cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an ___ kawotman ma main=ki kawotman
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ cut 3SG 3POSS=INS cut
The English translation of this sentence is:`I cut with mine, he cuts with his.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: At least the basic pronouns, the -tain series of restricting pronouns and possessive pronouns can be marked with the following clitics in different syntactic and pragmatic roles: object =at (§\ref{sec:at}), \is{causative}causative di= (in give-constructions, §\ref{sec:give}), comitative =bon (§\ref{sec:comi}) and similative =kap (§\ref{sec:simcase}). Lative =ka and locative =ko cannot be suffixed to pronouns, having dedicated animate forms instead that can be used with pronouns referring to animates: =kongga and =konggo, respectively (§\ref{sec:animloclat}). Benefactive marker =ki is the only case enclitic that cannot be attached to pronouns (see §\ref{sec:give}). An instance of instrumental =ki was elicited, see~(\ref{exe:anggonggi}). The comitative and similative postpositions\is{postposition!on pronouns} are illustrated in~(\ref{exe:proncom}) and~(\ref{exe:pronkap}), respectively.
A: word: anggon=ki	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=INS
B: word: kain=kin	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=POSS
C: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
D: word: anggon=at	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an anggon=ki kawotman ma ___ kawotman
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG 1SG.POSS=INS cut 3SG ___ cut
The English translation of this sentence is:`I cut with mine, he cuts with his.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: At least the basic pronouns, the -tain series of restricting pronouns and possessive pronouns can be marked with the following clitics in different syntactic and pragmatic roles: object =at (§\ref{sec:at}), \is{causative}causative di= (in give-constructions, §\ref{sec:give}), comitative =bon (§\ref{sec:comi}) and similative =kap (§\ref{sec:simcase}). Lative =ka and locative =ko cannot be suffixed to pronouns, having dedicated animate forms instead that can be used with pronouns referring to animates: =kongga and =konggo, respectively (§\ref{sec:animloclat}). Benefactive marker =ki is the only case enclitic that cannot be attached to pronouns (see §\ref{sec:give}). An instance of instrumental =ki was elicited, see~(\ref{exe:anggonggi}). The comitative and similative postpositions\is{postposition!on pronouns} are illustrated in~(\ref{exe:proncom}) and~(\ref{exe:pronkap}), respectively.
A: word: main=ki	 gloss: 3POSS=INS
B: word: main=ko	 gloss: 3POSS=LOC
C: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
D: word: muin	 gloss: 3POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu se yal ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL IAM paddle ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They paddled with him alone.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: At least the basic pronouns, the -tain series of restricting pronouns and possessive pronouns can be marked with the following clitics in different syntactic and pragmatic roles: object =at (§\ref{sec:at}), \is{causative}causative di= (in give-constructions, §\ref{sec:give}), comitative =bon (§\ref{sec:comi}) and similative =kap (§\ref{sec:simcase}). Lative =ka and locative =ko cannot be suffixed to pronouns, having dedicated animate forms instead that can be used with pronouns referring to animates: =kongga and =konggo, respectively (§\ref{sec:animloclat}). Benefactive marker =ki is the only case enclitic that cannot be attached to pronouns (see §\ref{sec:give}). An instance of instrumental =ki was elicited, see~(\ref{exe:anggonggi}). The comitative and similative postpositions\is{postposition!on pronouns} are illustrated in~(\ref{exe:proncom}) and~(\ref{exe:pronkap}), respectively.
A: word: in=bon	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=COM
B: word: emun	 gloss: mother.3POSS
C: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
D: word: marain=bon	 gloss: 3SG.ALONE=COM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): me sama=i nain ___
Gloss (with missing item): DIST same=PLNK like ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`That's the same as me.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: At least the basic pronouns, the -tain series of restricting pronouns and possessive pronouns can be marked with the following clitics in different syntactic and pragmatic roles: object =at (§\ref{sec:at}), \is{causative}causative di= (in give-constructions, §\ref{sec:give}), comitative =bon (§\ref{sec:comi}) and similative =kap (§\ref{sec:simcase}). Lative =ka and locative =ko cannot be suffixed to pronouns, having dedicated animate forms instead that can be used with pronouns referring to animates: =kongga and =konggo, respectively (§\ref{sec:animloclat}). Benefactive marker =ki is the only case enclitic that cannot be attached to pronouns (see §\ref{sec:give}). An instance of instrumental =ki was elicited, see~(\ref{exe:anggonggi}). The comitative and similative postpositions\is{postposition!on pronouns} are illustrated in~(\ref{exe:proncom}) and~(\ref{exe:pronkap}), respectively.
A: word: an=kap	 gloss: 1SG=SIM
B: word: an=a	 gloss: 1SG=FOC
C: word: et-purir-kon=kap	 gloss: CLF_AN-twenty-approximately=SIM
D: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an ___ naluar=teba
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ slacken=\glteba
The English translation of this sentence is:`I'm slackening mine.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All pronouns in Table~\ref{tab:pronouns} must carry object marker =at when they function as the (direct or indirect) object of a clause. (\ref{exe:bandrol}) and~(\ref{exe:naluar}) illustrate different kinds of pronouns in object function.
A: word: anggon=at	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ
B: word: kain=at	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=OBJ
C: word: anggon=at=a	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ=FOC
D: word: ma=nan	 gloss: 3SG=too
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ koyan amdir-un=ko
Gloss (with missing item): ___ plant garden-3POSS=LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`He also plants in the garden.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other nominal morphology that is also carried by pronouns is =nan `too', illustrated in~(\ref{exe:pronnan}).
A: word: ka=taet	 gloss: 2SG=again
B: word: ma=nan	 gloss: 3SG=too
C: word: mu=nan	 gloss: 3PL=too
D: word: an-tain=a	 gloss: 1SG-alone=FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ki-mun ___ ewa∼wa=in
Gloss (with missing item): 2PL-PROH ___ speak∼PROG=PROH
The English translation of this sentence is:`Don't you guys speak to us!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In all pronominal paradigms, there is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive forms. Forms containing in are first-person exclusive (referring to the speaker and other people, excluding the addressee), while forms containing pi are inclusive (referring to the speaker and the addressee, and (an)other person(s)). The dual form inier refers to the speaker and another person, and the dual form pier refers to the speaker and the addressee. Clusivity is illustrated for the basic pronouns in~(\ref{exe:kimuninbon}) and~(\ref{exe:pibuokbuok}).\footnote{Contra the preliminary analysis of the Kalamang pronominal system in \textcite{visser2016}, clusivity is a well-established distinction in Kalamang.}
A: word: in=bon	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=COM
B: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
C: word: marain=bon	 gloss: 3SG.ALONE=COM
D: word: in=nan	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=too
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ buokbuok=et eba pi garung=et
Gloss (with missing item): ___ chew_betel=IRR then 1PL.INCL talk=IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`We chew betel and then we talk.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In all pronominal paradigms, there is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive forms. Forms containing in are first-person exclusive (referring to the speaker and other people, excluding the addressee), while forms containing the morpheme ___ are inclusive (referring to the speaker and the addressee, and (an)other person(s)). The dual form inier refers to the speaker and another person, and the dual form the morpheme ___er refers to the speaker and the addressee. Clusivity is illustrated for the basic pronouns in~(\ref{exe:kimuninbon}) and~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___buokbuok}).\footnote{Contra the preliminary analysis of the Kalamang pronominal system in \textcite{visser2016}, clusivity is a well-established distinction in Kalamang.}
A: word: pi	 gloss: 1PL.INCL
B: word: elak-pis	 gloss: down-\textbf{side}
C: word: ar-kon	 gloss: CLF_STEM-one
D: word: in=bon	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=COM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): pi buokbuok=et eba ___ garung=et
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.INCL chew_betel=IRR then ___ talk=IRR
The English translation of this sentence is:`We chew betel and then we talk.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In all pronominal paradigms, there is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive forms. Forms containing in are first-person exclusive (referring to the speaker and other people, excluding the addressee), while forms containing the morpheme ___ are inclusive (referring to the speaker and the addressee, and (an)other person(s)). The dual form inier refers to the speaker and another person, and the dual form the morpheme ___er refers to the speaker and the addressee. Clusivity is illustrated for the basic pronouns in~(\ref{exe:kimuninbon}) and~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___buokbuok}).\footnote{Contra the preliminary analysis of the Kalamang pronominal system in \textcite{visser2016}, clusivity is a well-established distinction in Kalamang.}
A: word: elak-pis	 gloss: down-\textbf{side}
B: word: in-ahutak	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-alone
C: word: pi	 gloss: 1PL.INCL
D: word: naras∼naras=in	 gloss: fight∼RED=PROH
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ et-putkaruok koluk
Gloss (with missing item): ___ CLF_AN-thirteen find
The English translation of this sentence is:`We caught thirteen pieces.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Dual number is created by suffixing -ier to the basic pronouns. This might be a metathesis\is{metathesis} of eir `two'. Dual forms are not obligatory, but are used in the great majority of the cases where a pronoun refers to two referents. When there are more than two referents, the speaker can choose between a basic pronoun with or without a suffixed \is{numeral}numeral. The higher the number of referents, the lower the share of pronouns with a suffixed numeral.\footnote{This observation is impressionistic. It is based on a corpus search for pronouns with a suffixed numeral. A confounding factor is that lower numerals are more common than higher numerals.} (\ref{exe:mier}) shows dual number, and~(\ref{exe:munggansuor}) shows the numeral kansuor `four' suffixed to the third-person plural.\is{metathesis}\is{number!pronominal}
A: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
B: word: di=saran	 gloss: CAUS=ascend
C: word: inier	 gloss: 1DU.EX
D: word: in-ininggan	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-all
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kon eir karuok kansuor ___ melelu
Gloss (with missing item): one two three four ___ sit
The English translation of this sentence is:`One, two, three, four, they six sit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although suffixing a numeral to a pronoun is less and less common the higher the number of referents, there are several instances in the corpus where speakers count the number of referents to make sure they refer to them in the correct way (as in~\ref{exe:muraman}, where the number of people in a picture is counted), or check with their addressee whether they are referring to the correct number of people, as in~(\ref{exe:mupuraman}). In~(\ref{exe:muraman}) it is unclear whether raman=a should be analysed as a suffix to the pronoun or as an independent numeral, but since the corpus contains examples with `two', `three' and `four' that are suffixed, I take it that `six' is, too.
A: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: tamandi=a	 gloss: how=FOC
C: word: naman=a	 gloss: who=FOC
D: word: mu-raman=a	 gloss: 3PL-six=FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kon eir karuok kansuor ___ melelu
Gloss (with missing item): one two three four ___ sit
The English translation of this sentence is:`One, two, three, four, they six sit.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Although suffixing a numeral to a pronoun is less and less common the higher the number of referents, there are several instances in the corpus where speakers count the number of referents to make sure they refer to them in the correct way (as in~\ref{exe:muraman}, where the number of people in a picture is counted), or check with their addressee whether they are referring to the correct number of people, as in~(\ref{exe:mupuraman}). In~(\ref{exe:muraman}) it is unclear whether raman=a should be analysed as a suffix to the pronoun or as an independent numeral, but since the corpus contains examples with `two', `three' and `four' that are suffixed, I take it that `six' is, too.
A: word: tamandi=a	 gloss: how=FOC
B: word: naman=a	 gloss: who=FOC
C: word: nyong	 gloss: Nyong
D: word: mu-raman=a	 gloss: 3PL-six=FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ Keca=bon bo war=kin
Gloss (with missing item): ___ Keca=COM go fish={\glkin}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Me and Keca wanted to go fishing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A common construction with the morpheme ___, which includes the speaker, is the morpheme ___ N=bon, literally `we two and X'. Rather than referring to three people, it refers to the speaker and X, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___bon}). This is what \textcite{singer2001} refers to as an inclusory construction.
A: word: inier	 gloss: 1DU.EX
B: word: in-ininggan	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-all
C: word: kahen	 gloss: tall
D: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): inier ___ bo war=kin
Gloss (with missing item): 1DU.EX ___ go fish={\glkin}
The English translation of this sentence is:`Me and Keca wanted to go fishing.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A common construction with inier, which includes the speaker, is inier N=bon, literally `we two and X'. Rather than referring to three people, it refers to the speaker and X, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:inierbon}). This is what \textcite{singer2001} refers to as an inclusory construction.
A: word: inier	 gloss: 1DU
B: word: ma=bon	 gloss: 3SG=COM
C: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
D: word: luis=bon	 gloss: Luis=COM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ taikonggo kiun taikonggo
Gloss (with missing item): ___ side.LOC wife.3POSS side.LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`He (alone/himself) on one side, his wife on the other side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:marain}) and~(\ref{exe:andain}) illustrate the -tain series with restrictive or contrastive focus\is{pronoun!focus}. In~(\ref{exe:marain}), where people describe a picture from the Family problems picture task\is{picture-matching task} \parencite{carroll2009}, there are clearly more referents to choose from, but the speaker wishes to focus on `him alone'. In~(\ref{exe:andain}), from the same recording, the speaker explains that the man in the task, who has come out of jail and has become a better person, improved himself on his own. There were perhaps more candidates for the source of his improvement, but the speaker wishes to convey that the man did it all alone. Strikingly, -tain pronouns often co-occur with the focus enclitic =a.
A: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: anggon=at	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ
C: word: ka-tain=a	 gloss: 2SG-alone=FOC
D: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A