cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kiet=i koyet ma se ___
Gloss (with missing item): defecate=PLNK finish 3SG IAM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After defecating, he returned.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:kieri}) and~(\ref{exe:koinani}) show the morpheme ___ and yecie\footnote{The fact that the form with -n does not carry y- and vice versa may be related to them having different stress patterns: ˈyecie vs eˈcien. All ``uninflected'' verbs with -n carry stress on the last syllable, even if the verb without -n carries stress on the first (e.g. ˈpotma vs potˈman `to cut', ˈparuo vs paˈruon `to do', ˈosie vs oˈsien) but yecie is the only one with a difference in initial vowel. Syllable weight does not normally play a role in stress assignment in Kalamang (as described in~§\ref{sec:stress}).} in very similar environments: both describe the actions of a third person in a narrative, both follow the iamitive he, and both conclude a paragraph in the narrative where different actions were listed.
A: word: ecien=i	 gloss: return=PLNK
B: word: ecien	 gloss: return
C: word: ko=ewa	 gloss: APPL=speak
D: word: ecie-p∼cie-p	 gloss: return-DISTR∼DISTR-DISTR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tat owandi koi melelu nan=i koyet ma se ___
Gloss (with missing item): Tat like_over_there then sit consume=PLNK finish 3SG IAM ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After sitting and eating at a place like Tat over there, he returned.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:kieri}) and~(\ref{exe:koinani}) show ecien and the morpheme ___\footnote{The fact that the form with -n does not carry y- and vice versa may be related to them having different stress patterns: ˈthe morpheme ___ vs eˈcien. All ``uninflected'' verbs with -n carry stress on the last syllable, even if the verb without -n carries stress on the first (e.g. ˈpotma vs potˈman `to cut', ˈparuo vs paˈruon `to do', ˈosie vs oˈsien) but the morpheme ___ is the only one with a difference in initial vowel. Syllable weight does not normally play a role in stress assignment in Kalamang (as described in~§\ref{sec:stress}).} in very similar environments: both describe the actions of a third person in a narrative, both follow the iamitive he, and both conclude a paragraph in the narrative where different actions were listed.
A: word: istirahare∼are∼t	 gloss: rest∼RED
B: word: ecien=i	 gloss: return=PLNK
C: word: yecie	 gloss: return
D: word: ecie-p∼cie-p	 gloss: return-DISTR∼DISTR-DISTR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu ecien=i Tamisen=ka ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL return=PLNK Tamisen=LAT ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They returned to Tamisen (Antalisa).'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The irregular verb bo `its gloss ___' has only one uninflected form: the morpheme ___. The form bo is reserved for complex predicates where bo `its gloss ___' is the first verb. In an intransitive clause without another verb, bo cannot be used. The difference between a complex predicate with bo in the first position and the morpheme ___ in the last position is shown in~(\ref{exe:luisbon}) and~(\ref{exe:tamisenggathe morpheme ___}). (\ref{exe:hethe morpheme ___}) shows the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' in a clause without another verb.
A: word: ko=ewa	 gloss: APPL=speak
B: word: luk	 gloss: come
C: word: bot	 gloss: go
D: word: bot=nin	 gloss: go=NEG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kariak ___ nakal=ko
Gloss (with missing item): blood ___ head=LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`Blood goes up to the head.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Directional verbs are verbs that express movement in a specific direction, end in -a and are irregular. The subclass of directional verbs distinguishes itself from other verbs in several other ways. All verbs belonging to the class are given in Table~\ref{tab:dirall}. When combined with locative =ko, as in~(\ref{exe:dirko}), directional verbs precede the locative, whereas other verbs follow it. Of all verbs, only directional verbs can carry the \is{causative}causative proclitic di=, illustrated in~(\ref{exe:dirdi}). They also have a special imperative ending in -ei, in contrast to other verbs, which carry imperative =te (example~\ref{exe:dirimp}). Although they can stand on their own, directional verbs are commonly used in \is{predicate!complex}complex predicates; and of all Kalamang complex predicates the majority involve a directional verb (see Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). Many of the directional verbs end in -ra, including the rather generic ra `to move (away)', suggesting these verbs are diachronically related and perhaps have been part of a paradigm involving the directional verb -ra. The way speakers use directional verbs when talking about travelling by sea from Karas island is described in §\ref{sec:elevdem}.
A: word: erei	 gloss: ascend.IMP
B: word: masarat=kin	 gloss: move_landwards={\glkin}
C: word: diri-an=at	 gloss: self-1SG.POSS=OBJ
D: word: sara	 gloss: ascend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mat bantu karajang=at ___ alfukat=at payiem
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ help basket=OBJ ___ avocado=OBJ fill
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] help him, put up his basket, fill it with avocados.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Directional verbs are verbs that express movement in a specific direction, end in -a and are irregular. The subclass of directional verbs distinguishes itself from other verbs in several other ways. All verbs belonging to the class are given in Table~\ref{tab:dirall}. When combined with locative =ko, as in~(\ref{exe:dirko}), directional verbs precede the locative, whereas other verbs follow it. Of all verbs, only directional verbs can carry the \is{causative}causative proclitic di=, illustrated in~(\ref{exe:dirdi}). They also have a special imperative ending in -ei, in contrast to other verbs, which carry imperative =te (example~\ref{exe:dirimp}). Although they can stand on their own, directional verbs are commonly used in \is{predicate!complex}complex predicates; and of all Kalamang complex predicates the majority involve a directional verb (see Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). Many of the directional verbs end in -ra, including the rather generic ra `to move (away)', suggesting these verbs are diachronically related and perhaps have been part of a paradigm involving the directional verb -ra. The way speakers use directional verbs when talking about travelling by sea from Karas island is described in §\ref{sec:elevdem}.
A: word: di=saran=i	 gloss: CAUS=ascend=PLNK
B: word: kalom∼lom∼un	 gloss: unripe∼RED
C: word: di=saran	 gloss: CAUS=ascend
D: word: di=baran	 gloss: CAUS=descend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nene ___
Gloss (with missing item): grandmother ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Grandmother, come!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Directional verbs are verbs that express movement in a specific direction, end in -a and are irregular. The subclass of directional verbs distinguishes itself from other verbs in several other ways. All verbs belonging to the class are given in Table~\ref{tab:dirall}. When combined with locative =ko, as in~(\ref{exe:dirko}), directional verbs precede the locative, whereas other verbs follow it. Of all verbs, only directional verbs can carry the \is{causative}causative proclitic di=, illustrated in~(\ref{exe:dirdi}). They also have a special imperative ending in -ei, in contrast to other verbs, which carry imperative =te (example~\ref{exe:dirimp}). Although they can stand on their own, directional verbs are commonly used in \is{predicate!complex}complex predicates; and of all Kalamang complex predicates the majority involve a directional verb (see Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). Many of the directional verbs end in -ra, including the rather generic ra `to move (away)', suggesting these verbs are diachronically related and perhaps have been part of a paradigm involving the directional verb -ra. The way speakers use directional verbs when talking about travelling by sea from Karas island is described in §\ref{sec:elevdem}.
A: word: mei	 gloss: come.IMP
B: word: potmei	 gloss: cut.IMP
C: word: rar	 gloss: go.PL.IMP
D: word: un-ganggie	 gloss: REFL-lift
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu sontum=at kome ___ mian
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL person=OBJ look ___ come
The English translation of this sentence is:`They looked at the people coming and going.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Six of the seven verbs can be divided into opposite pairs: sara `to ascend' and bara `to descend', masara `to move towards land' and marua `to move towards sea', and mia `to come' and ra `to move away'. These pairs may occur together to indicate a back-and-forth movement. The verb pairs sathe morpheme ___-bathe morpheme ___, mathe morpheme ___-maruan and the morpheme ___-mian (note that they all carry final -n, although it is unclear why) are illustrated in~(\ref{exe:sathe morpheme ___bathe morpheme ___}) to (\ref{exe:the morpheme ___mian}). There is no dedicated opposite of era `to move uphill; to ascend diaits gloss ___nally'. Instead, bara `to descend' is the opposite of both sara `to ascend (vertically)' and era. However, era and bara are never used as an opposite pair in the same clause, whereas sara and bara are.
A: word: yap_seran-un	 gloss: yam-3POSS
B: word: di=saran	 gloss: CAUS=ascend
C: word: luk	 gloss: come
D: word: ran	 gloss: go
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu sontum=at kome ran ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL person=OBJ look go ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They looked at the people coming and going.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Six of the seven verbs can be divided into opposite pairs: sara `to ascend' and bara `to descend', masara `to move towards land' and marua `to move towards sea', and mia `to its gloss ___' and ra `to move away'. These pairs may occur together to indicate a back-and-forth movement. The verb pairs saran-baran, maran-maruan and ran-the morpheme ___ (note that they all carry final -n, although it is unclear why) are illustrated in~(\ref{exe:saranbaran}) to (\ref{exe:ranthe morpheme ___}). There is no dedicated opposite of era `to move uphill; to ascend diagonally'. Instead, bara `to descend' is the opposite of both sara `to ascend (vertically)' and era. However, era and bara are never used as an opposite pair in the same clause, whereas sara and bara are.
A: word: kian	 gloss: wife.1SG.POSS
B: word: mian	 gloss: come
C: word: ko=naurar	 gloss: APPL-circle
D: word: mei	 gloss: come.IMP
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mat bantu karajang=at ___ alfukat=at payiem
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG.OBJ help basket=OBJ ___ avocado=OBJ fill
The English translation of this sentence is:`[They] help him, put up his basket, fill it with avocados.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The causative proclitic di= (§\ref{sec:di}), which indicates movement towards a goal, often occurs on directional verbs. It can usually be translated with `put' in combination with a directional verb, such as di=sara `put up' in~(\ref{exe:dirdi}). Di= is not found with era `to go up diagonally' or mia `to come'. With ra `to move (away), di= creates the specific meaning `to put up; to install'. This is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:salat}).
A: word: di=saran=i	 gloss: CAUS=ascend=PLNK
B: word: di=saran	 gloss: CAUS=ascend
C: word: di=baran	 gloss: CAUS=descend
D: word: an-tain=a	 gloss: 1SG-alone=FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): lemat=at paruon=i koyet komangganggoup=et sal=at ___
Gloss (with missing item): bamboo_string=OBJ make=PLNK finish put_on_roof=IRR roof_beam=OBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`After making the bamboo string [we] put on the roof, install the roof beams.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The causative proclitic di= (§\ref{sec:di}), which indicates movement towards a goal, often occurs on directional verbs. It can usually be translated with `put' in combination with a directional verb, such as di=sara `put up' in~(\ref{exe:dirdi}). Di= is not found with era `to go up diagonally' or mia `to come'. With ra `to move (away), di= creates the specific meaning `to put up; to install'. This is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:salat}).
A: word: di=ran	 gloss: CAUS=move
B: word: di=ra	 gloss: CAUS=move
C: word: bot	 gloss: go
D: word: di=rat=et	 gloss: CAUS=move=IRR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an kaling=at ___ per=at di=baran
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG frying_pan=OBJ ___ frying_pan=OBJ CAUS=descend
The English translation of this sentence is:`I put the frying pan [on the fire], put in the water.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: However, di=ra can also more predictably mean `to put (away from the deictic centre)', as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:dira}), which also contains di=bara `to put down', in this case, put inside a container.
A: word: lemat=at	 gloss: bamboo_string=OBJ
B: word: di=ra	 gloss: CAUS=move
C: word: winyal∼winyal	 gloss: fish∼PROG
D: word: di=ran	 gloss: CAUS=go_away
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma [...] bo amdir=ka bo ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG {} go garden=LAT go ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`She goes to the garden to dig up food.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: While there is one noun that cannot be the object of a verb but instead must be incorporated, don `thing', there are also restrictions on which elements can be incorporated. Pronouns, \is{demonstrative}demonstratives and modified nouns cannot be incorporated. As for the verbs, intransitive verbs cannot incorporate. Incorporation can take place on verbs that are part of a complex predicate\is{predicate!complex}. Both the first and the second verb in such a construction may incorporate, as (\ref{exe:jiena}) and (\ref{exe:bomuapruo}) illustrate.
A: word: muap-sanggara	 gloss: food-search
B: word: muap-an	 gloss: food-1SG.POSS
C: word: muap-ruo	 gloss: food-dig
D: word: ko=garung	 gloss: APPL=chat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Nur an=at gonggung=te tok ___
Gloss (with missing item): Nur 1SG=OBJ call={\glte} first ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`Nur calls me to have breakfast first.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is unclear what the semantic or pragmatic difference is between incorporated and non-incorporated noun-verb pairs, and thus it remains for further research what guides the choice between incorporating or not incorporating. Some incorporations are more abstract expressions. Ter-na `its gloss ___', for example, does not necessarily mean `drinking tea', but can also mean `having breakfast'. Incorporations with tree names and sara `to ascend' mean `to climb that tree in order to harvest'. However, we also find object + verb pairs with the same nouns and verbs which also have the more abstract meanings, suggesting that incorporation is not a requirement for the abstract reading. This is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:terincorp}). In~(\ref{exe:teratna}), the speaker first uses ter `tea' as the object and na `consume' as the verb. Two turns later, in~(\ref{exe:terna}), he incorporates ter into na with the same meaning, `to have breakfast'. (\ref{exe:ternatnin}) shows that negation does not play a role in the difference between~(\ref{exe:teratna}) and~(\ref{exe:terna}), and that ter may be incorporated in na also when the verb is negated.
A: word: sarat=et	 gloss: ascend=IRR
B: word: ter-na	 gloss: tea-consume
C: word: ter-nan=i	 gloss: tea-consume=PLNK
D: word: ter	 gloss: tea
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu muap ba mu ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG eat but 3SG ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They ate but they didn't drink tea.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: It is unclear what the semantic or pragmatic difference is between incorporated and non-incorporated noun-verb pairs, and thus it remains for further research what guides the choice between incorporating or not incorporating. Some incorporations are more abstract expressions. Ter-na `tea-consume', for example, does not necessarily mean `drinking tea', but can also mean `having breakfast'. Incorporations with tree names and sara `to ascend' mean `to climb that tree in order to harvest'. However, we also find object + verb pairs with the same nouns and verbs which also have the more abstract meanings, suggesting that incorporation is not a requirement for the abstract reading. This is illustrated in~(\ref{exe:terincorp}). In~(\ref{exe:teratna}), the speaker first uses ter `tea' as the object and na `consume' as the verb. Two turns later, in~(\ref{exe:terna}), he incorporates ter into na with the same meaning, `to have breakfast'. (\ref{exe:ternatnin}) shows that negation does not play a role in the difference between~(\ref{exe:teratna}) and~(\ref{exe:terna}), and that ter may be incorporated in na also when the verb is negated.
A: word: nau=koup	 gloss: RECP=hug
B: word: ter-na	 gloss: tea-consume
C: word: nat=nin	 gloss: consum=NEG
D: word: ter-nat=nin	 gloss: tea-consume=NEG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D