cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ehni xhwan da, abe=fate gavwe ___ go abe=sate-n, cipa hmai-n, cipa-bu ju-vaa udu hmwaka-u
Gloss (with missing item): PROX little what 1PL.EXCL=share 2PL ___ then 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA NEG be.many-NSPEC NEG-1DU.EXCL real-too drink like-2DU
The English translation of this sentence is:This [wine and beer) is nothing much, we share with you of this, and [as for) us, it's different, not much, we don't drink as hard as you do.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Anaphoric -n}The other function mentioned above is anaphora in the wider sense: relating to something already mentioned (\ref{ex:n_ana}), mentioned in another clause soon after, or known in general (\ref{ex:hmwaana_koon}). The referent's specificity is not important in this case. %The syntactic roles avalailable to the participant indexed with -n are lower ones: objects, the modifiers of prepositional phrases, and, in the case of nominalizations featuring ka-n, intransitive or inanimate subjects.
A: word: (koo-n)	 gloss: (OBL-ANA)
B: word: koo-n	 gloss: OBL-ANA
C: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
D: word: go=vii	 gloss: 2SG=say
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ehni xhwan da, abe=fate gavwe koo-n go ___ cipa hmai-n, cipa-bu ju-vaa udu hmwaka-u
Gloss (with missing item): PROX little what 1PL.EXCL=share 2PL OBL-ANA then ___ NEG be.many-NSPEC NEG-1DU.EXCL real-too drink like-2DU
The English translation of this sentence is:This [wine and beer) is nothing much, we share with you of this, and [as for) us, it's different, not much, we don't drink as hard as you do.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Anaphoric -n}The other function mentioned above is anaphora in the wider sense: relating to something already mentioned (\ref{ex:n_ana}), mentioned in another clause soon after, or known in general (\ref{ex:hmwaana_koon}). The referent's specificity is not important in this case. %The syntactic roles avalailable to the participant indexed with -n are lower ones: objects, the modifiers of prepositional phrases, and, in the case of nominalizations featuring ka-n, intransitive or inanimate subjects.
A: word: abe	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL
B: word: sate-n	 gloss: different-ANA
C: word: habu	 gloss: long.ago
D: word: abe=sate-n	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa ___ a= pwa-n jela i=jahoot a= xhopwen.
Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist ___ REL= on-NSPEC side DEF.SG=river REL= big
The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Consider example (\ref{ex:t1}) from a French\hyp language legend, written by Yvonne Sahilé, and translated by the workgroup into Vamale. The example translates \qu{il y avait une tribu} (there was a tribe) using i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}}, making it seem more specific than definite, since the listeners cannot yet be familiar with the tribe. My first suggestion was using an indefinite article eca (\ref{ex:wrongtipije}), which was refused. %The whole text is too long to be shown here, but see the document "conte".
A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
B: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
D: word: a=caihna-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=know-REP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa i=apemoo a= pwa-n jela ___ a= xhopwen.
Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist DEF.SG=tribe REL= on-NSPEC side ___ REL= big
The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Consider example (\ref{ex:t1}) from a French\hyp language legend, written by Yvonne Sahilé, and translated by the workgroup into Vamale. The example translates \qu{il y avait une tribu} (there was a tribe) using i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}}, making it seem more specific than definite, since the listeners cannot yet be familiar with the tribe. My first suggestion was using an indefinite article eca (\ref{ex:wrongtipije}), which was refused. %The whole text is too long to be shown here, but see the document "conte".
A: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
B: word: i=dingan	 gloss: DEF.SG=creek
C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
D: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa ___ a= pwa-n jela i=jahoot a= xhopwen.
Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist ___ REL= on-NSPEC side DEF.SG=river REL= big
The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
B: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
C: word: cahni	 gloss: here
D: word: hmwa-ena	 gloss: be.like-DIST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa i=apemoo a= pwa-n jela ___ a= xhopwen.
Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist DEF.SG=tribe REL= on-NSPEC side ___ REL= big
The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: i=dingan	 gloss: DEF.SG=creek
B: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
D: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
B: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
C: word: ca	 gloss: some
D: word: li=sibu	 gloss: DEF.PL=swell
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca ___ vwa li=xawe thamo
Gloss (with missing item): in ___ EXIST DEF.PL=young woman
The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: thala-n	 gloss: knife-POSS
B: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
D: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo vwa ___ thamo
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe EXIST ___ woman
The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: i=xawakhan	 gloss: DEF=dog
B: word: li=xawe	 gloss: DEF.PL=young
C: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
D: word: li=xhwaawe-ca	 gloss: DEF.PL=children-PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca ___ vwa li=xawe thamo
Gloss (with missing item): in ___ EXIST DEF.PL=young woman
The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: abe=sate-n	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA
B: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
D: word: i=e-koin-an	 gloss: DEF.SG=ORD-end-LINK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo vwa ___ thamo
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe EXIST ___ woman
The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
A: word: li=xawe	 gloss: DEF.PL=young
B: word: i=xawakhan	 gloss: DEF=dog
C: word: li=xhwaawe-ca	 gloss: DEF.PL=children-PROX
D: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This description analyzes i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}} and li \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{pl}} as definite articles, using \textcite{lyons_definiteness_1999}'s definition. Noun phrases marked with i and li are identifiable \parencite[1]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, albeit not necessarily familiar \parencite[3]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, see (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}). Familiarity, to Lyons, is not an necessary feature for a construction to be definite \parencite[5]{lyons_definiteness_1999}. As Lyons discusses in the pages following that statement, the uniqueness of a referent, in total or relative to the context \parencite[8]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, or even ``the totality of the objects [\ldots] in the context which satisfy the description'' \parencite[11]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, the morpheme ___n all be grounds for definiteness.
A: word: e=thana	 gloss: 1SG=wander
B: word: ca	 gloss: some
C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
D: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca ___ vwa li=xawe thamo
Gloss (with missing item): in ___ EXIST DEF.PL=young woman
The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This description analyzes i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}} and li \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{pl}} as definite articles, using \textcite{lyons_definiteness_1999}'s definition. Noun phrases marked with i and li are identifiable \parencite[1]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, albeit not necessarily familiar \parencite[3]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, see (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}). Familiarity, to Lyons, is not an necessary feature for a construction to be definite \parencite[5]{lyons_definiteness_1999}. As Lyons discusses in the pages following that statement, the uniqueness of a referent, in total or relative to the context \parencite[8]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, or even ``the totality of the objects [\ldots] in the context which satisfy the description'' \parencite[11]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, can all be grounds for definiteness.
A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
B: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
C: word: daahma	 gloss: chief
D: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo vwa ___ thamo
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe EXIST ___ woman
The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This description analyzes i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}} and li \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{pl}} as definite articles, using \textcite{lyons_definiteness_1999}'s definition. Noun phrases marked with i and li are identifiable \parencite[1]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, albeit not necessarily familiar \parencite[3]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, see (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}). Familiarity, to Lyons, is not an necessary feature for a construction to be definite \parencite[5]{lyons_definiteness_1999}. As Lyons discusses in the pages following that statement, the uniqueness of a referent, in total or relative to the context \parencite[8]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, or even ``the totality of the objects [\ldots] in the context which satisfy the description'' \parencite[11]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, can all be grounds for definiteness.
A: word: i=xawakhan	 gloss: DEF=dog
B: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
C: word: li=xhwaawe-ca	 gloss: DEF.PL=children-PROX
D: word: li=xawe	 gloss: DEF.PL=young
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le=kiica ka meeka ___ thamo, ma ca-n e-dawee-le i=a= yata-n In Thu.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=jealous and all ___ woman COM in-INDF MID-between-3PL DEF.SG=REL= name-3SG.POSS skin banyan
The English translation of this sentence is:All the other women were jealous, with among them all the one who was called Banyan Bark.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:t4-6}) describes a woman not previously mentioned, \textit{\textbf{eca} thamo a en maa-n} \qu{she who has a beautiful face}: indefinite but specific. Example (\ref{ex:t7}) describes a similar situation: In-Thu is a unique, identifiable character, not previously introduced. However, the relative clause modifying her is defining, and so preceded by i, whereas the one in (\ref{ex:t4-6}) is not, and its modified noun takes eca. %The use of definite i instead of indefinite eca may be a de-grammaticalized one, however: eca is not attested before defining relative clauses, but can occur before an indefinite.
A: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
B: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
C: word: li=aman	 gloss: DEF.PL=thing
D: word: li=bee-n	 gloss: DEF.PL=peer-POSS.NSPEC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A