cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E ai rō \ꞌā e tahi taŋata tire, ___ piroto \ꞌavione a ia.
Gloss (with missing item): IPFV exist EMPH IDENT NUM one person Chile ___ pilot airplane PROP 3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘There was one Chilean, he was an airplane pilot.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}Tthe morpheme ___ predicate may also come first. This happens only wthe morpheme ___n tthe morpheme ___ subject is well-es\-tab\-listhe morpheme ___d, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, tthe morpheme ___ predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, tthe morpheme ___ predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: hau	 gloss: cord
B: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
C: word: he	 gloss: PRED
D: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E ai rō \ꞌā e tahi taŋata tire, he ___ \ꞌavione a ia.
Gloss (with missing item): IPFV exist EMPH IDENT NUM one person Chile PRED ___ airplane PROP 3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘There was one Chilean, he was an airplane pilot.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: mau	 gloss: really
B: word: piroto	 gloss: pilot
C: word: piropiro	 gloss: rotten:RED
D: word: manurere	 gloss: airplane
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ taŋata tau manu era, he poki \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ person DEM bird DIST PRED child of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}Tthe morpheme ___ predicate may also come first. This happens only wthe morpheme ___n tthe morpheme ___ subject is well-es\-tab\-listhe morpheme ___d, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, tthe morpheme ___ predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, tthe morpheme ___ predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: taŋata	 gloss: person
B: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
C: word: he	 gloss: PRED
D: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He ___ tau manu era, he poki \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED ___ DEM bird DIST PRED child of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: tahi	 gloss: one
B: word: taŋata;	 gloss: person
C: word: tahutahu	 gloss: witch
D: word: taŋata	 gloss: person
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He taŋata tau manu era, ___ poki \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED person DEM bird DIST ___ child of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}Tthe morpheme ___ predicate may also come first. This happens only wthe morpheme ___n tthe morpheme ___ subject is well-es\-tab\-listhe morpheme ___d, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, tthe morpheme ___ predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, tthe morpheme ___ predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
B: word: ika	 gloss: fish
C: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
D: word: he	 gloss: PRED
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He taŋata tau manu era, he ___ \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED person DEM bird DIST PRED ___ of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: rote	 gloss: inside_the
B: word: poki	 gloss: child
C: word: uka	 gloss: girl
D: word: —poki	 gloss: ~~~child
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He taŋata tau manu era, he poki \ꞌa ___ tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED person DEM bird DIST PRED child of.A ___ DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: ahu	 gloss: Ahu
B: word: rivuho	 gloss: drawing
C: word: uho	 gloss: Uho
D: word: hiro	 gloss: braid
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ taŋata tau manu era, he poki \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ person DEM bird DIST PRED child of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}Tthe morpheme ___ predicate may also come first. This happens only wthe morpheme ___n tthe morpheme ___ subject is well-es\-tab\-listhe morpheme ___d, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, tthe morpheme ___ predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, tthe morpheme ___ predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: mau	 gloss: really
B: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
C: word: he	 gloss: PRED
D: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He ___ tau manu era, he poki \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED ___ DEM bird DIST PRED child of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: titata	 gloss: Titata
B: word: taŋata;	 gloss: person
C: word: taŋata	 gloss: person
D: word: tahi	 gloss: one
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He taŋata tau manu era, ___ poki \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED person DEM bird DIST ___ child of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}Tthe morpheme ___ predicate may also come first. This happens only wthe morpheme ___n tthe morpheme ___ subject is well-es\-tab\-listhe morpheme ___d, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, tthe morpheme ___ predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, tthe morpheme ___ predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
B: word: he	 gloss: PRED
C: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
D: word: era	 gloss: DIST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He taŋata tau manu era, he ___ \ꞌa Uho tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED person DEM bird DIST PRED ___ of.A Uho DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: roto	 gloss: inside
B: word: —poki	 gloss: ~~~child
C: word: poki	 gloss: child
D: word: uka	 gloss: girl
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He taŋata tau manu era, he poki \ꞌa ___ tau manu era.
Gloss (with missing item): PRED person DEM bird DIST PRED child of.A ___ DEM bird DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That bird was a human being, that bird was Uho’s child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Constituent order}The predicate may also come first. This happens only when the subject is well-es\-tab\-lished, i.e. topical\is{Topic, topicality} in discourse; it tends to be expressed by a pronoun as in \REF{ex:9.4}, or a generic noun phrase as in \REF{ex:9.5}. In this construction, the predicate is prominent. In \REF{ex:9.5}, for example, the predicate conveys unexpected, surprising information.
A: word: titata	 gloss: Titata
B: word: rivuho	 gloss: drawing
C: word: uho	 gloss: Uho
D: word: ahu	 gloss: Ahu
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He raŋi mai te re\ꞌo o te pakia: ___ \ꞌariki au ko Taŋaroa’.
Gloss (with missing item): NTR call hither ART voice of ART seal ___ king 1SG PROM Tangaroa
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The voice of the seal cried: I am king Tangaroa.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:9.6}, Tangaroa (who has transformed himself into a seal, and is mistaken for a seal by the people) wants to emphasise that he is the king, not a real seal as the people think. The predicate \textit{he {\ꞌ}ariki} is counterexpectative and occurs before the subject.\footnote{\label{fn:460}Notice that ko Taŋaroa, which is an apposition\is{Apposition} to the predicate, is not fronted but remains in its post-subject position; see sec. \sectref{sec:9.2.5} for more examples of split predicates.}
A: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
B: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
C: word: taŋata	 gloss: person
D: word: ‘he	 gloss: PRED
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He raŋi mai te re\ꞌo o te pakia: ___ \ꞌariki au ko Taŋaroa’.
Gloss (with missing item): NTR call hither ART voice of ART seal ___ king 1SG PROM Tangaroa
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The voice of the seal cried: I am king Tangaroa.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As both noun phrases are referential\is{Referentiality} and definite\is{Definiteness}, and both refer to the same entity, it is not always clear which NP is subject and which is predicate. Constituent order\is{Constituent order} cannot be used as the sole criterion, as both subject and predicate of a nominal clause\is{Clause!nominal} may come first.\footnote{\label{fn:461}See examples (\ref{ex:9.1}–\ref{ex:9.6}) in classifying clauses\is{Clause!classifying}; the same is true in other types of nominal clauses\is{Clause!nominal}, e.g. locative clauses (\sectref{sec:9.4.1}).} It is even questionable whether the term predicate is appropriate at all in identifying clauses\is{Clause!identifying} (see \citealt[440]{Anderson2004}): as both noun phrases are referential expressions, they are fundamentally different from predicates, which designate properties or events rather than referring to entities.
A: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
B: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
C: word: riro	 gloss: become
D: word: ‘he	 gloss: PRED
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A au ___ Omoaŋa.
Gloss (with missing item): PROP 1SG ___ Omoanga
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am Omoanga.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:9.14} above, the pronoun is not marked with the morpheme ___ when the other constituent is a proper noun. There are also a few cases in the corpus where a pronoun and a proper noun are both the morpheme ___{}-marked. Two examples are provided below:
A: word: vovo	 gloss: dear_girl
B: word: ko	 gloss: PROM
C: word: korikē	 gloss: Korike
D: word: koa	 gloss: happy
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A Tiki ___ poki o te ra\ꞌā \ꞌe he \ꞌatua rahi o rāua.
Gloss (with missing item): PROP Tiki ___ child of ART sun and PRED god great of 3PL
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Tiki was the son of the sun and their high God.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: To give an example, in tthe morpheme ___ context preceding \REF{ex:9.20} above, tthe morpheme ___re has been no mention of tthe morpheme ___ son of tthe morpheme ___ sun and tthe morpheme ___ high God, so tthe morpheme ___ the morpheme ___arer does not necessarily know that tthe morpheme ___re is such a person as tthe morpheme ___ child of tthe morpheme ___ sun, or that tthe morpheme ___ people in tthe morpheme ___ story had a high God at all. Tthe morpheme ___refore, this person is not accessible to tthe morpheme ___ the morpheme ___arer. By contrast, in \REF{ex:9.23}, ‘those witcthe morpheme ___s’ refers to witcthe morpheme ___s who have been mentioned earlier in tthe morpheme ___ story; tthe morpheme ___ identifying clause enables tthe morpheme ___ the morpheme ___arer to identify this known entity with tthe morpheme ___ subject ‘those people’. Similarly, in \REF{ex:9.24} tthe morpheme ___ speaker refers to a type of fishing line which the morpheme ___ assumes to be known by tthe morpheme ___ the morpheme ___arer (even though it has not been mentioned in tthe morpheme ___ text itself).
A: word: he	 gloss: PRED
B: word: nehenehe	 gloss: beautiful
C: word: rahi	 gloss: much
D: word: ¿he	 gloss: ~PRED
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A