cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 409:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn bin ___ sabí sé e go kán.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL PST ___ know QUOT 3SG.SBJ POT come
The English translation of this sentence is:‘They must have known that she would come.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Inferred certainty, the firmest degree of assertion, can be expressed by way of inferral from obligation with the morpheme ___ ‘have to’ as in \REF{ex:key:453}. The potential mood{\fff} marker go is also employed in this function, in particular in combination with dɔ́n ‘\textsc{prf}’ (cf. \ref{ex:key:446} above)):{\fff}
A: word: calcula	 gloss: calculate
B: word: han	 gloss: have
C: word: gɛ́l	 gloss: girl
D: word: gɛ́fɔ	 gloss: have.to
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 410:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E go ___ drɔ́ngo, e go dɔ́n slíp.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ POT ___ be.dead.drunk 3SG.SBJ POT PRF sleep
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He should be dead drunk, he should already be sleeping.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Inferred certainty, the firmest degree of assertion, can be expressed by way of inferral from obligation with gɛ́fɔ ‘have to’ as in \REF{ex:key:453}. The potential mood{\fff} marker go is also employed in this function, in particular in combination with the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{prf}’ (cf. \ref{ex:key:446} above)):{\fff}
A: word: sidɔ́n	 gloss: sit
B: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
C: word: nɛ́a	 gloss: NEG.PRF
D: word: fínis	 gloss: finish
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 411:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E go dɔ́n drɔ́ngo, e ___ dɔ́n slíp.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ POT PRF be.dead.drunk 3SG.SBJ ___ PRF sleep
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He should be dead drunk, he should already be sleeping.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Inferred certainty, the firmest degree of assertion, can be expressed by way of inferral from obligation with gɛ́fɔ ‘have to’ as in \REF{ex:key:453}. The potential mood{\fff} marker the morpheme ___ is also employed in this function, in particular in combination with dɔ́n ‘\textsc{prf}’ (cf. \ref{ex:key:446} above)):{\fff}
A: word: golpe	 gloss: blow
B: word: wáyt	 gloss: white
C: word: go	 gloss: POT
D: word: pantáp	 gloss: top
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 412:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E go dɔ́n drɔ́ngo, e go ___ slíp.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ POT PRF be.dead.drunk 3SG.SBJ POT ___ sleep
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He should be dead drunk, he should already be sleeping.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Inferred certainty, the firmest degree of assertion, can be expressed by way of inferral from obligation with gɛ́fɔ ‘have to’ as in \REF{ex:key:453}. The potential mood{\fff} marker go is also employed in this function, in particular in combination with the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{prf}’ (cf. \ref{ex:key:446} above)):{\fff}
A: word: kin	 gloss: HAB
B: word: nɛ́a	 gloss: NEG.PRF
C: word: sidɔ́n	 gloss: sit
D: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 413:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mi ___ dé dé a bin mék dásɔl, dís, a de mék fínga dɛn, manicura.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP ___ BE.LOC there 1SG.SBJ PST make only this 1SG.SBJ IPFV make finger PL manicure
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(When) I was there, I only used to do, I used to do fingers, manicure.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The beginning of narratives anchored in the past very often features the past marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’ in the “orientation” section (cf. \citealt[358]{Labov1972}) characterised by aspect marking of the imperfective domain (hence imperfective and/or habitual\is{habitual aspect} aspect). In this, the past marker is true to its role as a device for backgrounding situations and contributing a sense of temporal remoteness. For similar observations on cognate forms of the morpheme ___, see \citet[398]{Winford2000} for \ili{Sranan} and \citet[63]{Pollard1989} Jamaican Creole. The marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’ fulfills this dual function in the orientation section (\ref{ex:key:456b}–e) of the excerpt of a personal narrative below. The backgrounding function of the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’ correlates with its default aspectual interpretation.
A: word: íbin	 gloss: evening
B: word: camiseta	 gloss: singlet
C: word: bin	 gloss: PST
D: word: mín	 gloss: mean
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 414:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mi bin dé dé a ___ mék dásɔl, dís, a de mék fínga dɛn, manicura.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC there 1SG.SBJ ___ make only this 1SG.SBJ IPFV make finger PL manicure
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(When) I was there, I only used to do, I used to do fingers, manicure.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The beginning of narratives anchored in the past very often features the past marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’ in the “orientation” section (cf. \citealt[358]{Labov1972}) characterised by aspect marking of the imperfective domain (hence imperfective and/or habitual\is{habitual aspect} aspect). In this, the past marker is true to its role as a device for backgrounding situations and contributing a sense of temporal remoteness. For similar observations on cognate forms of the morpheme ___, see \citet[398]{Winford2000} for \ili{Sranan} and \citet[63]{Pollard1989} Jamaican Creole. The marker the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’ fulfills this dual function in the orientation section (\ref{ex:key:456b}–e) of the excerpt of a personal narrative below. The backgrounding function of the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’ correlates with its default aspectual interpretation.
A: word: wɛ́n	 gloss: SUB
B: word: camiseta	 gloss: singlet
C: word: bin	 gloss: PST
D: word: íbin	 gloss: evening
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 415:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mi bin dé dé a bin mék dásɔl, dís, a ___ mék fínga dɛn, manicura.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC there 1SG.SBJ PST make only this 1SG.SBJ ___ make finger PL manicure
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(When) I was there, I only used to do, I used to do fingers, manicure.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The beginning of narratives anchored in the past very often features the past marker bin ‘\textsc{pst}’ in the “orientation” section (cf. \citealt[358]{Labov1972}) characterised by aspect marking of the imperfective domain (hence imperfective and/or habitual\is{habitual aspect} aspect). In this, the past marker is true to its role as a the morpheme ___vice for backgrounding situations and contributing a sense of temporal remoteness. For similar observations on cognate forms of bin, see \citet[398]{Winford2000} for \ili{Sranan} and \citet[63]{Pollard1989} Jamaican Creole. The marker bin ‘\textsc{pst}’ fulfills this dual function in the orientation section (\ref{ex:key:456b}–e) of the excerpt of a personal narrative below. The backgrounding function of bin ‘\textsc{pst}’ correlates with its the morpheme ___fault aspectual interpretation.
A: word: de	 gloss: IPFV
B: word: cuaderno	 gloss: exercise.book
C: word: mék	 gloss: make
D: word: mɛ́mba	 gloss: think.of
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 416:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí ___ dé na bích wé a bin sidɔ́n wet mi papá, mi bin dé na bích mɔ́nin tɛ́n a gó latrin a gó kaká (...)
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP ___ BE.LOC LOC beach SUB 1SG.SBJ PST sit.down with 1SG.POSS father 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC LOC beach morning time 1SG.SBJ go latrine 1SG.SBJ go defecate (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I [EMP] was at the beach while I was sitting with my father, I [EMP] was at the beach in the morning, I went to the latrine, I went to shit (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In contrast, backgrounded and out-of-sequence stative and inchoative-stative verbs, whether bare or marked with the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’, receive a stative reading. Sentence \REF{ex:key:458} below is an orientation section. The stative copula dé \textsc{‘be.loc’} has a stative reading in the sentence. The same holds true for the inchoative-stative verb sidɔ́n ‘sit (down)’. It co-occurs with the past marker \is{past tense}the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’, which once more not only signals the presence of backgrounded information. The imperfective, unbounded reading of the morpheme ___ also resolves the potential ambiguity between an inchoative and a stative interpretation of sidɔ́n in favour of the latter:
A: word: íbin	 gloss: evening
B: word: bin	 gloss: PST
C: word: camiseta	 gloss: singlet
D: word: sɔntɛ́n	 gloss: perhaps
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 417:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí bin ___ na bích wé a bin sidɔ́n wet mi papá, mi bin dé na bích mɔ́nin tɛ́n a gó latrin a gó kaká (...)
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP PST ___ LOC beach SUB 1SG.SBJ PST sit.down with 1SG.POSS father 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC LOC beach morning time 1SG.SBJ go latrine 1SG.SBJ go defecate (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I [EMP] was at the beach while I was sitting with my father, I [EMP] was at the beach in the morning, I went to the latrine, I went to shit (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In contrast, backgrounded and out-of-sequence stative and inchoative-stative verbs, whether bare or marked with bin ‘\textsc{pst}’, receive a stative reading. Sentence \REF{ex:key:458} below is an orientation section. The stative copula the morpheme ___ \textsc{‘be.loc’} has a stative reading in the sentence. The same holds true for the inchoative-stative verb sidɔ́n ‘sit (down)’. It co-occurs with the past marker \is{past tense}bin ‘\textsc{pst}’, which once more not only signals the presence of backgrounded information. The imperfective, unbounded reading of bin also resolves the potential ambiguity between an inchoative and a stative interpretation of sidɔ́n in favour of the latter:
A: word: ser	 gloss: be
B: word: dé	 gloss: BE.LOC
C: word: dé”	 gloss: BE.LOC
D: word: stíl	 gloss: still
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 418:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí bin dé na bích wé a ___ sidɔ́n wet mi papá, mi bin dé na bích mɔ́nin tɛ́n a gó latrin a gó kaká (...)
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC LOC beach SUB 1SG.SBJ ___ sit.down with 1SG.POSS father 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC LOC beach morning time 1SG.SBJ go latrine 1SG.SBJ go defecate (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I [EMP] was at the beach while I was sitting with my father, I [EMP] was at the beach in the morning, I went to the latrine, I went to shit (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In contrast, backgrounded and out-of-sequence stative and inchoative-stative verbs, whether bare or marked with the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’, receive a stative reading. Sentence \REF{ex:key:458} below is an orientation section. The stative copula dé \textsc{‘be.loc’} has a stative reading in the sentence. The same holds true for the inchoative-stative verb sidɔ́n ‘sit (down)’. It co-occurs with the past marker \is{past tense}the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pst}’, which once more not only signals the presence of backgrounded information. The imperfective, unbounded reading of the morpheme ___ also resolves the potential ambiguity between an inchoative and a stative interpretation of sidɔ́n in favour of the latter:
A: word: mébi	 gloss: maybe
B: word: íbin	 gloss: evening
C: word: camiseta	 gloss: singlet
D: word: bin	 gloss: PST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 419:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí bin dé na bích wé a bin ___ wet mi papá, mi bin dé na bích mɔ́nin tɛ́n a gó latrin a gó kaká (...)
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC LOC beach SUB 1SG.SBJ PST ___ with 1SG.POSS father 1SG.INDP PST BE.LOC LOC beach morning time 1SG.SBJ go latrine 1SG.SBJ go defecate (...)
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I [EMP] was at the beach while I was sitting with my father, I [EMP] was at the beach in the morning, I went to the latrine, I went to shit (...)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In contrast, backgrounded and out-of-sequence stative and inchoative-stative verbs, whether bare or marked with bin ‘\textsc{pst}’, receive a stative reading. Sentence \REF{ex:key:458} below is an orientation section. The stative copula dé \textsc{‘be.loc’} has a stative reading in the sentence. The same holds true for the inchoative-stative verb the morpheme ___ ‘sit (down)’. It co-occurs with the past marker \is{past tense}bin ‘\textsc{pst}’, which once more not only signals the presence of backgrounded information. The imperfective, unbounded reading of bin also resolves the potential ambiguity between an inchoative and a stative interpretation of the morpheme ___ in favour of the latter:
A: word: hɛ́lp	 gloss: help
B: word: fáyn	 gloss: fine
C: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
D: word: sidɔ́n	 gloss: sit.down
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 420:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A ___ recupera smɔ́l.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ ___ recover small
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Then) I recovered a bit.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The following extract illustrates the importance that the morpheme ___ ‘\textsc{pfv}’ has for organising the events of a paragraph with respect to narrative saliency. The verbs in (\ref{ex:key:460a}–d) are marked for perfective aspect due to the novel information they contain. Meanwhile, \REF{ex:key:460}\ (e) reiterates information already contained in \REF{ex:key:460}\ (c) and (d), therefore dispenses with perfective marking and is characterised by the presence of stative, narratively downshifted verbs:
A: word: llegue	 gloss: arrive:SBJV
B: word: fíba	 gloss: fever
C: word: kán	 gloss: PFV
D: word: “kán	 gloss: come
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 421:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A kán ___ smɔ́l.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ PFV ___ small
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Then) I recovered a bit.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The following extract illustrates the importance that kán ‘\textsc{pfv}’ has for organising the events of a paragraph with respect to narrative saliency. The verbs in (\ref{ex:key:460a}–d) are marked for perfective aspect due to the novel information they contain. Meanwhile, \REF{ex:key:460}\ (e) reiterates information already contained in \REF{ex:key:460}\ (c) and (d), therefore dispenses with perfective marking and is characterised by the presence of stative, narratively downshifted verbs:
A: word: lɔ́s	 gloss: lose
B: word: mítɔp	 gloss: meet
C: word: opera	 gloss: operate
D: word: recupera	 gloss: recover
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 422:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E de ánsa mí, a ___ mɔní, dɛn sɛ́n mí sɔn portamonedas bɔt e kán lɔs.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ IPFV answer 1SG.INDP 1SG.SBJ ___ money 3PL send 1SG.INDP some wallet but 3SG.SBJ PFV lose
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He used to reply to me, I sent money (and) I was sent a wallet but it got lost.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The use of kán ‘\textsc{pfv}’ in \REF{ex:key:461} points to the role of the perfective marker in additionally highlighting narratively salient, [+high] foreground information. At the same time, less salient [-high] foreground occurs in the unmarked form of the verb (i.e. the two occurrences of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ in \ref{ex:key:461b}), which incidentally coincides with a backgrounding passive{\fff} construction, another downshifting device (i.e. dɛn the morpheme ___ mí (...) ‘I was sent (...)’). The introduction of information considered more relevant, and with it the resumption of the main line, then once more features the perfective marker kán ‘\textsc{pfv}’ with the verb lɔs ‘\textsc{lose}’:
A: word: chench-chénch	 gloss: RED.CPD-change
B: word: sɛ́ns	 gloss: brain
C: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
D: word: sɛ́n	 gloss: send
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 423:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E de ánsa mí, a sɛ́n mɔní, dɛn ___ mí sɔn portamonedas bɔt e kán lɔs.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ IPFV answer 1SG.INDP 1SG.SBJ send money 3PL ___ 1SG.INDP some wallet but 3SG.SBJ PFV lose
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He used to reply to me, I sent money (and) I was sent a wallet but it got lost.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The use of kán ‘\textsc{pfv}’ in \REF{ex:key:461} points to the role of the perfective marker in additionally highlighting narratively salient, [+high] foreground information. At the same time, less salient [-high] foreground occurs in the unmarked form of the verb (i.e. the two occurrences of the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ in \ref{ex:key:461b}), which incidentally coincides with a backgrounding passive{\fff} construction, another downshifting device (i.e. dɛn the morpheme ___ mí (...) ‘I was sent (...)’). The introduction of information considered more relevant, and with it the resumption of the main line, then once more features the perfective marker kán ‘\textsc{pfv}’ with the verb lɔs ‘\textsc{lose}’:
A: word: sɛ́n	 gloss: send
B: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
C: word: pás	 gloss: pass
D: word: sɛ́ns	 gloss: brain
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A