cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): áaḍ-a ___ bhíl-a áaḍ-a ba naaṛéy-a the ɡíia
Gloss (with missing item): half-MPL ___ become.PFV"=MPL half-MPL TOP Narey-OBL to go.PFV.PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Some remained here, while others went to Narey.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: interrogatively. It may, beside its primary static reading, as in (\ref{ex:7-1}), also imply goal, as in
A: word: índa	 gloss: here
B: word: eetáa	 gloss: there
C: word: zamindaár	 gloss: farmer
D: word: tanaám	 gloss: 3PL.ACC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ yhaí ba ɡóo hín-u bhraapútr thaníit-u
Gloss (with missing item): ___ come.CV TOP where be.PRS"=MSG nephew say.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`When he came there, he said, ``Where is he, nephew?'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{ex:7-2}).
A: word: índa	 gloss: here
B: word: táa	 gloss: there
C: word: phará	 gloss: yonder
D: word: eetáa	 gloss: there
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ wheel-í ɡhróom-a phedóol-u
Gloss (with missing item): ___ take.down-CV village-OBL bring.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Getting it [the corpse] down from there, we brought it to the village.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: expressing a~movement away from a~location, as in example (\ref{ex:7-3}), or an~origin in a~certain
A: word: phará	 gloss: yonder
B: word: eeṛáai	 gloss: from.there.DIST
C: word: eetáa	 gloss: there
D: word: eetáai	 gloss: from.there
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ṣiṣ ba ___ bi buṭ-í aníi=wee bi buṭ-í
Gloss (with missing item): head TOP ___ also plait-CV 3SG.PROX.OBL=in also plait-CV
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for his hair, it was braided into many braids.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: in (\ref{ex:7-4}), the members of the oblique series have to be used instead of those of the
A: word: aníi	 gloss: 3SG.PROX.OBL
B: word: aníi=wee	 gloss: 3SG.PROX.OBL=in
C: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
D: word: eetheél	 gloss: that.time
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ṣiṣ ba aníi=wee bi buṭ-í ___ bi buṭ-í
Gloss (with missing item): head TOP 3SG.PROX.OBL=in also plait-CV ___ also plait-CV
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for his hair, it was braided into many braids.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: in (\ref{ex:7-4}), the members of the oblique series have to be used instead of those of the
A: word: aníi	 gloss: 3SG.PROX.OBL
B: word: thíi	 gloss: 2SG.GEN
C: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
D: word: aníi=wee	 gloss: 3SG.PROX.OBL=in
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta c̣hiítr=ee bhun ba ɡhaawaáz de
Gloss (with missing item): ___ CNTR field=CNJ below TOP stream.bed be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`The field was up above and the sand and stream were down below.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{the morpheme ___ `up'.} This essentially nominal adverb is used for a~location situated in a~more or less vertical upward direction (not necessarily visible) from the point of reference. Used alone it can refer to a~location `up (there)', as in (\ref{ex:7-5}), as well as a~movement to such a~location.
A: word: wée	 gloss: into
B: word: huṇḍ	 gloss: above
C: word: huṇḍ-íi	 gloss: above-GEN
D: word: khaá	 gloss: eat.CV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): huṇḍ ta c̣hiítr=ee ___ ba ɡhaawaáz de
Gloss (with missing item): above CNTR field=CNJ ___ TOP stream.bed be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`The field was up above and the sand and stream were down below.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{huṇḍ `up'.} This essentially nominal adverb is used for a~location situated in a~more or less vertical upward direction (not necessarily visible) from the point of reference. Used alone it can refer to a~location `up (there)', as in (\ref{ex:7-5}), as well as a~movement to such a~location.
A: word: kulumiṭer-á	 gloss: kilometre-PL
B: word: pir=saahíb	 gloss: Pir=Lord
C: word: bhun	 gloss: below
D: word: bhunaṛíi	 gloss: down.below.OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sum ___ the ṣuɡal-í ba čo ba thaníit-u
Gloss (with missing item): soil ___ to throw-CV TOP go go.IMP.SG say.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`He threw soil up [in the air] and said, ``Go on!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: From the morpheme ___, a~number of other semantically related adverbs or adverbial phrases can be derived: the morpheme ___ the/húṇṭe `its gloss ___ (to)', as in (\ref{ex:7-6}); the morpheme ___íi/the morpheme ___íi thíi `from above'; the morpheme ___ɡiraá (A), example (\ref{ex:7-7}); or huṇṭeɡiráak/huṇṭráak (B) `its gloss ___ward, its gloss ___hill', the morpheme ___aṛáa ({\textless} the morpheme ___ + eeṛáa) `its gloss ___ there'.
A: word: huṇḍ	 gloss: up
B: word: awaaɡír	 gloss: high.up
C: word: huṇḍ-íi	 gloss: above-GEN
D: word: khar-á	 gloss: donkey-OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sum huṇḍ ___ ṣuɡal-í ba čo ba thaníit-u
Gloss (with missing item): soil up ___ throw-CV TOP go go.IMP.SG say.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`He threw soil up [in the air] and said, ``Go on!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: From huṇḍ, a~number of othe morpheme ___r semantically related adverbs or adverbial phrases can be derived: huṇḍ the morpheme ___/húṇṭe `up (its gloss ___)', as in (\ref{ex:7-6}); huṇḍíi/huṇḍíi thíi `from above'; huṇḍɡiraá (A), example (\ref{ex:7-7}); or huṇṭeɡiráak/huṇṭráak (B) `upward, uphill', huṇḍaṛáa ({\textless} huṇḍ + eeṛáa) `up the morpheme ___re'.
A: word: the	 gloss: to
B: word: dhút-a	 gloss: mouth-OBL
C: word: khúna	 gloss: near.to
D: word: theníi-e	 gloss: do.VN"=GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ dac̣h-íin ta iṇc̣ muṭ-íi phúṭi ǰhulí bheš-í áaṇc̣-a kha-áan-u
Gloss (with missing item): ___ look-3PL SUB bear tree-GEN top on sit-CV raspberry-PL eat-PRS"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`They were looking up and saw the bear sitting in the top of the tree eating raspberries.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: From huṇḍ, a~number of other semantically related adverbs or adverbial phrases can be derived: huṇḍ the/húṇṭe `up (to)', as in (\ref{ex:7-6}); huṇḍíi/huṇḍíi thíi `from above'; the morpheme ___ (A), example (\ref{ex:7-7}); or huṇṭeɡiráak/huṇṭráak (B) `its gloss ___, uphill', huṇḍaṛáa ({\textless} huṇḍ + eeṛáa) `up there'.
A: word: kéeči	 gloss: with
B: word: awaaɡír	 gloss: high.up
C: word: huṇḍɡiraá	 gloss: upward
D: word: patuɡiraá	 gloss: back
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta c̣hiítr=ee bhun ba ɡhaawaáz de
Gloss (with missing item): ___ CNTR field=CNJ below TOP stream.bed be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`The field was up above and the sand and stream were down below.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{bhun `down'.} This essentially nominal adverb is used for a~location situated downward or below the point of reference. Used alone it can refer to a~location, `down (there)' as in (\ref{ex:7-5}), as well as a~movement to such a~location, as in (\ref{ex:7-8}). The following adverbs or adverbial phrases are examples of derivations from bhun: bhún the/bhuná `down (to)', bhuníi thíi `from below', bhunɡiraá (A) or bhunteɡiráak/bhuntráak (B) `downward', bhunimaá `(on the way) downhill', exemplified in (\ref{ex:7-9}), bhunaṛáa (and other deictic forms based on it) `down there'.
A: word: huṇḍ-íi	 gloss: above-GEN
B: word: kuṇaak-íi	 gloss: child-GEN
C: word: huṇḍ	 gloss: above
D: word: aṛé	 gloss: DIST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): huṇḍ ta c̣hiítr=ee ___ ba ɡhaawaáz de
Gloss (with missing item): above CNTR field=CNJ ___ TOP stream.bed be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`The field was up above and the sand and stream were down below.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{the morpheme ___ `down'.} This essentially nominal adverb is used for a~location situated downward or its gloss ___ the point of reference. Used alone it can refer to a~location, `down (there)' as in (\ref{ex:7-5}), as well as a~movement to such a~location, as in (\ref{ex:7-8}). The following adverbs or adverbial phrases are examples of derivations from the morpheme ___: bhún the/the morpheme ___á `down (to)', the morpheme ___íi thíi `from its gloss ___', the morpheme ___ɡiraá (A) or the morpheme ___teɡiráak/the morpheme ___tráak (B) `downward', the morpheme ___imaá `(on the way) downhill', exemplified in (\ref{ex:7-9}), the morpheme ___aṛáa (and other deictic forms based on it) `down there'.
A: word: zaxmát	 gloss: wounded
B: word: bhun	 gloss: below
C: word: áak	 gloss: one
D: word: bhunaṛíi	 gloss: down.below.OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): so méeš hatí maǰí-e uṭik-í ___ whaí ba uḍheew-í wháat-u
Gloss (with missing item): DEM.MSG.NOM man 3SG.REM.OBL in-GEN jump-CV ___ come.down.CV TOP flee-CV come.down.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Meanwhile, the man jumped down [from the tree] and fled down [to the village].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___'.} This essentially nominal adverb is used for a~location situated its gloss ___ward or below the point of reference. Used alone it can refer to a~location, `its gloss ___ (there)' as in (\ref{ex:7-5}), as well as a~movement to such a~location, as in (\ref{ex:7-8}). The following adverbs or adverbial phrases are examples of derivations from the morpheme ___: bhún the/the morpheme ___á `its gloss ___ (to)', the morpheme ___íi thíi `from below', the morpheme ___ɡiraá (A) or the morpheme ___teɡiráak/the morpheme ___tráak (B) `its gloss ___ward', the morpheme ___imaá `(on the way) its gloss ___hill', exemplified in (\ref{ex:7-9}), the morpheme ___aṛáa (and other deictic forms based on it) `its gloss ___ there'.
A: word: whaid-í	 gloss: fall.down-CV
B: word: bhunaṛíi	 gloss: down.below.OBL
C: word: thíi	 gloss: 2SG.GEN
D: word: bhun	 gloss: down
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tuúš ___ wh-íi ta karáaṛu ukh-áand-u
Gloss (with missing item): some ___ come.down-3SG SUB leopard come.up-PRS"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Getting some ways downhill, [he meets] the leopard coming up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{bhun `down'.} This essentially nominal adverb is used for a~location situated downward or below the point of reference. Used alone it can refer to a~location, `down (there)' as in (\ref{ex:7-5}), as well as a~movement to such a~location, as in (\ref{ex:7-8}). The following adverbs or adverbial phrases are examples of derivations from bhun: bhún the/bhuná `down (to)', bhuníi thíi `from below', bhunɡiraá (A) or bhunteɡiráak/bhuntráak (B) `downward', the morpheme ___ `(on the way) its gloss ___', exemplified in (\ref{ex:7-9}), bhunaṛáa (and other deictic forms based on it) `down there'.
A: word: yúu	 gloss: from
B: word: táapaṛ	 gloss: hill
C: word: bhunimaá	 gloss: downhill
D: word: bhun	 gloss: down
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): yáab ɡhaš-í ___ ɡúum ta
Gloss (with missing item): canal take-CV ___ go.PFV.MSG SUB
The English translation of this sentence is:`I went up along the [irrigation] canal.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{the morpheme ___ (B aǰé) `its gloss ___ (there)'.} This essentially deictic adverb is used for a~location situated its gloss ___stream or in a~slightly its gloss ___ward location from the point of reference (compare with huṇḍ which implies a~place more or less straight above the point of reference). Used alone it can refer to a~location, `its gloss ___/over (there), its gloss ___stream', as well as a~movement to such a~location, as in (\ref{ex:7-10}). Although not quite as productive as huṇḍ and bhun, this adverb is similarly used as a~building block for other adverbs and adverbial expressions, such as aǰimaá `its gloss ___ward', aǰaṛáa `its gloss ___/over there', aǰí/aǰí thíi (B) `from its gloss ___streams/its gloss ___"=country'.
A: word: aǰá	 gloss: up
B: word: raaǰaá	 gloss: king
C: word: wée	 gloss: into
D: word: awaaɡír	 gloss: high.up
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dúe xálaka ba ___ dhrúuk-a ǰe ɡéa
Gloss (with missing item): other people TOP ___ gorge-OBL down.to go.PFV.PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`The other people went down into the valley.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___ (there)'.} This adverb, otherwise mostly used as a~postposition (see \sectref{subsec:7-2-2}), is only occasionally used without a~noun or pronoun as an~argument. It seems to be contrasting with the aforementioned adverb in describing a~location or movement its gloss ___stream from the point of reference, such as in (\ref{ex:7-11}). It may also be followed by the postposition wée (see \sectref{subsec:7-2-2}).
A: word: booǰée	 gloss: bag.OBL
B: word: čúur	 gloss: four
C: word: whaid-í	 gloss: fall.down-CV
D: word: túuri	 gloss: down
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): dúi hiimaál whaí ṭópa traác̣ de asaám ___ ɡaḍíl-a
Gloss (with missing item): other glacier come.down.CV down HOST give.CV 1PL.ACC ___ take.out.PFV"=MPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Another avalanche struck came and brought us out [from under the snow].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___ (above, on top)'.} This adverbial expression, related to the adjective raál (primarily occurring as as a~host element in conjunct verbs with meanings such as `raise, lift its gloss ___'), is used for describing the position on top of a~structure or object, as in example (\ref{ex:7-12}). In some sentences its function may rather be analysed as that of a~manner adverb or a~postposition.
A: word: awaaɡír	 gloss: high.up
B: word: haláal	 gloss: slaughter
C: word: pharé	 gloss: toward
D: word: rhalá	 gloss: up
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): paṇáar-u táapaṛ thaní ___ qaribán dúu thiáaḍ-a míil-a táapaṛ hín-u
Gloss (with missing item): white-MSG hill QUOT ___ about two and.half-MPL mile-PL hill be.PRS"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`There is a hill called the White Hill about two and a half kilometers up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \spitzmarke{awaaɡír `up high, at a~high elevation'.} This adverbial expression (possibly also adjectival) seems to be exclusively used for referring to a~high elevation in the mountains, as in (\ref{ex:7-12b}).
A: word: kaal-á	 gloss: year-PL
B: word: awaaɡír	 gloss: high.up
C: word: paalawaaṇ-aán	 gloss: wrestler-PL
D: word: raál	 gloss: high
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B