cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji alum ___ nï Wopata anda=p-e ndï=ina-p
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS child ___ 1SG [place] SG.DIST=be{-dep} 3PL=get-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`My children -- I had them when I was there at Wopata.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: (ndï)	 gloss: (3PL)
B: word: wana-p	 gloss: cook-PFV
C: word: ndï=la-nda	 gloss: 3PL=eat{-irr}
D: word: ndï	 gloss: 3PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji alum ndï nï Wopata anda=p-e ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS child 3PL 1SG [place] SG.DIST=be{-dep} ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`My children -- I had them when I was there at Wopata.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: ndï=na-na	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV
B: word: ndï=ina-e	 gloss: 3PL=get-IPFV
C: word: ndï=ina-p	 gloss: 3PL=get-PFV
D: word: lï-p	 gloss: put-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ yenat ngala nï na=n ndï=ta
Gloss (with missing item): ___ daughter PL.PROX 1SG talk=OBL 3PL=say
The English translation of this sentence is:`My daughters -- I told them: …’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: apïn=p-e	 gloss: fire=COP-DEP
B: word: ndï-nji	 gloss: 3PL-POSS
C: word: u-nji	 gloss: 2SG-POSS
D: word: nï-nji	 gloss: 1SG-POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji ___ ngala nï na=n ndï=ta
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS ___ PL.PROX 1SG talk=OBL 3PL=say
The English translation of this sentence is:`My daughters -- I told them: …’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: yena	 gloss: woman
B: word: yenat	 gloss: daughter
C: word: ndï=na-na	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV
D: word: alum	 gloss: child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji yenat ___ nï na=n ndï=ta
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS daughter ___ 1SG talk=OBL 3PL=say
The English translation of this sentence is:`My daughters -- I told them: …’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: ngala	 gloss: PL.PROX
B: word: ndï=moko-p	 gloss: 3PL=take{-pfv}
C: word: ngala=tï	 gloss: PL.PROX=take
D: word: ngala=n	 gloss: PL.PROX=OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji yenat ngala nï na=n ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS daughter PL.PROX 1SG talk=OBL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`My daughters -- I told them: …’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sometimes, in \isi{transitive} clauses, emphasis can be placed on an object by fronting it to the beginning of the clause. Even in such instances, however, the order of the clause (following this arguably preclausal element) is usually still SOV, since the referent of the fronted object invariably appears again in the clause, marked by an \isi{agreement} marker immediately preceding the verb, as in examples \REF{ex:clause:21} through \REF{ex:clause:24}.
A: word: amun	 gloss: now
B: word: ndï=ta	 gloss: 3PL=say
C: word: ndï=nap	 gloss: 3PL=for
D: word: ndï=ta-ta	 gloss: 3PL=say-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ we mï ma=n ulum ndï=n ali-n[da]
Gloss (with missing item): ___ then 3SG.SUBJ 3SG.OBJ=OBL palm 3PL=OBL scrape-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`If [they] give her [it], then she will scrape sago palms with it.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Given the nature of real-world scenarios involved in the act of giving, it is common for sentences referring to ‘giving’ events to include three participants: \isi{giver} (\isi{agent}), \isi{recipient} (\isi{benefactive}), and \isi{gift} (\isi{theme}). As such, these three participants are often all expressed in Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions, generally through the use of at least two verbs. It is, however, possible for the verb na- ‘give’ to occur without any other verb encoding the \isi{theme} argument; in such instances, the only two roles expressed (as determined by the verb’s argument structure) are the \isi{giver} (the grammatical subject) and the \isi{recipient} (the grammatical object), as in \REF{ex:clause:31} and \REF{ex:clause:32}.
A: word: ma=na-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-COND
B: word: ndï=n	 gloss: 3PL=OBL
C: word: ma=p-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-COND
D: word: nï=na-ta	 gloss: 1SG=give-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ma-n-e ndï ndï=ama-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ go-IPFV-DEP 3PL 3PL=eat-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Going and giving them, they would eat them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Given the nature of real-world scenarios involved in the act of giving, it is common for sentences referring to ‘giving’ events to include three participants: \isi{giver} (\isi{agent}), \isi{recipient} (\isi{benefactive}), and \isi{gift} (\isi{theme}). As such, these three participants are often all expressed in Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions, generally through the use of at least two verbs. It is, however, possible for the verb na- ‘give’ to occur without any other verb encoding the \isi{theme} argument; in such instances, the only two roles expressed (as determined by the verb’s argument structure) are the \isi{giver} (the grammatical subject) and the \isi{recipient} (the grammatical object), as in \REF{ex:clause:31} and \REF{ex:clause:32}.
A: word: nap=nï	 gloss: arrow=OBL
B: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
D: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alma mï lamndu ___ Kongos ma=na-n
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ pig ___ [name] 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alma gave a pig to Kongos.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the \isi{theme} (\isi{gift}) is also overtly expressed, it is necessary to use another verb. The verb that is most commonly used along with na- ‘give’ in these constructions is the verb tï- ‘take’ (see \sectref{sec:4.3}). This first verb, tï- ‘take’, has as its object the \isi{theme} (that which is given), whereas the second verb, na- ‘give’, has as its object the beneficiary (to whom something is given), as in examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}.
A: word: ma=ala	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=for
B: word: ma=tï	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take
C: word: ma=na-n-e	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV-DEP
D: word: ma=tï-n	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alma mï lamndu ma=tï Kongos ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ pig 3SG.OBJ=take [name] ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alma gave a pig to Kongos.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the \isi{theme} (\isi{gift}) is also overtly expressed, it is necessary to use another verb. The verb that is most commonly used along with na- ‘give’ in these constructions is the verb tï- ‘take’ (see \sectref{sec:4.3}). This first verb, tï- ‘take’, has as its object the \isi{theme} (that which is given), whereas the second verb, na- ‘give’, has as its object the beneficiary (to whom something is given), as in examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}.
A: word: ma=na-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV
B: word: alum	 gloss: child
C: word: ma=ta-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say-PFV
D: word: ma=na-n	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï yena ___ ndï=na-n-e ndï ndï=ul wo-p
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL woman ___ 3PL=give-PFV-DEP 3PL 3PL=with sleep-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`They gave the women to them and they slept with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the \isi{theme} (\isi{gift}) is also overtly expressed, it is necessary to use another verb. The verb that is most commonly used along with na- ‘give’ in these constructions is the verb tï- ‘take’ (see \sectref{sec:4.3}). This first verb, tï- ‘take’, has as its object the \isi{theme} (that which is given), whereas the second verb, na- ‘give’, has as its object the beneficiary (to whom something is given), as in examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}.
A: word: ndï=moko-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-DEP
B: word: ndï=tï	 gloss: 3PL=take
C: word: unan=a-e	 gloss: 1PL.INCL-break-IPFV
D: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï yena ndï=tï ___ ndï ndï=ul wo-p
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL woman 3PL=take ___ 3PL 3PL=with sleep-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`They gave the women to them and they slept with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the \isi{theme} (\isi{gift}) is also overtly expressed, it is necessary to use another verb. The verb that is most commonly used along with na- ‘give’ in these constructions is the verb tï- ‘take’ (see \sectref{sec:4.3}). This first verb, tï- ‘take’, has as its object the \isi{theme} (that which is given), whereas the second verb, na- ‘give’, has as its object the beneficiary (to whom something is given), as in examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}.
A: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
B: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
C: word: ndï=n	 gloss: 3PL=OBL
D: word: ndï=na-nda	 gloss: 3PL=give-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alma mï lamndu ___ Kongos ma=na-n
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ pig ___ [name] 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alma gave a pig to Kongos.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since the verb tï- ‘take’ is often \isi{defective}, as in most of examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}, it looks very much like these are \isi{separable verb} constructions (\sectref{sec:9.2.1}). However, given the verbal nature of tï- ‘take’, these ‘giving’ constructions can instead be described as a modest form of \isi{serial verb construction}s.\footnote{Although not quite fitting some stricter criteria for \isi{serial verb construction}s \citep[8]{Aikhenvald2006}, since (as a \isi{defective verb}) tï- ‘take’ does not match na- ‘give’ in its \isi{TAM} marking, these Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions qualify as such under definitions such as \citegen[296]{Haspelmath2016}: “a \isi{monoclausal construction} consisting of multiple independent verbs with no element linking them and with no \isi{predicate}-argument relation between the verbs”. That said, when it lacks \isi{TAM} marking, tï- ‘take’ is not clearly finite.} Even if we are to consider these ‘giving’ constructions to be instances of \isi{serial verb construction}s in Ulwa, then verb serialization is certainly not a productive \isi{syntactic} construction -- if it indeed exists in the language, then it is restricted to encoding what might be considered “\isi{ditransitive} events”.
A: word: ma=tï-n	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take-PFV
B: word: ma=tï	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=take
C: word: ma=ala	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=for
D: word: ma=na-ta	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-COND
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Alma mï lamndu ma=tï Kongos ___
Gloss (with missing item): [name] 3SG.SUBJ pig 3SG.OBJ=take [name] ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Alma gave a pig to Kongos.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since the verb tï- ‘take’ is often \isi{defective}, as in most of examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}, it looks very much like these are \isi{separable verb} constructions (\sectref{sec:9.2.1}). However, given the verbal nature of tï- ‘take’, these ‘giving’ constructions can instead be described as a modest form of \isi{serial verb construction}s.\footnote{Although not quite fitting some stricter criteria for \isi{serial verb construction}s \citep[8]{Aikhenvald2006}, since (as a \isi{defective verb}) tï- ‘take’ does not match na- ‘give’ in its \isi{TAM} marking, these Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions qualify as such under definitions such as \citegen[296]{Haspelmath2016}: “a \isi{monoclausal construction} consisting of multiple independent verbs with no element linking them and with no \isi{predicate}-argument relation between the verbs”. That said, when it lacks \isi{TAM} marking, tï- ‘take’ is not clearly finite.} Even if we are to consider these ‘giving’ constructions to be instances of \isi{serial verb construction}s in Ulwa, then verb serialization is certainly not a productive \isi{syntactic} construction -- if it indeed exists in the language, then it is restricted to encoding what might be considered “\isi{ditransitive} events”.
A: word: ma=ta-p	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=say-PFV
B: word: ndï=na-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=give-PFV-DEP
C: word: ma=na-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV
D: word: ma=na-n	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=give-PFV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï yena ___ ndï=na-n-e ndï ndï=ul wo-p
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL woman ___ 3PL=give-PFV-DEP 3PL 3PL=with sleep-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`They gave the women to them and they slept with them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since the verb tï- ‘take’ is often \isi{defective}, as in most of examples \REF{ex:clause:33} through \REF{ex:clause:40}, it looks very much like these are \isi{separable verb} constructions (\sectref{sec:9.2.1}). However, given the verbal nature of tï- ‘take’, these ‘giving’ constructions can instead be described as a modest form of \isi{serial verb construction}s.\footnote{Although not quite fitting some stricter criteria for \isi{serial verb construction}s \citep[8]{Aikhenvald2006}, since (as a \isi{defective verb}) tï- ‘take’ does not match na- ‘give’ in its \isi{TAM} marking, these Ulwa ‘giving’ constructions qualify as such under definitions such as \citegen[296]{Haspelmath2016}: “a \isi{monoclausal construction} consisting of multiple independent verbs with no element linking them and with no \isi{predicate}-argument relation between the verbs”. That said, when it lacks \isi{TAM} marking, tï- ‘take’ is not clearly finite.} Even if we are to consider these ‘giving’ constructions to be instances of \isi{serial verb construction}s in Ulwa, then verb serialization is certainly not a productive \isi{syntactic} construction -- if it indeed exists in the language, then it is restricted to encoding what might be considered “\isi{ditransitive} events”.
A: word: ndï=moko-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-DEP
B: word: alimban	 gloss: [name]
C: word: ndï=tï-n-e	 gloss: 3PL=take-PFV-DEP
D: word: ndï=tï	 gloss: 3PL=take
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D