cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): a nïplopa im in p-e wandam ___
Gloss (with missing item): INTERJ flying.fox tree in be-DEP jungle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Ah, there are [still] flying foxes in the trees in the jungle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: p-en	 gloss: be-NMLZ
B: word: na-kuk-aw-e	 gloss: DETR-gather-put.IPFV-DEP
C: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-nmlz}
D: word: nga=p-ta	 gloss: SG.PROX=be{-cond}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nïtet nïmal ___ ma=p-en ndï ma-nji wo
Gloss (with missing item): [place] river ___ 3SG.OBJ=be-NMLZ 3PL 3SG.OBJ-POSS own
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those [palms] that are next to Nïtet river are her very own.’\footnote{This example additionally illustrates the use of the \isi{nominalizing} \isi{suffix} -en ‘NMLZ’.} [ulwa037_42:24]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: kana	 gloss: beside
B: word: angani	 gloss: behind
C: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
D: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nïtet nïmal kanam ___ ndï ma-nji wo
Gloss (with missing item): [place] river beside ___ 3PL 3SG.OBJ-POSS own
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those [palms] that are next to Nïtet river are her very own.’\footnote{This example additionally illustrates the use of the \isi{nominalizing} \isi{suffix} -en ‘NMLZ’.} [ulwa037_42:24]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: ama-e	 gloss: eat-IPFV
B: word: i-e	 gloss: go.PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-NMLZ
D: word: ma=p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-dep}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): way mï min=n twa ___ ma=p
Gloss (with missing item): turtle 3SG.SUBJ 3DU=OBL hearth ___ 3SG.OBJ=be
The English translation of this sentence is:`The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘3SG.OBJ’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-COND
B: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
C: word: angani	 gloss: behind
D: word: kana	 gloss: beside
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): way mï min=n twa kana ___
Gloss (with missing item): turtle 3SG.SUBJ 3DU=OBL hearth beside ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘3SG.OBJ’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
B: word: ma=p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be
C: word: ma=ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say
D: word: ma=wap	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be.PST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ango un=ul ini ___ p-na
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG NEG 2PL=with ground ___ be-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will not live on this land with you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: lop	 gloss: lie
B: word: nga=wat-aw-e	 gloss: SG.PROX=atop-put.IPFV-DEP
C: word: nga=wat	 gloss: this.SG=atop
D: word: rabaul	 gloss: [place]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ango un=ul ini nga=wat ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG NEG 2PL=with ground this.SG=atop ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will not live on this land with you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:pred:15} further illustrates the use of the \isi{locative verb} in combination with a \isi{postpositional phrase} (here, with the \isi{postposition} in ‘in’). Further examples of \isi{locative predication} with \isi{spatial postposition}s are given in \REF{ex:pred:16}, \REF{ex:pred:17}, and \REF{ex:pred:18}.
A: word: ta-na	 gloss: say-IRR
B: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: p-na	 gloss: be-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nïtet nïmal ___ ma=p-en ndï ma-nji wo
Gloss (with missing item): [place] river ___ 3SG.OBJ=be-NMLZ 3PL 3SG.OBJ-POSS own
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those [palms] that are next to Nïtet river are her very own.’\footnote{This example additionally illustrates the use of the \isi{nominalizing} \isi{suffix} -en ‘NMLZ’.} [ulwa037_42:24]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \glt `The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘\textsc{3sg.obj}’ following the \isi{postposition} \textit{kana {\textasciitilde} the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’, are perhaps better translated as ‘there its gloss ___ …’ or ‘there next to …’.} [ulwa006_06:09]
A: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
B: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-COND
C: word: kana	 gloss: beside
D: word: angani	 gloss: behind
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nïtet nïmal kanam ___ ndï ma-nji wo
Gloss (with missing item): [place] river beside ___ 3PL 3SG.OBJ-POSS own
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those [palms] that are next to Nïtet river are her very own.’\footnote{This example additionally illustrates the use of the \isi{nominalizing} \isi{suffix} -en ‘NMLZ’.} [ulwa037_42:24]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \glt `The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘\textsc{3sg.obj}’ following the \isi{postposition} \textit{kana {\textasciitilde} kanam} ‘beside’, are perhaps better translated as ‘there beside …’ or ‘there next to …’.} [ulwa006_06:09]
A: word: ma=p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-dep}
B: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-NMLZ
C: word: kana	 gloss: beside
D: word: na-top-in-ka	 gloss: DETR-throw-in-let
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): way mï min=n twa ___ ma=p
Gloss (with missing item): turtle 3SG.SUBJ 3DU=OBL hearth ___ 3SG.OBJ=be
The English translation of this sentence is:`The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘3SG.OBJ’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \glt `The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘\textsc{3sg.obj}’ following the \isi{postposition} \textit{the morpheme ___ {\textasciitilde} the morpheme ___m} ‘its gloss ___’, are perhaps better translated as ‘there its gloss ___ …’ or ‘there next to …’.} [ulwa006_06:09]
A: word: angani	 gloss: behind
B: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
C: word: wutota	 gloss: tall
D: word: kana	 gloss: beside
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): way mï min=n twa kana ___
Gloss (with missing item): turtle 3SG.SUBJ 3DU=OBL hearth beside ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘3SG.OBJ’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \glt `The turtle stayed there with them next to the hearth.’\footnote{Sentences such as \REF{ex:pred:16} and \REF{ex:pred:17}, which contain the \isi{object marker} ma= ‘\textsc{3sg.obj}’ following the \isi{postposition} \textit{kana {\textasciitilde} kanam} ‘beside’, are perhaps better translated as ‘there beside …’ or ‘there next to …’.} [ulwa006_06:09]
A: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
B: word: anda=p-e	 gloss: SG.DIST=be{-dep}
C: word: ma=ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say
D: word: ma=p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): anmoka ndï wandam ___
Gloss (with missing item): snake 3PL jungle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There are snakes in the jungle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The distinction between \isi{locative predication} and \isi{existential predication} is often not clear in Ulwa, since there are no formal distinctions between the two constructions. Like \isi{locative predication}, \isi{existential predication} can be expressed with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’, as in \REF{ex:pred:19}, \REF{ex:pred:20}, and \REF{ex:pred:21}.
A: word: ambla=wali-nda	 gloss: PL.REFL=hit-IRR
B: word: ma=p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be
C: word: ma=ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say
D: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inim mï ini ma=wat ___
Gloss (with missing item): water 3SG.SUBJ ground 3SG.OBJ=atop ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There is water on the ground.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The distinction between \isi{locative predication} and \isi{existential predication} is often not clear in Ulwa, since there are no formal distinctions between the two constructions. Like \isi{locative predication}, \isi{existential predication} can be expressed with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’, as in \REF{ex:pred:19}, \REF{ex:pred:20}, and \REF{ex:pred:21}.
A: word: p-e	 gloss: be{-ipfv}
B: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: ndï=n	 gloss: 3PL=OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wanmbi ani ___ u ma=tï nï=na-ta nï ansi la-n[da]
Gloss (with missing item): daka bilum ___ 2SG 3SG.OBJ=TAKE 1SG=give-COND 1SG red.buai eat-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`If there is daka [= betel pepper] in [your] bilum [= string bag], [then] give it to me so I can chew red buai [= betel nut].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The distinction between \isi{locative predication} and \isi{existential predication} is often not clear in Ulwa, since there are no formal distinctions between the two constructions. Like \isi{locative predication}, \isi{existential predication} can be expressed with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’, as in \REF{ex:pred:19}, \REF{ex:pred:20}, and \REF{ex:pred:21}.
A: word: ma=nambït-wana	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=odor-feel
B: word: anma=p-ta	 gloss: good=COP-COND
C: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
D: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-cond}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inim mï ini ma=wat ___
Gloss (with missing item): water 3SG.SUBJ ground 3SG.OBJ=atop ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There is water on the ground.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Often context alone can determine whether a \isi{copula}r \isi{suffix} is being used in an existential construction or a \isi{locative} construction. Thus, for example, a sentence such as \REF{ex:pred:20} could be interpreted as meaning ‘the water is on the ground’ as well as ‘there is water on the ground’.
A: word: ma=p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be
B: word: ndï=uta-na	 gloss: 3PL=grind-IRR
C: word: p-e	 gloss: be{-ipfv}
D: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï amun=p-e ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ now=COP-DEP ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He is still there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb p- ‘be’ (or the \isi{copular enclitic} =p ‘\textsc{cop}’) may be used with \isi{temporal adverb}s or nouns as well, here having a \isi{temporal}, rather than a spatial meaning, as in the expression amunpe ‘still’ in \REF{ex:pred:10}. This can be understood as having the literal meaning ‘being at now’. See \sectref{sec:8.2.1} for more examples of \isi{temporal} expressions. The special \isi{past}-\isi{tense} form of the \isi{locative verb} (wap ‘be.\textsc{pst}’) is discussed in \sectref{sec:10.4}.
A: word: anda=p-e	 gloss: SG.DIST=be-IPFV
B: word: ni-e	 gloss: act-IPFV
C: word: anda=p-na	 gloss: SG.DIST=be-IRR
D: word: ambi=p	 gloss: big=COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 35:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mongima mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mongima is a man.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Aside from \isi{locational predication}, which requires the \isi{locative verb} p- {\textasciitilde} wap ‘be’, \isi{non-verbal predication} (as well as other \isi{non-verbal clause} constructions) can be expressed without any overt verbal marking. Thus, Ulwa can be said to allow \isi{zero copula} constructions (see \sectref{sec:10.3}, however, for the use of a \isi{copular enclitic}). For example, \is{classificational clause} classificational, \is{identificational clause} identificational, or \is{equational clause} equational (or \is{equative clause} equative) clauses may all be expressed by simply \isi{juxtaposing} two NPs without any marking, as in examples \REF{ex:pred:22} through \REF{ex:pred:27}. See also example \REF{ex:det:159} in \sectref{sec:7.3}.
A: word: unan=wali-nda	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=hit-IRR
B: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
C: word: itom	 gloss: father
D: word: yata	 gloss: man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 36:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ngata yeta mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): grand man 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The male ancestor was Suwol.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Aside from \isi{locational predication}, which requires the \isi{locative verb} p- {\textasciitilde} wap ‘be’, \isi{non-verbal predication} (as well as other \isi{non-verbal clause} constructions) can be expressed without any overt verbal marking. Thus, Ulwa can be said to allow \isi{zero copula} constructions (see \sectref{sec:10.3}, however, for the use of a \isi{copular enclitic}). For example, \is{classificational clause} classificational, \is{identificational clause} identificational, or \is{equational clause} equational (or \is{equative clause} equative) clauses may all be expressed by simply \isi{juxtaposing} two NPs without any marking, as in examples \REF{ex:pred:22} through \REF{ex:pred:27}. See also example \REF{ex:det:159} in \sectref{sec:7.3}.
A: word: ma-na-ta	 gloss: go-IRR-COND
B: word: wolka	 gloss: again
C: word: suwol	 gloss: [name]
D: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C