cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 115:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ inda-e lo-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ walk-DEP go-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] would just walk around.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Three forms that are frequently used in discourse are kthe morpheme ___ {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, the first of which is identical to the \isi{numeral} kthe morpheme ___ ‘one’, and the second of which is clearly derived from the first.\footnote{The form the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ may also be related to kthe morpheme ___ ‘one’, although its derivation is less clear.} All three forms share essentially the same set of functions. Often translated as ‘its gloss ___’, they add a degree of casualness to a statement. Sometimes they convey a sense of ‘simply’, other times a mildly \isi{negative} sense of ‘without care’ or ‘without reason’. Very often, however, it is hard for me to ascribe any clear meaning to them (at least in the \ili{English} translation). These three forms -- kthe morpheme ___ {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ -- are illustrated by examples \REF{ex:otherwc:131}, \REF{ex:otherwc:132}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:133}, respectively.
A: word: moweka	 gloss: also
B: word: wandam	 gloss: jungle
C: word: wa	 gloss: just
D: word: umbe	 gloss: tomorrow
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 116:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï wa ___ i ma-ngusuwa nji ma=lo-p lï-p
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG just ___ go.PFV 3SG.OBJ-poor thing 3SG.OBJ=cut-PFV put-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Frustratedly, I just went and cut the poor thing’s thing [= sago palm jungle].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Serving the same function as kwa {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} wa ‘its gloss ___’ is the \isi{adverb} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which has been \isi{borrow}ed from the neighboring language \ili{Ap Ma}. It often occurs immediately following wa ‘its gloss ___’, but may occur independently as well. In examples \REF{ex:otherwc:134}, \REF{ex:otherwc:135}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:136}, it has a \isi{frustrative} sense.
A: word: lolop	 gloss: just
B: word: moweka	 gloss: also
C: word: nïplopa	 gloss: flying.fox
D: word: amun=p-e	 gloss: now=COP-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 117:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): unan wa ___ wa p-e
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL just ___ village be-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`We are just [hanging around] in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Serving the same function as kwa {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} wa ‘its gloss ___’ is the \isi{adverb} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which has been \isi{borrow}ed from the neighboring language \ili{Ap Ma}. It often occurs immediately following wa ‘its gloss ___’, but may occur independently as well. In examples \REF{ex:otherwc:134}, \REF{ex:otherwc:135}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:136}, it has a \isi{frustrative} sense.
A: word: andïl=p-e	 gloss: careful=COP-DEP
B: word: lolop	 gloss: just
C: word: nïplopa	 gloss: flying.fox
D: word: moweka	 gloss: also
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 118:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-ambi tembi na-p-e nï wa ___ inda-na
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-TOP bad DETR-be-DEP 1SG just ___ walk-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for me, I’m becoming unfit, so I’ll just go around [without worrying about other people].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Serving the same function as kwa {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} wa ‘its gloss ___’ is the \isi{adverb} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which has been \isi{borrow}ed from the neighboring language \ili{Ap Ma}. It often occurs immediately following wa ‘its gloss ___’, but may occur independently as well. In examples \REF{ex:otherwc:134}, \REF{ex:otherwc:135}, and \REF{ex:otherwc:136}, it has a \isi{frustrative} sense.
A: word: lolop	 gloss: just
B: word: moweka	 gloss: also
C: word: maka	 gloss: thus
D: word: nïplopa	 gloss: flying.fox
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 119:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ___ ndï=ul ndï=na-na-p-e
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ 3PL=with 3PL=DETR-feed-PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`I fed them along with them [= my biological children] for nothing.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similar in function to kwa {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} wa ‘just’ and lolop ‘just’ is the word the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, fruitlessly’, which has a much more \isi{negative} connotation. This word looks very much like it has derived from other words, in part because of the unusual \isi{diphthong} [oy] (\sectref{sec:2.1.7}). It may derive from /wa-i-ambï=n/ ‘just-go.\textsc{pfv-sg.refl=obl’} -- that is, a \isi{phrase} having meant something like ‘just went with himself/herself/itself’. This is only speculative. Examples \REF{ex:otherwc:137} and \REF{ex:otherwc:138} illustrate the use of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, fruitlessly’.
A: word: kwa	 gloss: one
B: word: woyambïn	 gloss: pointlessly
C: word: awlop	 gloss: in.vain
D: word: kambïn	 gloss: child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 120:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): na ___ ma=ta-n-e
Gloss (with missing item): and ___ 3SG.OBJ=say-IPFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`But [we] are just wasting time talking about it.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similar in function to kwa {\textasciitilde} ko {\textasciitilde} wa ‘just’ and lolop ‘just’ is the word the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, fruitlessly’, which has a much more \isi{negative} connotation. This word looks very much like it has derived from other words, in part because of the unusual \isi{diphthong} [oy] (\sectref{sec:2.1.7}). It may derive from /wa-i-ambï=n/ ‘just-go.\textsc{pfv-sg.refl=obl’} -- that is, a \isi{phrase} having meant something like ‘just went with himself/herself/itself’. This is only speculative. Examples \REF{ex:otherwc:137} and \REF{ex:otherwc:138} illustrate the use of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, fruitlessly’.
A: word: kambïn	 gloss: child
B: word: woyambïn	 gloss: pointlessly
C: word: awlop	 gloss: in.vain
D: word: mbï-wap	 gloss: here-be.PST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 121:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Biwat inim ma=in-klop i ata-i ata-i-e ___ nga=u na-i wolka nga=u an-nji wandam nga=ita-e i
Gloss (with missing item): [place] water 3SG.OBJ=in-cross go.PFV up-go.PFV up-go.PFV-DEP ___ SG.PROX=from DETR-go.PFV again SG.PROX=from 1PL.EXCL-POSS jungle SG.PROX=build-DEP go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went following the Biwat river, went up. Having gone up, [they] came this way. And then from here, [they] came and built our jungle [area].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some of the adverbs described in \sectref{sec:8.2.3} also seem to behave at times much like \isi{modal} or discourse adverbs, carrying subtle connotations or serving various discourse functions. The \isi{adverb} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, in turn’ may be used in narratives to tie together events in series, especially when they are somewhat repetitive. It may thus often be translated with the \ili{English} expression ‘and then …’. In \REF{ex:otherwc:139}, the narrator recounts a narrative of people traveling frome one place to another, using the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, in turn’ as a linking element.
A: word: amun	 gloss: now
B: word: maka=p	 gloss: thus=COP
C: word: wolka	 gloss: again
D: word: suwol	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 122:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Biwat inim ma=in-klop i ata-i ata-i-e wolka nga=u na-i ___ nga=u an-nji wandam nga=ita-e i
Gloss (with missing item): [place] water 3SG.OBJ=in-cross go.PFV up-go.PFV up-go.PFV-DEP again SG.PROX=from DETR-go.PFV ___ SG.PROX=from 1PL.EXCL-POSS jungle SG.PROX=build-DEP go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] went following the Biwat river, went up. Having gone up, [they] came this way. And then from here, [they] came and built our jungle [area].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some of the adverbs described in \sectref{sec:8.2.3} also seem to behave at times much like \isi{modal} or discourse adverbs, carrying subtle connotations or serving various discourse functions. The \isi{adverb} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, in turn’ may be used in narratives to tie together events in series, especially when they are somewhat repetitive. It may thus often be translated with the \ili{English} expression ‘and then …’. In \REF{ex:otherwc:139}, the narrator recounts a narrative of people traveling frome one place to another, using the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, in turn’ as a linking element.
A: word: wolka	 gloss: again
B: word: amun	 gloss: now
C: word: umbe	 gloss: tomorrow
D: word: suwol	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 123:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-ambi ___ nï-nji ala wala luwa anda=p
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-TOP ___ 1SG-POSS PL.DIST far.off place SG.DIST=be
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for me, those [relatives] of mine are in a far-off place.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{adverb} the morpheme ___ {\textasciitilde} moweka ‘its gloss ___, moreover’ its gloss ___ seems at times to serve \isi{modal} functions. Its usage here seems parallel to \isi{modal} uses of \ili{Tok Pisin} tu ‘its gloss ___, too’, and it is possibly a \isi{calque} of that word (cf. similar phenomena in \chapref{sec:15}). It can be used to add a degree of incredulity, to strengthen a \isi{request} for confirmation in a \isi{question}, or to add a sense of wonder to a statement. Its use is illustrated by examples \REF{ex:otherwc:140} and \REF{ex:otherwc:141}.
A: word: susan	 gloss: [name]
B: word: luke	 gloss: too
C: word: moweka	 gloss: also
D: word: maweka	 gloss: also
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 124:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kanangula ___ ango wa mbï-wap
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___ NEG village here-be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kanangula did not [even bother to] stay in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{adverb} maweka {\textasciitilde} the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___, moreover’ its gloss ___ seems at times to serve \isi{modal} functions. Its usage here seems parallel to \isi{modal} uses of \ili{Tok Pisin} tu ‘its gloss ___, too’, and it is possibly a \isi{calque} of that word (cf. similar phenomena in \chapref{sec:15}). It can be used to add a degree of incredulity, to strengthen a \isi{request} for confirmation in a \isi{question}, or to add a sense of wonder to a statement. Its use is illustrated by examples \REF{ex:otherwc:140} and \REF{ex:otherwc:141}.
A: word: luke	 gloss: too
B: word: nï=angani	 gloss: 1SG=behind
C: word: moweka	 gloss: also
D: word: maweka	 gloss: also
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 125:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kolpe ma-nji ___ wonmi ndï=won-p-op
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.OBJ-POSS ___ hair 3PL=cut-PFV-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Kolpe had cut his -- what’s it? -- hair.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It has already been shown how the \isi{adverb} maka ‘thus’ can also function as a filler word (\sectref{sec:8.2.3}). In a somewhat similar fashion, the \isi{placeholder word} \linebreak the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ can be used when a speaker is trying to retrieve a word, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:142} and \REF{ex:otherwc:143}.
A: word: mbï-p-e	 gloss: here-be-DEP
B: word: mïngamata	 gloss: whatchamacallit
C: word: nongami	 gloss: [name]
D: word: angos	 gloss: what
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 126:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï=misisina-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL=arrange-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] carefully arranged them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, it is possible to use \isi{dependent clause}s to express adverbial notions. Such clauses typically contain \isi{verbalized} forms of \isi{adjective}s or nouns that express properties \REF{ex:otherwc:144}.
A: word: andïl=p-e	 gloss: careful=COP-DEP
B: word: anjikaka=p-e	 gloss: how=COP-DEP
C: word: ndï=andïla-lo-ta	 gloss: 3PL=await-go-IRR-COND
D: word: an-mbï-lï-p	 gloss: out-here-put-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 127:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ lu ma-n-en
Gloss (with missing item): ___ with go-IPFV-NMLZ
The English translation of this sentence is:`[The water] is going quickly.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Additionally, adverb-like notions can be expressed with \isi{postpositional phrase}s or \isi{oblique}-marked NPs; these usages are often \isi{metaphor}ical, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:145} and \REF{ex:otherwc:146}.
A: word: wana	 gloss: PROH
B: word: nambli	 gloss: feather
C: word: ambla=asa-p	 gloss: PL.REFL=hit-PFV
D: word: upin	 gloss: crowned.pigeon
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 128:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nambli ___ ma-n-en
Gloss (with missing item): feather ___ go-IPFV-NMLZ
The English translation of this sentence is:`[The water] is going quickly.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Additionally, adverb-like notions can be expressed its gloss ___ \isi{postpositional phrase}s or \isi{oblique}-marked NPs; these usages are often \isi{metaphor}ical, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:145} and \REF{ex:otherwc:146}.
A: word: lu	 gloss: with
B: word: un=angani	 gloss: 3PL=behind
C: word: ma=ita-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-NMLZ
D: word: alum	 gloss: child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 129:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ma=won-lï-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.OBJ=cut-put-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[He] cut it down quickly.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Additionally, adverb-like notions can be expressed with \isi{postpositional phrase}s or \isi{oblique}-marked NPs; these usages are often \isi{metaphor}ical, as in \REF{ex:otherwc:145} and \REF{ex:otherwc:146}.
A: word: apïn=n	 gloss: fire=OBL
B: word: supam=o	 gloss: [name]=VOC
C: word: apïn	 gloss: fire
D: word: apïn=nï	 gloss: fire=OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 130:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma=wana-ta ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ=feel-say ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] called to her: “Supam!”’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{interjection} =o ‘\textsc{voc}’ is possibly a \isi{loan} from \ili{Tok Pisin}.\footnote{Ulwa has no native words that begin with \isi{mid vowel}s /e/ or /o/. If not a \isi{loan} from \ili{Tok Pisin}, then the form [=o] may at least be influenced by \ili{Tok Pisin} pronunciation. This \isi{vocative} \isi{interjection} has an \isi{allomorph} =wo ‘\textsc{voc}’, which may represent an indigenous \isi{interjection}.} Examples \REF{ex:otherwc:150} through \REF{ex:otherwc:154} illustrate the use of =o ‘\textsc{voc’}, both as an \isi{interjection} of emphasis and as a \isi{vocative} form used when calling to people.
A: word: supam=o	 gloss: [name]=VOC
B: word: supam	 gloss: {[[name]}
C: word: mongima	 gloss: [name]
D: word: nambli	 gloss: feather
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 131:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ala-nji amba ___
Gloss (with missing item): PL.DIST{-poss} mens.house ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Over there they have magic!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{interjection} =o ‘\textsc{voc}’ is possibly a \isi{loan} from \ili{Tok Pisin}.\footnote{Ulwa has no native words that begin with \isi{mid vowel}s /e/ or /o/. If not a \isi{loan} from \ili{Tok Pisin}, then the form [=o] may at least be influenced by \ili{Tok Pisin} pronunciation. This \isi{vocative} \isi{interjection} has an \isi{allomorph} =wo ‘\textsc{voc}’, which may represent an indigenous \isi{interjection}.} Examples \REF{ex:otherwc:150} through \REF{ex:otherwc:154} illustrate the use of =o ‘\textsc{voc’}, both as an \isi{interjection} of emphasis and as a \isi{vocative} form used when calling to people.
A: word: anda=u	 gloss: SG.DIST=from
B: word: anda=ul	 gloss: SG.DIST=with
C: word: anda=o	 gloss: SG.DIST{=voc}
D: word: ma=andï-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=see-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C