cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o, babi ___
Gloss (with missing item): oh pig ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘o, the pig ran’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Typically, \isi{monovalent} verbs follow their clausal subjects, as shown with dynamic \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ in ({\ref{Example_11.1}), and with stative \textitbf{bagus} ‘be good’ in ({\ref{Example_11.2}).
A: word: lari~lari	 gloss: RDP~run
B: word: balap	 gloss: race
C: word: deng	 gloss: with
D: word: lari	 gloss: run
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): itu ___ skali
Gloss (with missing item): D.DIST ___ very
The English translation of this sentence is:‘that is very good’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Typically, \isi{monovalent} verbs follow their clausal subjects, as shown with dynamic \textitbf{lari} ‘run’ in ({\ref{Example_11.1}), and with stative \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘be good’ in ({\ref{Example_11.2}).
A: word: enak	 gloss: be.pleasant
B: word: bagus	 gloss: be.good
C: word: beda	 gloss: be.different
D: word: bagus~bagus	 gloss: RDP~be.good
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ skali itu
Gloss (with missing item): ___ very D.DIST
The English translation of this sentence is:‘very good is that’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: If speakers want to emphasize the predicate with a \isi{monovalent} stative \isi{verb}, they can front it, such as stative \textitbf{bagus} ‘be good’ in ({\ref{Example_11.3}). In this case, the predicate is set-off by a boundary intonation, which is achieved by marking the stressed syllable of the \isi{verb} with a slight increase in pitch (“~\'{~}~”). Consultants disagree, however, whether \isi{monovalent} dynamic verbs can be fronted. While two consultants stated that dynamic \textitbf{jatu} ‘fall’ in the elicited example in ({\ref{Example_11.4}) can be fronted, a third one rejected the example as ungrammatical. Furthermore, one of the consultants who accepted the \isi{verbal clause} in ({\ref{Example_11.4}) suggested that the fronting of \isi{monovalent} dynamic verbs is a recent development and that older Papuan Malay speakers would not use such a construction.
A: word: bágus	 gloss: be.good
B: word: agus	 gloss: Agus
C: word: enak	 gloss: be.pleasant
D: word: bunuuu	 gloss: kill
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o, ___ dia!
Gloss (with missing item): oh ___ 3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘oh, he fell!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: If speakers want to emphasize the predicate with a \isi{monovalent} stative \isi{verb}, they can front it, such as stative \textitbf{bagus} ‘be good’ in ({\ref{Example_11.3}). In this case, the predicate is set-off by a boundary intonation, which is achieved by marking the stressed syllable of the \isi{verb} with a slight increase in pitch (“~\'{~}~”). Consultants disagree, however, whether \isi{monovalent} dynamic verbs can be fronted. While two consultants stated that dynamic \textitbf{jatu} ‘its gloss ___’ in the elicited example in ({\ref{Example_11.4}) can be fronted, a third one rejected the example as ungrammatical. Furthermore, one of the consultants who accepted the \isi{verbal clause} in ({\ref{Example_11.4}) suggested that the fronting of \isi{monovalent} dynamic verbs is a recent development and that older Papuan Malay speakers would not use such a construction.
A: word: kas	 gloss: give
B: word: tebang	 gloss: fell
C: word: játu	 gloss: fall
D: word: satu	 gloss: one
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o, ___ dia!
Gloss (with missing item): oh ___ 3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘oh, he fell!’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: If speakers want to emphasize the predicate with a \isi{monovalent} stative \isi{verb}, they can front it, such as stative \textitbf{bagus} ‘be good’ in ({\ref{Example_11.3}). In this case, the predicate is set-off by a boundary intonation, which is achieved by marking the stressed syllable of the \isi{verb} with a slight increase in pitch (“~\'{~}~”). Consultants disagree, however, whether \isi{monovalent} dynamic verbs can be fronted. While two consultants stated that dynamic \textitbf{jatu} ‘its gloss ___’ in the elicited example in ({\ref{Example_11.4}) can be fronted, a third one rejected the example as ungrammatical. Furthermore, one of the consultants who accepted the \isi{verbal clause} in ({\ref{Example_11.4}) suggested that the fronting of \isi{monovalent} dynamic verbs is a recent development and that older Papuan Malay speakers would not use such a construction.
A: word: tebang	 gloss: fell
B: word: satu	 gloss: one
C: word: duduk	 gloss: sit
D: word: játu	 gloss: fall
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): siang Ø ___ trus malam Ø duduk menyanyi sampe jam dua
Gloss (with missing item): day ... ___ next night ... sit sing until hour two
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(during) the day (I) went (over there), then in the evening (I) sat about (and) sang (songs) until two o’clock (in the morning)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The subject can also be omitted if it can be inferred from the context. In ({\ref{Example_11.5}) the elided subject is \textitbf{sa} ‘\textsc{1sg}’, and in ({\ref{Example_11.6}) it is \textitbf{dia}/\textitbf{de} ‘\textsc{3sg}’.
A: word: jalang–ang	 gloss: walk–PAT
B: word: perjalangang	 gloss: journey
C: word: jalang	 gloss: walk
D: word: bola	 gloss: ball
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): siang Ø jalang, trus malam Ø ___ menyanyi sampe jam dua
Gloss (with missing item): day ... walk next night ... ___ sing until hour two
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(during) the day (I) went (over there), then in the evening (I) sat about (and) sang (songs) until two o’clock (in the morning)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The subject can also be omitted if it can be inferred from the context. In ({\ref{Example_11.5}) the elided subject is \textitbf{sa} ‘\textsc{1sg}’, and in ({\ref{Example_11.6}) it is \textitbf{dia}/\textitbf{de} ‘\textsc{3sg}’.
A: word: istirahat	 gloss: rest
B: word: duduk	 gloss: sit
C: word: potong	 gloss: cut
D: word: duduk~duduk	 gloss: RDP~sit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): siang Ø jalang, trus malam Ø duduk ___ sampe jam dua
Gloss (with missing item): day ... walk next night ... sit ___ until hour two
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(during) the day (I) went (over there), then in the evening (I) sat about (and) sang (songs) until two o’clock (in the morning)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The subject can also be omitted if it can be inferred from the context. In ({\ref{Example_11.5}) the elided subject is \textitbf{sa} ‘\textsc{1sg}’, and in ({\ref{Example_11.6}) it is \textitbf{dia}/\textitbf{de} ‘\textsc{3sg}’.
A: word: swara	 gloss: voice
B: word: menyanyi~menyanyi	 gloss: RDP~sing
C: word: menyanyi	 gloss: sing
D: word: duduk	 gloss: sit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Speaker-2: adu, Ø ___
Gloss (with missing item): ... oh.no! ... ___
The English translation of this sentence is:[Speaker 1: ah, that Petrus!]  Speaker-2: oh no!, (he’s) mischievous’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The subject can also be omitted if it can be inferred from the context. In ({\ref{Example_11.5}) the elided subject is \textitbf{sa} ‘\textsc{1sg}’, and in ({\ref{Example_11.6}) it is \textitbf{dia}/\textitbf{de} ‘\textsc{3sg}’.
A: word: lucu	 gloss: be.funny
B: word: bertahang	 gloss: hold.(out/back)
C: word: nakal	 gloss: be.mischievous
D: word: nakal~nakal	 gloss: RDP~be.mischievous
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kalo ko masi mo berjuang kitorang ___ ko
Gloss (with missing item): if 2SG still want struggle 1PL ___ 2SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘if you still want to fight, we’ll kill you’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Papuan Malay has a large open class of \isi{bivalent} verbs (535 are attested in the corpus; for a set of examples see \tabref{Table_5.14} in §\ref{Para_5.3.1}). Bivalent verbs have two core arguments, a subject and an object. In terms of their semantic roles, “two-place predicates take an agent-like argument A, and a non-agent-like argument P”, adopting \citegen[396]{Margetts.2007} terminology. As mentioned, though, \isi{bivalent} verbs in Papuan Malay allow but do not require two syntactic arguments. Examples of \isi{bivalent} verbs are \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ in ({\ref{Example_11.7}) and \textitbf{potong} ‘cut’ in ({\ref{Example_11.8}).
A: word: pusing	 gloss: be.dizzy
B: word: meninggal	 gloss: die
C: word: bunuuu	 gloss: kill
D: word: bunu	 gloss: kill
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): jadi kamu ___ sapi
Gloss (with missing item): so 2PL ___ cow
The English translation of this sentence is:‘so you cut up the cow’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Papuan Malay has a large open class of \isi{bivalent} verbs (535 are attested in the corpus; for a set of examples see \tabref{Table_5.14} in §\ref{Para_5.3.1}). Bivalent verbs have two core arguments, a subject and an object. In terms of their semantic roles, “two-place predicates take an agent-like argument A, and a non-agent-like argument P”, adopting \citegen[396]{Margetts.2007} terminology. As mentioned, though, \isi{bivalent} verbs in Papuan Malay allow but do not require two syntactic arguments. Examples of \isi{bivalent} verbs are \textitbf{bunu} ‘kill’ in ({\ref{Example_11.7}) and \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ in ({\ref{Example_11.8}).
A: word: tong	 gloss: 1PL
B: word: potong	 gloss: cut
C: word: kirim	 gloss: send
D: word: pisow	 gloss: knife
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kalo ko masi mo berjuang kitorang ___ ko
Gloss (with missing item): if 2SG still want struggle 1PL ___ 2SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘if you still want to fight, we’ll kill you’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The monotransitive clauses in ({\ref{Example_11.7}) and ({\ref{Example_11.8}) illustrate the canonical subject-verb-object order for \isi{bivalent} verbs. If speakers want to emphasize the object, they can also front it. Unlike clauses with preposed \isi{monovalent} verbs, though, there is no clear boundary intonation to set-off the preposed object arguments from the rest of the clause. In ({\ref{Example_11.9}), the preposed object \textitbf{paylot} ‘pilot’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable (“~\'{~}~”) and it is separated from the rest of the clause with a \isi{comma intonation} (“{\textbar}”). Besides, the ultimate syllable of \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ receives final \isi{lengthening}, signaled with the vowel tripling. In ({\ref{Example_11.10}), the preposed object remains unmarked but the clause-final \isi{verb} \textitbf{potong} ‘cut’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable.
A: word: meninggal	 gloss: die
B: word: bunuuu	 gloss: kill
C: word: bunu	 gloss: kill
D: word: kas	 gloss: give
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): jadi kamu ___ sapi
Gloss (with missing item): so 2PL ___ cow
The English translation of this sentence is:‘so you cut up the cow’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The monotransitive clauses in ({\ref{Example_11.7}) and ({\ref{Example_11.8}) illustrate the canonical subject-verb-object order for \isi{bivalent} verbs. If speakers want to emphasize the object, they can also front it. Unlike clauses with preposed \isi{monovalent} verbs, though, there is no clear boundary intonation to set-off the preposed object arguments from the rest of the clause. In ({\ref{Example_11.9}), the preposed object \textitbf{paylot} ‘pilot’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable (“~\'{~}~”) and it is separated from the rest of the clause with a \isi{comma intonation} (“{\textbar}”). Besides, the ultimate syllable of \textitbf{bunu} ‘kill’ receives final \isi{lengthening}, signaled with the vowel tripling. In ({\ref{Example_11.10}), the preposed object remains unmarked but the clause-final \isi{verb} \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable.
A: word: potong	 gloss: cut
B: word: pisow	 gloss: knife
C: word: tong	 gloss: 1PL
D: word: makang	 gloss: eat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): páylot \textbar dorang ___
Gloss (with missing item): pilot ... 3PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘the pilot they killed’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The monotransitive clauses in ({\ref{Example_11.7}) and ({\ref{Example_11.8}) illustrate the canonical subject-verb-object order for \isi{bivalent} verbs. If speakers want to emphasize the object, they can also front it. Unlike clauses with preposed \isi{monovalent} verbs, though, there is no clear boundary intonation to set-off the preposed object arguments from the rest of the clause. In ({\ref{Example_11.9}), the preposed object \textitbf{paylot} ‘pilot’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable (“~\'{~}~”) and it is separated from the rest of the clause with a \isi{comma intonation} (“{\textbar}”). Besides, the ultimate syllable of \textitbf{bunu} ‘its gloss ___’ receives final \isi{lengthening}, signaled with the vowel tripling. In ({\ref{Example_11.10}), the preposed object remains unmarked but the clause-final \isi{verb} \textitbf{potong} ‘cut’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable.
A: word: bunu	 gloss: kill
B: word: bunuuu	 gloss: kill
C: word: meninggal	 gloss: die
D: word: deng	 gloss: with
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dong dua pu telefisi sidi dua dia ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL two POSS television CD.player two 3SG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘the television (and) both CDs of the two of them he destroyed’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The monotransitive clauses in ({\ref{Example_11.7}) and ({\ref{Example_11.8}) illustrate the canonical subject-verb-object order for \isi{bivalent} verbs. If speakers want to emphasize the object, they can also front it. Unlike clauses with preposed \isi{monovalent} verbs, though, there is no clear boundary intonation to set-off the preposed object arguments from the rest of the clause. In ({\ref{Example_11.9}), the preposed object \textitbf{paylot} ‘pilot’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable (“~\'{~}~”) and it is separated from the rest of the clause with a \isi{comma intonation} (“{\textbar}”). Besides, the ultimate syllable of \textitbf{bunu} ‘kill’ receives final \isi{lengthening}, signaled with the vowel tripling. In ({\ref{Example_11.10}), the preposed object remains unmarked but the clause-final \isi{verb} \textitbf{potong} ‘its gloss ___’ is marked with a slight increase in pitch of its stressed penultimate syllable.
A: word: tong	 gloss: 1PL
B: word: pisow	 gloss: knife
C: word: kas	 gloss: give
D: word: pótong	 gloss: cut
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ø ___ Ø kecil~kecil
Gloss (with missing item): ... ___ ... RDP~be.small
The English translation of this sentence is:‘(I) cut (the meat) very small’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When one or both of the core arguments are understood from the context, they can be omitted, as shown in ({\ref{Example_11.11}) to ({\ref{Example_11.16}).\footnote{
A: word: pisow	 gloss: knife
B: word: potong	 gloss: cut
C: word: takut	 gloss: feel.afraid(.of)
D: word: tong	 gloss: 1PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B