cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): komnzo nima fä zä\stem{mnzer}ake nä ___ keke.
Gloss (with missing item): only like.this DIST FNSG:SBJ:PST:PFV/fall.asleep INDF ___ NEG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We just fell asleep there, no more stories.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Semantically, \isi{reduplication} expresses non-prototypicality, plurality, or both. In (\ref{ex707}), ttrikasi `stories' is formed from trikasi `story', and \isi{reduplication} expresses plurality. In (\ref{ex708}), the \isi{reduplication} of yawi `seed' refers to `coins', i.e. it expresses non-prototypicality in addition to plurality.
A: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
B: word: bäne	 gloss: Recog.ABS
C: word: trika-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
D: word: t-trika-si	 gloss: REDUP-tell-NMLZ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ŋare=ane ___ kwa ŋo\stem{na}thr ane kabe=f.
Gloss (with missing item): woman=POSS.SG ___ FUT STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/drink DEM man=ERG.SG.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That guy is going to drink with his wife's money.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Semantically, \isi{reduplication} expresses non-prototypicality, plurality, or both. In (\ref{ex707}), ttrikasi `stories' is formed from trikasi `story', and \isi{reduplication} expresses plurality. In (\ref{ex708}), the \isi{reduplication} of yawi `seed' refers to `coins', i.e. it expresses non-prototypicality in addition to plurality.
A: word: zokwasi=me=wä	 gloss: speech=INS=EMPH
B: word: wäth-si=karä	 gloss: tie-NMLZ=PROP
C: word: kt-kt=me	 gloss: REDUP-group=INS
D: word: yawi-yawi=me	 gloss: REDUP-seed=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nafa-fis yf nagawa ... ___ kabe sf\stem{rä}rm.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.POSS-husband name nagawa ... ___ man TSG.MASC:SBJ:PST:DUR/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Her husband's name (was) Nagawa ... he was a bit short guy.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{nominal} subclasses which can be reduplicated are nouns, adjectives, property nouns and quantifiers. Example (\ref{ex709}) shows the \isi{quantifier} tüfr expressing that many different jobs are involved in raising a pig. In (\ref{ex710}), the \isi{adjective} tnz `short' is reduplicated, meaning that the man was just a bit short. In (\ref{ex721}), the \isi{adjective} kafar `big' is reduplicated, meaning that the elders of the Mayawas of Firra had been killed in the headhunting raid.
A: word: tnz-tnz	 gloss: REDUP-short
B: word: nzu-a-m-nz-r-m	 gloss: FNSG.BETaone-VC.-dwell.EXT-NDU-LK-DUR
C: word: kata-katan	 gloss: REDUP-small
D: word: nima=thatha	 gloss: like.this=Simil
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nafanme mayawa ___ z bramöwä thä\stem{kwr}ath firra=n.
Gloss (with missing item): TNSG.POSS mayawa ___ IAM all STPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:PFV/kill firra=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`All their Mayawa elders had been killed in Firra.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{nominal} subclasses which can be reduplicated are nouns, adjectives, property nouns and quantifiers. Example (\ref{ex709}) shows the \isi{quantifier} tüfr expressing that many different jobs are involved in raising a pig. In (\ref{ex710}), the \isi{adjective} tnz `short' is reduplicated, meaning that the man was just a bit short. In (\ref{ex721}), the \isi{adjective} kafar `big' is reduplicated, meaning that the elders of the Mayawas of Firra had been killed in the headhunting raid.
A: word: kafar-kafar	 gloss: REDUP-big
B: word: k-kafar	 gloss: REDUP-big
C: word: kata-katan	 gloss: REDUP-small
D: word: markai	 gloss: outsider
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kwot namä=me thfa\stem{nak}wrm ... ___ thwa\stem{rakthk}wrmo.
Gloss (with missing item): properly good=INS STSG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:PST:DUR/put.down ... ___ SG:SBJ>STPL:IO:PST:DUR:ANDAT/put.on.top.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She was sorting (the things) properly ... She put the things back in the houses.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We find that \isi{case} markers make a distinction between \isi{animate} and \isi{inanimate} referents. For certain cases, there are designated formatives for \isi{animate} referents, for example all the spatial cases. Only with \isi{animate} referents is there a \isi{number} distinction ({\Sg} vs. {\Nsg}) in the \isi{case} markers. Consider examples (\ref{ex722}-\ref{ex724}). The first example shows the \isi{locative} \isi{case} on mnz `house', and the context of the story reveals that this is about several houses. The \isi{case} marker, however, does not encode \isi{number}. Examples (\ref{ex723}) and (\ref{ex724}) show that this is different for \isi{animate} referents, and the \isi{case} markers make a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.
A: word: mnz=fa	 gloss: house=ABL
B: word: m=z-ä-rfusir-∅	 gloss: Appr=M.GAM-VC..NDU-light.up.RS-STSG
C: word: mnz=en	 gloss: house=LOC
D: word: gwrmg=karä	 gloss: dust=PROP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ b=ya\stem{m}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ MED=TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He stays at his small brothers' place.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We find that \isi{case} markers make a distinction between \isi{animate} and \isi{inanimate} referents. For certain cases, there are designated formatives for \isi{animate} referents, for example all the spatial cases. Only with \isi{animate} referents is there a \isi{number} distinction ({\Sg} vs. {\Nsg}) in the \isi{case} markers. Consider examples (\ref{ex722}-\ref{ex724}). The first example shows the \isi{locative} \isi{case} on mnz `house', and the context of the story reveals that this is about several houses. The \isi{case} marker, however, does not encode \isi{number}. Examples (\ref{ex723}) and (\ref{ex724}) show that this is different for \isi{animate} referents, and the \isi{case} markers make a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.
A: word: nafa-ngth=medben	 gloss: Third.POSS-younger.sibling=LOC.ANIM.NSG
B: word: thari-si=ane	 gloss: dig-NMLZ=POSS.SG
C: word: zek	 gloss: check
D: word: nafa-ngth	 gloss: Third.POSS-younger.sibling
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ sokoro ze\stem{wär}a.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ school SG:SBJ:PST:PFV/happen.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The school was at the pastor('s place).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We find that \isi{case} markers make a distinction between \isi{animate} and \isi{inanimate} referents. For certain cases, there are designated formatives for \isi{animate} referents, for example all the spatial cases. Only with \isi{animate} referents is there a \isi{number} distinction ({\Sg} vs. {\Nsg}) in the \isi{case} markers. Consider examples (\ref{ex722}-\ref{ex724}). The first example shows the \isi{locative} \isi{case} on mnz `house', and the context of the story reveals that this is about several houses. The \isi{case} marker, however, does not encode \isi{number}. Examples (\ref{ex723}) and (\ref{ex724}) show that this is different for \isi{animate} referents, and the \isi{case} markers make a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.
A: word: mafa=dben	 gloss: who=LOC.ANIM.SG
B: word: fukthk-si=me	 gloss: mix-NMLZ=INS
C: word: mizi=dben	 gloss: pastor=LOC.ANIM.SG
D: word: nagaye=dben	 gloss: child=LOC.ANIM.SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ b=ya\stem{m}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ MED=TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He stays at his small brothers' place.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We find that \isi{case} markers make a distinction between \isi{animate} and \isi{inanimate} referents. For certain cases, there are designated formatives for \isi{animate} referents, for example all the spatial cases. Only with \isi{animate} referents is there a \isi{number} distinction ({\Sg} vs. {\Nsg}) in the \isi{case} markers. Consider examples (\ref{ex722}-\ref{ex724}). The first example shows the \isi{locative} \isi{case} on mnz `house', and the context of the story reveals that this is about several houses. The \isi{case} marker, however, does not encode \isi{number}. Examples (\ref{ex723}) and (\ref{ex724}) show that this is different for \isi{animate} referents, and the \isi{case} markers make a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.
A: word: tafo=ma	 gloss: yam.type=CHAR
B: word: nafa-ngth=medben	 gloss: Third.POSS-younger.sibling=LOC.ANIM.NSG
C: word: nafa-ngth	 gloss: Third.POSS-younger.sibling
D: word: zizi	 gloss: afternoon
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nzram=ma e\stem{mar}wr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ flower=CHAR STSG:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/see.
The English translation of this sentence is:`You (can) identify them from the small flowers.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These formatives attach to the rightmost element of the phrase, but have scope over the whole \isi{noun phrase}. In example (\ref{ex485}), the adjective the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' precedes the noun nzram `flower' and the \isi{case} marker attaches to the latter. Example (\ref{ex484}) shows the same adjective postposed to the noun yfö `hole'. Again, the \isi{case} marker attaches to the rightmost element.
A: word: katan=f	 gloss: small=ERG
B: word: etha=ma	 gloss: three=CHAR
C: word: katan	 gloss: small
D: word: katan=r	 gloss: small=PURP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik ___ katan=r kwa ya\stem{re}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ small=PURP FUT TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/look.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then, he will look around for a small hole.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These formatives attach to the rightmost element of the phrase, but have scope over the wits gloss ___ \isi{noun phrase}. In example (\ref{ex485}), the adjective katan `small' precedes the noun nzram `flower' and the \isi{case} marker attaches to the latter. Example (\ref{ex484}) shows the same adjective postposed to the noun the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___'. Again, the \isi{case} marker attaches to the rightmost element.
A: word: yfö=me	 gloss: hole=INS
B: word: yfö=n	 gloss: hole=LOC
C: word: nafa-ŋafe=ane	 gloss: Third.POSS-father=POSS.SG
D: word: yfö	 gloss: hole
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ zä zf wa\stem{m}nzr.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ PROX IMM FSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/dwell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I live right here.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{absolutive} \isi{case} is almost always unmarked. The \isi{non-singular} \isi{clitic} (=é), (=yé) when it follows a vowel, is rarely used. On the clausal level the \isi{absolutive} encodes the single argument of \isi{intransitive} verbs (\ref{ex486}), or the \isi{patient} argument of \isi{transitive} verbs (\ref{ex487}).
A: word: nima=thatha	 gloss: like.this=Simil
B: word: nzä=nzo	 gloss: FSG.ABS=ONLY
C: word: nzä	 gloss: FSG.ABS
D: word: mni=f=nzo	 gloss: fire=ERG=ONLY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ fthé fof afa=f school=en zwä\stem{thb}a.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ when EMPH father=ERG.SG school=LOC STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:PST:PFV/put.inside.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That was when father put me in school.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{absolutive} \isi{case} is almost always unmarked. The \isi{non-singular} \isi{clitic} (=é), (=yé) when it follows a vowel, is rarely used. On the clausal level the \isi{absolutive} encodes the single argument of \isi{intransitive} verbs (\ref{ex486}), or the \isi{patient} argument of \isi{transitive} verbs (\ref{ex487}).
A: word: masen=ane	 gloss: masen=POSS.SG
B: word: rokar	 gloss: thing
C: word: nzä=nzo	 gloss: FSG.ABS=ONLY
D: word: nzä	 gloss: FSG.ABS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ sre\stem{thkäf}e zane zf y\stem{myukn}wé.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FPL:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:IRR:PFV/start DEM:PROX IMM FSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/roll.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We would start twisting it. I am twisting this here.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: When a nominalised verb functions as the \isi{patient} of a matrix clause, it appears with no overt \isi{case} marking. It could be analysed as being marked with \isi{absolutive} \isi{case}, though for reasons of parsimony I will not \isi{gloss} it as such. This commonly occurs with phasal verbs, like in (\ref{ex488}), where the speaker shows me how to make a whistle from a coconut leaf.
A: word: myukn-si	 gloss: roll-NMLZ
B: word: kn-si=ma	 gloss: roll-NMLZ=CHAR
C: word: zafe=wä	 gloss: old=EMPH
D: word: k-rä-bth-∅	 gloss: M.BET-IRR.VC..NDU-finish.RS-STSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ama=é bä thfa\stem{m}rnm ksi kar=en.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ mother=ABS.NSG MED STDU:SBJ:PST:DUR/dwell bush place=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`My two mothers lived there in the bush.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Overt marking of \isi{non-singular} \isi{number} is possible if the referent is \isi{animate}. The formative is =é if the host is consonant-final, and =yé if it is vowel-final. Hence, there is a syncretism between \isi{absolutive} and \isi{ergative} \isi{non-singular}. This pattern of syncretism is also found in the first \isi{person} pronouns ({\S}\ref{personalpronouns-sec}), where ni is used for both \isi{ergative} and \isi{absolutive} \isi{non-singular}. As a \isi{case} marker on \isi{absolutive} noun phrases it is very rare. One example is given in (\ref{ex609}).
A: word: nzone	 gloss: FSG.POSS
B: word: ŋazi=thatha	 gloss: coconut=Simil
C: word: nzun-gath	 gloss: FSG.POSS-friend
D: word: nzone=wä	 gloss: FSG.POSS=EMPH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): okay ausi za\stem{kor}a ŋame ___ ŋare=f wan\stem{mri}nzr ... ausi=f sa\stem{kor}a ane=ma fof gu\stem{ko}nzé nima kma=m foba gni\stem{yak}é.
Gloss (with missing item): okay old.woman STSG:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:PST:PFV/speak mother ___ woman=ERG.SG STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV:VENIT/chase ... old.woman=ERG.SG STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:PFV/speak DEM=CHAR EMPH FSG:SBJ>SSG:OBJ:Rpst:IPFV/speak Quot Pot=Appr DIST.ABL SSG:SBJ:IMP:IPFV/walk.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Okay, he said to the old woman: ``Mother, the Nzürna woman is chasing after me!'' The old woman told him: ``That is why I told you: Don't go there!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{ergative} \isi{case} marker is =f (\Sg) or =é (\Nsg). The \isi{ergative} usually operates at the clausal level. It encodes the semantic role of actor or \isi{stimulus}. Example (\ref{ex463}) is taken from a ``Nzürna story''. These stories are widespread in the Morehead region. The main character the morpheme ___, but also the plot of the stories, bears some resemblance to the classic European witch stories.
A: word: trik-si	 gloss: tell-NMLZ
B: word: wo-a-rnzür-wr-a-th	 gloss: FSG.ALPH-VC.-dance.EXT-NDU-PST-STNSG
C: word: fafen	 gloss: during
D: word: nzürna	 gloss: nzürna
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): okay ausi za\stem{kor}a ŋame nzürna ŋare=f wan\stem{mri}nzr ... ___ sa\stem{kor}a ane=ma fof gu\stem{ko}nzé nima kma=m foba gni\stem{yak}é.
Gloss (with missing item): okay old.woman STSG:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:PST:PFV/speak mother nzürna woman=ERG.SG STSG:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV:VENIT/chase ... ___ STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:PFV/speak DEM=CHAR EMPH FSG:SBJ>SSG:OBJ:Rpst:IPFV/speak Quot Pot=Appr DIST.ABL SSG:SBJ:IMP:IPFV/walk.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Okay, he said to the old woman: ``Mother, the Nzürna woman is chasing after me!'' The old woman told him: ``That is why I told you: Don't go there!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{ergative} \isi{case} marker is =f (\Sg) or =é (\Nsg). The \isi{ergative} usually operates at the clausal level. It encodes the semantic role of actor or \isi{stimulus}. Example (\ref{ex463}) is taken from a ``Nzürna story''. These stories are widespread in the Morehead region. The main character nzürna, but also the plot of the stories, bears some resemblance to the classic European witch stories.
A: word: kafar=nzo	 gloss: big=ONLY
B: word: ausi	 gloss: old.woman
C: word: ausi=f	 gloss: old.woman=ERG.SG
D: word: kayé=thamar	 gloss: tomorrow=TEMP.PURP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C