cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pero dí ___ nó de gí nó nátín dé.
Gloss (with missing item): but this ___ NEG IPFV give NEG nothing there
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But this running about aimlessly does not lead anywhere there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Reduplication modifies the meaning of the verb root. The reduplicated verb may therefore appear in any syntactic position that a non-reduplicated verb may be found in. In \REF{ex:key:135}, a reduplicated wáka ‘walk’ appears as a V2 in an SVC. Sentence \REF{ex:key:136} features a reduplicated rɔ́n ‘run’ as a nominalised verb preceded by the demonstrative dí ‘this’:
A: word: kin	 gloss: HAB
B: word: trɔ́n	 gloss: be.strong
C: word: rɔn-rɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-run
D: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn kin de ___ dɛn sɛ́f kɔ́tlas ó.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL HAB IPFV ___ 3PL self cutlass SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Mind you) they have the habit of chopping each other up with cutlasses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Further, iterative reduplication is also attested with the potential mood marker go ‘\textsc{pot’}, as in the following example, and the habitual marker kin (cf. \ref{ex:key:142}):
A: word: rɔn-rɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-run
B: word: chapea	 gloss: weed
C: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
D: word: mék	 gloss: make
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn kin de chap-cháp dɛn sɛ́f ___ ó.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL HAB IPFV RED.CPD-chop 3PL self ___ SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Mind you) they have the habit of chopping each other up with cutlasses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Further, iterative reduplication is also attested with the potential mood marker go ‘\textsc{pot’}, as in the following example, and the habitual marker kin (cf. \ref{ex:key:142}):
A: word: kɔ́tlas	 gloss: cutlass
B: word: “kɔ́t”	 gloss: cut
C: word: kɔ́t	 gloss: cut
D: word: dán	 gloss: that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí wet Rubi wi ___ jwɛn-jwɛ́n, wi báy pía, wi báy sadín, wi báy tomates, wi desayuna.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP with NAME 1PL ___ RED.CPD-join 1PL buy avocado 1PL buy sardine 1PL buy tomatoes 1PL breakfast
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Me and Rubi, we joined up, we bought avocados, we bought sardines, we bought tomatoes, we had breakfast.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Further, the interaction of verbal and nominal plurality often characterises the use of iterative aspect. The presence of plural referents generally induces a sense of iterative-distributive action of the situation denoted by the verb. For example, the light verb construction in \REF{ex:key:140} features the reduplicated nominalised verb jwɛ́n ‘join’. The presence of the plural subject mí wet Rubi ‘me and Rubi’, which is picked up by the resumptive pronoun{\fff} wi ‘\textsc{1pl}’, induces a cumulative meaning of the reduplicated and deverbal noun jwɛ́n ‘join’:
A: word: mék=an	 gloss: make=3SG.OBJ
B: word: smɔ́l	 gloss: small
C: word: mék	 gloss: make
D: word: jám	 gloss: make.contact
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mí wet Rubi wi mék ___ wi báy pía, wi báy sadín, wi báy tomates, wi desayuna.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.INDP with NAME 1PL make ___ 1PL buy avocado 1PL buy sardine 1PL buy tomatoes 1PL breakfast
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Me and Rubi, we joined up, we bought avocados, we bought sardines, we bought tomatoes, we had breakfast.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Further, the interaction of verbal and nominal plurality often characterises the use of iterative aspect. The presence of plural referents generally induces a sense of iterative-distributive action of the situation denoted by the verb. For example, the light verb construction in \REF{ex:key:140} features the reduplicated nominalised verb jwɛ́n ‘join’. The presence of the plural subject mí wet Rubi ‘me and Rubi’, which is picked up by the resumptive pronoun{\fff} wi ‘\textsc{1pl}’, induces a cumulative meaning of the reduplicated and deverbal noun jwɛ́n ‘join’:
A: word: jwɛn-jwɛ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-join
B: word: quince	 gloss: fifteen
C: word: jwɛ́n	 gloss: join
D: word: ova-dráy	 gloss: over.CPD-be.dry
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn kin de ___ dɛn sɛ́f kɔ́tlas ó.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL HAB IPFV ___ 3PL self cutlass SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Mind you) they have the habit of chopping each other up with cutlasses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The iterative-distributive sense of the reduplicated verb is particularly evident in a reciprocal{\fff} construction like \REF{ex:key:142}. We have seen that a single form, the pronominal sɛ́f ‘self, \textsc{emp}’ is employed as both the reflexive{\fff} and reciprocal anaphor. Hence there is room for ambiguity between the reflexive and reciprocal senses when a clause features a plural subject. One disambiguating feature amongst others is the presence of a reduplicated verb. There is no formal feature contained in \REF{ex:key:142} that would categorically force a reciprocal interpretation on the clause. But the use of reduplication, the presence of plural referents, and the meaning of the verb cháp ‘chop’ and its instrument{\fff} object kɔ́tlas ‘cutlass’ collude to induce a reciprocal rather than a reflexive meaning of the clause:
A: word: gúd	 gloss: good
B: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
C: word: chapea	 gloss: weed
D: word: rɔn-rɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-run
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn kin de chap-cháp dɛn sɛ́f ___ ó.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL HAB IPFV RED.CPD-chop 3PL self ___ SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Mind you) they have the habit of chopping each other up with cutlasses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The iterative-distributive sense of the reduplicated verb is particularly evident in a reciprocal{\fff} construction like \REF{ex:key:142}. We have seen that a single form, the pronominal sɛ́f ‘self, \textsc{emp}’ is employed as both the reflexive{\fff} and reciprocal anaphor. Hence there is room for ambiguity between the reflexive and reciprocal senses when a clause features a plural subject. One disambiguating feature amongst others is the presence of a reduplicated verb. There is no formal feature contained in \REF{ex:key:142} that would categorically force a reciprocal interpretation on the clause. But the use of reduplication, the presence of plural referents, and the meaning of the verb cháp ‘chop’ and its instrument{\fff} object the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ collude to induce a reciprocal rather than a reflexive meaning of the clause:
A: word: “kɔ́t”	 gloss: cut
B: word: kɔ́t	 gloss: cut
C: word: wɔ-wɔwɔ́	 gloss: ?RED.CPD-ugly
D: word: kɔ́tlas	 gloss: cutlass
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn kin de ___ dɛn sɛ́f kɔ́tlas ó.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL HAB IPFV ___ 3PL self cutlass SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Mind you) they have the habit of chopping each other up with cutlasses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The iterative-distributive sense of the reduplicated verb is particularly evident in a reciprocal{\fff} construction like \REF{ex:key:142}. We have seen that a single form, the pronominal sɛ́f ‘self, \textsc{emp}’ is employed as both the reflexive{\fff} and reciprocal anaphor. Hence there is room for ambiguity between the reflexive and reciprocal senses when a clause features a plural subject. One disambiguating feature amongst others is the presence of a reduplicated verb. There is no formal feature contained in \REF{ex:key:142} that would categorically force a reciprocal interpretation on the clause. But the use of reduplication, the presence of plural referents, and the meaning of the verb cháp ‘chop’ and its instrument{\fff} object kɔ́tlas ‘cutlass’ collude to induce a reciprocal rather than a reflexive meaning of the clause:
A: word: rɔn-rɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-run
B: word: bíg	 gloss: big
C: word: chapea	 gloss: weed
D: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dɛn kin de chap-cháp dɛn sɛ́f ___ ó.
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL HAB IPFV RED.CPD-chop 3PL self ___ SP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(Mind you) they have the habit of chopping each other up with cutlasses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The iterative-distributive sense of the reduplicated verb is particularly evident in a reciprocal{\fff} construction like \REF{ex:key:142}. We have seen that a single form, the pronominal sɛ́f ‘self, \textsc{emp}’ is employed as both the reflexive{\fff} and reciprocal anaphor. Hence there is room for ambiguity between the reflexive and reciprocal senses when a clause features a plural subject. One disambiguating feature amongst others is the presence of a reduplicated verb. There is no formal feature contained in \REF{ex:key:142} that would categorically force a reciprocal interpretation on the clause. But the use of reduplication, the presence of plural referents, and the meaning of the verb cháp ‘chop’ and its instrument{\fff} object the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ collude to induce a reciprocal rather than a reflexive meaning of the clause:
A: word: jwɛn-jwɛ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD{}-join
B: word: kɔ́t	 gloss: cut
C: word: “kɔ́t”	 gloss: cut
D: word: kɔ́tlas	 gloss: cutlass
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): E sé e wánt kán ___ fɔ Guinea.
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.SBJ QUOT 3SG.SBJ want come ___ PREP Equatorial.Guinea
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He said he wanted to come move around a little in Equatorial Guinea.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{ex:key:143}, the intransitive use of the reduplicated verb tɔ́n ‘turn’, in concert with the singular subject e ‘\textsc{3sg.sbj}’, favours the related readings of low intensity or casualness. Further examples for these nuances are the reduplication of rɔ́b ‘rub’ in \REF{ex:key:138} above, and of táyt ‘tighten’ in \REF{ex:key:145} below. All these examples may also be seen to involve a nuance of lack of control by the subject:
A: word: bɛlɛ́	 gloss: belly
B: word: chench-chénch	 gloss: RED.CPD-change
C: word: tɔn-tɔ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD-turn
D: word: tɔ́n	 gloss: turn
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): A de kɔmɔ́t na tɔ́n ___ náw.
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.SBJ IPFV come.out LOC town ___ REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I coming from town right now.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Repetition produces a range of emphatic, intensifying nuances. The core meaning of repetition is augmentative, hence an iconic “more of the same”. However, the expression of plural number does not lie within the functional range of repetition. In the following three examples, we witness the use of intensifying repetition for emphasis with the temporal adverb the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ \REF{ex:key:146}, the locative noun dɔ́n ‘down’ \REF{ex:key:147}, the common noun fámbul ‘family’, and the attributively used property item bɔkú ‘(be) much’ \REF{ex:key:148}:
A: word: áfta	 gloss: then
B: word: waka-wáka	 gloss: RED.CPD-walk
C: word: nátín	 gloss: nothing
D: word: náw	 gloss: now
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Bɔt ín sidɔ́n ___ dɔ́n dɔ́n yandá.
Gloss (with missing item): but 3SG.INDP stay ___ REP REP yonder
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But he stays far down over there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Repetition produces a range of emphatic, intensifying nuances. The core meaning of repetition is augmentative, hence an iconic “more of the same”. However, the expression of plural number does not lie within the functional range of repetition. In the following three examples, we witness the use of intensifying repetition for emphasis with the temporal adverb náw ‘now’ \REF{ex:key:146}, the locative noun the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’ \REF{ex:key:147}, the common noun fámbul ‘family’, and the attributively used property item bɔkú ‘(be) much’ \REF{ex:key:148}:
A: word: bɔ́n	 gloss: give.birth
B: word: sidɔ́n	 gloss: sit
C: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: down
D: word: chap-cháp	 gloss: RED.CPD-chop
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Bɔt ín sidɔ́n dɔ́n ___ dɔ́n yandá.
Gloss (with missing item): but 3SG.INDP stay down ___ REP yonder
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But he stays far down over there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Repetition produces a range of emphatic, intensifying nuances. The core meaning of repetition is augmentative, hence an iconic “more of the same”. However, the expression of plural number does not lie within the functional range of repetition. In the following three examples, we witness the use of intensifying repetition for emphasis with the temporal adverb náw ‘now’ \REF{ex:key:146}, the locative noun the morpheme ___ ‘down’ \REF{ex:key:147}, the common noun fámbul ‘family’, and the attributively used property item bɔkú ‘(be) much’ \REF{ex:key:148}:
A: word: wɔ-wɔwɔ́	 gloss: ?RED.CPD-ugly
B: word: sidɔ́n	 gloss: sit
C: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: REP
D: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Bɔt ín sidɔ́n dɔ́n dɔ́n ___ yandá.
Gloss (with missing item): but 3SG.INDP stay down REP ___ yonder
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But he stays far down over there.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Repetition produces a range of emphatic, intensifying nuances. The core meaning of repetition is augmentative, hence an iconic “more of the same”. However, the expression of plural number does not lie within the functional range of repetition. In the following three examples, we witness the use of intensifying repetition for emphasis with the temporal adverb náw ‘now’ \REF{ex:key:146}, the locative noun the morpheme ___ ‘down’ \REF{ex:key:147}, the common noun fámbul ‘family’, and the attributively used property item bɔkú ‘(be) much’ \REF{ex:key:148}:
A: word: jwɛn-jwɛ́n	 gloss: RED.CPD{}-join
B: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
C: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: REP
D: word: sidɔ́n	 gloss: sit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ quinientos quinientos.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ REP REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Five hundred each.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Numerals of \ili{Spanish} origin may be repeated for distributive meaning in the same way as Pichi numerals. Sentence \REF{ex:key:150} features the threefold repetition of the Spanish numeral the morpheme ___ ‘five hundred’. It is worthy of note that repeating the numeral more than twice merely extends the distributive sense to additional participants rather than providing an additional emphatic nuance as with the repetition of members of other word class\is{word classes}es:
A: word: quinientos	 gloss: five.hundred
B: word: chénch	 gloss: change
C: word: ova-dráy	 gloss: over.CPD-be.dry
D: word: trescientos	 gloss: three.hundred
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Pichi. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Quinientos ___ quinientos.
Gloss (with missing item): five.hundred ___ REP
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Five hundred each.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Numerals of \ili{Spanish} origin may be repeated for distributive meaning in the same way as Pichi numerals. Sentence \REF{ex:key:150} features the threefold repetition of the Spanish numeral the morpheme ___ ‘five hundred’. It is worthy of note that repeating the numeral more than twice merely extends the distributive sense to additional participants rather than providing an additional emphatic nuance as with the repetition of members of other word class\is{word classes}es:
A: word: diplomático	 gloss: diplomatic
B: word: dɔ́n	 gloss: PRF
C: word: quinientos	 gloss: REP
D: word: trescientos	 gloss: three.hundred
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C