cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko lapor di umum ___ di keuangang ka
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG report at general ___ at finance.affairs or
The English translation of this sentence is:[About a government office:] ‘you (should) report to the general (office), or the finance (office) (or some other office)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Disjunctive \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ signals series its gloss ___ sequences of alternatives. Occurring at the right periphery of a constituent, it indicates that a list of alternatives is not exhaustive. That is, a few possible options are overtly mentioned, while others are implied. To make the notion of ``non-exhaustive list of alternatives'' explicit, the \isi{conjunction} marks an \isi{interrogative} as the final enumerated constituent. Typically, \isi{disjunctive} \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ links \isi{noun} phrases, as in (\ref{Example_14.18}) and (\ref{Example_14.19}). In (\ref{Example_14.18}), the notion of a ``non-exhaustive list'' is implied, while in (\ref{Example_14.19}) it is overtly marked with \textitbf{apa the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___ something else’ (literally ‘what its gloss ___’). Less often, \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ combines prepositional phrases as in (\ref{Example_14.20}), its gloss ___ clauses as in (\ref{Example_14.21}); the linking of verbs with \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is unattested in the cits gloss ___pus. Another function of \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’, not discussed here, is to mark \isi{interrogative} clauses (see §\ref{Para_13.2.3}).
A: word: dang	 gloss: and
B: word: biar	 gloss: let
C: word: ka	 gloss: or
D: word: terbuka	 gloss: be.opened
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko lapor di umum ka, di keuangang ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG report at general or at finance.affairs ___
The English translation of this sentence is:[About a government office:] ‘you (should) report to the general (office), or the finance (office) (or some other office)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Disjunctive \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ signals series its gloss ___ sequences of alternatives. Occurring at the right periphery of a constituent, it indicates that a list of alternatives is not exhaustive. That is, a few possible options are overtly mentioned, while others are implied. To make the notion of ``non-exhaustive list of alternatives'' explicit, the \isi{conjunction} marks an \isi{interrogative} as the final enumerated constituent. Typically, \isi{disjunctive} \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ links \isi{noun} phrases, as in (\ref{Example_14.18}) and (\ref{Example_14.19}). In (\ref{Example_14.18}), the notion of a ``non-exhaustive list'' is implied, while in (\ref{Example_14.19}) it is overtly marked with \textitbf{apa the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___ something else’ (literally ‘what its gloss ___’). Less often, \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ combines prepositional phrases as in (\ref{Example_14.20}), its gloss ___ clauses as in (\ref{Example_14.21}); the linking of verbs with \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is unattested in the cits gloss ___pus. Another function of \textitbf{the mits gloss ___pheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’, not discussed here, is to mark \isi{interrogative} clauses (see §\ref{Para_13.2.3}).
A: word: dang	 gloss: and
B: word: ka	 gloss: or
C: word: terbuka	 gloss: be.opened
D: word: habis	 gloss: be.used.up
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ saya ... tinggal di kampung sa kerja sperti {laki\Tildelaki}
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1SG ... stay at village 1SG work similar.to {RDP\Tildehusband}
The English translation of this sentence is:‘when I ... lived in the village, I worked like a man’ (Lit. ‘(at that) time’) [081014-007-Pr.0048] \z
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This section describes five conjunctions: \isi{sequential} \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}) and \textitbf{baru} ‘and then’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.2}), anteriority-marking \textitbf{sampe} ‘until’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.3}) and \textitbf{seblum} ‘before’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.4}), and \isi{posteriority-marking}/\isi{conditional} \textitbf{kalo} ‘when, if’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.5}).\footnote{Papuan Malay does not have a \isi{conjunction} that marks temporal simultaneity between two clauses. Instead speakers use the common \isi{noun} \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ when they want to signal that the events described in each clause happened at the same its gloss ___, as in (\ref{Footnote_Example_14.4}) below:
A: word: jangang	 gloss: NEG.IMP
B: word: swak~swak	 gloss: RDP~be.exhausted
C: word: waktu	 gloss: time
D: word: sperti	 gloss: like
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ Pawlus dej sandar di dei pu badang begini,
Gloss (with missing item): ___ Pawlus 3SG lean at 3SG POSS body like.this
The English translation of this sentence is:‘but then Pawlus was leaning against her body like this’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Typically, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ occurs in clause-initial position where it marks an immediate subsequent event or action, similar to \isi{sequential} \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}). Concurrently, however, the \isi{conjunction} signals another piece of information, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.25}) (note that this example presents contiguous text). Depending on the context, the \isi{conjunction} marks noteworthy parts and/or signals a new aspect or perspective regarding the event or discourse unfolding. In this case \textitbf{the morpheme ___} translates with ‘but then’, as in (\ref{Example_14.25b}) or ‘and then’ as in (\ref{Example_14.25c}). Alternatively, the \isi{conjunction} signals that the event depicted in its clause does not occur until after the event of the preceding clause. In this case, it translates with ‘only then’, as in (\ref{Example_14.25a}). In marking contrastive sequentiality, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ differs from \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ which indicates neutral sequentiality (see §\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}).
A: word: baru	 gloss: and.then
B: word: ceritra	 gloss: tell
C: word: dang	 gloss: and
D: word: baru~baru	 gloss: RDP~recently
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tong ... jaga diai sampe jam satu, ___ tong tidor,
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL ... guard 3SG until hour one ___ 1PL sleep
The English translation of this sentence is:[About a sick relative:] ‘we ... watched her until one o’clock, only then did we sleep’.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Typically, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ occurs in clause-initial position where it marks an immediate subsequent event or action, similar to \isi{sequential} \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ (§\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}). Concurrently, however, the \isi{conjunction} signals another piece of information, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.25}) (note that this example presents contiguous text). Depending on the context, the \isi{conjunction} marks noteworthy parts and/or signals a new aspect or perspective regarding the event or discourse unfolding. In this case \textitbf{the morpheme ___} translates with ‘but then’, as in (\ref{Example_14.25b}) or ‘and then’ as in (\ref{Example_14.25c}). Alternatively, the \isi{conjunction} signals that the event depicted in its clause does not occur until after the event of the preceding clause. In this case, it translates with ‘only then’, as in (\ref{Example_14.25a}). In marking contrastive sequentiality, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ differs from \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ which indicates neutral sequentiality (see §\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}).
A: word: baru	 gloss: and.then
B: word: ceritra	 gloss: tell
C: word: baru~baru	 gloss: RDP~recently
D: word: dang	 gloss: and
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ Pawlus dej sandar di dei pu badang begini,
Gloss (with missing item): ___ Pawlus 3SG lean at 3SG POSS body like.this
The English translation of this sentence is:‘but then Pawlus was leaning against her body like this’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As for subject reference, an initial inspection of the \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ tokens in the corpus suggests that the \isi{conjunction} more often links clauses with a switch in reference (524 tokens), as in (\ref{Example_14.25b}), than clauses with same-subject coreference (455 tokens), as in (\ref{Example_14.25a} and \ref{Example_14.25c}). In this respect, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ behaves like \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ (see §\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}).
A: word: baru~baru	 gloss: RDP~recently
B: word: baru	 gloss: and.then
C: word: dang	 gloss: and
D: word: deng	 gloss: with
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tong ... jaga diai sampe jam satu, ___ tong tidor,
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL ... guard 3SG until hour one ___ 1PL sleep
The English translation of this sentence is:[About a sick relative:] ‘we ... watched her until one o’clock, only then did we sleep’.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As for subject reference, an initial inspection of the \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ tokens in the corpus suggests that the \isi{conjunction} more often links clauses with a switch in reference (524 tokens), as in (\ref{Example_14.25b}), than clauses with same-subject coreference (455 tokens), as in (\ref{Example_14.25a} and \ref{Example_14.25c}). In this respect, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘and then’ behaves like \textitbf{trus} ‘next’ (see §\ref{Para_14.2.3.1}).
A: word: baru~baru	 gloss: RDP~recently
B: word: dang	 gloss: and
C: word: baru	 gloss: and.then
D: word: gara-gara	 gloss: because
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... de harus taru di mata-hari, ___ de jadi papeda
Gloss (with missing item): ... 3SG have.to put at sun ___ 3SG become sagu.porridge
The English translation of this sentence is:[Before an ancestor had fire to heat water:] ‘[when he wanted to make sagu porridge,] he had to leave (the sago) out in the sun until it turned into sagu porridge’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Usually, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ marks \isi{anteriority}. That is, it signals that the event or state of the unmarked clause occurs prior to that of the temporal clause, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.27}). Concurrently, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ marks temporal extent in that it indicates that the event or state of the unmarked clause continues its gloss ___ the event or state of the temporal clause comes about. Depending on the context, temporal \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ can also receive a \isi{resultative} reading in the sense of ``with the result that'', as in (\ref{Example_14.28}). Given that the \isi{resultative} reading of \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is the derived, marginal one, this result-marking function of \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is not further discussed in §\ref{Para_14.2.4}.
A: word: bli	 gloss: buy
B: word: sampe	 gloss: until
C: word: dang	 gloss: and
D: word: sampeee	 gloss: reach
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de bilang, ___ kitong pergi ke kota, kitong cuci muka dulu
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG say ___ 1PL go to city 1PL wash front first
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he said, ``before we go to the city, we wash (our) faces first'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Anteriority-marking \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ also introduces a temporal clause.\footnote{The \isi{conjunction} \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is \isi{historically derived} from the aspectual ad\isi{verb} \textitbf{blum} ‘not yet’: \textitbf{se-blum} ‘one-not.yet’ (see §\ref{Para_5.4.1}).} It indicates – similar to \textitbf{sampe} ‘until’ – that the event or state of the unmarked clause occurs prior to that of the temporal clause. Unlike \textitbf{sampe} ‘until’, however, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ does not signal extent. The temporal clause with \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ can precede or follow the unmarked clause, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.29}) and (\ref{Example_14.30}), respectively. In the corpus, however, the temporal clause more often precedes the unmarked clause (21 tokens) rather than follows it (8 tokens).
A: word: blum	 gloss: not.yet
B: word: tadi	 gloss: earlier
C: word: baru	 gloss: and.then
D: word: seblum	 gloss: before
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... saya suda punya rencana juga, ___ sa kluar
Gloss (with missing item): ... 1SG already have plan also ___ 1SG go.out
The English translation of this sentence is:‘[when I hunt without taking dogs, I leave in the night,] I also already have a plan before I leave’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Anteriority-marking \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ also introduces a temporal clause.\footnote{The \isi{conjunction} \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is \isi{historically derived} from the aspectual ad\isi{verb} \textitbf{blum} ‘not yet’: \textitbf{se-blum} ‘one-not.yet’ (see §\ref{Para_5.4.1}).} It indicates – similar to \textitbf{sampe} ‘until’ – that the event or state of the unmarked clause occurs prior to that of the temporal clause. Unlike \textitbf{sampe} ‘until’, however, \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ does not signal extent. The temporal clause with \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ can precede or follow the unmarked clause, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.29}) and (\ref{Example_14.30}), respectively. In the corpus, however, the temporal clause more often precedes the unmarked clause (21 tokens) rather than follows it (8 tokens).
A: word: dang	 gloss: and
B: word: tadi	 gloss: earlier
C: word: blum	 gloss: not.yet
D: word: seblum	 gloss: before
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ dong tendang de pu kaki tu, dia pegang bola
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3PL kick 3SG POSS foot D.DIST 3SG hold ball
The English translation of this sentence is:[About a football match:] ‘when they kicked those legs of his, he grabbed the ball’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whether \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___, if’ receives a temporal reading as in (\ref{Example_14.31}) and (\ref{Example_14.32}), or a \isi{conditional} reading, as in (\ref{Example_14.33}) and (\ref{Example_14.34}), is context-dependent. Quite often, though, both interpretations are possible, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.35}). As mentioned, this lack of a “distinction between ‘if’ clauses and ‘its gloss ___’ clauses” is also found in other languages; examples are “Indonesian and certain languages of Papua New Guinea” \citep[257]{Thompson.2007}.
A: word: kali	 gloss: river
B: word: seblum	 gloss: before
C: word: sperti	 gloss: like
D: word: kalo	 gloss: when
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ko alpa, kitong tra jalang
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2SG be.absent 1PL NEG walk
The English translation of this sentence is:[Talking to her son about an upcoming trip:] ‘if you play hooky, we won’t go’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whether \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘when, its gloss ___’ receives a temporal reading as in (\ref{Example_14.31}) and (\ref{Example_14.32}), or a \isi{conditional} reading, as in (\ref{Example_14.33}) and (\ref{Example_14.34}), is context-dependent. Quite often, though, both interpretations are possible, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.35}). As mentioned, this lack of a “distinction between ‘its gloss ___’ clauses and ‘when’ clauses” is also found in other languages; examples are “Indonesian and certain languages of Papua New Guinea” \citep[257]{Thompson.2007}.
A: word: mungking	 gloss: maybe
B: word: kali	 gloss: river
C: word: waktu	 gloss: when
D: word: kalo	 gloss: if
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ bapa datang, pluk bapa
Gloss (with missing item): ___ father come embrace father
The English translation of this sentence is:‘when/if you (‘father’) come (here), (I’ll) embrace you (‘father’)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Whether \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘when, if’ receives a temporal reading as in (\ref{Example_14.31}) and (\ref{Example_14.32}), or a \isi{conditional} reading, as in (\ref{Example_14.33}) and (\ref{Example_14.34}), is context-dependent. Quite often, though, both interpretations are possible, as shown in (\ref{Example_14.35}). As mentioned, this lack of a “distinction between ‘if’ clauses and ‘when’ clauses” is also found in other languages; examples are “Indonesian and certain languages of Papua New Guinea” \citep[257]{Thompson.2007}.
A: word: kalo	 gloss: when/if
B: word: tugu	 gloss: monument
C: word: sidang	 gloss: (church.)gathering
D: word: kali	 gloss: river
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A