cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): paruo lalang torim=nan torim eba kacang ___
Gloss (with missing item): make hot aubergine=too aubergine then beans ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Make [the dish] hot, aubergine too, aubergine, then beans, and with whatsit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most common Kalamang placeholder is neba `\textsc{ph}'. It is homonymous with the nominal question word\is{question word} neba `what' (§\ref{sec:wcq}), which is likely to be its source, as placeholders commonly develop from question words \parencite[][12]{podlesskaya2010}. Other Kalamang question words cannot be used as placeholders. Placeholder neba occurs at a frequency of around six per 1000 words in the natural spoken Kalamang corpus. It can replace only nouns and verbs. Although placeholder neba is nominal in origin, both NP and predicate morphology can attach directly to the root. Most NP and predicate morphology is attested on placeholder neba in the current corpus, and all morphology attested on placeholder neba is found on nouns and verbs. Neba always carries all morphology that the replaced verb or noun would have carried. Neba does not have another distribution than the verbs and nouns it replaces: it occurs in the same slot. The following examples show some of the uses of this placeholder. In~(\ref{exe:parpas}), neba stands in for a possessed object, and is inflected with the third-person possessive marker -un and object marker\is{postposition!object} =at. In~(\ref{exe:torime}), neba replaces a noun and is inflected with comitative postposition =bon. (\ref{exe:gosogos}) shows a reduplicated verbal placeholder. (\ref{exe:nauneb}) shows the placeholder standing in for a \is{reciprocal}reciprocal verb, and is inflected with reciprocal nau= and non-final =ta. (\ref{exe:basiren}, finally, shows neba standing in for an attributively used verb.
A: word: nau=neba=ta	 gloss: RECP=PH=NFIN
B: word: neba=bon=a	 gloss: what=COM=FOC
C: word: neba=et	 gloss: PH=IRR
D: word: neba=bon=et	 gloss: PH=COM=IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): hukat eir ___
Gloss (with missing item): net two ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Two nets are whatsiting each other.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most common Kalamang placeholder is neba `\textsc{ph}'. It is homonymous with the nominal question word\is{question word} neba `what' (§\ref{sec:wcq}), which is likely to be its source, as placeholders commonly develop from question words \parencite[][12]{podlesskaya2010}. Other Kalamang question words cannot be used as placeholders. Placeholder neba occurs at a frequency of around six per 1000 words in the natural spoken Kalamang corpus. It can replace only nouns and verbs. Although placeholder neba is nominal in origin, both NP and predicate morphology can attach directly to the root. Most NP and predicate morphology is attested on placeholder neba in the current corpus, and all morphology attested on placeholder neba is found on nouns and verbs. Neba always carries all morphology that the replaced verb or noun would have carried. Neba does not have another distribution than the verbs and nouns it replaces: it occurs in the same slot. The following examples show some of the uses of this placeholder. In~(\ref{exe:parpas}), neba stands in for a possessed object, and is inflected with the third-person possessive marker -un and object marker\is{postposition!object} =at. In~(\ref{exe:torime}), neba replaces a noun and is inflected with comitative postposition =bon. (\ref{exe:gosogos}) shows a reduplicated verbal placeholder. (\ref{exe:nauneb}) shows the placeholder standing in for a \is{reciprocal}reciprocal verb, and is inflected with reciprocal nau= and non-final =ta. (\ref{exe:basiren}, finally, shows neba standing in for an attributively used verb.
A: word: neba=bon=et	 gloss: PH=COM=IRR
B: word: adeh=in	 gloss: INT.PEJ=PROH
C: word: nau=neba=ta	 gloss: RECP=PH=NFIN
D: word: neba=ten	 gloss: PH=AT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an toni pasa ___ se koyet eh barsi=ten se koyet
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG say rice ___ IAM finish TAG clean=AT IAM finish
The English translation of this sentence is:`I said whatsit-rice is finished, right, clean [rice] is finished.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most common Kalamang placeholder is neba `\textsc{ph}'. It is homonymous with the nominal question word\is{question word} neba `what' (§\ref{sec:wcq}), which is likely to be its source, as placeholders commonly develop from question words \parencite[][12]{podlesskaya2010}. Other Kalamang question words cannot be used as placeholders. Placeholder neba occurs at a frequency of around six per 1000 words in the natural spoken Kalamang corpus. It can replace only nouns and verbs. Although placeholder neba is nominal in origin, both NP and predicate morphology can attach directly to the root. Most NP and predicate morphology is attested on placeholder neba in the current corpus, and all morphology attested on placeholder neba is found on nouns and verbs. Neba always carries all morphology that the replaced verb or noun would have carried. Neba does not have another distribution than the verbs and nouns it replaces: it occurs in the same slot. The following examples show some of the uses of this placeholder. In~(\ref{exe:parpas}), neba stands in for a possessed object, and is inflected with the third-person possessive marker -un and object marker\is{postposition!object} =at. In~(\ref{exe:torime}), neba replaces a noun and is inflected with comitative postposition =bon. (\ref{exe:gosogos}) shows a reduplicated verbal placeholder. (\ref{exe:nauneb}) shows the placeholder standing in for a \is{reciprocal}reciprocal verb, and is inflected with reciprocal nau= and non-final =ta. (\ref{exe:basiren}, finally, shows neba standing in for an attributively used verb.
A: word: neba=et	 gloss: PH=IRR
B: word: marmar=teba=te	 gloss: walk={\glteba}=SG.IMP
C: word: nak-puraman-i	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT1-how_many-OBJQNT
D: word: neba=ten	 gloss: PH=AT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): paruo lalang torim=nan torim eba kacang ___
Gloss (with missing item): make hot aubergine=too aubergine then beans ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Make [the dish] hot, aubergine too, aubergine, then beans, and with whatsit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples show that sometimes, the speaker retrieves the target and utters it after the placeholder (this happens for example after the utterance in~\ref{exe:torime}). When the speaker does not do so, this is either because they fail to retrieve the target or because the target is not deemed important enough to be retrieved. There are no recorded uses of placeholder neba that deliberately obscure the target because it is taboo or inappropriate. Neba may be used as a generic expression. In~(\ref{exe:tink}), the speaker describes a wooden toy construction. The speaker has never seen this toy (Tinkertoy) before, so there is no convention as to what to call the different construction parts. He describes some of the parts with neba, and leaves it to the addressee to identify the correct referent. In this context, it is not necessary to find a specific noun to describe all parts of the toy construction, because the addressee can deduce from other information (such as the location and numeral in~\ref{exe:tink}) which parts the speaker intends.
A: word: neba-un=at	 gloss: PH-3POSS=OBJ
B: word: neba=bon=et	 gloss: PH=COM=IRR
C: word: neba=et	 gloss: PH=IRR
D: word: neba=bon=a	 gloss: what=COM=FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kit-kadok eir
Gloss (with missing item): ___ top-side two
The English translation of this sentence is:`It has two thingies on the top.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples show that sometimes, the speaker retrieves the target and utters it after the placeholder (this happens for example after the utterance in~\ref{exe:torime}). When the speaker does not do so, this is either because they fail to retrieve the target or because the target is not deemed important enough to be retrieved. There are no recorded uses of placeholder neba that deliberately obscure the target because it is taboo or inappropriate. Neba may be used as a generic expression. In~(\ref{exe:tink}), the speaker describes a wooden toy construction. The speaker has never seen this toy (Tinkertoy) before, so there is no convention as to what to call the different construction parts. He describes some of the parts with neba, and leaves it to the addressee to identify the correct referent. In this context, it is not necessary to find a specific noun to describe all parts of the toy construction, because the addressee can deduce from other information (such as the location and numeral in~\ref{exe:tink}) which parts the speaker intends.
A: word: neba-un=at	 gloss: PH-3POSS=OBJ
B: word: mikon	 gloss: full
C: word: neba-un	 gloss: PH-3POSS
D: word: nainain	 gloss: nainain
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kit-kadok eir
Gloss (with missing item): ___ top-side two
The English translation of this sentence is:`It has two thingies on the top.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These examples show that sometimes, the speaker retrieves the target and utters it after the placeholder (this happens for example after the utterance in~\ref{exe:torime}). When the speaker does not do so, this is either because they fail to retrieve the target or because the target is not deemed important enough to be retrieved. There are no recorded uses of placeholder neba that deliberately obscure the target because it is taboo or inappropriate. Neba may be used as a generic expression. In~(\ref{exe:tink}), the speaker describes a wooden toy construction. The speaker has never seen this toy (Tinkertoy) before, so there is no convention as to what to call the different construction parts. He describes some of the parts with neba, and leaves it to the addressee to identify the correct referent. In this context, it is not necessary to find a specific noun to describe all parts of the toy construction, because the addressee can deduce from other information (such as the location and numeral in~\ref{exe:tink}) which parts the speaker intends.
A: word: mera	 gloss: then
B: word: neba-un=at	 gloss: PH-3POSS=OBJ
C: word: neba-un	 gloss: PH-3POSS
D: word: supaya	 gloss: so_that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wat ___ mindi kajie
Gloss (with missing item): coconut ___ like_that pick
The English translation of this sentence is:`We picked up I-don't-know-how-many coconuts like that.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The question word\is{question word} puraman `how many' is used as a placeholder for \is{quantifier}quantifiers and as a generic quantifier. As a generic quantifier, it refers to a large-ish number, the exact amount of which the speaker does not know or does not feel the need to convey. In~(\ref{exe:watnakk}), puraman is used to convey that there were many coconuts, so many that the speaker doesn't know the exact amount. In~(\ref{exe:yuolp}), it is used to indicate that several days had passed, but that the speaker doesn't know exactly how many. (\ref{exe:nasuarikm}) is a genuine placeholder, which is used to fill the slot of the quantifier until the target (`three') is found. When puraman `how many' is used as a placeholder, it carries the same inflection as the quantifier it replaces, and occurs in the same slot. Note, however, that although the numeral in~(\ref{exe:nasuarikm}) is suffixed to the pronoun mu, puraman is not.
A: word: taraman-kodak	 gloss: fathom-just_one
B: word: tep-eir	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT2-two
C: word: nak-puraman-i	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT1-how_many-OBJQNT
D: word: adeh=in	 gloss: INT.PEJ=PROH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o ka ___ yuwa=at=a na=tauna sehingga don mun=ten wandi=et ka bisa na=ta
Gloss (with missing item): EMPH 2SG ___ PROX=OBJ=FOC consume=so so_that thing rotten=AT like_this=IRR 2SG can eat=NFIN
The English translation of this sentence is:`Oh, you eat this stuff, so that [this means] you can eat rotten stuff like this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Don `its gloss ___' is a generic noun that is used as a nominal placeholder that deliberately obscures the target. This is the morpheme ___e for one of three reasons: to make a polite version of a word, to express disdain or to make generic reference. Don `its gloss ___' is thus not, in contrast to placeholder neba, used when the speaker has trouble retrieving the target. Examples of polite versions of words are given in~(\ref{exe:lamp}). These are used when the regular version is inappropriate: for example, when begging someone else for these goods (which may be scarce), or when communicating with someone in your household about the lack of these items in front of a guest.\footnote{Such obscured or polite forms may also be made in other ways. Another obscured/polite word for sugar or rice is muap iriskap, lit. `white food', and another obscured/polite word for pitis `money' is lolok `leaf'.} In~(\ref{exe:narathe morpheme ___}), instead of saying sor `fish', the narrator uses derogatory the morpheme ___ to express his disdain towards the fact that a crow has eaten rotten fish. (\ref{exe:the morpheme ___nab}) illustrates the generic use of the morpheme ___; it is incorporated in the verb nabaca `to read'. Don `its gloss ___' is the only object noun that always incorporates (§\ref{sec:incorp}). Don `its gloss ___' can be used in combination with kon `one' as an indefinite pronoun (for examples, see §\ref{sec:quantinfl}).
A: word: neba	 gloss: what
B: word: dodon-un	 gloss: clothes-3POSS
C: word: don	 gloss: thing
D: word: adeh	 gloss: INT.PEJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o ka don yuwa=at=a na=tauna sehingga ___ mun=ten wandi=et ka bisa na=ta
Gloss (with missing item): EMPH 2SG thing PROX=OBJ=FOC consume=so so_that ___ rotten=AT like_this=IRR 2SG can eat=NFIN
The English translation of this sentence is:`Oh, you eat this stuff, so that [this means] you can eat rotten stuff like this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Don `its gloss ___' is a generic noun that is used as a nominal placeholder that deliberately obscures the target. This is the morpheme ___e for one of three reasons: to make a polite version of a word, to express disdain or to make generic reference. Don `its gloss ___' is thus not, in contrast to placeholder neba, used when the speaker has trouble retrieving the target. Examples of polite versions of words are given in~(\ref{exe:lamp}). These are used when the regular version is inappropriate: for example, when begging someone else for these goods (which may be scarce), or when communicating with someone in your household about the lack of these items in front of a guest.\footnote{Such obscured or polite forms may also be made in other ways. Another obscured/polite word for sugar or rice is muap iriskap, lit. `white food', and another obscured/polite word for pitis `money' is lolok `leaf'.} In~(\ref{exe:narathe morpheme ___}), instead of saying sor `fish', the narrator uses derogatory the morpheme ___ to express his disdain towards the fact that a crow has eaten rotten fish. (\ref{exe:the morpheme ___nab}) illustrates the generic use of the morpheme ___; it is incorporated in the verb nabaca `to read'. Don `its gloss ___' is the only object noun that always incorporates (§\ref{sec:incorp}). Don `its gloss ___' can be used in combination with kon `one' as an indefinite pronoun (for examples, see §\ref{sec:quantinfl}).
A: word: neba	 gloss: what
B: word: arerara	 gloss: arerara
C: word: dodon-un	 gloss: clothes-3POSS
D: word: don	 gloss: thing
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They are reading stuff.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Don `thing' is a generic noun that is used as a nominal placeholder that deliberately obscures the target. This is done for one of three reasons: to make a polite version of a word, to express disdain or to make generic reference. Don `thing' is thus not, in contrast to placeholder neba, used when the speaker has trouble retrieving the target. Examples of polite versions of words are given in~(\ref{exe:lamp}). These are used when the regular version is inappropriate: for example, when begging someone else for these goods (which may be scarce), or when communicating with someone in your household about the lack of these items in front of a guest.\footnote{Such obscured or polite forms may also be made in other ways. Another obscured/polite word for sugar or rice is muap iriskap, lit. `white food', and another obscured/polite word for pitis `money' is lolok `leaf'.} In~(\ref{exe:naradon}), instead of saying sor `fish', the narrator uses derogatory don to express his disdain towards the fact that a crow has eaten rotten fish. (\ref{exe:donnab}) illustrates the generic use of don; it is incorporated in the verb nabaca `to read'. Don `thing' is the only object noun that always incorporates (§\ref{sec:incorp}). Don `thing' can be used in combination with kon `one' as an indefinite pronoun (for examples, see §\ref{sec:quantinfl}).
A: word: don-nabaca=teba	 gloss: thing-read={\glteba}
B: word: neba=bon=et	 gloss: PH=COM=IRR
C: word: garung∼garung=teba	 gloss: chat∼PROG={\glteba}
D: word: sikola=teba	 gloss: school={\glteba}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A