cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nó bɔ́dí ___ dé na pueblo.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG body ___ BE.LOC LOC village
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Nobody is in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Human propensities are divided between inchoative-stative (e.g. gudhát ‘be good-hearted’, wíkɛd ‘be wicked’, badhát ‘be mean’, klɛ́va ‘be clever’) and dynamic verbs (e.g. gládin ‘be glad’, jɛ́lɔs ‘be envious’) according to whether they denote intrinsic or transient properties. Resultatives{\fff} are exclusively expressed through the stative readings of labile change-of-state verbs (e.g. brók ‘break, be broken’, chɛ́r ‘tear, be torn’, lɔ́s ‘lose, be lost’ and wɛ́r ‘be dressed’). Semantic types like position or location are expressed through other means, such as copula clauses featuring the locative-existential copula dé (cf. e.g. \ref{ex:key:793}–\ref{ex:key:794}) in combination with adverbials, or through locative verbs like {\fff}lé ‘lie’ and tínap ‘stand (up)’ (cf. \sectref{sec:8.1.3}).
A: word: nɛ́a	 gloss: NEG.PRF
B: word: sté	 gloss: stay
C: word: nóto	 gloss: NEG.FOC
D: word: nó	 gloss: NEG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nó bɔ́dí nó ___ na pueblo.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG body NEG ___ LOC village
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Nobody is in the village.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Human propensities are divided between inchoative-stative (e.g. gudhát ‘be good-hearted’, wíkɛd ‘be wicked’, badhát ‘be mean’, klɛ́va ‘be clever’) and dynamic verbs (e.g. gládin ‘be glad’, jɛ́lɔs ‘be envious’) according to whether they denote intrinsic or transient properties. Resultatives{\fff} are exclusively expressed through the stative readings of labile change-of-state verbs (e.g. brók ‘break, be broken’, chɛ́r ‘tear, be torn’, lɔ́s ‘lose, be lost’ and wɛ́r ‘be dressed’). Semantic types like position or location are expressed through other means, such as copula clauses featuring the locative-existential copula the morpheme ___ (cf. e.g. \ref{ex:key:793}–\ref{ex:key:794}) in combination with adverbials, or through locative verbs like {\fff}lé ‘lie’ and tínap ‘stand (up)’ (cf. \sectref{sec:8.1.3}).
A: word: ser	 gloss: be
B: word: kin	 gloss: HAB
C: word: dé”	 gloss: BE.LOC
D: word: dé	 gloss: BE.LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sé “ús=tín ___ dé ínsay dé?”
Gloss (with missing item): QUOT Q=thing ___ BE.LOC inside there
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(They) said “what is usually in there?”‘
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Human propensities are divided between inchoative-stative (e.g. gudhát ‘be good-hearted’, wíkɛd ‘be wicked’, badhát ‘be mean’, klɛ́va ‘be clever’) and dynamic verbs (e.g. gládin ‘be glad’, jɛ́lɔs ‘be envious’) according to whether they denote intrinsic or transient properties. Resultatives{\fff} are exclusively expressed through the stative readings of labile change-of-state verbs (e.g. brók ‘break, be broken’, chɛ́r ‘tear, be torn’, lɔ́s ‘lose, be lost’ and wɛ́r ‘be dressed’). Semantic types like position or location are expressed through other means, such as copula clauses featuring the locative-existential copula dé (cf. e.g. \ref{ex:key:793}–\ref{ex:key:794}) in combination with adverbials, or through locative verbs like {\fff}lé ‘lie’ and tínap ‘stand (up)’ (cf. \sectref{sec:8.1.3}).
A: word: skin	 gloss: body
B: word: dé”	 gloss: BE.LOC
C: word: lɔ́n	 gloss: long
D: word: kin	 gloss: HAB
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sé “ús=tín kin ___ ínsay dé?”
Gloss (with missing item): QUOT Q=thing HAB ___ inside there
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(They) said “what is usually in there?”‘
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Human propensities are divided between inchoative-stative (e.g. gudhát ‘be good-hearted’, wíkɛd ‘be wicked’, badhát ‘be mean’, klɛ́va ‘be clever’) and dynamic verbs (e.g. gládin ‘be glad’, jɛ́lɔs ‘be envious’) according to whether they denote intrinsic or transient properties. Resultatives{\fff} are exclusively expressed through the stative readings of labile change-of-state verbs (e.g. brók ‘break, be broken’, chɛ́r ‘tear, be torn’, lɔ́s ‘lose, be lost’ and wɛ́r ‘be dressed’). Semantic types like position or location are expressed through other means, such as copula clauses featuring the locative-existential copula the morpheme ___ (cf. e.g. \ref{ex:key:793}–\ref{ex:key:794}) in combination with adverbials, or through locative verbs like {\fff}lé ‘lie’ and tínap ‘stand (up)’ (cf. \sectref{sec:8.1.3}).
A: word: ser	 gloss: be
B: word: dé	 gloss: BE.LOC
C: word: dé”	 gloss: BE.LOC
D: word: quinientos	 gloss: five.hundred
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kán tót bɛlɛ́, bigín de ___ náw, hala-hála.
Gloss (with missing item): PFV carry belly begin IPFV ___ now RED.CPD-shout
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Then she) became pregnant, (and) began lamenting and lamenting.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Compounding through tone deletion also characterises the reduplication of dynamic verbs in order to derive verbal number \REF{ex:key:100}. This kind of derivation is fully productive for all dynamic verbs. Equally, it can be observed with a small number of lexicalised reduplications involving other word classes (cf. \sectref{sec:4.5.3}):
A: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
B: word: mɔ́ch	 gloss: much
C: word: hála	 gloss: shout
D: word: hala-hála	 gloss: RED.CPD-shout
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E bin dɔ́n pás lɔ́n tɛ́n, nóto ___ lɔ́n tɛ́n.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ IPFV PRF pass long time NEG.FOC ___ REP time
The English translation of this sentence is:‘It happened long ago, not very long ago.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{cardinal numerals}The meanings of these expressions are semantically distinct from the meanings of their components in varying degrees. The degree of semantic opaqueness of each collocation is reflected in the orthographic choice of writing them as single or separate words. A good indicator of the degree of semantic unity of the collocations in \REF{ex:key:103} is their behaviour during repetition\is{repetition} for emphasis (cf. \ref{ex:key:152} further below). Even in the lexicalised expressions (e.g. bádtɛn ‘unfortunately) each morpheme nevertheless retains its original pitch, as shown by tone marking. This renders complex words with a sequence of two H tones (the second H undergoes downstep).
A: word: años	 gloss: years
B: word: lɔ́n	 gloss: long
C: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
D: word: hála	 gloss: shout
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E bin dɔ́n pás lɔ́n tɛ́n, nóto lɔ́n ___ tɛ́n.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ IPFV PRF pass long time NEG.FOC long ___ time
The English translation of this sentence is:‘It happened long ago, not very long ago.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{cardinal numerals}The meanings of these expressions are semantically distinct from the meanings of their components in varying degrees. The degree of semantic opaqueness of each collocation is reflected in the orthographic choice of writing them as single or separate words. A good indicator of the degree of semantic unity of the collocations in \REF{ex:key:103} is their behaviour during repetition\is{repetition} for emphasis (cf. \ref{ex:key:152} further below). Even in the lexicalised expressions (e.g. bádtɛn ‘unfortunately) each morpheme nevertheless retains its original pitch, as shown by tone marking. This renders complex words with a sequence of two H tones (the second H undergoes downstep).
A: word: lɔ́n	 gloss: REP
B: word: hala-hála	 gloss: RED.CPD-shout
C: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
D: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E sé frɔn ___ hála dí pikín nó slíp mɔ́.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ QUOT from ___ shout this child NEG sleep again
The English translation of this sentence is:‘She said from that shout(ing) onwards this child didn’t sleep anymore.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:key:104}, the dynamic verb hála ‘shout’ is used as a dynamic noun or “action nominal”, (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). In \REF{ex:key:105}, the inchoative-stative verb gúd ‘be good’ is employed as a stative noun or “state nominal” (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). The use of nominalised verbs as cognate objects \is{cognate objects}is common for emphasis (cf. \sectref{sec:9.3.3}). Cognate objects\is{objects} behave no differently from other nominalised verbs:
A: word: dán	 gloss: that
B: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
C: word: dís	 gloss: this
D: word: dáns	 gloss: dance
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E sé frɔn dán ___ dí pikín nó slíp mɔ́.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ QUOT from that ___ this child NEG sleep again
The English translation of this sentence is:‘She said from that shout(ing) onwards this child didn’t sleep anymore.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:key:104}, the dynamic verb the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ is used as a dynamic noun or “action nominal”, (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). In \REF{ex:key:105}, the inchoative-stative verb gúd ‘be good’ is employed as a stative noun or “state nominal” (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). The use of nominalised verbs as cognate objects \is{cognate objects}is common for emphasis (cf. \sectref{sec:9.3.3}). Cognate objects\is{objects} behave no differently from other nominalised verbs:
A: word: hala-hála	 gloss: RED.CPD-shout
B: word: gúd	 gloss: good
C: word: hála	 gloss: shout
D: word: síng	 gloss: síng
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{A}fta ínsay ___ gúd wé a trata yú na dé mi mán go chɛ́k sé mi rabia dɔ́n fínis.
Gloss (with missing item): then inside ___ good SUB 1SG.SBJ treat 2SG.INDP FOC there 1SG.POSS man POT think QUOT 1SG.POSS anger PRF finish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Then through that goodness that I treated you with, that’s where my husband would think that my anger has finished.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:key:104}, the dynamic verb hála ‘shout’ is used as a dynamic noun or “action nominal”, (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). In \REF{ex:key:105}, the inchoative-stative verb gúd ‘be good’ is employed as a stative noun or “state nominal” (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). The use of nominalised verbs as cognate objects \is{cognate objects}is common for emphasis (cf. \sectref{sec:9.3.3}). Cognate objects\is{objects} behave no differently from other nominalised verbs:
A: word: gúd	 gloss: good
B: word: dís	 gloss: this
C: word: dáns	 gloss: dance
D: word: dán	 gloss: that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \'{A}fta ínsay dán ___ wé a trata yú na dé mi mán go chɛ́k sé mi rabia dɔ́n fínis.
Gloss (with missing item): then inside that ___ SUB 1SG.SBJ treat 2SG.INDP FOC there 1SG.POSS man POT think QUOT 1SG.POSS anger PRF finish
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Then through that goodness that I treated you with, that’s where my husband would think that my anger has finished.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:key:104}, the dynamic verb hála ‘shout’ is used as a dynamic noun or “action nominal”, (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). In \REF{ex:key:105}, the inchoative-stative verb the morpheme ___ ‘be its gloss ___’ is employed as a stative noun or “state nominal” (\citealt{ComrieThompson1985}). The use of nominalised verbs as cognate objects \is{cognate objects}is common for emphasis (cf. \sectref{sec:9.3.3}). Cognate objects\is{objects} behave no differently from other nominalised verbs:
A: word: “gúd	 gloss: good
B: word: bɛ́ta	 gloss: very.good
C: word: gúd	 gloss: good
D: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A fía sé dɛn go ___ mi pikín fɔ mí.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ fear QUOT 3PL POT ___ 1SG.POSS child PREP 1SG.INDP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I feared that they could impregnate me my child.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In contrast, very few nouns are attested in the syntactic position of verbs. The noun the morpheme ___ ‘belly’ \REF{ex:key:107} may be used as a verb with the meaning ‘its gloss ___’ \REF{ex:key:108}. Other noun-verb pairs in the corpus that may be employed in a similar way are kaká ‘defecate, faeces’, pipí ‘urinate, urine’, rút ‘root, uproot’, latrín ‘toilet, go to toilet’. These rare cases are not listed in \tabref{tab:key:4.3} because they are lexicalised, and there is hence no productive noun-verb conversion.
A: word: limón	 gloss: lemon
B: word: mék	 gloss: make
C: word: lɛ́k	 gloss: like
D: word: bɛlɛ́	 gloss: impregnate
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dí gɛ́l pikín ___ ó.
Gloss (with missing item): this girl child ___ SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘This girl is really too lean.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A verb may appear as the head of a compound featuring the multifunctional word óva ‘over, be excessive, too much’ as the first component. The resulting compound verb expresses an excessive degree of the situation denoted by the verb. It is therefore normally formed with verbs denoting properties, such as dráy ‘be dry, lean’ \REF{ex:key:127}, or verbs whose meaning contains an implicit gradation, such as dríng ‘drink (alcohol)’ \REF{ex:key:128}.
A: word: hála	 gloss: shout
B: word: hɔt-wɔtá	 gloss: hot.CPD-water
C: word: dráy	 gloss: dry
D: word: ova-dráy	 gloss: over.CPD-be.dry
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A dɔ́n ___ mɔ́ch sté na Panyá.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ PRF ___ much stay LOC Spain
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I have stayed in Spain for too long.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Many speakers do not accept degree compounds formed with verbs that are not property items. The alternative to the ungrammatical example \REF{ex:key:129} is provided in \REF{ex:key:130}:
A: word: nɔmba-tú	 gloss: number.CPD-two
B: word: tú	 gloss: too
C: word: hála	 gloss: shout
D: word: gasta	 gloss: spend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A dɔ́n tú ___ sté na Panyá.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ PRF too ___ stay LOC Spain
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I have stayed in Spain for too long.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Many speakers do not accept degree compounds formed with verbs that are not property items. The alternative to the ungrammatical example \REF{ex:key:129} is provided in \REF{ex:key:130}:
A: word: caro	 gloss: expensive
B: word: mɔ́ch	 gloss: much
C: word: rɔn-rɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-run
D: word: jɔ́ch	 gloss: judge
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A dɔ́n tú mɔ́ch ___ na Panyá.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ PRF too much ___ LOC Spain
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I have stayed in Spain for too long.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Many speakers do not accept degree compounds formed with verbs that are not property items. The alternative to the ungrammatical example \REF{ex:key:129} is provided in \REF{ex:key:130}:
A: word: dán	 gloss: that
B: word: lɛ́f	 gloss: remain
C: word: sóté	 gloss: until
D: word: sté	 gloss: stay
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yɛ́stadé wi kán gó ___ mɔ́.
Gloss (with missing item): yesterday 1PL PFV go ___ more
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Yesterday we went walking around again.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Reduplication modifies the meaning of the verb root. The reduplicated verb may therefore appear in any syntactic position that a non-reduplicated verb may be found in. In \REF{ex:key:135}, a reduplicated wáka ‘walk’ appears as a V2 in an SVC. Sentence \REF{ex:key:136} features a reduplicated rɔ́n ‘run’ as a nominalised verb preceded by the demonstrative dí ‘this’:
A: word: waka-wáka	 gloss: RED.CPD-walk
B: word: náw	 gloss: now
C: word: tɔn-tɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-turn
D: word: wáka	 gloss: walk
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A