cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): se phaí se mac̣hook-á the ___ bhíl-i
Gloss (with missing item): DEF girl DEF Machoke-OBL to ___ become.PFV-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`The girl fell in love with this Machoke.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb in such a~construction comes from a~small set of verb stems that I will refer to as verbalisers. This verbaliser does not contribute to the construction with much more than the general ``verbness'' (including the ablility to be inflected), whereas it is the host that tends to contribute the main semantic content to the complex. The verb is here merely a ``dummy'' without any semantic weight of its own. Some conjunct verbs formed through such host"=verbaliser combinations are exemplified in \tabref{tab:8-31}. Usually the host element occurs immediately preceding the verbaliser, as can be seen in examples (\ref{ex:8-19})--(\ref{ex:8-20}).
A: word: ašáq	 gloss: love
B: word: haalat-í	 gloss: condition-PL
C: word: ašáx	 gloss: in.love
D: word: pil-a-áan-u	 gloss: drink-CAUS"=PRS"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): se phaí se mac̣hook-á the ašáq ___
Gloss (with missing item): DEF girl DEF Machoke-OBL to love ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The girl fell in love with this Machoke.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb in such a~construction comes from a~small set of verb stems that I will refer to as verbalisers. This verbaliser does not contribute to the construction with much more than the general ``verbness'' (including the ablility to be inflected), whereas it is the host that tends to contribute the main semantic content to the complex. The verb is here merely a ``dummy'' without any semantic weight of its own. Some conjunct verbs formed through such host"=verbaliser combinations are exemplified in \tabref{tab:8-31}. Usually the host element occurs immediately preceding the verbaliser, as can be seen in examples (\ref{ex:8-19})--(\ref{ex:8-20}).
A: word: ḍhanɡóol-u	 gloss: bury.PFV"=MSG
B: word: bhíl-i	 gloss: become.PFV-F
C: word: bhíl-ii	 gloss: become.PPTC"=GEN
D: word: bhíl-u	 gloss: become.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be teeṇíi maǰí ___ th-íia
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.NOM REFL inside ___ do-1PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`We will discuss it among ourselves.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: So, what is the function? First, it is a~derivational process, deriving verbs from other parts of speech, primarily~-- but not exclusively~-- from nouns. A wide range of phenomena that are lexicalised as nouns, adjectives or something else can thus easily be depicted as events in Palula, as illustrated in examples (\ref{ex:8-21}) and (\ref{ex:8-22}).
A: word: hukumát	 gloss: government
B: word: ǰarɡá	 gloss: council
C: word: th-íia	 gloss: do-1PL
D: word: marɡ	 gloss: death
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be teeṇíi maǰí ǰarɡá ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.NOM REFL inside council ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`We will discuss it among ourselves.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: So, what is the function? First, it is a~derivational process, deriving verbs from other parts of speech, primarily~-- but not exclusively~-- from nouns. A wide range of phenomena that are lexicalised as nouns, adjectives or something else can thus easily be depicted as events in Palula, as illustrated in examples (\ref{ex:8-21}) and (\ref{ex:8-22}).
A: word: bh-íia	 gloss: become-1PL
B: word: su-áan-u	 gloss: sleep-PRS"=MSG
C: word: th-íia	 gloss: do-1PL
D: word: th-íi	 gloss: do-3SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kuṛíina ta támbul"=am"=ii ǰ-íin ___ d-íin
Gloss (with missing item): woman.PL CNTR drum-PL.OBL"=GEN beat-3PL ___ give-3PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`The women were beating the drums and singing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: So, what is the function? First, it is a~derivational process, deriving verbs from other parts of speech, primarily~-- but not exclusively~-- from nouns. A wide range of phenomena that are lexicalised as nouns, adjectives or something else can thus easily be depicted as events in Palula, as illustrated in examples (\ref{ex:8-21}) and (\ref{ex:8-22}).
A: word: ǰarɡá	 gloss: council
B: word: rhootašíi-a	 gloss: morning-OBL
C: word: rhoo-á	 gloss: song-PL
D: word: rhoó	 gloss: song
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kuṛíina ta támbul"=am"=ii ǰ-íin rhoo-á ___
Gloss (with missing item): woman.PL CNTR drum-PL.OBL"=GEN beat-3PL song-PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The women were beating the drums and singing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: So, what is the function? First, it is a~derivational process, deriving verbs from other parts of speech, primarily~-- but not exclusively~-- from nouns. A wide range of phenomena that are lexicalised as nouns, adjectives or something else can thus easily be depicted as events in Palula, as illustrated in examples (\ref{ex:8-21}) and (\ref{ex:8-22}).
A: word: d-íin	 gloss: give-3PL
B: word: ǰ-íin	 gloss: beat-3PL
C: word: yh-íin	 gloss: come-3PL
D: word: hín-a	 gloss: be.PRS"=MPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): deeúl-ii xálak"=am ___ dít-i atsharíit"=am the ki muqaabilá th-íia
Gloss (with missing item): Dir-GEN people-PL.OBL ___ give.PFV-F Ashreti-PL.OBL to that contest do-1PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`The people from Dir invited the the Ashreti people to have a competition with them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That is further achieved in an~economical way, limited strictly to only a~few inflectional paradigms. An extended advantage of this ``verbal flexibility'' is the relative ease with which entirely new verbs can be made or brought into the language, sometimes as totally novel constructions, sometimes as calques of conjunct verb constructions in languages of wider communication. This does not necessarily mean that a~new verb will be made just to fill a~gap or to replace one that is already there; instead these constructions could elaborate on or refine the meaning of other verbs. We also find, perhaps not surprisingly, a~substantial number of loan words (primarily from Urdu or Pashto) in the host slot of conjunct verbs, such as the morpheme ___ and muqaabilá in (\ref{ex:8-23}).
A: word: salaám	 gloss: greeting
B: word: naawás	 gloss: difficult
C: word: ɡaíl-u	 gloss: throw.PFV"=MSG
D: word: daawát	 gloss: invitation
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): deeúl-ii xálak"=am daawát ___ atsharíit"=am the ki muqaabilá th-íia
Gloss (with missing item): Dir-GEN people-PL.OBL invitation ___ Ashreti-PL.OBL to that contest do-1PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`The people from Dir invited the the Ashreti people to have a competition with them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That is further achieved in an~economical way, limited strictly to only a~few inflectional paradigms. An extended advantage of this ``verbal flexibility'' is the relative ease with which entirely new verbs can be made or brought into the language, sometimes as totally novel constructions, sometimes as calques of conjunct verb constructions in languages of wider communication. This does not necessarily mean that a~new verb will be made just to fill a~gap or to replace one that is already there; instead these constructions could elaborate on or refine the meaning of other verbs. We also find, perhaps not surprisingly, a~substantial number of loan words (primarily from Urdu or Pashto) in the host slot of conjunct verbs, such as daawát and muqaabilá in (\ref{ex:8-23}).
A: word: dít-ii	 gloss: give.PPTC"=GEN
B: word: múṛ-u	 gloss: die.PFV"=MSG
C: word: bhanǰóol-u	 gloss: beat.PFV"=MSG
D: word: dít-i	 gloss: give.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): deeúl-ii xálak"=am daawát dít-i atsharíit"=am the ki ___ th-íia
Gloss (with missing item): Dir-GEN people-PL.OBL invitation give.PFV-F Ashreti-PL.OBL to that ___ do-1PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`The people from Dir invited the the Ashreti people to have a competition with them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That is further achieved in an~economical way, limited strictly to only a~few inflectional paradigms. An extended advantage of this ``verbal flexibility'' is the relative ease with which entirely new verbs can be made or brought into the language, sometimes as totally novel constructions, sometimes as calques of conjunct verb constructions in languages of wider communication. This does not necessarily mean that a~new verb will be made just to fill a~gap or to replace one that is already there; instead these constructions could elaborate on or refine the meaning of other verbs. We also find, perhaps not surprisingly, a~substantial number of loan words (primarily from Urdu or Pashto) in the host slot of conjunct verbs, such as daawát and the morpheme ___ in (\ref{ex:8-23}).
A: word: phedóol-u	 gloss: bring.PFV"=MSG
B: word: muqarár	 gloss: fixing
C: word: ṭinɡ	 gloss: challenge
D: word: muqaabilá	 gloss: contest
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): deeúl-ii xálak"=am daawát dít-i atsharíit"=am the ki muqaabilá ___
Gloss (with missing item): Dir-GEN people-PL.OBL invitation give.PFV-F Ashreti-PL.OBL to that contest ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The people from Dir invited the the Ashreti people to have a competition with them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That is further achieved in an~economical way, limited strictly to only a~few inflectional paradigms. An extended advantage of this ``verbal flexibility'' is the relative ease with which entirely new verbs can be made or brought into the language, sometimes as totally novel constructions, sometimes as calques of conjunct verb constructions in languages of wider communication. This does not necessarily mean that a~new verb will be made just to fill a~gap or to replace one that is already there; instead these constructions could elaborate on or refine the meaning of other verbs. We also find, perhaps not surprisingly, a~substantial number of loan words (primarily from Urdu or Pashto) in the host slot of conjunct verbs, such as daawát and muqaabilá in (\ref{ex:8-23}).
A: word: bh-íia	 gloss: become-1PL
B: word: th-íia	 gloss: do-1PL
C: word: th-íi	 gloss: do-3SG
D: word: thíil-i	 gloss: do.PFV-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): c̣hatróol-a the bi ___ thíil-i de
Gloss (with missing item): Chitral-OBL to also ___ do.PFV"=F PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`I also phoned Chitral.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: But also lexical material from a~structurally and culturally very different language like English can thus be made into ``new'' verbs (usually via Urdu, but people with direct access to English have no problem applying it on the spot), as exemplified in (\ref{ex:8-24}) and (\ref{ex:8-25}).
A: word: itlaá	 gloss: message
B: word: uḍheew-í	 gloss: flee-CV
C: word: iskuúl	 gloss: school
D: word: fuúṇ	 gloss: phone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): c̣hatróol-a the bi fuúṇ ___ de
Gloss (with missing item): Chitral-OBL to also phone ___ PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`I also phoned Chitral.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: But also lexical material from a~structurally and culturally very different language like English can thus be made into ``new'' verbs (usually via Urdu, but people with direct access to English have no problem applying it on the spot), as exemplified in (\ref{ex:8-24}) and (\ref{ex:8-25}).
A: word: thíil-a	 gloss: do.PFV"=MPL
B: word: kateeṇ-á	 gloss: that.kind-MPL
C: word: thíil-i	 gloss: do.PFV"=F
D: word: dít-i	 gloss: give.PFV"=FSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): čúur reet-í ǰheez-íi fláiṭ na bhíl-i hín-i aáǰ bi ___ bhíl-i
Gloss (with missing item): four night-PL airplane-GEN flight NEG become.PFV-F be.PRS-F today also ___ become.PFV-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`There have been no flights for four days, and also today it was cancelled.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: But also lexical material from a~structurally and culturally very different language like English can thus be made into ``new'' verbs (usually via Urdu, but people with direct access to English have no problem applying it on the spot), as exemplified in (\ref{ex:8-24}) and (\ref{ex:8-25}).
A: word: hansíl-u	 gloss: laugh.PFV"=MSG
B: word: d-íin	 gloss: give-3PL
C: word: dhoóṛ	 gloss: yesterday
D: word: kansál	 gloss: cancelled
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): čúur reet-í ǰheez-íi fláiṭ na bhíl-i hín-i aáǰ bi kansál ___
Gloss (with missing item): four night-PL airplane-GEN flight NEG become.PFV-F be.PRS-F today also cancelled ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`There have been no flights for four days, and also today it was cancelled.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: But also lexical material from a~structurally and culturally very different language like English can thus be made into ``new'' verbs (usually via Urdu, but people with direct access to English have no problem applying it on the spot), as exemplified in (\ref{ex:8-24}) and (\ref{ex:8-25}).
A: word: bhíl-i	 gloss: become.PFV-F
B: word: ǰarɡá	 gloss: council
C: word: bhíl-u	 gloss: become.PFV"=MSG
D: word: bhíl-ii	 gloss: become.PPTC"=GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bhun whaí ba ___ wháat-u
Gloss (with missing item): down get.down.CV TOP ___ get.down.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`He got down [from the tree] and escaped [downhill].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \citet[20]{schmidt2004b} points out that the compound verb construction is a~far more marginal feature in Kohistani Shina than in Urdu"=Hindi and Punjabi, and my present assumption is that the same is true of Palula, but this issue will need further research. The inventory of vectors commonly include: 1. directionals (`go', `come'), 2. disposals (`throw', `send', `put aside'), 3. verbs expressing suddenness or unexpectedness (`fall', `rise'), and 4. auto- and other benefactives (`give', `take'). Only categories 1 and 2 seem to appear in what can be termed as possible examples of compound verbs in Palula, as shown by the examples (\ref{ex:8-26}) and (\ref{ex:8-27}), but even then relatively infrequently.
A: word: uḍheew-í	 gloss: flee-CV
B: word: uḍheew-í	 gloss: flee.CV
C: word: khonḍíl-im	 gloss: speak.PFV"=FPL
D: word: dhríṣṭ-u	 gloss: see.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bhun whaí ba uḍheew-í ___
Gloss (with missing item): down get.down.CV TOP flee-CV ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He got down [from the tree] and escaped [downhill].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \citet[20]{schmidt2004b} points out that the compound verb construction is a~far more marginal feature in Kohistani Shina than in Urdu"=Hindi and Punjabi, and my present assumption is that the same is true of Palula, but this issue will need further research. The inventory of vectors commonly include: 1. directionals (`go', `come'), 2. disposals (`throw', `send', `put aside'), 3. verbs expressing suddenness or unexpectedness (`fall', `rise'), and 4. auto- and other benefactives (`give', `take'). Only categories 1 and 2 seem to appear in what can be termed as possible examples of compound verbs in Palula, as shown by the examples (\ref{ex:8-26}) and (\ref{ex:8-27}), but even then relatively infrequently.
A: word: d-íin	 gloss: give-3PL
B: word: wháat-u	 gloss: get.down.PFV"=MSG
C: word: maxadúši	 gloss: in.front.of
D: word: ukháat-u	 gloss: come.up.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B