cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 68:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fof.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ EMPH.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Yes, (I have) already.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I adopt the term ``\isi{iamitive}'' from Olsson's (\citeyear{Olsson:2013vn}) comparative study of particles that express a perfect. Reesink (\citeyear[184]{Reesink:2009bird}) uses the term ``perspectival \isi{aspect}'', which he adopts from Dik (\citeyear{Dik:1997uj}). Komnthe morpheme ___o speakers often translate the \isi{iamitive} \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ as `already', hence the \isi{gloss} label {\Iam}. An introductory example is given in (\ref{ex311}). This is taken from a recording where two women took me on a plant walk. Example (\ref{ex313}) is the answer to the question in (\ref{ex312}).
A: word: z-ä-n-far-é	 gloss: M.GAM-VC..NDU-VENIT-set.off.EXT-FSG
B: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
C: word: z	 gloss: IAM
D: word: nagay=f	 gloss: child=ERG.SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 69:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zuyak ___ s-a-fäs-∅.
Gloss (with missing item): zuyak ___ TSG.MASC.GAM-NDU-show.RS-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Have you shown him zuyak (Rhodania sp) already?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: I adopt the term ``\isi{iamitive}'' from Olsson's (\citeyear{Olsson:2013vn}) comparative study of particles that express a perfect. Reesink (\citeyear[184]{Reesink:2009bird}) uses the term ``perspectival \isi{aspect}'', which he adopts from Dik (\citeyear{Dik:1997uj}). Komnthe morpheme ___o speakers often translate the \isi{iamitive} \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ as `already', hence the \isi{gloss} label {\Iam}. An introductory example is given in (\ref{ex311}). This is taken from a recording where two women took me on a plant walk. Example (\ref{ex313}) is the answer to the question in (\ref{ex312}).
A: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
B: word: ŋad=me	 gloss: rope=INS
C: word: z	 gloss: IAM
D: word: z-ä-n-far-é	 gloss: M.GAM-VC..NDU-VENIT-set.off.EXT-FSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 70:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi fobo thu-a-m-nzr-m nima ... ni masu=n ___ nzu-a-m-nzr-m.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS DIST.All STNSG.BETaone-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-DUR like.this ... FNSG masu=LOC ___ FNSG.BETaone-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-DUR.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They lived over there, this way ... and we had already been living in Masu.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex311}) shows that the function of the \isi{iamitive} is to express ``current relevance'' of some past event. Consequently, the \isi{particle} may combine with verbs inflected for different TAM categories. Example (\ref{ex311}) shows a verb in \isi{recent past} \isi{perfective}. In (\ref{ex332}), the \isi{iamitive} \isi{particle} is used with a \isi{past} \isi{durative} inflected verb. This combination is rarer, but well-attested in the corpus. In the example, the speaker is explaining which clans settled at which locations. He points out that his clan had already been living in Masu for a while.
A: word: z	 gloss: IAM
B: word: s-rä-fiyoth-é	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-VC..NDU-make.RS-FSG
C: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
D: word: gwargwar=fa	 gloss: mud=ABL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 71:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zbär bä zagr=wä e-a-m-nzr-o ___ w-a-n-riz-r-th.
Gloss (with missing item): night MED far=EMPH STNSG.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-ANDAT ___ FSG.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-hear.EXT-NDU-STNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Tonight you are sitting too far away. Can you hear me?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{iamitive} \isi{particle} can also be used with a \isi{non-past} inflection. This is often restricted to interrogatives, as in (\ref{ex314}), where the speaker is asking a crowd of people whether they can hear him speaking.
A: word: z	 gloss: IAM
B: word: m=k-rä-rit-∅	 gloss: Appr=M.BET-IRR.VC..NDU-pass.RS-STSG
C: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
D: word: mäbri	 gloss: mäbri
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 72:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bä komnzo zu-ä-zik ... ksi kar=en ___ ku-a-n-yak e zbo zu-ä-n-thor tümgo=n.
Gloss (with missing item): MED only FSG.GAM-NDU-turn.off.RS ... bush place=LOC ___ FSG.BETaone-VC.-walk.EXT.NDU until PROX.All FSG.GAM-NDU-VENIT-arrive.RS tümgo=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It turned off (the path) there ... I walked in the bushy place until I arrived here in Tümgo.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{iamitive} \isi{particle} additionally expresses the completion of an event. Evidence for this come from different observations. First, it can express a current relevance meaning. Secondly, it never combines with \isi{iterative} verbs, which express an ongoing repetition of some event in the past. Thirdly, it marks sequentiality of events in some narratives where the verb form which combines with it seems to be almost a prerequisite to the following verb. Example (\ref{ex333})\footnote{The verb yak ‘walk’ is deponent and employs the valency changing prefix a- without a change in the valency of the verb. Note that this occurs only with the venitive marker, in which case the verb means ‘come’, not when it is neutral (‘walk’) or marked with the andative (‘go away’).} is a description of a path, which the speaker had taken the previous day. He describes the sequenced stages of his path to the location called Tümgo.
A: word: z	 gloss: IAM
B: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
C: word: sz-si	 gloss: call.out-NMLZ
D: word: ŋatha=r	 gloss: dog=PURP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 73:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): krara ymd su-wägr-m maf su-a-trik-wr-m-∅ ___ nima oh kabe y-a-n-yak.
Gloss (with missing item): cockatoo bird TSG.MASC.BETaone-be.on.top.NDU-DUR who.ERG TSG.MASC.BETaone-VC.-tell.EXT-NDU-DUR-STSG ___ Quot oh man TSG.MASC.ALPH-VENIT-walk.EXT.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The cockatoo bird used to sit on top (of the tree), and told him always: ``Oh, a man is coming.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{habitual} \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ typically combines with \isi{durative} inflections. In example (\ref{ex315}), the cockatoo always warns the protagonist of another man who comes and visits him.
A: word: nomair	 gloss: Hab
B: word: kw-ä-n-kor-m-∅	 gloss: M.BETaone-VC.NDU-VENIT-become.RS-DUR-STSG
C: word: nomai	 gloss: Hab
D: word: kwa	 gloss: FUT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 74:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): keke ___ z-ä-ms-a-th.
Gloss (with missing item): NEG ___ M.GAM-VC..NDU-sit.EXT-PST-STNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They did not stay (there) for long.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{habitual} can also combine with verb forms inflected for other TAM categories, such as imperfectives (\ref{ex316}). It only occasionally occurs with perfectives, as in (\ref{ex317}), where the event is negated. In both examples, the morpheme ___ expresses an extended period of time rather that a repeated habit.
A: word: kwa	 gloss: FUT
B: word: e-kn-n-e	 gloss: STNSG.Alph-roll.EXT-DU-FNSG
C: word: nomair	 gloss: Hab
D: word: nomai	 gloss: Hab
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 75:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzefe nima ane ŋatha bä ___ ... watik ane=ma nz=y-brüz-∅-é bobo ... watik ane wtri=me fi ŋatha z-a-n-math-\Zero.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG.EMPH Quot DEM dog MED ___ ... then DEM=CHAR IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-submerge.EXT-NDU-FSG MED.All ... then DEM fear=INS Third.ABS dog M.GAM-VENIT-run.RS-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I said: ``That dog disturbed me there and therefore I pushed him into the water. Well, full of fear he ran back here.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{temporal} reference of the \isi{immediate past} and the \isi{recent past} overlaps. The \isi{immediate past} is used for events that took place a short while prior to the time of speaking, and it may be used to put extra emphasis on that fact. The \isi{recent past} covers the same period of time, but it reaches further back, usually to the preceding day. Example (\ref{ex374}) is taken from a hunting story, at the end of which the speaker returns home to find one of his dogs. He tells his wife that this is the dog which had disturbed him at the outset of the trip when he was about to cross the Morehead river. He had pushed the dog into the water, whereupon the poor dog ran back to the house. The whole episode in (\ref{ex374}) is set in the same time frame with respect to the moment of speech. Only the `pushing in the water' is expressed in the \isi{immediate past}, while the other two verb forms are in the \isi{recent past}.\footnote{The speaker uses the nz= formative of the immediate past clitic. As pointed out in {\S}\ref{imminentm}, this formative is a borrowing from \ili{Wära}. The Komnzo formative is n=.}
A: word: nzu-a-m-nz-r-m	 gloss: FNSG.BETaone-VC.-dwell.EXT-NDU-LK-DUR
B: word: th-ra-rfik-wr	 gloss: STNSG.BET-IRR-grow.EXT-NDU
C: word: nzu-a-thofik-wr-∅	 gloss: FSG.Betaone-VC-disturb.EXT-NDU-STSGS
D: word: nzu-a-sämi-nzr-m-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BETaone-VC.-whisper.EXT-NDU-DUR-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 76:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzefe nima ane ŋatha bä nzu-a-thofik-wr-∅ ... watik ane=ma ___ bobo ... watik ane wtri=me fi ŋatha z-a-n-math-\Zero.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG.EMPH Quot DEM dog MED FSG.Betaone-VC-disturb.EXT-NDU-STSGS ... then DEM=CHAR ___ MED.All ... then DEM fear=INS Third.ABS dog M.GAM-VENIT-run.RS-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I said: ``That dog disturbed me there and therefore I pushed him into the water. Well, full of fear he ran back here.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{temporal} reference of the \isi{immediate past} and the \isi{recent past} overlaps. The \isi{immediate past} is used for events that took place a short while prior to the time of speaking, and it may be used to put extra emphasis on that fact. The \isi{recent past} covers the same period of time, but it reaches further back, usually to the preceding day. Example (\ref{ex374}) is taken from a hunting story, at the end of which the speaker returns home to find one of his dogs. He tells his wife that this is the dog which had disturbed him at the outset of the trip when he was about to cross the Morehead river. He had pushed the dog into the water, whereupon the poor dog ran back to the house. The whole episode in (\ref{ex374}) is set in the same time frame with respect to the moment of speech. Only the `pushing in the water' is expressed in the \isi{immediate past}, while the other two verb forms are in the \isi{recent past}.\footnote{The speaker uses the nz= formative of the immediate past clitic. As pointed out in {\S}\ref{imminentm}, this formative is a borrowing from \ili{Wära}. The Komnzo formative is n=.}
A: word: n=e-fath-wr-m-th	 gloss: IMMpst=STNSG.ALPH-hold.EXT-NDU-DUR-STNSG
B: word: nz=ybrüzé	 gloss: IMMpst=FSG:SBJ>STSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/submerge
C: word: nz=y-brüz-∅-é	 gloss: IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-submerge.EXT-NDU-FSG
D: word: n=y-a-m-nzr-m	 gloss: IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-DUR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 77:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzefe nima ane ŋatha bä ___ ... watik ane=ma nz=y-brüz-∅-é bobo ... watik ane wtri=me fi ŋatha z-a-n-math-\Zero.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG.EMPH Quot DEM dog MED ___ ... then DEM=CHAR IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-submerge.EXT-NDU-FSG MED.All ... then DEM fear=INS Third.ABS dog M.GAM-VENIT-run.RS-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I said: ``That dog disturbed me there and therefore I pushed him into the water. Well, full of fear he ran back here.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{temporal} reference of the \isi{immediate past} and the \isi{recent past} overlaps. The \isi{immediate past} is used for events that took place a short while prior to the time of speaking, and it may be used to put extra emphasis on that fact. The \isi{recent past} covers the same period of time, but it reaches further back, usually to the preceding day. Example (\ref{ex374}) is taken from a hunting story, at the end of which the speaker returns home to find one of his dogs. He tells his wife that this is the dog which had disturbed him at the outset of the trip when he was about to cross the Morehead river. He had pushed the dog into the water, whereupon the poor dog ran back to the house. The whole episode in (\ref{ex374}) is set in the same time frame with respect to the moment of speech. Only the `pushing in the water' is expressed in the \isi{immediate past}, while the other two verb forms are in the \isi{recent past}.\footnote{The speaker uses the nz= formative of the immediate past clitic. As pointed out in {\S}\ref{imminentm}, this formative is a borrowing from \ili{Wära}. The Komnzo formative is n=.}
A: word: nzu-a-sämi-nzr-m-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BETaone-VC.-whisper.EXT-NDU-DUR-STSG
B: word: nzu-a-m-nz-r-m	 gloss: FNSG.BETaone-VC.-dwell.EXT-NDU-LK-DUR
C: word: k-rä-mnzer-é	 gloss: M.BET-IRR.VC..NDU-fall.asleep.RS-FSG
D: word: nzu-a-thofik-wr-∅	 gloss: FSG.Betaone-VC-disturb.EXT-NDU-STSGS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 78:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzefe nima ane ŋatha bä nzu-a-thofik-wr-∅ ... watik ane=ma ___ bobo ... watik ane wtri=me fi ŋatha z-a-n-math-\Zero.
Gloss (with missing item): FSG.ERG.EMPH Quot DEM dog MED FSG.Betaone-VC-disturb.EXT-NDU-STSGS ... then DEM=CHAR ___ MED.All ... then DEM fear=INS Third.ABS dog M.GAM-VENIT-run.RS-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I said: ``That dog disturbed me there and therefore I pushed him into the water. Well, full of fear he ran back here.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{temporal} reference of the \isi{immediate past} and the \isi{recent past} overlaps. The \isi{immediate past} is used for events that took place a short while prior to the time of speaking, and it may be used to put extra emphasis on that fact. The \isi{recent past} covers the same period of time, but it reaches further back, usually to the preceding day. Example (\ref{ex374}) is taken from a hunting story, at the end of which the speaker returns home to find one of his dogs. He tells his wife that this is the dog which had disturbed him at the outset of the trip when he was about to cross the Morehead river. He had pushed the dog into the water, whereupon the poor dog ran back to the house. The whole episode in (\ref{ex374}) is set in the same time frame with respect to the moment of speech. Only the `pushing in the water' is expressed in the \isi{immediate past}, while the other two verb forms are in the \isi{recent past}.\footnote{The speaker uses the nz= formative of the immediate past clitic. As pointed out in {\S}\ref{imminentm}, this formative is a borrowing from \ili{Wära}. The Komnzo formative is n=.}
A: word: kwa	 gloss: FUT
B: word: nz=ybrüzé	 gloss: IMMpst=FSG:SBJ>STSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/submerge
C: word: nz=y-brüz-∅-é	 gloss: IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-submerge.EXT-NDU-FSG
D: word: n=y-a-m-nzr-m	 gloss: IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-DUR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 79:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nzä boba z-ä-n-far-é ... kanathr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FSG.ABS MED.ABL M.GAM-VC..NDU-VENIT-set.off.EXT-FSG ... kanathr.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Yesterday, I set off from there towards here ... to Kanathr.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The bidirectional time adverbials discussed in {\S}\ref{temporals-sec} help to identify the appropriate time frames for each \isi{tense} value. The term the morpheme ___ expresses a moment in time which is removed by one day from the present time. Thus, the morpheme ___ can mean `tomorrow', when used with a non-past inflection, or it can mean `its gloss ___', when used with a \isi{recent past}. Events further back in time have to be expressed by the \isi{past} \isi{tense}. Likewise, one cannot use a \isi{recent past} with the time adverbial nama, which indicates a point in time that is removed two days from the present time (`day before its gloss ___' or `day after tomorrow'). In short, the \isi{recent past} reaches back one day, whereas the \isi{past} \isi{tense} covers everything before its gloss ___, irrespective of whether it happened a week ago or in ancestral time. Example (\ref{ex375}) shows the use of the morpheme ___ and the \isi{recent past}. Example (\ref{ex376}) shows the use of nama and the \isi{past} \isi{tense}.\footnote{Nama can also be used metaphorically to mean `recently'.}
A: word: kayé	 gloss: yesterday
B: word: w-a-n-yak-a	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-go.EXT.NDU-PST
C: word: kayé=thamar	 gloss: tomorrow=TEMP.PURP
D: word: zena	 gloss: today
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 80:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kayé nzä boba ___ ... kanathr.
Gloss (with missing item): yesterday FSG.ABS MED.ABL ___ ... kanathr.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Yesterday, I set off from there towards here ... to Kanathr.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The bidirectional time adverbials discussed in {\S}\ref{temporals-sec} help to identify the appropriate time frames for each \isi{tense} value. The term kayé expresses a moment in time which is removed by one day from the present time. Thus, kayé can mean `tomorrow', when used with a non-past inflection, or it can mean `yesterday', when used with a \isi{recent past}. Events further back in time have to be expressed by the \isi{past} \isi{tense}. Likewise, one cannot use a \isi{recent past} with the time adverbial nama, which indicates a point in time that is removed two days from the present time (`day before yesterday' or `day after tomorrow'). In short, the \isi{recent past} reaches back one day, whereas the \isi{past} \isi{tense} covers everything before yesterday, irrespective of whether it happened a week ago or in ancestral time. Example (\ref{ex375}) shows the use of kayé and the \isi{recent past}. Example (\ref{ex376}) shows the use of nama and the \isi{past} \isi{tense}.\footnote{Nama can also be used metaphorically to mean `recently'.}
A: word: kayé	 gloss: yesterday
B: word: nz-ä-n-mes-é	 gloss: SSG.BET-NDU-VENIT-fetch.RS-FSG
C: word: z-ä-n-far-é	 gloss: M.GAM-VC..NDU-VENIT-set.off.EXT-FSG
D: word: zu-ä-r-a-th	 gloss: FSG.GAM-VC..NDU-give.RS-PST-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C