cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Di chía blák, di ___ e blák.
Gloss (with missing item): DEF chair be.black DEF ___ 3SG.SBJ be.black
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The chair is black, the chair (it) is black.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pichi has a subject-verb word order\is{word order} in intransitive clauses (cf. \ref{ex:key:515} below), and a subject-verb-object order in transitive clauses \REF{ex:key:513}:
A: word: hía	 gloss: here
B: word: butaca	 gloss: elbow.chair
C: word: dís	 gloss: this
D: word: chía	 gloss: chair
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Di chía blák, di chía, ___ blák.
Gloss (with missing item): DEF chair be.black DEF chair ___ be.black
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The chair is black, the chair (it) is black.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pichi has a subjthe morpheme ___ct-vthe morpheme ___rb word ordthe morpheme ___r\is{word ordthe morpheme ___r} in intransitivthe morpheme ___ clausthe morpheme ___s (cf. \rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___x:kthe morpheme ___y:515} bthe morpheme ___low), and a subjthe morpheme ___ct-vthe morpheme ___rb-objthe morpheme ___ct ordthe morpheme ___r in transitivthe morpheme ___ clausthe morpheme ___s \REF{the morpheme ___x:kthe morpheme ___y:513}:
A: word: sigue	 gloss: follow
B: word: pero	 gloss: but
C: word: e	 gloss: 3SG.SBJ
D: word: dos	 gloss: two
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Di chía blák, di ___ e blák.
Gloss (with missing item): DEF chair be.black DEF ___ 3SG.SBJ be.black
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The chair is black, the chair (it) is black.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Full nouns occur on their own as subjects. But a coreferential dependent pronoun may additionally occur in the clause which picks up the definite subject. Such structures may be seen to involve topicalisation by dislocation (cf. \sectref{sec:7.5.1}). Example \REF{ex:key:515} features both alternatives:
A: word: sɔntɛ́n	 gloss: perhaps
B: word: chía	 gloss: chair
C: word: butaca	 gloss: elbow.chair
D: word: hía	 gloss: here
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Di chía blák, di chía, ___ blák.
Gloss (with missing item): DEF chair be.black DEF chair ___ be.black
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The chair is black, the chair (it) is black.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Full nouns occur on ththe morpheme ___ir own as subjthe morpheme ___cts. But a corthe morpheme ___fthe morpheme ___rthe morpheme ___ntial dthe morpheme ___pthe morpheme ___ndthe morpheme ___nt pronoun may additionally occur in ththe morpheme ___ clausthe morpheme ___ which picks up ththe morpheme ___ dthe morpheme ___finitthe morpheme ___ subjthe morpheme ___ct. Such structurthe morpheme ___s may bthe morpheme ___ sthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___n to involvthe morpheme ___ topicalisation by dislocation (cf. \sthe morpheme ___ctrthe morpheme ___f{sthe morpheme ___c:7.5.1}). Examplthe morpheme ___ \REF{the morpheme ___x:kthe morpheme ___y:515} fthe morpheme ___aturthe morpheme ___s both altthe morpheme ___rnativthe morpheme ___s:
A: word: e	 gloss: 3SG.SBJ
B: word: húman	 gloss: woman
C: word: sigue	 gloss: follow
D: word: paludismo	 gloss: malaria
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mán, a dɔ́n sí=an sɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ man 1SG.SBJ PRF see=3SG.OBJ EMP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man, I have even seen him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronoun resumption is also found with objects{\fff}. The following two examples illustrate the use of pronominal copying with fronted and topical object NPs. In \REF{ex:key:516}, the full NP the morpheme ___ mán ‘its gloss ___ man’ and in \REF{ex:key:517} the emphatic \textsc{3pl} pronoun dɛ́n are set off from the rest of the clause by an intonation break and resumed by object pronouns:
A: word: dís	 gloss: this
B: word: “mɔ́nt”	 gloss: month
C: word: dán	 gloss: that
D: word: dáns	 gloss: dance
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dán ___ a dɔ́n sí=an sɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): that ___ 1SG.SBJ PRF see=3SG.OBJ EMP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man, I have even seen him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronoun resumption is also found with objects{\fff}. The following two examples illustrate the use of pronominal copying with fronted and topical object NPs. In \REF{ex:key:516}, the full NP dán the morpheme ___ ‘that its gloss ___’ and in \REF{ex:key:517} the emphatic \textsc{3pl} pronoun dɛ́n are set off from the rest of the clause by an intonation break and resumed by object pronouns:
A: word: papá	 gloss: father
B: word: pikín	 gloss: child
C: word: mán	 gloss: man
D: word: kɔntri-mán	 gloss: country.CPD-man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dán mán, a dɔ́n ___ sɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): that man 1SG.SBJ PRF ___ EMP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man, I have even seen him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronoun resumption is also found with objects{\fff}. The following two examples illustrate the use of pronominal copying with fronted and topical object NPs. In \REF{ex:key:516}, the full NP dán mán ‘that man’ and in \REF{ex:key:517} the emphatic \textsc{3pl} pronoun dɛ́n are set off from the rest of the clause by an intonation break and resumed by object pronouns:
A: word: gí=an	 gloss: give=3SG.OBJ
B: word: tɔ́k	 gloss: talk
C: word: sí=an	 gloss: see=3SG.OBJ
D: word: lúk=an	 gloss: look=3SG.OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ a nó de pút dɛ́n ínsay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1SG.SBJ NEG IPFV put 3PL.INDP inside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, I don’t put them inside.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronoun resumption is also found with objects{\fff}. The following two examples illustrate the use of pronominal copying with fronted and topical object NPs. In \REF{ex:key:516}, the full NP dán mán ‘that man’ and in \REF{ex:key:517} the emphatic \textsc{3pl} pronoun the morpheme ___ are set off from the rest of the clause by an intonation break and resumed by object pronouns:
A: word: dɛ́n	 gloss: 3PL.INDP
B: word: bád	 gloss: bad
C: word: dɛn-tú	 gloss: 3PL.INDP.CPD-two
D: word: tɛ́n	 gloss: time
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛ́n, a nó de pút ___ ínsay.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL.INDP 1SG.SBJ NEG IPFV put ___ inside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, I don’t put them inside.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronoun resumption is also found with objects{\fff}. The following two examples illustrate the use of pronominal copying with fronted and topical object NPs. In \REF{ex:key:516}, the full NP dán mán ‘that man’ and in \REF{ex:key:517} the emphatic \textsc{3pl} pronoun the morpheme ___ are set off from the rest of the clause by an intonation break and resumed by object pronouns:
A: word: dɛ́n	 gloss: 3PL.INDP
B: word: tɛ́n	 gloss: time
C: word: chía	 gloss: chair
D: word: dɛn-tú	 gloss: 3PL.INDP.CPD-two
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ dɛn bin de, dɛn bin dɔ́n sabí (...)
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL PST IPFV 3PL PST PRF know (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, they were, they had already found out (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An indication that subject pronoun copying may also involve a topic-comment structure comes from examples such as \REF{ex:key:518}. This sentence features the independent, emphatic personal pronoun the morpheme ___ at the beginning of the clause, followed by a coreferential dependent pronoun:
A: word: wɔ́l	 gloss: world
B: word: dɛ́n	 gloss: 3PL.INDP
C: word: dɛn-tú	 gloss: 3PL.INDP.CPD-two
D: word: tɛ́n	 gloss: time
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛ́n, ___ bin de, dɛn bin dɔ́n sabí (...)
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL.INDP ___ PST IPFV 3PL PST PRF know (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, they were, they had already found out (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An indication that subject pronoun copying may also involve a topic-comment structure comes from examples such as \REF{ex:key:518}. This sentence features the independent, emphatic personal pronoun dɛ́n at the beginning of the clause, followed by a coreferential dependent pronoun:
A: word: una	 gloss: 2PL
B: word: dɛn-ɔ́l	 gloss: 3PL.CPD-all
C: word: ús=pɔ́sin	 gloss: Q=person
D: word: dɛn	 gloss: 3PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ dɛn bin de, dɛn bin dɔ́n sabí (...)
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL PST IPFV 3PL PST PRF know (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, they were, they had already found out (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Constructions like \REF{ex:key:518}, in which a personal pronoun is fronted for focus or emphasis\is{emphasis} and immediately followed by a resumptive dependent personal pronoun, are, however, rare. Instead, emphatic personal pronouns appear more often on their own. This pattern suggests that subject pronoun copying is pragmatically less marked than object pronoun copying as encountered in \REF{ex:key:516} and \REF{ex:key:517}. This observation fits with the high frequency of resumptive pronoun\is{resumptive pronouns} usage in the relativised position of subject relative clause\is{relative clauses}s as compared to the lower frequency in object relative clauses (cf. \sectref{sec:10.6.2}):
A: word: dɛ́n	 gloss: 3PL.INDP
B: word: tɛ́n	 gloss: time
C: word: dɛn-tú	 gloss: 3PL.INDP.CPD-two
D: word: pás	 gloss: pass
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛ́n, ___ bin de, dɛn bin dɔ́n sabí (...)
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL.INDP ___ PST IPFV 3PL PST PRF know (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, they were, they had already found out (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Constructions like \REF{ex:key:518}, in which a personal pronoun is fronted for focus or emphasis\is{emphasis} and immediately followed by a resumptive dependent personal pronoun, are, however, rare. Instead, emphatic personal pronouns appear more often on their own. This pattern suggests that subject pronoun copying is pragmatically less marked than object pronoun copying as encountered in \REF{ex:key:516} and \REF{ex:key:517}. This observation fits with the high frequency of resumptive pronoun\is{resumptive pronouns} usage in the relativised position of subject relative clause\is{relative clauses}s as compared to the lower frequency in object relative clauses (cf. \sectref{sec:10.6.2}):
A: word: dɛn	 gloss: 3PL
B: word: brók	 gloss: break
C: word: dɛn-ɔ́l	 gloss: 3PL.CPD-all
D: word: una	 gloss: 2PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mán, a dɔ́n sí=an sɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ man 1SG.SBJ PRF see=3SG.OBJ EMP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man, I have even seen him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Constructions like \REF{ex:key:518}, in which a personal pronoun is fronted for focus or emphasis\is{emphasis} and immediately followed by a resumptive dependent personal pronoun, are, however, rare. Instead, emphatic personal pronouns appear more often on their own. This pattern suggests its gloss ___ subject pronoun copying is pragmatically less marked than object pronoun copying as encountered in \REF{ex:key:516} and \REF{ex:key:517}. This observation fits with the high frequency of resumptive pronoun\is{resumptive pronouns} usage in the relativised position of subject relative clause\is{relative clauses}s as compared to the lower frequency in object relative clauses (cf. \sectref{sec:10.6.2}):
A: word: dís	 gloss: this
B: word: mɔ́	 gloss: more
C: word: dáns	 gloss: dance
D: word: dán	 gloss: that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dán ___ a dɔ́n sí=an sɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): that ___ 1SG.SBJ PRF see=3SG.OBJ EMP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man, I have even seen him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Constructions like \REF{ex:key:518}, in which a personal pronoun is fronted for focus or emphasis\is{emphasis} and immediately followed by a resumptive dependent personal pronoun, are, however, rare. Instead, emphatic personal pronouns appear more often on their own. This pattern suggests that subject pronoun copying is pragmatically less marked than object pronoun copying as encountered in \REF{ex:key:516} and \REF{ex:key:517}. This observation fits with the high frequency of resumptive pronoun\is{resumptive pronouns} usage in the relativised position of subject relative clause\is{relative clauses}s as compared to the lower frequency in object relative clauses (cf. \sectref{sec:10.6.2}):
A: word: papá	 gloss: father
B: word: mán	 gloss: man
C: word: kán	 gloss: PFV
D: word: kɔntri-mán	 gloss: country.CPD-man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dán mán, a dɔ́n ___ sɛ́f.
Gloss (with missing item): that man 1SG.SBJ PRF ___ EMP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘That man, I have even seen him.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Constructions like \REF{ex:key:518}, in which a personal pronoun is fronted for focus or emphasis\is{emphasis} and immediately followed by a resumptive dependent personal pronoun, are, however, rare. Instead, emphatic personal pronouns appear more often on their own. This pattern suggests that subject pronoun copying is pragmatically less marked than object pronoun copying as encountered in \REF{ex:key:516} and \REF{ex:key:517}. This observation fits with the high frequency of resumptive pronoun\is{resumptive pronouns} usage in the relativised position of subject relative clause\is{relative clauses}s as compared to the lower frequency in object relative clauses (cf. \sectref{sec:10.6.2}):
A: word: gí=an	 gloss: give=3SG.OBJ
B: word: lúk=an	 gloss: look=3SG.OBJ
C: word: sí=an	 gloss: see=3SG.OBJ
D: word: nɔ́ba	 gloss: NEG.PRF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ a nó de pút dɛ́n ínsay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1SG.SBJ NEG IPFV put 3PL.INDP inside
The English translation of this sentence is:‘As for them, I don’t put them inside.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Constructions like \REF{ex:key:518}, in which a personal pronoun is fronted for focus or emphasis\is{emphasis} and immediately followed by a resumptive dependent personal pronoun, are, however, rare. Instead, emphatic personal pronouns appear more often on their own. This pattern suggests that subject pronoun copying is pragmatically less marked than object pronoun copying as encountered in \REF{ex:key:516} and \REF{ex:key:517}. This observation fits with the high frequency of resumptive pronoun\is{resumptive pronouns} usage in the relativised position of subject relative clause\is{relative clauses}s as compared to the lower frequency in object relative clauses (cf. \sectref{sec:10.6.2}):
A: word: tɛ́n	 gloss: time
B: word: “nóto	 gloss: NEG.FOC
C: word: dɛ́n	 gloss: 3PL.INDP
D: word: dɛn-tú	 gloss: 3PL.INDP.CPD-two
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C