cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ paruo
Gloss (with missing item): ___ do
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was I who did it.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:marain}) and~(\ref{exe:andain}) illustrate the -tain series with restrictive or contrastive focus\is{pronoun!focus}. In~(\ref{exe:marain}), where people describe a picture from the Family problems picture task\is{picture-matching task} \parencite{carroll2009}, there are clearly more referents to choose from, but the speaker wishes to focus on `him alone'. In~(\ref{exe:andain}), from the same recording, the speaker explains that the man in the task, who has come out of jail and has become a better person, improved himself on his own. There were perhaps more candidates for the source of his improvement, but the speaker wishes to convey that the man did it all alone. Strikingly, -tain pronouns often co-occur with the focus enclitic =a.
A: word: ka-tain=a	 gloss: 2SG-alone=FOC
B: word: an-tain=a	 gloss: 1SG-alone=FOC
C: word: marain=bon	 gloss: 3SG.ALONE=COM
D: word: kewe=ko	 gloss: house=LOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ taikonggo kiun taikonggo
Gloss (with missing item): ___ side.LOC wife.3POSS side.LOC
The English translation of this sentence is:`He (alone/himself) on one side, his wife on the other side.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:marain}) and~(\ref{exe:andain}) illustrate the -tain series with restrictive or contrastive focus\is{pronoun!focus}. In~(\ref{exe:marain}), where people describe a picture from the Family problems picture task\is{picture-matching task} \parencite{carroll2009}, there are clearly more referents to choose from, but the speaker wishes to focus on `him alone'. In~(\ref{exe:andain}), from the same recording, the speaker explains that the man in the task, who has come out of jail and has become a better person, improved himself on his own. There were perhaps more candidates for the source of his improvement, but the speaker wishes to convey that the man did it all alone. Strikingly, -tain pronouns often co-occur with the focus enclitic =a.
A: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
B: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
C: word: ka-tain=a	 gloss: 2SG-alone=FOC
D: word: an-tain=a	 gloss: 1SG-alone=FOC
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ paruo
Gloss (with missing item): ___ do
The English translation of this sentence is:`It was I who did it.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:marain}) and~(\ref{exe:andain}) illustrate the -tain series with restrictive or contrastive focus\is{pronoun!focus}. In~(\ref{exe:marain}), where people describe a picture from the Family problems picture task\is{picture-matching task} \parencite{carroll2009}, there are clearly more referents to choose from, but the speaker wishes to focus on `him alone'. In~(\ref{exe:andain}), from the same recording, the speaker explains that the man in the task, who has come out of jail and has become a better person, improved himself on his own. There were perhaps more candidates for the source of his improvement, but the speaker wishes to convey that the man did it all alone. Strikingly, -tain pronouns often co-occur with the focus enclitic =a.
A: word: goni-kinkin	 gloss: sack-small
B: word: an-tain=a	 gloss: 1SG-alone=FOC
C: word: ka-tain=a	 gloss: 2SG-alone=FOC
D: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ se un-deir=i luk
Gloss (with missing item): ___ IAM REFL-bring=PLNK come
The English translation of this sentence is:`She came herself.' (Lit. `She brought herself coming.')
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The -tain series may also be used in \is{reflexive}reflexive constructions, as in~(\ref{exe:undeirii}). See §\ref{sec:rflx} for a further description.
A: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: nyong	 gloss: Nyong
C: word: ka-tain=a	 gloss: 2SG-alone=FOC
D: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ watko ewa=te
Gloss (with missing item): ___ PROX.LOC speak=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`You talk on your own here!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:kahutak}) and~(\ref{exe:mahutak}) illustrate the quantifying -(a)hutak series\is{pronoun!quantifying}. In~(\ref{exe:kahutak}), one speaker leaves the other during a recording session and orders her to speak further on her own. There are no others around, so the speaker is really only talking about the addressee. In~(\ref{exe:mahutak}), people are discussing a picture with a girl named Ramina on it, and no-one else.
A: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
C: word: inier	 gloss: 1DU
D: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ramina ___ bara
Gloss (with missing item): Ramina ___ descend
The English translation of this sentence is:`Ramina alone is coming back.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:kahutak}) and~(\ref{exe:mahutak}) illustrate the quantifying -(a)hutak series\is{pronoun!quantifying}. In~(\ref{exe:kahutak}), one speaker leaves the other during a recording session and orders her to speak further on her own. There are no others around, so the speaker is really only talking about the addressee. In~(\ref{exe:mahutak}), people are discussing a picture with a girl named Ramina on it, and no-one else.
A: word: kain	 gloss: 2SG.POSS
B: word: karuok-i	 gloss: three-OBJQNT
C: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
D: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ watko ewa=te
Gloss (with missing item): ___ PROX.LOC speak=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`You talk on your own here!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:kahutak}) and~(\ref{exe:mahutak}) illustrate the quantifying -(a)hutak series\is{pronoun!quantifying}. In~(\ref{exe:kahutak}), one speaker leaves the other during a recording session and orders her to speak further on her own. There are no others around, so the speaker is really only talking about the addressee. In~(\ref{exe:mahutak}), people are discussing a picture with a girl named Ramina on it, and no-one else.
A: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
C: word: esun=a	 gloss: father.3POSS=FOC
D: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ramina ___ bara
Gloss (with missing item): Ramina ___ descend
The English translation of this sentence is:`Ramina alone is coming back.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:kahutak}) and~(\ref{exe:mahutak}) illustrate the quantifying -(a)hutak series\is{pronoun!quantifying}. In~(\ref{exe:kahutak}), one speaker leaves the other during a recording session and orders her to speak further on her own. There are no others around, so the speaker is really only talking about the addressee. In~(\ref{exe:mahutak}), people are discussing a picture with a girl named Ramina on it, and no-one else.
A: word: ma-tain	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: sanggaran=taet	 gloss: search=again
C: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
D: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bukan ___ ge [...] in-ininggan mindi
Gloss (with missing item): not ___ no {} 1PL.EXCL-all like_that
The English translation of this sentence is:`Not just us, we all did like that.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The difference of these last two examples with the -tain examples above is that there are no more referents to choose from. A negated -(a)hutak example further strengthens this hypothesis. In~(\ref{exe:inahutak}), the speaker explains that he and his travel company were not alone (drinking tea at a funeral), but that the other invited people did so as well. By negating a quantifying pronoun, the speaker indicates that there were more people present than just those referred to with `we'. The -(a)hutak pronouns contrast with the -(V)ninggan series described in the next section, also illustrated in the example below.
A: word: ma-hutak	 gloss: 3SG-alone
B: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
C: word: in-ahutak	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-alone
D: word: in-ininggan	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-all
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): bukan in-ahutak ge [...] ___ mindi
Gloss (with missing item): not 1PL.EXCL-alone no {} ___ like_that
The English translation of this sentence is:`Not just us, we all did like that.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The difference of these last two examples with the -tain examples above is that there are no more referents to choose from. A negated -(a)hutak example further strengthens this hypothesis. In~(\ref{exe:inahutak}), the speaker explains that he and his travel company were not alone (drinking tea at a funeral), but that the other invited people did so as well. By negating a quantifying pronoun, the speaker indicates that there were more people present than just those referred to with `we'. The -(a)hutak pronouns contrast with the -(V)ninggan series described in the next section, also illustrated in the example below.
A: word: anggon=ki	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=INS
B: word: in=nan	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=too
C: word: in-ininggan	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-all
D: word: manggan	 gloss: Manggan
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nakal-un elak-pis
Gloss (with missing item): ___ head-3POSS down-side
The English translation of this sentence is:`They both have their heads down'.
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: For the dual forms, the suffix just takes the form -gan, resulting in the meaning `we both, you both, they both', as shown in~(\ref{exe:miergan2}). This suffix is also used on \is{numeral}numerals with the meaning `both' or `all'. Note that the morpheme -gan also seems to be part of the word tebonggan `all'. Tebon does not have a meaning on its own.
A: word: mier-gan	 gloss: 3PL.DU-both
B: word: mier-gan=at	 gloss: 3DU-all=OBJ
C: word: keca=bon	 gloss: Keca=COM
D: word: owane	 gloss: FDIST
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an ___ naluar kain me ka narorar=i bo tamatko=et eba naluar=te
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ slacken 2SG.POSS TOP 2SG drag=PLNK go where=IRR then slacken=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`I slacken mine, as for yours, you drag it over there, then you slacken!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive pronouns, listed in Table~\ref{tab:pronouns}, are used in two ways: pronominally and adnominally. A pronominal example is given in~(\ref{exe:kainme}). The possessive pronouns refer to the two ends of a fishing net.
A: word: anggon=at	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ
B: word: anggon=at=a	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=OBJ=FOC
C: word: anggon=a	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=FOC
D: word: in=bon	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=COM
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an anggon=at=a naluar ___ me ka narorar=i bo tamatko=et eba naluar=te
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG 1SG.POSS=OBJ=FOC slacken ___ TOP 2SG drag=PLNK go where=IRR then slacken=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`I slacken mine, as for yours, you drag it over there, then you slacken!'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Possessive pronouns, listed in Table~\ref{tab:pronouns}, are used in two ways: pronominally and adnominally. A pronominal example is given in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___me}). The possessive pronouns refer to the two ends of a fishing net.
A: word: anggon=ki	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=INS
B: word: kain=kin	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=POSS
C: word: kain	 gloss: 2SG.POSS
D: word: kain=at	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ emun ka tok per=at di=mu ∅=te
Gloss (with missing item): ___ mother.3POSS 2SG first water=OBJ CAUS=3PL give=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Binkur's mother, you give them water first.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronominal address with the second-person singular ka and plural ki is a common form of address in everyday speech. It is considered very informal, and is used among peers, among spouses and towards children, typically for commands. In a more polite variant, it is used in combination with non-pronominal address. (\ref{exe:kaaddr}) is taken from a recording of two friends discussing fishing gear. The speaker addresses her friend with the second-person singular ka to tell her when to speak. (\ref{exe:munka}) is taken from a recording from a boat trip with two distant relatives. The speaker uses a non-pronominal address form first before he uses the pronoun. There are no formal pronominal terms of address. Non-pronominal address is further described in §\ref{sec:usage}.
A: word: binkur	 gloss: Binkur
B: word: an-tain=a	 gloss: 1SG-alone=FOC
C: word: ibrahim	 gloss: Ibrahim
D: word: kuru	 gloss: bring
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Binkur ___ ka tok per=at di=mu ∅=te
Gloss (with missing item): Binkur ___ 2SG first water=OBJ CAUS=3PL give=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Binkur's mother, you give them water first.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronominal address with the second-person singular ka and plural ki is a common form of address in everyday speech. It is considered very informal, and is used among peers, among spouses and towards children, typically for commands. In a more polite variant, it is used in combination with non-pronominal address. (\ref{exe:kaaddr}) is taken from a recording of two friends discussing fishing gear. The speaker addresses her friend with the second-person singular ka to tell her when to speak. (\ref{exe:munka}) is taken from a recording from a boat trip with two distant relatives. The speaker uses a non-pronominal address form first before he uses the pronoun. There are no formal pronominal terms of address. Non-pronominal address is further described in §\ref{sec:usage}.
A: word: emun=at	 gloss: mother.3POSS=OBJ
B: word: emun=a	 gloss: mother=FOC
C: word: in-ahutak	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL-alone
D: word: emun	 gloss: mother.3POSS
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Binkur emun ___ tok per=at di=mu ∅=te
Gloss (with missing item): Binkur mother.3POSS ___ first water=OBJ CAUS=3PL give=IMP
The English translation of this sentence is:`Binkur's mother, you give them water first.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronominal address with the second-person singular the morpheme ___ and plural ki is a common form of address in everyday speech. It is considered very informal, and is used among peers, among spouses and towards children, typically for commands. In a more polite variant, it is used in combination with non-pronominal address. (\ref{exe:the morpheme ___addr}) is taken from a recording of two friends discussing fishing gear. The speaker addresses her friend with the second-person singular the morpheme ___ to tell her when to speak. (\ref{exe:munthe morpheme ___}) is taken from a recording from a boat trip with two distant relatives. The speaker uses a non-pronominal address form first before he uses the pronoun. There are no formal pronominal terms of address. Non-pronominal address is further described in §\ref{sec:usage}.
A: word: ka	 gloss: 2SG
B: word: an=kap	 gloss: 1SG=SIM
C: word: kawotman	 gloss: cut
D: word: mindi	 gloss: like_that
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ esun=a marua yuwa
Gloss (with missing item): ___ father.3SG=FOC move_seawards PROX
The English translation of this sentence is:`Nyong's father comes towards sea here.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As soon as someone becomes a parent, that person can be referred to and addressed with their teknonym\is{names!teknonymy} (the name of their first child) followed by esun `father.\textsc{3poss}' or emun `mother.\textsc{3poss}'. This is exemplified with its gloss ___ esun `its gloss ___'s father' in~(\ref{exe:the morpheme ___}).
A: word: taikonggo	 gloss: side.LOC
B: word: ka-hutak	 gloss: 2SG-alone
C: word: iwan	 gloss: Iwan
D: word: nyong	 gloss: Nyong
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D