cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï sa-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ cry-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The baby cried.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although various \isi{pragmatic} factors may affect the ordering (or overt expression) of elements in a clause, Ulwa nevertheless has a fairly rigid ordering of constituents. The order presented in \REF{ex:clause:1} is used for essentially all \isi{active-voice} clauses. In the \isi{intransitive} clauses presented in \REF{ex:clause:2} through \REF{ex:clause:6}, the subject is in \textbf{bold}. The verb is always the final element of the clause.
A: word: ndï=iya	 gloss: 3PL=toward
B: word: yalum	 gloss: grandchild
C: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
D: word: alum	 gloss: child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): alum ___ sa-p
Gloss (with missing item): child ___ cry-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The baby cried.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although various \isi{pragmatic} factors may affect the ordering (or overt expression) of elements in a clause, Ulwa nevertheless has a fairly rigid ordering of constituents. The order presented in \REF{ex:clause:1} is used for essentially all \isi{active-voice} clauses. In the \isi{intransitive} clauses presented in \REF{ex:clause:2} through \REF{ex:clause:6}, the subject is in \textbf{bold}. The verb is always the final element of the clause.
A: word: ngin=nï	 gloss: net=OBL
B: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
C: word: misimisi	 gloss: story
D: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ulep-lï-nda
Gloss (with missing item): ___ jump-put-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The child will jump.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although various \isi{pragmatic} factors may affect the ordering (or overt expression) of elements in a clause, Ulwa nevertheless has a fairly rigid ordering of constituents. The order presented in \REF{ex:clause:1} is used for essentially all \isi{active-voice} clauses. In the \isi{intransitive} clauses presented in \REF{ex:clause:2} through \REF{ex:clause:6}, the subject is in \textbf{bold}. The verb is always the final element of the clause.
A: word: alum	 gloss: child
B: word: yalum	 gloss: grandchild
C: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
D: word: apa	 gloss: house
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï uta wali-nda
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ bird hit-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Father will shoot a bird.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: matamal=p	 gloss: sharp=COP
B: word: mundotoma	 gloss: short
C: word: yawa	 gloss: uncle
D: word: itom	 gloss: father
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): itom ___ uta wali-nda
Gloss (with missing item): father ___ bird hit-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Father will shoot a bird.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
B: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
C: word: ndï=ta	 gloss: 3PL=say
D: word: asa	 gloss: {hit]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï apa ma=ita-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ house 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alimban is building the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: simban	 gloss: [name]
B: word: nga=u	 gloss: SG.PROX=from
C: word: alimban	 gloss: [name]
D: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alimban ___ apa ma=ita-e
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___ house 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alimban is building the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: awal	 gloss: yesterday
B: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
C: word: ma-awa	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ-INT
D: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï alum ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ child 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The house killed the child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: apa	 gloss: house
B: word: apwanam	 gloss: side.of.house
C: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
D: word: ndï=si	 gloss: 3PL=push
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): apa ___ alum ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): house ___ child 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The house killed the child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
B: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
C: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
D: word: mbï-u	 gloss: here-from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï apa ma=ita-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ house 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alimban is building the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: nï=wali-e	 gloss: 1SG=hit-IPFV
B: word: sinanam	 gloss: {[name]}
C: word: simban	 gloss: [name]
D: word: alimban	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alimban ___ apa ma=ita-e
Gloss (with missing item): [name] ___ house 3SG.OBJ=build-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alimban is building the house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
B: word: maka	 gloss: thus
C: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
D: word: kanam	 gloss: beside
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï alum ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ child 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The house killed the child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: unan=a-e	 gloss: 1PL.INCL-break-IPFV
B: word: apa	 gloss: house
C: word: apwanam	 gloss: side.of.house
D: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): apa ___ alum ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): house ___ child 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The house killed the child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the \isi{transitive} clauses given in \REF{ex:clause:7}, \REF{ex:clause:8}, and \REF{ex:clause:9}, the subject (or more \isi{agent}ive participant) is in \textbf{bold}, and the object (or more \isi{patient}ive participant) is underlined. The verb is always the final element of the clause.\footnote{Note that \isi{object-marker} \isi{clitic}s have been underlined in examples \REF{ex:clause:8} and \REF{ex:clause:9}, although they \isi{clitic}ize to the following verb. See \sectref{sec:7.2} for more on \isi{object marker}s and \sectref{sec:9.2} for a discussion of their \isi{syntactic} place within the \isi{verb phrase}.}
A: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
B: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
C: word: u=n	 gloss: 2SG=OBL
D: word: ulwa-ta	 gloss: nothing-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï alum ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ child 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The house killed the child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As is suggested by example \REF{ex:clause:9}, in which the subject/\isi{agent} is \isi{inanimate} and the object/\isi{patient} is \isi{animate}, notions of \isi{agent}ivity or \isi{patient}ivity are not intrinsic to NPs based on their referents. That is, principles such as the \isi{animacy hierarchy} \label{ref:RNDui1Xjf4uVA}\citep{Silverstein1976} play no role in determining \isi{constituent order} (or \isi{core argument alignment}, \sectref{sec:11.2}) in Ulwa.
A: word: an-asa-e	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-hit-IPFV
B: word: apwanam	 gloss: side.of.house
C: word: apa	 gloss: house
D: word: wapata=p-ta	 gloss: dry=COP-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): apa ___ alum ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): house ___ child 3SG.OBJ=hit-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`The house killed the child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As is suggested by example \REF{ex:clause:9}, in which the subject/\isi{agent} is \isi{inanimate} and the object/\isi{patient} is \isi{animate}, notions of \isi{agent}ivity or \isi{patient}ivity are not intrinsic to NPs based on their referents. That is, principles such as the \isi{animacy hierarchy} \label{ref:RNDui1Xjf4uVA}\citep{Silverstein1976} play no role in determining \isi{constituent order} (or \isi{core argument alignment}, \sectref{sec:11.2}) in Ulwa.
A: word: maka	 gloss: thus
B: word: mï	 gloss: 3SG.SUBJ
C: word: sawe	 gloss: HAB
D: word: mïka	 gloss: tree.species
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ alum ndï nï Wopata anda=p-e ndï=ina-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ child 3PL 1SG [place] SG.DIST=be{-dep} 3PL=get-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`My children -- I had them when I was there at Wopata.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
B: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
C: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
D: word: alimban	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji ___ ndï nï Wopata anda=p-e ndï=ina-p
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS ___ 3PL 1SG [place] SG.DIST=be{-dep} 3PL=get-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`My children -- I had them when I was there at Wopata.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: yalum	 gloss: grandchild
B: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
C: word: matamal=p	 gloss: sharp=COP
D: word: alum	 gloss: child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D