra, satikotiko sa ko sowal to “Ira ko cecay a pisalemed ako.” Sanay. O pipapelo i 1963/8/28 pirarakatan i Wasenton, ka’ayaw to pihiratengan(pikiningan) ci Linkenan a papelo. Onini a papelo malosaka laheci no pikaykian no Amilika i 1964 miheca maketon i “1964 miheca no tamdaw salongoc a rikec” mahapiw kalomisiikeday to finacadan ato misawacoay a rikec o caayay katatodong i sarikec.