cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mana ___ li-u
Gloss (with missing item): spear ___ down-put
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spear fell.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{subject marker} can occur with either \isi{animate} or \isi{inanimate} referents, as seen in examples \REF{ex:det:2} through \REF{ex:det:7}. In these examples, each NP marked by a \isi{subject marker} is translated with the \ili{English} definite article ‘the’. This reflects the fact that subject markers (as determiners) may function to signal \isi{definiteness} (or \isi{specificity}) in a referent. That said, it is often possible to translate NPs with subject markers with the \ili{English} \isi{indefinite} article ‘a, an’ or with no article at all. Indeed, the \isi{semantic} range and discourse functions of these articles remain largely unknown to me.
A: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
B: word: ma=nambï-nïkï-p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=skin-dig-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=ita-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
D: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tïn ___ ma=u maka lamndu ko=n an-mbï-asa
Gloss (with missing item): dog ___ 3SG.OBJ=from thus pig INDF=OBL out-here-hit
The English translation of this sentence is:`The two dogs thus chased a pig out from there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{subject marker} can occur with either \isi{animate} or \isi{inanimate} referents, as seen in examples \REF{ex:det:2} through \REF{ex:det:7}. In these examples, each NP marked by a \isi{subject marker} is translated with the \ili{English} definite article ‘the’. This reflects the fact that subject markers (as deterthe morpheme ___ers) may function to signal \isi{definiteness} (or \isi{specificity}) in a referent. That said, it is often possible to translate NPs with subject markers with the \ili{English} \isi{indefinite} article ‘a, an’ or with no article at all. Indeed, the \isi{semantic} range and discourse functions of these articles remain largely unknown to me.
A: word: ndin	 gloss: 3DU?
B: word: min	 gloss: 3DU
C: word: ma=asa-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
D: word: min=n	 gloss: 3DU=OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mana ___ li-u
Gloss (with missing item): spear ___ down-put
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spear fell.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
B: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
C: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
D: word: u-lo-e	 gloss: from-go-IPFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wot yana ___ lïmndï ma=ala
Gloss (with missing item): younger woman ___ eye 3SG.OBJ=see
The English translation of this sentence is:`The younger sister saw her.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
B: word: nga=andï-na	 gloss: SG.PROX=see-IRR
C: word: ma=iya	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=toward
D: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sokoy ___ ango anma=p tembi
Gloss (with missing item): tobacco ___ NEG good=COP bad
The English translation of this sentence is:`The tobacco isn’t good; [it’s] bad.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: stap	 gloss: stay
B: word: ngala	 gloss: PL.PROX
C: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
D: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): itom ___ isi=n ndï=wana-p
Gloss (with missing item): father ___ soup=OBL 3PL=cook-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The men cooked them in soup.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
B: word: ma=ita-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
C: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
D: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): alum ___ sa-e
Gloss (with missing item): child ___ cry-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The children were crying.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: unan	 gloss: 1PL.INCL
B: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
C: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
D: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tïn ___ ma=u maka lamndu ko=n an-mbï-asa
Gloss (with missing item): dog ___ 3SG.OBJ=from thus pig INDF=OBL out-here-hit
The English translation of this sentence is:`The two dogs thus chased a pig out from there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: min	 gloss: 3DU
B: word: ndin	 gloss: 3DU?
C: word: min=n	 gloss: 3DU=OBL
D: word: mini=nïkï-e	 gloss: 3DU.OBJ=dig-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tarambi ___ i-ta nï asi-la-ka ma=n ma=kï-na
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___ go.PFV-COND 1SG sit-IRR-let 3SG.OBJ=OBL 3SG.OBJ=say-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`When Tarambi comes, I will sit and tell him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
B: word: unan	 gloss: 1PL.INCL
C: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
D: word: wap	 gloss: be.PST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kumba ___ wolka an=ul an-mbï-i
Gloss (with missing item): Bun ___ again 1PL.EXCL=with out-here-go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Again the [people from] Bun [village] came out with us.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples illustrate how subject markers can indicate whether a \isi{common noun} subject is \isi{singular}, as in \REF{ex:det:2}, \REF{ex:det:3}, and \REF{ex:det:4}; \isi{plural}, as in \REF{ex:det:5} and \REF{ex:det:6}; or \isi{dual}, as in \REF{ex:det:7}. Subject markers can also be used with \isi{proper noun}s, as in \REF{ex:det:8} and \REF{ex:det:9}.
A: word: nini	 gloss: two
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
D: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): polis ___ ndï=iya ata ma keka namndu ndï=wali-nda
Gloss (with missing item): police ___ 3PL=toward up go completely pig 3PL=hit-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The police will go up to them and completely kill the pigs.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Subject markers can also be used with recent \isi{loanword}s, as in \REF{ex:det:10}, which contains the \ili{Tok Pisin} word polis ‘police’.
A: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
B: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
C: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
D: word: (nini)	 gloss: (two)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï keka ma=tï nin ndï=lï
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ completely 3SG.OBJ=take thorn 3PL=put
The English translation of this sentence is:`The big one [= a pig] completely got him and put [him] on thorns.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Throughout the examples in this grammar, subject markers are glossed with a ‘3’ (for third \isi{person}).\footnote{This is done for two reasons: first, the forms of the subject markers are identical to those of the third \isi{person} \isi{personal pronoun}s; second, subject markers can only appear with third \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. They never occur with first \isi{person} or second \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. Thus, they do indeed index the third \isi{person}.} Subject markers never appear with \isi{personal pronoun}s.\footnote{Thus, the following sequences are ungrammatical: *nï mï, *ngunan min, *min min, *un ndï, *ndï ndï, and so on. However, subject markers may follow certain other pronominal forms, such as \is{indefinite pronoun} indefinite or \isi{interrogative pronoun}s, although some usages may be only marginally acceptable (see \sectref{sec:6.4} and \sectref{sec:6.5}).} Although apparently not obligatory, subject markers can be useful for clarifying meaning in certain circumstances. First, since \isi{adjective}s (as well as \isi{possessive pronoun}s) may be used substantively, the presence of a \isi{subject marker} may clarify that an \isi{adjective} or other modifier is functioning as the subject of the sentence, as in \REF{ex:det:11} and \REF{ex:det:12}.
A: word: ambi=p	 gloss: big=COP
B: word: nïpat	 gloss: huge
C: word: ambi	 gloss: big
D: word: ngala	 gloss: PL.PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ambi ___ keka ma=tï nin ndï=lï
Gloss (with missing item): big ___ completely 3SG.OBJ=take thorn 3PL=put
The English translation of this sentence is:`The big one [= a pig] completely got him and put [him] on thorns.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Throughout the examples in this grammar, subject markers are glossed with a ‘3’ (for third \isi{person}).\footnote{This is done for two reasons: first, the forms of the subject markers are identical to those of the third \isi{person} \isi{personal pronoun}s; second, subject markers can only appear with third \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. They never occur with first \isi{person} or second \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. Thus, they do indeed index the third \isi{person}.} Subject markers never appear with \isi{personal pronoun}s.\footnote{Thus, the following sequences are ungrammatical: *nï the morpheme ___, *ngunan min, *min min, *un ndï, *ndï ndï, and so on. However, subject markers may follow certain other pronominal forms, such as \is{indefinite pronoun} indefinite or \isi{interrogative pronoun}s, although some usages may be only marginally acceptable (see \sectref{sec:6.4} and \sectref{sec:6.5}).} Although apparently not obligatory, subject markers can be useful for clarifying meaning in certain circumstances. First, since \isi{adjective}s (as well as \isi{possessive pronoun}s) may be used substantively, the presence of a \isi{subject marker} may clarify that an \isi{adjective} or other modifier is functioning as the subject of the sentence, as in \REF{ex:det:11} and \REF{ex:det:12}.
A: word: ndï=won-p-op	 gloss: 3PL=cut-PFV-PFV
B: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
C: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
D: word: ndï=wat-lï-p	 gloss: 3PL=atop-put-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï anma i-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL good go.PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`My [comrades] came [home] well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Throughout the examples in this grammar, subject markers are glossed with a ‘3’ (for third \isi{person}).\footnote{This is done for two reasons: first, the forms of the subject markers are identical to those of the third \isi{person} \isi{personal pronoun}s; second, subject markers can only appear with third \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. They never occur with first \isi{person} or second \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. Thus, they do indeed index the third \isi{person}.} Subject markers never appear with \isi{personal pronoun}s.\footnote{Thus, the following sequences are ungrammatical: *nï mï, *ngunan min, *min min, *un ndï, *ndï ndï, and so on. However, subject markers may follow certain other pronominal forms, such as \is{indefinite pronoun} indefinite or \isi{interrogative pronoun}s, although some usages may be only marginally acceptable (see \sectref{sec:6.4} and \sectref{sec:6.5}).} Although apparently not obligatory, subject markers can be useful for clarifying meaning in certain circumstances. First, since \isi{adjective}s (as well as \isi{possessive pronoun}s) may be used substantively, the presence of a \isi{subject marker} may clarify that an \isi{adjective} or other modifier is functioning as the subject of the sentence, as in \REF{ex:det:11} and \REF{ex:det:12}.
A: word: nunu	 gloss: every
B: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
C: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
D: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji ___ anma i-e
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS ___ good go.PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`My [comrades] came [home] well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Throughout the examples in this grammar, subject markers are glossed with a ‘3’ (for third \isi{person}).\footnote{This is done for two reasons: first, the forms of the subject markers are identical to those of the third \isi{person} \isi{personal pronoun}s; second, subject markers can only appear with third \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. They never occur with first \isi{person} or second \isi{person} \isi{noun phrase}s. Thus, they do indeed index the third \isi{person}.} Subject markers never appear with \isi{personal pronoun}s.\footnote{Thus, the following sequences are ungrammatical: *nï mï, *ngunan min, *min min, *un the morpheme ___, *the morpheme ___ the morpheme ___, and so on. However, subject markers may follow certain other pronominal forms, such as \is{indefinite pronoun} indefinite or \isi{interrogative pronoun}s, although some usages may be only marginally acceptable (see \sectref{sec:6.4} and \sectref{sec:6.5}).} Although apparently not obligatory, subject markers can be useful for clarifying meaning in certain circumstances. First, since \isi{adjective}s (as well as \isi{possessive pronoun}s) may be used substantively, the presence of a \isi{subject marker} may clarify that an \isi{adjective} or other modifier is functioning as the subject of the sentence, as in \REF{ex:det:11} and \REF{ex:det:12}.
A: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: ma=mop-lï-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=tie-put-PFV
D: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): {[ulum} ___ {[ndï-nji} ala {wo]}
Gloss (with missing item): {[palm} ___ {[3PL-POSS} PL.DIST {own]}
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The sago palms are their very own.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Also, in \is{equative predication} equative or \is{attributive predication} attributive sentences that lack any overt verb form (i.e., sentences that contain no overt \isi{copula}, \sectref{sec:10.1}), the \isi{subject marker} helps to break the clause into two halves: everything up to and including the \isi{subject marker} is clearly the subject of the clause; everything following must be the \isi{predicate}, as illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:det:13} through \REF{ex:det:16}, in which square brackets enclose first the [subject] and then the [\isi{predicate}].
A: word: amun=p-e	 gloss: now=COP-DEP
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: ndï	 gloss: {3PL]}
D: word: lele=p-na	 gloss: three=COP-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C