cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 143:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \ꞌĀmui i a Meherio e kī atu era... mo hā\ꞌū\ꞌū ___ \ꞌina he hā\ꞌū\ꞌū rō mai.
Gloss (with missing item): moreover at PROP Meherio IPFV say away DIST for help ___ NEG NTR help EMPH hither
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Moreover, when (we) told Meherio to help (us), (she) didn’t help (us).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the subject is also left implicit, the directional\is{Directional} the morpheme ___ or atu may be the only clue for participant reference. In \REF{ex:7.131}, the subject is not expressed. Atu indicates that the request was directed from the speaker (‘we’) to Meherio, while the help requested went from Meherio to the speaker.\footnote{\label{fn:352}The start of the sentence is syntactically unusual. The syntax of \textit{{\ꞌ}āmui} (a borrowing from \ili{Tahitian}, where it is a verb ‘to get together, be united’) is very flexible in Rapa Nui. In this case, a \ili{Tahitian} construction seems to be used, in which i N VP (‘to/at me said’) may function as a temporal clause (‘when I said’); this construction is not attested otherwise in Rapa Nui.}
A: word: ¿mai	 gloss: ~from
B: word: mai	 gloss: hither
C: word: aŋa	 gloss: work
D: word: kohe;	 gloss: kohe
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 144:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He e\ꞌa ___ a au \ꞌi te hora nei.
Gloss (with missing item): NTR go_out ___ PROP 1SG at ART time now
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am going away now.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the examples so far, the morpheme ___ indicates either a movement from speaker to addressee, or a movement its gloss ___ from speaker and hearer in an unspecified direction as in \REF{ex:7.124}.\footnote{\label{fn:353}As mentioned above, according to \citet[34]{Clark1976}, *the morpheme ___ in \is{Proto-Polynesian}PPN means ‘its gloss ___ from the speaker’.} However, the morpheme ___ does not always imply a movement its gloss ___ from the speaker: it may indicate a movement from another place or participant towards the addressee. The following examples illustrate this.
A: word: muri	 gloss: near
B: word: atu	 gloss: away
C: word: tahuti	 gloss: run
D: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 145:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E tu\ꞌu haka\ꞌou ___ \ꞌā a Hoto Vari, e haka~poreko haka\ꞌou atu \ꞌā hai \ꞌarero...
Gloss (with missing item): IPFV arrive again ___ CONT PROP Hoto Vari IPFV stick_out again away CONT INS tongue
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When Hoto Vari comes again (to you), and sticks out his tongue (to you)...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An example like \REF{ex:7.133} is striking, because it is not at all clear how the location of origin can be considered the deictic centre: the place where Hoto Vari comes from, is not relevant at all in the story; it is not even mentioned. In other words, the use of the morpheme ___ seems to be motivated entirely by its destination (the second person), not by a deictic centre. This may thus be an exception to the rule (formulated e.g. by \citealt[285]{Hooper2002} for \ili{Tokelauan}) that the use of directionals\is{Directional} always implies the existence of a deictic centre.
A: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
B: word: taŋi	 gloss: cry
C: word: atu	 gloss: away
D: word: muri	 gloss: near
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 146:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E tu\ꞌu haka\ꞌou atu \ꞌā a Hoto Vari, e haka~poreko haka\ꞌou ___ \ꞌā hai \ꞌarero...
Gloss (with missing item): IPFV arrive again away CONT PROP Hoto Vari IPFV stick_out again ___ CONT INS tongue
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When Hoto Vari comes again (to you), and sticks out his tongue (to you)...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An example like \REF{ex:7.133} is striking, because it is not at all clear how the location of origin can be considered the deictic centre: the place where Hoto Vari comes from, is not relevant at all in the story; it is not even mentioned. In other words, the use of the morpheme ___ seems to be motivated entirely by its destination (the second person), not by a deictic centre. This may thus be an exception to the rule (formulated e.g. by \citealt[285]{Hooper2002} for \ili{Tokelauan}) that the use of directionals\is{Directional} always implies the existence of a deictic centre.
A: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
B: word: muri	 gloss: near
C: word: vero	 gloss: throw
D: word: atu	 gloss: away
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 147:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mo haŋa ō\ꞌou mo haŋa ___ o tētahi manu era, e haŋa ra\ꞌe e koe.
Gloss (with missing item): if want POSS.2SG.O for love ___ of other bird DIST EXH love first AG 2SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘If you want other birds to love (you), you should love (them) first.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These example also show that the sense of the morpheme ___ cannot be captured in a single definition: the morpheme ___ does not always express movement its gloss ___ from the speaker (see (\ref{ex:7.132}–\ref{ex:7.133})), but neither does it always express movement towards the addressee (see \REF{ex:7.124}). Either one is a sufficient criterion for using the morpheme ___; neither is a necessary criterion.
A: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
B: word: muri	 gloss: near
C: word: māramarama	 gloss: intelligent
D: word: atu	 gloss: away
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 148:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E tu\ꞌu haka\ꞌou ___ \ꞌā a Hoto Vari, e haka~poreko haka\ꞌou atu \ꞌā hai \ꞌarero...
Gloss (with missing item): IPFV arrive again ___ CONT PROP Hoto Vari IPFV stick_out again away CONT INS tongue
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When Hoto Vari comes again (to you), and sticks out his tongue (to you)...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These example also show that the sense of the morpheme ___ cannot be captured in a single definition: the morpheme ___ does not always express movement its gloss ___ from the speaker (see (\ref{ex:7.132}–\ref{ex:7.133})), but neither does it always express movement towards the addressee (see \REF{ex:7.124}). Either one is a sufficient criterion for using the morpheme ___; neither is a necessary criterion.
A: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
B: word: muri	 gloss: near
C: word: hau	 gloss: cord
D: word: atu	 gloss: away
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 149:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E tu\ꞌu haka\ꞌou atu \ꞌā a Hoto Vari, e haka~poreko haka\ꞌou ___ \ꞌā hai \ꞌarero...
Gloss (with missing item): IPFV arrive again away CONT PROP Hoto Vari IPFV stick_out again ___ CONT INS tongue
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When Hoto Vari comes again (to you), and sticks out his tongue (to you)...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These example also show that the sense of the morpheme ___ cannot be captured in a single definition: the morpheme ___ does not always express movement its gloss ___ from the speaker (see (\ref{ex:7.132}–\ref{ex:7.133})), but neither does it always express movement towards the addressee (see \REF{ex:7.124}). Either one is a sufficient criterion for using the morpheme ___; neither is a necessary criterion.
A: word: taŋi	 gloss: cry
B: word: atu	 gloss: away
C: word: muri	 gloss: near
D: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 150:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He e\ꞌa ___ a au \ꞌi te hora nei.
Gloss (with missing item): NTR go_out ___ PROP 1SG at ART time now
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I am going away now.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These example also show that the sense of the morpheme ___ cannot be captured in a single definition: the morpheme ___ does not always express movement its gloss ___ from the speaker (see (\ref{ex:7.132}–\ref{ex:7.133})), but neither does it always express movement towards the addressee (see \REF{ex:7.124}). Either one is a sufficient criterion for using the morpheme ___; neither is a necessary criterion.
A: word: atu	 gloss: away
B: word: noho	 gloss: stay
C: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
D: word: muri	 gloss: near
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 151:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I e\ꞌa haka\ꞌou ___ era tū ŋāŋata era mai te hare era o tū rū\ꞌau era...
Gloss (with missing item): PFV go_out again ___ DIST DEM men DIST from ART house DIST of DEM old_woman DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When those men came out again of the house of that old woman...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This apparent exception to the rule may have to do with a general tendency of the verb \textit{e{\ꞌ}a} ‘go out’ to be followed by the morpheme ___ rather than atu. As discussed in \sectref{sec:7.5.2} below, \textit{e{\ꞌ}a} commonly takes the morpheme ___ while it rarely takes atu; a similar tendency is discernible for other motion verbs\is{Verb!motion}. This means that the directional\is{Directional} after \textit{e{\ꞌ}a} tends to point to the destination, the place where the subject is going to, as the centre of attention. In this way it provides the reader/hearer with a subtle signal that this location is significant as the location where the next events are going to happen. Notice that in \REF{ex:7.136} above, \textit{e{\ꞌ}a the morpheme ___} occurs in a cohesive clause, which provides a bridge between the previous scene (in the house) and the next one (in the village). Mai contributes to paving the way for the change of location and the next scene.
A: word: nei	 gloss: PROX
B: word: kohe;	 gloss: kohe
C: word: mai	 gloss: hither
D: word: ¿mai	 gloss: ~from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 152:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I e\ꞌa haka\ꞌou ___ era tū ŋāŋata era mai te hare era o tū rū\ꞌau era...
Gloss (with missing item): PFV go_out again ___ DIST DEM men DIST from ART house DIST of DEM old_woman DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘When those men came out again of the house of that old woman...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now what if the movement concerns the protagonist himself, i.e. when Huri a Vai himself moves to a different location? \citet[142–143]{Levinsohn2007} points out that in such cases, languages tend to use one of two strategies: the deictic centre is either a fixed geographical location or it is the next location, i.e. the destination of the movement. As it turns out, in Rapa Nui narrative the second strategy is predominant: when the protagonist moves, the morpheme ___ is used to point to the location where the next events are going to happen.\footnote{\label{fn:355}In the preceding section, the same tendency was observed in the story Nuahine Rima Roa; see example \REF{ex:7.136} and discussion.} The following example illustrates this:
A: word: haka	 gloss: CAUS
B: word: ¿mai	 gloss: ~from
C: word: kohe;	 gloss: kohe
D: word: mai	 gloss: hither
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 153:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He raŋi ___ ia e \ꞌOho Takatore... Terā ia ka pāhono mai e Poio... I raŋi mai era e Poio pē ira...
Gloss (with missing item): NTR call ___ then AG Oho Takatore then then CNTG answer hither AG Poio PFV call hither DIST AG Poio like ANA
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Oho Takatore shouted... Then Poio answered... When Poio had called out like that...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The deictic centre may also be a minor participant, provided this participant is significant in the scene in question. See \REF{ex:7.140} in the next section for an example.
A: word: nōatu	 gloss: no_matter
B: word: muri	 gloss: near
C: word: nuinui	 gloss: big:RED
D: word: atu	 gloss: away
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 154:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He raŋi atu ia e \ꞌOho Takatore... Terā ia ka pāhono ___ e Poio... I raŋi mai era e Poio pē ira...
Gloss (with missing item): NTR call away then AG Oho Takatore then then CNTG answer ___ AG Poio PFV call hither DIST AG Poio like ANA
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Oho Takatore shouted... Then Poio answered... When Poio had called out like that...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The deictic centre may also be a minor participant, provided this participant is significant in the scene in question. See \REF{ex:7.140} in the next section for an example.
A: word: mai	 gloss: hither
B: word: ¿mai	 gloss: ~from
C: word: nei	 gloss: PROX
D: word: kohe;	 gloss: kohe
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 155:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): He raŋi atu ia e \ꞌOho Takatore... Terā ia ka pāhono mai e Poio... I raŋi ___ era e Poio pē ira...
Gloss (with missing item): NTR call away then AG Oho Takatore then then CNTG answer hither AG Poio PFV call ___ DIST AG Poio like ANA
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Oho Takatore shouted... Then Poio answered... When Poio had called out like that...’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The deictic centre may also be a minor participant, provided this participant is significant in the scene in question. See \REF{ex:7.140} in the next section for an example.
A: word: ¿mai	 gloss: ~from
B: word: haŋa	 gloss: want
C: word: kohe;	 gloss: kohe
D: word: mai	 gloss: hither
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 156:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ...tū pū era o Huri \ꞌa Vai e ___ mai era \ꞌi roto.
Gloss (with missing item): ~~~DEM hole DIST of Huri a Vai IPFV ___ hither DIST at inside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘...the hole where Huri a Vai was hiding.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is a clear difference between these two examples: in \REF{ex:7.143}, Huri a Vai is hiding from his enemies, he is lying low to avoid being detected. In \REF{ex:7.144}, Kainga is not just hiding away; he is lying in ambush, waiting for Vaha to come by. In other words, the hiding in \REF{ex:7.143} is self-directed, oriented inwards, while the hiding in \REF{ex:7.144} is outward-looking, with the attention away from the person hiding. It is no coincidence that in the first case mai is used, indicating orientation towards the subject as deictic centre, while in the second case atu is used, pointing away from the subject. In other texts as well, the morpheme ___ mai is commonly used when people its gloss ___ from others, while the morpheme ___ atu is used of people lying in ambush, spying on someone else (cf. \citealt[12]{Fuller1980}). While there is no movement involved, the directionals\is{Directional} indicate \textsc{orientation} with respect to the deictic centre.\footnote{\label{fn:357}\citet[1751]{Hooper2004} discusses a similar function of directionals\is{Directional} in \ili{Tokelauan}. She points out (with reference to \citealt{Jackendoff1983}) that a path (i.e. a directional\is{Directional} movement) may play various roles: an object may traverse a path, but it may also be oriented along a path, facing an entity (in this case, the deictic centre).}
A: word: piko	 gloss: hide
B: word: pipiko	 gloss: PL:hide
C: word: ŋaro	 gloss: disappear
D: word: māramarama	 gloss: intelligent
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 157:
You are a linguist specializing in Rapa Nui. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ...tū pū era o Huri \ꞌa Vai e piko ___ era \ꞌi roto.
Gloss (with missing item): ~~~DEM hole DIST of Huri a Vai IPFV hide ___ DIST at inside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘...the hole where Huri a Vai was hiding.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is a clear difference between these two examples: in \REF{ex:7.143}, Huri a Vai is hiding from his enemies, he is lying low to avoid being detected. In \REF{ex:7.144}, Kainga is not just hiding away; he is lying in ambush, waiting for Vaha to come by. In other words, the hiding in \REF{ex:7.143} is self-directed, oriented inwards, while the hiding in \REF{ex:7.144} is outward-looking, with the attention away from the person hiding. It is no coincidence that in the first case the morpheme ___ is used, indicating orientation towards the subject as deictic centre, while in the second case atu is used, pointing away from the subject. In other texts as well, piko the morpheme ___ is commonly used when people hide from others, while piko atu is used of people lying in ambush, spying on someone else (cf. \citealt[12]{Fuller1980}). While there is no movement involved, the directionals\is{Directional} indicate \textsc{orientation} with respect to the deictic centre.\footnote{\label{fn:357}\citet[1751]{Hooper2004} discusses a similar function of directionals\is{Directional} in \ili{Tokelauan}. She points out (with reference to \citealt{Jackendoff1983}) that a path (i.e. a directional\is{Directional} movement) may play various roles: an object may traverse a path, but it may also be oriented along a path, facing an entity (in this case, the deictic centre).}
A: word: koa	 gloss: happy
B: word: ¿mai	 gloss: ~from
C: word: mai	 gloss: hither
D: word: kohe;	 gloss: kohe
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C