cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ garda b=y\stem{fn}nza.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ canoe(ABS) MED=STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/hit.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spirit was hitting (against) the canoe there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns are distinct from other \isi{nominal}s in being the only lexical items which trigger \isi{gender} agreement. The agreement target is the third \isi{person} singular prefix of the verb ({\S}\ref{gender-subsec}). The semantics of the \isi{gender} system is described in the following section ({\S}\ref{gender-system-sec}). Additionally, nouns trigger \isi{number} agreement, in this they resemble other \isi{nominal} subclasses such as pronouns. The agreement target for \isi{number} depends on the type of argument, but it involves three distinct verbal affix slots (the \isi{undergoer} prefix, the actor suffix, and the duality marker). The verb morphology will be laid out in chapter \ref{cha:verb morphology}, but we get a glimpse of the agreement system in examples (\ref{ex044}-\ref{ex047}).
A: word: brbr=f	 gloss: spirit=ERG.SG
B: word: brbr=nzo	 gloss: spirit=ONLY
C: word: nzürna	 gloss: spirit
D: word: kafar=é	 gloss: big=ERG.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): brbr=f ___ b=y\stem{fn}nza.
Gloss (with missing item): spirit=ERG.SG ___ MED=STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/hit.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spirit was hitting (against) the canoe there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns are distinct from other \isi{nominal}s in being the only lexical items which trigger \isi{gender} agreement. The agreement target is the third \isi{person} singular prefix of the verb ({\S}\ref{gender-subsec}). The semantics of the \isi{gender} system is described in the following section ({\S}\ref{gender-system-sec}). Additionally, nouns trigger \isi{number} agreement, in this they resemble other \isi{nominal} subclasses such as pronouns. The agreement target for \isi{number} depends on the type of argument, but it involves three distinct verbal affix slots (the \isi{undergoer} prefix, the actor suffix, and the duality marker). The verb morphology will be laid out in chapter \ref{cha:verb morphology}, but we get a glimpse of the agreement system in examples (\ref{ex044}-\ref{ex047}).
A: word: garda	 gloss: canoe(ABS)
B: word: garda=me	 gloss: canoe=INS
C: word: gathagatha=me=nzo	 gloss: bad=INS=ONLY
D: word: garda=karä	 gloss: canoe=PROP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ŋatha=yé ___ kam] ya\stem{na}thrth.
Gloss (with missing item): dog=ERG.NSG ___ bone STPL:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:NONPAST:IPFV/eat.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The dogs are chewing a wallaby bone.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns are distinct from other \isi{nominal}s in being the only lexical items which trigger \isi{gender} agreement. The agreement target is the third \isi{person} singular prefix of the verb ({\S}\ref{gender-subsec}). The semantics of the \isi{gender} system is described in the following section ({\S}\ref{gender-system-sec}). Additionally, nouns trigger \isi{number} agreement, in this they resemble other \isi{nominal} subclasses such as pronouns. The agreement target for \isi{number} depends on the type of argument, but it involves three distinct verbal affix slots (the \isi{undergoer} prefix, the actor suffix, and the duality marker). The verb morphology will be laid out in chapter \ref{cha:verb morphology}, but we get a glimpse of the agreement system in examples (\ref{ex044}-\ref{ex047}).
A: word: tauri=fo	 gloss: wallaby=All
B: word: komnzo	 gloss: only
C: word: tauri	 gloss: wallaby
D: word: nzefé	 gloss: FSG.ERG.EMPH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati ___ zan\stem{rifth}ath mayawa=nmedbo rouku bäne=fo ... masu=fo.
Gloss (with missing item): then ___ STPL:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:PST:PFV/send mayawa=All.ANIM.NSG rouku Recog=All ... masu=All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then they send the word to us ... to the Mayawas in Rouku ... to there ... to Masu.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nominal \isi{number} marking takes place on the level of the \isi{noun phrase}, leaving aside the use of numerals. Nominal \isi{number} marking is underspecified for three reasons. First, only animates are marked for \isi{number}, especially humans. Example (\ref{ex494}) shows the \isi{allative} \isi{case} marker on several \isi{nominal}s, and only the \isi{animate} referents are marked for \isi{number}. Note that the spatial cases (\isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}) have special formatives for \isi{animate} referents ({\S}\ref{spatialcase}). Secondly, \isi{number} marking on the \isi{noun} only occurs when the respective \isi{noun phrase} is flagged with a \isi{case} marker. Thus, nouns out of syntactic context or \isi{noun phrases} in the \isi{absolutive} \isi{case}, which is \isi{zero}, have no \isi{nominal} \isi{number} marking. Thirdly, \isi{nominal} \isi{number} marking is based on a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.\footnote{The associative case is an exception. With animate referents it is used for the inclusory construction ({\S}\ref{inclusorycontruction}), and there the values are dual and plural, instead of singular and non-singular.} The full three-way distinction between \isi{singular}, \isi{dual} and \isi{plural} is encoded in the \isi{verb}. It follows that the majority of nouns or \isi{noun phrase}s are underspecified for \isi{number}, and for core \isi{case} arguments, \isi{number} is assigned morpho-syntactically via the agreement system of the verb.
A: word: nzenm	 gloss: FNSG.DAT
B: word: nzedbo	 gloss: FNSG.All
C: word: mayawa=medbo	 gloss: mayawa=All.ANIM.NSG
D: word: näbi-kak=me	 gloss: one-DISTR=INS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati nzedbo zan\stem{rifth}ath ___ rouku bäne=fo ... masu=fo.
Gloss (with missing item): then FNSG.All STPL:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:PST:PFV/send ___ rouku Recog=All ... masu=All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then they send the word to us ... to the Mayawas in Rouku ... to there ... to Masu.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nominal \isi{number} marking takes place on the level of the \isi{noun phrase}, leaving aside the use of numerals. Nominal \isi{number} marking is underspecified for three reasons. First, only animates are marked for \isi{number}, especially humans. Example (\ref{ex494}) shows the \isi{allative} \isi{case} marker on several \isi{nominal}s, and only the \isi{animate} referents are marked for \isi{number}. Note that the spatial cases (\isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}) have special formatives for \isi{animate} referents ({\S}\ref{spatialcase}). Secondly, \isi{number} marking on the \isi{noun} only occurs when the respective \isi{noun phrase} is flagged with a \isi{case} marker. Thus, nouns out of syntactic context or \isi{noun phrases} in the \isi{absolutive} \isi{case}, which is \isi{zero}, have no \isi{nominal} \isi{number} marking. Thirdly, \isi{nominal} \isi{number} marking is based on a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.\footnote{The associative case is an exception. With animate referents it is used for the inclusory construction ({\S}\ref{inclusorycontruction}), and there the values are dual and plural, instead of singular and non-singular.} The full three-way distinction between \isi{singular}, \isi{dual} and \isi{plural} is encoded in the \isi{verb}. It follows that the majority of nouns or \isi{noun phrase}s are underspecified for \isi{number}, and for core \isi{case} arguments, \isi{number} is assigned morpho-syntactically via the agreement system of the verb.
A: word: mayawa=ma	 gloss: mayawa=CHAR
B: word: zena=fa	 gloss: today=ABL
C: word: mayawa=nmedbo	 gloss: mayawa=All.ANIM.NSG
D: word: mayawa=medbo	 gloss: mayawa=All.ANIM.NSG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wati nzedbo zan\stem{rifth}ath mayawa=nmedbo rouku ___ ... masu=fo.
Gloss (with missing item): then FNSG.All STPL:SBJ>TSG.F:OBJ:PST:PFV/send mayawa=All.ANIM.NSG rouku ___ ... masu=All.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then they send the word to us ... to the Mayawas in Rouku ... to there ... to Masu.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nominal \isi{number} marking takes place on the level of the \isi{noun phrase}, leaving aside the use of numerals. Nominal \isi{number} marking is underspecified for three reasons. First, only animates are marked for \isi{number}, especially humans. Example (\ref{ex494}) shows the \isi{allative} \isi{case} marker on several \isi{nominal}s, and only the \isi{animate} referents are marked for \isi{number}. Note that the spatial cases (\isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}) have special formatives for \isi{animate} referents ({\S}\ref{spatialcase}). Secondly, \isi{number} marking on the \isi{noun} only occurs when the respective \isi{noun phrase} is flagged with a \isi{case} marker. Thus, nouns out of syntactic context or \isi{noun phrases} in the \isi{absolutive} \isi{case}, which is \isi{zero}, have no \isi{nominal} \isi{number} marking. Thirdly, \isi{nominal} \isi{number} marking is based on a \isi{singular} versus \isi{non-singular} distinction.\footnote{The associative case is an exception. With animate referents it is used for the inclusory construction ({\S}\ref{inclusorycontruction}), and there the values are dual and plural, instead of singular and non-singular.} The full three-way distinction between \isi{singular}, \isi{dual} and \isi{plural} is encoded in the \isi{verb}. It follows that the majority of nouns or \isi{noun phrase}s are underspecified for \isi{number}, and for core \isi{case} arguments, \isi{number} is assigned morpho-syntactically via the agreement system of the verb.
A: word: ktkt=me	 gloss: narrow=INS
B: word: bäne=ma	 gloss: DEM:MED=CHAR
C: word: bäne=fo	 gloss: Recog=All
D: word: baf=en	 gloss: Recog=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kwa\stem{bz}nwrme dagon faw=r.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FPL:SBJ:PST:DUR/work food payment=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We worked for food.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may undergo \isi{reduplication}, which signals plurality and/or non-prototypicality, as in yawiyawi `money, coins' from yawi `seed' or yamyam `marks' from yam `footprint'. An example is given in (\ref{ex503}) and (\ref{ex504}). Example (\ref{ex503}) shows the \isi{noun} the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', while the reduplicant the morpheme ___the morpheme ___ was often used for the kind of elicitation, recording and transcription its gloss ___ that I was doing (\ref{ex504}).
A: word: katan=me	 gloss: small=INS
B: word: znsä	 gloss: work
C: word: znsä-znsä=r	 gloss: REDUP-work=PURP
D: word: mon	 gloss: how
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): thrma n kwot thrä\stem{r}e bäne=ma ___ thwan\stem{yan}.
Gloss (with missing item): later IMN properly FPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:IRR:PFV/do MED=CHAR ___ STDU:SBJ:Rpst:IPFV:VENIT/walk.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Later, we will get them out properly because you came for work.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may undergo \isi{reduplication}, which signals plurality and/or non-prototypicality, as in yawiyawi `money, coins' from yawi `seed' or yamyam `marks' from yam `footprint'. An example is given in (\ref{ex503}) and (\ref{ex504}). Example (\ref{ex503}) shows the \isi{noun} znsä `work', while the reduplicant znsäznsä was often used for the kind of elicitation, recording and transcription work that I was doing (\ref{ex504}).
A: word: ezi=thamar	 gloss: morning=TEMP.PURP
B: word: znsä	 gloss: work
C: word: ra=r	 gloss: what=PURP
D: word: znsä-znsä=r	 gloss: REDUP-work=PURP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kwa\stem{bz}nwrme dagon faw=r.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ FPL:SBJ:PST:DUR/work food payment=PURP.
The English translation of this sentence is:`We worked for food.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may undergo \isi{reduplication}, which signals plurality and/or non-prototypicality, as in yawiyawi `money, coins' from yawi `seed' or yamyam `marks' from yam `footprint'. An example is given in (\ref{ex503}) and (\ref{ex504}). Example (\ref{ex503}) shows the \isi{noun} the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', while the reduplicant the morpheme ___the morpheme ___ was often used for the kind of elicitation, recording and transcription its gloss ___ that I was doing (\ref{ex504}).
A: word: znsä	 gloss: work
B: word: garda	 gloss: canoe(ABS)
C: word: mon	 gloss: how
D: word: znsä-znsä=r	 gloss: REDUP-work=PURP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): thrma n kwot thrä\stem{r}e bäne=ma ___ thwan\stem{yan}.
Gloss (with missing item): later IMN properly FPL:SBJ>STPL:OBJ:IRR:PFV/do MED=CHAR ___ STDU:SBJ:Rpst:IPFV:VENIT/walk.
The English translation of this sentence is:`Later, we will get them out properly because you came for work.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns may undergo \isi{reduplication}, which signals plurality and/or non-prototypicality, as in yawiyawi `money, coins' from yawi `seed' or yamyam `marks' from yam `footprint'. An example is given in (\ref{ex503}) and (\ref{ex504}). Example (\ref{ex503}) shows the \isi{noun} znsä `work', while the reduplicant znsäznsä was often used for the kind of elicitation, recording and transcription work that I was doing (\ref{ex504}).
A: word: wor-si=n	 gloss: plant-NMLZ=LOC
B: word: znsä-znsä=r	 gloss: REDUP-work=PURP
C: word: ra=r	 gloss: what=PURP
D: word: znsä	 gloss: work
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): fi ___ woku-thé ya\stem{r}a.
Gloss (with missing item): Third.ABS ___ skin-Adlzr TSG.MASC:SBJ:PST:IPFV/be.
The English translation of this sentence is:`He was a bit boyish.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In order to derive adjectives, some nouns take the \isi{adjectivaliser} suffix -thé. We can see this most clearly in the colour terms: kwayanthé `white' from kwayan `light' or frkthé `red' from frk `blood'. The productivity of -thé is rather limited and there are a number of lexical items which show frozen morphology. For example, yfrsé `black' from yfr `Syzygium sp' (used for black paint) shows an irregular variant, -sé instead of -thé. For dbömsé `blunt' there is no corresponding \isi{noun} without the suffix. The restrictions in terms of productivity can be explained by the presence of a class of property nouns to be discussed in {\S}\ref{propertynouns-sec}. There is an alternative strategy for deriving colour and shape adjectives. This involves the formation of a compound with the word woku `skin' which takes the \isi{adjectivaliser} suffix. The Komnzo equivalent for \ili{English} `green' is expressed by wämne taga wokuthé (lit. `tree leaf skin-like') or the translation of `round' is aki wokuthé (lit. `moon skin-like'). An example of this strategy is given in (\ref{ex509}), where the speaker characterises a man as looking a bit `boyish'.
A: word: rnzam=é	 gloss: how.many=ERG.NSG
B: word: srak-srak	 gloss: REDUP-boy
C: word: srak	 gloss: boy(ABS)
D: word: kata-katan	 gloss: REDUP-small
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Komnzo. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ garda b=y\stem{fn}nza.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ canoe(ABS) MED=STSG:SBJ>TSG.MASC:OBJ:PST:IPFV/hit.
The English translation of this sentence is:`The spirit was hitting (against) the canoe there.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All common nouns can serve as the host for \isi{case} clitics (\isi{ergative}, \isi{dative}, \isi{possessive}, \isi{locative}, \isi{allative}, \isi{ablative}, \isi{instrumental}, \isi{characteristic}, \isi{purposive}, \isi{associative}, \isi{proprietive}, \isi{privative}, \isi{similative}) or receive other \isi{nominal} morphology (\isi{exclusive}, \isi{emphatic}). As I describe in {\S}\ref{formfunccase}, \isi{case} markers operate at the level of the \isi{noun phrase}. Noun phrases headed by a \isi{noun} can function as arguments or adjuncts, as well as complements of the copula. This is illustrated by the \isi{ergative} and absolutive-marked arguments in example (\ref{ex044}).\footnote{The absolutive case is zero-marked in singular, and the non-singular formative -é is rare throughout the corpus. In example (\ref{ex044}), the word garda `canoe' is glossed with the absolutive case in brackets. Note that for most examples in this grammar, I do not gloss the absolutive if it is zero-marked. Exceptions are those examples, where the case value is important for the decription.} Example (\ref{ex045}) shows a locative-marked \isi{noun} which functions as an adjunct.
A: word: nzürna	 gloss: spirit
B: word: brbr=f	 gloss: spirit=ERG.SG
C: word: brbr=nzo	 gloss: spirit=ONLY
D: word: znsä-znsä=r	 gloss: REDUP-work=PURP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B