cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mua ___ sira
Gloss (with missing item): man ___ custom
The English translation of this sentence is:`the burial custom (lit: the custom of burying men)'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both nouns \REF{ex:3:x7} and adjectives \REF{ex:3:x8} may be derived from verbs with the nominalizer suffix \nobreakdash-\textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{owa}.
A: word: soop-owa	 gloss: bury-NMZ
B: word: ekap-owa	 gloss: come-NMZ
C: word: akua-aaw-om-owa	 gloss: shoulder-take-BEN-NMZ
D: word: wakesim-owa	 gloss: cover-NMZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Emi ___ nain puuk-a-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): taboo ___ that1 cut-PA-1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`They broke the strong taboo rule.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Both nouns \REF{ex:3:x7} and adjectives \REF{ex:3:x8} may be derived from verbs with the nominalizer suffix \nobreakdash-\textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{owa}.
A: word: kekan-owa	 gloss: be.strong-NMZ
B: word: kekan-owa=ke	 gloss: be.strong-NMZ=CF
C: word: sande	 gloss: Sunday
D: word: gelemutu-mut	 gloss: small-RDP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): aasa ___ fain
Gloss (with missing item): canoe ___ this
The English translation of this sentence is:`this old canoe'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{Syntactically}}, there are a few similarities between nouns and adjectives. Both can function as a modifier following the head noun in a \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, although adjectives \REF{ex:3:x9} are much more common in this position. In \citegen[161]{HopperEtAl1985} terms, it is nouns whose categorial status has been reduced, i.e. nouns that are not fully individuated in the discourse \REF{ex:3:x10}, that can function in this modifier position.
A: word: awona	 gloss: old
B: word: iperowa	 gloss: older
C: word: maneka-ya=na	 gloss: big-2/3s.DS=TP
D: word: onaiya	 gloss: with
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mua ___ eliwa
Gloss (with missing item): man ___ good
The English translation of this sentence is:`a well-mannered man (=a good man)'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{Syntactically}}, there are a few similarities between nouns and adjectives. Both can function as a modifier following the head noun in a \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, although adjectives \REF{ex:3:x9} are much more common in this position. In \citegen[161]{HopperEtAl1985} terms, it is nouns whose categorial status has been reduced, i.e. nouns that are not fully individuated in the discourse \REF{ex:3:x10}, that can function in this modifier position.
A: word: kaik-ap	 gloss: tie-SS.SEQ
B: word: sira	 gloss: manner
C: word: maak-ep-pu-ami	 gloss: tell-SS.SEQ-CMPL-SS.SIM
D: word: sira=ke	 gloss: custom=CF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mua sira ___
Gloss (with missing item): man manner ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`a well-mannered man (=a good man)'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{Syntactically}}, there are a few similarities between nouns and adjectives. Both can function as a modifier following the head noun in a \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, although adjectives \REF{ex:3:x9} are much more common in this position. In \citegen[161]{HopperEtAl1985} terms, it is nouns whose categorial status has been reduced, i.e. nouns that are not fully individuated in the discourse \REF{ex:3:x10}, that can function in this modifier position.
A: word: eliwa	 gloss: good
B: word: eliw	 gloss: well
C: word: wakesim-ep-pu-ami	 gloss: cover-SS.SEQ-CMPL-SS.SIM
D: word: ele-eliwa	 gloss: RDP-good
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mua ___
Gloss (with missing item): man ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`a real man'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The intensifier \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{the morpheme ___} `real(ly), very' can also modify both adjectives \REF{ex:3:x3} and nouns \REF{ex:3:x11}.
A: word: akena	 gloss: real/true
B: word: iw-e-mik	 gloss: give.him-PA-1/3p
C: word: unan	 gloss: Yesterday
D: word: makena	 gloss: truly
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ifa ___
Gloss (with missing item): snake ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`bad snakes'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complete or partial reduplication of adjectives is a common strategy for indicating plurality in Austronesian languages \citep[62]{Wurm1982}, and it also occurs to some extent in many Papuan languages, including Mauwake. Reduplication is a more productive process in the adjectives \REF{ex:3:x12}, \REF{ex:3:x481}, but it is possible for a few nouns too \REF{ex:3:x13}, \REF{ex:3:x1859} (\sectref{sec:3.2.6.2}).
A: word: damo-damola=ko	 gloss: RDP-bad=NF
B: word: atua=ke	 gloss: worm=CF
C: word: samo-samora	 gloss: RDP-bad
D: word: samora	 gloss: bad
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Maa ___ sesek-a-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): thing/food ___ sell-PA-1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`They sold good foods (different kinds).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complete or partial reduplication of adjectives is a common strategy for indicating plurality in Austronesian languages \citep[62]{Wurm1982}, and it also occurs to some extent in many Papuan languages, including Mauwake. Reduplication is a more productive process in the adjectives \REF{ex:3:x12}, \REF{ex:3:x481}, but it is possible for a few nouns too \REF{ex:3:x13}, \REF{ex:3:x1859} (\sectref{sec:3.2.6.2}).
A: word: en-ep-pu-ap	 gloss: eat-SS.SEQ-CMPL-SS.SEQ
B: word: samo-samora	 gloss: RDP-bad
C: word: eliwa	 gloss: good
D: word: ele-eliwa	 gloss: RDP-good
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ikiw-e-mik.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ go-PA-1/3p
The English translation of this sentence is:`They went to many villages.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complete or partial reduplication of adjectives is a common strategy for indicating plurality in Austronesian languages \citep[62]{Wurm1982}, and it also occurs to some extent in many Papuan languages, including Mauwake. Reduplication is a more productive process in the adjectives \REF{ex:3:x12}, \REF{ex:3:x481}, but it is possible for a few nouns too \REF{ex:3:x13}, \REF{ex:3:x1859} (\sectref{sec:3.2.6.2}).
A: word: owow	 gloss: village
B: word: owowa=pa=ko	 gloss: village=LOC=NF
C: word: owow-owowa	 gloss: RDP-village
D: word: aaw-iwkin	 gloss: get-2/3p.DS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___
Gloss (with missing item): ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`many customs', `different kinds'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complete or partial reduplication of adjectives is a common strategy for indicating plurality in Austronesian languages \citep[62]{Wurm1982}, and it also occurs to some extent in many Papuan languages, including Mauwake. Reduplication is a more productive process in the adjectives \REF{ex:3:x12}, \REF{ex:3:x481}, but it is possible for a few nouns too \REF{ex:3:x13}, \REF{ex:3:x1859} (\sectref{sec:3.2.6.2}).
A: word: sira-sira	 gloss: custom-custom
B: word: kaken	 gloss: straight
C: word: sira	 gloss: custom
D: word: neemi	 gloss: therefore
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ eka
Gloss (with missing item): ___ water
The English translation of this sentence is:`fish soup'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Only a noun may occur as a qualifier in a noun phrase, preceding the head noun \REF{ex:3:x15}. In some of these cases it is difficult to decide whether they are really \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}s with a qualifier and a head noun, or compound nouns. But if the latter is the case, then the restriction applies that an adjective cannot be the first element in a compound noun.
A: word: mangala	 gloss: shellfish
B: word: mera	 gloss: fish
C: word: emera	 gloss: sago,
D: word: wu-om-a-mik=na	 gloss: put-BEN-BNFY2.PA-1/3p=TP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wi Amerika ___ unuma Magerka
Gloss (with missing item): 3p.UNM America ___ name MacArthur
The English translation of this sentence is:`the leader of the Americans, whose name was MacArthur'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: An exception to this rule is the adjective \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{the morpheme ___} `its gloss ___' \REF{ex:3:x105}. The expression \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{yiena Maneka} `our Lord' (literally: our Big one), is probably formed following Tok Pisin \textstyleForeignWords{Bikpela bilong yumi.}\footnote{Non-prototypical adjectives are discussed later in this section; `its gloss ___' is a prototypical adjective, so its use in a typically nominal position is an exception.}
A: word: maneka=ke	 gloss: big=CF
B: word: maneka/gelemuta	 gloss: big/little
C: word: maneka	 gloss: big
D: word: wiam	 gloss: 3p.REFL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mera nain ___ maneka akena.
Gloss (with missing item): fish that1 ___ big very
The English translation of this sentence is:`That fish is rather huge.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Only an adjective functions as the head of an adjective phrase. In that position it may be modified by intensity adverbs (\sectref{sec:3.9.2}). Of these, \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{the morpheme ___} `its gloss ___' does not modify nouns at all \REF{ex:3:x18}; \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{akena} `very' and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{pepek} `enough' may modify nouns as well; \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{wenup} `very' can do that too, but as a noun modifier it has a somewhat restricted use and a different meaning: `many'.
A: word: lawisiw	 gloss: rather
B: word: lawiliw	 gloss: nearly
C: word: eliwa	 gloss: good
D: word: on-i-man	 gloss: do-NP-PR.2p
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mera nain lawisiw ___ akena.
Gloss (with missing item): fish that1 rather ___ very
The English translation of this sentence is:`That fish is rather huge.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Only an adjective functions as the head of an adjective phrase. In that position it may be modified by intensity adverbs (\sectref{sec:3.9.2}). Of these, \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{lawisiw} `rather' does not modify nouns at all \REF{ex:3:x18}; \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{akena} `very' and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{pepek} `enough' may modify nouns as well; \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{wenup} `very' can do that too, but as a noun modifier it has a somewhat restricted use and a different meaning: `many'.
A: word: maneka/gelemuta	 gloss: big/little
B: word: maneka	 gloss: big
C: word: efa	 gloss: 2s.ACC
D: word: maneka=ke	 gloss: big=CF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ maneka kamenap?
Gloss (with missing item): ___ big what.like
The English translation of this sentence is:`What is the weight like?', `How big is the weight?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: What further obscures the area of nouns and adjectives is the fact that there are a number of words that sometimes function like nouns \REF{ex:3:x20}, sometimes like adjectives \REF{ex:3:x21}, and that also semantically could be like either.
A: word: oro-oro-oro-oro-mi	 gloss: RDP-RDP-RDP-descend-SS.SIM
B: word: iimeka	 gloss: ten
C: word: pina	 gloss: weight
D: word: pina=pa	 gloss: guilt=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ opora wiar miim-i-yen.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ talk 3.DAT hear-Np-FU.1p
The English translation of this sentence is:`We will listen to the talk of the middle-aged (men).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The less prototypical status of human nouns also shows in words like \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{apura} `widow' and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{oosa} `widower' which may occur by themselves as heads of a \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np}, but which are most typically used as post-modifiers of \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{emeria} `woman' and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{mua} `man', respectively.\footnote{Other words in this group are \textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{muupera}\textbf{ }`visitor, guest' and especially \textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{weria}, which as a human noun only occurs in the combination \textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{mua weria}, `uncle/ male cross cousin/ nephew'. The \textstyleFootnoteBaseChar{mua weria'}s are responsible for burying a dead person and dispensing of his/her belongings (\sectref{sec:1.3.6}).} As age in human beings tends to be treated as a crucial determinant of \textstyleEmphasizedWords{{kind}}, even languages with large adjective classes often have special nouns for referring to old persons \citep[368]{Wierzbicka1986}. In Mauwake, adjectives that indicate age in humans are non-prototypical, more noun-like than most adjectives: both \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{the morpheme ___} `its gloss ___' \REF{ex:3:x25} and \textstyleStyleVernacularWordsItalic{panewowa} `old' are used as the head of a \textstyleAcronymallcaps{np} besides the typical adjectival use.
A: word: iperowa=ke	 gloss: middle.aged=CF
B: word: aakun-i-yan	 gloss: discuss-Np-FU.1p
C: word: reen-eya	 gloss: dry-2/3s.DS
D: word: iperowa	 gloss: middle-aged
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mua
Gloss (with missing item): ___ man
The English translation of this sentence is:`a sick man'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: With the rules given above it is fairly straightforward to distinguish the nouns and adjectives in Mauwake. But a small group remains that seems to have a membership in both classes. Originally, they are are nouns that are now employed as adjectives as well. The claim is based on the fact that the noun category is the more basic and universally recognized, whereas the existence of the adjective category is disputed in some languages; in Mauwake the noun class is clearly established, large, and more easily definable. Also, there are at least two nouns in Mauwake that currently seem to be in the process of becoming regular adjectives: the meaning of the phrase stays the same with the pre-modifying noun and the post-modifying adjective \REF{ex:3:x107}--\REF{ex:3:x1823}.
A: word: wu-ap-pu-ami	 gloss: put-SS.SEQ-CMPL-SS.SIM
B: word: napuma	 gloss: sick
C: word: napum(a)	 gloss: sickness
D: word: napuma=ke	 gloss: sickness
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Mauwake. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): opor(a) ___
Gloss (with missing item): talk ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`a lie'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: With the rules given above it is fairly straightforward to distinguish the nouns and adjectives in Mauwake. But a small group remains that seems to have a membership in both classes. Originally, they are are nouns that are now employed as adjectives as well. The claim is based on the fact that the noun category is the more basic and universally recognized, whereas the existence of the adjective category is disputed in some languages; in Mauwake the noun class is clearly established, large, and more easily definable. Also, there are at least two nouns in Mauwake that currently seem to be in the process of becoming regular adjectives: the meaning of the phrase stays the same with the pre-modifying noun and the post-modifying adjective \REF{ex:3:x107}--\REF{ex:3:x1823}.
A: word: manina	 gloss: garden
B: word: wadol	 gloss: lie
C: word: wadola	 gloss: lie/false
D: word: os=ke-r=iw	 gloss: 3s.FC=CF-{\O}=LIM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C