cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ tu na bulaḍíl-u hín-u
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2SG.NOM NEG call.PFV"=MSG be.PRS"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`We haven't called you.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That means that, whereas most nouns only distinguish between nominative and oblique case (beside the genitive forms), and the agent of transitive perfective clauses is expressed in the oblique, the plural personal pronouns have a~unique ergative pronominal form; compare the ergative \textsc{1pl} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-2}) with the nominative be and accusative asaám in example (\ref{ex:5-1}).
A: word: asím	 gloss: 1PL.ERG
B: word: asaám	 gloss: 1PL.ACC
C: word: tusím	 gloss: 2PL.ERG
D: word: tasíi	 gloss: 3SG.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ eetáa yhóol-a ta hiimaál čhinǰ-í asaám híṛ-a
Gloss (with missing item): ___ there.REM come.PFV"=MPL when avalanche strike-CV 1PL.ACC take.away.PFV"=MPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`When we came there, an~avalanche hit and swept us away.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That means that, whereas most nouns only distinguish the morpheme ___tween nominative and oblique case (the morpheme ___side the genitive forms), and the agent of transitive perfective clauses is expressed in the oblique, the plural personal pronouns have a~unique ergative pronominal form; compare the ergative \textsc{1pl} asím in example (\ref{ex:5-2}) with the nominative the morpheme ___ and accusative asaám in example (\ref{ex:5-1}).
A: word: čúti-m	 gloss: paw-PL
B: word: míi	 gloss: 1SG.GEN
C: word: bel	 gloss: spade
D: word: be	 gloss: 1PL.NOM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be eetáa yhóol-a ta hiimaál čhinǰ-í ___ híṛ-a
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.NOM there.REM come.PFV"=MPL when avalanche strike-CV ___ take.away.PFV"=MPL
The English translation of this sentence is:`When we came there, an~avalanche hit and swept us away.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: That means that, whereas most nouns only distinguish between nominative and oblique case (beside the genitive forms), and the agent of transitive perfective clauses is expressed in the oblique, the plural personal pronouns have a~unique ergative pronominal form; compare the ergative \textsc{1pl} asím in example (\ref{ex:5-2}) with the nominative be and accusative the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-1}).
A: word: asaám	 gloss: 1PL.ACC
B: word: tanaám	 gloss: 3PL.ACC
C: word: anú	 gloss: 3MSG.PROX.NOM
D: word: baasaá	 gloss: spend.night.CV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ seé hín-u míi kúṛi seé hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sleep.CV be.PRS"=MSG 1SG.GEN woman sleep.CV be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`I was asleep and my wife was also asleep.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The first- and second"=person singular pronouns on the other hand the morpheme ___ke fewer distinctions than most full nouns, with their two"=way case contrast. As in Kohistani Shina, the oblique case has merged with the nominative \citep[82]{schmidtkohistani2008}. The nominative is thus used for intransitive subjects, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), all direct objects, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-5}), as well as for transitive agents in the imperfective, while the genitive covers the possessor of a~possessive construction, as the \textsc{1sg} míi in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), as well as the agent of perfective clauses, as exemplified by \textsc{1sg} míi in (\ref{ex:5-4}).
A: word: eeṛé	 gloss: 3FSG.DIST.NOM
B: word: bh-éen-i=ee	 gloss: become-PRS-F=CNJ
C: word: ma	 gloss: 1SG.NOM
D: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma seé hín-u ___ kúṛi seé hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM sleep.CV be.PRS"=MSG ___ woman sleep.CV be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`I was asleep and my wife was also asleep.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The first- and second"=person singular pronouns on the other hand make fewer distinctions than most full nouns, with their two"=way case contrast. As in Kohistani Shina, the oblique case has merged with the nominative \citep[82]{schmidtkohistani2008}. The nominative is thus used for intransitive subjects, as the \textsc{1sg} ma in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), all direct objects, as the \textsc{1sg} ma in example (\ref{ex:5-5}), as well as for transitive agents in the imperfective, while the genitive covers the possessor of a~possessive construction, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), as well as the agent of perfective clauses, as exemplified by \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in (\ref{ex:5-4}).
A: word: koó	 gloss: some
B: word: míiš	 gloss: man
C: word: thíi	 gloss: 2SG.GEN
D: word: míi	 gloss: 1SG.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): lo ___ kha-áan-u than-íi de
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.DIST.NOM ___ eat-PRS"=MSG say-3SG PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`He said, ``It will eat me up''.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The first- and second"=person singular pronouns on the other hand the morpheme ___ke fewer distinctions than most full nouns, with their two"=way case contrast. As in Kohistani Shina, the oblique case has merged with the nominative \citep[82]{schmidtkohistani2008}. The nominative is thus used for intransitive subjects, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), all direct objects, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-5}), as well as for transitive agents in the imperfective, while the genitive covers the possessor of a~possessive construction, as the \textsc{1sg} míi in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), as well as the agent of perfective clauses, as exemplified by \textsc{1sg} míi in (\ref{ex:5-4}).
A: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
B: word: eesé	 gloss: REM
C: word: ma	 gloss: 1SG.NOM
D: word: insaán=ee	 gloss: human.being=Q
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ seé hín-u míi kúṛi seé hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sleep.CV be.PRS"=MSG 1SG.GEN woman sleep.CV be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`I was asleep and my wife was also asleep.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The first- and second"=person singular pronouns on the other hand the morpheme ___ke fewer distinctions than most full nouns, with their two"=way case contrast. As in Kohistani Shina, the oblique case has merged with the nominative \citep[82]{schmidtkohistani2008}. The nominative is thus used for intransitive subjects, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), all direct objects, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-5}), as well as for transitive agents in the imperfective, while the genitive covers the possessor of a~possessive construction, as the \textsc{1sg} míi in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), as well as the agent of perfective clauses, as exemplified by \textsc{1sg} míi in (\ref{ex:5-4}).
A: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
B: word: ma	 gloss: 1SG.NOM
C: word: dóod-a	 gloss: grandfather-OBL
D: word: tas	 gloss: 3SG.ACC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma seé hín-u ___ kúṛi seé hín-i
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG.NOM sleep.CV be.PRS"=MSG ___ woman sleep.CV be.PRS-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`I was asleep and my wife was also asleep.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The first- and second"=person singular pronouns on the other hand make fewer distinctions than most full nouns, with their two"=way case contrast. As in Kohistani Shina, the oblique case has merged with the nominative \citep[82]{schmidtkohistani2008}. The nominative is thus used for intransitive subjects, as the \textsc{1sg} ma in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), all direct objects, as the \textsc{1sg} ma in example (\ref{ex:5-5}), as well as for transitive agents in the imperfective, while the genitive covers the possessor of a~possessive construction, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), as well as the agent of perfective clauses, as exemplified by \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in (\ref{ex:5-4}).
A: word: thíi	 gloss: 2SG.GEN
B: word: míiš	 gloss: man
C: word: čhéeli	 gloss: goat
D: word: míi	 gloss: 1SG.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ lhéṇḍu láad-u
Gloss (with missing item): ___ bald.one find.PFV"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`I found the bald one.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The first- and second"=person singular pronouns on the other hand make fewer distinctions than most full nouns, with their two"=way case contrast. As in Kohistani Shina, the oblique case has merged with the nominative \citep[82]{schmidtkohistani2008}. The nominative is thus used for intransitive subjects, as the \textsc{1sg} ma in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), all direct objects, as the \textsc{1sg} ma in example (\ref{ex:5-5}), as well as for transitive agents in the imperfective, while the genitive covers the possessor of a~possessive construction, as the \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex:5-3}), as well as the agent of perfective clauses, as exemplified by \textsc{1sg} the morpheme ___ in (\ref{ex:5-4}).
A: word: kakaríi	 gloss: skull
B: word: míi	 gloss: 1SG.GEN
C: word: míiš	 gloss: man
D: word: thíi	 gloss: 2SG.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ the xabaár dít-i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ to news give.PFV"=FSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`We heard about it.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The form used for direct objects is also the form preceding postpositions. It would be possible to analyse some of those combinations of pronoun and postposition (examples (\ref{ex:5-6}) and (\ref{ex:5-7})) as case forms, as the two tend to be phonologically slightly more fused as compared to what is observed with most combinations of full nouns and postpositions. However, for the sake of descriptive economy, I have here chosen to treat them as postpositions.
A: word: tanaám	 gloss: 3PL.ACC
B: word: baasaá	 gloss: spend.night.CV
C: word: asaám	 gloss: 1PL.ACC
D: word: eenú	 gloss: PROX.MSG.NOM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): asaám ___ xabaár dít-i
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.ACC ___ news give.PFV"=FSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`We heard about it.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The form used for direct objects is also the morpheme ___ form preceding postpositions. It would be possible its gloss ___ analyse some of those combinations of pronoun and postposition (examples (\ref{ex:5-6}) and (\ref{ex:5-7})) as case forms, as the morpheme ___ two tend its gloss ___ be phonologically slightly more fused as compared its gloss ___ what is observed with most combinations of full nouns and postpositions. However, for the morpheme ___ sake of descriptive economy, I have here chosen its gloss ___ treat the morpheme ___m as postpositions.
A: word: aṛanaám	 gloss: 3PL.DIST.ACC
B: word: theníi-e	 gloss: do.VN"=GEN
C: word: the	 gloss: to
D: word: khúna	 gloss: near.to
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ díi ma ɡóobina lhéest-i
Gloss (with missing item): ___ from 1SG.NOM nowhere escape.PFV-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`Nowhere am I safe from you.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The form used for direct objects is also the form preceding postpositions. It would be possible to analyse some of those combinations of pronoun and postposition (examples (\ref{ex:5-6}) and (\ref{ex:5-7})) as case forms, as the two tend to be phonologically slightly more fused as compared to what is observed with most combinations of full nouns and postpositions. However, for the sake of descriptive economy, I have here chosen to treat them as postpositions.
A: word: tus	 gloss: 2PL.NOM
B: word: ṣaawóol-u	 gloss: put.on.PFV"=MSG
C: word: the	 gloss: to
D: word: tu	 gloss: 2SG.NOM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tu ___ ma ɡóobina lhéest-i
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG.NOM ___ 1SG.NOM nowhere escape.PFV-F
The English translation of this sentence is:`Nowhere am I safe from you.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The form used for direct objects is also the form preceding postpositions. It would be possible to analyse some of those combinations of pronoun and postposition (examples (\ref{ex:5-6}) and (\ref{ex:5-7})) as case forms, as the two tend to be phonologically slightly more fused as compared to what is observed with most combinations of full nouns and postpositions. However, for the sake of descriptive economy, I have here chosen to treat them as postpositions.
A: word: ɡubáa	 gloss: some
B: word: taayúu	 gloss: from.there
C: word: díi	 gloss: from
D: word: díiš-e	 gloss: village-GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fazelnuúr ba ___ e ɡaaḍubáabu de
Gloss (with missing item): Fazel.Noor TOP ___ AMPL grandfather be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`And Fazel Noor was my own grandfather.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: To personal pronouns can also be added a~particle of emphasis or exclusiveness, eé (in B e), to be compared with exclusiveness as expressed with numerals \sectref{subsec:6-4-1}. It seems to be most frequently used together with the genitive form of the first- and second"=person singular pronouns. In example (\ref{ex:5-8}) it has the approximate meaning `my own'.
A: word: thíi	 gloss: 2SG.GEN
B: word: díi	 gloss: from
C: word: míi	 gloss: 1SG.GEN
D: word: míiš	 gloss: man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fazelnuúr ba míi ___ ɡaaḍubáabu de
Gloss (with missing item): Fazel.Noor TOP 1SG.GEN ___ grandfather be.PST
The English translation of this sentence is:`And Fazel Noor was my own grandfather.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: To pthe morpheme ___rsonal pronouns can also bthe morpheme ___ addthe morpheme ___d a~particlthe morpheme ___ of the morpheme ___mphasis or the morpheme ___xclusivthe morpheme ___nthe morpheme ___ss, the morpheme ___the morpheme ___́ (in B the morpheme ___), to bthe morpheme ___ comparthe morpheme ___d with the morpheme ___xclusivthe morpheme ___nthe morpheme ___ss as the morpheme ___xprthe morpheme ___ssthe morpheme ___d with numthe morpheme ___rals \sthe morpheme ___ctrthe morpheme ___f{substhe morpheme ___c:6-4-1}. It sthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ms to bthe morpheme ___ most frthe morpheme ___quthe morpheme ___ntly usthe morpheme ___d togthe morpheme ___ththe morpheme ___r with ththe morpheme ___ gthe morpheme ___nitivthe morpheme ___ form of ththe morpheme ___ first- and sthe morpheme ___cond"=pthe morpheme ___rson singular pronouns. In the morpheme ___xamplthe morpheme ___ (\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___x:5-8}) it has ththe morpheme ___ approximatthe morpheme ___ mthe morpheme ___aning `my own'.
A: word: ɡáaḍ-am	 gloss: big-MPL.OBL
B: word: qisá	 gloss: story
C: word: khaṣeel-í	 gloss: drag-CV
D: word: e	 gloss: AMPL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Palula. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): típa aní mauǰudá waqt-íi ___ eé bakáara-m-ii kasúb th-áan-u
Gloss (with missing item): now PROX present time.GEN ___ AMPL herd-OBL"=GEN occupation do-PRS"=MSG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Nowadays I myself am engaged in shepherding.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, in uses with nominative pronominal forms, as in (\ref{ex:5-9}), it takes on a~meaning similar to `I myself'. Note that this, in Palula, is a~function distinct from that of the reflexive pronouns (see \sectref{sec:5-4}).
A: word: ma	 gloss: 1SG.NOM
B: word: kareé=ɡale	 gloss: when=ever
C: word: ɡubáa	 gloss: some
D: word: maníit-u	 gloss: say.PFV"=MSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A