cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ tɛ́l yú, dɛn nó lɛ́k pɔ́sin.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ tell 2SG.INDP 3PL NEG like person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I tell you, they don’t like people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ideophones ththe morpheme ___t involve reduplicthe morpheme ___tion fethe morpheme ___ture the morpheme ___ suprthe morpheme ___segmentthe morpheme ___l structure of the type ththe morpheme ___t we find with the ideophonic property item kthe morpheme ___tthe morpheme ___.kátá ‘be (hyper-)the morpheme ___ctive, hectic’ in \REF{ex:key:1661} below: Two phonetic L tones over the first two syllthe morpheme ___bles of the reduplicthe morpheme ___nt the morpheme ___re followed by the morpheme ___ succession of two phonetic H tones over the bthe morpheme ___se (with the lthe morpheme ___st H tone resulting from rthe morpheme ___ising of the lexicthe morpheme ___l L to H, which is phonologised the morpheme ___nd does not vthe morpheme ___ry). Another ideophone belonging to this group is the ideophonic noun pɔtɔ.pɔ́tɔ́:
A: word: ɔnkúl	 gloss: uncle
B: word: báy=an	 gloss: buy=3SG.OBJ
C: word: a	 gloss: 1SG.SBJ
D: word: grɔ́n	 gloss: ground
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A ___ yú, dɛn nó lɛ́k pɔ́sin.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ ___ 2SG.INDP 3PL NEG like person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I tell you, they don’t like people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ideophones that involve reduplication feature a suprasegmental structure of the type that we find with the ideophonic property item kata.kátá ‘be (hyper-)active, hectic’ in \REF{ex:key:1661} below: Two phonetic L tones over the first two syllables of the reduplicant are followed by a succession of two phonetic H tones over the base (with the last H tone resulting from raising of the lexical L to H, which is phonologised and does not vary). Another ideophone belonging to this group is the ideophonic noun pɔtɔ.pɔ́tɔ́:
A: word: sabí	 gloss: know
B: word: fwífwífwí	 gloss: IDEO
C: word: tɛ́l=an	 gloss: tell=3SG.OBJ
D: word: tɛ́l	 gloss: tell
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A tɛ́l ___ dɛn nó lɛ́k pɔ́sin.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ tell ___ 3PL NEG like person
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I tell you, they don’t like people.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ideophones that involve reduplication feature a suprasegmental structure of the type that we find with the ideophonic property item kata.kátá ‘be (hyper-)active, hectic’ in \REF{ex:key:1661} below: Two phonetic L tones over the first two syllables of the reduplicant are followed by a succession of two phonetic H tones over the base (with the last H tone resulting from raising of the lexical L to H, which is phonologised and does not vary). Another ideophone belonging to this group is the ideophonic noun pɔtɔ.pɔ́tɔ́:
A: word: nyú	 gloss: new
B: word: mío	 gloss: my
C: word: bɔ́ks	 gloss: box
D: word: yú	 gloss: 2SG.INDP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{I}n ___ kakara, kakara kakara.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.INDP ___ be.restless REP REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He [EMP] was all restless.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hence, the ithe morpheme ___ophonic property item kakara ‘be restless’ is employed as a dynamic verb in \REF{ex:key:1624}, precethe morpheme ___d by the imperfective marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{ipfv}’ and repeated for emphasis. The comma after the first kakara signals the presence of a short pause, which indicates the presence of (syntactic) repetition rather than (morpho-tonological) reduplication:
A: word: “gúd	 gloss: good
B: word: de	 gloss: IPFV
C: word: sastre	 gloss: tailor
D: word: cuaderno	 gloss: exercise.book
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{I}n de ___ kakara kakara.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.INDP IPFV ___ REP REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He [EMP] was all restless.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hence, the ideophonic property item the morpheme ___ ‘be restless’ is employed as a dynamic verb in \REF{ex:key:1624}, preceded by the imperfective marker de ‘\textsc{ipfv}’ and repeated for emphasis. The comma after the first the morpheme ___ signals the presence of a short pause, which indicates the presence of (syntactic) repetition rather than (morpho-tonological) reduplication:
A: word: mít=an	 gloss: meet=3SG.OBJ
B: word: waka-wáka	 gloss: RED.CPD-walk
C: word: wɔwɔ́	 gloss: REP
D: word: kakara	 gloss: be.restless
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{I}n de kakara, ___ kakara.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.INDP IPFV be.restless ___ REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He [EMP] was all restless.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hence, the ideophonic property item the morpheme ___ ‘be restless’ is employed as a dynamic verb in \REF{ex:key:1624}, preceded by the imperfective marker de ‘\textsc{ipfv}’ and repeated for emphasis. The comma after the first the morpheme ___ signals the presence of a short pause, which indicates the presence of (syntactic) repetition rather than (morpho-tonological) reduplication:
A: word: chico	 gloss: boy
B: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
C: word: waka-wáka	 gloss: RED.CPD-walk
D: word: kakara	 gloss: REP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{I}n ___ kakara, kakara kakara.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.INDP ___ be.restless REP REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He [EMP] was all restless.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ithe morpheme ___ophonic verbs are found in the syntactic positions available to other property items in Pichi. Hence, the ithe morpheme ___ophone kakara ‘be restless’ is employed as a dynamic verb in \REF{ex:key:1624}, and precethe morpheme ___d by the imperfective marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{ipfv}’. Note the repetition of the ithe morpheme ___ophone for emphasis\is{emphasis}:
A: word: fíba	 gloss: fever
B: word: cuaderno	 gloss: exercise.book
C: word: de	 gloss: IPFV
D: word: mɔ́nin’	 gloss: morning
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{I}n de ___ kakara kakara.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.INDP IPFV ___ REP REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He [EMP] was all restless.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ideophonic verbs are found in the syntactic positions available to other property items in Pichi. Hence, the ideophone the morpheme ___ ‘be restless’ is employed as a dynamic verb in \REF{ex:key:1624}, and preceded by the imperfective marker de ‘\textsc{ipfv}’. Note the repetition of the ideophone for emphasis\is{emphasis}:
A: word: waka-wáka	 gloss: RED.CPD-walk
B: word: nɔ́	 gloss: INTJ
C: word: kakara	 gloss: be.restless
D: word: spún	 gloss: spoon
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{I}n de kakara, ___ kakara.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.INDP IPFV be.restless ___ REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He [EMP] was all restless.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ideophonic verbs are found in the syntactic positions available to other property items in Pichi. Hence, the ideophone the morpheme ___ ‘be restless’ is employed as a dynamic verb in \REF{ex:key:1624}, and preceded by the imperfective marker de ‘\textsc{ipfv}’. Note the repetition of the ideophone for emphasis\is{emphasis}:
A: word: kakara	 gloss: REP
B: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
C: word: chico	 gloss: boy
D: word: waka-wáka	 gloss: RED.CPD-walk
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Di sáy ___ ɛ́n.
Gloss (with missing item): DEF side ___ SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The place is messy, you know.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most commonly used ideophonic (and generally quite frequent) verb is the morpheme ___ ‘be ugly, messy, in disorder’. This verb, too, is attested as a stative verb \REF{ex:key:1626}, and in a prenominal position as an attributive modifier \REF{ex:key:1627}. Some speakers also employ the morpheme ___ as an adjective, i.e. a complement to the locative-existential copula dé \textsc{‘be.loc’} \REF{ex:key:1628}. Another indication of the ideophonic nature of the morpheme ___ besides its segmental structure is that it is often pronounced with reduced speed and overarticulation, and is accompanied by a facial expression suggestive of disapproval:
A: word: wɔwɔ́	 gloss: be.ugly
B: word: kakara	 gloss: REP
C: word: plánt	 gloss: plant
D: word: wɔ-wɔwɔ́	 gloss: ?RED.CPD-ugly
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na Afrika e gɛ́t ___ wɔwɔ́ tín dɛn (...)
Gloss (with missing item): LOC PLACE 3SG.SBJ get ___ REP thing PL (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘In Africa there are really messy things [happening], (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most commonly used ideophonic (and generally quite frequent) verb is the morpheme ___ ‘be its gloss ___, messy, in disorder’. This verb, too, is attested as a stative verb \REF{ex:key:1626}, and in a prenominal position as an attributive modifier \REF{ex:key:1627}. Some speakers also employ the morpheme ___ as an adjective, i.e. a complement to the locative-existential copula dé \textsc{‘be.loc’} \REF{ex:key:1628}. Another indication of the ideophonic nature of the morpheme ___ besides its segmental structure is that it is often pronounced with reduced speed and overarticulation, and is accompanied by a facial expression suggestive of disapproval:
A: word: wɔwɔ́	 gloss: ugly
B: word: wɔ-wɔwɔ́	 gloss: ?RED.CPD-ugly
C: word: papá	 gloss: father
D: word: kenú	 gloss: canoe
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na Afrika e gɛ́t wɔwɔ́ ___ tín dɛn (...)
Gloss (with missing item): LOC PLACE 3SG.SBJ get ugly ___ thing PL (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘In Africa there are really messy things [happening], (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most commonly used ideophonic (and generally quite frequent) verb is the morpheme ___ ‘be ugly, messy, in disorder’. This verb, too, is attested as a stative verb \REF{ex:key:1626}, and in a prenominal position as an attributive modifier \REF{ex:key:1627}. Some speakers also employ the morpheme ___ as an adjective, i.e. a complement to the locative-existential copula dé \textsc{‘be.loc’} \REF{ex:key:1628}. Another indication of the ideophonic nature of the morpheme ___ besides its segmental structure is that it is often pronounced with reduced speed and overarticulation, and is accompanied by a facial expression suggestive of disapproval:
A: word: wɔwɔ́	 gloss: REP
B: word: “gúd	 gloss: good
C: word: wɔ-wɔwɔ́	 gloss: ?RED.CPD-ugly
D: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dís chɔ́p ___ wɔwɔ́.
Gloss (with missing item): this food ___ ugly
The English translation of this sentence is:‘This food is a mess.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most commonly used ideophonic (and generally quite frequent) verb is wɔwɔ́ ‘be ugly, messy, in disorder’. This verb, too, is attested as a stative verb \REF{ex:key:1626}, and in a prenominal position as an attributive modifier \REF{ex:key:1627}. Some speakers also employ wɔwɔ́ as an adjective, i.e. a complement to the locative-existential copula the morpheme ___ \textsc{‘be.loc’} \REF{ex:key:1628}. Another indication of the ideophonic nature of wɔwɔ́ besides its segmental structure is that it is often pronounced with reduced speed and overarticulation, and is accompanied by a facial expression suggestive of disapproval:
A: word: papa	 gloss: father
B: word: ser	 gloss: be
C: word: dé”	 gloss: BE.LOC
D: word: dé	 gloss: BE.LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na só a de wáyp=an, a de sopla ín ___
Gloss (with missing item): FOC like.that 1SG.SBJ IPFV wipe=3SG.OBJ 1SG.SBJ IPFV blow 3SG.INDP ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I was wiping him, I was fanning him just like that.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ideophonic adverbs usually modify verbs in the clause-final position. Sentence \REF{ex:key:1630} illustrates the depictive power of an ideophonic adverb like kwáráng when used to express the sensory experience connected to playing the African board game Oware. Example \REF{ex:key:1631} presents the ideophonic adverb fwí ‘sound of the wind blowing’, which modifies the preceding Spanish-derived verb sopla ‘(to) fan, (to) blow’:
A: word: fwífwífwí	 gloss: IDEO
B: word: gɔ́d	 gloss: God
C: word: mɔs	 gloss: OBL
D: word: swít	 gloss: be.tasty
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ dí mán gɛ́t líba, ɛ́n.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ this man get liver INTJ
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Hey, this man has guts, you know.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:key:1635}, the initial interjection the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{intj}’ (cf. \tabref{tab:key:12.4}) functions as an attention-getter and by doing so, indexes the following utterance. The sentence-final element the morpheme ___n functions as a channel checker, i.e. ‘have you heard what I’ve just said?’ and thereby solicits a preferably affirmative response. The example also shows that interjections are set off from the rest of the utterance by a prosodic break (indicated by the comma). This indicates that they function as co-text rather than forming an integral part of the clause:
A: word: bɛlɛ́	 gloss: belly
B: word: bɛ́g=an	 gloss: beg=3SG.OBJ
C: word: tɛ́l	 gloss: tell
D: word: ɛ́	 gloss: INTJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ gɔ́d go mék mék e chénch, mék e chénch fásin.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ God POT make SBJV 3SG.SBJ change SBJV 3SG.SBJ change manner
The English translation of this sentence is:‘God will make him change, change (his) habits.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pichi also features expressive “secondary interjections” (\citealt[176]{Bloomfield1935}; \citealt{Ameka1992a}) which function as members of other word class\is{word classes}es besides their use as deictic-pragmatic elements. One group of secondary interjections stems from religious terminology. The lexicalised collocation papá gɔ́d is a Pichi term for ‘God’ \REF{ex:key:1640}. As an interjection, papá gɔ́d is used to implore the help of God during prayer and inner speech \REF{ex:key:1641}, or to express self-pity and exasperation \REF{ex:key:1642}. Note that papá gɔ́d in \REF{ex:key:1641} is preceded by the conative interjection oó, which introduces an emphatic vocative\is{vocatives} (cf. \tabref{tab:key:12.4}):
A: word: wɔwɔ́	 gloss: REP
B: word: abuelo	 gloss: grandfather
C: word: papá	 gloss: father
D: word: papa	 gloss: father
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Papa ___ go mék mék e chénch, mék e chénch fásin.
Gloss (with missing item): father ___ POT make SBJV 3SG.SBJ change SBJV 3SG.SBJ change manner
The English translation of this sentence is:‘God will make him change, change (his) habits.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pichi also features expressive “secondary interjections” (\citealt[176]{Bloomfield1935}; \citealt{Ameka1992a}) which function as members of other word class\is{word classes}es besides their use as deictic-pragmatic elements. One group of secondary interjections stems from religious terminology. The lexicalised collocation papá the morpheme ___ is a Pichi term for ‘its gloss ___’ \REF{ex:key:1640}. As an interjection, papá the morpheme ___ is used to implore the help of its gloss ___ during prayer and inner speech \REF{ex:key:1641}, or to express self-pity and exasperation \REF{ex:key:1642}. Note that papá the morpheme ___ in \REF{ex:key:1641} is preceded by the conative interjection oó, which introduces an emphatic vocative\is{vocatives} (cf. \tabref{tab:key:12.4}):
A: word: gɔ́d	 gloss: God
B: word: “gɔ́d	 gloss: God
C: word: señor	 gloss: Lord
D: word: hía	 gloss: here
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A