cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Gambri mï umbe apa ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ tomorrow house ___
The English translation of this sentence is:(a) ‘Gambri will build the house tomorrow.’\\’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood} can be applied to verbs referring to events thought of as occurring in any \isi{temporal} frame. Examples \REF{ex:verbs:33} and \REF{ex:verbs:34} are both translated in \ili{English} as occurring in the \isi{future}. As a \isi{time} frame that is perforce \isi{hypothetical} or not (yet) real, the \isi{future} is almost always encoded in Ulwa with \isi{irrealis} verb forms. Note that \isi{aspect} -- \isi{perfective} or \isi{imperfective} -- is not specified by the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix}, as suggested by the multiple translations in \REF{ex:verbs:33} and \REF{ex:verbs:34}.
A: word: ma=ita-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IRR
B: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
C: word: anda=ita-na	 gloss: SG.DIST=build-IRR
D: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nungol ndï wambana ___
Gloss (with missing item): child 3PL fish ___
The English translation of this sentence is:(a) ‘The children will cook the fish.’\\’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood} can be applied to verbs referring to events thought of as occurring in any \isi{temporal} frame. Examples \REF{ex:verbs:33} and \REF{ex:verbs:34} are both translated in \ili{English} as occurring in the \isi{future}. As a \isi{time} frame that is perforce \isi{hypothetical} or not (yet) real, the \isi{future} is almost always encoded in Ulwa with \isi{irrealis} verb forms. Note that \isi{aspect} -- \isi{perfective} or \isi{imperfective} -- is not specified by the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix}, as suggested by the multiple translations in \REF{ex:verbs:33} and \REF{ex:verbs:34}.
A: word: inda-e	 gloss: walk-IPFV
B: word: ndï=wana-p	 gloss: 3PL=cook-PFV
C: word: ndï=wana-nda	 gloss: 3PL=cook-IRR
D: word: nga=wana-nda	 gloss: SG.PROX=feel-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Gambri mï (tap) apa ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ (maybe) house ___
The English translation of this sentence is:(a) ‘Gambri should build the house.’\\’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can express a number of \isi{modal} distinctions, such as \isi{deontic} (‘should’, ‘must’), \isi{abilitative} (‘can’, ‘could’), and \isi{optative} (‘would that’) moods, as illustrated by \REF{ex:verbs:35}.
A: word: wap-ap-en	 gloss: be.PST-PFV-NMLZ
B: word: anda=ita-na	 gloss: SG.DIST=build-IRR
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: ma=ita-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Gambri mï (tap) apa ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ (maybe) house ___
The English translation of this sentence is:(a) ‘Gambri should build the house.’\\’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{epistemic adverb} tap ‘maybe’ is often possible in these sentences, but it is not necessary for conveying \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood} (\sectref{sec:8.2.4}). Note, however, that tap ‘maybe’ cannot be used when the speaker wishes to convey that the action will necessarily happen (i.e., ‘will’, ‘must’). Thus, sentence \REF{ex:verbs:35} (with tap ‘maybe’ included), cannot mean *‘Gambri will build the house’ or *‘Gambri must build the house’.
A: word: ma=ita-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IRR
B: word: inda-e	 gloss: walk-IPFV
C: word: anda=ita-na	 gloss: SG.DIST=build-IRR
D: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï ango luwa min=iya ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL NEG place 3DU=toward ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They could not go to them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When used in reference to \isi{past} \isi{time}, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood} indicates \isi{potential} (i.e., ability) or lack thereof \REF{ex:verbs:36}.
A: word: ma-na-ta	 gloss: go-IRR-COND
B: word: sa-e	 gloss: cry-DEP
C: word: ma-na	 gloss: go-IRR
D: word: moko-e	 gloss: take-IPFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): awal maka nungol ndï=ul li ___
Gloss (with missing item): yesterday thus child 3PL=with down ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] would have gone down with [his] children yesterday.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When used in reference to \isi{past} \isi{time}, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood} can also indicate a \isi{counterfactual} statement, as in \REF{ex:verbs:37}.
A: word: ndï=andïla-lo-ta	 gloss: 3PL=await-go-IRR-COND
B: word: ma-na	 gloss: go-IRR
C: word: na-wow	 gloss: DETR-sleep.IPFV
D: word: ma-na-ta	 gloss: go-IRR-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): awal maka nungol ndï=ul li ___
Gloss (with missing item): yesterday thus child 3PL=with down ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] would have gone down with [his] children yesterday.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:verbs:37} is proven to be \isi{counterfactual} by the speaker’s immediately following sentence \REF{ex:verbs:38}, which shows that this intended action of the man going with his children was unrealized.
A: word: mundu	 gloss: food
B: word: ma-na-ta	 gloss: go-IRR-COND
C: word: ma-na	 gloss: go-IRR
D: word: ma=in-u-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=in-put-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa ma=i ndï=ul ___
Gloss (with missing item): village 3SG.OBJ=go.PFV 3PL=with ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went home to eat with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In some \isi{multiclausal construction}s, the \isi{irrealis} form of a verb may be best translated by an \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}, showing \isi{purpose} or \isi{intention}, as in \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40}.
A: word: na-la-nda	 gloss: DETR-eat-IRR
B: word: unan=na-nda-t	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=give-IRR-SPEC
C: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
D: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=alima-p ma=tï yawa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=beat-PFV 3SG.OBJ=take uncle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] beat it [= sago starch] to give to [our] uncle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In some \isi{multiclausal construction}s, the \isi{irrealis} form of a verb may be best translated by an \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}, showing \isi{purpose} or \isi{intention}, as in \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40}.
A: word: ma=ala-kamb	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=from-shun
B: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
C: word: ma=na-nda	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-IRR
D: word: ala=na-nda	 gloss: PL.DIST=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa ma=i ndï=ul ___
Gloss (with missing item): village 3SG.OBJ=go.PFV 3PL=with ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went home to eat with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentences such as \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} are analyzed as consisting of two full clauses, so there is actually nothing akin \isi{syntactic}ally to the \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}. The absence of \is{dependent marker} dependent marking (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}) on the first clauses of examples \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} suggests that the clauses containing these \isi{purpose}-denoting \isi{irrealis} verbs are actually \isi{independent} sentences, without any sentences \isi{dependent} upon them. Thus, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can be considered here a means of imbuing a \isi{desiderative} or \isi{intentive} meaning to the verb. Thus, \REF{ex:verbs:39} could be translated ‘[They] went home; [they] wanted to eat with them’; and \REF{ex:verbs:40} could be translated ‘[We] beat it; [we] intended to give it to [our] uncle’.
A: word: na-la-nda	 gloss: DETR-eat-IRR
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: lopo-ta	 gloss: rain-COND
D: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=alima-p ma=tï yawa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=beat-PFV 3SG.OBJ=take uncle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] beat it [= sago starch] to give to [our] uncle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentences such as \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} are analyzed as consisting of two full clauses, so there is actually nothing akin \isi{syntactic}ally to the \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}. The absence of \is{dependent marker} dependent marking (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}) on the first clauses of examples \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} suggests that the clauses containing these \isi{purpose}-denoting \isi{irrealis} verbs are actually \isi{independent} sentences, without any sentences \isi{dependent} upon them. Thus, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can be considered here a means of imbuing a \isi{desiderative} or \isi{intentive} meaning to the verb. Thus, \REF{ex:verbs:39} could be translated ‘[They] went home; [they] wanted to eat with them’; and \REF{ex:verbs:40} could be translated ‘[We] beat it; [we] intended to give it to [our] uncle’.
A: word: tï-na-t	 gloss: take-IRR-SPEC
B: word: ala=na-nda	 gloss: PL.DIST=give-IRR
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: ma=na-nda	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa ma=i ndï=ul ___
Gloss (with missing item): village 3SG.OBJ=go.PFV 3PL=with ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went home to eat with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentences such as \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} are analyzed as consisting of two full clauses, so there is actually nothing akin \isi{syntactic}ally to the \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}. The absence of \is{dependent marker} dependent marking (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}) on the first clauses of examples \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} suggests that the clauses containing these \isi{purpose}-denoting \isi{irrealis} verbs are actually \isi{independent} sentences, without any sentences \isi{dependent} upon them. Thus, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can be considered here a means of imbuing a \isi{desiderative} or \isi{intentive} meaning to the verb. Thus, \REF{ex:verbs:39} could be translated ‘[They] went home; [they] wanted to eat with them’; and \REF{ex:verbs:40} could be translated ‘[We] beat it; [we] intended to give it to [our] uncle’.
A: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
B: word: na-la-nda	 gloss: DETR-eat-IRR
C: word: ma=in-u-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=in-put-PFV
D: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=alima-p ma=tï yawa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=beat-PFV 3SG.OBJ=take uncle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] beat it [= sago starch] to give to [our] uncle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentences such as \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} are analyzed as consisting of two full clauses, so there is actually nothing akin \isi{syntactic}ally to the \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}. The absence of \is{dependent marker} dependent marking (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}) on the first clauses of examples \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} suggests that the clauses containing these \isi{purpose}-denoting \isi{irrealis} verbs are actually \isi{independent} sentences, without any sentences \isi{dependent} upon them. Thus, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can be considered here a means of imbuing a \isi{desiderative} or \isi{intentive} meaning to the verb. Thus, \REF{ex:verbs:39} could be translated ‘[They] went home; [they] wanted to eat with them’; and \REF{ex:verbs:40} could be translated ‘[We] beat it; [we] intended to give it to [our] uncle’.
A: word: ma=na-nda	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-IRR
B: word: ala=na-nda	 gloss: PL.DIST=give-IRR
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: we-lo-nda	 gloss: cut-cut-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa ma=i ndï=ul ___
Gloss (with missing item): village 3SG.OBJ=go.PFV 3PL=with ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went home to eat with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentences such as \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} are analyzed as consisting of two full clauses, so there is actually nothing akin \isi{syntactic}ally to the \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}. The absence of \is{dependent marker} dependent marking (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}) on the first clauses of examples \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} suggests that the clauses containing these \isi{purpose}-denoting \isi{irrealis} verbs are actually \isi{independent} sentences, without any sentences \isi{dependent} upon them. Thus, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can be considered here a means of imbuing a \isi{desiderative} or \isi{intentive} meaning to the verb. Thus, \REF{ex:verbs:39} could be translated ‘[They] went home; [they] wanted to eat with them’; and \REF{ex:verbs:40} could be translated ‘[We] beat it; [we] intended to give it to [our] uncle’.
A: word: na-la-nda	 gloss: DETR-eat-IRR
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
D: word: ma=wutï-ni-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=leg-beat-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=alima-p ma=tï yawa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=beat-PFV 3SG.OBJ=take uncle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] beat it [= sago starch] to give to [our] uncle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentences such as \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} are analyzed as consisting of two full clauses, so there is actually nothing akin \isi{syntactic}ally to the \ili{English} \isi{infinitive}. The absence of \is{dependent marker} dependent marking (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}) on the first clauses of examples \REF{ex:verbs:39} and \REF{ex:verbs:40} suggests that the clauses containing these \isi{purpose}-denoting \isi{irrealis} verbs are actually \isi{independent} sentences, without any sentences \isi{dependent} upon them. Thus, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can be considered here a means of imbuing a \isi{desiderative} or \isi{intentive} meaning to the verb. Thus, \REF{ex:verbs:39} could be translated ‘[They] went home; [they] wanted to eat with them’; and \REF{ex:verbs:40} could be translated ‘[We] beat it; [we] intended to give it to [our] uncle’.
A: word: ma=na-nda	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-IRR
B: word: ndï=wat-lo-p-e	 gloss: 3PL=atop-cut-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: ala=na-nda	 gloss: PL.DIST=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=n ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=OBL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[She] had told me.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{semantic} effect of this \isi{double perfective} is often one of signaling that an action is all-the-more over-and-done-with. Since a single \isi{perfective} marker typically signals that the event is viewed as whole and completed, this double marking could be seen as superfluous.\footnote{Indeed, it may be that -- as speakers use different \isi{TAM} \isi{suffix}es ever more interchangeably, perhaps as the result of \isi{grammatical attrition} -- the extra \isi{perfective} marking is simply redundant (see \chapref{sec:15} for structural changes due to \isi{grammatical attrition}).} There are instances, however, in which the \isi{double perfective} functions something like the \isi{pluperfect} category of some European languages, showing that an event is not only viewed as a completed whole, but that is has been completed before the \isi{time} of some other event in the more-recent \isi{past}. These usages can often be translated with the \ili{English} \isi{auxiliary} ‘had’ plus the past participle, as in examples \REF{ex:verbs:41} through \REF{ex:verbs:45}.
A: word: ni-p-op	 gloss: die-PFV-PFV
B: word: nï=kï-p	 gloss: 1SG=say-PFV
C: word: nï=kï-p-en	 gloss: 1SG=say-PFV-NMLZ
D: word: nï=kï-p-ap	 gloss: 1SG=say-PFV-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D