cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï yena ndï=tï ___ ndï ndï=ul wo-p
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL woman 3PL=take ___ 3PL 3PL=with sleep-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`They gave the women to them and they slept with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since the verb tï- ‘take’ is often \isi{defective}, as in most of examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}, it looks very much like these are \isi{separable verb} constructions (\sectref{sec:9.2.1}). However, given the verbal nature of tï- ‘take’, these ‘giving’ constructions can instead be described as a modest form of \isi{serial verb construction}s.\footnote{Although not quite fitting some stricter criteria for \isi{serial verb construction}s \citep[8]{Aikhenvald2006}, since (as a \isi{defective verb}) tï- ‘take’ does not match na- ‘give’ in its \isi{TAM} marking, these Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions qualify as such under definitions such as \citegen[296]{Haspelmath2016}: “a \isi{monoclausal construction} consisting of multiple independent verbs with no element linking them and with no \isi{predicate}-argument relation between the verbs”. That said, when it lacks \isi{TAM} marking, tï- ‘take’ is not clearly finite.} Even if we are to consider these ‘giving’ constructions to be instances of \isi{serial verb construction}s in Ulwa, then verb serialization is certainly not a productive \isi{syntactic} construction -- if it indeed exists in the language, then it is restricted to encoding what might be considered “\isi{ditransitive} events”.
A: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
B: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
C: word: an=ïn	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=OBL
D: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uma ___ Wombasame ma=na-n-e mï ndï=n ni-e
Gloss (with missing item): bone ___ [name] 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP 3SG.SUBJ 3PL=OBL act-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] gave the bones to Wombasame, and he began playing with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Furthermore, there are some instances in which it seems best to analyze Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions as consisting of two separate clauses. When the first verb tï- ‘take’ is marked for \isi{TAM}, it must also receive the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’ (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}), proving, as it were, that this verb belongs to a separate clause. This may be seen in sentence \REF{ex:clause:41}.
A: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
B: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: ndï=tï-na	 gloss: 3PL=take-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uma ndï=tï-n-e Wombasame ___ mï ndï=n ni-e
Gloss (with missing item): bone 3PL=take-PFV-DEP [name] ___ 3SG.SUBJ 3PL=OBL act-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] gave the bones to Wombasame, and he began playing with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Furthermore, there are some instances in which it seems best to analyze Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions as consisting of two separate clauses. When the first verb tï- ‘take’ is marked for \isi{TAM}, it must also receive the \isi{dependent marker} -e ‘\textsc{dep}’ (\sectref{sec:12.2.1}), proving, as it were, that this verb belongs to a separate clause. This may be seen in sentence \REF{ex:clause:41}.
A: word: lï-p	 gloss: put-PFV
B: word: ambla=na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: ma=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 35:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uma ___ Wombasame ma=na-n-e mï ndï=n ni-e
Gloss (with missing item): bone ___ [name] 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP 3SG.SUBJ 3PL=OBL act-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] gave the bones to Wombasame, and he began playing with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:clause:41} may be rendered more literally as: ‘After [they] took the bones, and after [they] gave Wombasame, he was acting with them.’ Finally, it should be said that the instances in which tï- ‘take’ does not receive any \isi{TAM} marking could be considered a very modest form of \isi{clause chaining}, although, if so, then there would be only one \isi{medial clause} involved (see \sectref{sec:12.4} for more on possible \isi{clause-chaining} structures in Ulwa). Furthermore, the fact the tï- ‘take’ is so often \isi{defective} even in monoverbal, \isi{monoclausal sentence}s makes its putative dependence on the “\isi{final verb}” less diagnostic.
A: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
B: word: nga=u	 gloss: SG.PROX=from
C: word: ndï=tï-na	 gloss: 3PL=take-IRR
D: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 36:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uma ndï=tï-n-e Wombasame ___ mï ndï=n ni-e
Gloss (with missing item): bone 3PL=take-PFV-DEP [name] ___ 3SG.SUBJ 3PL=OBL act-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] gave the bones to Wombasame, and he began playing with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:clause:41} may be rendered more literally as: ‘After [they] took the bones, and after [they] gave Wombasame, he was acting with them.’ Finally, it should be said that the instances in which tï- ‘take’ does not receive any \isi{TAM} marking could be considered a very modest form of \isi{clause chaining}, although, if so, then there would be only one \isi{medial clause} involved (see \sectref{sec:12.4} for more on possible \isi{clause-chaining} structures in Ulwa). Furthermore, the fact the tï- ‘take’ is so often \isi{defective} even in monoverbal, \isi{monoclausal sentence}s makes its putative dependence on the “\isi{final verb}” less diagnostic.
A: word: nï=imbam-lï-p	 gloss: 1SG=under-put-PFV
B: word: ambla=na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: ma=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 37:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ani ___ ndï=na-na
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ bilum ___ 3PL=give-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`He gave them the bilum [= string bags] [one by one].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is possible to form other (multi-verb) ‘giving’ constructions in Ulwa with other (\isi{inflect}ed) verbs that mean ‘take’. In sentences \REF{ex:clause:42} and \REF{ex:clause:43}, the verb moko- ‘take’, which often has the sense ‘take one by one’, is used along with the verb na- ‘give’.
A: word: asi-ka	 gloss: sit-let
B: word: ndï=moko-p	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV
C: word: ma=n	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=OBL
D: word: ndï=moko-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 38:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ani ndï=moko-p ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ bilum 3PL=take-PFV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He gave them the bilum [= string bags] [one by one].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is possible to form other (multi-verb) ‘giving’ constructions in Ulwa with other (\isi{inflect}ed) verbs that mean ‘take’. In sentences \REF{ex:clause:42} and \REF{ex:clause:43}, the verb moko- ‘take’, which often has the sense ‘take one by one’, is used along with the verb na- ‘give’.
A: word: ndï=ina-p	 gloss: 3PL=get-PFV
B: word: ndï=na-na	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV
C: word: ndï=ul	 gloss: 3PL=with
D: word: ndï=na-na-la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=DETR-DETR-eat-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 39:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï=tï wa i ndï=we-aw-e ___ lapun ndï=na-n-e
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=take village go.PFV 3PL=cut-put.IPFV-DEP ___ old 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] used to bring them home, cut them, and give them out to the old people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is possible to form other (multi-verb) ‘giving’ constructions in Ulwa with other (\isi{inflect}ed) verbs that mean ‘take’. In sentences \REF{ex:clause:42} and \REF{ex:clause:43}, the verb moko- ‘take’, which often has the sense ‘take one by one’, is used along with the verb na- ‘give’.
A: word: ndï=moko-e	 gloss: 3PL=take{-dep}
B: word: mbï-i-ta	 gloss: here-go.PFV-COND
C: word: ma=u	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=from
D: word: ndï=moko-p	 gloss: 3PL=take{-pfv}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 40:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï=tï wa i ndï=we-aw-e ndï=moko-e lapun ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=take village go.PFV 3PL=cut-put.IPFV-DEP 3PL=take{-dep} old ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] used to bring them home, cut them, and give them out to the old people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is possible to form other (multi-verb) ‘giving’ constructions in Ulwa with other (\isi{inflect}ed) verbs that mean ‘take’. In sentences \REF{ex:clause:42} and \REF{ex:clause:43}, the verb moko- ‘take’, which often has the sense ‘take one by one’, is used along with the verb na- ‘give’.
A: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
B: word: nï=n	 gloss: 1SG=OBL
C: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
D: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 41:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ani ___ ndï=na-na
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ bilum ___ 3PL=give-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`He gave them the bilum [= string bags] [one by one].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:clause:42} could be analyzed as a \isi{serial verb construction} if it is assumed that the two verbs belong to a single clause. Indeed, they even match in terms of \isi{TAM} marking. In example \REF{ex:clause:43}, however, the verb moko- ‘take’ is marked as belonging to a different clause. Moreover, it does not share \isi{TAM} marking with na- ‘give’, suggesting that this is not a \isi{serial verb construction}.
A: word: nïkï-p-e	 gloss: dig-PFV-DEP
B: word: ndï=moko-p	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV
C: word: ma=n	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=OBL
D: word: ndï=moko-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 42:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ani ndï=moko-p ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ bilum 3PL=take-PFV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He gave them the bilum [= string bags] [one by one].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:clause:42} could be analyzed as a \isi{serial verb construction} if it is assumed that the two verbs belong to a single clause. Indeed, they even match in terms of \isi{TAM} marking. In example \REF{ex:clause:43}, however, the verb moko- ‘take’ is marked as belonging to a different clause. Moreover, it does not share \isi{TAM} marking with na- ‘give’, suggesting that this is not a \isi{serial verb construction}.
A: word: ndï=na-na	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV
B: word: ndï=ina-p	 gloss: 3PL=get-PFV
C: word: ma=si-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=push-IRR
D: word: ndï=na-na-la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=DETR-DETR-eat-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 43:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï=tï wa i ndï=we-aw-e ___ lapun ndï=na-n-e
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=take village go.PFV 3PL=cut-put.IPFV-DEP ___ old 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] used to bring them home, cut them, and give them out to the old people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:clause:42} could be analyzed as a \isi{serial verb construction} if it is assumed that the two verbs belong to a single clause. Indeed, they even match in terms of \isi{TAM} marking. In example \REF{ex:clause:43}, however, the verb moko- ‘take’ is marked as belonging to a different clause. Moreover, it does not share \isi{TAM} marking with na- ‘give’, suggesting that this is not a \isi{serial verb construction}.
A: word: ndï=moko-e	 gloss: 3PL=take{-dep}
B: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
C: word: ndï=moko-p	 gloss: 3PL=take{-pfv}
D: word: mïnal	 gloss: taro
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 44:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï=tï wa i ndï=we-aw-e ndï=moko-e lapun ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=take village go.PFV 3PL=cut-put.IPFV-DEP 3PL=take{-dep} old ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] used to bring them home, cut them, and give them out to the old people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{ex:clause:42} could be analyzed as a \isi{serial verb construction} if it is assumed that the two verbs belong to a single clause. Indeed, they even match in terms of \isi{TAM} marking. In example \REF{ex:clause:43}, however, the verb moko- ‘take’ is marked as belonging to a different clause. Moreover, it does not share \isi{TAM} marking with na- ‘give’, suggesting that this is not a \isi{serial verb construction}.
A: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
B: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
D: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 45:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï ndï=tï an-mbï-lï-p ndï=moko-e ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL 3PL=take out-here-put-PFV 3PL=take-DEP ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They got them out and were sharing them among themselves.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The combination of moko- ‘take’ and na- ‘give’ is often used to describe the distribution or sharing of items, typically with a \isi{reflexive} object form preceding the verb na- ‘give’, as in \REF{ex:clause:44}, \REF{ex:clause:45}, and \REF{ex:clause:46}.
A: word: na-n-e	 gloss: give-PFV-DEP
B: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ambla=na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: apïn=p-e	 gloss: fire=COP-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 46:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï ilum moko-e ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL little take-DEP ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They would share little [pieces] with each other.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The combination of moko- ‘take’ and na- ‘give’ is often used to describe the distribution or sharing of items, typically with a \isi{reflexive} object form preceding the verb na- ‘give’, as in \REF{ex:clause:44}, \REF{ex:clause:45}, and \REF{ex:clause:46}.
A: word: ambla=na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
B: word: itom	 gloss: father
C: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: na-n-e	 gloss: give-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 47:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï atuma wot ala mundu moko-e ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL older.brother younger PL.DIST food take-DEP ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They, those brothers, shared the food.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The combination of moko- ‘take’ and na- ‘give’ is often used to describe the distribution or sharing of items, typically with a \isi{reflexive} object form preceding the verb na- ‘give’, as in \REF{ex:clause:44}, \REF{ex:clause:45}, and \REF{ex:clause:46}.
A: word: ambla=na-n-e	 gloss: PL.REFL=give-PFV-DEP
B: word: na-n-e	 gloss: give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: maka	 gloss: thus
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma isi ___ yawa ala=na-nda
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ soup ___ uncle PL.DIST=give-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] will cook her soup and give [it] to the uncles.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Also, although not necessarily common, it is possible for na- ‘give’ to follow a verb in the preceding clause that means something other than ‘take’. For example, the verb na- ‘give’ may follow the verbs wana- ‘cook’ \REF{ex:clause:47} or nïkï- ‘dig, cut’ \REF{ex:clause:48}.
A: word: wana-p-ta	 gloss: cook-PFV-COND
B: word: lï-p	 gloss: put-PFV
C: word: wana-p	 gloss: cook-PFV
D: word: ma=wana-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=cook-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C