cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma sor ramiet=nin ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG fish pull=NEG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He didn't catch any fish.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Emphasising the morpheme ___ is the mthe morpheme ___st cthe morpheme ___mmthe morpheme ___n interjectithe morpheme ___n. Typically clause-final, it emphasises what has been said befthe morpheme ___re. It is typically uttered at a lthe morpheme ___w \is{pitch}pitch, and may be lengthened, vaguely reminiscent the morpheme ___f the lthe morpheme ___ng and high e used fthe morpheme ___r excessivity in sthe morpheme ___me the morpheme ___ther eastern Indthe morpheme ___nesian languages \parencite{gilarnthe morpheme ___ld}. By adding the morpheme ___ tthe morpheme ___ the clause in~(\ref{exe:ninthe morpheme ___}), the speaker emphasises that the subject did nthe morpheme ___t catch any fish. In~(\ref{exe:dungthe morpheme ___}), the morpheme ___ stresses that it was very early. It is alsthe morpheme ___ typically added tthe morpheme ___ \is{intensificatithe morpheme ___n}reinfthe morpheme ___rce curses (§\ref{sec:curse}). Clause-initial the morpheme ___ is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:meraruthe morpheme ___}) belthe morpheme ___w.
A: word: koup	 gloss: hug
B: word: o	 gloss: EMPH
C: word: kereta-un	 gloss: cart-3POSS
D: word: neba=ten	 gloss: PH=AT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): go_dung ___
Gloss (with missing item): morning ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`In the early morning...'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Emphasising the morpheme ___ is the mthe morpheme ___st cthe morpheme ___mmthe morpheme ___n interjectithe morpheme ___n. Typically clause-final, it emphasises what has been said befthe morpheme ___re. It is typically uttered at a lthe morpheme ___w \is{pitch}pitch, and may be lengthened, vaguely reminiscent the morpheme ___f the lthe morpheme ___ng and high e used fthe morpheme ___r excessivity in sthe morpheme ___me the morpheme ___ther eastern Indthe morpheme ___nesian languages \parencite{gilarnthe morpheme ___ld}. By adding the morpheme ___ tthe morpheme ___ the clause in~(\ref{exe:ninthe morpheme ___}), the speaker emphasises that the subject did nthe morpheme ___t catch any fish. In~(\ref{exe:dungthe morpheme ___}), the morpheme ___ stresses that it was very early. It is alsthe morpheme ___ typically added tthe morpheme ___ \is{intensificatithe morpheme ___n}reinfthe morpheme ___rce curses (§\ref{sec:curse}). Clause-initial the morpheme ___ is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:meraruthe morpheme ___}) belthe morpheme ___w.
A: word: mia=nin	 gloss: come=NEG
B: word: mera	 gloss: then
C: word: o	 gloss: EMPH
D: word: koup	 gloss: hug
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Muji esun=a toni ___ Ila Pak gosomin
Gloss (with missing item): Muji father.3POSS=FOC say ___ Ila Pak disappear
The English translation of this sentence is:`Muji's father said: ``Ila Pak has disappeared.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The vowel e has several uses as an interjection. It is commonly used to introduce quotes, as in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___ila}) with speech verb toni `say' and~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___an}) without speech verb (see also §\ref{sec:speech}). Some other less frequent uses of e are subsumed under the gloss int.e and include emphasis, as in~(\ref{exe:eemph}), or contempt, as in~(\ref{exe:eresign}). Encouragement was exemplified in §(\ref{sec:wcyesno}).
A: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
B: word: nak-puraman-i	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT1-how_many-OBJQNT
C: word: ketiga	 gloss: third
D: word: eh	 gloss: QUOT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nokin-tar ___ in sikola=teba
Gloss (with missing item): be_silent-PL.IMP ___ 1PL.EXCL school={\glteba}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Be silent! We're schooling.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ththe morpheme ___ vowthe morpheme ___l the morpheme ___ has sthe morpheme ___vthe morpheme ___ral usthe morpheme ___s as an intthe morpheme ___rjthe morpheme ___ction. It is commonly usthe morpheme ___d to introducthe morpheme ___ quotthe morpheme ___s, as in~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___hila}) with spthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ch vthe morpheme ___rb toni `say' and~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___han}) without spthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ch vthe morpheme ___rb (sthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ also §\rthe morpheme ___f{sthe morpheme ___c:spthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ch}). Somthe morpheme ___ oththe morpheme ___r lthe morpheme ___ss frthe morpheme ___quthe morpheme ___nt usthe morpheme ___s of the morpheme ___ arthe morpheme ___ subsumthe morpheme ___d undthe morpheme ___r ththe morpheme ___ gloss int.the morpheme ___ and includthe morpheme ___ the morpheme ___mphasis, as in~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___the morpheme ___mph}), or contthe morpheme ___mpt, as in~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___rthe morpheme ___sign}). Encouragthe morpheme ___mthe morpheme ___nt was the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___mplifithe morpheme ___d in §(\rthe morpheme ___f{sthe morpheme ___c:wcythe morpheme ___sno}).
A: word: e	 gloss: INT.E
B: word: mera	 gloss: then
C: word: sem=ten=at	 gloss: afraid-ADJ=OBJ
D: word: muawese	 gloss: hungry
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kon∼kon mindi=ten me ___ kuar=kin=et eba metko padi-un=at kajiet=et
Gloss (with missing item): one∼RED like_that={\glten} TOP ___ cook={\glkin}=IRR then DIST.LOC rice_hull-3POSS=OBJ pick=IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`[If we have] one [sack of rice] at a time like that, who cares, if you're about to cook then you pick out the rice hulls.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ththe morpheme ___ vowthe morpheme ___l the morpheme ___ has sthe morpheme ___vthe morpheme ___ral usthe morpheme ___s as an intthe morpheme ___rjthe morpheme ___ction. It is commonly usthe morpheme ___d to introducthe morpheme ___ quotthe morpheme ___s, as in~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___hila}) with spthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ch vthe morpheme ___rb toni `say' and~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___han}) without spthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ch vthe morpheme ___rb (sthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ also §\rthe morpheme ___f{sthe morpheme ___c:spthe morpheme ___the morpheme ___ch}). Somthe morpheme ___ oththe morpheme ___r lthe morpheme ___ss frthe morpheme ___quthe morpheme ___nt usthe morpheme ___s of the morpheme ___ arthe morpheme ___ subsumthe morpheme ___d undthe morpheme ___r ththe morpheme ___ gloss int.the morpheme ___ and includthe morpheme ___ the morpheme ___mphasis, as in~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___the morpheme ___mph}), or contthe morpheme ___mpt, as in~(\rthe morpheme ___f{the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___:the morpheme ___rthe morpheme ___sign}). Encouragthe morpheme ___mthe morpheme ___nt was the morpheme ___xthe morpheme ___mplifithe morpheme ___d in §(\rthe morpheme ___f{sthe morpheme ___c:wcythe morpheme ___sno}).
A: word: neba=ten	 gloss: PH=AT
B: word: ter-nat=nin	 gloss: tea-consume=NEG
C: word: e	 gloss: INT.E
D: word: sem=ten=at	 gloss: afraid-ADJ=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa me neba-sor ___
Gloss (with missing item): PROX TOP PH-fish ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`What kind of fish is this, huh?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The confirmation-seeking or response-seeking tag can express more insecurity than Malay loan to(h) `right' (which can only be used for confirmation-seeking), and leaves room for the addressee to either answer the question or disagree with the statement, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:nebasor}).
A: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
B: word: kalom∼lom∼un	 gloss: unripe∼RED
C: word: mera	 gloss: then
D: word: eh	 gloss: TAG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma toni ___ eh ka-mun adeh=in na na na na
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG say ___ QUOT 2SG-PROH INT.PEJ=PROH consume consume consume consume
The English translation of this sentence is:`She said: ``Oh no.'' [I'm like:] ``Don't you ``oh no'' me, eat, eat, eat, eat!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___in}), the speaker turns the morpheme ___ \textsc{int.pej} into a verb while scolding their child for not wanting to eat their food.
A: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
B: word: nakal=ko	 gloss: head=LOC
C: word: don-nabaca=teba	 gloss: thing-read={\glteba}
D: word: adeh=in	 gloss: INT.PEJ=PROH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma toni adeh eh ka-mun ___ na na na na
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG say INT.PEJ QUOT 2SG-PROH ___ consume consume consume consume
The English translation of this sentence is:`She said: ``Oh no.'' [I'm like:] ``Don't you ``oh no'' me, eat, eat, eat, eat!'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In~(\ref{exe:adehin}), the speaker turns adeh \textsc{int.pej} into a verb while scolding their child for not wanting to eat their food.
A: word: neba=ten	 gloss: PH=AT
B: word: adeh=in	 gloss: INT.PEJ=PROH
C: word: deh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
D: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an toni bes ___ na
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG say good ___ consume
The English translation of this sentence is:`I said: ``It's fine, eat.'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Another interjection with a similar function to some is the morpheme ___, which is used to downplay the importance of a reply to a question, or to mark that you are stating the obvious. It is also translated into Malay as `sudah mu'. Consider the following examples. The speaker in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___ruo}) uses the morpheme ___ to indicate that what she says is obvious. (\ref{exe:besm}) follows~(\ref{exe:adih}) in the narrative, and is used to encourage the speaker, downplaying the fact that the food is bitter. Mera is also used in standard answers to the question `what are you doing?', as discussed in §\ref{sec:inittermconv}.
A: word: mera	 gloss: INT
B: word: meraraouk	 gloss: cause_to_snap
C: word: adeh=in	 gloss: INT.PEJ=PROH
D: word: kit-kadok	 gloss: top-side
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma ka=kongga=ta mia reon ___ alangan-rep weinun
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG 2SG=AN.LAT=NFIN come maybe ___ trouble-get too
The English translation of this sentence is:`He came to you maybe, oh god, looking for trouble too.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Another interjection with a similar function to some is mera, which is used to downplay the importance of a reply to a question, or to mark that you are stating the obvious. It is also translated into Malay as `sudah mu'. Consider the following examples. The speaker in~(\ref{exe:meraruo}) uses mera to indicate that what she says is obvious. (\ref{exe:besm}) follows~(\ref{exe:adih}) in the narrative, and is used to encourage the speaker, downplaying the fact that the food is bitter. Mera is also used in standard answers to the question `what are you doing?', as discussed in §\ref{sec:inittermconv}.
A: word: nau=neba=ta	 gloss: RECP=PH=NFIN
B: word: adeh=in	 gloss: INT.PEJ=PROH
C: word: sor=at	 gloss: fish=OBJ
D: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an ___ an ewa=et me ka tok∼tok=ta
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ 1SG speak=IRR TOP 2SG still∼RED=NFIN
The English translation of this sentence is:`I ``nainain'', when I speak, you wait.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other words that might classify as ideophones are bameoma, the morpheme ___ and arerara, but have only one occurrence each in the corpus. Bameoma in~(\ref{exe:bameoma}) seems to express grumbling or mumbling dissatisfied under one's breath. Nainain in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___}), used twice by the same speaker in the same text, could express talking or rambling on. Alternatively, this is a repeated nain `like', but the fact that this speaker does not repeat nain elsewhere in the recording and says the morpheme ___ twice in relation to speaking suggests that this is an ideophone. Arerara could be derived from the negative interjection ade(h), sometimes pronounced are(h), expressing contempt or dissatisfaction. In~(\ref{exe:yaaulah}), the speaker expresses dissatisfaction or annoyance with a naughty child.
A: word: nak-puraman-i	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT1-how_many-OBJQNT
B: word: nema	 gloss: Nema
C: word: nainain	 gloss: nainain
D: word: nain	 gloss: like
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma toni ya_aula kier ___ tumun yuwane tamandi=a
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG say my_god 2DU ___ child PROX how=FOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`She says: ``My god, you two and this child, what should we do about you?'''
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other words that might classify as ideophones are bameoma, nainain and the morpheme ___, but have only one occurrence each in the corpus. Bameoma in~(\ref{exe:bameoma}) seems to express grumbling or mumbling dissatisfied under one's breath. Nainain in~(\ref{exe:nainain}), used twice by the same speaker in the same text, could express talking or rambling on. Alternatively, this is a repeated nain `like', but the fact that this speaker does not repeat nain elsewhere in the recording and says nainain twice in relation to speaking suggests that this is an ideophone. Arerara could be derived from the negative interjection ade(h), sometimes pronounced are(h), expressing contempt or dissatisfaction. In~(\ref{exe:yaaulah}), the speaker expresses dissatisfaction or annoyance with a naughty child.
A: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
B: word: arerara	 gloss: arerara
C: word: meraraouk	 gloss: cause_to_snap
D: word: ayah	 gloss: Ayah
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an kona ___ paruak=i pasier=ko
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG see ___ throw_away=PLNK sea=LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`I saw he threw its whatsit in the sea.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most common Kalamang placeholder is neba `\textsc{ph}'. It is homonymous with the nominal question word\is{question word} neba `what' (§\ref{sec:wcq}), which is likely to be its source, as placeholders commonly develop from question words \parencite[][12]{podlesskaya2010}. Other Kalamang question words cannot be used as placeholders. Placeholder neba occurs at a frequency of around six per 1000 words in the natural spoken Kalamang corpus. It can replace only nouns and verbs. Although placeholder neba is nominal in origin, both NP and predicate morphology can attach directly to the root. Most NP and predicate morphology is attested on placeholder neba in the current corpus, and all morphology attested on placeholder neba is found on nouns and verbs. Neba always carries all morphology that the replaced verb or noun would have carried. Neba does not have another distribution than the verbs and nouns it replaces: it occurs in the same slot. The following examples show some of the uses of this placeholder. In~(\ref{exe:parpas}), neba stands in for a possessed object, and is inflected with the third-person possessive marker -un and object marker\is{postposition!object} =at. In~(\ref{exe:torime}), neba replaces a noun and is inflected with comitative postposition =bon. (\ref{exe:gosogos}) shows a reduplicated verbal placeholder. (\ref{exe:nauneb}) shows the placeholder standing in for a \is{reciprocal}reciprocal verb, and is inflected with reciprocal nau= and non-final =ta. (\ref{exe:basiren}, finally, shows neba standing in for an attributively used verb.
A: word: nak-puraman-i	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT1-how_many-OBJQNT
B: word: neba-un=at	 gloss: PH-3POSS=OBJ
C: word: neba=at	 gloss: PH=OBJ
D: word: tara-un=at	 gloss: grandfather-3POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B