cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 39:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mundu angla-lo-ta ma=wap ___ p-ta
Gloss (with missing item): food await-go-COND 3SG.OBJ=be.PST ___ be{-cond}
The English translation of this sentence is:`If [they] were hunting for food, [they] would stay until afternoon.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the morpheme ___ ‘yesterday’ is followed by [p], however, it generally has the sense of ‘its gloss ___’, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:57} and \REF{ex:otherwc:58}. This, rather, seems to be an instantiation of the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be at’, here being \isi{metaphor}ically extended to \isi{temporal} meaning. Something similar seems to occurs with the noun imba ‘night’, in phrases such as imba pe ‘at night’.\footnote{There are no attested uses of umbe ‘tomorrow’ with \isi{copula}r or \isi{locative} marking.}
A: word: awal	 gloss: afternoon
B: word: ipka	 gloss: before
C: word: lucy=p-en	 gloss: [name]=COP-NMLZ
D: word: anda-awa	 gloss: SG.DIST-INT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 40:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mundu angla-lo-ta ma=wap awal ___
Gloss (with missing item): food await-go-COND 3SG.OBJ=be.PST afternoon ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`If [they] were hunting for food, [they] would stay until afternoon.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When awal ‘yesterday’ is followed by [p], however, it generally has the sense of ‘afternoon’, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:57} and \REF{ex:otherwc:58}. This, rather, seems to be an instantiation of the \isi{locative verb} p- ‘be at’, here being \isi{metaphor}ically extended to \isi{temporal} meaning. Something similar seems to occurs with the noun imba ‘night’, in phrases such as imba pe ‘at night’.\footnote{There are no attested uses of umbe ‘tomorrow’ with \isi{copula}r or \isi{locative} marking.}
A: word: nga=wat	 gloss: SG.PROX=atop
B: word: p-ta	 gloss: be{-cond}
C: word: nga=p-ta	 gloss: SG.PROX=be{-cond}
D: word: mbï-p-ta	 gloss: here-be{-cond}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 41:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ankam ango ulum ale-p-en
Gloss (with missing item): ___ person NEG palm scrape-PFV-NML
The English translation of this sentence is:`Before, people didn’t use to scrape sago palms.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The other \isi{temporal adverb}s, which never take either nominal or \isi{verbal morphology}, are perhaps better exemplars of adverbs. Like the three adverbs already described, they may appear either its gloss ___ \REF{ex:otherwc:59} or after \REF{ex:otherwc:60} subject NPs.
A: word: amun	 gloss: now
B: word: un=ipka	 gloss: 2PL=before
C: word: ipka	 gloss: before
D: word: ma=ala	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=for
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 42:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ___ ala=n malan u-p-e
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ PL.DIST=OBL hot.water put-PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`I boiled those first.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The other \isi{temporal adverb}s, which never take either nominal or \isi{verbal morphology}, are perhaps better exemplars of adverbs. Like the three adverbs already described, they may appear either its gloss ___ \REF{ex:otherwc:59} or after \REF{ex:otherwc:60} subject NPs.
A: word: ipka	 gloss: before
B: word: an-mbï-lï-p	 gloss: out-here-put-PFV
C: word: un=ipka	 gloss: 2PL=before
D: word: amun	 gloss: now
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 43:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji inom mï ___ apa ma=u li-i
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS mother 3SG.SUBJ ___ house 3SG.OBJ=from down-go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`My mother went down around the house first.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whereas ta ‘already’ is clearly monomorphemic, the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ and anganika ‘after’ are each apparently derived from multiple morphemes: the former consisting of the noun ip ‘nose’ and the \isi{postposition} ka ‘at, in, on’, the latter consisting of the noun angani ‘rear’ and the \isi{postposition} ka ‘at, in, on’. While the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ is derived from a crosslinguistically common body-part \isi{metaphor}, \mbox{anganika} ‘after’ (often shortened to [naka]) is not necessarily so, since angani ‘rear’ is not typically used to refer to any part of the human body (cf. mutam ‘back’ and unmbï ‘buttocks’). Sentences \REF{ex:otherwc:61} through \REF{ex:otherwc:64} illustrate the adverbial use of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ and anganika ‘after’.
A: word: nga=wat	 gloss: SG.PROX=atop
B: word: un=ipka	 gloss: 2PL=before
C: word: ipka	 gloss: before
D: word: amun	 gloss: now
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 44:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): u ___ ndï=ta-na
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG ___ 3PL=say-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Tell them later!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whereas ta ‘already’ is clearly monomorphemic, ipka ‘before’ and the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ are each apparently derived from multiple morphemes: the former consisting of the noun ip ‘nose’ and the \isi{postposition} ka ‘at, in, on’, the latter consisting of the noun angani ‘rear’ and the \isi{postposition} ka ‘at, in, on’. While ipka ‘before’ is derived from a crosslinguistically common body-part \isi{metaphor}, \mbox{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ (often shortened to [naka]) is not necessarily so, since angani ‘rear’ is not typically used to refer to any part of the human body (cf. mutam ‘back’ and unmbï ‘buttocks’). Sentences \REF{ex:otherwc:61} through \REF{ex:otherwc:64} illustrate the adverbial use of ipka ‘before’ and the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’.
A: word: amun	 gloss: now
B: word: angani	 gloss: behind
C: word: anganika	 gloss: after
D: word: lukawtim	 gloss: look.after
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 45:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an-ambi itom ___ i
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL-TOP father ___ go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for us, we came after [our] fathers.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whereas anganika ‘after’ is viewed here as a single \isi{adverb} (that is, not composed of [angani] and [ka], at least not synchronically) and thus should not accept any \isi{morphological} \isi{inflection}, the \isi{postposition} angani ‘behind’ (as a \isi{postposition}) can indeed have an \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:65} and \REF{ex:otherwc:66}.
A: word: ala=u	 gloss: PL.DIST=from
B: word: an=angani	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=behind
C: word: ala=angani	 gloss: PL.DIST=behind
D: word: ipka	 gloss: before
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 46:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji aweta anda ___ won-p
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS friend SG.DIST ___ cut-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`That friend of mine has gone behind my back!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whereas anganika ‘after’ is viewed here as a single \isi{adverb} (that is, not composed of [angani] and [ka], at least not synchronically) and thus should not accept any \isi{morphological} \isi{inflection}, the \isi{postposition} angani ‘behind’ (as a \isi{postposition}) can indeed have an \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:65} and \REF{ex:otherwc:66}.
A: word: ala=angani	 gloss: PL.DIST=behind
B: word: nï=nap	 gloss: 1SG=for
C: word: nï=angani	 gloss: 1SG=behind
D: word: ndï=angani-ka-en	 gloss: 3PL=before-let-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 47:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e an tïn ala=ul ___ mbï-i-e
Gloss (with missing item): hey 1PL.EXCL dog PL.DIST=with ___ here-go.PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Hey, we came here with those dogs before you!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: More troubling for this analysis of ipka ‘before’ and anganika ‘after’ as adverbs, however, is the occasional use of ipka ‘before’ as a \isi{postposition} as well, as seen in \REF{ex:otherwc:67} and \REF{ex:otherwc:68}.\footnote{It could be, however, that in such instances the postpositional force of ka ‘at, in, on’ is still felt, creating a \isi{postpositional phrase} that means something along the lines of ‘at the nose of’. An additional complication is the clear relationship between the adverbs ipka ‘before’ and anganika ‘after’ and the verbs ip ka- ‘precede’ and angani ka- ‘follow’, respectively (\sectref{sec:9.2.3}). These putative verbs are found in \is{ordinal numeral} ordinal constructions with \isi{nominalizing} \isi{morphology} (\sectref{sec:7.5}).}
A: word: tïki	 gloss: again
B: word: un=ipka	 gloss: 2PL=before
C: word: ndï=ipka	 gloss: 3PL=before
D: word: yaruwa	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ngan ___ i-en
Gloss (with missing item): 1DU.EXCL ___ go.PFV-NMLZ
The English translation of this sentence is:`We two went ahead of them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: More troubling for this analysis of ipka ‘before’ and anganika ‘after’ as adverbs, however, is the occasional use of ipka ‘before’ as a \isi{postposition} as well, as seen in \REF{ex:otherwc:67} and \REF{ex:otherwc:68}.\footnote{It could be, however, that in such instances the postpositional force of ka ‘at, in, on’ is still felt, creating a \isi{postpositional phrase} that means something along the lines of ‘at the nose of’. An additional complication is the clear relationship between the adverbs ipka ‘before’ and anganika ‘after’ and the verbs ip ka- ‘precede’ and angani ka- ‘follow’, respectively (\sectref{sec:9.2.3}). These putative verbs are found in \is{ordinal numeral} ordinal constructions with \isi{nominalizing} \isi{morphology} (\sectref{sec:7.5}).}
A: word: un=ipka	 gloss: 2PL=before
B: word: ma=ala-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=see-DEP
C: word: ndï=in	 gloss: 3PL=in
D: word: ndï=ipka	 gloss: 3PL=before
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 49:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): u ___ kalam=p-e
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG ___ knowledge=COP-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`You already know.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, perhaps the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which permits no verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{suffix}ation, \isi{nominalize}d forms, or \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s, and which is able to occur either before or after the subject, is the most prototypical \isi{temporal adverb} in Ulwa. The use of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ is illustrated in \REF{ex:otherwc:69}, \REF{ex:otherwc:70}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:71}.
A: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
B: word: ta	 gloss: already
C: word: mana	 gloss: spear
D: word: anda=u	 gloss: SG.DIST=from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 50:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): e mï ___ keka wapata=p
Gloss (with missing item): hey 3SG.SUBJ ___ completely dry=COP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Hey! It’s already completely dry.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, perhaps the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which permits no verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{suffix}ation, \isi{nominalize}d forms, or \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s, and which is able to occur either before or after the subject, is the most prototypical \isi{temporal adverb} in Ulwa. The use of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ is illustrated in \REF{ex:otherwc:69}, \REF{ex:otherwc:70}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:71}.
A: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
B: word: ta	 gloss: already
C: word: min=nap	 gloss: 3DU=for
D: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 51:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ u-nji anapa ndï u inim nïkï-p-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2SG-POSS sister 3PL 2SG water dig-PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Already, your sisters have celebrated you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, perhaps the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which permits no verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{suffix}ation, \isi{nominalize}d forms, or \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s, and which is able to occur either before or after the subject, is the most prototypical \isi{temporal adverb} in Ulwa. The use of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ is illustrated in \REF{ex:otherwc:69}, \REF{ex:otherwc:70}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:71}.
A: word: ta	 gloss: already
B: word: ambla=ala	 gloss: PL.REFL=see
C: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
D: word: mïngamata	 gloss: whatchamacallit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 52:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ulum ma=iya ___ i
Gloss (with missing item): palm 3SG.OBJ=toward ___ go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[It] went up the sago palm.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The adverbs the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ and li ‘down’ may refer either to literal vertical-axis \isi{location}s and \isi{direction}s or to relative \isi{location}s and \isi{direction}s along the river -- that is, ‘its gloss ___stream’ and ‘downstream’, respectively. In \REF{ex:otherwc:73} and \REF{ex:otherwc:74}, the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ and li ‘down’ are being used to refer to vertical-axis \isi{direction}s.
A: word: apïn=nï	 gloss: fire=OBL
B: word: ata	 gloss: up
C: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
D: word: ata-u	 gloss: up-from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 53:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nungolke ngala kuli ___ ma=lï-p
Gloss (with missing item): child PL.PROX throw ___ 3SG.OBJ=put-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`These children have thrown [themselves] down there [= the water].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The adverbs ata ‘up’ and the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ may refer either to the morpheme ___teral vertical-axis \isi{location}s and \isi{direction}s or to relative \isi{location}s and \isi{direction}s along the river -- that is, ‘upstream’ and ‘its gloss ___stream’, respectively. In \REF{ex:otherwc:73} and \REF{ex:otherwc:74}, ata ‘up’ and the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ are being used to refer to vertical-axis \isi{direction}s.
A: word: u=iya	 gloss: 2SG=toward
B: word: alimban	 gloss: [name]
C: word: li	 gloss: down
D: word: lolop	 gloss: just
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 54:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wot nga=u ___ ma-n-e
Gloss (with missing item): younger SG.PROX=from ___ go-IPFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] were going upstream from this younger [village].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:otherwc:75} and \REF{ex:otherwc:76}, the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ refers to \isi{location}s or \isi{direction}s its gloss ___stream from a point of reference. In \REF{ex:otherwc:77}, li ‘down’ refers to a \isi{location} or \isi{direction} downstream from the point of reference.
A: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
B: word: lolop	 gloss: just
C: word: ata	 gloss: up
D: word: ata-u	 gloss: up-from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 55:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ma=tï ___ anda=u i
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG 3SG.OBJ=take ___ SG.DIST=from go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`I brought it from up there [i.e., from upstream].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:otherwc:75} and \REF{ex:otherwc:76}, the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ refers to \isi{location}s or \isi{direction}s its gloss ___stream from a point of reference. In \REF{ex:otherwc:77}, li ‘down’ refers to a \isi{location} or \isi{direction} downstream from the point of reference.
A: word: nambli	 gloss: feather
B: word: ata-u	 gloss: up-from
C: word: ata	 gloss: up
D: word: wopata	 gloss: [place]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 56:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï=me-p-e ndï=tï ___ ma=i
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=sew-PFV-DEP 3PL=take ___ 3SG.OBJ=go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`He sewed them and brought them down there [i.e., downstream].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:otherwc:75} and \REF{ex:otherwc:76}, ata ‘up’ refers to \isi{location}s or \isi{direction}s upstream from a point of reference. In \REF{ex:otherwc:77}, the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ refers to a \isi{location} or \isi{direction} its gloss ___stream from the point of reference.
A: word: mbï-u	 gloss: here-from
B: word: me-nda	 gloss: sew-IRR
C: word: alimban	 gloss: [name]
D: word: li	 gloss: down
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D