cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): {[Supam} Sinanam ___ {[atana} {wot]}
Gloss (with missing item): {[[name]} {[name]} ___ {[older.sister} {younger]}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Supam and Sinanam were sisters.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Also, in \is{equative predication} equative or \is{attributive predication} attributive sentences that lack any overt verb form (i.e., sentences that contain no overt \isi{copula}, \sectref{sec:10.1}), the \isi{subject marker} helps to break the clause into two halves: everything up to and including the \isi{subject marker} is clearly the subject of the clause; everything following must be the \isi{predicate}, as illustrated by sentences \REF{ex:det:13} through \REF{ex:det:16}, in which square brackets enclose first the [subject] and then the [\isi{predicate}].
A: word: min	 gloss: {3DU]}
B: word: lele	 gloss: three
C: word: min=n	 gloss: 3DU=OBL
D: word: wolka	 gloss: again
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): {[Supam} Sinanam ___ {[atana} {wot]}
Gloss (with missing item): {[[name]} {[name]} ___ {[older.sister} {younger]}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Supam and Sinanam were sisters.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:det:16} further illustrates how \isi{coordinate}d subjects that lack any overt \isi{coordinator} (\sectref{sec:12.1}) may be clarified as such by means of the \isi{subject marker}. The \isi{subject marker} is all the more valuable in this regard when one or more of the members of the conjoined subject is left unexpressed. In example \REF{ex:det:17}, the \isi{dual} marker indicates that there are two subjects, even though only one is expressed.
A: word: ma=wana-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cook-PFV
B: word: un=ul	 gloss: 2PL=with
C: word: min=n	 gloss: 3DU=OBL
D: word: min	 gloss: {3DU]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ min wa ma=p-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3DU village 3SG.OBJ=be{-ipfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Carobim and he [= Danny] were in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:det:16} further illustrates how \isi{coordinate}d subjects that lack any overt \isi{coordinator} (\sectref{sec:12.1}) may be clarified as such by means of the \isi{subject marker}. The \isi{subject marker} is all the more valuable in this regard when one or more of the members of the conjoined subject is left unexpressed. In example \REF{ex:det:17}, the \isi{dual} marker indicates that there are two subjects, even though only one is expressed.
A: word: inim	 gloss: water
B: word: carobim	 gloss: [name]
C: word: min=wana-p	 gloss: 3DU=cook-PFV
D: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Carobim ___ wa ma=p-e
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___ village 3SG.OBJ=be{-ipfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Carobim and he [= Danny] were in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:det:16} further illustrates how \isi{coordinate}d subjects that lack any overt \isi{coordinator} (\sectref{sec:12.1}) may be clarified as such by means of the \isi{subject marker}. The \isi{subject marker} is all the more valuable in this regard when one or more of the members of the conjoined subject is left unexpressed. In example \REF{ex:det:17}, the \isi{dual} marker indicates that there are two subjects, even though only one is expressed.
A: word: min	 gloss: 3DU
B: word: min=n	 gloss: 3DU=OBL
C: word: nungol	 gloss: child
D: word: ndin	 gloss: 3DU?
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï ma=lo-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL 3SG.OBJ=go-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Dorothy and the others went there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, in addition to serving as an indicator of \isi{number}, the \isi{subject marker} can function as an \isi{associative plural} marker (or \isi{associative dual} marker) -- that is, when following a noun, a \isi{subject marker} can be used to give the interpretation of “that noun plus others associated with it”. In this way, the \isi{dual} \isi{subject marker} indexes that exactly one associated referent is to be understood, whereas the \isi{plural} \isi{subject marker} indexes that two or more additional referents are to be understood. This \isi{associative plural} function of subject markers (or \isi{object marker}s) is most commonly used with \isi{personal noun}s. An example with a \isi{plural} \isi{subject marker} is given in \REF{ex:det:18}.
A: word: dorothy	 gloss: [name]
B: word: dora	 gloss: [name]
C: word: ndï=mop-lï-p	 gloss: 3PL=tie-put-PFV
D: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dorothy ___ ma=lo-p
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___ 3SG.OBJ=go-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Dorothy and the others went there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Thus, in addition to serving as an indicator of \isi{number}, the \isi{subject marker} can function as an \isi{associative plural} marker (or \isi{associative dual} marker) -- that is, when following a noun, a \isi{subject marker} can be used to give the interpretation of “that noun plus others associated with it”. In this way, the \isi{dual} \isi{subject marker} indexes that exactly one associated referent is to be understood, whereas the \isi{plural} \isi{subject marker} indexes that two or more additional referents are to be understood. This \isi{associative plural} function of subject markers (or \isi{object marker}s) is most commonly used with \isi{personal noun}s. An example with a \isi{plural} \isi{subject marker} is given in \REF{ex:det:18}.
A: word: min	 gloss: 3DU
B: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
C: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
D: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï=kï-na
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL=say-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] will tell Otto and the others.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An example of an \isi{object marker} (\sectref{sec:7.3}) functioning as an \isi{associative plural} marker is given in \REF{ex:det:19}.
A: word: ma=tï	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take
B: word: otto	 gloss: [name]
C: word: itom	 gloss: father
D: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Otto ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] will tell Otto and the others.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An example of an \isi{object marker} (\sectref{sec:7.3}) functioning as an \isi{associative plural} marker is given in \REF{ex:det:19}.
A: word: ndï=kï-na	 gloss: 3PL=say-IRR
B: word: min=asa-p	 gloss: 3DU=hit-PFV
C: word: nï=kï-na	 gloss: 1SG=say-IRR]
D: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nungol ndï ndï=nap lo-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ child 3PL 3PL=for go-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The boys would go around on account of them [= the girls].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In other circumstances, the \isi{subject marker} can help prevent a subject from being misinterpreted as being an object or \isi{oblique}. Since it is common for subjects to be omitted, the absence of a \isi{subject marker} could lead to such a miscue. The elicited sentence \REF{ex:det:20} is ambiguous, since the morpheme ___ nungol ‘boys’ could be interpreted either as the subject (without a \isi{subject marker}) or as the object (with a \isi{pro-drop}ped subject); in sentence \REF{ex:det:21}, on the other hand, the subject is clearly defined because it contains the \isi{subject marker}.
A: word: yeta	 gloss: man
B: word: itom	 gloss: father
C: word: yetani	 gloss: Yamen
D: word: carobim	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): yeta ___ ndï ndï=nap lo-e
Gloss (with missing item): man ___ 3PL 3PL=for go-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The boys would go around on account of them [= the girls].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In other circumstances, the \isi{subject marker} can help prevent a subject from being misinterpreted as being an object or \isi{oblique}. Since it is common for subjects to be omitted, the absence of a \isi{subject marker} could lead to such a miscue. The elicited sentence \REF{ex:det:20} is ambiguous, since yeta the morpheme ___ ‘boys’ could be interpreted either as the subject (without a \isi{subject marker}) or as the object (with a \isi{pro-drop}ped subject); in sentence \REF{ex:det:21}, on the other hand, the subject is clearly defined because it contains the \isi{subject marker}.
A: word: nungol	 gloss: child
B: word: wap	 gloss: be.PST
C: word: nungolke	 gloss: child
D: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): yeta nungol ___ ndï=nap lo-e
Gloss (with missing item): man child ___ 3PL=for go-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The boys would go around on account of them [= the girls].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In other circumstances, the \isi{subject marker} can help prevent a subject from being misinterpreted as being an object or \isi{oblique}. Since it is common for subjects to be omitted, the absence of a \isi{subject marker} could lead to such a miscue. The elicited sentence \REF{ex:det:20} is ambiguous, since yeta nungol ‘boys’ could be interpreted either as the subject (without a \isi{subject marker}) or as the object (with a \isi{pro-drop}ped subject); in sentence \REF{ex:det:21}, on the other hand, the subject is clearly defined because it contains the \isi{subject marker}.
A: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
B: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
C: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
D: word: lele=p-na	 gloss: three=COP-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï ma-nji ay ma=ama-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ 3SG.OBJ-POSS sago 3SG.OBJ=eat-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mother ate her sago.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Likewise the subject of sentence \REF{ex:det:22} is clear because it contains the \isi{subject marker}. The subject of the elicited sentence \REF{ex:det:23}, however, is ambiguous.
A: word: min	 gloss: 3DU
B: word: inom	 gloss: mother
C: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
D: word: mïnoma=p-ta	 gloss: cold=COP-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inom ___ ma-nji ay ma=ama-p
Gloss (with missing item): mother ___ 3SG.OBJ-POSS sago 3SG.OBJ=eat-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mother ate her sago.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Likewise the subject of sentence \REF{ex:det:22} is clear because it contains the \isi{subject marker}. The subject of the elicited sentence \REF{ex:det:23}, however, is ambiguous.
A: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
B: word: ma=nïkï-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=dig-PFV
C: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
D: word: ma=ita-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï ndï=ala aw ndï=ne-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ 3PL=for betel.nut 3PL=harvest-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The child harvested betel nut for them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A similar situation can also be seen in the pair of sentences \REF{ex:det:24} and \REF{ex:det:25}.
A: word: nungolke	 gloss: child
B: word: kwe	 gloss: one
C: word: nungol	 gloss: child
D: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nungol ___ ndï=ala aw ndï=ne-p
Gloss (with missing item): child ___ 3PL=for betel.nut 3PL=harvest-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The child harvested betel nut for them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A similar situation can also be seen in the pair of sentences \REF{ex:det:24} and \REF{ex:det:25}.
A: word: anda=lumo-p-ta	 gloss: SG.DIST=put-PFV-COND
B: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
C: word: sokoy=n	 gloss: tobacco=OBL
D: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kumba ma=u i-e na ___ ulwa na-p
Gloss (with missing item): Bun 3SG.OBJ=from go.PFV-DEP talk ___ nothing DETR-be
The English translation of this sentence is:`There are no [more] stories about [me] coming from Bun [village].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It may be noteworthy that it is common not to include \isi{object marker}s in \is{existential predication} \isi{negative} existential constructions, such as in \REF{ex:det:28}. This may suggest something of the definiteness-indexing nature of these markers. However, although rare, there are examples of subject markers being used in such \isi{negative} existential constructions \REF{ex:det:29}.
A: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
B: word: ma=ita-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
C: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
D: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inom mï utam ___
Gloss (with missing item): mother 3SG.SUBJ yam ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mother cooked the yam.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Object markers may follow either \is{common noun} common or \isi{proper noun}s, and they may have either \isi{animate} or \isi{inanimate} referents. The object markers -- whether 3\textsc{sg} \REF{ex:det:31}, 3\textsc{du} \REF{ex:det:32}, or 3\textsc{pl} \REF{ex:det:33} -- \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb.
A: word: ankam	 gloss: person
B: word: ma=wana-p-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cook-PFV-DEP
C: word: top	 gloss: throw
D: word: ma=wana-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cook-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inom mï utam ___
Gloss (with missing item): mother 3SG.SUBJ yam ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mother cooked two yams.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Object markers may follow either \is{common noun} common or \isi{proper noun}s, and they may have either \isi{animate} or \isi{inanimate} referents. The object markers -- whether 3\textsc{sg} \REF{ex:det:31}, 3\textsc{du} \REF{ex:det:32}, or 3\textsc{pl} \REF{ex:det:33} -- \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb.
A: word: ma=iya	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=toward
B: word: min=wana-p	 gloss: 3DU=cook-PFV
C: word: min=ama-p	 gloss: 3DU=eat-PFV
D: word: ma=wana-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cook-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inom mï utam ___
Gloss (with missing item): mother 3SG.SUBJ yam ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mother cooked the yams.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Object markers may follow either \is{common noun} common or \isi{proper noun}s, and they may have either \isi{animate} or \isi{inanimate} referents. The object markers -- whether 3\textsc{sg} \REF{ex:det:31}, 3\textsc{du} \REF{ex:det:32}, or 3\textsc{pl} \REF{ex:det:33} -- \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb.
A: word: ndï=wana-nda	 gloss: 3PL=cook-IRR
B: word: ndï=wana-p	 gloss: 3PL=cook-PFV
C: word: un=ul	 gloss: 2PL=with
D: word: ma=wana-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cook-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B