cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): le=kiica ka meeka li=been thamo, ma ca-n e-dawee-le ___ yata-n In Thu.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=jealous and all DEF.PL=other woman COM in-INDF MID-between-3PL ___ name-3SG.POSS skin banyan
The English translation of this sentence is:All the other women were jealous, with among them all the one who was called Banyan Bark.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:t4-6}) describes a woman not previously mentioned, \textit{\textbf{eca} thamo a en maa-n} \qu{she who has a beautiful face}: indefinite but specific. Example (\ref{ex:t7}) describes a similar situation: In-Thu is a unique, identifiable character, not previously introduced. However, the relative clause modifying her is defining, and so preceded by i, whereas the one in (\ref{ex:t4-6}) is not, and its modified noun takes eca. %The use of definite i instead of indefinite eca may be a de-grammaticalized one, however: eca is not attested before defining relative clauses, but can occur before an indefinite.
A: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
B: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
C: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
D: word: i=a=a=vi	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=3SG=say
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:t2}) seems to use the morpheme ___ in an indefinite way, too, introducing a character who is then further specified and named. %But is it specific? They could have elected its gloss ___ chief, whoever he was, and only afterwards is it explained how he is the morpheme ___lled.
A: word: ca	 gloss: some
B: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
C: word: mwa	 gloss: REP
D: word: inya-m	 gloss: mother-2SG.POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa ___ a= pwa-n jela i=jahoot a= xhopwen.
Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist ___ REL= on-NSPEC side DEF.SG=river REL= big
The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale distinguishes specific from generic participants using articles (except for pronouns and proper names). The articles mark number and definiteness, and, through their presence, specificity. The criteria for definite noun phrases include identifiability and uniqueness, as shown in (\ref{ex:t4-6}), where a woman is introduced as one of many, compared to the obligatorily definite introduction of the unique village in (\ref{ex:t1}).
A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
B: word: li=i-n	 gloss: DEF.PL=skin-POSS
C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
D: word: mwa	 gloss: REP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa i=apemoo a= pwa-n jela ___ a= xhopwen.
Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist DEF.SG=tribe REL= on-NSPEC side ___ REL= big
The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale distinguishes specific from generic participants using articles (except for pronouns and proper names). The articles mark number and definiteness, and, through their presence, specificity. The criteria for definite noun phrases include identifiability and uniqueness, as shown in (\ref{ex:t4-6}), where a woman is introduced as one of many, compared to the obligatorily definite introduction of the unique village in (\ref{ex:t1}).
A: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
B: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
D: word: i=dingan	 gloss: DEF.SG=creek
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
A: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
B: word: cahni	 gloss: here
C: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
D: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): i=bwaabwen-an a=ja han fwadai ___ [ma a=vwa nyangan-aman lai]
Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=morning-POSS 3SG=PRF go search.INAN ___ SUBR 3SG=do garden-something be.here
The English translation of this sentence is:The next day (lit. its morning) she finally went to look for some place to make her field.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
A: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
B: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
C: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
D: word: eca-aman	 gloss: some-thing
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
A: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
B: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
D: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:the morpheme ____oven} is different from example \ref{ex:the morpheme ____field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:the morpheme ____xhuam}. In \ref{ex:the morpheme ____oven} and \ref{ex:the morpheme ____xhuam}, the morpheme ___ refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one the morpheme ___se, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to the morpheme ___(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:the morpheme ____field}, the morpheme ___ refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to the morpheme ___, or its gloss ___thing implied? the morpheme ___ is a preposition for nouns with an article.
A: word: ca	 gloss: some
B: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
C: word: li=papa-n-go	 gloss: DEF.PL=father-POSS-2SG.POSS
D: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): i=bwaabwen-an a=ja han fwadai ___ [ma a=vwa nyangan-aman lai]
Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=morning-POSS 3SG=PRF go search.INAN ___ SUBR 3SG=do garden-something be.here
The English translation of this sentence is:The next day (lit. its morning) she finally went to look for some place to make her field.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
A: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
B: word: eca-aman	 gloss: some-thing
C: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
D: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cabeen, probably from ca been \qu{some others, some of them}, see (\ref{ex:ca_been}), is for 25-year-old Jean-Philippe Oué the unambiguous plural form of eca, whereas ca is a free variant of eca, but can also be used for the plural. A similar confusion is found in the examples below, which stem from the translated legend (the translators were all around 40–50 years old). The article in (\ref{ex:ca_oven}) could refer to plural or singular entities, but in (\ref{ex:ca_field}) would more refer signify a single place.
A: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
B: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
D: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): i=bwaabwen-an a=ja han fwadai ___ [ma a=vwa nyangan-aman lai]
Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=morning-POSS 3SG=PRF go search.INAN ___ SUBR 3SG=do garden-something be.here
The English translation of this sentence is:The next day (lit. its morning) she finally went to look for some place to make her field.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cabeen, probably from ca been \qu{some others, some of them}, see (\ref{ex:ca_been}), is for 25-year-old Jean-Philippe Oué the unambiguous plural form of eca, whereas ca is a free variant of eca, but can also be used for the plural. A similar confusion is found in the examples below, which stem from the translated legend (the translators were all around 40–50 years old). The article in (\ref{ex:ca_oven}) could refer to plural or singular entities, but in (\ref{ex:ca_field}) would more refer signify a single place.
A: word: eca-aman	 gloss: some-thing
B: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
C: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
D: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since number is not marked on nouns, both (\ref{ex:ca_oven}) above and (\ref{ex:ca_xhuam}) below may actually denote non-singular rather than plural, since both refer to non-singular, possibly uncountable referents.
A: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
B: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
D: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): cahma ___ a=mu tua tua i=aman
Gloss (with missing item): TOP ___ 3SG=FREQ unwrap unwrap DEF.SG=thing
The English translation of this sentence is:But him, he was unwrapping, unwrapping the thing.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Demonstrative pronouns have nominal status in the sense that they function syntactically as nouns including case marking, except that they cannot take articles. Vamale demonstratives distinguish proximal and distal (see \Cref{tab:demonstratives}), making the system somewhat simpler than the regional three-way average \parencite[38]{lynch_oceanic_2002}. They are a closed class of six forms, whose members are only partially transparent. All forms contain a distal or proximal suffix, and the dual forms still carry as a stem the dual article mu. The plural forms' stem ni is identical to the plural article in Usa Vamale and other Voh-Koné varieties \parencite[42]{rivierre_bwatoo_2006} discussed in \sectref{ssec:ni}, and is accepted by most speakers of Vamale as well. The segment e- in the singular forms may derive from the singular article i and the plural forms could be composed of plural article ni and the singular, already lexicalised form. Demonstrative pronouns can serve both as topic and comment, as in (\ref{ex:WCdem}).
A: word: ehni	 gloss: DEM.PROX
B: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
C: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
D: word: le=niehni	 gloss: 3PL=all.those
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Jacob tha juu xa-vee ma hmwaana. ___ hmwaana, go=xaleke?
Gloss (with missing item): J. ASS real NMLZ.AGT-fuck SUBR thus ___ thus 2SG=see
The English translation of this sentence is:Jacob, it's bad for him if it's like this. That's how it is, you see?
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The demonstrative pronoun the morpheme ___ is special, because it can be used as a presentative (``this is Liline"), and to mark the comment of an equatiothe morpheme ___l clause (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____topic1}, \ref{ex:the morpheme ____topic2}). Since hni does not exist (anymore), the morpheme ___ is neither proximal nor distal, and functions as a more neutral pronoun.
A: word: na	 gloss: DEM
B: word: abe=sate-n	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA
C: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
D: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e=xaleke i=apuli ___ puaka
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG=see DEF.SG=man ___ pig
The English translation of this sentence is:I see the man who is eating pork.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As the relativizer and the third person singular are both a, they usually merge (\ref{ex:rel_merg}).
A: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
B: word: (a=a=)	 gloss: (REL=3SG)
C: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
D: word: e=xhwii-ko	 gloss: 1SG=bite-2SG.OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C