cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ankam ___ mï tïn njukuta ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): person ___ 3SG.SUBJ dog small 3SG.OBJ=hit{-pfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`The big person hit the small dog.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When an \isi{adjective} is neither functioning as a substantive nor serving as a \isi{predicate complement}, it occurs within the limits of a \isi{noun phrase}. When inside an NP, adjectives occur after the noun (the \isi{head} of the NP) and before the \isi{subject marker}, \isi{object marker}, or any other \isi{determiner} that may be found in an NP. Such \isi{adnominal adjective}s never occur outside the NP (i.e., \isi{discontinuous}ly). Sentences \REF{ex:adj:1} through \REF{ex:adj:4} provide examples of adjectives (in \textbf{bold}) as they appear in NPs, illustrating their postnominal position, preceding \isi{determiner}s.
A: word: nïpat	 gloss: huge
B: word: anma	 gloss: good
C: word: ambi=p	 gloss: big=COP
D: word: ambi	 gloss: big
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ankam ambi mï tïn ___ ma=asa-p
Gloss (with missing item): person big 3SG.SUBJ dog ___ 3SG.OBJ=hit{-pfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`The big person hit the small dog.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When an \isi{adjective} is neither functioning as a substantive nor serving as a \isi{predicate complement}, it occurs within the limits of a \isi{noun phrase}. When inside an NP, adjectives occur after the noun (the \isi{head} of the NP) and before the \isi{subject marker}, \isi{object marker}, or any other \isi{determiner} that may be found in an NP. Such \isi{adnominal adjective}s never occur outside the NP (i.e., \isi{discontinuous}ly). Sentences \REF{ex:adj:1} through \REF{ex:adj:4} provide examples of adjectives (in \textbf{bold}) as they appear in NPs, illustrating their postnominal position, preceding \isi{determiner}s.
A: word: njukuta=p-e	 gloss: small=COP{-dep}
B: word: mundotoma	 gloss: short
C: word: anma	 gloss: good
D: word: njukuta	 gloss: small
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mïnkïn ndï ___
Gloss (with missing item): sago.species 3PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The sago palms are tall.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When adjectives function predicatively, they may receive \isi{copula}r \isi{morphology} (\sectref{sec:10.2}), although this is not obligatory (neither for adjectives nor for nouns). These predicative adjectives occur clause-finally (the position held prototypically by verbs). Examples of predicative adjectives are given in \REF{ex:adj:5}, \REF{ex:adj:6}, and \REF{ex:adj:7}.
A: word: wutï	 gloss: leg
B: word: ambi	 gloss: big
C: word: wutota	 gloss: tall
D: word: anma=p-na	 gloss: good=COP-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï-nji wutï ambatïm ngala ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG-POSS foot joint PL.PROX ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`My knees are bad.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When adjectives function predicatively, they may receive \isi{copula}r \isi{morphology} (\sectref{sec:10.2}), although this is not obligatory (neither for adjectives nor for nouns). These predicative adjectives occur clause-finally (the position held prototypically by verbs). Examples of predicative adjectives are given in \REF{ex:adj:5}, \REF{ex:adj:6}, and \REF{ex:adj:7}.
A: word: tembi=p-e	 gloss: bad=COP-DEP
B: word: tembi=p-ta	 gloss: bad=COP-COND
C: word: im-pul	 gloss: wood-piece
D: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`It [= sago starch] will be good.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When adjectives function predicatively, they may receive \isi{copula}r \isi{morphology} (\sectref{sec:10.2}), although this is not obligatory (neither for adjectives nor for nouns). These predicative adjectives occur clause-finally (the position held prototypically by verbs). Examples of predicative adjectives are given in \REF{ex:adj:5}, \REF{ex:adj:6}, and \REF{ex:adj:7}.
A: word: anma=p-na	 gloss: good=COP-IRR
B: word: amamas=p-e	 gloss: happy=COP-DEP
C: word: ango=p-na	 gloss: which=COP-IRR
D: word: ma=p-na	 gloss: 3SG.OBJ=be-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mï ngunan=u ndï=tï-na
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3SG.SUBJ 1DU.INCL=from 3PL=take-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`The big man will get them from us.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Adjectives may also function as substantives -- that is, they may have the same formal properties as prototypical nouns. In such cases, these adjectives have the same distribution as nouns. Thus, adjectives may serve as the \isi{head}s of NPs, which may themselves serve as subject \REF{ex:adj:8}, \isi{direct object} \REF{ex:adj:9}, or \isi{object of a postposition} \REF{ex:adj:10} within a clause.
A: word: wat	 gloss: atop
B: word: nïpat	 gloss: huge
C: word: ambi=p	 gloss: big=COP
D: word: ambi	 gloss: big
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ndï=ina-p
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL=get-PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`[I] got the bad ones [= tobacco plants].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Adjectives may also function as substantives -- that is, they may have the same formal properties as prototypical nouns. In such cases, these adjectives have the same distribution as nouns. Thus, adjectives may serve as the \isi{head}s of NPs, which may themselves serve as subject \REF{ex:adj:8}, \isi{direct object} \REF{ex:adj:9}, or \isi{object of a postposition} \REF{ex:adj:10} within a clause.
A: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
B: word: tembi=p	 gloss: bad=COP
C: word: mbï-u-lo-p	 gloss: here-from-go-PFV
D: word: anma	 gloss: good
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ankam anda i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ person SG.DIST go.PFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`That white person came.’\footnote{The form waembïl ankam ‘white person’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: One factor complicating the task of assigning words in Ulwa to the grammatical category of \isi{adjective} is the fact that adjectives in NPs sometimes precede their \isi{head noun}s (instead of following them). While some speakers consider this order to be ungrammatical (perhaps an influence from the \isi{word order} of \ili{Tok Pisin}; see \chapref{sec:15}), it nevertheless occurs in speech, thereby making it difficult to rely on the distributional criterion that adjectives follow nouns. This adjective-noun \isi{word order} is exemplified in sentences \REF{ex:adj:11}, \REF{ex:adj:12}, and \REF{ex:adj:13}.
A: word: tïmbïl	 gloss: fence
B: word: kïka	 gloss: white.ant
C: word: anma	 gloss: good
D: word: waembïl	 gloss: white
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ankam ala imba p-e
Gloss (with missing item): ___ person PL.DIST night be{-ipfv}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those bad people are around at night.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: One factor complicating the task of assigning words in Ulwa to the grammatical category of \isi{adjective} is the fact that adjectives in NPs sometimes precede their \isi{head noun}s (instead of following them). While some speakers consider this order to be ungrammatical (perhaps an influence from the \isi{word order} of \ili{Tok Pisin}; see \chapref{sec:15}), it nevertheless occurs in speech, thereby making it difficult to rely on the distributional criterion that adjectives follow nouns. This adjective-noun \isi{word order} is exemplified in sentences \REF{ex:adj:11}, \REF{ex:adj:12}, and \REF{ex:adj:13}.
A: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
B: word: tembi=p	 gloss: bad=COP
C: word: u=kalam=p-e	 gloss: 2SG=knowledge=COP-DEP
D: word: alma	 gloss: [name]
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nji ala ala ndï=tï inda-na
Gloss (with missing item): ___ thing PL.DIST PL.DIST 3PL=take walk-IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Those bad things -- they will bring them [here].’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: One factor complicating the task of assigning words in Ulwa to the grammatical category of \isi{adjective} is the fact that adjectives in NPs sometimes precede their \isi{head noun}s (instead of following them). While some speakers consider this order to be ungrammatical (perhaps an influence from the \isi{word order} of \ili{Tok Pisin}; see \chapref{sec:15}), it nevertheless occurs in speech, thereby making it difficult to rely on the distributional criterion that adjectives follow nouns. This adjective-noun \isi{word order} is exemplified in sentences \REF{ex:adj:11}, \REF{ex:adj:12}, and \REF{ex:adj:13}.
A: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
B: word: tembi=p	 gloss: bad=COP
C: word: kalam=p-na	 gloss: knowledge=COP-IRR
D: word: itïtïl	 gloss: dust
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ndï-awa ndï-nji ___ anda=ul lo-e
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL-INT 3PL-POSS ___ SG.DIST=with go-IPFV
The English translation of this sentence is:`They went around with their knowledge.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{morphosyntactic} similarity between nouns and adjectives also makes it difficult at times to assign certain words to one class or the other. For example, the word the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ can have either the more nominal meaning ‘its gloss ___, wisdom’ or the more adjectival meaning ‘its gloss ___able, knowing, wise’, and it is difficult to define one of these meanings as being the primary one. Whereas in \REF{ex:adj:14} this word carries a more noun-like meaning, in \REF{ex:adj:15} it functions more like a substantive \isi{adjective} (\sectref{sec:5.3}).
A: word: kalam	 gloss: knowledge
B: word: ambla=kalam=p-ta	 gloss: PL.REFL=knowledge=COP-COND
C: word: ndï=kalam	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge
D: word: kalam=p-na	 gloss: knowledge=COP-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): yena ambi anda u ___ anda
Gloss (with missing item): woman big SG.DIST 2SG ___ SG.DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:`You’re a grown woman; you know well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{morphosyntactic} similarity between nouns and adjectives also makes it difficult at times to assign certain words to one class or the other. For example, the word the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ can have either the more nominal meaning ‘its gloss ___, wisdom’ or the more adjectival meaning ‘its gloss ___able, knowing, wise’, and it is difficult to define one of these meanings as being the primary one. Whereas in \REF{ex:adj:14} this word carries a more noun-like meaning, in \REF{ex:adj:15} it functions more like a substantive \isi{adjective} (\sectref{sec:5.3}).
A: word: ndï=kalam	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge
B: word: ambla=kalam=p-ta	 gloss: PL.REFL=knowledge=COP-COND
C: word: apïn	 gloss: fire
D: word: kalam	 gloss: knowledge
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`She knows you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complicating matters even further is the fact that kalam ‘knowledge, knowledgeable’ very often functions like a verb. Although it does not take \is{verbal morphology} verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{morphology} but rather the \isi{copular enclitic} (thus making it resemble nouns and adjectives rather than verbs), it seems capable of taking object arguments (thus making it resemble verbs). In each of examples \REF{ex:adj:16}, \REF{ex:adj:17}, and \REF{ex:adj:18}, kalam ‘knowledge’ appears to have a \isi{direct object} argument, including \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marking} in \REF{ex:adj:16} and \REF{ex:adj:17}.
A: word: tembi=p-ta	 gloss: bad=COP-COND
B: word: u=kalam=p-e	 gloss: 2SG=knowledge=COP-DEP
C: word: kalam=p-e	 gloss: knowledge=COP-DEP
D: word: ndï=kalam=p-en	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge=COP{-nmlz}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ango ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG NEG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I don’t know about them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complicating matters even further is the fact that kalam ‘knowledge, knowledgeable’ very often functions like a verb. Although it does not take \is{verbal morphology} verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{morphology} but rather the \isi{copular enclitic} (thus making it resemble nouns and adjectives rather than verbs), it seems capable of taking object arguments (thus making it resemble verbs). In each of examples \REF{ex:adj:16}, \REF{ex:adj:17}, and \REF{ex:adj:18}, kalam ‘knowledge’ appears to have a \isi{direct object} argument, including \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marking} in \REF{ex:adj:16} and \REF{ex:adj:17}.
A: word: kalam	 gloss: knowledge
B: word: ndï=kalam	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge
C: word: ndï=kalam=p-en	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge=COP{-nmlz}
D: word: imot	 gloss: log
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): na ndï anjikaka=p-e i ___
Gloss (with missing item): and 3PL how=COP-DEP way ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`And how are they going to know [good] behavior?’\footnote{See \sectref{sec:13.1.2} for the internal \isi{morphology} of anjikaka ‘how?’} (na < TP na ‘and’) [ulwa014_41:07]’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complicating matters even further is the fact that kalam ‘knowledge, knowledgeable’ very often functions like a verb. Although it does not take \is{verbal morphology} verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{morphology} but rather the \isi{copular enclitic} (thus making it resemble nouns and adjectives rather than verbs), it seems capable of taking object arguments (thus making it resemble verbs). In each of examples \REF{ex:adj:16}, \REF{ex:adj:17}, and \REF{ex:adj:18}, kalam ‘knowledge’ appears to have a \isi{direct object} argument, including \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marking} in \REF{ex:adj:16} and \REF{ex:adj:17}.
A: word: kalam=p-e	 gloss: knowledge=COP-DEP
B: word: ambla=kalam=p-ta	 gloss: PL.REFL=knowledge=COP-COND
C: word: tembi	 gloss: bad
D: word: kalam=p-na	 gloss: knowledge=COP-IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mï ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SUBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`She knows you.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complicating matters even further is the fact that kalam ‘knowledge, knowledgeable’ very often functions like a verb. Although it does not take \is{verbal morphology} verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{morphology} but rather the \isi{copular enclitic} (thus making it resemble nouns and adjectives rather than verbs), it seems capable of taking object arguments (thus making it resemble verbs). In each of examples \REF{ex:adj:16}, \REF{ex:adj:17}, and \REF{ex:adj:18}, kalam ‘knowledge’ appears to have a \isi{direct object} argument, including \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marking} in \REF{ex:adj:16} and \REF{ex:adj:17}.
A: word: ndï=kalam=p-en	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge=COP{-nmlz}
B: word: kalam=p-e	 gloss: knowledge=COP-DEP
C: word: wana-ni-e	 gloss: feel-act-IPFV
D: word: u=kalam=p-e	 gloss: 2SG=knowledge=COP-DEP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Ulwa. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nï ango ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG NEG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I don’t know about them.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complicating matters even further is the fact that kalam ‘knowledge, knowledgeable’ very often functions like a verb. Although it does not take \is{verbal morphology} verbal \isi{TAM} \isi{morphology} but rather the \isi{copular enclitic} (thus making it resemble nouns and adjectives rather than verbs), it seems capable of taking object arguments (thus making it resemble verbs). In each of examples \REF{ex:adj:16}, \REF{ex:adj:17}, and \REF{ex:adj:18}, kalam ‘knowledge’ appears to have a \isi{direct object} argument, including \isi{proclitic} \isi{object marking} in \REF{ex:adj:16} and \REF{ex:adj:17}.
A: word: ndï=kalam=p-en	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge=COP{-nmlz}
B: word: ndï=kalam	 gloss: 3PL=knowledge
C: word: plas	 gloss: [name]
D: word: ambi	 gloss: big
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B