cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): hazratǰaán ___
Gloss (with missing item): Hazrat.Jan ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Hazrat Jan stood up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Distributionally, the verb normally occurs clause"=finally, functioning as the main predicate of the clause. The verb in (\ref{ex:8-1}) is preceded by a~single argument, a~subject, whereas the verb in (\ref{ex:8-2}) is preceded by an~oblique (postpositional) object, a~subject and a~direct object (see \chapref{chap:11}).
A: word: thíil-i	 gloss: do.PFV-F
B: word: uthíit-u	 gloss: stand.up.PFV"=MSG
C: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
D: word: ukháat-u	 gloss: come.up.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): se ɣar-í the asím tas ___
Gloss (with missing item): DEF peak-OBL to 1PL.ERG 3SG.ACC ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`We brought him to the peak.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Distributionally, the verb normally occurs clause"=finally, functioning as the main predicate of the clause. The verb in (\ref{ex:8-1}) is preceded by a~single argument, a~subject, whereas the verb in (\ref{ex:8-2}) is preceded by an~oblique (postpositional) object, a~subject and a~direct object (see \chapref{chap:11}).
A: word: ɡhaṇḍ-í	 gloss: tie-CV
B: word: čhúuṇ-u	 gloss: put.PFV"=MSG
C: word: phedóol-u	 gloss: bring.PFV"=MSG
D: word: phedóol"=ii	 gloss: arrive.with.PPTC"=GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): xu bhíilam ma ___ hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): but of.fear 1SG.NOM ___ be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`But because of fear I turned back.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: For the perfective stems, which were analysed as including, e.g., an l-element, valency addition takes place before that element (thus within the stem itself), compare with the stems in examples (\ref{ex:8-5}) and (\ref{ex:8-6}).
A: word: phedíl-u	 gloss: reach.PFV"=MSG
B: word: nuuṭíl-u	 gloss: return.PFV"=MSG
C: word: nuuṭíl-i	 gloss: return.PFV-F
D: word: th-íia	 gloss: do-1PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): hanú ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3MSG.PROX.NOM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He's sleeping.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, the formation can be applied to intransitive verbs. Although this, strictly speaking, is not part of our focus here, we can see that the same construction is used regardless of the degree of voluntary control that the causee exercises: compare (\ref{ex:8-7}) with (\ref{ex:8-8}), (\ref{ex:8-9}) with (\ref{ex:8-10}), and (\ref{ex:8-11}) with (\ref{ex:8-12}).
A: word: su-áan-u	 gloss: sleep-PRS"=MSG
B: word: su(w)a-(y)áan-u	 gloss: make.sleep-PRS"=MSG
C: word: thíil-i	 gloss: do.PFV-F
D: word: ru-áan-u	 gloss: cry-PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma teeṇíi putr ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM REFL son ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I make my son sleep [I put my son to bed].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, the formation can be applied to intransitive verbs. Although this, strictly speaking, is not part of our focus here, we can see that the same construction is used regardless of the degree of voluntary control that the causee exercises: compare (\ref{ex:8-7}) with (\ref{ex:8-8}), (\ref{ex:8-9}) with (\ref{ex:8-10}), and (\ref{ex:8-11}) with (\ref{ex:8-12}).
A: word: su(w)a-(y)áan-u	 gloss: make.sleep-PRS"=MSG
B: word: th-áan-u	 gloss: do-PRS"=MSG
C: word: su-áan-u	 gloss: sleep-PRS"=MSG
D: word: hín-a	 gloss: be.PRS"=MPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I laughed.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, the formation can be applied to intransitive verbs. Although this, strictly speaking, is not part of our focus here, we can see that the same construction is used regardless of the degree of voluntary control that the causee exercises: compare (\ref{ex:8-7}) with (\ref{ex:8-8}), (\ref{ex:8-9}) with (\ref{ex:8-10}), and (\ref{ex:8-11}) with (\ref{ex:8-12}).
A: word: heensíl-u	 gloss: exist.PFV"=MSG
B: word: hanséel-i	 gloss: make.laugh.PFV-F
C: word: hansíl-u	 gloss: laugh.PFV"=MSG
D: word: nuuṭíl-i	 gloss: return.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): míi tas ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.GEN 3SG.ACC ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`I made her laugh.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, the formation can be applied to intransitive verbs. Although this, strictly speaking, is not part of our focus here, we can see that the same construction is used regardless of the degree of voluntary control that the causee exercises: compare (\ref{ex:8-7}) with (\ref{ex:8-8}), (\ref{ex:8-9}) with (\ref{ex:8-10}), and (\ref{ex:8-11}) with (\ref{ex:8-12}).
A: word: hanséel-i	 gloss: make.laugh.PFV-F
B: word: nuuṭíl-i	 gloss: return.PFV-F
C: word: hansíl-u	 gloss: laugh.PFV"=MSG
D: word: bulooṣṭéel-i	 gloss: snatch.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): se éeḍ-im bhíilam ___
Gloss (with missing item): DEF half-FPL fearfully ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The rest [the other half] of them [the women] spoke fearfully.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, the formation can be applied to intransitive verbs. Although this, strictly speaking, is not part of our focus here, we can see that the same construction is used regardless of the degree of voluntary control that the causee exercises: compare (\ref{ex:8-7}) with (\ref{ex:8-8}), (\ref{ex:8-9}) with (\ref{ex:8-10}), and (\ref{ex:8-11}) with (\ref{ex:8-12}).
A: word: khoṇḍéel"=im	 gloss: make.speak.PFV"=FPL
B: word: bhíl-i	 gloss: become.PFV-F
C: word: ɡhaḍíl-im	 gloss: take.out.PFV"=FPL
D: word: khonḍíl-im	 gloss: speak.PFV"=FPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): eeṛé kúṛi teeṇíi dhi-á ___
Gloss (with missing item): REM woman REFL daughter-PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`That woman made her daughters speak.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: First, the formation can be applied to intransitive verbs. Although this, strictly speaking, is not part of our focus here, we can see that the same construction is used regardless of the degree of voluntary control that the causee exercises: compare (\ref{ex:8-7}) with (\ref{ex:8-8}), (\ref{ex:8-9}) with (\ref{ex:8-10}), and (\ref{ex:8-11}) with (\ref{ex:8-12}).
A: word: khoṇḍéel"=im	 gloss: make.speak.PFV"=FPL
B: word: khonḍíl-im	 gloss: speak.PFV"=FPL
C: word: hanséel-i	 gloss: make.laugh.PFV-F
D: word: čooṇṭéel"=im	 gloss: write.PFV"=FPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ǰaanɡul-á ma ___
Gloss (with missing item): Jangul-OBL 1SG.NOM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Jangul beat me.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The same process of valency addition can also be applied to transitive verbs. Here we start out with a~verbal event involving two participants (as in (\ref{ex:8-13})), a~subject and a~direct object. Through the process of causation we end up with a~verbal event involving three participants (as in (\ref{ex:8-14})): a) a~causer, b) a~manipulee (the person actually carrying out the verb act on behalf of the ultimate causer), and c) a~direct object. The manipulee is marked as such with a~special marker, a~grammaticalised converb of ṣaawá- `dress, turn on'.
A: word: khooǰóol-u	 gloss: ask.PFV"=MSG
B: word: bhanǰa-wóol-u	 gloss: beat-CAUS.PFV"=MSG
C: word: khonḍíl-im	 gloss: speak.PFV"=FPL
D: word: bhanǰóol-u	 gloss: beat.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tíi asáam ṣaawaá kučúru ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBL 1PL.ACC MANIP dog ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`She/He made us beat the dog.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The same process of valency addition can also be applied to transitive verbs. Here we start out with a~verbal event involving two participants (as in (\ref{ex:8-13})), a~subject and a~direct object. Through the process of causation we end up with a~verbal event involving three participants (as in (\ref{ex:8-14})): a) a~causer, b) a~manipulee (the person actually carrying out the verb act on behalf of the ultimate causer), and c) a~direct object. The manipulee is marked as such with a~special marker, a~grammaticalised converb of ṣaawá- `dress, turn on'.
A: word: d-íin	 gloss: give-3PL
B: word: bhanǰa-wóol-u	 gloss: beat-CAUS.PFV"=MSG
C: word: bhanǰóol-u	 gloss: beat.PFV"=MSG
D: word: ṣaawóol-u	 gloss: put.on.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aníi wée wíi hín-u činaaróom aniniaám wíi keéna ___ thaní
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.PROX.OBL in water be.PRS"=MSG Chinarom 3PL.PROX.ACC water why.not ___ QUOT
The English translation of this sentence is:` ``Here is water, why not have them [the goats] drink in Chinarom'', he said.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: By the same process some transitive verbs can also be made into the equivalent of ditransitive verbs, like pilá- `feed, give to drink (especially used with children and domestic animals as indirect objects)' in example (\ref{ex:8-15}), from pil- `drink'.
A: word: pil-a-áan-u	 gloss: drink-CAUS"=PRS"=MSG
B: word: th-awa-áan-u	 gloss: do-CAUS-PRS"=MSG
C: word: kha-áan-u	 gloss: eat-PRS"=MSG
D: word: nuuṭíl-i	 gloss: return.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aníi wée wíi hín-u činaaróom aniniaám wíi keéna ___ thaní
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.PROX.OBL in water be.PRS"=MSG Chinarom 3PL.PROX.ACC water why.not ___ QUOT
The English translation of this sentence is:` ``Here is water, why not have them [the goats] drink in Chinarom'', he said.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is also possible to form so"=called second causatives, with a~doubled causative suffix -awá (-á + -á with an~epenthetic -w- in between), as in (\ref{ex:8-16}). Primarily its function is to derive causatives from derived transitives. Here the person uttering the sentence caused or manipulated his son to make the guests drink tea, thus the initiator of the action is one step further removed from the action as compared to (\ref{ex:8-15}), making the verb in (\ref{ex:8-16}) a~four"=argument verb.
A: word: dít-i	 gloss: give.PFV"=FSG
B: word: th-awa-áan-u	 gloss: do-CAUS-PRS"=MSG
C: word: pil-a-áan-u	 gloss: drink-CAUS"=PRS"=MSG
D: word: kha-áan-u	 gloss: eat-PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): qadím ṭópa dít-ii pahúrta tas ___
Gloss (with missing item): Qadim down give.PPTC"=GEN after 3SG.ACC ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After he had knocked down Qadim, he buried him.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The valency"=decreasing suffix added to a~transitive stem (bilá-) thus derives an~intransitive (or passive) verb (bilíǰ-). Again, like with valency addition, any inflectional morphology occurs after the derivational suffix: paš-áan-a `are seeing' {\textgreater} pašiǰ-áan-a `are seen', etc. (Compare the transitive (perfective) verb stem ḍhanɡóol- `bury' in (\ref{ex:8-17}) with its corresponding valency"=descreased stem ḍhanɡiǰíl- `be buried' in (\ref{ex:8-18})).
A: word: ḍhanɡéel"=im	 gloss: bury.PFV"=FPL
B: word: ḍhanɡóol-u	 gloss: bury.PFV"=MSG
C: word: khooǰóol-u	 gloss: ask.PFV"=MSG
D: word: hanséel-i	 gloss: make.laugh.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aaṣṭ=bhiš-á kaal-á pahúrta míi háat-a ba se ___
Gloss (with missing item): eight=twenty-PL year-PL after 1SG.GEN hand-OBL TOP 3FSG.NOM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`160 years later she was buried by my hand.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The valency"=decreasing suffix added to a~transitive stem (bilá-) thus derives an~intransitive (or passive) verb (bilíǰ-). Again, like with valency addition, any inflectional morphology occurs after the derivational suffix: paš-áan-a `are seeing' {\textgreater} pašiǰ-áan-a `are seen', etc. (Compare the transitive (perfective) verb stem ḍhanɡóol- `bury' in (\ref{ex:8-17}) with its corresponding valency"=descreased stem ḍhanɡiǰíl- `be buried' in (\ref{ex:8-18})).
A: word: ḍhanɡóol-u	 gloss: bury.PFV"=MSG
B: word: ḍhanɡiǰíl-i	 gloss: be.buried.PFV-F
C: word: ḍhanɡéel-im	 gloss: bury.PFV-FPL
D: word: bhíl-i	 gloss: become.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tíi ... tanaám bíiḍ-a ___ thíil-a hín-a
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OB ... 3PL.ACC much-PL ___ do.PFV"=MPL be.PRS"=MPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`He has troubled them a~lot.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb in such a~construction comes from a~small set of verb stems that I will refer to as verbalisers. This verbaliser does not contribute to the construction with much more than the general ``verbness'' (including the ablility to be inflected), whereas it is the host that tends to contribute the main semantic content to the complex. The verb is here merely a ``dummy'' without any semantic weight of its own. Some conjunct verbs formed through such host"=verbaliser combinations are exemplified in \tabref{tab:8-31}. Usually the host element occurs immediately preceding the verbaliser, as can be seen in examples (\ref{ex:8-19})--(\ref{ex:8-20}).
A: word: tanɡ	 gloss: narrow
B: word: ǰaanɡul-á	 gloss: Jangul-OBL
C: word: dhreéɡ	 gloss: stretched.out
D: word: pil-a-áan-u	 gloss: drink-CAUS"=PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tíi ... tanaám bíiḍ-a tanɡ ___ hín-a
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OB ... 3PL.ACC much-PL narrow ___ be.PRS"=MPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`He has troubled them a~lot.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb in such a~construction comes from a~small set of verb stems that I will refer to as verbalisers. This verbaliser does not contribute to the construction with much more than the general ``verbness'' (including the ablility to be inflected), whereas it is the host that tends to contribute the main semantic content to the complex. The verb is here merely a ``dummy'' without any semantic weight of its own. Some conjunct verbs formed through such host"=verbaliser combinations are exemplified in \tabref{tab:8-31}. Usually the host element occurs immediately preceding the verbaliser, as can be seen in examples (\ref{ex:8-19})--(\ref{ex:8-20}).
A: word: thíil-a	 gloss: do.PFV"=MPL
B: word: d-íin	 gloss: give-3PL
C: word: uṛíit-a	 gloss: let.PFV"=MPL
D: word: thíil-i	 gloss: do.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tíi ... tanaám bíiḍ-a tanɡ thíil-a ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OB ... 3PL.ACC much-PL narrow do.PFV"=MPL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He has troubled them a~lot.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb in such a~construction comes from a~small set of verb stems that I will refer to as verbalisers. This verbaliser does not contribute to the construction with much more than the general ``verbness'' (including the ablility to be inflected), whereas it is the host that tends to contribute the main semantic content to the complex. The verb is here merely a ``dummy'' without any semantic weight of its own. Some conjunct verbs formed through such host"=verbaliser combinations are exemplified in \tabref{tab:8-31}. Usually the host element occurs immediately preceding the verbaliser, as can be seen in examples (\ref{ex:8-19})--(\ref{ex:8-20}).
A: word: thíil-i	 gloss: do.PFV-F
B: word: th-áan-a	 gloss: do-PRS"=MPL
C: word: hín-u	 gloss: be.PRS"=MSG
D: word: hín-a	 gloss: be.PRS"=MPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D