cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kambok inom ngusuwa ___ asi-ka ndï=ula-e
Gloss (with missing item): Kambuku mother poor ___ sit-let 3PL=weave-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Two poor women from Kambuku [village] used to sit and weave them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some speakers have reported an alternative 3\textsc{du} pronominal form /the morpheme ___/. However, it is not well attested in my corpus. The only examples of it seem to reflect an adnominal \isi{demonstrative} rather than a \isi{personal pronoun}. I suspect that it is an abridged form of the \isi{dual} \isi{distal} \isi{demonstrative} athe morpheme ___ (cf. the form [nda] for the \isi{singular} \isi{distal} \isi{demonstrative} anda, \sectref{sec:7.3}). The form [the morpheme ___], for example, occurs at the end of an NP in \REF{ex:pron:1}.
A: word: min	 gloss: 3DU
B: word: ndin	 gloss: 3DU?
C: word: nga-nam	 gloss: SG.PROX{-emph}
D: word: andin	 gloss: DU.DIST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wik wopa kwa anda nini ___
Gloss (with missing item): week all one SG.DIST two ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`for all of one week, or two’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:pron:2}, the functional similarity between [a]ndin ‘\textsc{du.dist}’ (‘those two’) and anda ‘\textsc{sg.dist}’ (‘that’) is clear, as each form immediately follows a corresponding \isi{numeral}.
A: word: min=tï	 gloss: 3DU=take
B: word: ma=tï-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take-IRR
C: word: ma-ambi	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-TOP
D: word: ndin=tï-na	 gloss: 3DU?=take-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ anapa mï atal-a-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sister 3SG.SUBJ laughter-break-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`My sister laughed.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive forms may refer to first \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:3}, second \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:4}, or third \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:5} \isi{possessor}s.
A: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
B: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
C: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
D: word: kuma	 gloss: some
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ aweta mï anma
Gloss (with missing item): ___ friend 3SG.SUBJ good
The English translation of this sentence is:`Your friend is nice.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive forms may refer to first \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:3}, second \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:4}, or third \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:5} \isi{possessor}s.
A: word: mï-nam	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ-EMPH
B: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
C: word: ma-nji	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-POSS
D: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ wonmi ndï namli=p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ hair 3PL soft=COP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Her hair is soft.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive forms may refer to first \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:3}, second \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:4}, or third \isi{person} \REF{ex:pron:5} \isi{possessor}s.
A: word: ma-nji	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-POSS
B: word: ma-awa	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-INT
C: word: kuma-nji	 gloss: some{-poss}
D: word: u-awa	 gloss: 2SG-INT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï lïmndï ___ aweta ma=ala
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL eye ___ friend 3SG.OBJ=see
The English translation of this sentence is:`They saw their friend.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{Possessor}s may be \isi{singular}, \isi{dual}, or \isi{plural}, and may occur in object roles as well as subject roles. In example \REF{ex:pron:6}, the possessive form refers to a third \isi{person} \isi{plural} \isi{possessor}, here part of a \isi{direct object} NP.
A: word: un-nji	 gloss: 2PL-POSS
B: word: ambin-nji	 gloss: DU.REFL-POSS
C: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
D: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï lïmndï ___ aweta ma=ala
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG eye ___ friend 3SG.OBJ=see
The English translation of this sentence is:`I saw my own friend.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These forms are similar in function to certain pronouns found in some other languages, such as the \ili{Latin} possessive \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun} suus ‘his/her/its/their own’. In addition to their use in clarifying third \isi{person} \isi{antecedent}s, however, the Ulwa forms may also be used with first or second \isi{person} reference in order to convey the sense ‘my own’, ‘our own’, ‘your own’, and so on, as in \REF{ex:pron:9}, \REF{ex:pron:10}, and \REF{ex:pron:11}.
A: word: ambï-nji	 gloss: SG.REFL-POSS
B: word: angos	 gloss: what
C: word: ma=nambï-nïkï-p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=skin-dig-PFV-DEP
D: word: ambla-nji	 gloss: PL.REFL-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): min lïmndï ___ aweta ma=ala
Gloss (with missing item): 3DU eye ___ friend 3SG.OBJ=see
The English translation of this sentence is:`The two of them saw their own friend.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These forms are similar in function to certain pronouns found in some other languages, such as the \ili{Latin} possessive \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun} suus ‘his/her/its/their own’. In addition to their use in clarifying third \isi{person} \isi{antecedent}s, however, the Ulwa forms may also be used with first or second \isi{person} reference in order to convey the sense ‘my own’, ‘our own’, ‘your own’, and so on, as in \REF{ex:pron:9}, \REF{ex:pron:10}, and \REF{ex:pron:11}.
A: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
B: word: ambin-nji	 gloss: DU.REFL-POSS
C: word: ambla-nji	 gloss: PL.REFL-POSS
D: word: min-nji	 gloss: 3DU-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): un lïmndï ___ aweta ndï=ala
Gloss (with missing item): 2PL eye ___ friend 3SG.OBJ=see
The English translation of this sentence is:`You saw your own friends.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These forms are similar in function to certain pronouns found in some other languages, such as the \ili{Latin} possessive \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun} suus ‘his/her/its/their own’. In addition to their use in clarifying third \isi{person} \isi{antecedent}s, however, the Ulwa forms may also be used with first or second \isi{person} reference in order to convey the sense ‘my own’, ‘our own’, ‘your own’, and so on, as in \REF{ex:pron:9}, \REF{ex:pron:10}, and \REF{ex:pron:11}.
A: word: ambla-nji	 gloss: PL.REFL-POSS
B: word: ambla-na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ndin=tï-na	 gloss: 3DU?=take-IRR
D: word: ambï-nji	 gloss: SG.REFL-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ anma ndï apa ma=p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ good 3PL house 3SG.OBJ=be
The English translation of this sentence is:`His good ones [= daughters] are in the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It may here be noted that possessive forms need not necessarily precede nouns. Although they cannot precede verbs (without the verbs having been \isi{nominalize}d), they can precede \isi{adjective}s. This happens, however, only when the \isi{adjective} is functioning substantively (i.e., nominally) (\sectref{sec:5.3}), as in \REF{ex:pron:12} and \REF{ex:pron:13}. This further suggests that there is little if any \isi{morphosyntactic} distinction between property words (i.e., “\isi{adjective}s”) and \isi{semantic}ally more prototypical nouns.
A: word: kuma-nji	 gloss: some{-poss}
B: word: ma-awa	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-INT
C: word: ambla=ala	 gloss: PL.REFL=see
D: word: ma-nji	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ njukuta mï wandam i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ small 3SG.SUBJ jungle go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`My small one [= dog] went into the jungle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It may here be noted that possessive forms need not necessarily precede nouns. Although they cannot precede verbs (without the verbs having been \isi{nominalize}d), they can precede \isi{adjective}s. This happens, however, only when the \isi{adjective} is functioning substantively (i.e., nominally) (\sectref{sec:5.3}), as in \REF{ex:pron:12} and \REF{ex:pron:13}. This further suggests that there is little if any \isi{morphosyntactic} distinction between property words (i.e., “\isi{adjective}s”) and \isi{semantic}ally more prototypical nouns.
A: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
B: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
C: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
D: word: kwa	 gloss: one
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): u-nji apa mï njukuta=p ___ mï ambi=p
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG-POSS house 3SG.SUBJ small=COP ___ 3SG.SUBJ big=COP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Your house is small; mine is big.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Finally, the possessive forms can be used substantively with an implied noun, as in \REF{ex:pron:14} and \REF{ex:pron:15}.
A: word: nga-nam	 gloss: SG.PROX{-emph}
B: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
C: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
D: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kayta ma-nji tïn mï ___ asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.OBJ-POSS dog 3SG.SUBJ ___ hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kayta’s dog attacked mine.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Finally, the possessive forms can be used substantively with an implied noun, as in \REF{ex:pron:14} and \REF{ex:pron:15}.
A: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
B: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
C: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
D: word: ma-ambi	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-TOP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tambana mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Tambana will hit herself.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, these pronouns are similar to their \ili{English} translations ending in ‘-self’ or ‘-selves’, in that there is no distinction made among them for \isi{person} -- whether first, second, or third -- but they are distinguished for \isi{number}. These three forms are based on the same root, /amb(ï)-/. The use of \isi{reflexive} pronouns is illustrated by examples \REF{ex:pron:16} through \REF{ex:pron:22}.
A: word: ndï=wali-nda	 gloss: 3PL=hit-IRR
B: word: ambla=wali-nda	 gloss: PL.REFL=hit-IRR
C: word: ambï=wali-nda	 gloss: SG.REFL=hit-IRR
D: word: ambin-nji	 gloss: DU.REFL-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ay ndï=nïkï-p ndï=n ___ u-p
Gloss (with missing item): sago 3PL=dig-PFV 3PL=OBL ___ put-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] made [packets of] sago and left them for themselves.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, these pronouns are similar to their \ili{English} translations ending in ‘-self’ or ‘-selves’, in that there is no distinction made among them for \isi{person} -- whether first, second, or third -- but they are distinguished for \isi{number}. These three forms are based on the same root, /amb(ï)-/. The use of \isi{reflexive} pronouns is illustrated by examples \REF{ex:pron:16} through \REF{ex:pron:22}.
A: word: nga-nam	 gloss: SG.PROX{-emph}
B: word: ambla=ala	 gloss: PL.REFL=see
C: word: ambla=n	 gloss: PL.REFL=OBL
D: word: ambla=na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ambï=ul unda-t-e na-kï-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ SG.REFL=with go{-spec-dep} DETR-say-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] thought that [the crocodile] might go around with him to kill him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are indications that the \is{binding} \isi{binding domain} for \isi{anaphor}s (i.e., \isi{reflexive} pronouns) in Ulwa may be something greater than the clause -- that is, unlike in \ili{English}, it is possible for the \isi{antecedent} of a \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun} in Ulwa to be located in a so-called higher clause. All known examples of this occur when the \isi{matrix clause} (containing the \isi{antecedent}) introduces the \isi{embedded clause} (containing the \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun}) by means of a verb of speaking (or thinking).\footnote{Thus, Ulwa may be said to exhibit a sort \isi{logophoricity}, since these \isi{reflexive}s must be bound by an \isi{antecedent} whose \isi{speech} (or thought) is being reported. It should be noted, however, that there is no special \isi{logophoric pronoun} in Ulwa.} Examples \REF{ex:pron:23} and \REF{ex:pron:24} illustrate the use of \isi{reflexive} pronouns with \isi{antecedent}s in a “higher” clause.
A: word: ambï=wali-nda	 gloss: SG.REFL=hit-IRR
B: word: ambla=wali-nda	 gloss: PL.REFL=hit-IRR
C: word: ndï=wali-nda	 gloss: 3PL=hit-IRR
D: word: ma-awa	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-INT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ambï=wali-nda ___ unda-t-e na-kï-p
Gloss (with missing item): SG.REFL=hit-IRR ___ go{-spec-dep} DETR-say-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] thought that [the crocodile] might go around with him to kill him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are indications that the \is{binding} \isi{binding domain} for \isi{anaphor}s (i.e., \isi{reflexive} pronouns) in Ulwa may be something greater than the clause -- that is, unlike in \ili{English}, it is possible for the \isi{antecedent} of a \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun} in Ulwa to be located in a so-called higher clause. All known examples of this occur when the \isi{matrix clause} (containing the \isi{antecedent}) introduces the \isi{embedded clause} (containing the \isi{reflexive} \isi{pronoun}) by means of a verb of speaking (or thinking).\footnote{Thus, Ulwa may be said to exhibit a sort \isi{logophoricity}, since these \isi{reflexive}s must be bound by an \isi{antecedent} whose \isi{speech} (or thought) is being reported. It should be noted, however, that there is no special \isi{logophoric pronoun} in Ulwa.} Examples \REF{ex:pron:23} and \REF{ex:pron:24} illustrate the use of \isi{reflexive} pronouns with \isi{antecedent}s in a “higher” clause.
A: word: kwa-nji	 gloss: one{-poss}
B: word: ambï=ul	 gloss: SG.REFL=with
C: word: ambï=n	 gloss: SG.REFL=OBL
D: word: u-p	 gloss: put-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï=iya lo-p ndï=iya wa lo-p ndï=ul ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=toward go-PFV 3PL=toward village go-PFV 3PL=with ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went to them, went to them in the village, and fought with them [as enemies].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Also to be mentioned here is an interesting \isi{idiom}atic use of the \isi{reflexive} pronominal \isi{object marker} ambla= ‘\textsc{pl.refl}’. When used with the verb asa- {\textasciitilde} wali- ‘hit, kill’, this marker does not necessarily have a \isi{reflexive} (or reciprocal) sense, but rather gives the entire verb the \isi{intransitive} meaning ‘fight’ (as in battle). The object of fighting (the enemy) can be marked in a \isi{postpositional phrase} with the \isi{postposition} ul ‘with’. This can cause ambiguity not unlike what often occurs in \ili{English}, since this same \isi{postpositional phrase} can mark either enemies or allies.\footnote{Cf. \ili{English} sentences such as The English fought with the French.} Sentences \REF{ex:pron:26}, \REF{ex:pron:27}, and \REF{ex:pron:28} exemplify this use of the verb asa- {\textasciitilde} wali- ‘hit, kill’ with the \isi{reflexive} pronominal \isi{object marker} ambla= ‘\textsc{pl.refl}’.
A: word: ambla=asa-p	 gloss: PL.REFL=hit-PFV
B: word: ambin=asa-p	 gloss: DU.REFL=hit-PFV
C: word: ma=asa-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
D: word: ma-ngusuwa	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-poor
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A