cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tumbuna ala mbï-p-e ___ p-e ala anda=u
Gloss (with missing item): grandparent PL.DIST here-be-DEP ___ be-DEP PL.DIST SG.DIST=from
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the grandparents were here at Wopata they [went] from there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Locative clauses are indicated with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be, be at (be located at)’ (\sectref{sec:4.3}). The verb p- ‘be’ may be used to express \isi{location} at a place, whether permanent or temporary. The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can follow either proper \isi{place name}s \REF{ex:pred:1} or \isi{common noun} \isi{location}s \REF{ex:pred:2}.
A: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
B: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
C: word: unan=wali-nda	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=hit-IRR
D: word: luwa	 gloss: place
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tumbuna ala mbï-p-e Wopata ___ ala anda=u
Gloss (with missing item): grandparent PL.DIST here-be-DEP [place] ___ PL.DIST SG.DIST=from
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the grandparents were here at Wopata they [went] from there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Locative clauses are indicated with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be, be at (be located at)’ (\sectref{sec:4.3}). The verb p- ‘be’ may be used to express \isi{location} at a place, whether permanent or temporary. The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can follow either proper \isi{place name}s \REF{ex:pred:1} or \isi{common noun} \isi{location}s \REF{ex:pred:2}.
A: word: p-e	 gloss: be-DEP
B: word: p-ta	 gloss: be{-cond}
C: word: tïlwa=nï	 gloss: road=OBL
D: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): alum ala ndï wa lolop ala ___ p-e mundu ama-e
Gloss (with missing item): child PL.DIST 3PL just just PL.DIST ___ be-DEP food eat-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those children -- they just, they’re just in the jungle eating food.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Locative clauses are indicated with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be, be at (be located at)’ (\sectref{sec:4.3}). The verb p- ‘be’ may be used to express \isi{location} at a place, whether permanent or temporary. The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can follow either proper \isi{place name}s \REF{ex:pred:1} or \isi{common noun} \isi{location}s \REF{ex:pred:2}.
A: word: kekaka	 gloss: one.each
B: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
C: word: wandam-p-e	 gloss: jungle=COP-DEP
D: word: la-nda	 gloss: eat-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): alum ala ndï wa lolop ala wandam ___ mundu ama-e
Gloss (with missing item): child PL.DIST 3PL just just PL.DIST jungle ___ food eat-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those children -- they just, they’re just in the jungle eating food.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Locative clauses are indicated with the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be, be at (be located at)’ (\sectref{sec:4.3}). The verb p- ‘be’ may be used to express \isi{location} at a place, whether permanent or temporary. The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can follow either proper \isi{place name}s \REF{ex:pred:1} or \isi{common noun} \isi{location}s \REF{ex:pred:2}.
A: word: p-e	 gloss: be-DEP
B: word: ma=si	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=push
C: word: wap	 gloss: be.PST
D: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uta nungol kwa ___ p-na
Gloss (with missing item): bird child one ___ be-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`[Not] one little bird will be [left] in the jungle!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The un\isi{inflect}ed form [p] may refer either to \isi{past} \isi{time} or to \isi{present} \isi{time}. With reference to \isi{location} in the \isi{future}, however, the \isi{locative verb}, as other verbs, typically receives the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} -na ‘\textsc{irr}’ \REF{ex:pred:3}.
A: word: wandam-p-e	 gloss: jungle=COP-DEP
B: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
C: word: leobaha	 gloss: [name]
D: word: wap	 gloss: be.PST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uta nungol kwa wandam ___
Gloss (with missing item): bird child one jungle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[Not] one little bird will be [left] in the jungle!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The un\isi{inflect}ed form [p] may refer either to \isi{past} \isi{time} or to \isi{present} \isi{time}. With reference to \isi{location} in the \isi{future}, however, the \isi{locative verb}, as other verbs, typically receives the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} -na ‘\textsc{irr}’ \REF{ex:pred:3}.
A: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
B: word: ta-na	 gloss: say-IRR
C: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-nmlz}
D: word: p-na	 gloss: be-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ango kwe kuma wa ___
Gloss (with missing item): NEG one some just ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Not just one or a few would be staying there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As with other verbs, the \isi{irrealis} \isi{suffix} encodes not only \isi{future} \isi{time} for the verb p- ‘be’, but also other non-real \isi{modal}ities, such as \isi{counterfactual}s \REF{ex:pred:4}.
A: word: atuma=p-na	 gloss: older.brother=COP-IRR
B: word: ulwa=p-en	 gloss: nothing=COP{-nmlz}
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: ma=kï-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ango kwe kuma wa ___
Gloss (with missing item): NEG one some just ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Not just one or a few would be staying there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:pred:4} further illustrates how the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can be indexed with \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marker}s or \isi{deictic} forms. In some instances, it may perhaps even be considered a \isi{transitive} verb, taking as its object the place at which something is or was located. In such situations, the verb can be translated as ‘be located at’, ‘stay at’, ‘live at’, ‘reside at’, and so on. This function is illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:pred:5} through \REF{ex:pred:12}.
A: word: ma=kï-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say-IRR
B: word: atuma=p-na	 gloss: older.brother=COP-IRR
C: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
D: word: lo-p-e	 gloss: go-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___ ma=p-e
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___ 3SG.OBJ=be-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`She stayed in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:pred:4} further illustrates how the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can be indexed with \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marker}s or \isi{deictic} forms. In some instances, it may perhaps even be considered a \isi{transitive} verb, taking as its object the place at which something is or the morpheme ___s located. In such situations, the verb can be translated as ‘be located at’, ‘stay at’, ‘live at’, ‘reside at’, and so on. This function is illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:pred:5} through \REF{ex:pred:12}.
A: word: ulwa=p	 gloss: nothing=COP
B: word: wa	 gloss: village
C: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
D: word: u=iya	 gloss: 2SG=toward
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï wa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ village ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`She stayed in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:pred:4} further illustrates how the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can be indexed with \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marker}s or \isi{deictic} forms. In some instances, it may perhaps even be considered a \isi{transitive} verb, taking as its object the place at which something is or was located. In such situations, the verb can be translated as ‘be located at’, ‘stay at’, ‘live at’, ‘reside at’, and so on. This function is illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:pred:5} through \REF{ex:pred:12}.
A: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
B: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-nmlz}
C: word: ma=p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IPFV
D: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ase itom ala mïka ___ anda=p-e
Gloss (with missing item): no father PL.DIST thus ___ SG.DIST=be-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`No, the fathers are in the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:pred:4} further illustrates how the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can be indexed with \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marker}s or \isi{deictic} forms. In some instances, it may perhaps even be considered a \isi{transitive} verb, taking as its object the place at which something is or was located. In such situations, the verb can be translated as ‘be located at’, ‘stay at’, ‘live at’, ‘reside at’, and so on. This function is illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:pred:5} through \REF{ex:pred:12}.
A: word: yata	 gloss: man
B: word: apwanam	 gloss: side.of.house
C: word: apa	 gloss: house
D: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ase itom ala mïka apa ___
Gloss (with missing item): no father PL.DIST thus house ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`No, the fathers are in the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:pred:4} further illustrates how the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can be indexed with \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marker}s or \isi{deictic} forms. In some instances, it may perhaps even be considered a \isi{transitive} verb, taking as its object the place at which something is or was located. In such situations, the verb can be translated as ‘be located at’, ‘stay at’, ‘live at’, ‘reside at’, and so on. This function is illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:pred:5} through \REF{ex:pred:12}.
A: word: anda=p-e	 gloss: SG.DIST=be-IPFV
B: word: anda=p-na	 gloss: SG.DIST=be-IRR
C: word: suwol	 gloss: [name]
D: word: na-i-na	 gloss: DETR-come-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tumbuna ala mbï-p-e ___ p-e ala anda=u
Gloss (with missing item): grandparent PL.DIST here-be-DEP ___ be-DEP PL.DIST SG.DIST=from
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the grandparents were here at Wopata they [went] from there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can take other verbal \isi{affix}ation, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’, as exemplified in examples \REF{ex:pred:1} and \REF{ex:pred:2}. Examples \REF{ex:pred:13} and \REF{ex:pred:14} show p- ‘be’ with the \isi{conditional} marker -ta ‘\textsc{cond}’.
A: word: luwa	 gloss: place
B: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
C: word: i-n-e	 gloss: come-PFV-DEP
D: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tumbuna ala mbï-p-e Wopata ___ ala anda=u
Gloss (with missing item): grandparent PL.DIST here-be-DEP [place] ___ PL.DIST SG.DIST=from
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the grandparents were here at Wopata they [went] from there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can take other verbal \isi{affix}ation, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’, as exemplified in examples \REF{ex:pred:1} and \REF{ex:pred:2}. Examples \REF{ex:pred:13} and \REF{ex:pred:14} show p- ‘be’ with the \isi{conditional} marker -ta ‘\textsc{cond}’.
A: word: asa-p	 gloss: hit-PFV
B: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
C: word: p-e	 gloss: be-DEP
D: word: atuma=p	 gloss: older.brother=COP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): alum ala ndï wa lolop ala ___ p-e mundu ama-e
Gloss (with missing item): child PL.DIST 3PL just just PL.DIST ___ be-DEP food eat-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those children -- they just, they’re just in the jungle eating food.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can take other verbal \isi{affix}ation, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’, as exemplified in examples \REF{ex:pred:1} and \REF{ex:pred:2}. Examples \REF{ex:pred:13} and \REF{ex:pred:14} show p- ‘be’ with the \isi{conditional} marker -ta ‘\textsc{cond}’.
A: word: nga=wat	 gloss: SG.PROX=atop
B: word: tïngïn=p-e	 gloss: many=COP-DEP
C: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
D: word: wandam-p-e	 gloss: jungle=COP-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): alum ala ndï wa lolop ala wandam ___ mundu ama-e
Gloss (with missing item): child PL.DIST 3PL just just PL.DIST jungle ___ food eat-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those children -- they just, they’re just in the jungle eating food.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can take other verbal \isi{affix}ation, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’, as exemplified in examples \REF{ex:pred:1} and \REF{ex:pred:2}. Examples \REF{ex:pred:13} and \REF{ex:pred:14} show p- ‘be’ with the \isi{conditional} marker -ta ‘\textsc{cond}’.
A: word: wala	 gloss: far.off
B: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
C: word: ma-na	 gloss: go-IRR
D: word: p-e	 gloss: be-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï wa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL village ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`If they were home …’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can take other verbal \isi{affix}ation, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’, as exemplified in examples \REF{ex:pred:1} and \REF{ex:pred:2}. Examples \REF{ex:pred:13} and \REF{ex:pred:14} show p- ‘be’ with the \isi{conditional} marker -ta ‘\textsc{cond}’.
A: word: ulwa=p	 gloss: nothing=COP
B: word: p-ta	 gloss: be-COND
C: word: nga=p-ta	 gloss: SG.PROX=be{-cond}
D: word: ansi	 gloss: red.buai
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): maka amba ___ ndï=la-nda ma-n
Gloss (with missing item): thus mens.house ___ 3PL=eat-IRR go-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`… if [we] stay like this in the men’s house, then [we] are going to eat them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be’ can take other verbal \isi{affix}ation, such as the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’, as exemplified in examples \REF{ex:pred:1} and \REF{ex:pred:2}. Examples \REF{ex:pred:13} and \REF{ex:pred:14} show p- ‘be’ with the \isi{conditional} marker -ta ‘\textsc{cond}’.
A: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-COND
B: word: ma=kali	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=send
C: word: wap	 gloss: be.PST
D: word: nga=p-ta	 gloss: SG.PROX=be-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): a nïplopa im in p-e wandam ___
Gloss (with missing item): INTERJ flying.fox tree in be-DEP jungle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Ah, there are [still] flying foxes in the trees in the jungle.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is also possible for p- ‘be’ to take the \isi{nominalizing} \isi{suffix} -en ‘\textsc{nmlz}’. The force of the \isi{nominalization} is not always felt \REF{ex:pred:15}.
A: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-nmlz}
B: word: ma=p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be
C: word: na-ta-n	 gloss: DETR-say-IPFV
D: word: p-en	 gloss: be-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D