cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 37:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ambwat ___ Monde
Gloss (with missing item): Kambot ___ [name]
The English translation of this sentence is:`The Kambot people’s [ancestor] was Monde.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Aside from \isi{locational predication}, which requires the \isi{locative verb} p- {\textasciitilde} wap ‘be’, \isi{non-verbal predication} (as well as other \isi{non-verbal clause} constructions) can be expressed without any overt verbal marking. Thus, Ulwa can be said to allow \isi{zero copula} constructions (see \sectref{sec:10.3}, however, for the use of a \isi{copular enclitic}). For example, \is{classificational clause} classificational, \is{identificational clause} identificational, or \is{equational clause} equational (or \is{equative clause} equative) clauses may all be expressed by simply \isi{juxtaposing} two NPs without any marking, as in examples \REF{ex:pred:22} through \REF{ex:pred:27}. See also example \REF{ex:det:159} in \sectref{sec:7.3}.
A: word: ala-nji	 gloss: PL.DIST-POSS
B: word: wutota	 gloss: tall
C: word: ambla-nji	 gloss: PL.REFL-POSS
D: word: numïne	 gloss: ditch
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 38:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kowe mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kowe is tall.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly, \isi{attributive clause}s (or \isi{attributional clause}s) can be formed by placing the property-denoting \isi{phrase} (i.e., the \isi{predicate adjective}) immediately after the subject NP, without any special marking, as in \REF{ex:pred:28} and \REF{ex:pred:29}.
A: word: wutï	 gloss: leg
B: word: rabaul	 gloss: [place]
C: word: wutota	 gloss: tall
D: word: ambi	 gloss: big
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 39:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kowe mï ___ wutota
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ ___ tall
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kowe is very tall.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly, \isi{attributive clause}s (or \isi{attributional clause}s) can be formed by placing the property-denoting \isi{phrase} (i.e., the \isi{predicate adjective}) immediately after the subject NP, without any special marking, as in \REF{ex:pred:28} and \REF{ex:pred:29}.
A: word: ipka	 gloss: before
B: word: luke	 gloss: too
C: word: apka	 gloss: very
D: word: ma=wap-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be.PST-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 40:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kowe mï apka ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ very ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kowe is very tall.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly, \isi{attributive clause}s (or \isi{attributional clause}s) can be formed by placing the property-denoting \isi{phrase} (i.e., the \isi{predicate adjective}) immediately after the subject NP, without any special marking, as in \REF{ex:pred:28} and \REF{ex:pred:29}.
A: word: ala-nji	 gloss: PL.DIST{-poss}
B: word: wutï	 gloss: leg
C: word: ambi	 gloss: big
D: word: wutota	 gloss: tall
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 41:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alimban ma-nji ___ watangïnila
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.OBJ-POSS ___ four
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alimban has four sons.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive predicates \is{possessive predication} can likewise be expressed without any marking. There is no verb like the \ili{English} verb have in Ulwa. Rather, the \isi{possessed} item is simply predicated of the person who possesses it. The \isi{possessor} is indicated by the \isi{possessive pronoun}. Thus, predicative \isi{possession} is expressed with the \isi{possessum} as the single argument of a \isi{monotransitive} clause; the \isi{possessor} is treated just like any \isi{adnominal possessor} in a possessive NP (i.e., it precedes the \isi{head noun}, \sectref{sec:9.1.5}). In examples \REF{ex:pred:30} through \REF{ex:pred:33}, the \isi{possessum} is indicated in \textbf{bold}.
A: word: yetani	 gloss: Yamen
B: word: lo-p-e	 gloss: go-PFV-DEP
C: word: itom	 gloss: father
D: word: yeta	 gloss: man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 42:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alimban ma-nji yeta ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.OBJ-POSS man ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alimban has four sons.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive predicates \is{possessive predication} can likewise be expressed without any marking. There is no verb like the \ili{English} verb have in Ulwa. Rather, the \isi{possessed} item is simply predicated of the person who possesses it. The \isi{possessor} is indicated by the \isi{possessive pronoun}. Thus, predicative \isi{possession} is expressed with the \isi{possessum} as the single argument of a \isi{monotransitive} clause; the \isi{possessor} is treated just like any \isi{adnominal possessor} in a possessive NP (i.e., it precedes the \isi{head noun}, \sectref{sec:9.1.5}). In examples \REF{ex:pred:30} through \REF{ex:pred:33}, the \isi{possessum} is indicated in \textbf{bold}.
A: word: atana	 gloss: older.sister
B: word: watangïnila	 gloss: four
C: word: angay	 gloss: five
D: word: ma-na	 gloss: go-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 43:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Leobaha min min-nji ___ anda-awa
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3DU 3DU-POSS ___ SG.DIST{-int}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Leobaha [and another child] had their own pots.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive predicates \is{possessive predication} can likewise be expressed without any marking. There is no verb like the \ili{English} verb have in Ulwa. Rather, the \isi{possessed} item is simply predicated of the person who possesses it. The \isi{possessor} is indicated by the \isi{possessive pronoun}. Thus, predicative \isi{possession} is expressed with the \isi{possessum} as the single argument of a \isi{monotransitive} clause; the \isi{possessor} is treated just like any \isi{adnominal possessor} in a possessive NP (i.e., it precedes the \isi{head noun}, \sectref{sec:9.1.5}). In examples \REF{ex:pred:30} through \REF{ex:pred:33}, the \isi{possessum} is indicated in \textbf{bold}.
A: word: wambana	 gloss: fish
B: word: samban	 gloss: pot
C: word: kana	 gloss: beside
D: word: wombasa	 gloss: clay.pot
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 44:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Leobaha min min-nji samban ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3DU 3DU-POSS pot ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Leobaha [and another child] had their own pots.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive predicates \is{possessive predication} can likewise be expressed without any marking. There is no verb like the \ili{English} verb have in Ulwa. Rather, the \isi{possessed} item is simply predicated of the person who possesses it. The \isi{possessor} is indicated by the \isi{possessive pronoun}. Thus, predicative \isi{possession} is expressed with the \isi{possessum} as the single argument of a \isi{monotransitive} clause; the \isi{possessor} is treated just like any \isi{adnominal possessor} in a possessive NP (i.e., it precedes the \isi{head noun}, \sectref{sec:9.1.5}). In examples \REF{ex:pred:30} through \REF{ex:pred:33}, the \isi{possessum} is indicated in \textbf{bold}.
A: word: anda-awa	 gloss: SG.DIST{-int}
B: word: anda-we	 gloss: SG.DIST-PART.INT
C: word: min=tï	 gloss: 3DU=take
D: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 45:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kowe mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kowe is an older brother.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although \isi{non-verbal clause}s can be formed without any overt \isi{verb phrase} (\sectref{sec:10.2}), it is also possible for a \isi{copular enclitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’ to be to be added to a noun, \isi{adjective}, or other \isi{parts of speech} to create a \isi{predicate}. Although clearly derived historically from the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be at’ (< \ili{Proto-Keram} *ip), the \isi{copular enclitic} is not used for \isi{locational predication}. Rather, it is used -- always optionally -- for other kinds of \isi{non-verbal clause}s. For example, \is{classificational clause} classificational, \is{identificational clause} identificational, or \is{existential clause} existential clauses may include the \isi{clitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’ at the end of the second NP, as in \REF{ex:pred:34}, \REF{ex:pred:35}, and \REF{ex:pred:36}.
A: word: atuma=p-na	 gloss: older.brother=COP-IRR
B: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
C: word: atuma=p	 gloss: older.brother=COP
D: word: watangïnila	 gloss: four
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 46:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___ mï wolka ma=lo-p
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___ 3SG.SUBJ again 3SG.OBJ=cut{-pfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was a jungle; but he cleared it again.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although \isi{non-verbal clause}s can be formed without any overt \isi{verb phrase} (\sectref{sec:10.2}), it is also possible for a \isi{copular enclitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’ to be to be added to a noun, \isi{adjective}, or other \isi{parts of speech} to create a \isi{predicate}. Although clearly derived historically from the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be at’ (< \ili{Proto-Keram} *ip), the \isi{copular enclitic} is not used for \isi{locational predication}. Rather, it is used -- always optionally -- for other kinds of \isi{non-verbal clause}s. For example, \is{classificational clause} classificational, \is{identificational clause} identificational, or \is{existential clause} existential clauses may include the \isi{clitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’ at the end of the second NP, as in \REF{ex:pred:34}, \REF{ex:pred:35}, and \REF{ex:pred:36}.
A: word: wandam-p-e	 gloss: jungle=COP-DEP
B: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
C: word: ulwa=p	 gloss: nothing=COP
D: word: anjikaka=p-e	 gloss: how=COP-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 47:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wondi ___
Gloss (with missing item): bandicoot ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There were no bandicoots.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although \isi{non-verbal clause}s can be formed without any overt \isi{verb phrase} (\sectref{sec:10.2}), it is also possible for a \isi{copular enclitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’ to be to be added to a noun, \isi{adjective}, or other \isi{parts of speech} to create a \isi{predicate}. Although clearly derived historically from the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be at’ (< \ili{Proto-Keram} *ip), the \isi{copular enclitic} is not used for \isi{locational predication}. Rather, it is used -- always optionally -- for other kinds of \isi{non-verbal clause}s. For example, \is{classificational clause} classificational, \is{identificational clause} identificational, or \is{existential clause} existential clauses may include the \isi{clitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’ at the end of the second NP, as in \REF{ex:pred:34}, \REF{ex:pred:35}, and \REF{ex:pred:36}.
A: word: ulwa=p-e	 gloss: nothing=COP-DEP
B: word: ulwa=p-en	 gloss: nothing=COP{-nmlz}
C: word: ulwa=p	 gloss: nothing=COP
D: word: atuma=p-na	 gloss: older.brother=COP-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___ mï wolka ma=lo-p
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___ 3SG.SUBJ again 3SG.OBJ=cut{-pfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was a jungle; but he cleared it again.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: No \isi{tense} or \isi{aspect} distinction is made with this \isi{clitic}. However, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} -na ‘\textsc{irr}’ is generally added for \isi{irrealis} clauses, and other verbal \isi{suffix}ation may be added as well, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’ in \REF{ex:pred:35}. The \isi{copular enclitic} can, in effect, function as a \isi{verbalizing} morpheme. In \REF{ex:pred:37} the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} attaches to the \isi{copula}.
A: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
B: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-COND
C: word: anjikaka=p-e	 gloss: how=COP-DEP
D: word: wandam-p-e	 gloss: jungle=COP-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 49:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kowe mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kowe will be an older brother.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: No \isi{tense} or \isi{aspect} distinction is made with this \isi{clitic}. However, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} -na ‘\textsc{irr}’ is generally added for \isi{irrealis} clauses, and other verbal \isi{suffix}ation may be added as well, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’ in \REF{ex:pred:35}. The \isi{copular enclitic} can, in effect, function as a \isi{verbalizing} morpheme. In \REF{ex:pred:37} the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} attaches to the \isi{copula}.
A: word: atuma=p-na	 gloss: older.brother=COP-IRR
B: word: atuma=p	 gloss: older.brother=COP
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: yata	 gloss: man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 50:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): itom mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): father 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Father is big.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Likewise, \isi{attributive clause}s (or \isi{attributional clause}s) receive the \isi{copular enclitic} after the \isi{phrase} containing the property word, as illustrated by examples \REF{ex:pred:38} through \REF{ex:pred:41}.
A: word: ambi=p	 gloss: big=COP
B: word: an-mbï-unda-e	 gloss: out-here-go-IPFV
C: word: ambi=p-ta	 gloss: big=COP{-cond}
D: word: kana	 gloss: beside
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 51:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): un ndï=la-ka-ta kuma ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2PL 3PL=IRR-let-COND some ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Let some of them dry!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Likewise, \isi{attributive clause}s (or \isi{attributional clause}s) receive the \isi{copular enclitic} after the \isi{phrase} containing the property word, as illustrated by examples \REF{ex:pred:38} through \REF{ex:pred:41}.
A: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
B: word: wapata=p	 gloss: dry=COP
C: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
D: word: nïpokonam=p-ta	 gloss: hard=COP{-cond}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 52:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji ambi kwe ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS big one ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I have one big one there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It may be possible to use the \isi{copular enclitic} to indicate \isi{possessive predication}, although I have not found any clear examples of this. Sentence \REF{ex:pred:42}, for example, may rather represent the use of the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ (i.e., ‘My big one is located there.’).
A: word: ma=p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=COP?-DEP
B: word: mï=na-na-p	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ=DETR-feed-PFV
C: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-nmlz}
D: word: ambla=wali-nda	 gloss: PL.REFL=hit-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 53:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma-nji ini ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ-POSS ground ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He doesn’t have land.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:43}, which uses a \isi{nominalizing} \isi{suffix} after the \isi{copular clitic}, is perhaps better analyzed as \is{classificatory predication} classificatory or \isi{attributive predication} (i.e., ‘His land is nothing/nonexistent.’).
A: word: ulwa=p-e	 gloss: nothing=COP-DEP
B: word: ulwa=p-en	 gloss: nothing=COP-NMLZ
C: word: asa-p-e	 gloss: hit-PFV-DEP
D: word: ala-nji	 gloss: PL.DIST{-poss}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B