cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzä ___ warfo bä kwrä\stem{bth}.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ABS ___ above MED STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:IRR:PFV/finish.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I really had to take a dump there on top (of the tree).' (Lit: `Excretions finish me.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples like (\ref{ex578}) were given to me in elicitation, when asking `How do I say `I am hungry?'. I first encountered \isi{experiencer-object} constructions in more natural situations, for example in overhearing conversations or when translating recordings. Komnzo speakers explicitly regard \isi{experiencer-object} constructions as more original and creative language. Therefore, it seems natural that these were rarely offered in the context of elicitation. Experiencer-object constructions portray a situation in much more colourful terms. They often evoke some kind of emotional reaction (laughter or sympathy) from the audience, as in (\ref{ex685}), where a woman describes what happened to her as a small child when she was hiding in a tree from a pig.
A: word: emoth=f	 gloss: girl=ERG.SG
B: word: mni=f=nzo	 gloss: fire=ERG=ONLY
C: word: wth=f	 gloss: faeces=ERG
D: word: thkar=f	 gloss: hardness=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fthé sa\stem{bth}a.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ when STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:PST:PFV/finish.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That is when he got really angry.' (lit. `Anger finished him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Experiencer-object constructions express bodily and mental processes, and it is this internal \isi{stimulus} which `acts' on the \isi{experiencer}. Two text examples were given in the description of the \isi{ergative} \isi{case} ({\S}\ref{ergcase}) and are repeated here as (\ref{ex580}) and (\ref{ex581}).
A: word: ŋatha=yé	 gloss: dog=ERG.NSG
B: word: noku=yé	 gloss: anger=ERG.NSG
C: word: noku	 gloss: anger
D: word: wefwef=nzo	 gloss: excited=ONLY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ z zwe\stem{faf}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ IAM STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/hold.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I am already scared.' (lit. `Fear holds me.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Experiencer-object constructions express bodily and mental processes, and it is this internal \isi{stimulus} which `acts' on the \isi{experiencer}. Two text examples were given in the description of the \isi{ergative} \isi{case} ({\S}\ref{ergcase}) and are repeated here as (\ref{ex580}) and (\ref{ex581}).
A: word: wtri=me	 gloss: fear=INS
B: word: wtri=f	 gloss: fear=ERG
C: word: mayawa	 gloss: mayawa
D: word: wtri=karä=sü	 gloss: fear=PROP=ETC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): baf fthé srä\stem{bth} nima ... ___ zan miyo=f.
Gloss (with missing item): Recog.ERG.SG when STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:IRR:PFV/finish like.this ... ___ hitting desire=ERG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That is when this overcomes him ... the bloodlust for people.' (lit. `People killing desire finishes him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{stimulus} noun phrase can be modified, for example with a \isi{nominal} compound. In example (\ref{ex582}) the \isi{stimulus} miyo `desire' is modified by two elements yielding the morpheme ___ zan miyo `desire to kill people'. This example is repeated from the discussion of complex heads in {\S}\ref{compounds-subsec}.
A: word: oroman	 gloss: old.man
B: word: yafsinzake	 gloss: FPL:SBJ>TSG.MASC:IO:PST:IPFV/count
C: word: kabe	 gloss: man
D: word: kabe=é	 gloss: people=ERG.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fäth frfr a frfr=é n sa\stem{fum}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ Dim shiver ah shiver=ERG.NSG IMN STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/pull.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The small child was almost shivering' (lit. `The shivers were about to pull him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Experiencer-object constructions differ in their basic word order from other clauses in that the \isi{experiencer}, the \isi{object}, comes first. This can be explained by the special semantics of the \isi{experiencer-object} construction, in which the most salient element is the \isi{experiencer}. However, most of the examples in this section do not include an overt noun phrase. One example from the corpus is given in (\ref{ex583}). Note that the speaker corrects himself in this example. He first uses the \isi{absolutive} (frfr) `shiver', but then repeats the same noun in the \isi{ergative} (frfré).
A: word: nge=karä	 gloss: child=PROP
B: word: nge	 gloss: child
C: word: etfth	 gloss: sleep
D: word: nagayé	 gloss: children
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nge fäth frfr a ___ n sa\stem{fum}.
Gloss (with missing item): child Dim shiver ah ___ IMN STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/pull.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The small child was almost shivering' (lit. `The shivers were about to pull him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Experiencer-object constructions differ in their basic word order from other clauses in that the \isi{experiencer}, the \isi{object}, comes first. This can be explained by the special semantics of the \isi{experiencer-object} construction, in which the most salient element is the \isi{experiencer}. However, most of the examples in this section do not include an overt noun phrase. One example from the corpus is given in (\ref{ex583}). Note that the speaker corrects himself in this example. He first uses the \isi{absolutive} (frfr) `shiver', but then repeats the same noun in the \isi{ergative} (frfré).
A: word: efoth	 gloss: sun
B: word: frfr=é	 gloss: shiver=ERG.NSG
C: word: frfr	 gloss: shiver
D: word: trika-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fäth frfr a frfr=é n sa\stem{fum}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ Dim shiver ah shiver=ERG.NSG IMN STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/pull.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The small child was almost shivering' (lit. `The shivers were about to pull him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Note that in (\ref{ex583}) and (\ref{ex580}), the noun phrase is marked with the \isi{non-singular} \isi{ergative} (=é), while the verb indexes a singular actor. All other examples in the corpus employ the \isi{singular} \isi{ergative} (=f). In fact, these are the only examples in the corpus, where an inanimate referent receives a non-singular ergative. Note that there is no number distinction for inanimate referent for all case enclitics. We can draw two conlcusions from this observation. First, experiencer object construction give the stimulus are somewhat elevated status of animacy, i.e. the stimulus is portrayed as being animate. Secondly, the fact that the verb inflection is singular, rather than plural, is evidence for the limited grammatical behaviour of property nouns. Property nouns do not trigger agreement in the verb and the only construction in which property nouns show quasi-agreement is the experiencer-object construction. I call this ``quasi-agreement'' because it is default \Stsg{} in the suffix ({\S}\ref{propertynouns-sec}).
A: word: nagayé	 gloss: children
B: word: ofe	 gloss: absent
C: word: nge	 gloss: child
D: word: nge=karä	 gloss: child=PROP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nge fäth frfr a ___ n sa\stem{fum}.
Gloss (with missing item): child Dim shiver ah ___ IMN STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/pull.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The small child was almost shivering' (lit. `The shivers were about to pull him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Note that in (\ref{ex583}) and (\ref{ex580}), the noun phrase is marked with the \isi{non-singular} \isi{ergative} (=é), while the verb indexes a singular actor. All other examples in the corpus employ the \isi{singular} \isi{ergative} (=f). In fact, these are the only examples in the corpus, where an inanimate referent receives a non-singular ergative. Note that there is no number distinction for inanimate referent for all case enclitics. We can draw two conlcusions from this observation. First, experiencer object construction give the stimulus are somewhat elevated status of animacy, i.e. the stimulus is portrayed as being animate. Secondly, the fact that the verb inflection is singular, rather than plural, is evidence for the limited grammatical behaviour of property nouns. Property nouns do not trigger agreement in the verb and the only construction in which property nouns show quasi-agreement is the experiencer-object construction. I call this ``quasi-agreement'' because it is default \Stsg{} in the suffix ({\S}\ref{propertynouns-sec}).
A: word: tüfr-kak	 gloss: plenty-DISTR
B: word: frfr=é	 gloss: shiver=ERG.NSG
C: word: frfr	 gloss: shiver
D: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fthé sa\stem{bth}a.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ when STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:PST:PFV/finish.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That is when he got really angry.' (lit. `Anger finished him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Note that in (\ref{ex583}) and (\ref{ex580}), the noun phrase is marked with the \isi{non-singular} \isi{ergative} (=é), while the verb indexes a singular actor. All other examples in the corpus employ the \isi{singular} \isi{ergative} (=f). In fact, these are the only examples in the corpus, where an inanimate referent receives a non-singular ergative. Note that there is no number distinction for inanimate referent for all case enclitics. We can draw two conlcusions from this observation. First, experiencer object construction give the stimulus are somewhat elevated status of animacy, i.e. the stimulus is portrayed as being animate. Secondly, the fact that the verb inflection is singular, rather than plural, is evidence for the limited grammatical behaviour of property nouns. Property nouns do not trigger agreement in the verb and the only construction in which property nouns show quasi-agreement is the experiencer-object construction. I call this ``quasi-agreement'' because it is default \Stsg{} in the suffix ({\S}\ref{propertynouns-sec}).
A: word: noku	 gloss: anger
B: word: srn	 gloss: srn
C: word: bäne	 gloss: Recog.ABS
D: word: noku=yé	 gloss: anger=ERG.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fäth frfr a frfr=é n sa\stem{fum}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ Dim shiver ah shiver=ERG.NSG IMN STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/pull.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The small child was almost shivering' (lit. `The shivers were about to pull him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second domain of \isi{experiencer-object} constructions is that of bodily processes, as in (\ref{ex583}). A few more examples of this type are given in (\ref{ex584}-\ref{ex587}).
A: word: nagayé	 gloss: children
B: word: nge	 gloss: child
C: word: nge=karä	 gloss: child=PROP
D: word: wtri=f	 gloss: fear=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nge fäth frfr a ___ n sa\stem{fum}.
Gloss (with missing item): child Dim shiver ah ___ IMN STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/pull.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The small child was almost shivering' (lit. `The shivers were about to pull him.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second domain of \isi{experiencer-object} constructions is that of bodily processes, as in (\ref{ex583}). A few more examples of this type are given in (\ref{ex584}-\ref{ex587}).
A: word: mig-si	 gloss: hang-NMLZ
B: word: frfr=é	 gloss: shiver=ERG.NSG
C: word: frfr	 gloss: shiver
D: word: efoth	 gloss: sun
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zä zf fthé ___ ya\stem{fiyok}wa z=\stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): PROX IMM when ___ STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/make PROX=TSG.MASC:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That is when it got stuck right here.' (lit. `Hardness made it.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second domain of \isi{experiencer-object} constructions is that of bodily processes, as in (\ref{ex583}). A few more examples of this type are given in (\ref{ex584}-\ref{ex587}).
A: word: no=f	 gloss: water=ERG
B: word: efoth	 gloss: sun
C: word: kar=fo	 gloss: village=All
D: word: thkar=f	 gloss: hardness=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik nzf\stem{rä} ... ___ n\stem{fari}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): enough FPL:SBJ:Rpst:IPFV/be ... ___ STSG:SBJ>FPL:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dry.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We have done enough ... We are burning in the sun.' (lit. `The sun dries us.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second domain of \isi{experiencer-object} constructions is that of bodily processes, as in (\ref{ex583}). A few more examples of this type are given in (\ref{ex584}-\ref{ex587}).
A: word: ofe	 gloss: absent
B: word: efoth	 gloss: sun
C: word: efoth=en	 gloss: day=LOC
D: word: efoth=f	 gloss: sun=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nze ane ___ ä\stem{trik}wé.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG DEM ___ FSG:SBJ>STPL:IO:NONPAST:IPFV/tell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I tell them the story.' (lit. `I tell them the telling.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cognate objects are a common phenomenon in Komnzo. Examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}) contain a nominalised \isi{verb} and an inflected verb. In all three examples, the \isi{nominalisation} and the inflected verb form are of the same lexeme. Hence, (\ref{ex731}) translates literally as `I tell them the telling'. The inflected verb indexes the indirect object (\Stpl) and as with other \isi{ditransitive} verbs, trikasi is the direct \isi{object} of the verb.
A: word: efoth=f	 gloss: sun=ERG
B: word: trik-si=karä	 gloss: tell-NMLZ=PROP
C: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
D: word: t-trika-si	 gloss: REDUP-tell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ŋa\stem{bor}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/laugh.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He laughs.' (lit. `He laughs the laughing.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cognate objects are a common phenomenon in Komnzo. Examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}) contain a nominalised \isi{verb} and an inflected verb. In all three examples, the \isi{nominalisation} and the inflected verb form are of the same lexeme. Hence, (\ref{ex731}) translates literally as `I tell them the telling'. The inflected verb indexes the indirect object (\Stpl) and as with other \isi{ditransitive} verbs, trikasi is the direct \isi{object} of the verb.
A: word: bor-si=karä	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ=PROP
B: word: kwof-yak	 gloss: FSG.Betatwo-walk.EXT.NDU
C: word: durua	 gloss: help
D: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nze ane ___ ä\stem{trik}wé.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG DEM ___ FSG:SBJ>STPL:IO:NONPAST:IPFV/tell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I tell them the story.' (lit. `I tell them the telling.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cognate objects are a common phenomenon in Komnzo. Examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}) contain a nominalised \isi{verb} and an inflected verb. In all three examples, the \isi{nominalisation} and the inflected verb form are of the same lexeme. Hence, (\ref{ex731}) translates literally as `I tell them the telling'. The inflected verb indexes the indirect object (\Stpl) and as with other \isi{ditransitive} verbs, trikasi is the direct \isi{object} of the verb.
A: word: t-trika-si	 gloss: REDUP-tell-NMLZ
B: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
C: word: kwa	 gloss: FUT
D: word: trik-si=karä	 gloss: tell-NMLZ=PROP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B