cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 47:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): paitua=f ___ nzä fiyaf=r. wo-yak.
Gloss (with missing item): old.man=ERG.SG ___ FSG.ABS hunting=PURP. FSG.ALPH-walk.EXT.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He said to us: ``I will go hunting.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ir\isi{realis} mood is expressed by the prefix ra-, which directly follows the \isi{person}/\isi{number} prefix or the middle marker of the \Bet{} \isi{prefix series} (see \tabref{perspref} in {\S}\ref{personprefsection}). The \isi{non-dual} marker ä replaces the vowel of the ra- prefix for all the \isi{person}/\isi{number} combinations which involve a \isi{non-dual} \isi{participant}. This pattern is uniform for prefixing as well as ambifixing verbs. In (\ref{ex243}-\ref{ex247}), I provide textual examples of the \isi{number} combinations with a third \isi{person} actor and a first \isi{person} \isi{undergoer}.\footnote{Irrealis mood may be used in narratives for pragmatic reasons (backgrounding) and refer to events which actually took place ({\S}\ref{TAMsemmood})} We find the ä vowel for the following actor>undergoer combinations: \Sg>{\Sg} (\ref{ex243}), \Pl>{\Sg} (\ref{ex246}), \Sg>{\Pl} (\ref{ex249}) and \Pl>{\Pl} (\ref{ex250}).
A: word: zu-ä-kor-∅	 gloss: FSG.GAM-NDU-speak.RS-STSG
B: word: nz-ra-kor-th	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.DU-speak.RS-STNSG
C: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
D: word: msak-si=n	 gloss: sit-NMLZ=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ni ___ bä ... oroman babua ... bä kwa. ŋ-a-kwi-n-th zmbär aki kwayan=en.
Gloss (with missing item): FNSG ___ Second.ABS ... old.man babua ... Second.ABS FUT. M.ALPH-VC.-run.EXT-DU-STNSG night moon light=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They said to us (2): ``You!'' to old man Babua ``You two will run at night in the moonlight.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Note that just like in post-stem \isi{dual} marking ({\S}\ref{ambiguitiesdualref}), pre-stem \isi{dual} marking is ambiguous as to which of the two arguments is \isi{dual} or \isi{non-dual}. The verb nzrakorth `they said to us' in (\ref{ex247}) could be any of the three possible actor>\isi{undergoer} combinations (\Pl>\Du, \Du>{\Du} or \Du>\Pl) because both \isi{person} affixes index a \isi{non-singular} \isi{participant}. Thus, the absence of the ä vowel indicates that one of the two participants is \isi{dual}, but not which one. Only context may solve this structural ambiguity, which in (\ref{ex247}) is clear from the second verb ŋakwinth `you two go'. For verbs in a prefixing template, there is no ambiguity since they index only one argument. Non-\isi{dual} participants receive the ä vowel, while \isi{dual} participants do not. The same holds for verbs in the middle template.
A: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
B: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
C: word: nz-ra-kor-th	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.DU-speak.RS-STNSG
D: word: zba=fa	 gloss: PROX.ABL=ABL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 49:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ni ___ bä ... oroman babua ... bä kwa. ŋ-a-kwi-n-th zmbär aki kwayan=en.
Gloss (with missing item): FNSG ___ Second.ABS ... old.man babua ... Second.ABS FUT. M.ALPH-VC.-run.EXT-DU-STNSG night moon light=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They said to us (2): ``You!'' to old man Babua ``You two will run at night in the moonlight.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Note that just like in post-stem \isi{dual} marking ({\S}\ref{ambiguitiesdualref}), pre-stem \isi{dual} marking is ambiguous as to which of the two arguments is \isi{dual} or \isi{non-dual}. The verb nzrakorth `they said to us' in (\ref{ex247}) could be any of the three possible actor>\isi{undergoer} combinations (\Pl>\Du, \Du>{\Du} or \Du>\Pl) because both \isi{person} affixes index a \isi{non-singular} \isi{participant}. Thus, the absence of the ä vowel indicates that one of the two participants is \isi{dual}, but not which one. Only context may solve this structural ambiguity, which in (\ref{ex247}) is clear from the second verb ŋakwinth `you two go'. For verbs in a prefixing template, there is no ambiguity since they index only one argument. Non-\isi{dual} participants receive the ä vowel, while \isi{dual} participants do not. The same holds for verbs in the middle template.
A: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
B: word: nz-ra-kor-th	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.DU-speak.RS-STNSG
C: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
D: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 50:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): adi=f nima ___ ra=nzo.
Gloss (with missing item): aunt=ERG.SG Quot ___ what=ONLY.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Aunt asked me: ``What is it?'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Before I conclude this section on \isi{number} marking, I want to look at the behaviour of the ä vowel when the \isi{irrealis} prefix ra- and \isi{valency change} prefix a- come together. Since the \isi{irrealis} prefix includes a vowel, the \isi{valency change} prefix is neutralised in most parts of the paradigm. For extended stems, this \isi{neutralisation} is complete, i.e. only the \isi{case} frame indicates whether the \isi{undergoer} argument is a direct \isi{object} (\Abs) or an \isi{indirect object} ({\Dat} or {\Poss}). This will be further discussed in {\S}\ref{irrealisra}. For restricted stems, the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is likewise neutralised, but the \isi{number} marking pattern differs in those actor>\isi{undergoer} combinations which involve \Sg>{\Sg} (Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}). Consider the vowel contrast between (\ref{ex243}) and (\ref{ex251}). The \isi{participant} combination is held constant: \Tsg>\Fsg{}. In (\ref{ex243}) we find the ä vowel, because it is \isi{ditransitive} and the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is employed, but in (\ref{ex251}) it is missing, because (\ref{ex243}) is \isi{transitive} and lacks the a- prefix. Compare (\ref{ex251}) with (\ref{ex252}) where the same verb yarisi `give' shows the ä because the actor \isi{participant} is \isi{plural}.
A: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
B: word: kw-rä-s-∅	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.NDU-ask.RS-STSG
C: word: f=e-mi-thgrn	 gloss: DIST=STNSG.ALPH-be.hanging-STAT.DU
D: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 51:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): adi=f nima ___ ra=nzo.
Gloss (with missing item): aunt=ERG.SG Quot ___ what=ONLY.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Aunt asked me: ``What is it?'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Before I conclude this section on \isi{number} marking, I want to look at the behaviour of the ä vowel when the \isi{irrealis} prefix ra- and \isi{valency change} prefix a- come together. Since the \isi{irrealis} prefix includes a vowel, the \isi{valency change} prefix is neutralised in most parts of the paradigm. For extended stems, this \isi{neutralisation} is complete, i.e. only the \isi{case} frame indicates whether the \isi{undergoer} argument is a direct \isi{object} (\Abs) or an \isi{indirect object} ({\Dat} or {\Poss}). This will be further discussed in {\S}\ref{irrealisra}. For restricted stems, the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is likewise neutralised, but the \isi{number} marking pattern differs in those actor>\isi{undergoer} combinations which involve \Sg>{\Sg} (Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}). Consider the vowel contrast between (\ref{ex243}) and (\ref{ex251}). The \isi{participant} combination is held constant: \Tsg>\Fsg{}. In (\ref{ex243}) we find the ä vowel, because it is \isi{ditransitive} and the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is employed, but in (\ref{ex251}) it is missing, because (\ref{ex243}) is \isi{transitive} and lacks the a- prefix. Compare (\ref{ex251}) with (\ref{ex252}) where the same verb yarisi `give' shows the ä because the actor \isi{participant} is \isi{plural}.
A: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
B: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
C: word: kw-rä-zigrthm	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.NDU.VC.-look.RS
D: word: kw-rä-s-∅	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.NDU-ask.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 52:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): adi=f nima ___ ra=nzo.
Gloss (with missing item): aunt=ERG.SG Quot ___ what=ONLY.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Aunt asked me: ``What is it?'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Before I conclude this section on \isi{number} marking, I want to look at the behaviour of the ä vowel when the \isi{irrealis} prefix ra- and \isi{valency change} prefix a- come together. Since the \isi{irrealis} prefix includes a vowel, the \isi{valency change} prefix is neutralised in most parts of the paradigm. For extended stems, this \isi{neutralisation} is complete, i.e. only the \isi{case} frame indicates whether the \isi{undergoer} argument is a direct \isi{object} (\Abs) or an \isi{indirect object} ({\Dat} or {\Poss}). This will be further discussed in {\S}\ref{irrealisra}. For restricted stems, the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is likewise neutralised, but the \isi{number} marking pattern differs in those actor>\isi{undergoer} combinations which involve \Sg>{\Sg} (Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}). Consider the vowel contrast between (\ref{ex243}) and (\ref{ex251}). The \isi{participant} combination is held constant: \Tsg>\Fsg{}. In (\ref{ex243}) we find the ä vowel, because it is \isi{ditransitive} and the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is employed, but in (\ref{ex251}) it is missing, because (\ref{ex243}) is \isi{transitive} and lacks the a- prefix. Compare (\ref{ex251}) with (\ref{ex252}) where the same verb yarisi `give' shows the ä because the actor \isi{participant} is \isi{plural}.
A: word: kw-rä-s-∅	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.NDU-ask.RS-STSG
B: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
C: word: b=e-mig-wr-e	 gloss: MED=STNSG.ALPH-hang.EXT-NDU-FNSG
D: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 53:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nä kwot ___ fafä.
Gloss (with missing item): some again ___ after.that.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They might give me some more later.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Before I conclude this section on \isi{number} marking, I want to look at the behaviour of the ä vowel when the \isi{irrealis} prefix ra- and \isi{valency change} prefix a- come together. Since the \isi{irrealis} prefix includes a vowel, the \isi{valency change} prefix is neutralised in most parts of the paradigm. For extended stems, this \isi{neutralisation} is complete, i.e. only the \isi{case} frame indicates whether the \isi{undergoer} argument is a direct \isi{object} (\Abs) or an \isi{indirect object} ({\Dat} or {\Poss}). This will be further discussed in {\S}\ref{irrealisra}. For restricted stems, the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is likewise neutralised, but the \isi{number} marking pattern differs in those actor>\isi{undergoer} combinations which involve \Sg>{\Sg} (Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}). Consider the vowel contrast between (\ref{ex243}) and (\ref{ex251}). The \isi{participant} combination is held constant: \Tsg>\Fsg{}. In (\ref{ex243}) we find the ä vowel, because it is \isi{ditransitive} and the \isi{valency change} prefix a- is employed, but in (\ref{ex251}) it is missing, because (\ref{ex243}) is \isi{transitive} and lacks the a- prefix. Compare (\ref{ex251}) with (\ref{ex252}) where the same verb yarisi `give' shows the ä because the actor \isi{participant} is \isi{plural}.
A: word: k-rä-nafth-th	 gloss: M.BET-IRR.Vc.NDU-say.RS-STNSG
B: word: m=e-rn	 gloss: where=STNSG.ALPH-COP.DU
C: word: z-rä-rä-r-th	 gloss: TSG.F.BET-IRR.VC.-do.EXT-NDU-STNSG
D: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 54:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): katan kwa ___ kafar minzü \stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): small FUT ___ big very TSG.MASC.COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I will make it smaller. It is very big.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We can conclude from the examples that the \isi{irrealis} inflection complies with the \isi{number} marking patterns as they were shown in Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}. The only difference lies in the fact that the \isi{irrealis} prefix ra- creates neutralisations in more combinations (with regard to the \isi{valency change}) because ra- contains a vowel. However, there is one important caveat to this conclusion. As I have pointed out in {\S}\ref{prefixingverbsec} and {\S}\ref{ambifixingtemp}, there are some verbs which are \isi{deponent} in the sense that they obligatorily take the a- without a change in \isi{valency}. Two examples are the \isi{transitive} verb fiyoksi `make' and the intransitive/prefixing verb yarenzsi `look'. Consequently we would expect them to comply with the pattern in Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}. Consider example (\ref{ex254}) with a \Sg>{\Sg} \isi{participant} combination and example (\ref{ex255}) with its single referent in {\Sg}. Both show the \isi{non-dual} vowel ä, i.e. they violate the pattern in Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}, which predicts the vowel to be a and not ä. This violation occurs only with \isi{deponent} verbs and only in \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood}. The natural explanation is that, for \isi{deponent} verbs, the distinction between the presence vs. absence of the \isi{valency change} prefix is redundant.
A: word: ŋ-a-fiyok-w-r-∅	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-LK-STSG
B: word: s-rä-fiyoth-é	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR.NDU.VC.-make.RS-FSG
C: word: w-a-fiyok-w-a-∅	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-PST-STSG
D: word: no=f	 gloss: water=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 55:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati we nima n ___ eh ra gru. zane ŋ-a-mitwa-nzr-∅ nabi tuti=n.
Gloss (with missing item): then also Quot IMN ___ eh what shooting.star. DEM:PROX M.ALPH-VC.-swing.EXT-NDU-STSG bamboo branch=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then, I was about to look around and thought: ``Hey, what is this shooting star swinging on the bamboo branch?'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We can conclude from the examples that the \isi{irrealis} inflection complies with the \isi{number} marking patterns as they were shown in Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}. The only difference lies in the fact that the \isi{irrealis} prefix ra- creates neutralisations in more combinations (with regard to the \isi{valency change}) because ra- contains a vowel. However, there is one important caveat to this conclusion. As I have pointed out in {\S}\ref{prefixingverbsec} and {\S}\ref{ambifixingtemp}, there are some verbs which are \isi{deponent} in the sense that they obligatorily take the a- without a change in \isi{valency}. Two examples are the \isi{transitive} verb fiyoksi `make' and the intransitive/prefixing verb yarenzsi `look'. Consequently we would expect them to comply with the pattern in Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}. Consider example (\ref{ex254}) with a \Sg>{\Sg} \isi{participant} combination and example (\ref{ex255}) with its single referent in {\Sg}. Both show the \isi{non-dual} vowel ä, i.e. they violate the pattern in Figure \ref{raezeroraevalchange}, which predicts the vowel to be a and not ä. This violation occurs only with \isi{deponent} verbs and only in \isi{irrealis} \isi{mood}. The natural explanation is that, for \isi{deponent} verbs, the distinction between the presence vs. absence of the \isi{valency change} prefix is redundant.
A: word: f=e-mi-thgrn	 gloss: DIST=STNSG.ALPH-be.hanging-STAT.DU
B: word: z-rä-zigr-m	 gloss: TSG.F.BET-IRR.VC..NDU-look.around.RS-DUR
C: word: kw-rä-zigrthm	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.NDU.VC.-look.RS
D: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 56:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wotu=karä ane ___ si=nzo foba y-n-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): stick=PROP DEM ___ eye=ONLY DIST.ABL TSG.MASC.ALPH-VENIT-COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He stands there with his walking stick and he is just looking from there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{directional} affixes can be used with dynamic events (\ref{ex262}) or with stative verbs (\ref{ex260}) The latter is taken from the description of a picture card, and the image depicts an older man, who is standing in the background watching what is happening. The \isi{venitive} inflection on `stand' refers to the direction of his posture, i.e. he is standing facing towards the \isi{deictic} centre.
A: word: y-msak-wr-th	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-sit.EXT-NDU-STNSG
B: word: y-n-kogr	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-VENIT-stand.NDU
C: word: b=y-kogr-o	 gloss: MED=TSG.MASC.ALPH-stand.NDU-ANDAT
D: word: w-brig-r-n-a-th	 gloss: TSG.F.Alph-return.EXT-LK-DU-PST-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 57:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wotu=karä ane ___ si=nzo foba y-n-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): stick=PROP DEM ___ eye=ONLY DIST.ABL TSG.MASC.ALPH-VENIT-COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He stands there with his walking stick and he is just looking from there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{copula} may receive a \isi{directional} inflection, giving the interpretation of `come' (\ref{ex260}) and `go' (\ref{ex264}), literally translated as `be hither' and `be thither'.
A: word: b=y-kogr-o	 gloss: MED=TSG.MASC.ALPH-stand.NDU-ANDAT
B: word: gn-ä-kuk	 gloss: SSG.BET.IMP-NDU-stand.RS
C: word: y-msak-wr-th	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-sit.EXT-NDU-STNSG
D: word: y-n-kogr	 gloss: TSG.MASC.ALPH-VENIT-stand.NDU
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D