cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ woga nä fobo swa\stem{m}nzrm ... gfi yf.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ man INDF DIST.All TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell ... gfi name.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Another man from Safs lived there ... by the name of Gfi.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} nä refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma kabe `man from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs kabe `Safs man'. The semantic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs kabe `that Safs man' versus ane safsma kabe `man from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} nä. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: kayé=thamane	 gloss: yesterday=TEMP.POSS
B: word: safs=en	 gloss: safs=LOC
C: word: safs=ma	 gloss: safs=CHAR
D: word: thzé	 gloss: ever
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): safs=ma ___ nä fobo swa\stem{m}nzrm ... gfi yf.
Gloss (with missing item): safs=CHAR ___ INDF DIST.All TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell ... gfi name.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Another man from Safs lived there ... by the name of Gfi.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} nä refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma kabe `its gloss ___ from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs kabe `Safs its gloss ___'. The seits gloss ___tic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs kabe `that Safs its gloss ___' versus ane safsma kabe `its gloss ___ from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} nä. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: woga	 gloss: man
B: word: yoganai	 gloss: tiredness
C: word: nzone	 gloss: FSG.POSS
D: word: oroman	 gloss: old.man
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ___ ane fof ezi ŋatha thä\stem{s}a thgathg=en.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ DEM EMPH morning dog STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:PFV/call burned.place=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, that Gwam called the dogs to the burned place in the morning.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We saw in (\ref{ex518}) that the \isi{determiner} belongs to the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and not to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. In such cases, the embedded \isi{noun phrase} `blocks' the \textsc{determiner} slot, and postposing a \isi{determiner} is the only option for it to refer to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex519}), where the postposed \isi{indefinite} nä refers to the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}. The embedded \isi{noun phrase} safsma is marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} in adnominal function. It specifies the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}: safsma kabe `man from Safs'. Note that the same could be expressed by a \isi{nominal} compound safs kabe `Safs man'. The semantic difference between an embedded \isi{noun phrase} marked with the \isi{characteristic} \isi{case} and a \isi{nominal} compound lies in the reference of the \isi{determiner}: ane safs kabe `that Safs man' versus ane safsma kabe `man from that Safs' (i.e. not from some other place called Safs). It follows that the two elements in (\ref{ex519}) restrict the reference of the \isi{head} simultaneously: the embedded \isi{noun phrase} safma and the postposed \isi{determiner} nä. A postposed \isi{determiner} usually occurs only if the \isi{noun phrase} is not flagged with a \isi{case} marker. But there are exceptions to this. See (\ref{ex523}) discussed below.
A: word: nzram=ma	 gloss: flower=CHAR
B: word: nzenme	 gloss: FNSG.POSS
C: word: kabe=f	 gloss: man=ERG.SG
D: word: gwam=f	 gloss: gwam=ERG.SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mayawa=ma kabe nä fä thägathizath.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ mayawa=CHAR man INDF DIST STPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:IPFV/leave.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They left some of our Mayawa people there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although very rare, both \textsc{determiner} slots \textendash{} that of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and that of the matrix \isi{noun phrase} \textendash{} can be filled. In (\ref{ex553}), the first \isi{non-singular} \isi{possessive} the morpheme ___ refers to mayawa, the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase}, and the \isi{indefinite} \isi{determiner} nä refers to kabe, the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}.
A: word: nzone	 gloss: FSG.POSS
B: word: kayé=thamane	 gloss: yesterday=TEMP.POSS
C: word: nzenme	 gloss: FNSG.POSS
D: word: nzenme=ma	 gloss: FNSG.POSS=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzenme mayawa=ma ___ nä fä thägathizath.
Gloss (with missing item): FNSG.POSS mayawa=CHAR ___ INDF DIST STPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:IPFV/leave.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They left some of our Mayawa people there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although very rare, both \textsc{determiner} slots \textendash{} that of the embedded \isi{noun phrase} and that of the matrix \isi{noun phrase} \textendash{} can be filled. In (\ref{ex553}), the first \isi{non-singular} \isi{possessive} nzenme refers to mayawa, the \isi{head} of the embedded \isi{noun phrase}, and the \isi{indefinite} \isi{determiner} nä refers to the morpheme ___, the \isi{head} of the matrix \isi{noun phrase}.
A: word: oroman	 gloss: old.man
B: word: kabe	 gloss: man
C: word: kabe=é	 gloss: people=ERG.NSG
D: word: safs=ma	 gloss: safs=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nä yawi \stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ INDF round.object TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`This is another fruit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It follows from the discussion above that two determiners must belong to different \isi{noun phrase}s if they occur next to each other, like the morpheme ___ and nä in example (\ref{ex521}). In this example, I analyse the morpheme ___ as a \isi{noun phrase} with an omitted \isi{head}.
A: word: zane	 gloss: DEM:PROX
B: word: kr-si	 gloss: block-NMLZ
C: word: safs=ma	 gloss: safs=CHAR
D: word: zane=me	 gloss: DEM:PROX=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zane ___ yawi \stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM:PROX ___ round.object TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`This is another fruit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It follows from the discussion above that two determiners must belong to different \isi{noun phrase}s if they occur next to each other, like zane and the morpheme ___ in example (\ref{ex521}). In this example, I analyse zane as a \isi{noun phrase} with an omitted \isi{head}.
A: word: mane=ma	 gloss: which=CHAR
B: word: nzone	 gloss: FSG.POSS
C: word: näbi-kak=me	 gloss: one-DISTR=INS
D: word: nä	 gloss: INDF
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): no=f ___ nima thä\stem{kothm}ako.
Gloss (with missing item): water=ERG ___ like.this SG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:PFV:ANDAT/chase.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The flood chased away others like this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The elements in the \textsc{determiner} slot cannot be inflected for the full range of cases. For example, demonstratives cannot be inflected for \isi{ergative}, dative, \isi{possessive} and the three spatial cases. In (\ref{ex522}), the \isi{indefinite} the morpheme ___ is interpreted as referring to the \isi{object} argument, rather than the \isi{ergative} marked argument.
A: word: bagu=ma	 gloss: bagu=CHAR
B: word: frk=nzo	 gloss: blood=ONLY
C: word: nä	 gloss: INDF
D: word: näbi-kak=me	 gloss: one-DISTR=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ___ ane fof ezi ŋatha thä\stem{s}a thgathg=en.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ DEM EMPH morning dog STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:PFV/call burned.place=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Well, that Gwam called the dogs to the burned place in the morning.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, elicitation has shown that even this is possible, but such a structure is very rare. A textual example is shown in (\ref{ex523}), where ane refers to the preceding noun, which is flagged with an \isi{ergative}. Note that in this example, ane is followed by the \isi{emphatic} \isi{particle} fof, which has always scope over the preceding phrase ({\S}\ref{discourse-particles}). Thus, fof may `help' to mark the right edge of the \isi{noun phrase} gwamf ane. This is, however, not the main function of fof.
A: word: gwam=f	 gloss: gwam=ERG.SG
B: word: nzenme	 gloss: FNSG.POSS
C: word: kabe=f	 gloss: man=ERG.SG
D: word: nzram=ma	 gloss: flower=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi ___ ŋatha nä mane e\stem{rä}ra fi ane bä b=kwa\stem{ru}thrmth büdisn=en mnz zn=en.
Gloss (with missing item): but ___ dog INDF which STPL:SBJ:PST:IPFV/be Third.ABS DEM MED MED=STPL:SBJ:PST:DUR/bark Pl=LOC house place=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`But, as for the other big dogs, they were barking there in Büdisn at the house.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Syntactic evidence for the possibility of postposing the \isi{determiner} comes from fronted relative clauses which are commonly used for topicalisation ({\S}\ref{info-cleft}). Fronted relative clauses of this type have the following structure: NP mane \textsc{copula}. They only allow a full \isi{noun phrase} before the relative \isi{pronoun} mane `which, who'. In (\ref{ex528}), the \isi{noun phrase} includes the postposed \isi{indefinite} \isi{determiner} nä following its \isi{head} ŋatha `dog'. The fronted \isi{relative clause} is marked by square brackets.
A: word: kafar	 gloss: big
B: word: kafar=nzo	 gloss: big=ONLY
C: word: zane	 gloss: DEM:PROX
D: word: k-kafar	 gloss: REDUP-big
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi=nzo fä fof ___ kafar emoth=f thwa\stem{thofik}nm.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS=ONLY DIST EMPH ___ big girl=ERG.SG SG:SBJ>STDU:OBJ:PST:DUR/disturb.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Only they (were) there. That big girl was disturbing them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The elements in the \textsc{modifier} slots are different from those in the \textsc{determiner} slot. They can all be inflected for \isi{case} if they happen to occur as the last element of the \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex525}) and (\ref{ex526}). In example (\ref{ex525}), the \isi{modifier} is an \isi{adjective} in the \textsc{premodifier} slot. In example (\ref{ex526}), the adjective follows the \isi{head} in the \textsc{postmodifier} slot, and consequently the \isi{adjective} receives the \isi{case} marker.
A: word: ŋare=ane	 gloss: woman=POSS.SG
B: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
C: word: kayé=thamane	 gloss: yesterday=TEMP.POSS
D: word: ane=me	 gloss: DEM=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik ___ katan=r kwa ya\stem{re}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ small=PURP FUT TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/look.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then, he will look around for a small hole.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The elements in the \textsc{modifier} slots are different from those in the \textsc{determiner} slot. They can all be inflected for \isi{case} if they happen to occur as the last element of the \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex525}) and (\ref{ex526}). In example (\ref{ex525}), the \isi{modifier} is an \isi{adjective} in the \textsc{premodifier} slot. In example (\ref{ex526}), the adjective follows the \isi{head} in the \textsc{postmodifier} slot, and consequently the \isi{adjective} receives the \isi{case} marker.
A: word: yfö=me	 gloss: hole=INS
B: word: yfö	 gloss: hole
C: word: ruga	 gloss: pig
D: word: yfö=n	 gloss: hole=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi=nzo fä fof ___ kafar emoth=f thwa\stem{thofik}nm.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS=ONLY DIST EMPH ___ big girl=ERG.SG SG:SBJ>STDU:OBJ:PST:DUR/disturb.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Only they (were) there. That big girl was disturbing them.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The elements in the \textsc{modifier} slots are different from those in the \textsc{determiner} slot. They can all be inflected for \isi{case} if they happen to occur as the last element of the \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex525}) and (\ref{ex526}). In example (\ref{ex525}), the \isi{modifier} is an \isi{adjective} in the \textsc{premodifier} slot. In example (\ref{ex526}), the adjective follows the \isi{head} in the \textsc{postmodifier} slot, and consequently the \isi{adjective} receives the \isi{case} marker.
A: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
B: word: ane=me	 gloss: DEM=INS
C: word: ŋare=ane	 gloss: woman=POSS.SG
D: word: gwam=f	 gloss: gwam=ERG.SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik ___ katan=r kwa ya\stem{re}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ small=PURP FUT TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/look.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then, he will look around for a small hole.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The elements in the \textsc{modifier} slots are different from those in the \textsc{determiner} slot. They can all be inflected for \isi{case} if they happen to occur as the last element of the \isi{noun phrase}. This is shown in (\ref{ex525}) and (\ref{ex526}). In example (\ref{ex525}), the \isi{modifier} is an \isi{adjective} in the \textsc{premodifier} slot. In example (\ref{ex526}), the adjective follows the \isi{head} in the \textsc{postmodifier} slot, and consequently the \isi{adjective} receives the \isi{case} marker.
A: word: yfö=me	 gloss: hole=INS
B: word: yfö=n	 gloss: hole=LOC
C: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
D: word: yfö	 gloss: hole
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ... ___ kwark=f ... wäni=f kre\stem{karis}o.
Gloss (with missing item): then ... ___ deceased=ERG.SG ... wäni=ERG.SG SG:SBJ:IRR:PFV:ANDAT/hear.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then, his late father, Wäni, heard (about it).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are some restrictions for specific elements, for example the locationals can only inflect for spatial cases. Furthermore, all locationals ({\S}\ref{locationals-sec}) and a few adjectives ({\S}\ref{adjectives-sec}) only occur in the \textsc{postmodifier} slot, not in the \textsc{premodifier} slot. One such adjective is kwark `late, deceased' in (\ref{ex527}). It occurs in the \textsc{postmodifier} slot, and therefore it is flagged with the \isi{ergative} \isi{case}. Note that the proper name Wäni is also inflected with the \isi{ergative} and forms a \isi{noun phrase} co-referential to nafaŋafe kwark `his late father'.
A: word: nafa-ŋafe	 gloss: Third.POSS-father
B: word: kayé=thamane	 gloss: yesterday=TEMP.POSS
C: word: nafa-ŋafe=ane	 gloss: Third.POSS-father=POSS.SG
D: word: nafa-ŋafe-ane	 gloss: Third.POSS-father=POSS.SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A