cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 437:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Wia ___ er-a-k.
Gloss (with missing item): 3p.ACC ___ come/go-PA-3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was enough for them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The subject of the adjunct plus verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{the morpheme ___ er}- `be its gloss ___, suffice' is typically inanimate \REF{ex:3:x1058}, whereas the object, when there is one, is usually human \REF{ex:3:x306}.
A: word: pepek	 gloss: enough
B: word: wuailal-ep	 gloss: be.hungry-SS.SEQ
C: word: pepekim-ep	 gloss: measure-SS.SEQ
D: word: eliw	 gloss: well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 438:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Amia=iya ___
Gloss (with missing item): bow=COM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Did they shoot you with a gun?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I call these verbs object cross-referencing because, besides marking the subject with a suffix like all other verbs do, they also \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{obligatorily}} mark the object in the verb root. What has clearly been a prefix\footnote{Phonetically this prefix is closer to the unmarked pronouns than the accusative pronouns.} earlier has been grammaticalized as part of the verb itself: there is no neutral root that would not be linked to any particular person \REF{ex:3:x334}--\REF{ex:3:x336}.\footnote{When a ``neutral'' form is required, the third person singular is used.} In this respect these verbs differ from all the other verbs in Mauwake. In the case of `give' the verb root \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{i}- has assimilated into the prefix, so currently the person marking of the recipient object is the only root that there is. Four of the object cross-referencing verbs are listed in \tabref{tab:3:crossreferencingverbs}.
A: word: nenar-e-mik=i	 gloss: shoot.you-PA-1/3p=QM
B: word: nenar-e-mik=i''	 gloss: shoot.you-PA-1/3p=QM
C: word: ik-e-mik=i	 gloss: be-PA-1/3p=QM
D: word: piipua-i-nan=i	 gloss: leave-Np-FU.2s=QM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 439:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Wi ___ pok-ap ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): 3p.UNM ___ sit.down-SS.SEQ be-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`He sat hiding among them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The cross-referenced objects are semantically quite different. In the verbs \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{iw}- `give (him)' and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{onak}- `feed (him)' it is the recipient,\footnote{\textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{onak-} `feed (him)' requires a food term as the undergoer object, so a better translation, but longer, would be `give him (something) to eat'.} in \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{war}- `shoot (him)' and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ook}- `follow (him)' the undergoer. The verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{wionar}-\footnote{A possible origin for this is \textit{\textsc{pron}+onaiya+ar}- `become together-with \textsc{pron}' (Kwan, p.c.)} `hide among (them)' is a special case in two ways: the cross-referenced argument `among a group' is quite untypical as a verbal argument; and only plural forms of this verb can be used because of semantic restrictions: \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{yionar-} `hide among us', \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{nionar-} `hide among you (pl)', \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{wionar-} `hide among them' \REF{ex:3:x337}.
A: word: wionar-ep	 gloss: hide.among.them-SS.SEQ
B: word: pipilim-ep	 gloss: hide-SS.SEQ
C: word: amis-ar-i-mik	 gloss: knowledge-INCH-Np-PR.1/3p
D: word: sesenar-ep	 gloss: buy-SS.SEQ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 440:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Wiowa erup\textsubscript{O} ___ um-o-k.
Gloss (with missing item): spear two ___ die-PA-3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I speared it a second time and it (=the pig) died.' (Lit: `I caused a spear to become two and it died.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The causative always increases the number of arguments a verb can take: the subject of an intransitive verb \REF{ex:3:x997} becomes the object of a transitive verb \REF{ex:3:x998}, and a new subject is added. The causative suffix -\textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ow} was described above in \sectref{sec:3.8.2.3.1}. In most cases the meaning of a causative is `to cause someone or something to do something'. The caused `doing' is usually \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{not} }agentive \REF{ex:3:x992}.
A: word: ar-ow-amkun	 gloss: become-CAUS-1s/p.DS
B: word: nena	 gloss: 2s.GEN
C: word: ir-ow-(ow)-eya	 gloss: go.up-CAUS-CAUS-2/3s.DS
D: word: suuw-amkun	 gloss: push-1s/p.DS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 441:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yo kema efa\textsubscript{O} ___ yaa!
Gloss (with missing item): 1s.UNM liver 1s.ACC ___ INTJ
The English translation of this sentence is:`Boy, have you made me angry!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The mental state of being angry is expressed via a verb in Mauwake \REF{ex:3:x993}, and it can take the causative suffix \REF{ex:3:x994}.
A: word: bagiwir-ow-a-n	 gloss: be.angry-CAUS-PA-2s
B: word: ir-ow-aw-ap	 gloss: climb-CAUS-CAUS-SS.SEQ
C: word: muutiw	 gloss: only
D: word: ma-e-n=yon	 gloss: say-PA-2s-perhaps
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 442:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): O uruf-ap op-ap Yeesus nomokowa moke ___ suuw-a-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): 3s.UNM see-SS.SEQ hold-SS.SEQ Jesus tree slanting ___ push-PA-1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`They saw him and took hold of him, and made him carry Jesus' cross on his shoulder.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Forming a causative from an agentive verb (\textstyleEmphasizedWords{{inducive causative}}, \citealt[112]{Talmy2007}) is not done morphologically with an affix but \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{syntactically}} with a verbal construction involving the nominalized form of the main verb and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{suuw}- `push' as the causative auxiliary \REF{ex:3:x1003}, \REF{ex:3:x1002} (\sectref{sec:5.7.1}).
A: word: uura=ke	 gloss: night=CF
B: word: akua	 gloss: shoulder
C: word: akua-aaw-om-owa	 gloss: shoulder-take-BEN-NMZ
D: word: aaw-om-omak-e	 gloss: get-BEN-DISTR/PL-IMP.2s
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 443:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sira enuma ___ nia suuw-i-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): custom new ___ 2p.ACC push-Np-PR.1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`They make you follow new customs/ways.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Forming a causative from an agentive verb (\textstyleEmphasizedWords{{inducive causative}}, \citealt[112]{Talmy2007}) is not done morphologically with an affix but \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{syntactically}} with a verbal construction involving the nominalized form of the main verb and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{suuw}- `push' as the causative auxiliary \REF{ex:3:x1003}, \REF{ex:3:x1002} (\sectref{sec:5.7.1}).
A: word: puk-owa	 gloss: burst-NMZ
B: word: murar-owa=pa	 gloss: follow-NMZ=LOC
C: word: ika-i-ya	 gloss: be-Np-PR.3s
D: word: ook-owa	 gloss: follow-NMZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 444:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sira enuma ook-owa ___ suuw-i-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): custom new follow-NMZ ___ push-Np-PR.1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`They make you follow new customs/ways.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Forming a causative from an agentive verb (\textstyleEmphasizedWords{{inducive causative}}, \citealt[112]{Talmy2007}) is not done morphologically with an affix but \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{syntactically}} with a verbal construction involving the nominalized form of the main verb and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{suuw}- `push' as the causative auxiliary \REF{ex:3:x1003}, \REF{ex:3:x1002} (\sectref{sec:5.7.1}).
A: word: niawi=ke	 gloss: 2s/p.father=CF
B: word: yo=ko	 gloss: 1s.UNM=NF
C: word: nia	 gloss: 2p.ACC
D: word: nefa	 gloss: 2s.ACC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 445:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yo mua oko ___ suuw-amkun ikiw-i-non.
Gloss (with missing item): 1s.UNM man other ___ push-1s/p.DS go-Np-FU.3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I make a man go and he goes.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the following examples the three different causative strategies have been applied to the same verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikiw}- `go', and in all of them the patient is [+human]. In \REF{ex:3:x1016} and \REF{ex:3:x1829} the object of the causative verb has no influence on what happens to him/her, but in \REF{ex:3:x1873} the object of the inducive causative is active and becomes the actor of the verb resulting from the causation.
A: word: ikiw-owa	 gloss: go-NMZ
B: word: na-i-mik=yon=i	 gloss: say-Np-PR.1/3p=perhaps=QM
C: word: ikiw-owa=ke	 gloss: go-NMZ=CF
D: word: oko=ko	 gloss: other=NF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 446:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yo mua oko ikiw-owa ___ ikiw-i-non.
Gloss (with missing item): 1s.UNM man other go-NMZ ___ go-Np-FU.3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I make a man go and he goes.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In the following examples the three different causative strategies have been applied to the same verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikiw}- `go', and in all of them the patient is [+human]. In \REF{ex:3:x1016} and \REF{ex:3:x1829} the object of the causative verb has no influence on what happens to him/her, but in \REF{ex:3:x1873} the object of the inducive causative is active and becomes the actor of the verb resulting from the causation.
A: word: suuw-amkun	 gloss: push-1s/p.DS
B: word: suuw-am-ika-iwkin	 gloss: push-SS.SIM-be-2/3p.DS
C: word: ar-ow-amkun	 gloss: become-CAUS-1s/p.DS
D: word: maak-ek	 gloss: tell-PA-3s
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 447:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Fikera ikum ___ nain ma-i-yem.
Gloss (with missing item): kunai.grass illicitly ___ that1 say-Np-PR.1s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I tell about when the kunai grass was burned (by arson).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A common valence-decreasing device in many languages is the passive voice, which demotes or deletes the subject. In Mauwake verbs there is no passive voice. The standard way of demoting the subject is to have the verb in third person plural form and leave the subject \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} unexpressed \REF{ex:3:x1009}, \REF{ex:3:x1010} .\footnote{Cf. the English impersonal ``they'': They say it is going to be cold tomorrow.} None of the arguments change their syntactic function. The example \REF{ex:3:x1009} comes from a story where the main point was that the people responsible for the fire were never found, and it was not known if only one person was involved or many.
A: word: wakesim-e-mik	 gloss: cover-PA-1/3p
B: word: ikum	 gloss: illicitly
C: word: aw-o-k	 gloss: burn-PA-3s,
D: word: kuum-e-mik	 gloss: burn-PA-1/3p
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 448:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nefa ___ naap ma-e.
Gloss (with missing item): 2s.ACC ___ thus say-IMP.2s
The English translation of this sentence is:`If/when you are shot, then say like that.' (Or: `If they shoot you, then say like that.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A common valence-decreasing device in many languages is the passive voice, which demotes or deletes the subject. In Mauwake verbs there is no passive voice. The standard way of demoting the subject is to have the verb in third person plural form and leave the subject \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} unexpressed \REF{ex:3:x1009}, \REF{ex:3:x1010} .\footnote{Cf. the English impersonal ``they'': They say it is going to be cold tomorrow.} None of the arguments change their syntactic function. The example \REF{ex:3:x1009} comes from a story where the main point was that the people responsible for the fire were never found, and it was not known if only one person was involved or many.
A: word: mik-iwkin	 gloss: hit-2/3p.DS
B: word: iirar-iwkin	 gloss: remove-2/3p.DS
C: word: e'repam	 gloss: four
D: word: war-iwkin	 gloss: shoot-2/3p.DS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 449:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Fikera ikum ___ nain ma-i-yem.
Gloss (with missing item): kunai.grass illicitly ___ that1 say-Np-PR.1s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I tell about when the kunai grass was burned (by arson).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A common valence-decreasing device in many languages is the passive voice, which demotes or deletes the subject. In Mauwake verbs there is no passive voice. The standard way of demoting the subject is to have the verb in third person plural form and leave the subject \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} unexpressed \REF{ex:3:x1009}, \REF{ex:3:x1010} .\footnote{Cf. the English impersonal ``they'': They say it is going to be cold tomorrow.} None of the arguments change their syntactic function. The example \REF{ex:3:x1009} comes from a story where the main point was that the people responsible for the fire were never found, and it was not known if only one person was involved or many.
A: word: nena=iw	 gloss: 2s.GEN=LIM
B: word: kuum-e-mik	 gloss: burn-PA-1/3p
C: word: aw-o-k	 gloss: burn-PA-3s,
D: word: wakesim-e-mik	 gloss: cover-PA-1/3p
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 450:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nan mukuna=pa ___ o nan samor aaw-o-k.
Gloss (with missing item): there fire=LOC ___ 3s.UNM there badly get-PA-3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`They (=bananas) were there on the fire and he really got bad there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The basic meaning of the stative verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}(\textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{a})- is `be'. The vowel /a/ gets deleted elsewhere except in the present tense and the medial different-subject non-first plural form; in the corresponding singular form the vowel may be optionally deleted \REF{ex:3:x257}.
A: word: ikum-am-ika-iwkin	 gloss: wonder.about-SS.SIM-be-2/3p.DS
B: word: ik(a)-eya	 gloss: be-2/3s.DS
C: word: opaimik(a)=iw	 gloss: talk=INST
D: word: ika-iwkin	 gloss: be-2/3p.DS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 451:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yo waaya arow ___ ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): 1s.UNM pig three ___ be-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I have three pigs.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Together with the dative pronouns \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}- is used to form possessive constructions \REF{ex:3:x258} (§\sectref{sec:3.5.5}, \ref{sec:5.5.2}).
A: word: nefar	 gloss: 2s.DAT
B: word: efar	 gloss: 1s.DAT
C: word: kaaneke	 gloss: where.CF
D: word: akia	 gloss: banana
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 452:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): No kamenap ___
Gloss (with missing item): 2s.UNM how ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`How are you?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In Mauwake it can also be used when the non-verbal predicate is understood to be transitory \REF{ex:3:x499} rather than stable over time:
A: word: feeke	 gloss: here.CF
B: word: ika-i-nan=na	 gloss: be-NP-FU.2s=TP
C: word: ika-i-yem	 gloss: be-Np-PR.1s
D: word: ika-i-n	 gloss: be-Np-PR.2s
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 453:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Yo waaya arow ___ ik-ua.
Gloss (with missing item): 1s.UNM pig three ___ be-PA.3s
The English translation of this sentence is:`I have three pigs.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The verb \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ik}- `be' is in a class of its own for several reasons. Its morphology is irregular, and so are the semantics of some of its morphology. In \REF{ex:3:x258} the past tense and the person/number marker in the third person singular form are merged into one portmanteau morpheme. An alternative form for the different-subject first person form \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikemkun} is \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikomkun} \REF{ex:3:x1931}. The same-subject medial form is \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikok} \REF{ex:3:x260}, not *\textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikep} and *\textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{ikemi}\textstyleEmphasizedVernacularWords{\textmd{.}}\footnote{\textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{ikep} and \textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{ikemi} are the same subject medial forms of the homophonous verb \textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{ik-} `roast'.} There is no formal differentiation between a simultaneous \REF{ex:3:x260} and a sequential \REF{ex:3:x262} form in the same-subject medial verb.
A: word: wenup	 gloss: lots.of
B: word: efar	 gloss: 1s.DAT
C: word: nefar	 gloss: 2s.DAT
D: word: iki(w-e)p	 gloss: go-SS.SEQ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B