cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zane zf wok-si=mär e-rä gaba foba fof ___ bobo we kwa. ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th a nima b=e-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM:PROX IMM choose-NMLZ=PRIV STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU eating.yam DIST.ABL EMPH ___ MED.All also FUT. M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG and like.this MED=STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`These have not been selected. They will be selected over there and then put down there like those ones.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We have seen an \isi{impersonal} usage of the \isi{middle} template in (\ref{ex329}). An example with a much clearer \isi{passive} reading is provided in (\ref{ex168}), where the speaker talks about sorting and selecting yam tubers in his storage house. The context reveals that it is the \isi{patient} argument of the verbs (`choose', `put down') which is indexed in the suffix. Keenan and Dryer include the entailment of an agent in their definition of passives setting them apart from middles (\citeyear[352]{Keenan:2007passives}). In Komnzo, this is dependent on the semantics of the verb. Prototypical \isi{transitive} verbs, like `choose' and `put down' in (\ref{ex168}), invite a \isi{passive} interpretation rather than an \isi{impersonal} one. However, in terms of morpho-syntax, there is no dedicated \isi{passive} marking. Furthermore, the agent noun phrase cannot be included in the clause, because it would have to be indexed in the suffix of the verb, which is already occupied by the \isi{patient} argument.
A: word: kw-a-mayk-w-é	 gloss: M.BETaone-VC.-wash.EXT-NDU-FSG
B: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
C: word: th-ra-a-frms-é	 gloss: STNSG.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-prepare.RS-FSG
D: word: k-ra-a-wokth-th	 gloss: M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zane zf wok-si=mär e-rä gaba foba fof k-ra-a-wokth-th bobo we kwa. ___ a nima b=e-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM:PROX IMM choose-NMLZ=PRIV STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU eating.yam DIST.ABL EMPH M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG MED.All also FUT. ___ and like.this MED=STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`These have not been selected. They will be selected over there and then put down there like those ones.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We have seen an \isi{impersonal} usage of the \isi{middle} template in (\ref{ex329}). An example with a much clearer \isi{passive} reading is provided in (\ref{ex168}), where the speaker talks about sorting and selecting yam tubers in his storage house. The context reveals that it is the \isi{patient} argument of the verbs (`choose', `put down') which is indexed in the suffix. Keenan and Dryer include the entailment of an agent in their definition of passives setting them apart from middles (\citeyear[352]{Keenan:2007passives}). In Komnzo, this is dependent on the semantics of the verb. Prototypical \isi{transitive} verbs, like `choose' and `put down' in (\ref{ex168}), invite a \isi{passive} interpretation rather than an \isi{impersonal} one. However, in terms of morpho-syntax, there is no dedicated \isi{passive} marking. Furthermore, the agent noun phrase cannot be included in the clause, because it would have to be indexed in the suffix of the verb, which is already occupied by the \isi{patient} argument.
A: word: nafa	 gloss: TNSG.ERG
B: word: e-nak-w-r-e	 gloss: STNSG.Alph-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-FNSG
C: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
D: word: msak-si=n	 gloss: sit-NMLZ=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zane zf wok-si=mär e-rä gaba foba fof ___ bobo we kwa. ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th a nima b=e-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM:PROX IMM choose-NMLZ=PRIV STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU eating.yam DIST.ABL EMPH ___ MED.All also FUT. M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG and like.this MED=STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`These have not been selected. They will be selected over there and then put down there like those ones.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We have seen an \isi{impersonal} usage of the \isi{middle} template in (\ref{ex329}). An example with a much clearer \isi{passive} reading is provided in (\ref{ex168}), where the speaker talks about sorting and selecting yam tubers in his storage house. The context reveals that it is the \isi{patient} argument of the verbs (`choose', `put down') which is indexed in the suffix. Keenan and Dryer include the entailment of an agent in their definition of passives setting them apart from middles (\citeyear[352]{Keenan:2007passives}). In Komnzo, this is dependent on the semantics of the verb. Prototypical \isi{transitive} verbs, like `choose' and `put down' in (\ref{ex168}), invite a \isi{passive} interpretation rather than an \isi{impersonal} one. However, in terms of morpho-syntax, there is no dedicated \isi{passive} marking. Furthermore, the agent noun phrase cannot be included in the clause, because it would have to be indexed in the suffix of the verb, which is already occupied by the \isi{patient} argument.
A: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
B: word: th-ra-a-frms-é	 gloss: STNSG.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-prepare.RS-FSG
C: word: b=y-kogr-o	 gloss: MED=TSG.MASC.ALPH-stand.NDU-ANDAT
D: word: k-ra-a-wokth-th	 gloss: M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): zane zf wok-si=mär e-rä gaba foba fof k-ra-a-wokth-th bobo we kwa. ___ a nima b=e-rä.
Gloss (with missing item): DEM:PROX IMM choose-NMLZ=PRIV STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU eating.yam DIST.ABL EMPH M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG MED.All also FUT. ___ and like.this MED=STNSG.ALPH-COP.NDU.
The English translation of this sentence is:`These have not been selected. They will be selected over there and then put down there like those ones.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We have seen an \isi{impersonal} usage of the \isi{middle} template in (\ref{ex329}). An example with a much clearer \isi{passive} reading is provided in (\ref{ex168}), where the speaker talks about sorting and selecting yam tubers in his storage house. The context reveals that it is the \isi{patient} argument of the verbs (`choose', `put down') which is indexed in the suffix. Keenan and Dryer include the entailment of an agent in their definition of passives setting them apart from middles (\citeyear[352]{Keenan:2007passives}). In Komnzo, this is dependent on the semantics of the verb. Prototypical \isi{transitive} verbs, like `choose' and `put down' in (\ref{ex168}), invite a \isi{passive} interpretation rather than an \isi{impersonal} one. However, in terms of morpho-syntax, there is no dedicated \isi{passive} marking. Furthermore, the agent noun phrase cannot be included in the clause, because it would have to be indexed in the suffix of the verb, which is already occupied by the \isi{patient} argument.
A: word: gwrmg=karä	 gloss: dust=PROP
B: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
C: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
D: word: e-nak-w-r-e	 gloss: STNSG.Alph-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-FNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): naf ___ drdr mäyog-si=r.
Gloss (with missing item): TSG.ERG ___ old.garden repeat-NMLZ=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She suggested/said to continue the old garden.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A somewhat different function of the \isi{middle} template is the \isi{suppressed-object} \isi{middle}. The formal difference with respect to the previous functions of the \isi{middle} template lies in the marking of the NP, which receives \isi{ergative} marking. Thus, the argument is an actor and the event is inherently \isi{transitive}. Consider example (\ref{ex165}), which is taken from a conversation between two young men. The speaker reports to his friend what his wife thinks about his plan to shift the garden place to another location. In (\ref{ex165}), the \isi{pronoun} naf is in the \isi{ergative} \isi{case} and agrees with the verb ŋanafr which is in the \isi{middle} template. The \isi{object} is suppressed from indexation and without context we are left to speculate what it might be: the \isi{goal} (`she said to me') or the clausal \isi{theme} (`to continue the old garden').
A: word: zu-ä-kor-∅	 gloss: FSG.GAM-NDU-speak.RS-STSG
B: word: ŋ-a-na-f-r-∅	 gloss: M-VC.-speak.RS-NDU-LK-STSG
C: word: kw-a-mayk-w-é	 gloss: M.BETaone-VC.-wash.EXT-NDU-FSG
D: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): naf ___ drdr mäyog-si=r.
Gloss (with missing item): TSG.ERG ___ old.garden repeat-NMLZ=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She suggested/said to continue the old garden.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A somewhat different function of the \isi{middle} template is the \isi{suppressed-object} \isi{middle}. The formal difference with respect to the previous functions of the \isi{middle} template lies in the marking of the NP, which receives \isi{ergative} marking. Thus, the argument is an actor and the event is inherently \isi{transitive}. Consider example (\ref{ex165}), which is taken from a conversation between two young men. The speaker reports to his friend what his wife thinks about his plan to shift the garden place to another location. In (\ref{ex165}), the \isi{pronoun} naf is in the \isi{ergative} \isi{case} and agrees with the verb ŋanafr which is in the \isi{middle} template. The \isi{object} is suppressed from indexation and without context we are left to speculate what it might be: the \isi{goal} (`she said to me') or the clausal \isi{theme} (`to continue the old garden').
A: word: ŋ-a-na-f-r-∅	 gloss: M-VC.-speak.RS-NDU-LK-STSG
B: word: w-a-n-brag-wr-e	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-follow.EXT-NDU-FNSG
C: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
D: word: zu-ä-kor-∅	 gloss: FSG.GAM-NDU-speak.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): naf ___ drdr mäyog-si=r.
Gloss (with missing item): TSG.ERG ___ old.garden repeat-NMLZ=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She suggested/said to continue the old garden.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{suppressed-object} \isi{middle} is obligatory for a few lexemes, for example na- `speak (v.t.)' in (\ref{ex165}), karksi `pull (v.t.)' or yonasi\footnote{Interestingly, `drink' and `eat' share the same extended stem (na), but `eat' almost always occurs in an ambifixing transitive template and it employs a common noun as its infinitive (dagon `food'). The verb `drink' on the other hand employs the infinitive yonasi with a regular nominaliser suffix and it always occurs in a (suppressed-object) middle template. The restricted stems of `drink' and `eat' are different: nob and wob respectively.} `drink (v.t.)'. For most verbs, the \isi{suppressed-object} \isi{middle} is a possible alternation and should be seen as derived from verbs which normally employ an ambifixing \isi{transitive} template.
A: word: ŋ-a-na-f-r-∅	 gloss: M-VC.-speak.RS-NDU-LK-STSG
B: word: kw-rä-r-th	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.Pl.VC.-give.RS-STNSG
C: word: ŋ-a-nak-w-r-th	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-put.down.EXT-NDU-LK-STNSG
D: word: zu-ä-kor-∅	 gloss: FSG.GAM-NDU-speak.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be nima yam ___ nzenme emoth be nima w-a-fiyok-w-r-∅.
Gloss (with missing item): SSG.ERG like.this event ___ FNSG.POSS sister SSG.ERG like.this TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-LK-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:``You are behaving like this. You are doing this to our sister.''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Another motivation for suppressing the \isi{object}, partly relevant to the previous example, lies in the relative salience of the referent. There is a tendency for \isi{inanimate} referents not to be indexed, as we can see in example (\ref{ex166}). This example is taken from a stimulus task about domestic violence. The speaker takes over the role of one of the characters in the story. He uses the verb fiyoksi `make' twice, first in a \isi{middle} template and then in a \isi{transitive} template.\footnote{As we will see in {\S}\ref{ambifixingtemp}, some transitive verbs like fiyoksi obligatorily take the valency change prefix a-. Since the argument is in absolutive case, one would expect the inflected verb to be wfiyokwr (without the a- prefix). But this is ungrammatical and fiyoksi never occurs without the a- prefix. Thus, I regard fiyoksi and similar verbs as being deponent.} The crucial difference between the two situation types lies in the salience of the referent. In the first clause the referent is generic and \isi{inanimate} (yam `custom, event'), but in the second clause it is a close relative (nzenme emoth `our sister').
A: word: ŋ-a-fiyok-w-r-∅	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-LK-STSG
B: word: si=nzo	 gloss: eye=ONLY
C: word: s-rä-fiyoth-é	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-VC..NDU-make.RS-FSG
D: word: w-a-fiyok-w-a-∅	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-PST-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): be nima yam ___ nzenme emoth be nima w-a-fiyok-w-r-∅.
Gloss (with missing item): SSG.ERG like.this event ___ FNSG.POSS sister SSG.ERG like.this TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-LK-STSG.
The English translation of this sentence is:``You are behaving like this. You are doing this to our sister.''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We can conclude that intrinsic middles are \isi{intransitive} event types, but the \isi{middle} template is used for various functions. The uniting characteristic of these functions is a relatively low degree of elaboration. This may apply either to the participants (\ref{ex166}), i.e. they rank low in importance/salience, or to the event itself (\ref{ex167}), i.e. the event is less elaborated.
A: word: w-a-n-brag-wr-e	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-VENIT-follow.EXT-NDU-FNSG
B: word: ŋ-a-fiyok-w-r-∅	 gloss: M.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-LK-STSG
C: word: w-a-fiyok-w-a-∅	 gloss: TSG.F.ALPH-VC.-make.EXT-NDU-PST-STSG
D: word: ŋame	 gloss: mother
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): gwam=f nafa-ngth ___ muri zba k-ä-n-rit-∅ nzu-zawe.
Gloss (with missing item): gwam=ERG.SG Third.POSS-younger.sibling ___ muri PROX.ABL M.BET-NDU-VENIT-cross.over.RS-SSG.IMP FSG.POSS-side.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Gwam said to his brother: ``Muri, come over here to my side!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The ambifixing template employs both affixes to index referents. The \isi{subject} argument appears in the suffix, while the \isi{object} argument is indexed in the prefix (\ref{ex170}).
A: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
B: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
C: word: s-rä-n-karis-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR.NDU-VENIT-hear.RS-STSG
D: word: k-ra-a-wokth-th	 gloss: M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): gwam=f nafa-ngth ___ muri zba k-ä-n-rit-∅ nzu-zawe.
Gloss (with missing item): gwam=ERG.SG Third.POSS-younger.sibling ___ muri PROX.ABL M.BET-NDU-VENIT-cross.over.RS-SSG.IMP FSG.POSS-side.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Gwam said to his brother: ``Muri, come over here to my side!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In most cases, the suffix indexes an agent, as in (\ref{ex170}). Example (\ref{ex169}) shows an \isi{experiencer-object} construction, in which the suffix encodes a Stimulus. After an evening of stories about sorcery, the speaker announces that she will go to sleep now because `fear has taken hold of her already'.
A: word: k-ra-a-wokth-th	 gloss: M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG
B: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
C: word: kw-rä-s-∅	 gloss: FSG.BET-IRR.NDU-ask.RS-STSG
D: word: s-rä-n-karis-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR.NDU-VENIT-hear.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 35:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): gwam=f nafa-ngth ___ muri zba k-ä-n-rit-∅ nzu-zawe.
Gloss (with missing item): gwam=ERG.SG Third.POSS-younger.sibling ___ muri PROX.ABL M.BET-NDU-VENIT-cross.over.RS-SSG.IMP FSG.POSS-side.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Gwam said to his brother: ``Muri, come over here to my side!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since no more than two referents can be indexed on a \isi{verb}, the same ambifixing template encodes \isi{transitive} and \isi{ditransitive} events. The differences lie in the presence versus absence of the \isi{valency change} prefix a- and the \isi{case} marking of that argument NP which is indexed in the prefix. In ambifixing transitives, the prefix encodes a patient (`prepare' in \ref{ex169}), theme (\ref{ex170}) or experiencer (`hold' in \ref{ex169}), all in the \isi{absolutive}. The prefix in ambifixing ditransitives encodes a goal (\ref{ex173}) in \isi{dative} \isi{case} or a possessor (\ref{ex171}) marked with a \isi{possessive}.
A: word: s-ra-a-kor-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR-NDU-say.RS-STSG
B: word: k-ra-a-wokth-th	 gloss: M.BET-IRR-VC.textbarNDU-choose.RS-STNSG
C: word: su-mi-thgr-m	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BETaone-be.hanging-STAT.NDU-DUR
D: word: s-rä-n-karis-∅	 gloss: TSG.MASC.BET-IRR.NDU-VENIT-hear.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A