cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kai-rep=teba se langsung=i gayam=at kajien ___ kuru luk=ta eba se paramuan se di=ra kuar=ta metko
Gloss (with missing item): firewood-get={\glteba} IAM directly=PLNK chestnut=OBJ pick ___ bring come=NFIN then IAM cut IAM CAUS=go cook=NFIN DIST.LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`[She] went to get firewood and pick chestnuts, then coming back, then [she] cut [them], having cooked [them] there...'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Eba `its gloss ___' is placed between the two clauses it links, as in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___an}). Intonationally, it belongs to the second clause. In~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___kuru}), the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' is used to connect three clauses in a row. Eba is frequently shortened to ba, illustrated in~(\ref{exe:lthe morpheme ___ik}). Eba is also used in some conditional clauses, see §\ref{sec:condclause}.
A: word: tapi	 gloss: but
B: word: wat=o	 gloss: coconut=COND
C: word: eba	 gloss: then
D: word: naluar=teba	 gloss: slacken=\glteba
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kai-rep=teba se langsung=i gayam=at kajien eba kuru luk=ta ___ se paramuan se di=ra kuar=ta metko
Gloss (with missing item): firewood-get={\glteba} IAM directly=PLNK chestnut=OBJ pick then bring come=NFIN ___ IAM cut IAM CAUS=go cook=NFIN DIST.LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`[She] went to get firewood and pick chestnuts, then coming back, then [she] cut [them], having cooked [them] there...'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Eba `its gloss ___' is placed between the two clauses it links, as in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___an}). Intonationally, it belongs to the second clause. In~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___kuru}), the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' is used to connect three clauses in a row. Eba is frequently shortened to ba, illustrated in~(\ref{exe:lthe morpheme ___ik}). Eba is also used in some conditional clauses, see §\ref{sec:condclause}.
A: word: eba	 gloss: then
B: word: tapi	 gloss: but
C: word: naluar=teba	 gloss: slacken=\glteba
D: word: na=tauna	 gloss: eat=so
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma terima ___ ma se ecien=i kewe=ko
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG receive ___ 3SG IAM return=PLNK house=LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`He receives [it] and then he returns home.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Of the borrowed conjunctions the most frequent is the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___', illustrated in~(\ref{exe:terthe morpheme ___}).
A: word: nerun=ko	 gloss: inside=LOC
B: word: ∅=te	 gloss: GIVE=IMP
C: word: tapi	 gloss: but
D: word: terus	 gloss: then
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uda=bon=a melelu ___ neba=bon=a melelu ye
Gloss (with missing item): rice_sieve=COM=FOC sit ___ what=COM=FOC sit or
The English translation of this sentence is:`Sitting with a rice sieve or sitting with what?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ye `its gloss ___' can be used to coits gloss ___dinate NPs its gloss ___ clauses. An example with the mits gloss ___pheme ___ as clause coits gloss ___dinatits gloss ___ is given in~(\ref{exe:udabon}). Ye typically follows both the items it coits gloss ___dinates, and belongs to the preceding item intonationally.
A: word: koyet	 gloss: finish
B: word: ye	 gloss: or
C: word: eba	 gloss: then
D: word: ∅=te	 gloss: GIVE=IMP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): uda=bon=a melelu ye neba=bon=a melelu ___
Gloss (with missing item): rice_sieve=COM=FOC sit or what=COM=FOC sit ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Sitting with a rice sieve or sitting with what?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Ye `its gloss ___' can be used to coits gloss ___dinate NPs its gloss ___ clauses. An example with the mits gloss ___pheme ___ as clause coits gloss ___dinatits gloss ___ is given in~(\ref{exe:udabon}). Ye typically follows both the items it coits gloss ___dinates, and belongs to the preceding item intonationally.
A: word: jadi	 gloss: so
B: word: ye	 gloss: or
C: word: eba	 gloss: then
D: word: koyet	 gloss: finish
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): som-kon ∅-te kon∼kon ___ som-kon ∅-te naun-kon
Gloss (with missing item): person-one give-DISTR one∼DISTR ___ person-one give-DISTR fruit-one
The English translation of this sentence is:`Gave each person one, or gave each person one fruit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The AN loan the mits gloss ___pheme ___ `its gloss ___' is used as a disjunctive coits gloss ___dinatits gloss ___ fits gloss ___ both NPs and clauses. An example coits gloss ___dinating clauses is given in~(\ref{exe:naunkon}). It is never used on both clauses it connects, unlike ye `its gloss ___'.
A: word: mena	 gloss: otherwise
B: word: atau	 gloss: or
C: word: eba	 gloss: then
D: word: taukon	 gloss: few
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma pi=at=a ruat=kin ___ atau pi=at tamandi=kin
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG 1PL.INCL=OBJ=FOC kill=VOL ___ or 1PL.INCL=OBJ how=VOL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Does he want to kill us, or what does he want to do with us?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A combination of the mits gloss ___pheme ___ `its gloss ___' and atau `its gloss ___' is attested eight times in the natural spoken cits gloss ___pus. This is exemplified in~(\ref{exe:ruathe mits gloss ___pheme ___}). This double use of the disjunctive coits gloss ___dinatits gloss ___ does not seem to have a special function.
A: word: mena	 gloss: otherwise
B: word: ye	 gloss: or
C: word: koyet	 gloss: finish
D: word: eba	 gloss: then
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma pi=at=a ruat=kin ye ___ pi=at tamandi=kin
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG 1PL.INCL=OBJ=FOC kill=VOL or ___ 1PL.INCL=OBJ how=VOL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Does he want to kill us, or what does he want to do with us?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A combination of ye `its gloss ___' and the mits gloss ___pheme ___ `its gloss ___' is attested eight times in the natural spoken cits gloss ___pus. This is exemplified in~(\ref{exe:ruaye}). This double use of the disjunctive coits gloss ___dinatits gloss ___ does not seem to have a special function.
A: word: atau	 gloss: or
B: word: taukon	 gloss: few
C: word: eba	 gloss: then
D: word: ewa=ta	 gloss: speak=NFIN
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kon wa me ror kanggirar-un=ko ___ tanbes-pis=ko
Gloss (with missing item): one PROX TOP tree face-3POSS=LOC ___ right-side=LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`This one he's facing the tree, but on the right side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In~(\ref{exe:gothe morpheme ___}), the morpheme ___ is used to express opposition between the position of a figurine next to a tree in one picture versus another picture. Intonationally, the morpheme ___ belongs to the first clause.
A: word: nabestai	 gloss: well
B: word: war=tenden	 gloss: fish=so
C: word: ba	 gloss: but
D: word: naluar=teba	 gloss: slacken=\glteba
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma koi bo ror kodaet=ko ma koi pareir=taet ___ tapi goras wa me sedangkan sor-un ma lapas=nin
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG then go tree one_more=LOC 3SG then follow=again ___ but crow PROX TOP but fish-3POSS 3SG drop.MLY=NEG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then he goes to another tree, he follows again, but the crow doesn't drop its fish.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The combination of the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' and tapi `its gloss ___' is also attested, without a different meaning. It has six corpus occurrences, all by the same speaker. (\ref{exe:the morpheme ___tap}) contains yet a third AN adversative coordinator: sedangkan `its gloss ___; whereas'. This conjunction is only found in the speech of this single speaker within the corpus.
A: word: naluar=teba	 gloss: slacken=\glteba
B: word: ba	 gloss: but
C: word: mena	 gloss: otherwise
D: word: nabestai	 gloss: well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma koi bo ror kodaet=ko ma koi pareir=taet ba ___ goras wa me sedangkan sor-un ma lapas=nin
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG then go tree one_more=LOC 3SG then follow=again but ___ crow PROX TOP but fish-3POSS 3SG drop.MLY=NEG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then he goes to another tree, he follows again, but the crow doesn't drop its fish.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The combination of ba `its gloss ___' and the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' is also attested, without a different meaning. It has six corpus occurrences, all by the same speaker. (\ref{exe:batap}) contains yet a third AN adversative coordinator: sedangkan `its gloss ___; whereas'. This conjunction is only found in the speech of this single speaker within the corpus.
A: word: gerket	 gloss: ask
B: word: tapi	 gloss: but
C: word: an=kap	 gloss: 1SG=SIM
D: word: nabestai	 gloss: well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma koi bo ror kodaet=ko ma koi pareir=taet ba tapi goras wa me ___ sor-un ma lapas=nin
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG then go tree one_more=LOC 3SG then follow=again but but crow PROX TOP ___ fish-3POSS 3SG drop.MLY=NEG
The English translation of this sentence is:`Then he goes to another tree, he follows again, but the crow doesn't drop its fish.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The combination of ba `its gloss ___' and tapi `its gloss ___' is also attested, without a different meaning. It has six corpus occurrences, all by the same speaker. (\ref{exe:batap}) contains yet a third AN adversative coordinator: the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___; whereas'. This conjunction is only found in the speech of this single speaker within the corpus.
A: word: tangkap=et	 gloss: record=IRR
B: word: gerket	 gloss: ask
C: word: sedangkan	 gloss: but
D: word: nabestai	 gloss: well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kalamang-mang ___ eba ma tangkap=et
Gloss (with missing item): Kalamang-language ___ so_that 3SG record=IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Speak Kalamang so that she can record.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sequential conjunction eba `then' can be understood as `so that' when it follows non-final marker =ta (§\ref{sec:ta}), indicating consequence. It is then invariably used in its short form ba. Consider~(\ref{exe:kawettt}) and~(\ref{exe:mangmangg}). A reading where (e)ba means `then' is possible, but a consequential reading is more suitable, and is also reflected by informants' translation of these clauses to AN with use of supaya `so that'.
A: word: ewa=te	 gloss: speak=IMP
B: word: luk=ta	 gloss: come=NFIN
C: word: ewa=ta	 gloss: speak=NFIN
D: word: gerket	 gloss: ask
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kalamang-mang ewa=ta ___ ma tangkap=et
Gloss (with missing item): Kalamang-language speak=NFIN ___ 3SG record=IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`Speak Kalamang so that she can record.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Sequential conjunction the morpheme ___ `then' can be understood as `so that' when it follows non-final marker =ta (§\ref{sec:ta}), indicating consequence. It is then invariably used in its short form ba. Consider~(\ref{exe:kawettt}) and~(\ref{exe:mangmangg}). A reading where (e)ba means `then' is possible, but a consequential reading is more suitable, and is also reflected by informants' translation of these clauses to AN with use of supaya `so that'.
A: word: mindi	 gloss: like_that
B: word: ge=et	 gloss: no=IRR
C: word: naluar=teba	 gloss: slacken=\glteba
D: word: eba	 gloss: so_that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mel se dalang=i bara mungkin yar-un naunin=ten ___ ma se jie kuru sara
Gloss (with missing item): Mel IAM jump=PLNK descend maybe stone-3POSS recognise-TEN ___ 3SG IAM get bring ascend
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mel jumped down, maybe he recognised his stone, so he got [a lobster] and brought [it] up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The clitic =tauna links reason to result. It most commonly attaches to \is{demonstrative}demonstrative forms, and then usually the distal form. However, the clitic also has a few occurrences on transitive and intransitive verbs. (\ref{exe:mebarauna}) illustrates =tauna on the distal demonstrative me, which is also marked with \is{focus}focus marker =ba. The example is from a story about diving for lobsters. =tauna serves to link a reason (the subject recognises a good diving spot) to a result (the subject quickly catches a lobster). (\ref{exe:kararaktauna}) shows =tauna on a stative intransitive verb, indicating the reason for suggesting another sailing route. In~(\ref{exe:narauna}), the clitic attaches to a transitive verb, indicating that the fact that the subject (a crow) ate rotten fish is taken not so much as the reason but as proof that it has degraded itself to eating rotten food. That example also shows the combination of a Kalamang and a borrowed conjunction with a slightly different meaning (sehingga `until; so that; with the result that').
A: word: metko=ta	 gloss: DIST.LOC=NFIN
B: word: me=ba=tauna	 gloss: DIST={\glba}=so
C: word: ime	 gloss: DIST
D: word: na=tauna	 gloss: eat=so
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ka don yuwa=at=a ___ sehingga don mun=ten wandi=et ka bisa na=ta
Gloss (with missing item): 2SG thing PROX=OBJ=FOC ___ so_that thing rotten=AT like_this=IRR 2SG can eat=NFIN
The English translation of this sentence is:`You ate this thing, [how has it come so far] that you can eat rotten things like this?'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The clitic =tauna links reason to result. It most commonly attaches to \is{demonstrative}demonstrative forms, and then usually the distal form. However, the clitic also has a few occurrences on transitive and intransitive verbs. (\ref{exe:mebarauna}) illustrates =tauna on the distal demonstrative me, which is also marked with \is{focus}focus marker =ba. The example is from a story about diving for lobsters. =tauna serves to link a reason (the subject recognises a good diving spot) to a result (the subject quickly catches a lobster). (\ref{exe:kararaktauna}) shows =tauna on a stative intransitive verb, indicating the reason for suggesting another sailing route. In~(\ref{exe:narauna}), the clitic attaches to a transitive verb, indicating that the fact that the subject (a crow) ate rotten fish is taken not so much as the reason but as proof that it has degraded itself to eating rotten food. That example also shows the combination of a Kalamang and a borrowed conjunction with a slightly different meaning (sehingga `until; so that; with the result that').
A: word: tahan=ta	 gloss: endure=NFIN
B: word: war=tenden	 gloss: fish=so
C: word: me=ba=tauna	 gloss: DIST={\glba}=so
D: word: na=tauna	 gloss: eat=so
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): in bo ___ in=nan kaden-un koi kememe
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL go ___ 1PL.EXCL=too body-1PL.EXCL.POSS again weak
The English translation of this sentence is:`We went fishing so our bodies are tired.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A clitic on the predicate, =tende(n) `so', also links reason to result, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:wartenden}) and~(\ref{exe:naubestenden}). Although =tende(n) and =tauna attach to different constituents, no significant difference in meaning is apparent from the current corpus.\footnote{Compare Papuan Malay jadi as a sentence-final particle that indicates the reason for the sentence, according to \textcite{donohue2011}.}
A: word: sor	 gloss: fish
B: word: im=o	 gloss: banana=COND
C: word: war=tenden	 gloss: fish=so
D: word: nau=bes=tenden	 gloss: RECP=good=so
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C