cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 382:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí wet ___ wi mítɔp.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP with ___ 1PL meet
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Me and Djunais (we) met.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nevertheless, like other inherently reciprocal verbs, mít and mítɔp may take part in a reciprocal alternation (cf. also fɛ́t ‘fight’ in \ref{ex:key:1090}). The two participants may be expressed as coordinate subject{\fff}s in an intransitive clause while reciprocity is understood. Compare the transitive use of mít ‘meet’ in \REF{ex:key:1315}, with its intransitive use with two coordinate subjects in \REF{ex:key:1316}:
A: word: sté	 gloss: stay
B: word: una	 gloss: 2PL
C: word: wán	 gloss: one
D: word: djunais	 gloss: NAME
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 383:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yu fít ___ mí wán café?
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG can ___ 1SG.INDP one coffee
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Can you make me a coffee?’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Causative and permissive constructions are formed with the two verbs the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ and lɛ́f ‘leave, permit’. Examples (\ref{ex:key:1319}–\ref{ex:key:1320}) present their use in non-causative transitive clauses:
A: word: pént	 gloss: paint
B: word: mék	 gloss: make
C: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
D: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 384:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Lotería dɔ́n ___ mék mi mɔní bɔkú.
Gloss (with missing item): lottery PRF ___ SBJV 1SG.POSS money be.much
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The lottery has made my money become a lot.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two types of causative constructions can be distinguished on formal grounds (cf. \citealt{Yakpo2012a}, \citealt{Yakpo2017a}). The most common type of causative construction in Pichi inolves a “balanced” structure \citep{Cristofaro2003}. The causative event is expressed in two finite clauses and the causative verb and the verb-of-effect are linked in a relation of subordination\is{subordination}. Sentence \REF{ex:key:1321} below features the (inanimate) causer NP lotería ‘lottery’, the causative main verb the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, the causee NP mi mɔní ‘my money’, and the subordinate verb-of-effect bɔkú ‘be much’. The subordinate status of the effect situation is evident through its appearance in a subjunctive clause introduced by the modal complementiser and subjunctive marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{sbjv}’:
A: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
B: word: mék	 gloss: make
C: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
D: word: pén	 gloss: pain
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 385:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Lotería dɔ́n mék ___ mi mɔní bɔkú.
Gloss (with missing item): lottery PRF make ___ 1SG.POSS money be.much
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The lottery has made my money become a lot.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two types of causative constructions can be distinguished on formal grounds (cf. \citealt{Yakpo2012a}, \citealt{Yakpo2017a}). The most common type of causative construction in Pichi inolves a “balanced” structure \citep{Cristofaro2003}. The causative event is expressed in two finite clauses and the causative verb and the verb-of-effect are linked in a relation of subordination\is{subordination}. Sentence \REF{ex:key:1321} below features the (inanimate) causer NP lotería ‘lottery’, the causative main verb the morpheme ___ ‘make’, the causee NP mi mɔní ‘my money’, and the subordinate verb-of-effect bɔkú ‘be much’. The subordinate status of the effect situation is evident through its appearance in a subjunctive clause introduced by the modal complementiser and subjunctive marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{sbjv}’:
A: word: mék	 gloss: SBJV
B: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
C: word: smɛ́l	 gloss: smell
D: word: los	 gloss: DEF.PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 386:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A go ___ gó tumɔ́ro.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ POT ___ go tomorrow
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I’ll make him go tomorrow.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second type of causative construction involves a “deranked” \citep{Cristofaro2003} or “reduced” \citep{Lehmann1988} structure and argument sharing. The causee (here =an \textsc{‘3sg.obj’}) is the syntactic object of the causative main verb mék and at once the notional subject of the subordinate verb-of-effect gó as in \REF{ex:key:1322}. This construction is marginal in terms of frequency, and only attested with Group 1 speakers (cf. \sectref{sec:1.3}). I could not identify any semantic differences between the two types of caustive constructions:
A: word: ték=an	 gloss: take=3SG.OBJ
B: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
C: word: pút=an	 gloss: put=3SG.OBJ
D: word: dɛn	 gloss: 3PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 387:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A go mék=an ___ tumɔ́ro.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ POT make=3SG.OBJ ___ tomorrow
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I’ll make him go tomorrow.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second type of causative construction involves a “deranked” \citep{Cristofaro2003} or “reduced” \citep{Lehmann1988} structure and argument sharing. The causee (here =an \textsc{‘3sg.obj’}) is the syntactic object of the causative main verb mék and at once the notional subject of the subordinate verb-of-effect the morpheme ___ as in \REF{ex:key:1322}. This construction is marginal in terms of frequency, and only attested with Group 1 speakers (cf. \sectref{sec:1.3}). I could not identify any semantic differences between the two types of caustive constructions:
A: word: sɛ́f	 gloss: self
B: word: gó	 gloss: go
C: word: baja	 gloss: go.down
D: word: gó”	 gloss: go
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 388:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A níd fɔ drink sɔn tín wé de mék ___ a bɛ́lch
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ need PREP drink some thing SUB IPFV make ___ 1SG.SBJ belch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I need to drink something that will make me belch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be causativised. Example \REF{ex:key:1323} features a causative construction with the intransitive verb of effect bɛ́lch ‘belch’ and \REF{ex:key:1324} one with the transitive verb wích ‘bewitch’. Like all complement clauses, the subjunctive clause in these constructions can optionally be introduced by the quotative marker sé ‘\textsc{quot}’ in addition to the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{sbjv}’ \REF{ex:key:1324}:
A: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
B: word: jɔ́s	 gloss: just
C: word: mék	 gloss: SBJV
D: word: wích	 gloss: sorcerer
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 389:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A níd fɔ drink sɔn tín wé de mék mék a ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ need PREP drink some thing SUB IPFV make SBJV 1SG.SBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I need to drink something that will make me belch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be causativised. Example \REF{ex:key:1323} features a causative construction with the intransitive verb of effect the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ and \REF{ex:key:1324} one with the transitive verb wích ‘bewitch’. Like all complement clauses, the subjunctive clause in these constructions can optionally be introduced by the quotative marker sé ‘\textsc{quot}’ in addition to mék ‘\textsc{sbjv}’ \REF{ex:key:1324}:
A: word: bɛ́lps	 gloss: babe
B: word: ralla	 gloss: grate
C: word: bɛ́lch	 gloss: belch
D: word: hád	 gloss: be.hard
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 390:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na ín mék ___ mék dɛn wích=an.
Gloss (with missing item): FOC 3SG.INDP make ___ SBJV 3PL bewitch=3SG.OBJ
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That’s why he was bewitched.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be causativised. Example \REF{ex:key:1323} features a causative construction with the intransitive verb of effect bɛ́lch ‘belch’ and \REF{ex:key:1324} one with the transitive verb wích ‘bewitch’. Like all complement clauses, the subjunctive clause in these constructions can optionally be introduced by the quotative marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{quot}’ in addition to mék ‘\textsc{sbjv}’ \REF{ex:key:1324}:
A: word: falta	 gloss: lack
B: word: kán	 gloss: PFV
C: word: sé	 gloss: QUOT
D: word: sén	 gloss: EMP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 391:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na ín mék sé ___ dɛn wích=an.
Gloss (with missing item): FOC 3SG.INDP make QUOT ___ 3PL bewitch=3SG.OBJ
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That’s why he was bewitched.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be causativised. Example \REF{ex:key:1323} features a causative construction with the intransitive verb of effect bɛ́lch ‘belch’ and \REF{ex:key:1324} one with the transitive verb wích ‘bewitch’. Like all complement clauses, the subjunctive clause in these constructions can optionally be introduced by the quotative marker sé ‘\textsc{quot}’ in addition to the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{sbjv}’ \REF{ex:key:1324}:
A: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
B: word: mán	 gloss: man
C: word: mék	 gloss: SBJV
D: word: kapú	 gloss: fight.over
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 392:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na ín mék ___ mék dɛn wích=an.
Gloss (with missing item): FOC 3SG.INDP make ___ SBJV 3PL bewitch=3SG.OBJ
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That’s why he was bewitched.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be causativised. Example \REF{ex:key:1323} features a causative construction with the intransitive verb of effect bɛ́lch ‘belch’ and \REF{ex:key:1324} one with the transitive verb wích ‘bewitch’. Like all complement clauses, the subjunctive clause in these constructions can optionally be introduced by the quotative marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{quot}’ in addition to mék ‘\textsc{sbjv}’ \REF{ex:key:1324}:
A: word: bɔ́s	 gloss: burst
B: word: kɔmɔ́t	 gloss: go.away
C: word: sén	 gloss: EMP
D: word: sé	 gloss: QUOT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 393:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Na ín mék sé ___ dɛn wích=an.
Gloss (with missing item): FOC 3SG.INDP make QUOT ___ 3PL bewitch=3SG.OBJ
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That’s why he was bewitched.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be causativised. Example \REF{ex:key:1323} features a causative construction with the intransitive verb of effect bɛ́lch ‘belch’ and \REF{ex:key:1324} one with the transitive verb wích ‘bewitch’. Like all complement clauses, the subjunctive clause in these constructions can optionally be introduced by the quotative marker sé ‘\textsc{quot}’ in addition to the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{sbjv}’ \REF{ex:key:1324}:
A: word: kɔ́na	 gloss: next.to
B: word: mán	 gloss: man
C: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
D: word: mék	 gloss: SBJV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 394:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A ___ a mék mék e drɔ́ngo.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ ___ 1SG.SBJ make SBJV 3SG.SBJ be.drunk
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I got him drunk, I made him drunk.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:key:1325} illustrates the two options for rendering causative meaning with labile verbs\is{labile verbs}. Before the comma, the verb drɔ́ngo ‘be/get drunk’ is used as a transitive and causative verb followed by the patient\is{patient} object pronoun =an ‘\textsc{3sg.obj}’. In the second half of the sentence, causative meaning is expressed periphrastically through the mék causative construction. When the second option is used, the speaker may want to express that causation is less direct. Meanwhile, the use of the transitive variant of a labile verb implies a direct, possibly even physical implication of the causer:
A: word: dríng=an	 gloss: drink=3SG.OBJ
B: word: drɔ́ngor=an	 gloss: get.drunk=3SG.OBJ
C: word: drɔ́ngo	 gloss: be.dead.drunk
D: word: smɛ́l	 gloss: smell
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 395:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A drɔ́ngor=an, a ___ mék e drɔ́ngo.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ get.drunk=3SG.OBJ 1SG.SBJ ___ SBJV 3SG.SBJ be.drunk
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I got him drunk, I made him drunk.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sentence \REF{ex:key:1325} illustrates the two options for rendering causative meaning with labile verbs\is{labile verbs}. Before the comma, the verb drɔ́ngo ‘be/get drunk’ is used as a transitive and causative verb followed by the patient\is{patient} object pronoun =an ‘\textsc{3sg.obj}’. In the second half of the sentence, causative meaning is expressed periphrastically through the the morpheme ___ causative construction. When the second option is used, the speaker may want to express that causation is less direct. Meanwhile, the use of the transitive variant of a labile verb implies a direct, possibly even physical implication of the causer:
A: word: fúlɔp	 gloss: fill.up
B: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
C: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
D: word: mék	 gloss: make
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 396:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pút di watá pero ___ mék mék e fɔdɔ́n nado.
Gloss (with missing item): put DEF water but ___ make SBJV 3SG.SBJ fall outside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Put the water (inside) but don’t make it fall outside (the vessel).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are no restrictions on negation\is{negation} in causative constructions. The causative verb in the main clause \REF{ex:key:1327} as well as the verb of effect in the subordinate clause \REF{ex:key:1328} may be negated:
A: word: nó	 gloss: NEG
B: word: nɛ́a	 gloss: NEG.PRF
C: word: bɔ́n	 gloss: give.birth
D: word: nóto	 gloss: NEG.FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 397:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pút di watá pero nó ___ mék e fɔdɔ́n nado.
Gloss (with missing item): put DEF water but NEG ___ SBJV 3SG.SBJ fall outside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Put the water (inside) but don’t make it fall outside (the vessel).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are no restrictions on negation\is{negation} in causative constructions. The causative verb in the main clause \REF{ex:key:1327} as well as the verb of effect in the subordinate clause \REF{ex:key:1328} may be negated:
A: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
B: word: mék	 gloss: make
C: word: híb	 gloss: throw
D: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 398:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pút di watá pero nó mék mék e ___ nado.
Gloss (with missing item): put DEF water but NEG make SBJV 3SG.SBJ ___ outside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Put the water (inside) but don’t make it fall outside (the vessel).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are no restrictions on negation\is{negation} in causative constructions. The causative verb in the main clause \REF{ex:key:1327} as well as the verb of effect in the subordinate clause \REF{ex:key:1328} may be negated:
A: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
B: word: wach-mán	 gloss: watch.CPD-man
C: word: fɔdɔ́n	 gloss: fall
D: word: bajando	 gloss: descending
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 399:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Fít sifta ín sóté tú tɛ́n ___ mék dán smɔ́l smɔ́l watá dɛn nó lɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): can sieve 3SG.INDP until two time ___ SBJV that small small water PL NEG remain
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(You) can sift it up to two times to make none of that little water remain.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are no restrictions on negation\is{negation} in causative constructions. The causative verb in the main clause \REF{ex:key:1327} as well as the verb of effect in the subordinate clause \REF{ex:key:1328} may be negated:
A: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
B: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
C: word: mék	 gloss: make
D: word: pút	 gloss: put
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C