cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bos pagi {su} ___ {ke} {Sarmi} {begini} adu sial–ang ter–paksa tong dua jalang kaki
Gloss (with missing item): boss morning already ___ to Sarmi like.this oh.no! be.unfortunate–PAT ACL–force 1PL two walk foot
The English translation of this sentence is:‘as the boss had already left for Sarmi in the morning, oh no, damn it!, the two of us were forced to walk on foot’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Affixation with \textscItal{ter-} ‘\textsc{acl}’ derives \isi{monovalent} verbs from verbal bases. The derived verbs denote accidental or unintentional actions or events, as shown in (\ref{Example_3.1}). This derivation process appears to be somewhat productive in Papuan Malay, as discussed below.
A: word: angkat	 gloss: lift
B: word: jatu	 gloss: fall
C: word: dia	 gloss: 3SG
D: word: br–angkat	 gloss: VBLZ\textbf{–}leave
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bos pagi {su} {br–angkat} {ke} {Sarmi} {begini} adu sial–ang ___ tong dua jalang kaki
Gloss (with missing item): boss morning already VBLZ–leave to Sarmi like.this oh.no! be.unfortunate–PAT ___ 1PL two walk foot
The English translation of this sentence is:‘as the boss had already left for Sarmi in the morning, oh no, damn it!, the two of us were forced to walk on foot’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Affixation with \textscItal{ter-} ‘\textsc{acl}’ derives \isi{monovalent} verbs from verbal bases. The derived verbs denote accidental or unintentional actions or events, as shown in (\ref{Example_3.1}). This derivation process appears to be somewhat productive in Papuan Malay, as discussed below.
A: word: yali	 gloss: Yali
B: word: ter–paksa	 gloss: ACL–force
C: word: ter–pengaru	 gloss: ACL–influence
D: word: srej	 gloss: lemongrass
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de bilang, mama sa liat pohong ini de ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG say mother 1SG see tree D.PROX 3SG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘she said, ``mama, I saw this tree, it was shaking'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The derived verbs denote accidental or unintentional states, processes, or actions. The term “accidental” covers “such concepts as involuntary, unmotivated, agentless, sudden, and unexpected action (or state resulting therefrom)”, employing \citegen[150]{Adelaar.1992} terminology. Hence, \textscItal{ter-} is glossed as ‘\textsc{acl}’ (‘accidental’). Two \textscItal{ter-}prefixed items are given in context: \textitbf{tagoyang} ‘be shaken’ in (\ref{Example_3.2}) and \textitbf{tertutup} ‘be closed’ in (\ref{Example_3.4}). Both examples, together with the one in (\ref{Example_3.3}), illustrate how \textscItal{ter-} decreases \isi{valency} by “removing agent-like participants”.
A: word: goyang	 gloss: shake
B: word: asar	 gloss: smoke
C: word: pengaru	 gloss: influence
D: word: ta–goyang	 gloss: ACL–shake
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... bapa Markus S. doseng satu de ___ kepala
Gloss (with missing item): ... father Markus S. lecturer one 3SG ___ head
The English translation of this sentence is:‘... Mr. Markus S., a certain lecturer, he shook (his) head’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The derived verbs denote accidental or unintentional states, processes, or actions. The term “accidental” covers “such concepts as involuntary, unmotivated, agentless, sudden, and unexpected action (or state resulting therefrom)”, employing \citegen[150]{Adelaar.1992} terminology. Hence, \textscItal{ter-} is glossed as ‘\textsc{acl}’ (‘accidental’). Two \textscItal{ter-}prefixed items are given in context: \textitbf{tathe morpheme ___} ‘be its gloss ___n’ in (\ref{Example_3.2}) and \textitbf{tertutup} ‘be closed’ in (\ref{Example_3.4}). Both examples, together with the one in (\ref{Example_3.3}), illustrate how \textscItal{ter-} decreases \isi{valency} by “removing agent-like participants”.
A: word: ta–goyang	 gloss: ACL–shake
B: word: ular	 gloss: snake
C: word: goyang	 gloss: shake
D: word: pen–curi	 gloss: AG–steal
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... tapi de ana juga cepat ikut ___
Gloss (with missing item): ... but 3SG child also be.fast follow ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘... but he/she, a kid, also quickly follows (others) to be influenced’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the 38 \textscItal{ter-}prefixed \isi{bivalent} verbs, one Papuan Malay consultant classified four as borrowings from \ili{Standard Indonesian} (SI-borrowings) (see language internal factor (\ref{List_3.1.f}) in §\ref{Para_3.1.1}, p. \pageref{List_3.1.f}), namely \textitbf{terbuat} ‘be made’, \textitbf{terpengaru} ‘be influenced’, \textitbf{tercinta} ‘be beloved’, and \textitbf{terwesel} ‘be transferred’ (in \tabref{Table_3.3} these items are underlined). The same consultant also stated that Papuan Malay speakers usually employ the respective bases rather than the prefixed forms. One such contrastive set of examples is given in (\ref{Example_3.5}) and (\ref{Example_3.6}). Instead of using the prefixed form \textitbf{terpengaru} ‘be influenced’, as in (\ref{Example_3.5}), speakers more often employ the base \textitbf{pengaru} ‘influence’ in the sense of ‘be influenced’, as in (\ref{Example_3.6}).
A: word: ter–paksa	 gloss: ACL–force
B: word: ter–pengaru	 gloss: ACL–influence
C: word: kaya–nya	 gloss: like–3POSSR
D: word: terpengaru	 gloss: be.influenced
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de su ___ dengang orang~orang yang minum
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG already ___ with RDP~person REL drink
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he has already been influenced by people who drink’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the 38 \textscItal{ter-}prefixed \isi{bivalent} verbs, one Papuan Malay consultant classified four as borrowings from \ili{Standard Indonesian} (SI-borrowings) (see language internal factor (\ref{List_3.1.f}) in §\ref{Para_3.1.1}, p. \pageref{List_3.1.f}), namely \textitbf{terbuat} ‘be made’, \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be its gloss ___d’, \textitbf{tercinta} ‘be beloved’, and \textitbf{terwesel} ‘be transferred’ (in \tabref{Table_3.3} these items are underlined). The same consultant also stated that Papuan Malay speakers usually employ the respective bases rather than the prefixed forms. One such contrastive set of examples is given in (\ref{Example_3.5}) and (\ref{Example_3.6}). Instead of using the prefixed form \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be its gloss ___d’, as in (\ref{Example_3.5}), speakers more often employ the base \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ in the sense of ‘be its gloss ___d’, as in (\ref{Example_3.6}).
A: word: bua~bua	 gloss: RDP~fruit
B: word: rambut	 gloss: hair
C: word: terpengaru	 gloss: be.influenced
D: word: pengaru	 gloss: influence
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... tapi de ana juga cepat ikut ___
Gloss (with missing item): ... but 3SG child also be.fast follow ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘... but he/she, a kid, also quickly follows (others) to be influenced’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the 38 \textscItal{ter-}prefixed \isi{bivalent} verbs, one Papuan Malay consultant classified four as borrowings from \ili{Standard Indonesian} (SI-borrowings) (see language internal factor (\ref{List_3.1.f}) in §\ref{Para_3.1.1}, p. \pageref{List_3.1.f}), namely \textitbf{terbuat} ‘be made’, \textitbf{terpengaru} ‘be influenced’, \textitbf{tercinta} ‘be beloved’, and \textitbf{terwesel} ‘be transferred’ (in \tabref{Table_3.3} these items are underlined). The same consultant also stated that Papuan Malay speakers usually employ the respective bases rather than the prefixed forms. One such contrastive set of examples is given in (\ref{Example_3.5}) and (\ref{Example_3.6}). Instead of using the prefixed form \textitbf{terpengaru} ‘be influenced’, as in (\ref{Example_3.5}), speakers more often employ the base \textitbf{pengaru} ‘influence’ in the sense of ‘be influenced’, as in (\ref{Example_3.6}).
A: word: pake–ang	 gloss: use–PAT
B: word: ter–paksa	 gloss: ACL–force
C: word: terpengaru	 gloss: be.influenced
D: word: ter–pengaru	 gloss: ACL–influence
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de su ___ dengang orang~orang yang minum
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG already ___ with RDP~person REL drink
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he has already been influenced by people who drink’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the 38 \textscItal{ter-}prefixed \isi{bivalent} verbs, one Papuan Malay consultant classified four as borrowings from \ili{Standard Indonesian} (SI-borrowings) (see language internal factor (\ref{List_3.1.f}) in §\ref{Para_3.1.1}, p. \pageref{List_3.1.f}), namely \textitbf{terbuat} ‘be made’, \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be its gloss ___d’, \textitbf{tercinta} ‘be beloved’, and \textitbf{terwesel} ‘be transferred’ (in \tabref{Table_3.3} these items are underlined). The same consultant also stated that Papuan Malay speakers usually employ the respective bases rather than the prefixed forms. One such contrastive set of examples is given in (\ref{Example_3.5}) and (\ref{Example_3.6}). Instead of using the prefixed form \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be its gloss ___d’, as in (\ref{Example_3.5}), speakers more often employ the base \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ in the sense of ‘be its gloss ___d’, as in (\ref{Example_3.6}).
A: word: terpengaru	 gloss: be.influenced
B: word: makang–ang	 gloss: eat–PAT
C: word: pengaru	 gloss: influence
D: word: goblok	 gloss: be.stupid
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dia ___ de jatu baru motor tindis dia
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG ___ 3SG fall and.then motorbike overlap 3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he fell (off unexpectedly), he fell (off), and then the motorbike crushed him’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two items indicating uncontrolled and/or unexpected actions are given in context: \textitbf{terjatu} ‘be dropped, fall’ in (\ref{Example_3.7}) and \textitbf{terlambat} ‘be late’ in (\ref{Example_3.8}). Both examples, along with the example in (\ref{Example_3.9}), show that the verbal \isi{valency} is not further decreased and that the derivation does not result in a loss of agentivity. That is, the referents of the derived verbs \textitbf{terjatu} ‘be dropped, fall’ and \textitbf{terlambat} ‘be late’ and the referents of the bases \textitbf{jatu} ‘fall’ and \textitbf{lambat} ‘be slow’, respectively, have the same semantic functions. With \textscItal{ter-}prefixed verbs, however, the level of control the referents have is downplayed, as mentioned above.
A: word: jatu	 gloss: fall
B: word: ter–jatu	 gloss: ACL–fall
C: word: ter–pengaru	 gloss: ACL–influence
D: word: ber–buru	 gloss: VBLZ–hunt
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dia ter–jatu de ___ baru motor tindis dia
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG ACL–fall 3SG ___ and.then motorbike overlap 3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he fell (off unexpectedly), he fell (off), and then the motorbike crushed him’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two items indicating uncontrolled and/or unexpected actions are given in context: \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be dropped, its gloss ___’ in (\ref{Example_3.7}) and \textitbf{terlambat} ‘be late’ in (\ref{Example_3.8}). Both examples, along with the example in (\ref{Example_3.9}), show that the verbal \isi{valency} is not further decreased and that the derivation does not result in a loss of agentivity. That is, the referents of the derived verbs \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be dropped, its gloss ___’ and \textitbf{terlambat} ‘be late’ and the referents of the bases \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘its gloss ___’ and \textitbf{lambat} ‘be slow’, respectively, have the same semantic functions. With \textscItal{ter-}prefixed verbs, however, the level of control the referents have is downplayed, as mentioned above.
A: word: ter–jatu	 gloss: ACL–fall
B: word: tebang	 gloss: fell
C: word: pen–curi	 gloss: AG–steal
D: word: jatu	 gloss: fall
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kaka tadi ___ karna lagi ada duka
Gloss (with missing item): oSb earlier ___ because again exist grief
The English translation of this sentence is:‘a short while ago I (‘older brother’) was (unintentionally) late because there was (still) mourning (going on)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two items indicating uncontrolled and/or unexpected actions are given in context: \textitbf{terjatu} ‘be dropped, fall’ in (\ref{Example_3.7}) and \textitbf{terlambat} ‘be late’ in (\ref{Example_3.8}). Both examples, along with the example in (\ref{Example_3.9}), show that the verbal \isi{valency} is not further decreased and that the derivation does not result in a loss of agentivity. That is, the referents of the derived verbs \textitbf{terjatu} ‘be dropped, fall’ and \textitbf{terlambat} ‘be late’ and the referents of the bases \textitbf{jatu} ‘fall’ and \textitbf{lambat} ‘be slow’, respectively, have the same semantic functions. With \textscItal{ter-}prefixed verbs, however, the level of control the referents have is downplayed, as mentioned above.
A: word: ter–pengaru	 gloss: ACL–influence
B: word: lambat	 gloss: be.slow
C: word: pake–ang	 gloss: use–PAT
D: word: ter–lambat	 gloss: ACL–be.slow
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kalo Niwerawar Aruswar nanti dia agak ___ sedikit
Gloss (with missing item): if Niwerawar Aruswar very.soon 3SG rather ___ few
The English translation of this sentence is:[About a road construction project:] ‘as for (the area of) Niwerawar (and) Aruswar, (there) it (the bulldozer) will be somewhat slow’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two items indicating uncontrolled and/or unexpected actions are given in context: \textitbf{terjatu} ‘be dropped, fall’ in (\ref{Example_3.7}) and \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be late’ in (\ref{Example_3.8}). Both examples, along with the example in (\ref{Example_3.9}), show that the verbal \isi{valency} is not further decreased and that the derivation does not result in a loss of agentivity. That is, the referents of the derived verbs \textitbf{terjatu} ‘be dropped, fall’ and \textitbf{terthe morpheme ___} ‘be late’ and the referents of the bases \textitbf{jatu} ‘fall’ and \textitbf{the morpheme ___} ‘be slow’, respectively, have the same semantic functions. With \textscItal{ter-}prefixed verbs, however, the level of control the referents have is downplayed, as mentioned above.
A: word: lambat	 gloss: be.slow
B: word: yali	 gloss: Yali
C: word: cepat	 gloss: be.fast
D: word: ter–lambat	 gloss: ACL–be.slow
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ itu basa smua
Gloss (with missing item): ___ D.DIST be.wet all
The English translation of this sentence is:‘all those clothes were wet’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Affixation with \textitbf{-ang} ‘\textsc{pat}’ typically derives nominals from verbal bases. The derived nouns denote the patient or result of the action, event, or state specified by the \isi{verbal base}, as illustrated in (\ref{Example_3.10}). Some lexical items are also derived from nominal and \isi{numeral} bases. The derivation process seems to be productive in Papuan Malay to some degree, as discussed below.
A: word: goyang	 gloss: shake
B: word: pake–ang	 gloss: use–PAT
C: word: pake	 gloss: use
D: word: dulu–ang	 gloss: be.prior–PAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dua orang ___
Gloss (with missing item): two person ___
The English translation of this sentence is:[About the number of potential nominees for the upcoming local election:] ‘two people (go) ahead’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Derived words with token frequencies of five or more are listed in \tabref{Table_3.6}. Most of the affixed lexemes are low frequency words (63 lexemes, attested with less than 20 tokens). Moreover, the token frequencies for the respective bases are (much) higher for most of the derived words (64 lexemes). While all 69 derived lexemes are structurally nouns, three of them have other than nominal functions in their actual uses: \textitbf{jualang} ‘merchandise’, \textitbf{the morpheme ___ang} ‘be prior’, and \textitbf{latiang} ‘practice'; illustrations are provided in (\ref{Example_3.13}) to (\ref{Example_3.15}).
A: word: ter–kupas	 gloss: ACL–peel
B: word: dulu	 gloss: be.prior
C: word: apa~apa	 gloss: RDP~what
D: word: dulu–ang	 gloss: be.prior–PAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B