cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 70:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mua oko\textsubscript{Theme} ona koor miira=pa nan waaya unowa ___ ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): man other 3s.GEN house face=LOC there pig many ___ be-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is: `Another man has many pigs there in front of his house.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Because the possessee is typically inanimate and often indefinite whereas the possessor is human and definite, this causes a violation to the universal discourse-pragmatic principle, according to which animate/human and definite participants tend to precede inanimate and indefinite participants \citep[135]{Heine1997}. In order to follow the principle, Mauwake often makes the possessor a theme by moving the possessor noun phrase to sentence-initial position. Only the dative pronoun keeps its position immediately preceding the verb \REF{ex:5:x972}. If there is no other possessor \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, an unmarked pronoun is used as a theme \REF{ex:5:x973}. In these two sentences, moving part of the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to the theme position causes the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to be non-contiguous. In the example \REF{ex:5:x595} the possessee subject \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{aaya} `sugar' is also the theme, and in \REF{ex:5:x1323} the possessee is animate/human, so in those clauses there is less pressure to make the possessor into the theme.
A: word: niena	 gloss: 2p.GEN
B: word: wiar	 gloss: 3.DAT
C: word: wiarik	 gloss: 3.DAT
D: word: nefar	 gloss: 2s.DAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 71:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I\textsubscript{Theme} sira naap me ___ ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): 1p.UNM custom thus not ___ be-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is: `We do not have a custom like that.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Because the possessee is typically inanimate and often indefinite whereas the possessor is human and definite, this causes a violation to the universal discourse-pragmatic principle, according to which animate/human and definite participants tend to precede inanimate and indefinite participants \citep[135]{Heine1997}. In order to follow the principle, Mauwake often makes the possessor a theme by moving the possessor noun phrase to sentence-initial position. Only the dative pronoun keeps its position immediately preceding the verb \REF{ex:5:x972}. If there is no other possessor \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, an unmarked pronoun is used as a theme \REF{ex:5:x973}. In these two sentences, moving part of the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to the theme position causes the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to be non-contiguous. In the example \REF{ex:5:x595} the possessee subject \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{aaya} `sugar' is also the theme, and in \REF{ex:5:x1323} the possessee is animate/human, so in those clauses there is less pressure to make the possessor into the theme.
A: word: yiar-uk	 gloss: shoot.us-IMP.3p
B: word: niar	 gloss: 2p.DAT
C: word: yiar	 gloss: 1p.DAT
D: word: ookowa	 gloss: follow-NMZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 72:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Aaya ___ ikua, ifera wia.
Gloss (with missing item): sugar ___ be-PA.3s salt no
The English translation of this sentence is: `I have sugar, but no(t) salt.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Because the possessee is typically inanimate and often indefinite whereas the possessor is human and definite, this causes a violation to the universal discourse-pragmatic principle, according to which animate/human and definite participants tend to precede inanimate and indefinite participants \citep[135]{Heine1997}. In order to follow the principle, Mauwake often makes the possessor a theme by moving the possessor noun phrase to sentence-initial position. Only the dative pronoun keeps its position immediately preceding the verb \REF{ex:5:x972}. If there is no other possessor \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, an unmarked pronoun is used as a theme \REF{ex:5:x973}. In these two sentences, moving part of the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to the theme position causes the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to be non-contiguous. In the example \REF{ex:5:x595} the possessee subject \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{aaya} `sugar' is also the theme, and in \REF{ex:5:x1323} the possessee is animate/human, so in those clauses there is less pressure to make the possessor into the theme.
A: word: miim-u	 gloss: hear-1d.IMP
B: word: efar	 gloss: 1s.DAT
C: word: ik-ep	 gloss: roast-SS.SEQ
D: word: nefar	 gloss: 2s.DAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 73:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Aaya efar ___ ifera wia.
Gloss (with missing item): sugar 1s.DAT ___ salt no
The English translation of this sentence is: `I have sugar, but no(t) salt.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Because the possessee is typically inanimate and often indefinite whereas the possessor is human and definite, this causes a violation to the universal discourse-pragmatic principle, according to which animate/human and definite participants tend to precede inanimate and indefinite participants \citep[135]{Heine1997}. In order to follow the principle, Mauwake often makes the possessor a theme by moving the possessor noun phrase to sentence-initial position. Only the dative pronoun keeps its position immediately preceding the verb \REF{ex:5:x972}. If there is no other possessor \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, an unmarked pronoun is used as a theme \REF{ex:5:x973}. In these two sentences, moving part of the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to the theme position causes the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to be non-contiguous. In the example \REF{ex:5:x595} the possessee subject \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{aaya} `sugar' is also the theme, and in \REF{ex:5:x1323} the possessee is animate/human, so in those clauses there is less pressure to make the possessor into the theme.
A: word: mauw-ap	 gloss: work-SS.SEQ
B: word: ik-o-n	 gloss: be-PA-2s
C: word: ma-ikuan=na	 gloss: say-FU.3p=TP
D: word: ikua	 gloss: be-PA.3s
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 74:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Woos(a) mua ___ ik-e-mik, wis=ke eliw nia kaken-i-kuan.
Gloss (with missing item): head man ___ be-PA-1/3p 3p.FC=CF well 2p.ACC straight-Np-FU.3p
The English translation of this sentence is: `We have leaders, they can straighten you out.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Because the possessee is typically inanimate and often indefinite whereas the possessor is human and definite, this causes a violation to the universal discourse-pragmatic principle, according to which animate/human and definite participants tend to precede inanimate and indefinite participants \citep[135]{Heine1997}. In order to follow the principle, Mauwake often makes the possessor a theme by moving the possessor noun phrase to sentence-initial position. Only the dative pronoun keeps its position immediately preceding the verb \REF{ex:5:x972}. If there is no other possessor \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, an unmarked pronoun is used as a theme \REF{ex:5:x973}. In these two sentences, moving part of the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to the theme position causes the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to be non-contiguous. In the example \REF{ex:5:x595} the possessee subject \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{aaya} `sugar' is also the theme, and in \REF{ex:5:x1323} the possessee is animate/human, so in those clauses there is less pressure to make the possessor into the theme.
A: word: yiar-uk	 gloss: shoot.us-IMP.3p
B: word: op-ap	 gloss: hold-SS.SEQ
C: word: yiar	 gloss: 1p.DAT
D: word: niar	 gloss: 2p.DAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 75:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Woos(a) mua yiar ___ wis=ke eliw nia kaken-i-kuan.
Gloss (with missing item): head man 1p.DAT ___ 3p.FC=CF well 2p.ACC straight-Np-FU.3p
The English translation of this sentence is: `We have leaders, they can straighten you out.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Because the possessee is typically inanimate and often indefinite whereas the possessor is human and definite, this causes a violation to the universal discourse-pragmatic principle, according to which animate/human and definite participants tend to precede inanimate and indefinite participants \citep[135]{Heine1997}. In order to follow the principle, Mauwake often makes the possessor a theme by moving the possessor noun phrase to sentence-initial position. Only the dative pronoun keeps its position immediately preceding the verb \REF{ex:5:x972}. If there is no other possessor \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, an unmarked pronoun is used as a theme \REF{ex:5:x973}. In these two sentences, moving part of the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to the theme position causes the \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} to be non-contiguous. In the example \REF{ex:5:x595} the possessee subject \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{aaya} `sugar' is also the theme, and in \REF{ex:5:x1323} the possessee is animate/human, so in those clauses there is less pressure to make the possessor into the theme.
A: word: ma-e-mik	 gloss: say-PA-1/3p
B: word: on-am-ik-e-mik	 gloss: make-SS.SIM-be-PA-1/3p
C: word: ik-e-mik	 gloss: be-PA-1/3p
D: word: ika-i-ya=na	 gloss: be-Np-PR.3s=TP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 76:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mua nain pun muuka wiipa ___ ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): man that1 also son daughter ___ ik-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is: `That man also has children/son(s) and daughter(s).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Clauses like the example \REF{ex:5:x1321}, where the possessed noun is [+human] and [+plural], triggering the plural form of the verb, are quite rare, and it seems that the singular verb form is also becoming possible in these cases:
A: word: ariwa	 gloss: arrow
B: word: wiarik	 gloss: 3.DAT
C: word: wiar	 gloss: 3.DAT
D: word: nefar	 gloss: 2s.DAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 77:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Wis pun maa eliwa=ko wiar ___ iw-i-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): 3p.UNM too thing good=NF 3.DAT ___ give.him-Np-PR.1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is: `They too, if they (happen to) have good things, give to him.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the present tense form is used, it indicates a more transitory possession \REF{ex:5:x1201}:
A: word: kua-i-ya=na	 gloss: build-NP-PR.3s=TP
B: word: ika-i-ya	 gloss: be-Np-PR.3s
C: word: ika-i-ya=na	 gloss: be-Np-PR.3s=TP
D: word: nena	 gloss: 2s.GEN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 78:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Parina ona wakesim-owa ___ ika-i-ya.
Gloss (with missing item): lamp 3s.GEN cover-NMZ ___ be-Np-PR.3s
The English translation of this sentence is: `The lamp has a cover.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the possessor is not human, the possessive clause is made its gloss ___ the existential verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}- `be' plus a comitative construction rather than the dative pronoun, and the possessor always precedes the possessee \REF{ex:5:x1807}, \REF{ex:5:x1810}. These are cross-linguistically typical features for the grammaticalization strategy that uses a comitative phrase for a possessive predication \citep[53--57]{Heine1997}. As was noted in \sectref{sec:3.5.4}, in this case the third person singular genitive pronoun \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ona} is used for a non-human possessor.
A: word: eliw	 gloss: well
B: word: yaiya	 gloss: 1s/p.uncle
C: word: kema	 gloss: liver
D: word: onaiya	 gloss: with
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 79:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Miiwa ona mua ___ ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): land 3s.GEN man ___ be-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is: `The land has its men.' (Each piece of ground ``has'' men whose responsibility it is to see how the land is allocated for gardens.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When the possessor is not human, the possessive clause is made its gloss ___ the existential verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}- `be' plus a comitative construction rather than the dative pronoun, and the possessor always precedes the possessee \REF{ex:5:x1807}, \REF{ex:5:x1810}. These are cross-linguistically typical features for the grammaticalization strategy that uses a comitative phrase for a possessive predication \citep[53--57]{Heine1997}. As was noted in \sectref{sec:3.5.4}, in this case the third person singular genitive pronoun \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ona} is used for a non-human possessor.
A: word: oposia	 gloss: meat
B: word: yaiya	 gloss: 1s/p.uncle
C: word: eliw	 gloss: well
D: word: onaiya	 gloss: with
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 80:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I urupa ___ i soomia wia, i epira marew.
Gloss (with missing item): 1p.UNM cup ___ 1p.UNM spoon no 1p.UNM plate no(ne)
The English translation of this sentence is: `We had no cups, no spoons, no plates.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The existential (\sectref{sec:5.5.1}) and possessive clauses (\sectref{sec:5.5.2}) are different from the other verbal clauses with regard to negation. Besides the standard verbal negation they can use all the other negators as well \REF{ex:5:x982} \REF{ex:5:x983} (\sectref{sec:6.2.1}). The verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}- `be' is retained only with the verbal negator \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{me}. With all the other negators the negator itself replaces the verb, and the clause becomes a verbless clause:
A: word: weetak	 gloss: no
B: word: weetak-eya	 gloss: no-2/3s.DS
C: word: opora	 gloss: talk
D: word: -weetak/wia	 gloss: -no
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 81:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): I urupa weetak, i soomia ___ i epira marew.
Gloss (with missing item): 1p.UNM cup no 1p.UNM spoon ___ 1p.UNM plate no(ne)
The English translation of this sentence is: `We had no cups, no spoons, no plates.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The existential (\sectref{sec:5.5.1}) and possessive clauses (\sectref{sec:5.5.2}) are different from the other verbal clauses with regard to negation. Besides the standard verbal negation they can use all the other negators as well \REF{ex:5:x982} \REF{ex:5:x983} (\sectref{sec:6.2.1}). The verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}- `be' is retained only with the verbal negator \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{me}. With all the other negators the negator itself replaces the verb, and the clause becomes a verbless clause:
A: word: wia	 gloss: no
B: word: wiar	 gloss: 3.DAT
C: word: op-ap	 gloss: hold-SS.SEQ
D: word: -weetak/wia	 gloss: -no
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 82:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Aakisa=ko me kerer-em-ika-i-ya, wia bala op-aw-ap wia ___ nain.{\upshape\footnotemark}
Gloss (with missing item): now=NF not appear-SS.SIM-be-Np-PR.3s 3p.ACC decoration hold-CAUS-SS.SEQ 3p.ACC ___ that1
The English translation of this sentence is: `Now it doesn't take place (any more), decorating them and escorting them for them (i.e. escorting girls to their prospective husbands).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Neutralization of tense or aspect distinctions, as well as the loss of other than just one argument are common features associated with nominalization \citep[737--738]{HopperEtAl1984}. In Mauwake the nominalized verb forms may keep all of the derivational suffixes but not the inflectional ones, which include tense and person/number marking \REF{ex:5:x1226}.
A: word: nena	 gloss: 2s.GEN
B: word: akua-aaw-om-owa	 gloss: shoulder-take-BEN-NMZ
C: word: iimar-ep	 gloss: stand.up-SS.SEQ
D: word: wiim-om-owa	 gloss: escort-BEN-NMZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 83:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mua papako maa ___ nain kawus wiar uruf-i-kuan.
Gloss (with missing item): man some food ___ that1 smoke 3.DAT see-Np-FU.3p
The English translation of this sentence is: `They will see the smoke from some men's roasting of food.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Verbal groups showing aspect may be nominalized as well, so the aspectual distinction is retained \REF{ex:5:x1841}:
A: word: oposia	 gloss: meat
B: word: muf-em-ik-om-a-mik	 gloss: pull-SS.SIM-be-BEN-BNFY2.PA-1/3p
C: word: ik-owa	 gloss: roast-NMZ
D: word: ik-em-ik-owa	 gloss: roast-SS.SIM-be-NMZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 84:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yo ___ wia.
Gloss (with missing item): 1s.UNM ___ no
The English translation of this sentence is: `I won't come.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The nominalized verb in itself is neutral in regard to modality, even if it often gets deontic interpretation. But it can be, and frequently is, used in cases where modality is intentionally left unspecified. In \REF{ex:5:x1257} the reason for not coming may be that one is not allowed, or able, or willing, to come.
A: word: ekap-owa	 gloss: come-NMZ
B: word: emeria	 gloss: woman
C: word: uruf-owa	 gloss: see-NMZ
D: word: ekap-o-k	 gloss: come-PA-3s
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A