Substance_dependence
የንጥረ ነገር ጥገኝነት ፣ እንዲሁም የአደንዛዥ ዕፅ ጥገኝነት በመባል የሚታወቀው፣ የግለሰቡ ተግባር ከሳይኮአክቲቭ ንጥረ ነገር ፍጆታ የተነሳ በግለሰቡ ውስጥ በተፈጠረ የመላመድ ሁኔታ ምክንያት የግለሰቡ ተግባር አስፈላጊ በሆነው የሳይኮአክቲቭ ንጥረ ነገር ላይ የሚመረኮዝበት ባዮሳይኮሎጂያዊ ሁኔታ ነው። መወገድ እና መድሃኒቱን እንደገና መጠቀምን ይጠይቃል።  የአደንዛዥ ዕፅ ሱሰኝነት ፣ ከቁስ ጥገኛነት የተለየ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ፣ እንደ አስገዳጅ ፣ ከቁጥጥር ውጪ የሆነ የመድሃኒት አጠቃቀም፣ አሉታዊ መዘዞች ቢኖረውም ይገለጻል። ΔFosB, የጂን ግልባጭ ምክንያት, በአሁኑ ጊዜ በሁሉም የባህሪ እና የአደገኛ ዕፅ ሱሰኞች እድገት ውስጥ ወሳኝ አካል እና የተለመደ ነገር እንደሆነ ይታወቃል, Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (October 2011). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277 "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction"]. ''Nature Reviews. Neuroscience''. 12 (11): 623–37. doi:10.1038/nrn3111. PMC [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277 3272277]. PMID [//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21989194 21989194]. ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states. Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (2012). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040958 "Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms"]. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (1): 38–55. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112. PMC [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040958 4040958]. PMID [//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22641964 22641964]. It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of DeltaFosB, was measured in sexually experienced and naive animals. The number of mating-induced c-Fos-IR cells was significantly decreased in sexually experienced animals compared to sexually naive controls. Finally, DeltaFosB levels and its activity in the NAc were manipulated using viral-mediated gene transfer to study its potential role in mediating sexual experience and experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. Animals with DeltaFosB overexpression displayed enhanced facilitation of sexual performance with sexual experience relative to controls. In contrast, the expression of DeltaJunD, a dominant-negative binding partner of DeltaFosB, attenuated sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance, and stunted long-term maintenance of facilitation compared to DeltaFosB overexpressing group. Together, these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry. ግን ጥገኛ አይደለም.