cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma nis aáǰ ___ ta rhootašíia ba kanaá bh-úum
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM 3SG.PROX.ACC today ___ SUB tomorrow TOP how become-1SG
The English translation of this sentence is:`If I eat it today, what will I then do tomorrow?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This category is almost exclusively used in reference to future, i.e., not yet realised, situations, as in (\ref{ex:9-1}) and (\ref{ex:9-2}), whether close or distant in time, and covers intention as well as prediction \citep[105--108]{dahl1985}:
A: word: bh-úum	 gloss: become-1SG
B: word: kh-úu	 gloss: eat-3SG
C: word: dít-i	 gloss: give.PFV"=FSG
D: word: kh-úum	 gloss: eat-1SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma nis aáǰ kh-úum ta rhootašíia ba kanaá ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM 3SG.PROX.ACC today eat-1SG SUB tomorrow TOP how ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`If I eat it today, what will I then do tomorrow?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This category is almost exclusively used in reference to future, i.e., not yet realised, situations, as in (\ref{ex:9-1}) and (\ref{ex:9-2}), whether close or distant in time, and covers intention as well as prediction \citep[105--108]{dahl1985}:
A: word: kh-úum	 gloss: eat-1SG
B: word: bh-íi	 gloss: become-3SG
C: word: bh-úum	 gloss: become-1SG
D: word: mhaar-íiṛ	 gloss: kill-2SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): thée míi báabu ___ yaába tu mhaar-íiṛ yaába ṛo eé máar-a
Gloss (with missing item): then 1SG.GEN father ___ either 2SG.NOM kill-2SG or 3SG.DIST.NOM AMPL die-3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then my father will die, either you will kill him or he himself will die.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This category is almost exclusively used in reference to future, i.e., not yet realised, situations, as in (\ref{ex:9-1}) and (\ref{ex:9-2}), whether close or distant in time, and covers intention as well as prediction \citep[105--108]{dahl1985}:
A: word: bhíl-a	 gloss: become.PFV"=MPL
B: word: mhaar-éen	 gloss: kill-3PL
C: word: háar-um	 gloss: take-1SG
D: word: máar-a	 gloss: die-3SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): thée míi báabu máar-a yaába tu ___ yaába ṛo eé máar-a
Gloss (with missing item): then 1SG.GEN father die-3SG either 2SG.NOM ___ or 3SG.DIST.NOM AMPL die-3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then my father will die, either you will kill him or he himself will die.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This category is almost exclusively used in reference to future, i.e., not yet realised, situations, as in (\ref{ex:9-1}) and (\ref{ex:9-2}), whether close or distant in time, and covers intention as well as prediction \citep[105--108]{dahl1985}:
A: word: th-áan-u	 gloss: do-PRS"=MSG
B: word: mhaar-éen	 gloss: kill-3PL
C: word: yaar-íi	 gloss: friend-GEN
D: word: mhaar-íiṛ	 gloss: kill-2SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): thée míi báabu máar-a yaába tu mhaar-íiṛ yaába ṛo eé ___
Gloss (with missing item): then 1SG.GEN father die-3SG either 2SG.NOM kill-2SG or 3SG.DIST.NOM AMPL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then my father will die, either you will kill him or he himself will die.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This category is almost exclusively used in reference to future, i.e., not yet realised, situations, as in (\ref{ex:9-1}) and (\ref{ex:9-2}), whether close or distant in time, and covers intention as well as prediction \citep[105--108]{dahl1985}:
A: word: máar-a	 gloss: die-3SG
B: word: mhaar-éen	 gloss: kill-3PL
C: word: háar-um	 gloss: take-1SG
D: word: bh"=eeṇḍeéu	 gloss: become-OBLG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma aní šaak-á ___ ɡhooṣṭ-á har-í kúṛi anɡóor ǰheel-í tanaám the ɡúuli th-íi
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM PROX wood-PL ___ house-OBL take-CV wife fire light-CV 3PL.ACC to bread do-3SG
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will bring this wood to the house, and my wife is going to make a~fire and bake bread for
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: While Present (\sectref{subsec:9-1-3}) is used for actions started but not yet seen as completed at the time of the utterance, the Future is used with reference to all future situations that have not yet commenced, such as the ones in (\ref{ex:9-3}), regardless of the degree of probability or volitionality. There is no other major construction in the language competing with this verb form.
A: word: bh-úum	 gloss: become-1SG
B: word: háar-um	 gloss: take-1SG
C: word: máar-a	 gloss: die-3SG
D: word: uṛ-éeṭ-i	 gloss: let.out-AG-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma aní šaak-á háar-um ɡhooṣṭ-á har-í kúṛi anɡóor ǰheel-í tanaám the ɡúuli ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM PROX wood-PL take-1SG house-OBL take-CV wife fire light-CV 3PL.ACC to bread ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will bring this wood to the house, and my wife is going to make a~fire and bake bread for
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: While Present (\sectref{subsec:9-1-3}) is used for actions started but not yet seen as completed at the time of the utterance, the Future is used with reference to all future situations that have not yet commenced, such as the ones in (\ref{ex:9-3}), regardless of the degree of probability or volitionality. There is no other major construction in the language competing with this verb form.
A: word: deníi	 gloss: give.VN
B: word: than-íi	 gloss: say-3SG
C: word: th-íia	 gloss: do-1PL
D: word: th-íi	 gloss: do-3SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kasée=ɡale máaṭu dhraǰaá ba šúul-a the phedíl-u heentá hasó ___
Gloss (with missing item): whose=ever neck stretch.CV TOP grass.heap-OBL to reach.PFV"=MSG CONDL 3MSG.REM.NOM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The one whose neck can reach to the heap of grass may eat.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Future is also often part of a~Conditional expression as the apodosis verb (`may eat' in (\ref{ex:9-4})) and is sometimes used to express hopes and congratulations (as in (\ref{ex:9-5})), i.e., optative modality \citep[179]{bybeeetal1994}.
A: word: kh-úu	 gloss: eat-3SG
B: word: khúu	 gloss: eat.3SG
C: word: čhúuṇ-i	 gloss: put.PFV-F
D: word: hín-a	 gloss: be.PRS"=MPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ṛe xu bíiḍ-i šúi baát, mubaarák ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3FSG.DIST.NOM however much-F good.F talk blessing ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`That was very good [to hear], congratulations!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Future is also often part of a~Conditional expression as the apodosis verb (`may eat' in (\ref{ex:9-4})) and is sometimes used to express hopes and congratulations (as in (\ref{ex:9-5})), i.e., optative modality \citep[179]{bybeeetal1994}.
A: word: bhíi	 gloss: become.3SG
B: word: bh-íi	 gloss: become-3SG
C: word: bhíilam	 gloss: fearfully
D: word: bh"=eeṇḍeéu	 gloss: become-OBLG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): míi dáand-a ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.GEN tooth-PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I've got a~toothache.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Present typically refers to progressive situations, as illustrated in examples (\ref{ex:9-6})--(\ref{ex:9-7}),whether durative or punctual, with present time reference.
A: word: šila-yáan-a	 gloss: ache-PRS"=MPL
B: word: ba-yáan-u=aa	 gloss: go-PRS"=MSG=Q
C: word: dac̣h-á	 gloss: look-IMP.SG
D: word: čúti-m	 gloss: paw-PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tu ɡubáa ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG.NOM what ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`What are you doing?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Present typically refers to progressive situations, as illustrated in examples (\ref{ex:9-6})--(\ref{ex:9-7}),whether durative or punctual, with present time reference.
A: word: tháan-u	 gloss: do.PRS"=MSG
B: word: th-áan-u	 gloss: do-PRS"=MSG
C: word: bh"=eeṇḍeéu	 gloss: become-OBLG
D: word: uth-áan-u	 gloss: get.up-PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma roošnaám raɣáṣṭi [uth-áan-u] uth-í ba ɣusulxaaná the ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM morning early get.up-PRS"=MSG get.up-CV TOP bathroom to ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I get up early in the morning. After I get up, I go to the bathroom.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, it also covers habitual situations, such as those in examples (\ref{ex:9-8}) and (\ref{ex:9-9}), which can be considered repetitions on a~regular basis, at or after the time of the utterance.
A: word: bi-áan-u	 gloss: go-PRS"=MSG
B: word: bayáan-u	 gloss: go.PRS"=MSG
C: word: ba-yáan-u=aa	 gloss: go-PRS"=MSG=Q
D: word: khaá	 gloss: eat.CV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): heewand-á dúu diṣṭ-í kir ___
Gloss (with missing item): winter-OBL two hand.span-PL snow ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`In the winter we [usually] get two hand"=spans of snow.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, it also covers habitual situations, such as those in examples (\ref{ex:9-8}) and (\ref{ex:9-9}), which can be considered repetitions on a~regular basis, at or after the time of the utterance.
A: word: ǰhaan-áan-u	 gloss: know-PRS"=MSG
B: word: d-áan-u	 gloss: give-PRS"=MSG
C: word: ɡhin-áan-u	 gloss: take-PRS"=MSG
D: word: th-áan-u	 gloss: do-PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tarkaaṇ-íi dapáara bíiḍ-i saamaán ___
Gloss (with missing item): carpenter-GEN sake much-F thing ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`A carpenter needs a~lot of tools.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Present is also used for general statements, as in (\ref{ex:9-10}), or sayings, as in (\ref{ex:9-11}).
A: word: man-éen-i	 gloss: say-PRS-F
B: word: hín-u	 gloss: be.PRS"=MSG
C: word: laɡaiǰ-éen-i	 gloss: be.applied-PRS-F
D: word: hín-i	 gloss: be.PRS-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): har kaantíiru teeṇíi kráam šóo ___
Gloss (with missing item): every fool REFL work good.MSG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Every fool knows his own work best.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Present is also used for general statements, as in (\ref{ex:9-10}), or sayings, as in (\ref{ex:9-11}).
A: word: ɡhin-áan-u	 gloss: take-PRS"=MSG
B: word: buǰ-áan-u	 gloss: understand-PRS"=MSG
C: word: ǰhaan-áan-u	 gloss: know-PRS"=MSG
D: word: seentá	 gloss: CONDH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): eetáa wháat-u ta tsak=tsák thaní áak šay wíi ___
Gloss (with missing item): there come.down.PFV"=MSG SUB RED=IDPH QUOT IDEF thing water ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Coming down there he sees a~thing making sounds licking the water.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Quite infrequently, Present is used in historical narratives, especially if describing a~situation from the perspective of a~role character. In (\ref{ex:9-12}), the narrator switches from the regular narration tense (i.e., the Simple Past) to the Present.
A: word: kha-áan-u	 gloss: eat-PRS"=MSG
B: word: mar-í	 gloss: die-CV
C: word: tsak-áan-u	 gloss: lick-PRS"=MSG
D: word: ḍhak-áan-u	 gloss: touch-PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): típa ba ma tasíi paalaweeṇ-íi qiseé ___
Gloss (with missing item): now TOP 1SG.NOM 3SG.GEN strong.man-GEN story.PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Now I'm going to tell you the story about this strong man.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Present is used rather than the Future for imminent future reference, for instance, when someone is just about to do something, as when the speaker in (\ref{ex:9-13}) is just beginning to tell a~story.
A: word: uth-áan-u	 gloss: get.up-PRS"=MSG
B: word: čuk-í	 gloss: bite-CV
C: word: th-áan-u	 gloss: do-PRS"=MSG
D: word: tháan-u	 gloss: do.PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): raaǰaá [múṛ-u] ta putr-óom tasíi hukumát ___
Gloss (with missing item): king die.PFV"=MSG SUB son-OBL.PL 3SG.GEN government ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the king died the sons fought for the power [several hundred years ago].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Simple Past is used to refer to completed events in the past, whether remote or close in time. Examples (\ref{ex:9-14})--(\ref{ex:9-18}) illustrate the use of the Simple Past, from the very remote event in (\ref{ex:9-14}), then gradually decreasing in remoteness in the following examples to the very close at hand reference in (\ref{ex:9-18}).
A: word: čooṇṭéel-im	 gloss: write.PFV"=FPL
B: word: bulooṣṭéel-i	 gloss: snatch.PFV-F
C: word: ɡhíin-i	 gloss: take.PFV-F
D: word: laɡaiǰ-éen-i	 gloss: be.applied-PRS-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma tu sanɡí khoṇḍ-í bíiḍ-u xušaán ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM 2SG.NOM with speak-CV much-MSG happy ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was really nice to speak to you [the conversation that made the speaker happy is still going on at the time of the utterance.].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Simple Past is used to refer to completed events in the past, whether remote or close in time. Examples (\ref{ex:9-14})--(\ref{ex:9-18}) illustrate the use of the Simple Past, from the very remote event in (\ref{ex:9-14}), then gradually decreasing in remoteness in the following examples to the very close at hand reference in (\ref{ex:9-18}).
A: word: yhóol-u	 gloss: come.PFV"=MSG
B: word: bhíl-u	 gloss: become.PFV"=MSG
C: word: dhríṣṭ-u	 gloss: see.PFV"=MSG
D: word: bhíl-i	 gloss: become.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): raaǰaá [múṛ-u] ta putr-óom tasíi hukumát ___
Gloss (with missing item): king die.PFV"=MSG SUB son-OBL.PL 3SG.GEN government ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`When the king died the sons fought for the power [several hundred years ago].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The Simple Past is used to refer to completed events in the past, whether remote or close in time. Examples (\ref{ex:9-14})--(\ref{ex:9-18}) illustrate the use of the Simple Past, from the very remote event in (\ref{ex:9-14}), then gradually decreasing in remoteness in the following examples to the very close at hand reference in (\ref{ex:9-18}).
A: word: bulooṣṭéel-i	 gloss: snatch.PFV-F
B: word: bh-úum	 gloss: become-1SG
C: word: čooṇṭéel-im	 gloss: write.PFV"=FPL
D: word: ɡhíin-i	 gloss: take.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A