cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi keke zä w\stem{rugr} ___ gwth=en.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS NEG PROX TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/sleep ___ nest=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She does not sleep in this nest here.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{determiner} slot can be filled with demonstratives (\ref{ex512}), interrogatives (\ref{ex513}), \isi{possessive} pronouns (\ref{ex514}) and whole \isi{noun phrase}s inflected for one of the adnominal cases. These include the \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex515}), \isi{temporal} \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex516}) and \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (\ref{ex517}). In the following examples, \isi{noun phrase}s are marked by square brackets.
A: word: zane=me	 gloss: DEM:PROX=INS
B: word: tabuthui	 gloss: five
C: word: safs=ma	 gloss: safs=CHAR
D: word: zane	 gloss: DEM:PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ trik-si fobo fof zwa\stem{ythk}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ tell-NMLZ DIST.All EMPH TSG.F:SBJ:Rpst:IPFV/come.to.end.
The English translation of this sentence is:`My story has come to an end there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{determiner} slot can be filled with demonstratives (\ref{ex512}), interrogatives (\ref{ex513}), \isi{possessive} pronouns (\ref{ex514}) and whole \isi{noun phrase}s inflected for one of the adnominal cases. These include the \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex515}), \isi{temporal} \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex516}) and \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (\ref{ex517}). In the following examples, \isi{noun phrase}s are marked by square brackets.
A: word: nzone=wä	 gloss: FSG.POSS=EMPH
B: word: nafa-ŋafe	 gloss: Third.POSS-father
C: word: nzone	 gloss: FSG.POSS
D: word: nzun-gath	 gloss: FSG.POSS-friend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wth fobo fof thä\stem{mir}a ... ___ kabe=ane wth.
Gloss (with missing item): intestines DIST.All EMPH STSG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:PFV/hang ... ___ man=POSS intestines.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She hung the intestines there ... that man's intestines.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{determiner} slot can be filled with demonstratives (\ref{ex512}), interrogatives (\ref{ex513}), \isi{possessive} pronouns (\ref{ex514}) and whole \isi{noun phrase}s inflected for one of the adnominal cases. These include the \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex515}), \isi{temporal} \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex516}) and \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (\ref{ex517}). In the following examples, \isi{noun phrase}s are marked by square brackets.
A: word: ane=me	 gloss: DEM=INS
B: word: baf	 gloss: Recog.ERG.SG
C: word: ŋare=ane	 gloss: woman=POSS.SG
D: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ karo \stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ ground.oven TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It is yesterday's oven.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{determiner} slot can be filled with demonstratives (\ref{ex512}), interrogatives (\ref{ex513}), \isi{possessive} pronouns (\ref{ex514}) and whole \isi{noun phrase}s inflected for one of the adnominal cases. These include the \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex515}), \isi{temporal} \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex516}) and \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (\ref{ex517}). In the following examples, \isi{noun phrase}s are marked by square brackets.
A: word: kayé=thamane	 gloss: yesterday=TEMP.POSS
B: word: kayé=thamar	 gloss: tomorrow=TEMP.PURP
C: word: zena=thamane	 gloss: today=TEMP.POSS
D: word: katan=f	 gloss: small=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kabe ... foba ... zena mifne=n z=ä\stem{m}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ man ... DIST.ABL ... now mifne=LOC PROX=STPL:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The Bagu people ... from over there ... live here in Mifne (or: Mibini) today.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \textsc{determiner} slot can be filled with demonstratives (\ref{ex512}), interrogatives (\ref{ex513}), \isi{possessive} pronouns (\ref{ex514}) and whole \isi{noun phrase}s inflected for one of the adnominal cases. These include the \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex515}), \isi{temporal} \isi{possessive} (\ref{ex516}) and \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} (\ref{ex517}). In the following examples, \isi{noun phrase}s are marked by square brackets.
A: word: ruga	 gloss: pig
B: word: sagu-sagu=ma	 gloss: REDUP-yam.type=CHAR
C: word: bagu=ma	 gloss: bagu=CHAR
D: word: bagi	 gloss: bagi
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kar=ma kabe mane ya\stem{na}tha ... mogarkam=ma.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ village=CHAR man which STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/eat ... mogarkam=CHAR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was a man from another village who she ate ... from Mogarkam.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These different fillers cannot co-occur. Consider example (\ref{ex518}), which is taken from a nzürna trikasi, a local equivalent to European witch stories. The example contains the complex \isi{noun phrase} the morpheme ___ karma kabe, in which the \isi{indefinite} the morpheme ___ `some, another' and kar=ma `from the village' are both candidates for the \textsc{determiner} slot. However, the \isi{indefinite} does not refer to kabe `man', but to kar `village'. In other words, the \isi{indefinite} fills the \textsc{determiner} slot of the embedded \isi{noun phrase}, and the embedded \isi{noun phrase} fills the \textsc{determiner} slot of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown with square brackets in the example. Note that (\ref{ex515}) shows the same structure.
A: word: safak	 gloss: saratoga
B: word: nä	 gloss: INDF
C: word: näbi-kak=me	 gloss: one-DISTR=INS
D: word: yfö	 gloss: hole
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nä kar=ma ___ mane ya\stem{na}tha ... mogarkam=ma.
Gloss (with missing item): INDF village=CHAR ___ which STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/eat ... mogarkam=CHAR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was a man from another village who she ate ... from Mogarkam.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These different fillers cannot co-occur. Consider example (\ref{ex518}), which is taken from a nzürna trikasi, a local equivalent to European witch stories. The example contains the complex \isi{noun phrase} nä karma the morpheme ___, in which the \isi{indefinite} nä `some, another' and kar=ma `from the village' are both candidates for the \textsc{determiner} slot. However, the \isi{indefinite} does not refer to the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', but to kar `village'. In other words, the \isi{indefinite} fills the \textsc{determiner} slot of the embedded \isi{noun phrase}, and the embedded \isi{noun phrase} fills the \textsc{determiner} slot of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown with square brackets in the example. Note that (\ref{ex515}) shows the same structure.
A: word: tüfr	 gloss: plenty
B: word: oroman	 gloss: old.man
C: word: kabe=é	 gloss: people=ERG.NSG
D: word: kabe	 gloss: man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wth fobo fof thä\stem{mir}a ... ___ kabe=ane wth.
Gloss (with missing item): intestines DIST.All EMPH STSG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:PFV/hang ... ___ man=POSS intestines.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She hung the intestines there ... that man's intestines.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These different fillers cannot co-occur. Consider example (\ref{ex518}), which is taken from a nzürna trikasi, a local equivalent to European witch stories. The example contains the complex \isi{noun phrase} nä karma kabe, in which the \isi{indefinite} nä `some, another' and kar=ma `from the village' are both candidates for the \textsc{determiner} slot. However, the \isi{indefinite} does not refer to kabe `man', but to kar `village'. In other words, the \isi{indefinite} fills the \textsc{determiner} slot of the embedded \isi{noun phrase}, and the embedded \isi{noun phrase} fills the \textsc{determiner} slot of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown with square brackets in the example. Note that (\ref{ex515}) shows the same structure.
A: word: ŋare=ane	 gloss: woman=POSS.SG
B: word: kabe	 gloss: man
C: word: ane=me	 gloss: DEM=INS
D: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ yam nä fefe thwa\stem{fiyok}wrm ... fi fath=fa ane fof wä\stem{fiyok}wa.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ event INDF really SG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:DUR/make ... but clear.place=ABL DEM EMPH SG:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:PST:IPFV/make.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She really did many other things ... but she did this in public.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{determiner} can appear in postposed position, which I analyse as non-prototypical order. The rest of this section describes this postposed position of the \isi{determiner}. Example (\ref{ex524}) is taken from the same story as the previous example. The \isi{noun phrase} the morpheme ___ yam nä `many other things' contains the \isi{quantifier} the morpheme ___ in the \textsc{premodifier} slot, the noun yam `event' in the \textsc{head} slot, and the \isi{indefinite} nä in postposed position. This \isi{noun phrase} can be arranged in different orders, for example: nä the morpheme ___ yam, nä yam the morpheme ___. However, the \textsc{determiner} and \textsc{premodifier} slots cannot be exchanged. This order of elements, for example the morpheme ___ nä yam, would be split into two co-referential \isi{noun phrase}s, which is signalled by a break in the intonation contour and case marking on both \isi{noun phrase}s. Case markers would attach to the morpheme ___ as well as nä yam.
A: word: tüfr-kak	 gloss: plenty-DISTR
B: word: tüfr	 gloss: plenty
C: word: nafa-ŋame=é	 gloss: Third.POSS-mother=ERG.NSG
D: word: katan=f	 gloss: small=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kar=ma kabe mane ya\stem{na}tha ... mogarkam=ma.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ village=CHAR man which STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/eat ... mogarkam=CHAR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was a man from another village who she ate ... from Mogarkam.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} the morpheme ___ refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma kabe `man from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs kabe `Safs man'. The semantic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs kabe `that Safs man' versus ane safsma kabe `man from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} the morpheme ___. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: tüfr	 gloss: plenty
B: word: näbi-kak=me	 gloss: one-DISTR=INS
C: word: nä	 gloss: INDF
D: word: sokoro	 gloss: school
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nä kar=ma ___ mane ya\stem{na}tha ... mogarkam=ma.
Gloss (with missing item): INDF village=CHAR ___ which STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/eat ... mogarkam=CHAR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was a man from another village who she ate ... from Mogarkam.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} nä refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___ from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs the morpheme ___ `Safs its gloss ___'. The seits gloss ___tic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs the morpheme ___ `that Safs its gloss ___' versus ane safsma the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___ from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} nä. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: oroman	 gloss: old.man
B: word: kabe=é	 gloss: people=ERG.NSG
C: word: kabe	 gloss: man
D: word: katan=f	 gloss: small=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ woga nä fobo swa\stem{m}nzrm ... gfi yf.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ man INDF DIST.All TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell ... gfi name.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Another man from Safs lived there ... by the name of Gfi.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} nä refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma kabe `man from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs kabe `Safs man'. The semantic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs kabe `that Safs man' versus ane safsma kabe `man from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} nä. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: safs=ma	 gloss: safs=CHAR
B: word: safs=en	 gloss: safs=LOC
C: word: mgthk-si	 gloss: feed-NMLZ
D: word: w-wtri	 gloss: REDUP-fear
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): safs=ma ___ nä fobo swa\stem{m}nzrm ... gfi yf.
Gloss (with missing item): safs=CHAR ___ INDF DIST.All TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell ... gfi name.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Another man from Safs lived there ... by the name of Gfi.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} nä refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma kabe `its gloss ___ from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs kabe `Safs its gloss ___'. The seits gloss ___tic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs kabe `that Safs its gloss ___' versus ane safsma kabe `its gloss ___ from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} nä. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: oroman	 gloss: old.man
B: word: woga	 gloss: man
C: word: yfö	 gloss: hole
D: word: yoganai	 gloss: tiredness
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B