cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ___ fof krär y-a-rinak-wr-th. bänemr fof nafane noku fraz-si=r.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ EMPH kava TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-pour.EXT-NDU-STNSG. Recog.PURP EMPH TSG.POSS anger extinguish-NMLZ=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`So they sit him down properly and pour kava for him to cool down his anger.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex322}) shows msaksi in a \isi{transitive} ambifixing template. The example comes from a narrative, in which an angry man is forcefully seated and calmed down by giving him kava to drink.
A: word: y-msak-wr-th	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-sit.EXT-NDU-STNSG
B: word: ŋ-a-mig-wr-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-hang.EXT-NDU-STNSG
C: word: s-rä-fiyoth-é	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-VC..NDU-make.RS-FSG
D: word: e-a-m-nzr-o	 gloss: STNSG.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-ANDAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ___ fof krär y-a-rinak-wr-th. bänemr fof nafane noku fraz-si=r.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ EMPH kava TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-pour.EXT-NDU-STNSG. Recog.PURP EMPH TSG.POSS anger extinguish-NMLZ=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`So they sit him down properly and pour kava for him to cool down his anger.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex323}) is an elicited example showing msaksi in a \isi{ditransitive} ambifixing template, where the \isi{undergoer} prefix indexes the \isi{possessor} (`his child'). Note that the same template is found in yarinakwrth; the second verb in (\ref{ex322}), where the \isi{undergoer} prefix indexes a \isi{beneficiary} (`pour kava for him').
A: word: ŋ-a-na-f-r-∅	 gloss: M-VC.-speak.RS-NDU-LK-STSG
B: word: ŋ-a-mig-wr-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-hang.EXT-NDU-STNSG
C: word: y-msak-wr-th	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-sit.EXT-NDU-STNSG
D: word: e-a-m-nzr-o	 gloss: STNSG.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-ANDAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzenme trtha mrmr=en nzenme ___ ... wtri=karä. ane=ma fof ŋ-a-mrä-nzr-e.
Gloss (with missing item): FNSG.POSS life inside=LOC FNSG.POSS ___ ... fear=PROP. DEM=CHAR EMPH M.ALPH-VC.-stroll.EXT-NDU-FNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`In our way of life ... in our living ... we walk about with fear because of this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The above examples show that \isi{valency alternations} are achieved by using the same verb in different templates. It is important to note that all the inflected verb forms share the same \isi{infinitive}, which is formed by suffixing the \isi{nominaliser} -si to the stem. In (\ref{ex324}) and (\ref{ex325}) I show the \isi{infinitive} with a \isi{stative} and a dynamic interpretation. Example (\ref{ex324}) is the conclusion of a short narrative about taboos and customs that involve the bird of paradise. The speaker uses msaksi with a \isi{locative} \isi{case} suffix in a \isi{possessive} construction to express `in our life'. In example (\ref{ex325}), the speaker showed me a beautiful place on the bank of the Morehead river. She comments that this is a good place to sit down and rest. Hence, the \isi{infinitive} msaksi is used for both interpretations, a timeless state in (\ref{ex324}) and a dynamic event in (\ref{ex325}).
A: word: msak-si=n	 gloss: sit-NMLZ=LOC
B: word: ŋ-a-na-f-r-∅	 gloss: M-VC.-speak.RS-NDU-LK-STSG
C: word: myukn-si	 gloss: roll-NMLZ
D: word: msak-si	 gloss: dwell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzenme trtha mrmr=en nzenme ___ ... wtri=karä. ane=ma fof ŋ-a-mrä-nzr-e.
Gloss (with missing item): FNSG.POSS life inside=LOC FNSG.POSS ___ ... fear=PROP. DEM=CHAR EMPH M.ALPH-VC.-stroll.EXT-NDU-FNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`In our way of life ... in our living ... we walk about with fear because of this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The above examples show that \isi{valency alternations} are achieved by using the same verb in different templates. It is important to note that all the inflected verb forms share the same \isi{infinitive}, which is formed by suffixing the \isi{nominaliser} -si to the stem. In (\ref{ex324}) and (\ref{ex325}) I show the \isi{infinitive} with a \isi{stative} and a dynamic interpretation. Example (\ref{ex324}) is the conclusion of a short narrative about taboos and customs that involve the bird of paradise. The speaker uses msaksi with a \isi{locative} \isi{case} suffix in a \isi{possessive} construction to express `in our life'. In example (\ref{ex325}), the speaker showed me a beautiful place on the bank of the Morehead river. She comments that this is a good place to sit down and rest. Hence, the \isi{infinitive} msaksi is used for both interpretations, a timeless state in (\ref{ex324}) and a dynamic event in (\ref{ex325}).
A: word: b=y-a-n-nor	 gloss: MED=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-shout.EXT.NDU
B: word: msak-si=n	 gloss: sit-NMLZ=LOC
C: word: myukn-si	 gloss: roll-NMLZ
D: word: msak-si	 gloss: dwell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nzenme trtha mrmr=en nzenme ___ ... wtri=karä. ane=ma fof ŋ-a-mrä-nzr-e.
Gloss (with missing item): FNSG.POSS life inside=LOC FNSG.POSS ___ ... fear=PROP. DEM=CHAR EMPH M.ALPH-VC.-stroll.EXT-NDU-FNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`In our way of life ... in our living ... we walk about with fear because of this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The above examples show that \isi{valency alternations} are achieved by using the same verb in different templates. It is important to note that all the inflected verb forms share the same \isi{infinitive}, which is formed by suffixing the \isi{nominaliser} -si to the stem. In (\ref{ex324}) and (\ref{ex325}) I show the \isi{infinitive} with a \isi{stative} and a dynamic interpretation. Example (\ref{ex324}) is the conclusion of a short narrative about taboos and customs that involve the bird of paradise. The speaker uses msaksi with a \isi{locative} \isi{case} suffix in a \isi{possessive} construction to express `in our life'. In example (\ref{ex325}), the speaker showed me a beautiful place on the bank of the Morehead river. She comments that this is a good place to sit down and rest. Hence, the \isi{infinitive} msaksi is used for both interpretations, a timeless state in (\ref{ex324}) and a dynamic event in (\ref{ex325}).
A: word: myukn-si	 gloss: roll-NMLZ
B: word: b=y-a-n-nor	 gloss: MED=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-shout.EXT.NDU
C: word: msak-si=n	 gloss: sit-NMLZ=LOC
D: word: msak-si	 gloss: dwell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ___ fof krär y-a-rinak-wr-th. bänemr fof nafane noku fraz-si=r.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ EMPH kava TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-pour.EXT-NDU-STNSG. Recog.PURP EMPH TSG.POSS anger extinguish-NMLZ=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`So they sit him down properly and pour kava for him to cool down his anger.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are two ways of analyzing shared infinitives in Komnzo, and I argue that both are needed. On the one hand, we can understand it as a system where \isi{valency} is fluid and lexemes are flexible. Under this analysis a lexeme can alter its \isi{valency} by occuring in different templates. On the other hand, we could adopt the notion of \isi{heterosemy} (\citealt{Lichtenberk:1991ic} and \citealt[524]{Evans:2012we}) to capture that different lexical items and meanings are expressed by different templates.\footnote{This assumes a definition of the linguistic sign as having three parts: form, meaning and combinatorics (or syntax) as put forward by Mel'{\v c}uk (\citeyear{Melcuk:1973vu}) and Pollard & Sag (\citeyear[51]{Pollard:1987wu}).} A verb like msaksi shows that we need both perspectives. On the one hand, msaksi\textsubscript{1} means `dwell, live' in a prefixing template, while msaksi\textsubscript{2} means `sit down' in a middle/ambifixing template. We would understand msaksi\textsubscript{1} as being heterosemous to msaksi\textsubscript{2} because there is a significant shift in meaning due to the template. The same holds for pairs like rfiksi meaning `grow' or `nuture' and rbänzsi meaning `untie' or `explain'. On the other hand, the system of \isi{valency alternations} in Komnze is very productive. Especially the \isi{middle} template and the \isi{ditransitive} ambifixing template can be used for almost every verb which can also occur in the \isi{transitive} ambifixing template. Thus, describing the alternation between msaksi in (\ref{ex322}) `sit someone down' and (\ref{ex323}) `sit someone's (child) down' in terms of \isi{heterosemy} would fall short of an exhaustive description. It would not adequately capture the productivity of the system, nor would it fully explain shared \isi{infinitive}s for verb forms of different templates.
A: word: e-a-m-nzr-o	 gloss: STNSG.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-ANDAT
B: word: y-msak-wr-th	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-sit.EXT-NDU-STNSG
C: word: zba=fa	 gloss: PROX.ABL=ABL
D: word: ŋ-a-mig-wr-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-hang.EXT-NDU-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mrmr ra ___ zane z=e-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): inside what.ABS ___ DEM:PROX PROX=STNSG.ALPH-be.EXT.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`What are these (of his) inside? These ones here!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All prefixing verbs can take the \isi{valency change} prefix a-. This template was labelled \isi{indirect object} prefixing in \tabref{argalignverbs}. However, in doing so they remain monovalent in their cross-referencing. The `additional argument', usually a beneficiary or possessor, replaces the `original argument', usually an experiencer. However, the event itself ``is still about'' the original argument. A common usage of this pattern involves the \isi{copula}: When handing something to a person, one would say bnarä! `There you are!' (lit. `(It) is there for you!'). A textual example comes from a stimulus task in which two speakers are describing the contents of picture cards (\ref{ex160}). The picture in the example shows a policeman handing some personal belongings to another man. After describing the scene, one of the two speakers points to a few things on the side, asking what these were. The first verb in (\ref{ex160}) `be lying down' indexes the (assumed) \isi{possessor} and not the things on the ground. The second clause is accompanied by a pointing gesture in order to draw the interlocutor's attention to the objects. Here, the copula indexes the things on the ground.
A: word: b=y-a-n-nor	 gloss: MED=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-shout.EXT.NDU
B: word: y-a-thn	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-lie.EXT.NDU
C: word: n=y-a-m-nzr-m	 gloss: IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-DUR
D: word: zu-ä-r-a-th	 gloss: FSG.GAM-VC..NDU-give.RS-PST-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mrmr ra ___ zane z=e-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): inside what.ABS ___ DEM:PROX PROX=STNSG.ALPH-be.EXT.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`What are these (of his) inside? These ones here!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All prefixing verbs can take the \isi{valency change} prefix a-. This template was labelled \isi{indirect object} prefixing in \tabref{argalignverbs}. However, in doing so they remain monovalent in their cross-referencing. The `additional argument', usually a beneficiary or possessor, replaces the `original argument', usually an experiencer. However, the event itself ``is still about'' the original argument. A common usage of this pattern involves the \isi{copula}: When handing something to a person, one would say bnarä! `There you are!' (lit. `(It) is there for you!'). A textual example comes from a stimulus task in which two speakers are describing the contents of picture cards (\ref{ex160}). The picture in the example shows a policeman handing some personal belongings to another man. After describing the scene, one of the two speakers points to a few things on the side, asking what these were. The first verb in (\ref{ex160}) `be lying down' indexes the (assumed) \isi{possessor} and not the things on the ground. The second clause is accompanied by a pointing gesture in order to draw the interlocutor's attention to the objects. Here, the copula indexes the things on the ground.
A: word: y-a-thn	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-lie.EXT.NDU
B: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
C: word: zu-ä-r-a-th	 gloss: FSG.GAM-VC..NDU-give.RS-PST-STNSG
D: word: n=y-a-m-nzr-m	 gloss: IMMpst=TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-sit.EXT-NDU-DUR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bidr=thatha zbo ___ wämne=n.
Gloss (with missing item): flying.fox=Simil PROX.All ___ tree=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He was hanging like a flying fox on the tree.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The class of 41 \isi{positional} or postural verbs underscores the role of \isi{dynamicity} in the \isi{alignment} of S. Positional verbs express states of the type `be in position X' (`be leaning', `be standing', `be submerged' etc). Example (\ref{ex328}) shows the verb migsi `hang'.
A: word: su-wägr-m	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BETaone-be.on.top.NDU-DUR
B: word: f=e-mi-thgrn	 gloss: DIST=STNSG.ALPH-be.hanging-STAT.DU
C: word: su-mi-thgr-m	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BETaone-be.hanging-STAT.NDU-DUR
D: word: gn-ä-kuk	 gloss: SSG.BET.IMP-NDU-stand.RS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bubukr zä zf kwa ___ ... watik kofä=é zbo zf kwa e-rku-nzr-th.
Gloss (with missing item): insect PROX IMM FUT ___ ... then fish=ERG.NSG PROX.All IMM FUT STNSG.ALPH-knock.down.EXT-NDU-STNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The insects will hang (themselves) from here and the fish will knock them down right here.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Like most \isi{positional} verbs, migsi can enter into other templates, for example a \isi{middle} template (`assume a hanging position') or a \isi{transitive} template (`hang something'). This is shown in examples (\ref{ex326}) and (\ref{ex327}) respectively. Example (\ref{ex326}) is part of a plant walk around Rouku village. The speaker shows me a plant in the part of the land which is inundated during the rainy season. Example (\ref{ex327}) comes from a procedural text in which the speaker shows me around his yam storage house. He remarks that small yam suckers are called sagusagu and they are stored by tying several yams into bundles.
A: word: b=e-mig-wr-e	 gloss: MED=STNSG.ALPH-hang.EXT-NDU-FNSG
B: word: y-a-thn	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-VC.-lie.EXT.NDU
C: word: ŋ-a-mig-wr-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-hang.EXT-NDU-STNSG
D: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nima yam=me ane fof ŋ-a-frm-nzr-e b=n-rä ... ___ ane sagusagu.
Gloss (with missing item): like.this custom=INS DEM EMPH M.ALPH-VC.-prepare.EXT-NDU-FNSG. MED=FNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU ... ___ DEM sagusagu.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We prepare them in this way ... We hang up those sagusagu.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Like most \isi{positional} verbs, migsi can enter into other templates, for example a \isi{middle} template (`assume a hanging position') or a \isi{transitive} template (`hang something'). This is shown in examples (\ref{ex326}) and (\ref{ex327}) respectively. Example (\ref{ex326}) is part of a plant walk around Rouku village. The speaker shows me a plant in the part of the land which is inundated during the rainy season. Example (\ref{ex327}) comes from a procedural text in which the speaker shows me around his yam storage house. He remarks that small yam suckers are called sagusagu and they are stored by tying several yams into bundles.
A: word: b=e-mig-wr-e	 gloss: MED=STNSG.ALPH-hang.EXT-NDU-FNSG
B: word: ŋ-a-mig-wr-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-hang.EXT-NDU-STNSG
C: word: e-mi-thgr	 gloss: STNSG.ALPH-hang.EXT-STAT.NDU
D: word: w-a-n-brag-wr-e	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-follow.EXT-NDU-FNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bubukr zä zf kwa ___ ... watik kofä=é zbo zf kwa e-rku-nzr-th.
Gloss (with missing item): insect PROX IMM FUT ___ ... then fish=ERG.NSG PROX.All IMM FUT STNSG.ALPH-knock.down.EXT-NDU-STNSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The insects will hang (themselves) from here and the fish will knock them down right here.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Like most \isi{positional} verbs, migsi can enter into other templates, for example a \isi{middle} template (`assume a hanging position') or a \isi{transitive} template (`hang something'). This is shown in examples (\ref{ex326}) and (\ref{ex327}) respectively. Example (\ref{ex326}) is part of a plant walk around Rouku village. The speaker shows me a plant in the part of the land which is inundated during the rainy season. Example (\ref{ex327}) comes from a procedural text in which the speaker shows me around his yam storage house. He remarks that small yam suckers are called sagusagu and they are stored by tying several yams into bundles.
A: word: ŋ-a-mig-wr-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-hang.EXT-NDU-STNSG
B: word: b=e-mig-wr-e	 gloss: MED=STNSG.ALPH-hang.EXT-NDU-FNSG
C: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
D: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A