cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 40:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu bir namabuk=teba ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL beer drunk={\glteba} ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They're drunk on beer, fighting.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Some verbs, when used in reciprocal constructions, take a more abstract meaning. The verbs tu `to hit' and sair `to shoot (with a gun)' are used for expressing fighting or even war. (\ref{exe:nausair}) is about the Second World War, and~(\ref{exe:nautu}) describes picture 4 from the Family problems picture task\is{picture-matching task} \parencite{carroll2009} with angry-looking people drinking beer. One person is touching another on the shoulder and another is raising his fist but they are not actually hitting each other. While nausair is only attested in war contexts, nautu can also simply mean `hit each other'.
A: word: nau=kosalir	 gloss: RECP=exchange
B: word: nau=gang	 gloss: RECP=hang
C: word: gosomin∼gosomin	 gloss: disappear∼RED
D: word: nau=tu	 gloss: RECP=hit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 41:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu paruo ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL make ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They are making up.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other verbs that get a more abstract meaning when used reciprocally are tan nau=kinkin `hand \textsc{recp}=hold', which means `to shake hands', and the morpheme ___ `to make up', from bes `to be good'. The latter is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:naubes}), which describes people making up after a fight. The intransitive verb bes is transitivised with help of paruo `to make' (§\ref{sec:caus}), and then reduced in valency again with help of reciprocal nau=.
A: word: ko=naurar=i	 gloss: APPL-circle=PLNK
B: word: rep=et	 gloss: get=IRR
C: word: nau=bes	 gloss: RECP=good
D: word: nau=bes=tenden	 gloss: RECP=good=so
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 42:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): se ___
Gloss (with missing item): IAM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] hung everywhere.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nau= is in a few cases used in a \is{distributive}distributive sense. In~(\ref{exe:naunggang}), it is prefixed to gang `to hang' to talk about items hanging in a tree. It is distributive in the sense that the items hang in different places. In~(\ref{exe:us}), it is used to describe a naked man. That example is distributive in the sense that the man's penis is seen in movement, dangling from the body.
A: word: paruo	 gloss: make
B: word: nau=gang	 gloss: RECP=hang
C: word: nau=gerket	 gloss: RECP=ask
D: word: nau=tu	 gloss: RECP=hit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 43:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma handuk=at jien=i koyet paruak=i kor kerunggo us ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG towel=OBJ get=PLNK finish throw=PLNK leg on_top penis ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After getting a towel he threw it over his legs. His penis was dangling.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nau= is in a few cases used in a \is{distributive}distributive sense. In~(\ref{exe:naunggang}), it is prefixed to gang `to hang' to talk about items hanging in a tree. It is distributive in the sense that the items hang in different places. In~(\ref{exe:us}), it is used to describe a naked man. That example is distributive in the sense that the man's penis is seen in movement, dangling from the body.
A: word: nau=tu	 gloss: RECP=hit
B: word: winyal∼winyal	 gloss: fish∼PROG
C: word: nau=gang	 gloss: RECP=hang
D: word: nau=gerket	 gloss: RECP=ask
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 44:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kaden-un=at mu ___
Gloss (with missing item): body-3POSS=OBJ 3PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`His body they rub.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Most applicatives promote a \is{location}location (which typically remains unexpressed in the original) to object. The original object of the morpheme ___ `to its gloss ___' in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___}) is the location of the action (the body part), which changes to the instrument in an applicative construction (ointment, water, a rag), or coconut oil as in~(\ref{exe:kothe morpheme ___}).
A: word: di=maruan	 gloss: CAUS=move_seawards
B: word: opa_yuwa	 gloss: today
C: word: ko=yuon	 gloss: APPL=rub
D: word: yuon	 gloss: rub
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 45:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mingtun=at bolon-i ___
Gloss (with missing item): coconut_oil=OBJ little-OBJQNT ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Rub [the sore body part] with a little coconut oil.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Most applicatives promote a \is{location}location (which typically remains unexpressed in the original) to object. The original object of yuon `to rub' in~(\ref{exe:yuon}) is the location of the action (the body part), which changes to the instrument in an applicative construction (ointment, water, a rag), or coconut oil as in~(\ref{exe:koyuon}).
A: word: ko=naurar=i	 gloss: APPL-circle=PLNK
B: word: yuon	 gloss: sun
C: word: ko=yuon	 gloss: APPL=rub
D: word: un-deir=i	 gloss: REFL-bring=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 46:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mena ma ecie ma an=at ___
Gloss (with missing item): otherwise 3SG return 3SG 1SG=OBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Otherwise when he comes back, he is mad at me.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Two other verbs ewa `to speak' and kademor `to be mad' introduce an object to the scene when the applicative is used. The speaker in~(\ref{exe:koewa}) describes how she finished a task quickly, so that her husband would not get mad at her. The meaning of ewa `to speak' thus changes to `to be mad at' with the applicative.
A: word: paruo	 gloss: make
B: word: ko=garung	 gloss: APPL=chat
C: word: tamatko=et	 gloss: where=IRR
D: word: ko=ewa	 gloss: APPL=speak
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 47:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): buok_sarung=bon sara et kit=ko mat wan-karuok-i ___ ko=naurar=i koyet
Gloss (with missing item): betel_plate=COM ascend canoe above=LOC 3SG.OBJ time-three-OBJQNT ___ APPL-circle=PLNK finish
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] move the betel plate above the canoe and circle her three times. After circling [her]...'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The applicatives the morpheme ___ `to circle somebody?' and ko=garung (/koŋgaruŋ/) `to talk about?' have only two occurrences each in the corpus, in which a patient and a theme are promoted to object, respectively. The only occurrences of the morpheme ___ are the ones in~(\ref{exe:konaurar}), from a story that describes a ritual\is{ritual} for the welcoming of a new spouse to Karas Island, whereby the spouse sits in a canoe while a plate with betel leaves is circled above her head. While in this example a person is circled, more data might show that the morpheme ___ takes any location as its object. Ko=garung `to talk about?' has one example (see \ref{exe:kadanat}) where the theme is the object argument. The other example, given in~(\ref{exe:lembaec}), from the same text, lacks an object. The understood object may be either the prison (the theme), mentioned in the clause before or the people the ex-prisoner is talking to (the goal), who are visible in the picture that is being described in this utterance.
A: word: ka-mun	 gloss: 2SG-PROH
B: word: ko=naurar=i	 gloss: APPL-circle=PLNK
C: word: ko=naurar	 gloss: APPL-circle
D: word: nau=kosalir	 gloss: RECP=exchange
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 48:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): buok_sarung=bon sara et kit=ko mat wan-karuok-i ko=naurar ___ koyet
Gloss (with missing item): betel_plate=COM ascend canoe above=LOC 3SG.OBJ time-three-OBJQNT APPL-circle ___ finish
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] move the betel plate above the canoe and circle her three times. After circling [her]...'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The applicatives ko=naurar `to circle somebody?' and ko=garung (/koŋgaruŋ/) `to talk about?' have only two occurrences each in the corpus, in which a patient and a theme are promoted to object, respectively. The only occurrences of ko=naurar are the ones in~(\ref{exe:konaurar}), from a story that describes a ritual\is{ritual} for the welcoming of a new spouse to Karas Island, whereby the spouse sits in a canoe while a plate with betel leaves is circled above her head. While in this example a person is circled, more data might show that ko=naurar takes any location as its object. Ko=garung `to talk about?' has one example (see \ref{exe:kadanat}) where the theme is the object argument. The other example, given in~(\ref{exe:lembaec}), from the same text, lacks an object. The understood object may be either the prison (the theme), mentioned in the clause before or the people the ex-prisoner is talking to (the goal), who are visible in the picture that is being described in this utterance.
A: word: ko=naurar	 gloss: APPL-circle
B: word: udang	 gloss: lobster
C: word: di=ran	 gloss: CAUS=go_away
D: word: ko=naurar=i	 gloss: APPL-circle=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 49:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma ecie ma kadan=at ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG return 3SG situation.MLY=OBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He returns, he talks about the situation.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The applicatives ko=naurar `to circle somebody?' and the morpheme ___ (/koŋgaruŋ/) `to talk about?' have only two occurrences each in the corpus, in which a patient and a theme are promoted to object, respectively. The only occurrences of ko=naurar are the ones in~(\ref{exe:konaurar}), from a story that describes a ritual\is{ritual} for the welcoming of a new spouse to Karas Island, whereby the spouse sits in a canoe while a plate with betel leaves is circled above her head. While in this example a person is circled, more data might show that ko=naurar takes any location as its object. Ko=garung `to talk about?' has one example (see \ref{exe:kadanat}) where the theme is the object argument. The other example, given in~(\ref{exe:lembaec}), from the same text, lacks an object. The understood object may be either the prison (the theme), mentioned in the clause before or the people the ex-prisoner is talking to (the goal), who are visible in the picture that is being described in this utterance.
A: word: garung=et	 gloss: chat=IRR
B: word: ko=garung	 gloss: APPL=chat
C: word: di=tumun-an=ki	 gloss: DI=child-1SG.POSS=BEN
D: word: ko=ewa	 gloss: APPL=speak
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 50:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma lembaga=at=a ecie ma se ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG prison.MLY=OBJ=FOC return 3SG IAM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He returns from prison, he talks [about it? to them?].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The applicatives ko=naurar `to circle somebody?' and the morpheme ___ (/koŋgaruŋ/) `to talk about?' have only two occurrences each in the corpus, in which a patient and a theme are promoted to object, respectively. The only occurrences of ko=naurar are the ones in~(\ref{exe:konaurar}), from a story that describes a ritual\is{ritual} for the welcoming of a new spouse to Karas Island, whereby the spouse sits in a canoe while a plate with betel leaves is circled above her head. While in this example a person is circled, more data might show that ko=naurar takes any location as its object. Ko=garung `to talk about?' has one example (see \ref{exe:kadanat}) where the theme is the object argument. The other example, given in~(\ref{exe:lembaec}), from the same text, lacks an object. The understood object may be either the prison (the theme), mentioned in the clause before or the people the ex-prisoner is talking to (the goal), who are visible in the picture that is being described in this utterance.
A: word: ko=garung	 gloss: APPL=chat
B: word: ko=ewa	 gloss: APPL=speak
C: word: garung=et	 gloss: chat=IRR
D: word: ter-nat=nin	 gloss: tea-consume=NEG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 51:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an sungsung=at ___ ∅
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG pants=OBJ ___ give
The English translation of this sentence is:`I give pants to my child.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Lastly, causative di= is employed in give-constructions (§\ref{sec:give}). It is not obligatory, and it remains unclear what guides the choice for using (example~\ref{exe:sungdi}) or omitting (example~\ref{exe:pitin}) \is{causative}causative di= in a give-construction, and whether it is a valency-increasing device in these constructions or not. In any case, the zero morpheme `give' may be used with the theme (the indirect object argument that is most commonly omitted from the construction) whether di= is used or not, as the two examples in~(\ref{exe:sungdi}) and~(\ref{exe:pitin}) illustrate.%also unclear if recipient is an argument or is predicate.
A: word: mei	 gloss: come.IMP
B: word: goras	 gloss: crow
C: word: di=tumun-an=ki	 gloss: DI=child-1SG.POSS=BEN
D: word: tumun-an=at	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 52:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an sungsung=at ___ ∅
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG pants=OBJ ___ give
The English translation of this sentence is:`I give pants to my child.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Lastly, causative di= is employed in give-constructions (§\ref{sec:give}). It is not obligatory, and it remains unclear what guides the choice for using (example~\ref{exe:sungdi}) or omitting (example~\ref{exe:pitin}) \is{causative}causative di= in a give-construction, and whether it is a valency-increasing device in these constructions or not. In any case, the zero morpheme `give' may be used with the theme (the indirect object argument that is most commonly omitted from the construction) whether di= is used or not, as the two examples in~(\ref{exe:sungdi}) and~(\ref{exe:pitin}) illustrate.%also unclear if recipient is an argument or is predicate.
A: word: di=tumun-an=ki	 gloss: DI=child-1SG.POSS=BEN
B: word: tumun-an=at	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS=OBJ
C: word: ecie-p∼cie-p	 gloss: return-DISTR∼DISTR-DISTR
D: word: kis-eir-i	 gloss: CLF_LONG-two-OBJQNT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 53:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): in er=at bor=i koyet to eba taikon-i ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL canoe=OBJ drill=PLNK finish right then one_side-OBJQNT ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After finishing drilling the canoe, right, [we] put up one side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In fact, in the give-constructions, as in many other constructions with causative di=, the proclitic seems to indicate movement towards an endpoint besides being a valency increaser. The use of di= seems to put the focus on the endpoint or the goal of a movement rather than on the movement itself. When used with directional verbs, di= indicates that the movement ends somewhere. In~(\ref{exe:disaran}), the endpoint is the edge of the canoe, on which a plank (the omitted object noun) is attached after drilling holes. In~(\ref{exe:kiesirii}), repeated from~(\ref{exe:kiesiri}) above, the terminus is the sea-side, and the object is two poles of wood. When used with directional verbs, di= can often be translated as `put'.
A: word: di=saran	 gloss: CAUS=ascend
B: word: di=baran	 gloss: CAUS=descend
C: word: di=saran=i	 gloss: CAUS=ascend=PLNK
D: word: un-deir=i	 gloss: REFL-bring=PLNK
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 54:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ror=at mu kis-eir-i ___
Gloss (with missing item): wood=OBJ 3PL CLF_LONG-two-OBJQNT ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Of wood, they moved two poles to the sea-side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In fact, in the give-constructions, as in many other constructions with causative di=, the proclitic seems to indicate movement towards an endpoint besides being a valency increaser. The use of di= seems to put the focus on the endpoint or the goal of a movement rather than on the movement itself. When used with directional verbs, di= indicates that the movement ends somewhere. In~(\ref{exe:disaran}), the endpoint is the edge of the canoe, on which a plank (the omitted object noun) is attached after drilling holes. In~(\ref{exe:kiesirii}), repeated from~(\ref{exe:kiesiri}) above, the terminus is the sea-side, and the object is two poles of wood. When used with directional verbs, di= can often be translated as `put'.
A: word: di=maruan	 gloss: CAUS=move_seawards
B: word: ko=garung	 gloss: APPL=chat
C: word: maruan	 gloss: move_seawards
D: word: di=ra	 gloss: CAUS=move
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A