cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ar-un wa-rip ye ___ sara
Gloss (with missing item): stem-3POSS PROX-QLT or ___ ascend
The English translation of this sentence is:`Pull up [from the soil] a stem about as big as this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:tumkar}) illustrates a manner and directional verb, (\ref{exe:yalipa}) illustrates a manner and other motion verb, and~(\ref{exe:domanis}) shows the verb dorma `to pull out' with a directional verb.
A: word: masarat=nin=et	 gloss: move_landwards=NEG=IRR
B: word: worman=i	 gloss: cut_down=PLNK
C: word: ramien=i	 gloss: pull=PLNK
D: word: dorman=i	 gloss: pull_out=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ar-un wa-rip ye dorman=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): stem-3POSS PROX-QLT or pull_out=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Pull up [from the soil] a stem about as big as this.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:tumkar}) illustrates a manner and directional verb, (\ref{exe:yalipa}) illustrates a manner and other motion verb, and~(\ref{exe:domanis}) shows the verb dorma `to pull out' with a directional verb.
A: word: masarat=kin	 gloss: move_landwards={\glkin}
B: word: sara	 gloss: ascend
C: word: erei	 gloss: ascend.IMP
D: word: ne=ko	 gloss: inside=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mat dan=i koyet se ___ sara
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ bury=PLNK finish IAM ___ ascend
The English translation of this sentence is:`After burying him, [we] went back up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These constructions are also very common with (y)ecie `to return', making complex centrifugal motion constructions, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:danik}).
A: word: ecien	 gloss: return
B: word: ecien=i	 gloss: return=PLNK
C: word: garung∼garung=teba	 gloss: chat∼PROG={\glteba}
D: word: rep=i	 gloss: get=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mat dan=i koyet se ecien=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ bury=PLNK finish IAM return=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After burying him, [we] went back up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: These constructions are also very common with (y)ecie `to return', making complex centrifugal motion constructions, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:danik}).
A: word: paruon=i	 gloss: make=PLNK
B: word: masarat=kin	 gloss: move_landwards={\glkin}
C: word: erei	 gloss: ascend.IMP
D: word: sara	 gloss: ascend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nasirang=i ___ ran
Gloss (with missing item): pour=PLNK ___ go
The English translation of this sentence is:`Go pour quickly.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As with aspectual serialisation (§\ref{sec:ikoyetsvc}), other complex predicates with predicate linker =i may also contain more than one verb. For example, in the manner + direction construction in~(\ref{exe:sirnag}), both manner verbs are marked with =i. Again, there is not enough data in the corpus to determine patterns in the (semantic) relationship between the verbs in the construction.
A: word: siktak∼tak=i	 gloss: slow∼INTS=PLNK
B: word: bo=tar	 gloss: go=PL.IMP
C: word: mon∼mon=tun=i	 gloss: quick∼INTS=INTS=PLNK
D: word: bolon∼bolon=tun	 gloss: little∼INTS=INTS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nasirang=i mon∼mon=tun=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): pour=PLNK quick∼INTS=INTS=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Go pour quickly.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As with aspectual serialisation (§\ref{sec:ikoyetsvc}), other complex predicates with predicate linker =i may also contain more than one verb. For example, in the manner + direction construction in~(\ref{exe:sirnag}), both manner verbs are marked with =i. Again, there is not enough data in the corpus to determine patterns in the (semantic) relationship between the verbs in the construction.
A: word: luk	 gloss: come
B: word: masarat=nin=et	 gloss: move_landwards=NEG=IRR
C: word: ran	 gloss: go
D: word: yap_seran-un	 gloss: yam-3POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa me paden taikon ___ saran
Gloss (with missing item): PROX TOP pole one_side ___ ascend
The English translation of this sentence is:`This one, a yellow pole goes down on one side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This is also the case for NPs carrying similative postposition\is{postposition!similative} =kap, like ododa `gado-gado' (a dish) in~(\ref{exe:ododang}). Most colour terms end in -gap or -kap and are probably derived from nouns marked with similative =kap (§\ref{sec:sim}), but are treated as monomorphemic. They can also be inflected with =i and become part of a complex predicate, like baranggap `yellow' in~(\ref{exe:gawi}).
A: word: baranggap=i	 gloss: yellow=PLNK
B: word: siktak∼tak=i	 gloss: slow∼INTS=PLNK
C: word: nawanggar	 gloss: wait
D: word: potma	 gloss: cut
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wa me paden taikon baranggap=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): PROX TOP pole one_side yellow=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`This one, a yellow pole goes down on one side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This is also the case for NPs carrying similative postposition\is{postposition!similative} =kap, like ododa `gado-gado' (a dish) in~(\ref{exe:ododang}). Most colour terms end in -gap or -kap and are probably derived from nouns marked with similative =kap (§\ref{sec:sim}), but are treated as monomorphemic. They can also be inflected with =i and become part of a complex predicate, like baranggap `yellow' in~(\ref{exe:gawi}).
A: word: komet	 gloss: look
B: word: saran	 gloss: ascend
C: word: di=saran	 gloss: CAUS=ascend
D: word: erei	 gloss: ascend.IMP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o mu se kaka=at ___ rua
Gloss (with missing item): INT 3PL IAM older_sibling=OBJ ___ kill
The English translation of this sentence is:`O, they killed the older brother (by stabbing).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complex action and result predicates express an action in the first verb and a result in the second verb. Like resultative SVCs, §\ref{sec:ressvc}, they are rare. One natural spoken corpus example is~(\ref{exe:kakat}) with the verbs komain `to stab' and rua `to kill'. The object of the first verb is the subject of the second, such that the verbs in the construction do not share any arguments. In~(\ref{exe:dakcamp}), it is unclear exactly whether campur `to mix' is the result obtained by chopping two ingredients and the same time, or whether this should be read as two sequential events. The same conversation also contains the construction kawareni campur `grate mix'.
A: word: komain=et	 gloss: puncture=IRR
B: word: komain=i	 gloss: stab=PLNK
C: word: koyet=i	 gloss: finish=PLNK
D: word: pue=i	 gloss: hit=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o mu se kaka=at komain=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): INT 3PL IAM older_sibling=OBJ stab=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`O, they killed the older brother (by stabbing).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complex action and result predicates express an action in the first verb and a result in the second verb. Like resultative SVCs, §\ref{sec:ressvc}, they are rare. One natural spoken corpus example is~(\ref{exe:kakat}) with the verbs komain `to stab' and the morpheme ___ `to its gloss ___'. The object of the first verb is the subject of the second, such that the verbs in the construction do not share any arguments. In~(\ref{exe:dakcamp}), it is unclear exactly whether campur `to mix' is the result obtained by chopping two ingredients and the same time, or whether this should be read as two sequential events. The same conversation also contains the construction kawareni campur `grate mix'.
A: word: komet=et	 gloss: look=IRR
B: word: ruat=kin	 gloss: kill=VOL
C: word: rua	 gloss: kill
D: word: marua	 gloss: move_seawards
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mier-gan=at paruo ___ campur
Gloss (with missing item): 3DU-all=OBJ make ___ mix
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mix both of them (by chopping).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complex action and result predicates express an action in the first verb and a result in the second verb. Like resultative SVCs, §\ref{sec:ressvc}, they are rare. One natural spoken corpus example is~(\ref{exe:kakat}) with the verbs komain `to stab' and rua `to kill'. The object of the first verb is the subject of the second, such that the verbs in the construction do not share any arguments. In~(\ref{exe:dakcamp}), it is unclear exactly whether campur `to mix' is the result obtained by chopping two ingredients and the same time, or whether this should be read as two sequential events. The same conversation also contains the construction kawareni campur `grate mix'.
A: word: mendak=i	 gloss: just_like_that=PLNK
B: word: dakdak=i	 gloss: chop=PLNK
C: word: dorman=i	 gloss: pull_out=PLNK
D: word: potman=i	 gloss: cut=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mier-gan=at paruo dakdak=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3DU-all=OBJ make chop=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Mix both of them (by chopping).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Complex action and result predicates express an action in the first verb and a result in the second verb. Like resultative SVCs, §\ref{sec:ressvc}, they are rare. One natural spoken corpus example is~(\ref{exe:kakat}) with the verbs komain `to stab' and rua `to kill'. The object of the first verb is the subject of the second, such that the verbs in the construction do not share any arguments. In~(\ref{exe:dakcamp}), it is unclear exactly whether the morpheme ___ `to its gloss ___' is the result obtained by chopping two ingredients and the same time, or whether this should be read as two sequential events. The same conversation also contains the construction kawareni the morpheme ___ `grate its gloss ___'.
A: word: lampur	 gloss: lamp
B: word: paruo	 gloss: make
C: word: campur	 gloss: mix
D: word: paruak	 gloss: drop
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma karek=at ___ meraraouk
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG string=OBJ ___ cause_to_snap
The English translation of this sentence is:`He causes the string to snap (by pulling it).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A few other examples of action-result constructions with predicate linker =i were elicited with help of the cut and break clips \parencite{cutbreak2001}. Here, the resultative function of the constructions is clear. Consider~(\ref{exe:donsl}) and~(\ref{exe:pueip}).
A: word: kuet=tar	 gloss: bring=PL.IMP
B: word: dorman=i	 gloss: pull_out=PLNK
C: word: ecien=i	 gloss: return=PLNK
D: word: ramien=i	 gloss: pull=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma karek=at ramien=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG string=OBJ pull=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He causes the string to snap (by pulling it).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A few other examples of action-result constructions with predicate linker =i were elicited with help of the cut and break clips \parencite{cutbreak2001}. Here, the resultative function of the constructions is clear. Consider~(\ref{exe:donsl}) and~(\ref{exe:pueip}).
A: word: kararuot=et	 gloss: bite=IRR
B: word: marua	 gloss: move_seawards
C: word: meraraouk	 gloss: cause_to_snap
D: word: maraouk	 gloss: put_out
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma karek=at ___ meraraouk
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG string=OBJ ___ cause_to_snap
The English translation of this sentence is:`He causes the string to snap (by pulling it).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %\textcite{unterladstetter2020} type: SREL resultative. V1 causing verb + V2 stative resultant verb. \ref{exe:donsl} does not conform.
A: word: ecien=i	 gloss: return=PLNK
B: word: dorman=i	 gloss: pull_out=PLNK
C: word: ramien=i	 gloss: pull=PLNK
D: word: paruon=i	 gloss: make=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma karek=at ramien=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG string=OBJ pull=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He causes the string to snap (by pulling it).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %\textcite{unterladstetter2020} type: SREL resultative. V1 causing verb + V2 stative resultant verb. \ref{exe:donsl} does not conform.
A: word: kararuot=et	 gloss: bite=IRR
B: word: parei∼pareir	 gloss: DISTR∼follow
C: word: maraouk	 gloss: put_out
D: word: meraraouk	 gloss: cause_to_snap
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 34:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kit-kadok=at ___ paruon=i bo koyet
Gloss (with missing item): top-side=OBJ ___ make=PLNK go finish
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] made the top-side until [it was] finished.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Reduplicated verbs marked with predicate linker =i occur in two contexts. The first is with reduplicated verbs that indicate durativity, followed by a construction with `until' which indicates the result of the action. The `until'-construction (with help of bo `to go') may (example~\ref{exe:kadok}) or may not (example~\ref{exe:kuarkuar}) be made in a separate clause. The second is in constructions with verbs that indicate durativity, but without an explicitly linked action (example~\ref{exe:rawiraw}), or with an implied `until'-construction (example~\ref{exe:komainik}). The verbs are typically lengthened (§\ref{sec:lenght}), as indicated in~(\ref{exe:rawiraw}).
A: word: kuru	 gloss: bring
B: word: rep=i	 gloss: get=PLNK
C: word: paruon	 gloss: make
D: word: paruon=i	 gloss: make=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 35:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kit-kadok=at paruon=i ___ bo koyet
Gloss (with missing item): top-side=OBJ make=PLNK ___ go finish
The English translation of this sentence is:`[We] made the top-side until [it was] finished.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Reduplicated verbs marked with predicate linker =i occur in two contexts. The first is with reduplicated verbs that indicate durativity, followed by a construction with `until' which indicates the result of the action. The `until'-construction (with help of bo `to go') may (example~\ref{exe:kadok}) or may not (example~\ref{exe:kuarkuar}) be made in a separate clause. The second is in constructions with verbs that indicate durativity, but without an explicitly linked action (example~\ref{exe:rawiraw}), or with an implied `until'-construction (example~\ref{exe:komainik}). The verbs are typically lengthened (§\ref{sec:lenght}), as indicated in~(\ref{exe:rawiraw}).
A: word: rep=i	 gloss: get=PLNK
B: word: paruon	 gloss: make
C: word: paruon=i	 gloss: make=PLNK
D: word: mendak=i	 gloss: just_like_that=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C