cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bäne thu\stem{wä}nzrm fof ... zarfa su\stem{rmän}wrm ___ wä-si=f=nzo.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM:MED STSG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:DUR/crack fof ... ear STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:DUR/close ___ crack-NMLZ=ERG=ONLY.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He was cracking those (coconut shells) ... This cracking was blocking his ears.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I want to give a few examples, to show that there is a cline of syntactic integration between two clauses. Givón provides a functional explanation to the various degrees of syntactic integration: ``the stronger the semantic bond between two events, the more extensive will be the syntactic integration of the two clauses into a single though complex clause'' (\citeyear[41]{Givon:2001syntax}). As we will see, Komnzo supports this observation to some extent. I choose the domain of `cause' to illustrate this below. The clearest way to mark a causer is by putting the element in the \isi{ergative} case. In Komnzo nominalised verbs can be used in this way (\ref{ex662}). In the example, a \ili{Marind} headhunter tries to distract his victims by imitating the sound that dogs make when chewing bones, but he ends up only distracting himself. The phrase the morpheme ___ wäsifnzo `only that cracking' functions as a clausal \isi{subject}. The event `crack' and the event `close' are tightly integrated. They occur simultthe morpheme ___ously and they stand in direct causal relation.
A: word: ŋare=ane	 gloss: woman=POSS.SG
B: word: yfö	 gloss: hole
C: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
D: word: ane=me	 gloss: DEM=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): komnzo tayo z=wo\stem{rä} ___ fraz-si=ma.
Gloss (with missing item): only weak PROX=FSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be ___ extinguish-NMLZ=CHAR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I am just weak here from extinguishing the fire.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} is used for adverbial adjuncts marking origin and cause. In example (\ref{ex663}), the morpheme ___ frazsi functions as an adverbial \isi{clause}. The predicate `be weak' and the event `extinguish' occurred at different times, but they stand in a causal relation.
A: word: rirk-si=ma	 gloss: respect-NMLZ=CHAR
B: word: s-ra-na-thr-m-th	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-eat.EXT-NDU-DUR-STNSG
C: word: mni	 gloss: fire
D: word: mni=ma	 gloss: fire=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik fi komnzo za\stem{thfär} ___ fof ... nima rirk-si=ma b=\stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): then Third.ABS only TSG.F:SBJ:Rpst:PFV/junp ___ EMPH ... like.this respect-NMLZ=CHAR MED=TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, she just lived on because of that ... because respected (the taboos). There she is.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Komnzo has a \isi{recognitional} \isi{demonstrative} \isi{pronoun}, which can function in a number of ways ({\S}\ref{recognitional-pronoun-subsec}). It is frequently used in `tip-of-the-tongue' situations. Example (\ref{ex664}) explains why a particular woman in Rouku grew very old, while her friends and some of her children have passed away already. The structure is the same as (\ref{ex663}). The only difference is that the speaker uses the \isi{recognitional} inflected with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (`because of that one'). After a short pause, he fills in the referent rirksima `because she respected'. The event `survive' (lit. `jump') and the event `respect' occurred in different times, but they stand in a causal relation.
A: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
B: word: bäne=me	 gloss: Recog=INS
C: word: rirk-si=ma	 gloss: respect-NMLZ=CHAR
D: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: Recog=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik fi komnzo za\stem{thfär} bäne=ma fof ... nima ___ b=\stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): then Third.ABS only TSG.F:SBJ:Rpst:PFV/junp Recog=CHAR EMPH ... like.this ___ MED=TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, she just lived on because of that ... because respected (the taboos). There she is.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Komnzo has a \isi{recognitional} \isi{demonstrative} \isi{pronoun}, which can function in a number of ways ({\S}\ref{recognitional-pronoun-subsec}). It is frequently used in `tip-of-the-tongue' situations. Example (\ref{ex664}) explains why a particular woman in Rouku grew very old, while her friends and some of her children have passed away already. The structure is the same as (\ref{ex663}). The only difference is that the speaker uses the \isi{recognitional} inflected with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (`because of that one'). After a short pause, he fills in the referent rirksima `because she respected'. The event `survive' (lit. `jump') and the event `respect' occurred in different times, but they stand in a causal relation.
A: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
B: word: yr-si=ma	 gloss: weave-NMLZ=CHAR
C: word: kn-si=ma	 gloss: roll-NMLZ=CHAR
D: word: rirk-si=ma	 gloss: respect-NMLZ=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): komnzo tayo z=wo\stem{rä} ___ fraz-si=ma.
Gloss (with missing item): only weak PROX=FSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be ___ extinguish-NMLZ=CHAR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I am just weak here from extinguishing the fire.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Komnzo has a \isi{recognitional} \isi{demonstrative} \isi{pronoun}, which can function in a number of ways ({\S}\ref{recognitional-pronoun-subsec}). It is frequently used in `tip-of-the-tongue' situations. Example (\ref{ex664}) explains why a particular woman in Rouku grew very old, while her friends and some of her children have passed away already. The structure is the same as (\ref{ex663}). The only difference is that the speaker uses the \isi{recognitional} inflected with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (`because of that one'). After a short pause, he fills in the referent rirksima `because she respected'. The event `survive' (lit. `jump') and the event `respect' occurred in different times, but they stand in a causal relation.
A: word: bänemr	 gloss: Recog.PURP
B: word: mni=ma	 gloss: fire=CHAR
C: word: mni	 gloss: fire
D: word: sitau=ane	 gloss: sitau=POSS.SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik fi komnzo za\stem{thfär} ___ fof ... nima rirk-si=ma b=\stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): then Third.ABS only TSG.F:SBJ:Rpst:PFV/junp ___ EMPH ... like.this respect-NMLZ=CHAR MED=TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, she just lived on because of that ... because respected (the taboos). There she is.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In discourse, the use of the \isi{recognitional} creates some kind of expectation that something should follow. This something can remain empty, for example when the referent is common ground between the speaker and the addressee, but it can also be `filled in' (\ref{ex664}). This latent expectation explains why the \isi{recognitional} is employed to introduce another clause (\ref{ex665}). The function of that clause is determined by the \isi{case} marker on the \isi{recognitional}. In (\ref{ex665}) it is the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case}, and consequently the function of the following \isi{clause} is to mark a reason, in other words bänema can be translated with `because'. The event in the first clause `exit' and the event in the second clause `close' stand in a causal relationship. However, the causal chain of events involves a number of steps.
A: word: mon=wä	 gloss: how=EMPH
B: word: bäne=me	 gloss: Recog=INS
C: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: Recog=CHAR
D: word: zöbthé	 gloss: first
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik fi komnzo za\stem{thfär} bäne=ma fof ... nima ___ b=\stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): then Third.ABS only TSG.F:SBJ:Rpst:PFV/junp Recog=CHAR EMPH ... like.this ___ MED=TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, she just lived on because of that ... because respected (the taboos). There she is.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In discourse, the use of the \isi{recognitional} creates some kind of expectation that something should follow. This something can remain empty, for example when the referent is common ground between the speaker and the addressee, but it can also be `filled in' (\ref{ex664}). This latent expectation explains why the \isi{recognitional} is employed to introduce another clause (\ref{ex665}). The function of that clause is determined by the \isi{case} marker on the \isi{recognitional}. In (\ref{ex665}) it is the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case}, and consequently the function of the following \isi{clause} is to mark a reason, in other words bänema can be translated with `because'. The event in the first clause `exit' and the event in the second clause `close' stand in a causal relationship. However, the causal chain of events involves a number of steps.
A: word: mane	 gloss: which
B: word: rirk-si=ma	 gloss: respect-NMLZ=CHAR
C: word: kn-si=ma	 gloss: roll-NMLZ=CHAR
D: word: yr-si=ma	 gloss: weave-NMLZ=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): keke kwa\stem{mätrak}wrm ___ ... fam z zwä\stem{rmän}th.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG SG:SBJ:PST:DUR/exit ___ ... thought IAM STSG:SBJ>TSG:.F:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/close.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She did not come outside because they had already closed her thoughts (with magic).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In discourse, the use of the \isi{recognitional} creates some kind of expectation that something should follow. This something can remain empty, for example when the referent is common ground between the speaker and the addressee, but it can also be `filled in' (\ref{ex664}). This latent expectation explains why the \isi{recognitional} is employed to introduce another clause (\ref{ex665}). The function of that clause is determined by the \isi{case} marker on the \isi{recognitional}. In (\ref{ex665}) it is the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case}, and consequently the function of the following \isi{clause} is to mark a reason, in other words bänema can be translated with `because'. The event in the first clause `exit' and the event in the second clause `close' stand in a causal relationship. However, the causal chain of events involves a number of steps.
A: word: ŋad=me	 gloss: rope=INS
B: word: rirk-si=ma	 gloss: respect-NMLZ=CHAR
C: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: Recog=CHAR
D: word: bäne=me	 gloss: Recog=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): keke kwa\stem{mätrak}wrm bäne=ma ... ___ z zwä\stem{rmän}th.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG SG:SBJ:PST:DUR/exit Recog=CHAR ... ___ IAM STSG:SBJ>TSG:.F:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/close.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She did not come outside because they had already closed her thoughts (with magic).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In discourse, the use of the \isi{recognitional} creates some kind of expectation that something should follow. This something can remain empty, for example when the referent is common ground between the speaker and the addressee, but it can also be `filled in' (\ref{ex664}). This latent expectation explains why the \isi{recognitional} is employed to introduce another clause (\ref{ex665}). The function of that clause is determined by the \isi{case} marker on the \isi{recognitional}. In (\ref{ex665}) it is the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case}, and consequently the function of the following \isi{clause} is to mark a reason, in other words bänema can be translated with `because'. The event in the first clause `exit' and the event in the second clause `close' stand in a causal relationship. However, the causal chain of events involves a number of steps.
A: word: nima	 gloss: Quot
B: word: bäne=me	 gloss: Recog=INS
C: word: fam	 gloss: thought
D: word: fam=ä	 gloss: thought=ASSOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): keke kwa\stem{mätrak}wrm ___ ... fam z zwä\stem{rmän}th.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG SG:SBJ:PST:DUR/exit ___ ... thought IAM STSG:SBJ>TSG:.F:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/close.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She did not come outside because they had already closed her thoughts (with magic).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In discourse, the use of the \isi{recognitional} creates some kind of expectation that something should follow. This something can remain empty, for example when the referent is common ground between the speaker and the addressee, but it can also be `filled in' (\ref{ex664}). This latent expectation explains why the \isi{recognitional} is employed to introduce another clause (\ref{ex665}). The function of that clause is determined by the \isi{case} marker on the \isi{recognitional}. In (\ref{ex665}) it is the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case}, and consequently the function of the following \isi{clause} is to mark a reason, in other words bänema can be translated with `because'. The event in the first clause `exit' and the event in the second clause `close' stand in a causal relationship. However, the causal chain of events involves a number of steps.
A: word: oroman=ä	 gloss: old.man=ASSOC.Pl
B: word: nzenme	 gloss: FNSG.POSS
C: word: bäne=me	 gloss: Recog=INS
D: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: Recog=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): keke kwa\stem{mätrak}wrm bäne=ma ... ___ z zwä\stem{rmän}th.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG SG:SBJ:PST:DUR/exit Recog=CHAR ... ___ IAM STSG:SBJ>TSG:.F:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/close.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She did not come outside because they had already closed her thoughts (with magic).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In discourse, the use of the \isi{recognitional} creates some kind of expectation that something should follow. This something can remain empty, for example when the referent is common ground between the speaker and the addressee, but it can also be `filled in' (\ref{ex664}). This latent expectation explains why the \isi{recognitional} is employed to introduce another clause (\ref{ex665}). The function of that clause is determined by the \isi{case} marker on the \isi{recognitional}. In (\ref{ex665}) it is the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case}, and consequently the function of the following \isi{clause} is to mark a reason, in other words bänema can be translated with `because'. The event in the first clause `exit' and the event in the second clause `close' stand in a causal relationship. However, the causal chain of events involves a number of steps.
A: word: mni	 gloss: fire
B: word: camp	 gloss: camp
C: word: fam=ä	 gloss: thought=ASSOC
D: word: fam	 gloss: thought
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ane ŋatha bä nzwa\stem{thofik}wr ... watik ___ nz=ybrüzé bobo.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM dog MED STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:IPFV/disturb ... then ___ IMMpst=FSG:SBJ>STSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/submerge MED.All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That dog disturbed me there. Well, that's why I pushed him into the water.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Lastly, I want to contrast the use of the \isi{recognitional} from other demonstratives. Consider example (\ref{ex666}), which includes the general \isi{demonstrative} ane in the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in the second clause. The \isi{demonstrative} ane functions anaphorically, and in that sense it is the mirror image of the \isi{recognitional}. The events `disturb' and `submerge' stand in a causal relationship, but the components are reversed. We can translate it to \ili{English} with `therefore' or `that's why'. The two clauses are otherwise independent. This is also supported by the paragraph marker watik `well, then' which occurs at the beginning of the second clause, but this is optional.
A: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: DEM:MED=CHAR
B: word: ane=ma	 gloss: DEM=CHAR
C: word: kowi-a-fis=ane=ma=nzo	 gloss: kowi-POSS-husband=POSS.SG=CHAR=ONLY
D: word: rirk-si=ma	 gloss: respect-NMLZ=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ane ŋatha bä nzwa\stem{thofik}wr ... watik ___ nz=ybrüzé bobo.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM dog MED STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:IPFV/disturb ... then ___ IMMpst=FSG:SBJ>STSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/submerge MED.All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That dog disturbed me there. Well, that's why I pushed him into the water.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The examples illustrate, that there is a cline between syntactically integrated clauses, i.e. subordinated clauses, and independent clauses. While both ends of the cline are relatively easy to identify, the middle is a grey zone. It is clear that examples like (\ref{ex666}) consists of two independent clauses. Likewise, the nominalised predicates in (\ref{ex662} - \ref{ex664}) are clear cases of \isi{subordination}. But examples like (\ref{ex665}) are somewhat indeterminate. On the one hand, the \isi{recognitional} \isi{pronoun} creates a gap that needs to be filled. In other words, semantically, the second \isi{clause} is subordinated to the first \isi{clause}. On the other hand, the second clause is syntactically independent. Therefore, I refrain from analysing the \isi{recognitional} as a subordinator, but rather as having a connecting function.\footnote{Note that the recognitional demonstrative can be inflected for following cases: characteristic =ma `because', instrumental =me `thereby' and purposive =mr `in order to, until'.}
A: word: ane=ma	 gloss: DEM=CHAR
B: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: DEM:MED=CHAR
C: word: kowi-a-fis=ane=ma=nzo	 gloss: kowi-POSS-husband=POSS.SG=CHAR=ONLY
D: word: zra	 gloss: swamp
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A