cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... karna de tida bisa bicara bahasa, maka Ø pake bahasa orang bisu, ... baru Ø Ø foto, foto, a, ___ snang, prempuang bawa babi, Ø kasi Ø Ø
Gloss (with missing item): ... because 3SG NEG be.able speak language therefore ... use language person be.mute ... and.then ... ... photograph photographah! ... ___ (.about) woman bring pig ... give ... ...
The English translation of this sentence is:[First outside contact between a Papuan group living in the jungle and a group of pastors:] `[but they can’t speak Indonesian,] because she can’t speak Indonesian, therefore (she) uses sign language ... (the pastor is taking) pictures, pictures, ah, (the women are) happy, the women bring a pig, (they) give (it to the pastors)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In concluding this discussion about the \ili{creole} versus non-\ili{creole} status of Papuan Malay, the author agrees with those scholars who challenge the view that the \ili{eastern Malay varieties} are creolized languages. Moreover, the author agrees with \citet[35, 43]{Bisang.2009}, who argues that complexity is not limited to the \isi{morphology} or syntax of a language. Instead, complexity may instead be found in the pragmatic inferential system as applied to utterances in their discourse setting. Such ``hidden complexity'' is certainly a pertinent trait of Papuan Malay, as shown throughout this book. Two examples of hidden complexity are presented in (\ref{Example_1.1}) and (\ref{Example_1.2}). Due to the lack of morphosyntactic marking in Papuan Malay, a given construction can receive different readings, as illustrated in (\ref{Example_1.1}). Depending on the context, the \textitbf{kalo {\ldots} suda} ‘when/if {\ldots} already’ construction can receive a temporal or a counterfactual reading.\footnote{One anonymous reviewer suggests an alternative analysis for the example in (\ref{Example_1.1}). Rather than being ambiguous and exemplifying a case of ``hidden complexity'', the \textitbf{kalo {\ldots} suda} `when/if {\ldots} already' construction expresses an unspecified reason-consequence relation, with the context supplying the information on whether the reason has place.} Example (\ref{Example_1.2}) illustrates the pervasive use of \isi{elision} in Papuan Malay. Verbs allow but do not require core arguments. Therefore, core arguments are readily elided when they are understood from the context ( ``Ø'' represents the omitted arguments).
A: word: garo~garo	 gloss: RDP~scratch
B: word: pen–jaga	 gloss: AG–guard
C: word: ø	 gloss: feel.happy
D: word: putar	 gloss: turn.around
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... karna de tida bisa bicara bahasa, maka Ø pake bahasa orang bisu, ... baru Ø Ø foto, foto, a, ___ snang, prempuang bawa babi, Ø kasi Ø Ø
Gloss (with missing item): ... because 3SG NEG be.able speak language therefore ... use language person be.mute ... and.then ... ... photograph photographah! ... ___ (.about) woman bring pig ... give ... ...
The English translation of this sentence is:[First outside contact between a Papuan group living in the jungle and a group of pastors:] `[but they can’t speak Indonesian,] because she can’t speak Indonesian, therefore (she) uses sign language ... (the pastor is taking) pictures, pictures, ah, (the women are) happy, the women bring a pig, (they) give (it to the pastors)’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In concluding this discussion about the \ili{creole} versus non-\ili{creole} status of Papuan Malay, the author agrees with those scholars who challenge the view that the \ili{eastern Malay varieties} are creolized languages. Moreover, the author agrees with \citet[35, 43]{Bisang.2009}, who argues that complexity is not limited to the \isi{morphology} or syntax of a language. Instead, complexity may instead be found in the pragmatic inferential system as applied to utterances in their discourse setting. Such ``hidden complexity'' is certainly a pertinent trait of Papuan Malay, as shown throughout this book. Two examples of hidden complexity are presented in (\ref{Example_1.1}) and (\ref{Example_1.2}). Due to the lack of morphosyntactic marking in Papuan Malay, a given construction can receive different readings, as illustrated in (\ref{Example_1.1}). Depending on the context, the \textitbf{kalo {\ldots} suda} ‘when/if {\ldots} already’ construction can receive a temporal or a counterfactual reading.\footnote{One anonymous reviewer suggests an alternative analysis for the example in (\ref{Example_1.1}). Rather than being ambiguous and exemplifying a case of ``hidden complexity'', the \textitbf{kalo {\ldots} suda} `when/if {\ldots} already' construction expresses an unspecified reason-consequence relation, with the context supplying the information on whether the reason has place.} Example (\ref{Example_1.2}) illustrates the pervasive use of \isi{elision} in Papuan Malay. Verbs allow but do not require core arguments. Therefore, core arguments are readily elided when they are understood from the context ( ``Ø'' represents the omitted arguments).
A: word: perlu	 gloss: need
B: word: suda	 gloss: already
C: word: katanya	 gloss: it.is.being.said
D: word: ø	 gloss: feel.happy
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko ___ pulang ke tempat
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG ___ go.home to place
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: prepositions & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: harusnya	 gloss: appropriately
B: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
C: word: sama	 gloss: to
D: word: pegang	 gloss: hold
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko harus pulang ___ tempat
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG have.to go.home ___ place
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: prepositions & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: kejar	 gloss: chase
B: word: ke	 gloss: to
C: word: putar	 gloss: turn.around
D: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko harus pulang ke ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG have.to go.home to ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: prepositions & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: mana	 gloss: where
B: word: empat	 gloss: four
C: word: tempat	 gloss: place
D: word: kantong	 gloss: bag
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de ___ naik di kapal
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG ___ ascend at ship
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he already went on board’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: prepositions & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: skarang	 gloss: now
B: word: suda	 gloss: already
C: word: putar	 gloss: turn.around
D: word: pemuda	 gloss: youth
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de suda naik ___ kapal
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG already ascend ___ ship
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he already went on board’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: prepositions & as prethe morpheme ___cted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: bahasa	 gloss: language
B: word: dia	 gloss: 3SG
C: word: di	 gloss: at
D: word: putar	 gloss: turn.around
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de suda naik di ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG already ascend at ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he already went on board’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: prepositions & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: kapal	 gloss: ship
B: word: pegang	 gloss: hold
C: word: prahu	 gloss: boat
D: word: kapang	 gloss: when
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko ___ pulang ke tempat
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG ___ go.home to place
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{verb} – \isi{prepositional phrase} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: bahwa	 gloss: that
B: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
C: word: harusnya	 gloss: appropriately
D: word: sama	 gloss: to
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko harus pulang ___ tempat
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG have.to go.home ___ place
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{verb} – \isi{prepositional phrase} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: ke	 gloss: to
B: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
C: word: putar	 gloss: turn.around
D: word: kejar	 gloss: chase
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko harus pulang ke ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG have.to go.home to ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{verb} – \isi{prepositional phrase} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: empat	 gloss: four
B: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
C: word: tempat	 gloss: place
D: word: mana	 gloss: where
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de ___ naik di kapal
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG ___ ascend at ship
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he already went on board’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{verb} – \isi{prepositional phrase} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: suda	 gloss: already
B: word: skarang	 gloss: now
C: word: pemuda	 gloss: youth
D: word: cari	 gloss: search
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de suda naik ___ kapal
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG already ascend ___ ship
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he already went on board’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{verb} – \isi{prepositional phrase} & as prethe morpheme ___cted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: dia	 gloss: 3SG
B: word: di	 gloss: at
C: word: nakal	 gloss: be.mischievous
D: word: pegang	 gloss: hold
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): de suda naik di ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG already ascend at ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘he already went on board’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{verb} – \isi{prepositional phrase} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}), (\ref{Example_1.6})\\
A: word: prahu	 gloss: boat
B: word: pegang	 gloss: hold
C: word: kapang	 gloss: when
D: word: kapal	 gloss: ship
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko ___ pulang ke tempat
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG ___ go.home to place
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: auxiliary \isi{verb} – main \isi{verb} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}),\\
A: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
B: word: harusnya	 gloss: appropriately
C: word: tempat	 gloss: place
D: word: sama	 gloss: to
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko harus pulang ___ tempat
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG have.to go.home ___ place
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: auxiliary \isi{verb} – main \isi{verb} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}),\\
A: word: cari	 gloss: search
B: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
C: word: ke	 gloss: to
D: word: kejar	 gloss: chase
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko harus pulang ke ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG have.to go.home to ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘you have to go home to (your own) place’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: auxiliary \isi{verb} – main \isi{verb} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.5}),\\
A: word: tempat	 gloss: place
B: word: empat	 gloss: four
C: word: mana	 gloss: where
D: word: bahwa	 gloss: that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sa tida taw ___ jam tiga itu de su meninggal
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG NEG know ___ hour three D.DIST 3SG already die
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I didn’t know that by three o’clock (in the afternoon) she had already died’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: initial \isi{complementizer} & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.9})\\
A: word: harus	 gloss: have.to
B: word: supaya	 gloss: so.that
C: word: bahwa	 gloss: that
D: word: bahasa	 gloss: language
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... karna liat ada makangang dalam ___ yang saya bawa
Gloss (with missing item): ... because see exist food inside ___ REL 1SG bring
The English translation of this sentence is:‘[she was already glad] because (she) saw there was food in the bag that I brought’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{noun} – relative clause & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.10})\\
A: word: jajang	 gloss: snack
B: word: kantong	 gloss: bag
C: word: kantor	 gloss: office
D: word: suda	 gloss: already
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ... karna liat ada makangang dalam kantong ___ saya bawa
Gloss (with missing item): ... because see exist food inside bag ___ 1SG bring
The English translation of this sentence is:‘[she was already glad] because (she) saw there was food in the bag that I brought’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \isi{noun} – relative clause & as predicted & (\ref{Example_1.10})\\
A: word: baku	 gloss: RECP
B: word: putar	 gloss: turn.around
C: word: sayang	 gloss: love
D: word: yang	 gloss: REL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Papuan Malay. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ko sendiri ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG be.alone ___
The English translation of this sentence is:‘are you alone or (not)?’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: initial question particle & clause final question & (\ref{Example_1.12})\\
A: word: bahwa	 gloss: that
B: word: ka	 gloss: or
C: word: dang	 gloss: and
D: word: terbuka	 gloss: be.opened
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B