cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 124:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): muníir"=ii rhootašíia dhruú\simṣ-a the ___
Gloss (with missing item): Munir-GEN tomorrow Drosh-OBL to ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Munir has/is to go to Drosh tomorrow.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It seems the agent is generally avoided with obligative transitive verbs, and as such it is also becoming an~alternative way of expressing a~passive meaning (compare with \sectref{subsec:8-5-2}), with a sense of ability (or inability) rather than one of obligation. I would still hold that Obligative is primarily modality and only secondarily voice. Possibly related to the degree of obligation is an~alternation between the coding of the agent in the nominative, as in (\ref{ex:9-59}), versus the genitive coding we saw above in (\ref{ex:9-55}).
A: word: b-eeṇḍeéu	 gloss: go-OBLG
B: word: širinɡá	 gloss: rattle.IMP.SG
C: word: yh-eeṇḍeéu	 gloss: come-OBLG
D: word: kháač-u	 gloss: bad-MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 125:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \label{bkm:Ref190746425}bíiḍ-u muṣṭú áak miiš-íi áak dhií de ___
Gloss (with missing item): much-MSG before IDEF man-GEN IDEF daughter be.PST ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`A long time ago there was a~man who had a~daughter.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hearsay, formed with the morpheme ___, is grammaticalised to a~much lower extent than the hitherto mentioned categories, and is thus only in a~peripheral sense part of the TMA system. When it occurs, it occurs at the end of a~sentence, like an~auxiliary, after the inflected finite verb form (whether simple or periphrastically formed) to indicate reported (but not self"=experienced) information. It is chiefly (but optionally) used in narratives, especially those of a~legendary character, and mostly at the beginning of such narratives, which is seen in (\ref{ex:9-60}).\footnote{I am inclined not to consider it a~story starter as such; that function is instead carried by bíiḍu muṣṭú, muṣṭú zamaanáii, muxáak zamaanée, or similar more or less standardised story"=starters. The initial sentence's occurrence of the participant"=introduction heensílu de `there was' is also typical of the Palula storytelling discourse.}
A: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
B: word: laɡay"=aiṇḍeéu	 gloss: apply-OBLG
C: word: lookúṛi	 gloss: Lokuri
D: word: maní	 gloss: HSAY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 126:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): \label{bkm:Ref190746425}bíiḍ-u muṣṭú áak miiš-íi áak dhií de ___
Gloss (with missing item): much-MSG before IDEF man-GEN IDEF daughter be.PST ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`A long time ago there was a~man who had a~daughter.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As can be seen in example (\ref{ex:9-60}), the morpheme ___ is used only in the two first sentences, but there are also narratives where this is used much more frequently, in the extreme case after almost all sentences. It is also used when presenting legendary or questionable facts in a~narrative, as in (\ref{ex:9-61}), otherwise unmarked in this respect.
A: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
B: word: lookúṛi	 gloss: Lokuri
C: word: ɡaṭ-aa=bhóol-u	 gloss: win-INF=be.able.to.PFV"=MSG
D: word: maní	 gloss: HSAY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 127:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tasíi áaṣṭ zára kuṇaak-á heensíl-a de ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.GEN eight thousand.PL child-PL stay.PFV"=MPL PST ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He had 8,000 children [it has been said].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As can be seen in example (\ref{ex:9-60}), the morpheme ___ is used only in the two first sentences, but there are also narratives where this is used much more frequently, in the extreme case after almost all sentences. It is also used when presenting legendary or questionable facts in a~narrative, as in (\ref{ex:9-61}), otherwise unmarked in this respect.
A: word: dhríṣṭ-u	 gloss: see.PFV"=MSG
B: word: lookúṛi	 gloss: Lokuri
C: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
D: word: maní	 gloss: HSAY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 128:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): asíi atshareet-á bíiḍ-u kir dít-u hín-u ___ hiimeel-í bi whéet"=im hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.GEN Ashret-OBL much-PL snow give.PFV"=MSG be.PRS"=MSG ___ glacier-PL also come.down.PFV"=FPL be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`[I have been told that] a~lot of snow has fallen in our [village] Ashret, and there have been avalanches as well.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The marker maní is, however, not restricted to narrative discourse. It may be used in any everyday conversation, as in (\ref{ex:9-62}), here along with the Perfect. Also in this utterance it is only after the first finite verb form that the hearsay marker occurs.
A: word: maní	 gloss: HSAY
B: word: lookúṛi	 gloss: Lokuri
C: word: mhaar-íiṛ	 gloss: kill-2SG
D: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 129:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): so búd-u ki míi kúṛi dúi koó ɡaḍ-í ɡhin-í ɡíia ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3MSG.NOM understand.PFV"=MSG COMP 1SG.GEN woman other someone pull-CV take-CV go.PFV.PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He understood that someone else had taken his wife away.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Related to this issue, is the use of the quotation marker the morpheme ___, with a~similar etymology, which may develop into an~auxiliary. Triggered by the verb"=final word order, it may become restricted to the position after the finite verb and become narrowed down to this particular verb form.\footnote{It is still alternatively expressed with other verb forms.} In the process, it may also become a~marker of a~more grammaticalised inferentiality category, as such contrasting with Hearsay, rather than now as chiefly a~marker of direct quotation/perception (see \sectref{subsec:13-5-1}). In (\ref{ex:9-63}) it has taken on a~function beyond mere quotation.
A: word: thaníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
B: word: man-éen-i	 gloss: say-PRS-F
C: word: širinɡá	 gloss: rattle.IMP.SG
D: word: thaní	 gloss: QUOT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 130:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aḍaphará ___ ba damá thíil-u
Gloss (with missing item): halfways ___ TOP pause do.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Halfway down, we rested.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Converb -- defined by \citet{haspelmath1995} as ``a non"=finite verb form whose main function is to mark adverbial subordination'' -- is essentially a~perfective adverbial participle (compare with the Copredicative Participle, \sectref{subsec:9-3-5}, which is an~imperfective adverbial participle). There is a similarly"=functioning participle in many other IA languages, often referred to as a~conjunctive participle.\footnote{The identification of the corresponding verb form in Kohistani Shina with the converb, according to \citeauthor{haspelmath1995}'s (\citeyear{haspelmath1995}) definition, is carried through in \citealt{schmidt2003}.} It is a~characteristic, very frequently occurring, and syntactically important non"=finite verb form \citep[323, 397--401]{masica1991}. Like in many of those other languages, the Palula Converb carries an~approximate meaning of `having done, etc.' It is (as \citeauthor{haspelmath1995}'s definition also spells out) especially important in adverbial subordination and in expressing perfective sequentiality, as illustrated in (\ref{ex:9-64}).See \sectref{subsec:13-3-1} and \sectref{subsec:13-4-1} for further details.
A: word: mheeríl-u	 gloss: kill.PFV"=MSG
B: word: ɡúu	 gloss: bull
C: word: whaí	 gloss: come.down.CV
D: word: wha-í	 gloss: come.down-CV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 131:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): eetás ___ pahúrta
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.REM.ACC ___ after
The English translation of this sentence is:`After the [completed] construction of it{...}'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since the Perfective Participle is formally identical to the Simple Past (and as such has become a~finite verb form), it only occurs marginally in what must be interpreted as a~non"=finite function. When it does, such as in the (perfective) nominalisations below, it can also (but not consistently so) be inflected for case, genitive in (\ref{ex:9-65}) and oblique in (\ref{ex:9-66}).
A: word: samóol-u	 gloss: build.PFV"=MSG
B: word: samóol-íi	 gloss: build.PPTC"=GEN
C: word: phedá	 gloss: make.reach.IMP.SG
D: word: bhíl-ii	 gloss: become.PPTC"=GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 132:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dhoóṛ ma ___ díi muṣṭú tíi dúu xat-í čooṇṭéel-im
Gloss (with missing item): yesterday 1SG.NOM ___ from back 3SG.OBL two letter-PL write.PFV"=FPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`When I came yesterday, he had [just] written two letters.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since the Perfective Participle is formally identical to the Simple Past (and as such has become a~finite verb form), it only occurs marginally in what must be interpreted as a~non"=finite function. When it does, such as in the (perfective) nominalisations below, it can also (but not consistently so) be inflected for case, genitive in (\ref{ex:9-65}) and oblique in (\ref{ex:9-66}).
A: word: háat"=am	 gloss: hand-INS
B: word: yhóol-u	 gloss: come.PFV"=MSG
C: word: čooṇṭéel"=im	 gloss: write.PFV"=FPL
D: word: yhóol-a	 gloss: come.PPTC"=OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 133:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): phaí teeṇíi háat"=am ___ rumiaál dít-i hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): girl REFL hand-INS ___ handkerchief give.PFV-F be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`The girl gave him the handkerchief which she had embroidered herself.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Perfective Participle is also, as seen in (\ref{ex:9-67}), used attributively in some relativisations (see \sectref{subsec:13-6-6} for further details).
A: word: ɡaḍ-íi	 gloss: take.off-3SG
B: word: čooṇṭéel-i	 gloss: embroider.PPTC-F
C: word: ṣaawóol"=ii	 gloss: put.on.PPTC.MSG"=GEN
D: word: čooṇṭéel-im	 gloss: write.PFV"=FPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 134:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): muṣṭú zamanáii paṇardóoṛ-a búuḍ-a ɡáaḍ-a xalk-íim díi ___ áa qisá eeteeṇ-ú hín-u ki
Gloss (with missing item): back period.GEN elder-PL old-PL big-PL people-PL.OBL from ___ IDEF story such-MSG be.PRS"=MSG COMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Once, a~story goes, which has been heard from the elders, the old and the powerful people{...}.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Often however, as can be seen in (\ref{ex:9-68}), the Perfective Participle will occur with an~additional adjectiviser bhaáu or wáandu/wéendi, maybe to mark it off as different from the otherwise formally identical Simple Past.
A: word: dhríṣṭ-u	 gloss: see.PFV"=MSG
B: word: ṣuunt-u=wáand-u	 gloss: hear.PPTC"=MSG=ADJ"=MSG
C: word: ɡhiin-u=bhaáu	 gloss: take.PPTC"=MSG=ADJ
D: word: ǰáand-u	 gloss: alive-MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 135:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pirsaahib-á ba inkaár thíil-i so phoó ___ díi
Gloss (with missing item): Pir.Sahib-OBL TOP refusal do.PFV-F DEF.MSG.NOM boy ___ from
The English translation of this sentence is:`Pir Sahib refused to hand over the boy [lit: from giving the boy].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although textually not as frequent as the Converb, it is a~category used in a~number of dependent clauses, such being the predicate in many complement clauses (for details, see \sectref{sec:13-5}), as in (\ref{ex:9-69}), as well as in some clauses with adverbial functions (see \sectref{sec:13-4}). It may also, as in (\ref{ex:9-70}), although quite infrequently, be used attributively (see \sectref{subsec:13-6-6} for a~discussion).
A: word: deníi	 gloss: give.VN
B: word: ǰhóon-a	 gloss: know-3SG
C: word: theníi-e	 gloss: do.VN"=GEN
D: word: d-ainií	 gloss: give-VN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 136:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): rhootašíi-a ǰhambréeṛi ___ waxt yhóol-u ta
Gloss (with missing item): morning-OBL bride ___ time come.PFV"=MSG SUB
The English translation of this sentence is:`In the morning, at the time of taking the bride{...}'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although textually not as frequent as the Converb, it is a~category used in a~number of dependent clauses, such being the predicate in many complement clauses (for details, see \sectref{sec:13-5}), as in (\ref{ex:9-69}), as well as in some clauses with adverbial functions (see \sectref{sec:13-4}). It may also, as in (\ref{ex:9-70}), although quite infrequently, be used attributively (see \sectref{subsec:13-6-6} for a~discussion).
A: word: th"=eeṇḍeéu	 gloss: do-OBLG
B: word: har"=ainií	 gloss: take.away-VN
C: word: mhaar"=ainií	 gloss: kill-VN
D: word: saatainií	 gloss: take.care.VN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 137:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ iṇc̣ zaxmát bhíl-u
Gloss (with missing item): ___ bear wounded become.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`The bear was wounded from the firing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Verbal Noun can also occur with nominal inflection, although, again, it is rather unusual (and in the A dialect often phonologically neutralised), as in the causality clause in (\ref{ex:9-71}), where it takes a~genitive case inflection.
A: word: ɡaḍ-íi	 gloss: take.off-3SG
B: word: ǰeníi-e	 gloss: hit.VN"=GEN
C: word: theníi-e	 gloss: do.VN"=GEN
D: word: típa	 gloss: now
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 138:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): teewiz-í th-áaṭ-u le peeriaán ɡaḍ-í ___
Gloss (with missing item): amulet-PL do-AG"=MSG DIST djinn.PL take-CV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He was an expert in making amulets and in providing deliverance from djinns.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Agentive Verbal Noun is another nominalisation but in many ways it is secondary as a~nominal formation and is semantically rather restricted. It is a~way of singling out an~agent of an~action (provided with a~gender/number ending) but often reflects a~more idiomatic or lexicalised meaning than the semantics of the verb itself. When used as nouns they inflect as nouns, see (\ref{ex:9-72}), but they can equally well function as adjectival modifiers of other nouns, as in (\ref{ex:9-73}).
A: word: ṣeeka-áaṭ-u	 gloss: lead.out-AG"=MSG
B: word: dac̣h-áaṭ-u	 gloss: look-AG"=MSG
C: word: muṭ-íi	 gloss: tree-GEN
D: word: ǰeníi-e	 gloss: fire.VN"=GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 139:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aní phaí ___
Gloss (with missing item): PROX girl ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`This girl has a~bad character [she is ``loose''].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Agentive Verbal Noun is another nominalisation but in many ways it is secondary as a~nominal formation and is semantically rather restricted. It is a~way of singling out an~agent of an~action (provided with a~gender/number ending) but often reflects a~more idiomatic or lexicalised meaning than the semantics of the verb itself. When used as nouns they inflect as nouns, see (\ref{ex:9-72}), but they can equally well function as adjectival modifiers of other nouns, as in (\ref{ex:9-73}).
A: word: phed-í	 gloss: arrive-CV
B: word: uṛ-éen-i	 gloss: let.out-PRS-F
C: word: uṛ-éeṭ-i	 gloss: let.out-AG-F
D: word: wháat-u	 gloss: come.down.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C