cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ŋa\stem{bor}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/laugh.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He laughs.' (lit. `He laughs the laughing.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is an analytical problem with verbs which occur in the \isi{middle} template. Example (\ref{ex730}) translates literally as `He laughs the laughter' or as `He laughter-laughs'. The \isi{middle} template used in (\ref{ex729}) and (\ref{ex730}) only indexes the \isi{subject} argument, not the \isi{object}. Because of this, it cannot be determined whether the nominalisations maikasi `washing' and the morpheme ___ `laughing' function as objects or whether they function predicatively. We will see below that a predicative function is a possible analysis in some cases. From this perspective, \isi{cognate object}s and predicative \isi{nominal}s in \isi{light verb} constructions can be portrayed as contiguous phenomena. Light verb constructions are described in the following section ({\S}\ref{lightverb}).
A: word: wo-rä-r-m	 gloss: FSG.ALPH-be-LK-DUR
B: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
C: word: bor-si=karä	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ=PROP
D: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ bä ŋa\stem{maik}wro.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ MED SG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV:ANDAT/wash.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will wash there.' (lit. `I washing-wash.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is an analytical problem with verbs which occur in the \isi{middle} template. Example (\ref{ex730}) translates literally as `He laughs the laughter' or as `He laughter-laughs'. The \isi{middle} template used in (\ref{ex729}) and (\ref{ex730}) only indexes the \isi{subject} argument, not the \isi{object}. Because of this, it cannot be determined whether the nominalisations maikasi `washing' and borsi `laughing' function as objects or whether they function predicatively. We will see below that a predicative function is a possible analysis in some cases. From this perspective, \isi{cognate object}s and predicative \isi{nominal}s in \isi{light verb} constructions can be portrayed as contiguous phenomena. Light verb constructions are described in the following section ({\S}\ref{lightverb}).
A: word: thari-si	 gloss: dig-NMLZ
B: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
C: word: bäi=n	 gloss: bäi=DAT.SG
D: word: maik-si	 gloss: wash-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ŋa\stem{bor}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/laugh.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He laughs.' (lit. `He laughs the laughing.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There is an analytical problem with verbs which occur in the \isi{middle} template. Example (\ref{ex730}) translates literally as `He laughs the laughter' or as `He laughter-laughs'. The \isi{middle} template used in (\ref{ex729}) and (\ref{ex730}) only indexes the \isi{subject} argument, not the \isi{object}. Because of this, it cannot be determined whether the nominalisations maikasi `washing' and the morpheme ___ `laughing' function as objects or whether they function predicatively. We will see below that a predicative function is a possible analysis in some cases. From this perspective, \isi{cognate object}s and predicative \isi{nominal}s in \isi{light verb} constructions can be portrayed as contiguous phenomena. Light verb constructions are described in the following section ({\S}\ref{lightverb}).
A: word: oroman=ä	 gloss: old.man=ASSOC.Pl
B: word: fi=nzo	 gloss: Third.ABS=ONLY
C: word: bor-si=karä	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ=PROP
D: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi ___ kwosi sf\stem{rugr}m.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS ___ dead TSG.MASC:SBJ:PST:DUR/sleep.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He was sleeping soundly.' (lit. `He was dead sleep sleeping.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A second problem is that many verbs lack regular nominalisations, which are formed with the suffix -si. These verbs use a common noun, as in example (\ref{ex564}). The adjective kwosi `dead' functions adverbially and adds the meaning of a deep its gloss ___. The noun the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', however, is semantically fully included in the meaning of the verb rug- `its gloss ___', just as the regular \isi{nominalisation} borsi `laugh' is included in the stem of the inflected verb in (\ref{ex730}). As a consequence, the morpheme ___ is optional and the sentence would be grammatical without it. Note that the same is true of examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}).
A: word: etfth	 gloss: sleep
B: word: etfth=me=wä	 gloss: sleep=INS=EMPH
C: word: yoganai	 gloss: tiredness
D: word: yafsinzake	 gloss: FPL:SBJ>TSG.MASC:IO:PST:IPFV/count
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 35:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ŋa\stem{bor}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/laugh.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He laughs.' (lit. `He laughs the laughing.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A second problem is that many verbs lack regular nominalisations, which are formed with the suffix -si. These verbs use a common noun, as in example (\ref{ex564}). The adjective kwosi `dead' functions adverbially and adds the meaning of a deep sleep. The noun etfth `sleep', however, is semantically fully included in the meaning of the verb rug- `sleep', just as the regular \isi{nominalisation} the morpheme ___ `laugh' is included in the stem of the inflected verb in (\ref{ex730}). As a consequence, etfth is optional and the sentence would be grammatical without it. Note that the same is true of examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}).
A: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
B: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
C: word: f=e-mi-thgrn	 gloss: DIST=STNSG.ALPH-be.hanging-STAT.DU
D: word: bor-si=karä	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ=PROP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 36:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nze ane ___ ä\stem{trik}wé.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG DEM ___ FSG:SBJ>STPL:IO:NONPAST:IPFV/tell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I tell them the story.' (lit. `I tell them the telling.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A second problem is that many verbs lack regular nominalisations, which are formed with the suffix -si. These verbs use a common noun, as in example (\ref{ex564}). The adjective kwosi `dead' functions adverbially and adds the meaning of a deep sleep. The noun etfth `sleep', however, is semantically fully included in the meaning of the verb rug- `sleep', just as the regular \isi{nominalisation} borsi `laugh' is included in the stem of the inflected verb in (\ref{ex730}). As a consequence, etfth is optional and the sentence would be grammatical without it. Note that the same is true of examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}).
A: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
B: word: trik-si=karä	 gloss: tell-NMLZ=PROP
C: word: ofe	 gloss: absent
D: word: t-trika-si	 gloss: REDUP-tell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 37:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ŋa\stem{bor}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/laugh.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He laughs.' (lit. `He laughs the laughing.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A second problem is that many verbs lack regular nominalisations, which are formed with the suffix -si. These verbs use a common noun, as in example (\ref{ex564}). The adjective kwosi `dead' functions adverbially and adds the meaning of a deep sleep. The noun etfth `sleep', however, is semantically fully included in the meaning of the verb rug- `sleep', just as the regular \isi{nominalisation} the morpheme ___ `laugh' is included in the stem of the inflected verb in (\ref{ex730}). As a consequence, etfth is optional and the sentence would be grammatical without it. Note that the same is true of examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}).
A: word: bor-si=karä	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ=PROP
B: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
C: word: kwa	 gloss: FUT
D: word: efthar=en	 gloss: dry.season=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 38:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi ___ kwosi sf\stem{rugr}m.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS ___ dead TSG.MASC:SBJ:PST:DUR/sleep.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He was sleeping soundly.' (lit. `He was dead sleep sleeping.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: For want of a better term, I label examples like (\ref{ex564}) `\isi{pseudo-cognate object}' constructions. They are unlike cognate objects because the verb stem and the \isi{nominal} element are formally not related. Other examples are rnzür- `dance, sing' and wath `dance (n), song' and -nor `shout, emit sound' and kwan `shout (n)'. Although the verb stem and the noun are not cognate, distributional evidence shows that they stand in the same relationship as an inflected verb and the corresponding regular \isi{nominalisation} with -si. For example, the phasal verb bthaksi `finish' takes the noun wath `dance (n), song' to mean `finish singing'. This is because there is no regular \isi{nominalisation} available for the verb rnzür- `dance, sing'.
A: word: etfth	 gloss: sleep
B: word: yoganai	 gloss: tiredness
C: word: etfth=me=wä	 gloss: sleep=INS=EMPH
D: word: nzä	 gloss: FSG.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 39:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ etfth kwof\stem{rugr}m e zizi.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sleep FSG:SBJ:PST:DUR/sleep until afternoon.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I was sleeping during the day until the afternoon.' (lit. `I was day-sleep sleeping.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The noun in these constructions is not always redundant. For example, it can be modified as the \isi{head} of a compound, thereby modifying the predicate. In (\ref{ex565}), the noun etfth `sleep' occurs in a compound modified by the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' indicating that the speaker was sleeping during the its gloss ___.
A: word: zirkn	 gloss: persistence
B: word: efoth	 gloss: day
C: word: emoth=f	 gloss: girl=ERG.SG
D: word: efoth=en	 gloss: day=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 40:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nze ane ___ ä\stem{trik}wé.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG DEM ___ FSG:SBJ>STPL:IO:NONPAST:IPFV/tell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I tell them the story.' (lit. `I tell them the telling.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We have seen above that cognate and pseudo-cognate constructions are similar to \isi{light verb} constructions in that a \isi{nominal} element contributes to the meaning of the predicate. They are markedly different in the degree of modification, because light verbs are much more general in their semantics (rä- `do', fiyoksi `make', ko- `become'). It might be best to view this as a cline: at one end of the spectrum we have \isi{cognate object} constructions, where the \isi{nominalisation} of the verb occurs together with the same verb, as in examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}). On the other end of the spectrum we have \isi{light verb} constructions, where the \isi{nominal} element not only carries most of the meaning of the predicate, but it always differs formally from the verb. Light verbs are described in the next section.
A: word: nafane	 gloss: TSG.POSS
B: word: trik-si=karä	 gloss: tell-NMLZ=PROP
C: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
D: word: t-trika-si	 gloss: REDUP-tell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 41:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ŋa\stem{bor}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/laugh.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He laughs.' (lit. `He laughs the laughing.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We have seen above that cognate and pseudo-cognate constructions are similar to \isi{light verb} constructions in that a \isi{nominal} element contributes to the meaning of the predicate. They are markedly different in the degree of modification, because light verbs are much more general in their semantics (rä- `do', fiyoksi `make', ko- `become'). It might be best to view this as a cline: at one end of the spectrum we have \isi{cognate object} constructions, where the \isi{nominalisation} of the verb occurs together with the same verb, as in examples (\ref{ex731}-\ref{ex730}). On the other end of the spectrum we have \isi{light verb} constructions, where the \isi{nominal} element not only carries most of the meaning of the predicate, but it always differs formally from the verb. Light verbs are described in the next section.
A: word: borsi	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ
B: word: efoth=f	 gloss: sun=ERG
C: word: nzarwon=aneme	 gloss: barramundi=POSS.NSG
D: word: bor-si=karä	 gloss: laugh-NMLZ=PROP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 42:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ane fof ya\stem{m}nzr ___ ŋa\stem{rä}r.
Gloss (with missing item): then DEM EMPH TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/sit ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/do.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Okay, this one is sitting. He is thinking.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{light verb} `do' is usually used in the middle template indexing only the \isi{subject} argument. A very frequent collocation is with the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', thus, literally: `do its gloss ___s' means `think'. Examples (\ref{ex590}) and (\ref{ex591}) are taken from a picture stimulus task. Note that the morpheme ___ is not indexed in the \isi{verb} form, even if the \isi{light verb} indexes an \isi{object}. In (\ref{ex591}), the morpheme ___ functions predicatively, and a literal translation of `He thinks of her' is `He its gloss ___-does her'.
A: word: zokwasi	 gloss: words
B: word: fam	 gloss: thought
C: word: bubukr	 gloss: insect
D: word: fam=ä	 gloss: thought=ASSOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 43:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ emoth fam w\stem{rä}r ane=ma ya\stem{trik}wr nafan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ girl thought STSG:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/do DEM=CHAR STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:IO:NONPAST:IPFV/tell TSG.DAT.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He thinks of that girl and he tells him about her.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{light verb} `do' is usually used in the middle template indexing only the \isi{subject} argument. A very frequent collocation is with fam `thought', thus, literally: `do thoughts' means `think'. Examples (\ref{ex590}) and (\ref{ex591}) are taken from a picture stimulus task. Note that fam is not indexed in the \isi{verb} form, even if the \isi{light verb} indexes an \isi{object}. In (\ref{ex591}), fam functions predicatively, and a literal translation of `He thinks of her' is `He thought-does her'.
A: word: zane	 gloss: DEM:PROX
B: word: namä=me	 gloss: good=INS
C: word: zane=me	 gloss: DEM:PROX=INS
D: word: fi=nzo	 gloss: Third.ABS=ONLY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 44:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ emoth fam w\stem{rä}r ane=ma ya\stem{trik}wr nafan.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ girl thought STSG:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/do DEM=CHAR STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:IO:NONPAST:IPFV/tell TSG.DAT.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He thinks of that girl and he tells him about her.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{light verb} `do' is usually used in the middle template indexing only the \isi{subject} argument. A very frequent collocation is with fam `thought', thus, literally: `do thoughts' means `think'. Examples (\ref{ex590}) and (\ref{ex591}) are taken from a picture stimulus task. Note that fam is not indexed in the \isi{verb} form, even if the \isi{light verb} indexes an \isi{object}. In (\ref{ex591}), fam functions predicatively, and a literal translation of `He thinks of her' is `He thought-does her'.
A: word: emoth	 gloss: sister
B: word: zrin	 gloss: problem
C: word: zane=me	 gloss: DEM:PROX=INS
D: word: zane	 gloss: DEM:PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 45:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ane fof ya\stem{m}nzr ___ ŋa\stem{rä}r.
Gloss (with missing item): then DEM EMPH TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/sit ___ STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/do.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Okay, this one is sitting. He is thinking.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This is a general feature of light verbs. They require a \isi{nominal} element which functions predicatively. Hence, we find predicative \isi{nominal}s in both intransitive (\ref{ex590}) and \isi{transitive} structures (\ref{ex591}). In these examples, the predicative \isi{nominal} was the noun the morpheme ___, but very often property nouns are used for this function, especially property nouns with more event-oriented semantics. In example (\ref{ex592}), the speaker remarks that his dogs have disappeared. The meaning of disappearing is expressed by the \isi{property noun} ofe `absent/absence'.
A: word: bi=karä=sü	 gloss: sago=PROP=ETC
B: word: zokwasi	 gloss: words
C: word: fam=ä	 gloss: thought=ASSOC
D: word: fam	 gloss: thought
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D