cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): brbr=f ___ b=y\stem{fn}nza.
Gloss (with missing item): spirit=ERG.SG ___ MED=STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/hit.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spirit was hitting (against) the canoe there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All common nouns can serve as the host for \isi{case} clitics (\isi{ergative}, \isi{dative}, \isi{possessive}, \isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}, \isi{instrumental}, \isi{characteristic}, \isi{purposive}, \isi{associative}, \isi{proprietive}, \isi{privative}, \isi{similative}) or receive other \isi{nominal} morphology (\isi{exclusive}, \isi{emphatic}). As I describe in {\S}\ref{formfunccase}, \isi{case} markers operate at the level of the \isi{noun phrase}. Noun phrases headed by a \isi{noun} can function as arguments or adjuncts, as well as complements of the copula. This is illustrated by the \isi{ergative} and absolutive-marked arguments in example (\ref{ex044}).\footnote{The absolutive case is zero-marked in singular, and the non-singular formative -é is rare throughout the corpus. In example (\ref{ex044}), the word the morpheme ___ `canoe' is glossed with the absolutive case in brackets. Note that for most examples in this grammar, I do not gloss the absolutive if it is zero-marked. Exceptions are those examples, where the case value is important for the decription.} Example (\ref{ex045}) shows a locative-marked \isi{noun} which functions as an adjunct.
A: word: baf=ane	 gloss: Recog=POSS.SG
B: word: garda=karä	 gloss: canoe=PROP
C: word: garda=me	 gloss: canoe=INS
D: word: garda	 gloss: canoe(ABS)
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ garda b=y\stem{fn}nza.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ canoe(ABS) MED=STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/hit.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spirit was hitting (against) the canoe there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All common nouns can serve as the host for \isi{case} clitics (\isi{ergative}, \isi{dative}, \isi{possessive}, \isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}, \isi{instrumental}, \isi{characteristic}, \isi{purposive}, \isi{associative}, \isi{proprietive}, \isi{privative}, \isi{similative}) or receive other \isi{nominal} morphology (\isi{exclusive}, \isi{emphatic}). As I describe in {\S}\ref{formfunccase}, \isi{case} markers operate at the level of the \isi{noun phrase}. Noun phrases headed by a \isi{noun} can function as arguments or adjuncts, as well as complements of the copula. This is illustrated by the \isi{ergative} and absolutive-marked arguments in example (\ref{ex044}).\footnote{The absolutive case is zero-marked in singular, and the non-singular formative -é is rare throughout the corpus. In example (\ref{ex044}), the word garda `canoe' is glossed with the absolutive case in brackets. Note that for most examples in this grammar, I do not gloss the absolutive if it is zero-marked. Exceptions are those examples, where the case value is important for the decription.} Example (\ref{ex045}) shows a locative-marked \isi{noun} which functions as an adjunct.
A: word: brbr=nzo	 gloss: spirit=ONLY
B: word: nzürna	 gloss: spirit
C: word: brbr=f	 gloss: spirit=ERG.SG
D: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): brbr=f ___ b=y\stem{fn}nza.
Gloss (with missing item): spirit=ERG.SG ___ MED=STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/hit.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spirit was hitting (against) the canoe there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All common nouns can serve as the host for \isi{case} clitics (\isi{ergative}, \isi{dative}, \isi{possessive}, \isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}, \isi{instrumental}, \isi{characteristic}, \isi{purposive}, \isi{associative}, \isi{proprietive}, \isi{privative}, \isi{similative}) or receive other \isi{nominal} morphology (\isi{exclusive}, \isi{emphatic}). As I describe in {\S}\ref{formfunccase}, \isi{case} markers operate at the level of the \isi{noun phrase}. Noun phrases headed by a \isi{noun} can function as arguments or adjuncts, as well as complements of the copula. This is illustrated by the \isi{ergative} and absolutive-marked arguments in example (\ref{ex044}).\footnote{The absolutive case is zero-marked in singular, and the non-singular formative -é is rare throughout the corpus. In example (\ref{ex044}), the word the morpheme ___ `canoe' is glossed with the absolutive case in brackets. Note that for most examples in this grammar, I do not gloss the absolutive if it is zero-marked. Exceptions are those examples, where the case value is important for the decription.} Example (\ref{ex045}) shows a locative-marked \isi{noun} which functions as an adjunct.
A: word: garda=karä	 gloss: canoe=PROP
B: word: garda=me	 gloss: canoe=INS
C: word: garda	 gloss: canoe(ABS)
D: word: wri	 gloss: intoxication
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ni fä nzwa\stem{m}nzrm.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FNSG DIST FPL:SBJ:PST:DUR/dwell.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We were staying in Masu over there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All common nouns can serve as the host for \isi{case} clitics (\isi{ergative}, \isi{dative}, \isi{possessive}, \isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}, \isi{instrumental}, \isi{characteristic}, \isi{purposive}, \isi{associative}, \isi{proprietive}, \isi{privative}, \isi{similative}) or receive other \isi{nominal} morphology (\isi{exclusive}, \isi{emphatic}). As I describe in {\S}\ref{formfunccase}, \isi{case} markers operate at the level of the \isi{noun phrase}. Noun phrases headed by a \isi{noun} can function as arguments or adjuncts, as well as complements of the copula. This is illustrated by the \isi{ergative} and absolutive-marked arguments in example (\ref{ex044}).\footnote{The absolutive case is zero-marked in singular, and the non-singular formative -é is rare throughout the corpus. In example (\ref{ex044}), the word garda `canoe' is glossed with the absolutive case in brackets. Note that for most examples in this grammar, I do not gloss the absolutive if it is zero-marked. Exceptions are those examples, where the case value is important for the decription.} Example (\ref{ex045}) shows a locative-marked \isi{noun} which functions as an adjunct.
A: word: masu=n	 gloss: masu=LOC
B: word: ezi=thamar	 gloss: morning=TEMP.PURP
C: word: masu	 gloss: masu
D: word: ŋanz=märe	 gloss: row=PRIV
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ŋatha=yé ___ kam] ya\stem{na}thrth.
Gloss (with missing item): dog=ERG.NSG ___ bone STPL:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/eat.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The dogs are chewing a wallaby bone.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns typically function as the \isi{head} of a \isi{noun phrase} or as the \isi{head} of a \isi{nominal} compound. Compounds are described in {\S}\ref{compounds-subsec}. Example (\ref{ex046}) shows the \isi{noun} waniwani `picture, shadow' as the \isi{head} of the noun phrase modified by the \isi{demonstrative} zane and the \isi{adjective} katan. Nouns may act as modifiers within a noun phrase. In the \isi{nominal} compound in (\ref{ex047}) the two nouns act as \isi{head} (kam `bone') and \isi{modifier} (the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___'). In the examples NPs are marked off by [].
A: word: tauri	 gloss: wallaby
B: word: tauri=fo	 gloss: wallaby=All
C: word: rthé=thamane	 gloss: when=TEMP.POSS
D: word: rouku	 gloss: rouku
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ \stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ TSGMASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He is hungry.' \uline{not:} `It is hunger.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Note that with \isi{intransitive} verbs, like the copula, property nouns function as \isi{nominal} predicates. A clause like (\ref{ex031}) can only be interpreted as having an omitted \isi{subject} noun phrase which is third person singular masculine. It cannot be analysed in a way that the morpheme ___ `hunger' is the argument of the copula.
A: word: frasi=nzo	 gloss: hunger=ONLY
B: word: kabe	 gloss: man
C: word: nz-rä-kor-∅	 gloss: FNSG.BET-IRR.NDU-speak.RS-STSG
D: word: frasi	 gloss: hungry
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ \stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ TSGMASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He is hungry.' \uline{not:} `It is hunger.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hence, we could say that property nouns escape indexation in the \isi{undergoer} prefix and as a consequence there is no \isi{gender} agreement. If informants are asked directly whether a given \isi{noun} is \isi{feminine} or \isi{masculine}, they can answer this promptly, but with property nouns, they hesitate and often answer: ``it depends''. In an example like (\ref{ex031}), it depends on the intended meaning: `she is its gloss ___' or `he is its gloss ___'. Thus, it depends on the \isi{gender} of the referent indexed in the copula, not on the \isi{property noun}.
A: word: twof	 gloss: heat
B: word: bafane	 gloss: Recog.POSS.SG
C: word: frasi	 gloss: hungry
D: word: frasi=nzo	 gloss: hunger=ONLY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ŋan\stem{rak}nza zbo zf z=\stem{yé} zä zf fthé ___ ya\stem{fiyok}wa z=\stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): STSG:SBJ:PST:IPFV:VENIT/crawl PROX.All IMM PROX=TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be PROX IMM when ___ STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/make PROX=TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It crawled here to this place. That is when it got stuck right here.' (lit. `Hardness did it.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Secondly, property nouns indexed in the actor suffix trigger a default \isi{singular} \isi{number} agreement. This occurs in \isi{experiencer-object} constructions (\ref{ex035}) or in the \isi{middle} template (\ref{ex040}). In (\ref{ex035}), the \isi{property noun} thkar `hardness' is flagged with the \isi{ergative} \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the verb fiyoksi `make'. This example is from a myth in which a crocodile creates a large pool of water, because it got stuck, which translates literally as `hardness made it'. In (\ref{ex040}), the \isi{property noun} twof `heat' is in the absolutive \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the middle verb sogsi `ascend'. In both examples, the indexed person/\isi{number} value is \Stsg. See {\S}\ref{expobjconstr} for \isi{experiencer-object} constructions and {\S}\ref{middletemplatesubsection} for a description of the middle template.
A: word: no=f	 gloss: water=ERG
B: word: fthé	 gloss: when
C: word: kar=fo	 gloss: village=All
D: word: thkar=f	 gloss: hardness=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nafane ___ kre\stem{söbäth} nzafar=fo.
Gloss (with missing item): TSG.POSS ___ STSG:SBJ:IRR:PFV/ascend sky=All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Its heat rose up to the sky.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Secondly, property nouns indexed in the actor suffix trigger a default \isi{singular} \isi{number} agreement. This occurs in \isi{experiencer-object} constructions (\ref{ex035}) or in the \isi{middle} template (\ref{ex040}). In (\ref{ex035}), the \isi{property noun} thkar `hardness' is flagged with the \isi{ergative} \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the verb fiyoksi `make'. This example is from a myth in which a crocodile creates a large pool of water, because it got stuck, which translates literally as `hardness made it'. In (\ref{ex040}), the \isi{property noun} the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' is in the absolutive \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the middle verb sogsi `ascend'. In both examples, the indexed person/\isi{number} value is \Stsg. See {\S}\ref{expobjconstr} for \isi{experiencer-object} constructions and {\S}\ref{middletemplatesubsection} for a description of the middle template.
A: word: e-n-thorak-w-a-∅	 gloss: STNSG.ALPH-VENIT-arrive.EXT-NDU-PST-STSG
B: word: twof	 gloss: heat
C: word: twof-thé	 gloss: heat-Adlzr
D: word: krär=me	 gloss: kava=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ŋan\stem{rak}nza zbo zf z=\stem{yé} zä zf fthé ___ ya\stem{fiyok}wa z=\stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): STSG:SBJ:PST:IPFV:VENIT/crawl PROX.All IMM PROX=TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be PROX IMM when ___ STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/make PROX=TSG.MASC:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`It crawled here to this place. That is when it got stuck right here.' (lit. `Hardness did it.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Secondly, property nouns indexed in the actor suffix trigger a default \isi{singular} \isi{number} agreement. This occurs in \isi{experiencer-object} constructions (\ref{ex035}) or in the \isi{middle} template (\ref{ex040}). In (\ref{ex035}), the \isi{property noun} thkar `hardness' is flagged with the \isi{ergative} \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the verb fiyoksi `make'. This example is from a myth in which a crocodile creates a large pool of water, because it got stuck, which translates literally as `hardness made it'. In (\ref{ex040}), the \isi{property noun} twof `heat' is in the absolutive \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the middle verb sogsi `ascend'. In both examples, the indexed person/\isi{number} value is \Stsg. See {\S}\ref{expobjconstr} for \isi{experiencer-object} constructions and {\S}\ref{middletemplatesubsection} for a description of the middle template.
A: word: no=f	 gloss: water=ERG
B: word: zan=r=nzo	 gloss: fight=PURP=ONLY
C: word: kar=fo	 gloss: village=All
D: word: thkar=f	 gloss: hardness=ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nafane ___ kre\stem{söbäth} nzafar=fo.
Gloss (with missing item): TSG.POSS ___ STSG:SBJ:IRR:PFV/ascend sky=All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Its heat rose up to the sky.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Secondly, property nouns indexed in the actor suffix trigger a default \isi{singular} \isi{number} agreement. This occurs in \isi{experiencer-object} constructions (\ref{ex035}) or in the \isi{middle} template (\ref{ex040}). In (\ref{ex035}), the \isi{property noun} thkar `hardness' is flagged with the \isi{ergative} \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the verb fiyoksi `make'. This example is from a myth in which a crocodile creates a large pool of water, because it got stuck, which translates literally as `hardness made it'. In (\ref{ex040}), the \isi{property noun} the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' is in the absolutive \isi{case}, and it is indexed in the suffix of the middle verb sogsi `ascend'. In both examples, the indexed person/\isi{number} value is \Stsg. See {\S}\ref{expobjconstr} for \isi{experiencer-object} constructions and {\S}\ref{middletemplatesubsection} for a description of the middle template.
A: word: yabun	 gloss: big
B: word: twof	 gloss: heat
C: word: twof-thé	 gloss: heat-Adlzr
D: word: etha=ma	 gloss: three=CHAR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nafane ___ kre\stem{söbäth} nzafar=fo.
Gloss (with missing item): TSG.POSS ___ STSG:SBJ:IRR:PFV/ascend sky=All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Its heat rose up to the sky.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex040}) shows that property nouns can enter into a \isi{possessive} construction. This is another characteristic they share with nouns and which sets them apart from adjectives. In this case, the morpheme ___ is the \isi{possessed}. Although there are no examples attested in the corpus where a \isi{property noun} is the \isi{possessor}, this is confirmed by data from elicitation.
A: word: bänemr	 gloss: Recog.PURP
B: word: twof	 gloss: heat
C: word: twof-thé	 gloss: heat-Adlzr
D: word: zane=me	 gloss: DEM:PROX=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ sre\stem{thkäf} kwa ŋa\stem{brig}wr efoth b=\stem{yé}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:IRR:PFV/start FUT STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/return sun MED=TSG.MASC:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She started sweet-talking him: ``Will you go back? The sun is already setting!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In addition to \isi{nominal} modification, property nouns can have a coverb function. Property nouns may occur with light verbs (rä- `do', fiyoksi `make', ko- `become') or phasal verbs (thkäfsi `start', bthaksi `finish'). In (\ref{ex041}), a malevolent spirit is trying to lure a traveller to stay the night at her camp. In the construction, the \isi{property noun} the morpheme ___ `sweet talk' expresses most of the semantics of the event while the phasal verb thkäfksi `start' takes the inflection and indexing.
A: word: garamgaram	 gloss: sweet.talk
B: word: aya	 gloss: oh
C: word: f-frü-kak=me=nzo	 gloss: REDUP-single-DISTR=INS=ONLY
D: word: arammba	 gloss: arammba
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A