cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): líi bíiḍ-i ___ rusóx léed-i
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.DIST.OBL very-F ___ power find.PFV-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`He gained very much power.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Before dealing in more depth with semantic (\sectref{sec:6-2}) and morphological (\sectref{sec:6-3}) properties of adjectives, something will be said about their distribution and phonological structure. Normally adjectives do the job of modifying nouns, as in example (\ref{ex:6-1}), or that of descriptive predication, as in (\ref{ex:6-2}).
A: word: ɡéeḍ-i	 gloss: big-F
B: word: čhéeli	 gloss: goat
C: word: éeḍ-im	 gloss: half-FPL
D: word: ɡáaḍ-a	 gloss: big-PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pirsaahíb ___ de
Gloss (with missing item): Pir.Sahib ___ was
The English translation of this sentence is:`Pir Sahib [a pious man] was [still] alive.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Before dealing in more depth with semantic (\sectref{sec:6-2}) and morphological (\sectref{sec:6-3}) properties of adjectives, something will be said about their distribution and phonological structure. Normally adjectives do the job of modifying nouns, as in example (\ref{ex:6-1}), or that of descriptive predication, as in (\ref{ex:6-2}).
A: word: ǰáand-u	 gloss: alive-MSG
B: word: ateeṇ-ú	 gloss: such-MSG
C: word: áaḍ-a	 gloss: half-MPL
D: word: ṣuunt-u=wáand-u	 gloss: hear.PPTC"=MSG=ADJ"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aní kuḍ ___
Gloss (with missing item): PROX wall[FSG] ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`This wall is thick.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Structurally, inflected adjectives have a~lot in common with nouns and some of the most common finite verb forms (those historically based on participles). Compare, for instance, the words highlighted in examples (\ref{ex:6-3}) and (\ref{ex:6-4}) (the first an~adjective, the second a~noun and the third a~verb), all with an~ending segment éeli (which illustrates the partial alliterative agreement found in Palula, see \citealt[87--88]{corbett2006}). However, while gender is an~inherent property of nouns, gender marking of adjectives and verbs is only in the form of agreement with the gender of a~noun.
A: word: aak-áak	 gloss: RED-one
B: word: bulooṣṭéel-i	 gloss: snatch.PFV-F
C: word: čéel-i	 gloss: thick-F
D: word: ɡéeḍ-i	 gloss: big-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): íṇc̣-a ___ khéel-i thaní
Gloss (with missing item): bear-OBL ___ eat.PFV-F QUOT
The English translation of this sentence is:`The bear has eaten the goat.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Structurally, inflected adjectives have a~lot in common with nouns and some of the most common finite verb forms (those historically based on participles). Compare, for instance, the words highlighted in examples (\ref{ex:6-3}) and (\ref{ex:6-4}) (the first an~adjective, the second a~noun and the third a~verb), all with an~ending segment éeli (which illustrates the partial alliterative agreement found in Palula, see \citealt[87--88]{corbett2006}). However, while gender is an~inherent property of nouns, gender marking of adjectives and verbs is only in the form of agreement with the gender of a~noun.
A: word: čhéeli	 gloss: goat[FSG]
B: word: phray-áan-a	 gloss: send-PRS"=MPL
C: word: čhéelii	 gloss: goat.GEN
D: word: ɡéeḍ-i	 gloss: big-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): íṇc̣-a čhéeli ___ thaní
Gloss (with missing item): bear-OBL goat[FSG] ___ QUOT
The English translation of this sentence is:`The bear has eaten the goat.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Structurally, inflected adjectives have a~lot in common with nouns and some of the most common finite verb forms (those historically based on participles). Compare, for instance, the words highlighted in examples (\ref{ex:6-3}) and (\ref{ex:6-4}) (the first an~adjective, the second a~noun and the third a~verb), all with an~ending segment éeli (which illustrates the partial alliterative agreement found in Palula, see \citealt[87--88]{corbett2006}). However, while gender is an~inherent property of nouns, gender marking of adjectives and verbs is only in the form of agreement with the gender of a~noun.
A: word: khóol-u	 gloss: eat.PFV"=MSG
B: word: yhéel-i	 gloss: come.PFV-\TEXTBF{\TEXTSC{F}}
C: word: khéel-i	 gloss: eat.PFV-F
D: word: aak-áak	 gloss: RED-one
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): so ___ díi náqal th-áan-u
Gloss (with missing item): 3MSG.NOM ___ from copying do-PRS"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`He is imitating the adults [the grown up men].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An adjective can occur on its own as the head of a~noun phrase when substantivised, i.e., an~adjective like ɡáaḍu `grown, big, important' thus being used as in (\ref{ex:6-5}) in the sense `the big one, the adult'. Apart from a~slight semantic shift, being substantivised also means that case forms otherwise only applied to nouns have to be used (when applicable). This is also the realm where the otherwise rare feminine plural forms with -im, as in (\ref{ex:6-6}), are non"=optional.
A: word: ɡáaḍ-a	 gloss: big-PL
B: word: ɡáaḍ-am	 gloss: big-MPL.OBL
C: word: aak-áak	 gloss: RED-one
D: word: bíiḍ-a	 gloss: much-MPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): se ___ bhíilam khonḍíl-im
Gloss (with missing item): DEF ___ fearfully speak.PFV"=FPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`The rest [the other half] of them spoke fearfully.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An adjective can occur on its own as the head of a~noun phrase when substantivised, i.e., an~adjective like ɡáaḍu `grown, big, important' thus being used as in (\ref{ex:6-5}) in the sense `the big one, the adult'. Apart from a~slight semantic shift, being substantivised also means that case forms otherwise only applied to nouns have to be used (when applicable). This is also the realm where the otherwise rare feminine plural forms with -im, as in (\ref{ex:6-6}), are non"=optional.
A: word: th-éen	 gloss: do-3PL
B: word: éeḍ-im	 gloss: half-FPL
C: word: áaḍ-a	 gloss: half-MPL
D: word: ɡéeḍ-i	 gloss: big-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bhiúuṛi ___ díi ɡáaḍ-u déeš
Gloss (with missing item): Biori ___ from large-MSG village
The English translation of this sentence is:`Biori is a~larger village than Dhamaret.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As we saw above, there are some traces of an~earlier inflection for comparison, and \citet[17]{morgenstierne1941} also points out some remains of the OIA superlative degree, but in the modern language these degrees are exclusively expressed periphrastically. The comparative is expressed by a~standard of comparison in oblique case and the postposition díi `from', as illustrated in (\ref{ex:6-7}) and (\ref{ex:6-8}), preceding the adjective functioning as the parameter of comparison, literally translatable as `X is large from Y'.
A: word: čéel-i	 gloss: thick-F
B: word: dhamareet-á	 gloss: Dhamaret-OBL
C: word: ɡhueeṇíi-am	 gloss: Pashtun-PL.OBL
D: word: atshareet-á	 gloss: Ashret-OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bhiúuṛi dhamareet-á ___ ɡáaḍ-u déeš
Gloss (with missing item): Biori Dhamaret-OBL ___ large-MSG village
The English translation of this sentence is:`Biori is a~larger village than Dhamaret.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As we saw above, there are some traces of an~earlier inflection for comparison, and \citet[17]{morgenstierne1941} also points out some remains of the OIA superlative degree, but in the modern language these degrees are exclusively expressed periphrastically. The comparative is expressed by a~standard of comparison in oblique case and the postposition the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', as illustrated in (\ref{ex:6-7}) and (\ref{ex:6-8}), preceding the adjective functioning as the parameter of comparison, literally translatable as `X is large its gloss ___ Y'.
A: word: díiš-e	 gloss: village-GEN
B: word: dašúm	 gloss: ten.OBL
C: word: díi	 gloss: from
D: word: taayúu	 gloss: from.there
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bhiúuṛi dhamareet-á díi ___ déeš
Gloss (with missing item): Biori Dhamaret-OBL from ___ village
The English translation of this sentence is:`Biori is a~larger village than Dhamaret.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As we saw above, there are some traces of an~earlier inflection for comparison, and \citet[17]{morgenstierne1941} also points out some remains of the OIA superlative degree, but in the modern language these degrees are exclusively expressed periphrastically. The comparative is expressed by a~standard of comparison in oblique case and the postposition díi `from', as illustrated in (\ref{ex:6-7}) and (\ref{ex:6-8}), preceding the adjective functioning as the parameter of comparison, literally translatable as `X is large from Y'.
A: word: ɡáaḍ-am	 gloss: big-MPL.OBL
B: word: ɡáaḍ-u	 gloss: large-MSG
C: word: éeḍ-im	 gloss: half-FPL
D: word: nhiáaṛa	 gloss: near
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ díi kúuk-e putr hušiaár
Gloss (with missing item): ___ from crow-GEN son wise
The English translation of this sentence is:`The son of a~crow is wiser than the crow [himself].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As we saw above, there are some traces of an~earlier inflection for comparison, and \citet[17]{morgenstierne1941} also points out some remains of the OIA superlative degree, but in the modern language these degrees are exclusively expressed periphrastically. The comparative is expressed by a~standard of comparison in oblique case and the postposition díi `from', as illustrated in (\ref{ex:6-7}) and (\ref{ex:6-8}), preceding the adjective functioning as the parameter of comparison, literally translatable as `X is large from Y'.
A: word: peeɣambár	 gloss: prophet
B: word: kúuk-a	 gloss: crow-OBL
C: word: kúuk-e	 gloss: crow-GEN
D: word: díi	 gloss: from
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kúuk-a ___ kúuk-e putr hušiaár
Gloss (with missing item): crow-OBL ___ crow-GEN son wise
The English translation of this sentence is:`The son of a~crow is wiser than the crow [himself].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As we saw above, there are some traces of an~earlier inflection for comparison, and \citet[17]{morgenstierne1941} also points out some remains of the OIA superlative degree, but in the modern language these degrees are exclusively expressed periphrastically. The comparative is expressed by a~standard of comparison in oblique case and the postposition the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', as illustrated in (\ref{ex:6-7}) and (\ref{ex:6-8}), preceding the adjective functioning as the parameter of comparison, literally translatable as `X is large its gloss ___ Y'.
A: word: taayúu	 gloss: from.there
B: word: čéel-i	 gloss: thick-F
C: word: díi	 gloss: from
D: word: díiš-e	 gloss: village-GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kúuk-a díi kúuk-e putr ___
Gloss (with missing item): crow-OBL from crow-GEN son ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The son of a~crow is wiser than the crow [himself].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As we saw above, there are some traces of an~earlier inflection for comparison, and \citet[17]{morgenstierne1941} also points out some remains of the OIA superlative degree, but in the modern language these degrees are exclusively expressed periphrastically. The comparative is expressed by a~standard of comparison in oblique case and the postposition díi `from', as illustrated in (\ref{ex:6-7}) and (\ref{ex:6-8}), preceding the adjective functioning as the parameter of comparison, literally translatable as `X is large from Y'.
A: word: xéer	 gloss: well
B: word: zamindaár	 gloss: farmer
C: word: hušiaár	 gloss: wise
D: word: ɡéeḍ-i	 gloss: big-F
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ díi taaqatwár hín-u insaán
Gloss (with missing item): ___ from powerful be.PRS"=MSG human
The English translation of this sentence is:`Man is the most powerful [creature].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A construction having a~function close to the superlative of many European languages similarly uses the oblique form of the indefinite pronoun buṭheé `all' and díi, see example (\ref{ex:6-9}), literally meaning something like `X is more powerful than all'.
A: word: dhuimeém	 gloss: both.OBL
B: word: buṭhimeém	 gloss: all.OBL
C: word: díi	 gloss: from
D: word: kuhée	 gloss: well.OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): buṭhimeém ___ taaqatwár hín-u insaán
Gloss (with missing item): all.OBL ___ powerful be.PRS"=MSG human
The English translation of this sentence is:`Man is the most powerful [creature].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A construction having a~function close to the superlative of many European languages similarly uses the oblique form of the indefinite pronoun buṭheé `all' and the morpheme ___, see example (\ref{ex:6-9}), literally meaning something like `X is more powerful than all'.
A: word: díiš-e	 gloss: village-GEN
B: word: áaḍ-a	 gloss: half-MPL
C: word: díi	 gloss: from
D: word: taayúu	 gloss: from.there
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): buṭhimeém díi ___ hín-u insaán
Gloss (with missing item): all.OBL from ___ be.PRS"=MSG human
The English translation of this sentence is:`Man is the most powerful [creature].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A construction having a~function close to the superlative of many European languages similarly uses the oblique form of the indefinite pronoun buṭheé `all' and díi, see example (\ref{ex:6-9}), literally meaning something like `X is more its gloss ___ than all'.
A: word: eé	 gloss: AMPL
B: word: takṛá	 gloss: strong
C: word: taaqatwár	 gloss: powerful
D: word: taaqatwár	 gloss: powerful
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tus ___ looṛíi-a aṭ-óoi
Gloss (with missing item): 2PL.NOM ___ bowl-PL bring-IMP.PL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Go and get a~bowl each [all of you]!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Reduplication, as in (\ref{ex:6-12}), is used to form distributive numerals.
A: word: teṇ	 gloss: RED
B: word: ɡéeḍ-i	 gloss: big-F
C: word: šaak-á	 gloss: wood-PL
D: word: aak-áak	 gloss: RED-one
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): eesé waxt-íi ___ eé kušúni de
Gloss (with missing item): REM time-GEN ___ AMPL household be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`In those days there were only ten households.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Emphasis or exclusiveness can be added to a~numeral with a~particle eé (compare with emphasised pronouns, \sectref{sec:5-1}), as in (\ref{ex:6-13}), giving the meaning `only its gloss ___, etc.'
A: word: dáaš	 gloss: ten
B: word: akáaš	 gloss: eleven
C: word: dáand-a	 gloss: tooth-PL
D: word: buṭhimeém	 gloss: all.OBL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A