cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 134:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kwa nr kabe=é thra\stem{na}thrth ... nima ivan-a-ŋame b=\stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FUT belly people=ERG.NSG STPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:IRR:IPFV/eat ... like.this ivan-POSS-mother MED=TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The pregnant people will not eat them ... like Ivan's mother there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{negator} keke occurs in preverbal position (\ref{ex319}). In rapid speech it is sometimes shortened to ke. There is a second \isi{negator} the morpheme ___ (\ref{ex365}), which is mostly used by older speakers. Both negators can stand alone in an exclamation or as the answer to a \isi{question}. Example (\ref{ex319}) comes from a story about the speaker's father's generation. Example (\ref{ex365}) is taken from a conversation about food taboos.
A: word: naf	 gloss: TSG.ERG
B: word: kyo	 gloss: NEG
C: word: kabe	 gloss: man
D: word: miyo	 gloss: desire
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 135:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tüfr kabe ___ thf\stem{rä}rm.
Gloss (with missing item): plenty people ___ STPL:SBJ:PST:DUR/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`They were not many people.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{negator} the morpheme ___ occurs in preverbal position (\ref{ex319}). In rapid speech it is sometimes shortened to ke. There is a second \isi{negator} kyo (\ref{ex365}), which is mostly used by older speakers. Both negators can stand alone in an exclamation or as the answer to a \isi{question}. Example (\ref{ex319}) comes from a story about the speaker's father's generation. Example (\ref{ex365}) is taken from a conversation about food taboos.
A: word: näbi-kak=me	 gloss: one-DISTR=INS
B: word: keke	 gloss: NEG
C: word: ŋarake=r	 gloss: fence=PURP
D: word: naf	 gloss: TSG.ERG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 136:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kwa nr kabe=é thra\stem{na}thrth ... nima ivan-a-ŋame b=\stem{rä}.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FUT belly people=ERG.NSG STPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:IRR:IPFV/eat ... like.this ivan-POSS-mother MED=TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The pregnant people will not eat them ... like Ivan's mother there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{negator} keke occurs in preverbal position (\ref{ex319}). In rapid speech it is sometimes shortened to ke. There is a second \isi{negator} the morpheme ___ (\ref{ex365}), which is mostly used by older speakers. Both negators can stand alone in an exclamation or as the answer to a \isi{question}. Example (\ref{ex319}) comes from a story about the speaker's father's generation. Example (\ref{ex365}) is taken from a conversation about food taboos.
A: word: zena=fa	 gloss: today=ABL
B: word: kyo	 gloss: NEG
C: word: naf	 gloss: TSG.ERG
D: word: miyo	 gloss: desire
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 137:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kafar z zä\stem{kor}a fof ... kafar ... watik nzone tmä ___ katan=me ŋa\stem{rsör}m.
Gloss (with missing item): big IAM FSG:SBJ:PST:PFV/become EMPH ... big ... then FSG.POSS strength ___ small=INS STSG:SBJ:Rpst:DUR/recede.
The English translation of this sentence is:`I have grown old ... and my strength has also gone down a little.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' functions as an additive \isi{focus} marker. It usually has scope over a whole proposition. It is rather flexible with respect to its position, and it may occur several times in a clause. Semantically, it always presupposes some event that has been established in the previous discourse. We can see this in example (\ref{ex131}), where the speaker makes an additional comment as to why his time as a busy yam gardener has come to an end.
A: word: zawe	 gloss: preference
B: word: bramöwä	 gloss: all
C: word: z-a-föf-é	 gloss: TSG.F.GAM-VC..NDU-burn.down.RS-FSG
D: word: we	 gloss: also
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 138:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): watik zane=nzo [fthé ___ krä\stem{gathinz}th z=e\stem{thn} ... dagon=ma fof.
Gloss (with missing item): then DEM:PROX=ONLY [when ___ STPL:SBJ:IRR:PFV/stop PROX=STPL:SBJ:NONPAST:STAT/lie.down ... food=CHAR EMPH.
The English translation of this sentence is:`That is the time when only these ones are left. These lying here ... (are) really for eating.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ is the word which occurs with the highest \isi{frequency} in the corpus (around 2,000 tokens). It marks presentational \isi{focus} of quite a wide range of elements. It always follows the element over which is has scope. This may be an adjunct (\ref{ex112}), an argument (\ref{ex113}), or the whole clause if it occurs after the verb (second the morpheme ___ in \ref{ex113}). In the examples below, the square brackets indicate the scope of the \isi{particle}. Both examples come from a procedural text, in which the speaker presents his yam storage house. He explains the system by which the yams are piled up and sorted.
A: word: fof	 gloss: EMPH]
B: word: brbr=f	 gloss: spirit=ERG.SG
C: word: bu-ŋame	 gloss: SSG.POSS-mother
D: word: fofosa	 gloss: heart
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 139:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): [ŋazäthe=ma [wawa ane ___ e\stem{rä} fof].
Gloss (with missing item): [ŋazäthe=CHAR [yam DEM ___ STPL:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be EMPH].
The English translation of this sentence is:`These yams are really from \NG{}azäthe.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ is the word which occurs with the highest \isi{frequency} in the corpus (around 2,000 tokens). It marks presentational \isi{focus} of quite a wide range of elements. It always follows the element over which is has scope. This may be an adjunct (\ref{ex112}), an argument (\ref{ex113}), or the whole clause if it occurs after the verb (second the morpheme ___ in \ref{ex113}). In the examples below, the square brackets indicate the scope of the \isi{particle}. Both examples come from a procedural text, in which the speaker presents his yam storage house. He explains the system by which the yams are piled up and sorted.
A: word: nafane=ma	 gloss: TSG.POSS=CHAR
B: word: fof	 gloss: EMPH]
C: word: kabe	 gloss: man
D: word: fofosa	 gloss: heart
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 140:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): [ŋazäthe=ma [wawa ane ___ e\stem{rä} fof].
Gloss (with missing item): [ŋazäthe=CHAR [yam DEM ___ STPL:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be EMPH].
The English translation of this sentence is:`These yams are really from \NG{}azäthe.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The \isi{particle} the morpheme ___ is the word which occurs with the highest \isi{frequency} in the corpus (around 2,000 tokens). It marks presentational \isi{focus} of quite a wide range of elements. It always follows the element over which is has scope. This may be an adjunct (\ref{ex112}), an argument (\ref{ex113}), or the whole clause if it occurs after the verb (second the morpheme ___ in \ref{ex113}). In the examples below, the square brackets indicate the scope of the \isi{particle}. Both examples come from a procedural text, in which the speaker presents his yam storage house. He explains the system by which the yams are piled up and sorted.
A: word: fof	 gloss: EMPH]
B: word: rthé=thamane	 gloss: when=TEMP.POSS
C: word: fofosa	 gloss: heart
D: word: yafsinzake	 gloss: FPL:SBJ>TSG.MASC:IO:PST:IPFV/count
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 141:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati nagawa ŋa\stem{brig}wa si=r ___ \stem{rä}] o z kwa\stem{rsir} mni=n.
Gloss (with missing item): then nagawa STSG:SBJ:PST:IPFV/return eye=PURP ___ TSG.F:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/be] or IAM STSG:SBJ:Rpst:IPFV/burn fire=LOC.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then Nagawa returned to check: was she still alive or did she burn in the fire?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In example (\ref{ex114}), we see that the morpheme ___ has scope over the predicate, the copula in this case. I have often overheard women scolding their children by saying the morpheme ___ kämés `Just sit down!'. In the example, a man returns to the place where the people of Firra took revenge on his wife after she had killed one of them.
A: word: ane	 gloss: DEM
B: word: komnzo	 gloss: [only
C: word: yorär	 gloss: yorär
D: word: mnz=en	 gloss: house=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 142:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): waniwani=me eda kwayan ___ y\stem{zä}nmth.
Gloss (with missing item): picture=INS two white ___ STDU:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/carry.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The two white people are taking a picture of it.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All the \isi{case} markers in Komnzo are analysed as clitics. Evidence for the first two criteria is given in examples (\ref{ex498}) and (\ref{ex499}), where the \isi{ergative} attaches to the rightmost element of an NP. The phrase boundaries are marked by square brackets in the examples. In (\ref{ex498}), the noun phrase is eda kwayan kabe `two white men'. In (\ref{ex499}), the \isi{adjective} is postposed and consequently is the last element of the phrase. Although \isi{case} markers are attached only to \isi{nominal}s, they show a low degree of selectivity within this macro-\isi{word class}. For a detailed discussion of the \isi{case} markers, the reader is referred to {\S}\ref{formfunccase}.
A: word: kabe=é	 gloss: people=ERG.NSG
B: word: mane=me	 gloss: which=INS
C: word: kabe=yé	 gloss: man=ERG.NSG
D: word: kambe=aneme	 gloss: man=POSS.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 143:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fam=é wa\stem{thofiyok}wrmth fof ... zbomr e eda kabe ___ zu\stem{kor}th paitua=f nima bänemr ŋa\stem{rä}r.
Gloss (with missing item): thought=ERG.NSG STPL:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:DUR/disturb EMPH ... until until two men ___ STDU:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/say old.man=ERG.SG like.this Recog.PURP STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/do.
The English translation of this sentence is:`These thoughts were disturbing me until the two big men told me: ``The old man thinks like this.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All the \isi{case} markers in Komnzo are analysed as clitics. Evidence for the first two criteria is given in examples (\ref{ex498}) and (\ref{ex499}), where the \isi{ergative} attaches to the rightmost element of an NP. The phrase boundaries are marked by square brackets in the examples. In (\ref{ex498}), the noun phrase is eda kwayan kabe `two white men'. In (\ref{ex499}), the \isi{adjective} is postposed and consequently is the last element of the phrase. Although \isi{case} markers are attached only to \isi{nominal}s, they show a low degree of selectivity within this macro-\isi{word class}. For a detailed discussion of the \isi{case} markers, the reader is referred to {\S}\ref{formfunccase}.
A: word: rnzam=é	 gloss: how.many=ERG.NSG
B: word: keke	 gloss: NEG
C: word: kafar=é	 gloss: big=ERG.NSG
D: word: kafar=wä	 gloss: big=EMPH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 144:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): waniwani=me eda kwayan ___ y\stem{zä}nmth.
Gloss (with missing item): picture=INS two white ___ STDU:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/carry.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The two white people are taking a picture of it.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All the \isi{case} markers in Komnzo are analysed as clitics. Evidence for the first two criteria is given in examples (\ref{ex498}) and (\ref{ex499}), where the \isi{ergative} attaches to the rightmost element of an NP. The phrase boundaries are marked by square brackets in the examples. In (\ref{ex498}), the noun phrase is eda kwayan kabe `two white men'. In (\ref{ex499}), the \isi{adjective} is postposed and consequently is the last element of the phrase. Although \isi{case} markers are attached only to \isi{nominal}s, they show a low degree of selectivity within this macro-\isi{word class}. For a detailed discussion of the \isi{case} markers, the reader is referred to {\S}\ref{formfunccase}.
A: word: kambe=aneme	 gloss: man=POSS.NSG
B: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
C: word: kabe=é	 gloss: people=ERG.NSG
D: word: kabe=yé	 gloss: man=ERG.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 145:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fam=é wa\stem{thofiyok}wrmth fof ... zbomr e eda kabe ___ zu\stem{kor}th paitua=f nima bänemr ŋa\stem{rä}r.
Gloss (with missing item): thought=ERG.NSG STPL:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:DUR/disturb EMPH ... until until two men ___ STDU:SBJ>FSG:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/say old.man=ERG.SG like.this Recog.PURP STSG:SBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/do.
The English translation of this sentence is:`These thoughts were disturbing me until the two big men told me: ``The old man thinks like this.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All the \isi{case} markers in Komnzo are analysed as clitics. Evidence for the first two criteria is given in examples (\ref{ex498}) and (\ref{ex499}), where the \isi{ergative} attaches to the rightmost element of an NP. The phrase boundaries are marked by square brackets in the examples. In (\ref{ex498}), the noun phrase is eda kwayan kabe `two white men'. In (\ref{ex499}), the \isi{adjective} is postposed and consequently is the last element of the phrase. Although \isi{case} markers are attached only to \isi{nominal}s, they show a low degree of selectivity within this macro-\isi{word class}. For a detailed discussion of the \isi{case} markers, the reader is referred to {\S}\ref{formfunccase}.
A: word: kafar=wä	 gloss: big=EMPH
B: word: näbi	 gloss: one
C: word: rnzam=é	 gloss: how.many=ERG.NSG
D: word: kafar=é	 gloss: big=ERG.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 146:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): yaka ___ sre\stem{wakuth}.
Gloss (with missing item): yamstick ___ STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:IRR:PFV/pick.up.
The English translation of this sentence is:`She picked up the yamstick to kill him.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The other \isi{nominal} enclitics are no \isi{case} markers: \isi{exclusive} =nzo (\Only), empathic =wä (\Emph) and et cetera =sü (\Etc). The first forms the \isi{nominal} counterpart of the \isi{particle} komnzo ({\S}\ref{discourse-particles}). This \isi{clitic} satisfies criteria (iv) in that it is a reduced form of an independent lexical item. It functions as a contrastive \isi{focus} marker and I translate it to with \ili{English} `only'. Hence, in example (\ref{ex115}), the woman picks up the yamstick with only one thing on her mind. Note that this example shows that the \isi{clitic} =nzo satisfies criteria (iii): the ability to attach to other clitics. The \isi{exclusive} \isi{enclitic} =nzo will be discussed again {\S}\ref{exclusivenzo}.
A: word: zan=r=nzo	 gloss: fight=PURP=ONLY
B: word: yorär	 gloss: yorär
C: word: bänemr=nzo	 gloss: Recog.PURP=ONLY
D: word: bramöwä	 gloss: all
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 147:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): gatha fam ___ gn\stem{rä}ré mon=wä z fam thä\stem{kuk}e.
Gloss (with missing item): bad thought ___ SSG:SBJ:IMP:IPFV/be how=EMPH IAM thought FPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:Rpst:PFV/erect.
The English translation of this sentence is:`You must not think bad about how we made up our minds.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The second set of verbal proclitics comprises m= and n=. Depending on their morpho-syntactic context, they can be classified as either clitics or particles. The m= \isi{proclitic} was briefly addressed in {\S}\ref{demonstrative-identifiers-subsec}. We saw in \tabref{demonstratives-table}, that m= patterns with the interrogatives. Thus, it patterns with the three \isi{deictic} proclitics. However, this is a marginal function, because it is found only with the copula. More frequently, m= occurs with verb forms in \isi{irrealis} or \isi{imperative} mood. In this case it adds the meaning of apprehension (`X might happen!'), as in (\ref{ex119}). Furthermore, with \isi{imperative} verb forms only \uline{and} with the \isi{potential} \isi{particle} kma it expresses prohibition (`don't do X!'), as in (\ref{ex111}). In this latter function, m is analysed as a \isi{particle} rather than a \isi{proclitic}. This is discussed in detail in {\S}\ref{apprehensivem}.
A: word: kma	 gloss: Pot
B: word: kma=m	 gloss: Pot=Appr
C: word: nima=me	 gloss: like.this=INS
D: word: zan=r=nzo	 gloss: fight=PURP=ONLY
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B