cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ wa lolok tak-karuok
Gloss (with missing item): ___ PROX leaf CLF_LEAF-three
The English translation of this sentence is:`This is mine. It has three leaves.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The freestanding possessive pronouns can be used both as NP heads and as modifiers, whereas the suffixes always have to be attached to the NP head (the possessed noun). Adnominal use of the freestanding possessive pronoun was illustrated in~(\ref{exe:posspron}) and~(\ref{exe:possdouble}) above. A pronominal example is given in~(\ref{exe:anggonawa}).
A: word: anggon=at=a	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ=FOC
B: word: pokpok=kin	 gloss: small_motor_boat=POSS
C: word: anggon=a	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=FOC
D: word: anggon=at	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an bo lembaga nerun ___ se bo temun
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG go prison inside ___ IAM go big
The English translation of this sentence is:`I went to prison, and my child has grown big.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most common possessive construction is created by means of the possessive suffix. I refer to this as the basic possessive construction. This construction can be used for both animate and inanimate possessors and possessed. See~(\ref{exe:tumunan}) with tumun `child' and~(\ref{exe:dowiwe}) with dowi `seed' as the possessed, respectively.
A: word: tumun-an=at	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS=OBJ
B: word: pak	 gloss: Pak
C: word: tumun-an	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS
D: word: dowi-pe	 gloss: seed-1PL.POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): nain ___ opa me
Gloss (with missing item): like ___ ANA TOP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Like those seeds of ours.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The most common possessive construction is created by means of the possessive suffix. I refer to this as the basic possessive construction. This construction can be used for both animate and inanimate possessors and possessed. See~(\ref{exe:tumunan}) with tumun `child' and~(\ref{exe:dowiwe}) with dowi `seed' as the possessed, respectively.
A: word: kanggirar-pe	 gloss: eye-1PL.INCL.POSS
B: word: dian	 gloss: Dian
C: word: dowi-pe	 gloss: seed-1PL.POSS
D: word: muap-an	 gloss: food-1SG.POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ tara-un=a Pakpak=a bot=kin
Gloss (with missing item): ___ grandparent-3POSS=FOC Fakfak=FOC go=VOL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Dian's grandfather wants to go to Fakfak.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are a number of conventionalised constructions that can or must be made by means of the third-person possessive suffix -un. First, teknonyms, a common term of address, are made with this possessive suffix. Teknonyms\is{names!teknonymy} are formed with the name of a firstborn and follow the template [name] [kinship term]-[un], where the kinship term can be esa `father', ema `mother' or tara- `grandparent'. Consider~(\ref{exe:nyongemun}) and~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___taraun}). Note that esa and ema are esun and emun, respectively, when inflected with the third-person possessive suffix -un.
A: word: kian	 gloss: wife.1SG.POSS
B: word: dian	 gloss: Dian
C: word: nainain	 gloss: nainain
D: word: kain=at	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dian ___ Pakpak=a bot=kin
Gloss (with missing item): Dian ___ Fakfak=FOC go=VOL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Dian's grandfather wants to go to Fakfak.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are a number of conventionalised constructions that can or must be made by means of the third-person possessive suffix -un. First, teknonyms, a common term of address, are made with this possessive suffix. Teknonyms\is{names!teknonymy} are formed with the name of a firstborn and follow the template [name] [kinship term]-[un], where the kinship term can be esa `father', ema `mother' or tara- `grandparent'. Consider~(\ref{exe:nyongemun}) and~(\ref{exe:diantaraun}). Note that esa and ema are esun and emun, respectively, when inflected with the third-person possessive suffix -un.
A: word: putkon=kin	 gloss: ten=POSS
B: word: tara-un=at	 gloss: grandfather-3POSS=OBJ
C: word: tara-un=a	 gloss: grandparent-3POSS=FOC
D: word: tara-un	 gloss: grandfather-3POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Sek ___ metko tebolsuban
Gloss (with missing item): Sek ___ DIST.LOC fish_at_reef_edge
The English translation of this sentence is:`[She] went fishing at Sek's sea.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Third, geographical names\is{names!place names} may make use of a construction with third-person possessive -un. On the island where Kalamang is spoken, each coastal area around a bay has a name. Several landscape features are associated with this name. Thus, the area of Tat includes Tat Os `Tat Beach' and Tat Karimun `Cape Tat'. Two landscape features are inflected with -un when they follow a geographical name: wilak `sea', given in~(\ref{exe:wilaun}) and kelek `mountain; inland', illustrated in~(\ref{exe:keleun}).
A: word: sor-un	 gloss: fish-3POSS
B: word: elak-un=ko	 gloss: bottom-3POSS=LOC
C: word: limabelas=kin=at	 gloss: 15_hp_motor_boat.MLY=POSS=OBJ
D: word: wilak-un	 gloss: sea-3POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma Sabaor=ka kasawari=at sarie Sabaor ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG Sabaor=LAT cassowary=OBJ chase Sabaor ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He chased the cassowary from Sabaor, from Sabaor inland.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Third, geographical names\is{names!place names} may make use of a construction with third-person possessive -un. On the island where Kalamang is spoken, each coastal area around a bay has a name. Several landscape features are associated with this name. Thus, the area of Tat includes Tat Os `Tat Beach' and Tat Karimun `Cape Tat'. Two landscape features are inflected with -un when they follow a geographical name: wilak `sea', given in~(\ref{exe:wilaun}) and kelek `mountain; inland', illustrated in~(\ref{exe:keleun}).
A: word: wilak=ka	 gloss: sea=LAT
B: word: putkon=kin	 gloss: ten=POSS
C: word: mul-un=ka	 gloss: side-3POSS=LAT
D: word: kelek-un=ka	 gloss: inland-3POSS=LAT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ tara-un=a Pakpak=a bot=kin
Gloss (with missing item): ___ grandparent-3POSS=FOC Fakfak=FOC go=VOL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Dian's grandfather wants to go to Fakfak.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The corpus contains ten different nouns that are followed by freestanding possessive pronouns. Six of these nouns are also found with a possessive suffix, which means they do not require a possessive pronoun construction.\footnote{These are pendapat `opinion' (Malay loan), toman `bag', hak `right' (Malay loan), kewe `house', asal `origin' (Malay loan) and guru `teacher' (Malay loan). A reason that many of these are Malay loans might be that possessive constructions in Papuan Malay are made with a periphrastic construction (possessor + `have' + possessum), which might trigger the use of a possessive pronoun instead of a suffix in Kalamang. In any case, the number of occurrences of these words is so low in comparison to those of esa `father' and ema `mother' that we will not consider them any further.} Wowa `aunt' and tata `grandfather' are not found with a possessive suffix, but are uncommon in the corpus. Esa `father' and ema `mother' are only found with a third-person possessive suffix, and only in teknonyms, as in~(\ref{exe:nyongemun}) and~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___taraun}) above (see also §\ref{sec:names}).
A: word: kian	 gloss: wife.1SG.POSS
B: word: nainain	 gloss: nainain
C: word: limabelas=kin=at	 gloss: 15_hp_motor_boat.MLY=POSS=OBJ
D: word: dian	 gloss: Dian
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Dian ___ Pakpak=a bot=kin
Gloss (with missing item): Dian ___ Fakfak=FOC go=VOL
The English translation of this sentence is:`Dian's grandfather wants to go to Fakfak.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The corpus contains ten different nouns that are followed by freestanding possessive pronouns. Six of these nouns are also found with a possessive suffix, which means they do not require a possessive pronoun construction.\footnote{These are pendapat `opinion' (Malay loan), toman `bag', hak `right' (Malay loan), kewe `house', asal `origin' (Malay loan) and guru `teacher' (Malay loan). A reason that many of these are Malay loans might be that possessive constructions in Papuan Malay are made with a periphrastic construction (possessor + `have' + possessum), which might trigger the use of a possessive pronoun instead of a suffix in Kalamang. In any case, the number of occurrences of these words is so low in comparison to those of esa `father' and ema `mother' that we will not consider them any further.} Wowa `aunt' and tata `grandfather' are not found with a possessive suffix, but are uncommon in the corpus. Esa `father' and ema `mother' are only found with a third-person possessive suffix, and only in teknonyms, as in~(\ref{exe:nyongemun}) and~(\ref{exe:diantaraun}) above (see also §\ref{sec:names}).
A: word: tebol=kin	 gloss: reef_edge=POSS
B: word: tara-un	 gloss: grandfather-3POSS
C: word: tara-un=a	 gloss: grandparent-3POSS=FOC
D: word: tara-un=at	 gloss: grandfather-3POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): esa ___ to esa anggon ma don-pat
Gloss (with missing item): father ___ right father 1SG.POSS 3SG clothing-sew
The English translation of this sentence is:`Our father, right, my father, he sewed clothing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples of esa `father' and ema `mother' followed by a possessive pronoun are given in~(\ref{exe:esathe morpheme ___}) and~(\ref{exe:emakain}), respectively.
A: word: mir-eir=kin=at	 gloss: CLF_CANOE-two=POSS=OBJ
B: word: kaden-un	 gloss: body-1PL.EXCL.POSS
C: word: kaninggonie	 gloss: nine
D: word: inggon	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL.POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): esa inggon to esa ___ ma don-pat
Gloss (with missing item): father 1PL.EXCL.POSS right father ___ 3SG clothing-sew
The English translation of this sentence is:`Our father, right, my father, he sewed clothing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples of esa `father' and ema `mother' followed by a possessive pronoun are given in~(\ref{exe:esainggon}) and~(\ref{exe:emakain}), respectively.
A: word: kain	 gloss: 2SG.POSS
B: word: anggon	 gloss: 1SG.POSS
C: word: anggon=ki	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=INS
D: word: main=ko	 gloss: 3POSS=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): o in ema ___ konat=nin
Gloss (with missing item): EMPH 1PL.EXCL mother ___ see=NEG
The English translation of this sentence is:`O, we didn't see your mother.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples of esa `father' and ema `mother' followed by a possessive pronoun are given in~(\ref{exe:esainggon}) and~(\ref{exe:emakain}), respectively.
A: word: main=at	 gloss: 3POSS=OBJ
B: word: kain=at	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=OBJ
C: word: kain=kin	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=POSS
D: word: anggon=at	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an bo lembaga nerun ___ se bo temun
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG go prison inside ___ IAM go big
The English translation of this sentence is:`I went to prison, and my child has grown big.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: At this point, it is unclear whether other kinship\is{kinship} terms also require a possessive pronoun.\footnote{There is no restriction against a possessive suffix on a noun ending in /a/, cf. nika-an `my fishing line'.} Besides three occurrences of tata `grandfather' and one of wowa `aunt', there are no possessive constructions with other kinship terms. The only exception to this is the five inalienable\is{alienability} terms mentioned in §\ref{sec:posssuf}, which must carry a possessive suffix, as well as tumun `child', which may carry a possessive suffix, as was illustrated in~(\ref{exe:tumunan}) above. What is clear, however, is that words from the same semantic class (kinship terms) may behave differently with respect to possessive constructions. This also shows that alienability of the possessed does not play a role in the choice of a possessive construction, as is common elsewhere in East Indonesia \parencite[see e.g.][]{klamer2008}. Note that kinship terms are also treated differently from other nouns in possessive constructions in other languages, notably Italian and Scandinavian \parencite{delsing2002}.
A: word: rep=i	 gloss: get=PLNK
B: word: kelek-un=ka	 gloss: inland-3POSS=LAT
C: word: tumun-an	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS
D: word: tumun-an=at	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an me kor-an=a ___ main=ko
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG TOP foot-1SG.POSS=FOC ___ 3POSS=LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for me, I put my foot in his footprints.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A possessive suffix and a freestanding possessive pronoun may also be adjacent when the suffix and the pronoun designate different referents. This can happen when the suffix is needed to make a compound, such as `foot-print' in~(\ref{exe:korter}). The possessive pronoun is then needed to indicate the possessor of the footprint. This is very rare: only two examples exist in the corpus.
A: word: inggon	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL.POSS
B: word: gier-un	 gloss: tooth-3POSS
C: word: di=kor-ter-un	 gloss: CAUS=foot-mark-3POSS
D: word: di=mu	 gloss: CAUS=3PL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an me kor-an=a di=kor-ter-un ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG TOP foot-1SG.POSS=FOC CAUS=foot-mark-3POSS ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for me, I put my foot in his footprints.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A possessive suffix and a freestanding possessive pronoun may also be adjacent when the suffix and the pronoun designate different referents. This can happen when the suffix is needed to make a compound, such as `foot-print' in~(\ref{exe:korter}). The possessive pronoun is then needed to indicate the possessor of the footprint. This is very rare: only two examples exist in the corpus.
A: word: elak-un=ko	 gloss: bottom-3POSS=LOC
B: word: main=ki	 gloss: 3POSS=INS
C: word: main=ko	 gloss: 3POSS=LOC
D: word: kain=kin	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): wienar ___
Gloss (with missing item): parrotfish ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`roundhead parrotfish'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other examples of spatial association are the names of certain species, especially fish species, as shown in~(\ref{exe:wienart}). The wienar `parrotfish' is contrasted with other wienar species, such as wienar saruam `longnose parrotfish'. It can also be used in a more general sense to group for example all fish found close to the shore, as in~(\ref{exe:sorkis}).
A: word: tebol=kin	 gloss: reef_edge=POSS
B: word: tebol-suban	 gloss: reef_edge-fish
C: word: kibis=kin	 gloss: shore=POSS
D: word: pokpok=kin	 gloss: small_motor_boat=POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): sor ___
Gloss (with missing item): fish ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`shore fish'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other examples of spatial association are the names of certain species, especially fish species, as shown in~(\ref{exe:wienart}). The wienar `parrotfish' is contrasted with other wienar species, such as wienar saruam `longnose parrotfish'. It can also be used in a more general sense to group for example all fish found close to the shore, as in~(\ref{exe:sorkis}).
A: word: tara-un=a	 gloss: grandparent-3POSS=FOC
B: word: tebol=kin	 gloss: reef_edge=POSS
C: word: kibis=kin	 gloss: shore=POSS
D: word: kalis=kin	 gloss: rain={\glkin}
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C