cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï sa-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ cry-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The baby is crying.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns can be defined by their distribution. Only nouns (or \isi{pronoun}s) can serve as subjects or objects of verbs. In practical terms, this means that the first word in a basic \isi{indicative} sentence with overtly expressed arguments will be either a noun or a \isi{pronoun}, since the unmarked SOV \isi{word order} demands a sentence-initial subject and only nouns and \isi{pronoun}s can serve that role.\footnote{However, see \sectref{sec:11.1} on argument omission; \sectref{sec:5.3} on the nominal uses of \isi{adjective}s; and \sectref{sec:8.2} on \isi{adverb}s, whose freer \isi{word order} allows sentence-initial placement.} In examples \REF{ex:nouns:5} and \REF{ex:nouns:6}, both \isi{intransitive} clauses, the noun is the first element in the sentence.
A: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
B: word: tïn	 gloss: dog
C: word: alum	 gloss: child
D: word: yalum	 gloss: grandchild
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï ni-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ die-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The person died.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns can be defined by their distribution. Only nouns (or \isi{pronoun}s) can serve as subjects or objects of verbs. In practical terms, this means that the first word in a basic \isi{indicative} sentence with overtly expressed arguments will be either a noun or a \isi{pronoun}, since the unmarked SOV \isi{word order} demands a sentence-initial subject and only nouns and \isi{pronoun}s can serve that role.\footnote{However, see \sectref{sec:11.1} on argument omission; \sectref{sec:5.3} on the nominal uses of \isi{adjective}s; and \sectref{sec:8.2} on \isi{adverb}s, whose freer \isi{word order} allows sentence-initial placement.} In examples \REF{ex:nouns:5} and \REF{ex:nouns:6}, both \isi{intransitive} clauses, the noun is the first element in the sentence.
A: word: nï=wana-e-n	 gloss: 1SG=feel-IPFV{-?}
B: word: ankam=nï	 gloss: [person=OBL
C: word: lapun	 gloss: old.person
D: word: ankam	 gloss: person
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï mïnda ndï=ama-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL banana 3PL=eat-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The dogs ate the bananas.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \isi{transitive} clauses that have overtly expressed objects, there is also typically a noun preceding the verb (again, in accordance with the demands of SOV \isi{word order}). Examples \REF{ex:nouns:7} and \REF{ex:nouns:8} are both \isi{transitive} clauses. In each, there is one noun that is at the beginning of the clause (the subject) and one noun that precedes the verb (the object).
A: word: alum	 gloss: child
B: word: tïngïn=p-e	 gloss: many=COP-DEP
C: word: yetani	 gloss: Yamen
D: word: tïn	 gloss: dog
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tïn ndï ___ ndï=ama-p
Gloss (with missing item): dog 3PL ___ 3PL=eat-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The dogs ate the bananas.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \isi{transitive} clauses that have overtly expressed objects, there is also typically a noun preceding the verb (again, in accordance with the demands of SOV \isi{word order}). Examples \REF{ex:nouns:7} and \REF{ex:nouns:8} are both \isi{transitive} clauses. In each, there is one noun that is at the beginning of the clause (the subject) and one noun that precedes the verb (the object).
A: word: mïnda	 gloss: banana
B: word: ni-p-e-n	 gloss: die-PFV-DEP-?
C: word: ulum	 gloss: palm
D: word: anda=u	 gloss: SG.DIST=from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï lam ma=we-u-nda
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ meat 3SG.OBJ=cut-put-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The knife will cut the meat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \isi{transitive} clauses that have overtly expressed objects, there is also typically a noun preceding the verb (again, in accordance with the demands of SOV \isi{word order}). Examples \REF{ex:nouns:7} and \REF{ex:nouns:8} are both \isi{transitive} clauses. In each, there is one noun that is at the beginning of the clause (the subject) and one noun that precedes the verb (the object).
A: word: ita-e	 gloss: build-IPFV
B: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
C: word: sina	 gloss: knife
D: word: yot	 gloss: machete
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sina mï ___ ma=we-u-nda
Gloss (with missing item): knife 3SG.SUBJ ___ 3SG.OBJ=cut-put-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The knife will cut the meat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \isi{transitive} clauses that have overtly expressed objects, there is also typically a noun preceding the verb (again, in accordance with the demands of SOV \isi{word order}). Examples \REF{ex:nouns:7} and \REF{ex:nouns:8} are both \isi{transitive} clauses. In each, there is one noun that is at the beginning of the clause (the subject) and one noun that precedes the verb (the object).
A: word: nungun-u-p-en	 gloss: break-put-PFV-NMLZ
B: word: lamndu	 gloss: pig
C: word: mundu	 gloss: food
D: word: lam	 gloss: meat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ anma mï keka itom ala=ul i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ good 3SG.SUBJ completely father PL.DIST=with go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Good behavior has completely gone with [our] fathers.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may also be objects wthe morpheme ___ththe morpheme ___n \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{postposthe morpheme ___tthe morpheme ___onal phrase}s, such as the second noun, the morpheme ___tom ‘father’, the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:9}.
A: word: inda-en	 gloss: walk-NMLZ
B: word: akum=nï	 gloss: basket=OBL
C: word: i	 gloss: way
D: word: itom	 gloss: father
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): i anma mï keka ___ ala=ul i
Gloss (with missing item): way good 3SG.SUBJ completely ___ PL.DIST=with go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Good behavior has completely gone with [our] fathers.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may also be objects within \isi{postpositional phrase}s, such as the second noun, the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, in \REF{ex:nouns:9}.
A: word: itom	 gloss: father
B: word: yawa	 gloss: uncle
C: word: nungun-u-p-en	 gloss: break-put-PFV-NMLZ
D: word: mundotoma	 gloss: short
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï tïngïn=p-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL many=COP-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`There are many arguments.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may also occur as the subjects of \isi{non-verbal clause}s, such as the noun the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ in \REF{ex:nouns:10}.
A: word: tumbuna	 gloss: grandparent
B: word: mbï-unda-ta	 gloss: here-go-COND
C: word: na	 gloss: talk
D: word: sina	 gloss: knife
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï sa-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ cry-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The baby is crying.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: yalum	 gloss: grandchild
B: word: lam	 gloss: meat
C: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
D: word: alum	 gloss: child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï ni-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ die-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The person died.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: unda-en	 gloss: go-NMLZ
B: word: lapun	 gloss: old.person
C: word: ankam=nï	 gloss: [person=OBL
D: word: ankam	 gloss: person
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ anma mï keka itom ala=ul i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ good 3SG.SUBJ completely father PL.DIST=with go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Good behavior has completely gone with [our] fathers.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{anthe morpheme ___mate}s, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{the morpheme ___nanthe morpheme ___mate} objects, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} the morpheme ___llustrates the use of a \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{proper noun} that sthe morpheme ___gnthe morpheme ___fthe morpheme ___es a \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{locatthe morpheme ___on}.
A: word: itom	 gloss: father
B: word: i	 gloss: way
C: word: ita-e	 gloss: build-IPFV
D: word: mï-a	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ-INT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): i anma mï keka ___ ala=ul i
Gloss (with missing item): way good 3SG.SUBJ completely ___ PL.DIST=with go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Good behavior has completely gone with [our] fathers.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: itom	 gloss: father
B: word: ita-e	 gloss: build-IPFV
C: word: mundotoma	 gloss: short
D: word: yawa	 gloss: uncle
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï mïnda ndï=ama-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL banana 3PL=eat-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The dogs ate the bananas.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: mbï-unda-en	 gloss: here-go-NMLZ
B: word: tïngïn=p-e	 gloss: many=COP-DEP
C: word: tïn	 gloss: dog
D: word: yetani	 gloss: Yamen
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tïn ndï ___ ndï=ama-p
Gloss (with missing item): dog 3PL ___ 3PL=eat-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The dogs ate the bananas.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: anda=u	 gloss: SG.DIST=from
B: word: mïnda	 gloss: banana
C: word: uta	 gloss: shell
D: word: ulum	 gloss: palm
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï lam ma=we-u-nda
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ meat 3SG.OBJ=cut-put-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The knife will cut the meat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: i-en	 gloss: go.PFV-NMLZ
B: word: sina	 gloss: knife
C: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
D: word: yot	 gloss: machete
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sina mï ___ ma=we-u-nda
Gloss (with missing item): knife 3SG.SUBJ ___ 3SG.OBJ=cut-put-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The knife will cut the meat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as in \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \isi{animate}s, as in \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \isi{inanimate} objects, as in \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as in \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} illustrates the use of a \isi{proper noun} that signifies a \isi{location}.
A: word: lam	 gloss: meat
B: word: mundu	 gloss: food
C: word: ma=p-en	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be{-nmlz}
D: word: lamndu	 gloss: pig
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ anma mï keka itom ala=ul i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ good 3SG.SUBJ completely father PL.DIST=with go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Good behavior has completely gone with [our] fathers.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may refer to humans, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:5}, \REF{ex:nouns:6}, and \REF{ex:nouns:9}; to non-human \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{anthe morpheme ___mate}s, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:7}; or to \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{the morpheme ___nanthe morpheme ___mate} objects, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:8}. They may also refer to abstract concepts, as the morpheme ___n \REF{ex:nouns:9} and \REF{ex:nouns:10}. Example \REF{ex:nouns:11} the morpheme ___llustrates the use of a \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{proper noun} that sthe morpheme ___gnthe morpheme ___fthe morpheme ___es a \the morpheme ___sthe morpheme ___{locatthe morpheme ___on}.
A: word: i	 gloss: way
B: word: ita-e	 gloss: build-IPFV
C: word: itom	 gloss: father
D: word: nï-we	 gloss: 1SG-PART.INT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A