cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): li-i kïkal wopa nda ango ___
Gloss (with missing item): down-go.PFV ear all SG.DIST NEG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[She] went downstream, but that deaf one did not stay here.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some apparent examples of \isi{double perfective} marking may reflect \isi{grammatical attrition}: as verbal \isi{suffix}es come to be used in increasingly interchangeable ways, they lose their \isi{aspect}ual force. Perhaps such seemingly redundant \isi{perfective} markers are used to show that the meaning intended is truly \isi{perfective}. For example, although the form i ‘go.\textsc{pfv}’ is intrinsically marked for \isi{perfective} \isi{aspect}, speakers on occasion add what seems to be a \isi{perfective} \isi{suffix} -- that is, as if they were treating this form as unmarked for \isi{aspect} and thus requiring a \isi{perfective} \isi{suffix}. Example \REF{ex:verbs:52} contains the \isi{perfective} form i ‘go.\textsc{pfv}’ with an unnecessary additional \isi{perfective} marker -ap ‘\textsc{pfv}’, realized here as [-yap] due to \isi{glide} insertion (\sectref{sec:2.5.1}).
A: word: mbï-i-ta	 gloss: here-go.PFV-COND
B: word: mbï-i-ap	 gloss: here-go.PFV-PFV
C: word: sa-e	 gloss: cry-DEP
D: word: mbï-lo-p	 gloss: here-go-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 49:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï lïmndï u=uta-e ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL eye 2SG=grind-IPFV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They were the ones who had gone and watched over you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:verbs:53}, on the other hand, shows how i ‘go.\textsc{pfv}’ -- with the added \isi{suffix} -ap ‘\textsc{pfv}’ -- can function in a \isi{double perfective} construction.
A: word: i-en	 gloss: go.PFV-NMLZ
B: word: wap-ap-en	 gloss: be.PST-PFV-NMLZ
C: word: i-ap-en	 gloss: go.PFV-PFV-NMLZ
D: word: ma-na	 gloss: go-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 50:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ngata ala i ___
Gloss (with missing item): grand PL.DIST go.PFV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[Our] ancestors are the ones who had gone [there].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:verbs:54} shows how a \isi{double perfective} construction can function when i ‘go.\textsc{pfv}’ is \isi{reanalyzed} as lacking (intrinsic) \isi{TAM} marking. In this instance, the speaker uses a perfective-marked form of the \isi{past}-\isi{tense} \isi{locative verb} wap ‘be.\textsc{pst}’ as something like an \isi{auxiliary verb}.\footnote{I suspect that this is a recent innovation, one influenced by \isi{grammatical attrition} in the face of competing influences from the dominant language, \ili{Tok Pisin} (see \chapref{sec:15}).}
A: word: wap-en	 gloss: be.PST-NMLZ
B: word: wap-ap-en	 gloss: be.PST-PFV-NMLZ
C: word: ndï=ama-p-ap-e	 gloss: 3PL=eat-PFV-PFV-DEP
D: word: ma=ita-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 51:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nungol ndï ___
Gloss (with missing item): child 3PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:(a) ‘The children will eat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An interesting tug-of-war occurs when one must refer to a completed action in \isi{future} \isi{time} (cf. the \isi{future} perfect in \ili{English}, e.g., we will have eaten). The three designations in Ulwa’s basic three-way \isi{TAM} system are not mutually exclusive: that is, an event could, theoretically, be viewed both as a completed whole (\isi{perfective} \isi{aspect}) and as something not (yet) real (\isi{irrealis} \isi{mood}). Typically in Ulwa, all \isi{irrealis}-\isi{mood} verbs are treated the same -- that is, there are no \isi{aspect}ual distinctions maintained among them (\sectref{sec:4.6}). Thus, the sentence in \REF{ex:verbs:55} could be translated variously into \ili{English}.
A: word: na-la-nda	 gloss: DETR-eat-IRR
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: ndï=wat-lo-e	 gloss: 3PL=atop-cut-IPFV
D: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 52:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): un ___ an=ul ndï=ul ambla=wali-n
Gloss (with missing item): 2PL ___ 1PL.EXCL=with 3PL=with PL.REFL=hit-IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Go and fight with us with [= against] them!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Such \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{the morpheme ___rrealthe morpheme ___s} \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{perfectthe morpheme ___ve} constructthe morpheme ___ons are especthe morpheme ___ally common the morpheme ___n multthe morpheme ___clausal \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{the morpheme ___mperatthe morpheme ___ve}s. In \REF{ex:verbs:57}, the \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{perfectthe morpheme ___ve} verb the morpheme ___s the \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{suppletthe morpheme ___ve} form the morpheme ___ ‘go.\textsc{pfv’.}
A: word: ni-p	 gloss: die-PFV
B: word: ango	 gloss: NEG
C: word: i	 gloss: go.PFV
D: word: itom	 gloss: father
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 53:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ we un namndu atï-na
Gloss (with missing item): ___ then 2PL pig hit-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Once [we] have eaten them, then you will kill pigs!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In a somewhat different but related manner, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{perfective} form of ama- ‘eat’ seems to combine two \isi{stem}s in the same form: the \isi{irrealis} \isi{stem} [la-] and the non-\isi{irrealis} \isi{stem} [ama-] occur together, along with the \isi{perfective} \isi{suffix} \textit{{}-p} ‘\textsc{pfv}’, thus yielding lamap ‘eat [\textsc{irr/pfv]}’. Although elsewhere in examples containing this verb the form [la-] is glossed as the \isi{verb stem} ‘eat’, in \isi{irrealis} \isi{perfective} constructions such as those in \REF{ex:verbs:62} and \REF{ex:verbs:63}, it is glossed as ‘\textsc{irr}’, since it is the part of the verb form that is signaling its \isi{irrealis} value. The \isi{vowel} of /la-/ \isi{deletes} before the initial \isi{vowel} of /ama-/ (\sectref{sec:2.5.5}).
A: word: ndï=la-ama-p	 gloss: 3PL=IRR-eat-PFV
B: word: ndï=ama-p	 gloss: 3PL=eat-PFV
C: word: ma=la-ama-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=IRR-eat-PFV
D: word: u-p-op	 gloss: put-PFV-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 54:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mana ___ ma=tï ma=na-nda
Gloss (with missing item): spear ___ 3SG.OBJ=take 3SG.OBJ=give-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Having made the spear, [they] will give it to him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the text that contains sentence \REF{ex:verbs:63}, there is another \isi{irrealis} \isi{perfective} construction that immediately follows: \REF{ex:verbs:64}. Here it may be seen again that -- as for most verbs -- the \isi{irrealis} \isi{perfective} form of ita- ‘build’ is \isi{morphological}ly identical to the \isi{perfective} form.
A: word: wambana	 gloss: fish
B: word: ma=ita-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-PFV
C: word: tï-na-t	 gloss: take-IRR-SPEC
D: word: ma=ita-p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 55:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___ nï ma=ala ndï=wana-uni-e
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___ 1SG 3SG.OBJ=for 3PL=feel-shout-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`When she started to cry, I called to them to get her.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:verbs:66}, it is ambiguous whether the ending [-e] on the verb sa- ‘cry’ is encoding (only) clausal dependence or (additionally) the \isi{inchoative} \isi{imperfective} \isi{aspect}.
A: word: ma=lo-nda	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cut-IRR
B: word: an-asa-e	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-hit-IPFV
C: word: sa-e	 gloss: cry-DEP
D: word: sa-la	 gloss: cry-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 56:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï kïkal ndï=wana ___ inim na-aw
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL ear 3PL=feel ___ water DETR-put.IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`They heard them [= their names] and started grinding them [= coconuts] into water.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:verbs:68}, the \isi{inchoative} \isi{imperfective} is indicated by the \isi{suppletive} \isi{imperfective} \isi{stem} of the verb u- ‘put’, without any overt \isi{suffix}.
A: word: na-top-in-ka	 gloss: DETR-throw-in-let
B: word: ndï=na-uta-e	 gloss: 3PL=DETR-grind-IPFV
C: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
D: word: ndï=uta-e	 gloss: 3PL=grind-IPFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 57:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï kïkal ndï=wana ndï=na-uta-e inim ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL ear 3PL=feel 3PL=DETR-grind-IPFV water ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They heard them [= their names] and started grinding them [= coconuts] into water.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:verbs:68}, the \isi{inchoative} \isi{imperfective} is indicated by the \isi{suppletive} \isi{imperfective} \isi{stem} of the verb u- ‘put’, without any overt \isi{suffix}.
A: word: na-aw	 gloss: DETR-put.IPFV
B: word: ndï=wana-nda	 gloss: 3PL=cook-IRR
C: word: na-ta-n	 gloss: DETR-say-IPFV
D: word: anda-awa	 gloss: SG.DIST-INT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 58:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=wap imba p-e mï wolka ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=be.PST night be{-dep} 3SG.SUBJ again ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] stayed the night there and again he fell asleep.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Likewise, in \REF{ex:verbs:69}, no overt \isi{suffix} is present, but the [w]-final \isi{verb stem} wow- ‘sleep.\textsc{ipfv}’ indicates that \isi{imperfective} \isi{aspect} is intended.
A: word: na-wow	 gloss: DETR-sleep.IPFV
B: word: inamba=nï	 gloss: money=OBL
C: word: ndï=ina-ka-wana	 gloss: 3PL=liver-at-feel
D: word: na-wow-e	 gloss: DETR-sleep.IPFV{-dep}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 59:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï numbu ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ garamut ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He resumed making the garamut drum.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A minor variation to \isi{inceptive} or \isi{ingressive} \isi{aspect} may be termed \isi{resumptive} \isi{aspect}. This \isi{aspect} can also be encoded by \isi{imperfective} verb forms to signal that an action that had stopped has begun again, as in \REF{ex:verbs:70}.
A: word: ma=lo-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cut-PFV
B: word: ma=asa-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=hit-IPFV
C: word: ma=lo-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cut-IPFV
D: word: ndï=lï-p-ïp-e	 gloss: 3PL=put-PFV-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 60:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): na-kanaka ___
Gloss (with missing item): DETR-unwrap ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[It] might unwrap.’\footnote{The pronunciation [nundate] – with initial [n] – may represent influence from the \ili{Maruat-Dimiri-Yaul} \isi{dialect}.} [ulwa014_57:24]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As detailed in \sectref{sec:4.6}, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} can express a number of \isi{modal}ities, including various predictions, such as that a state or event might be or might happen. There is also, however, a verbal \isi{suffix} -t ‘\textsc{spec’}, which can convey a sense of \isi{epistemic} possibility. It immediately follows the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} on the verb, as seen in \REF{ex:verbs:71} and \REF{ex:verbs:72}.
A: word: unda-t-e	 gloss: go{-spec-dep}
B: word: lu-nda-t-e	 gloss: put-IRR-SPEC-DEP
C: word: ama-p-ta	 gloss: eat-PFV-COND
D: word: ma-na-t-e	 gloss: go-IRR-SPEC-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 61:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): na-kanaka ___
Gloss (with missing item): DETR-unwrap ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[It] might unwrap.’\footnote{The pronunciation [nundate] – with initial [n] – may represent influence from the \ili{Maruat-Dimiri-Yaul} \isi{dialect}.} [ulwa014_57:24]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{ex:verbs:71} and \REF{ex:verbs:72} both illustrate the sense of ‘might’ being conveyed by the \isi{speculative} \isi{suffix} -t ‘\textsc{spec}’, in both instances directly following an \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix}. Example \REF{ex:verbs:72} further illustrates this use in \isi{indirect discourse}. This must not, however, be taken to have \is{evidentiality} evidential force -- that is, the \isi{suffix} is used because the \isi{reported speech} is of someone who himself is speculating about whether or not he would come (not because the person reporting this information can only speculate as to whether or not the person would come). Indeed, the speaker who uttered this sentence followed it with the one given in \REF{ex:verbs:73}, which does not include any \isi{speculative} form.\footnote{For more on \isi{indirect discourse}, see \sectref{sec:13.4.5}.}
A: word: unda-t-e	 gloss: go{-spec-dep}
B: word: ma-na-t-e	 gloss: go-IRR-SPEC-DEP
C: word: lu-nda-t-e	 gloss: put-IRR-SPEC-DEP
D: word: la-ta	 gloss: eat-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 62:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___
Gloss (with missing item): ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] might tell him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:verbs:74} also illustrates that this \isi{suffix} may be followed by the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’. More examples of the \isi{speculative} \isi{suffix} are given in \REF{ex:verbs:75} and \REF{ex:verbs:76}.
A: word: wap-ap-en	 gloss: be.PST-PFV-NMLZ
B: word: ma=si-na-t-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=push-IRR-SPEC-DEP
C: word: ma=kï-na-t-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say-IRR-SPEC-DEP
D: word: u=kï-na-t-e	 gloss: 2SG=say-IRR-SPEC-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 63:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): unan iken ma=lï-ka ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.INCL may 3SG.OBJ=put-let ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`We may go follow it [= an accusation].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:verbs:74} also illustrates that this \isi{suffix} may be followed by the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’. More examples of the \isi{speculative} \isi{suffix} are given in \REF{ex:verbs:75} and \REF{ex:verbs:76}.
A: word: ita-na-t-e	 gloss: build-IRR-SPEC-DEP
B: word: ma-na-t-e	 gloss: go-IRR-SPEC-DEP
C: word: ma-na-t	 gloss: go-IRR-SPEC
D: word: ma=lo-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cut-IPFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 64:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): unan iken ma=lï-ka ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.INCL may 3SG.OBJ=put-let ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`We may go follow it [= an accusation].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In sentence \REF{ex:verbs:76}, the force of the \isi{suffix} -t ‘\textsc{spec}’ is closer to \ili{English} ‘may’. Indeed, it is used alongside a \ili{Tok Pisin} \isi{loanword} i ken ‘may’, often used in granting permission. In sentence \REF{ex:verbs:77}, -t ‘\textsc{spec}’ is used along with a different \ili{Tok Pisin} \isi{loanword}, here giving the sentence a \isi{speculative} sense, although one with a \isi{negative} flavor. The \ili{Tok Pisin} word used here, nogut ‘bad’, often carries a conjunctive meaning similar to that of \ili{English} ‘lest’.
A: word: ita-na-t-e	 gloss: build-IRR-SPEC-DEP
B: word: ma-na-t	 gloss: go-IRR-SPEC
C: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-COND
D: word: ma-na-t-e	 gloss: go-IRR-SPEC-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D