cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): teun ___
Gloss (with missing item): fruit ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The fruits are bad.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Each verb licenses zero to three arguments\is{argument}. Verbs follow the subject and the object. There is no agreement marking on the verb.\footnote{Except for verbs in the imperative mood, which distinguish between singular and plural subjects (§\ref{sec:verbdistr}).} (\ref{exe:kalis}) contains a zero-intransitive clause without argument. (\ref{exe:monovstat}) has a monovalent stative verb and (\ref{exe:monov}) a monovalent active verb, each with one argument. (\ref{exe:biv}) shows a bivalent verb with its two arguments. (\ref{exe:triv}) contains a trivalent verb with its three arguments.\is{monovalent clause|see{intransitive clause}}\is{intransitive clause}\is{active verb}\is{bivalent clause|see{transitive clause}}\is{transitive clause}\is{trivalent clause|see{three-participant clause}}\is{three-participant clause}
A: word: ten	 gloss: bad
B: word: sem=ten=at	 gloss: afraid-ADJ=OBJ
C: word: nak-puraman-i	 gloss: CLF_FRUIT1-how_many-OBJQNT
D: word: kasian	 gloss: poor
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They run.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Each verb licenses zero to three arguments\is{argument}. Verbs follow the subject and the object. There is no agreement marking on the verb.\footnote{Except for verbs in the imperative mood, which distinguish between singular and plural subjects (§\ref{sec:verbdistr}).} (\ref{exe:kalis}) contains a zero-intransitive clause without argument. (\ref{exe:monovstat}) has a monovalent stative verb and (\ref{exe:monov}) a monovalent active verb, each with one argument. (\ref{exe:biv}) shows a bivalent verb with its two arguments. (\ref{exe:triv}) contains a trivalent verb with its three arguments.\is{monovalent clause|see{intransitive clause}}\is{intransitive clause}\is{active verb}\is{bivalent clause|see{transitive clause}}\is{transitive clause}\is{trivalent clause|see{three-participant clause}}\is{three-participant clause}
A: word: kiem-an	 gloss: basket-1SG.POSS
B: word: karuok-i	 gloss: three-OBJQNT
C: word: istar	 gloss: start
D: word: kiem	 gloss: run
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): emun tumun=at ___
Gloss (with missing item): mother child=OBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`The mother takes the child by the hand.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Each verb licenses zero to three arguments\is{argument}. Verbs follow the subject and the object. There is no agreement marking on the verb.\footnote{Except for verbs in the imperative mood, which distinguish between singular and plural subjects (§\ref{sec:verbdistr}).} (\ref{exe:kalis}) contains a zero-intransitive clause without argument. (\ref{exe:monovstat}) has a monovalent stative verb and (\ref{exe:monov}) a monovalent active verb, each with one argument. (\ref{exe:biv}) shows a bivalent verb with its two arguments. (\ref{exe:triv}) contains a trivalent verb with its three arguments.\is{monovalent clause|see{intransitive clause}}\is{intransitive clause}\is{active verb}\is{bivalent clause|see{transitive clause}}\is{transitive clause}\is{trivalent clause|see{three-participant clause}}\is{three-participant clause}
A: word: kasi	 gloss: give
B: word: karuok-i	 gloss: three-OBJQNT
C: word: narorar=i	 gloss: drag=PLNK
D: word: narorar	 gloss: take_by_hand
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mu kawir-un=at mat ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3PL hat-3POSS=OBJ 3SG.OBJ ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`They showed him the hat.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Each verb licenses zero to three arguments\is{argument}. Verbs follow the subject and the object. There is no agreement marking on the verb.\footnote{Except for verbs in the imperative mood, which distinguish between singular and plural subjects (§\ref{sec:verbdistr}).} (\ref{exe:kalis}) contains a zero-intransitive clause without argument. (\ref{exe:monovstat}) has a monovalent stative verb and (\ref{exe:monov}) a monovalent active verb, each with one argument. (\ref{exe:biv}) its gloss ___s a bivalent verb with its two arguments. (\ref{exe:triv}) contains a trivalent verb with its three arguments.\is{monovalent clause|see{intransitive clause}}\is{intransitive clause}\is{active verb}\is{bivalent clause|see{transitive clause}}\is{transitive clause}\is{trivalent clause|see{three-participant clause}}\is{three-participant clause}
A: word: naunak	 gloss: show
B: word: tumun-an=at	 gloss: child-1SG.POSS=OBJ
C: word: naunak=te	 gloss: show=IMP
D: word: kasur	 gloss: tomorrow
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): in se ___ yecie
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL IAM ___ return
The English translation of this sentence is:`We sailed back.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Verbs may be part of complex predicates (Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). (\ref{exe:svc}) shows a directional construction, with the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' and yecie `return' to express `its gloss ___ back'. (\ref{exe:svcmod}) combines a stative verb `be far' and a directional verb `descend' to form `go down far'.
A: word: tiri∼tiri	 gloss: sail∼PROG
B: word: yuwa	 gloss: PROX
C: word: tiri	 gloss: sail
D: word: fiber	 gloss: fibre_boat
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): in se tiri ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL IAM sail ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`We sailed back.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Verbs may be part of complex predicates (Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). (\ref{exe:svc}) shows a directional construction, with tiri `sail' and the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' to express `sail back'. (\ref{exe:svcmod}) combines a stative verb `be far' and a directional verb `descend' to form `go down far'.
A: word: yecie	 gloss: return
B: word: ecie-p∼cie-p	 gloss: return-DISTR∼DISTR-DISTR
C: word: ecien=i	 gloss: return=PLNK
D: word: eir	 gloss: two
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma ___ baran
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG ___ descend
The English translation of this sentence is:`He goes down far.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Verbs may be part of complex predicates (Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). (\ref{exe:svc}) shows a directional construction, with tiri `sail' and yecie `return' to express `sail back'. (\ref{exe:svcmod}) combines a stative verb `be far' and a directional verb `descend' to form `go down far'.
A: word: langsung=i	 gloss: directly=PLNK
B: word: kahen=i	 gloss: far=PLNK
C: word: kahen=tun	 gloss: long=too
D: word: wat	 gloss: coconut
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma kahen=i ___
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG far=PLNK ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`He goes down far.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Verbs may be part of complex predicates (Chapter~\ref{ch:svc}). (\ref{exe:svc}) shows a directional construction, with tiri `sail' and yecie `return' to express `sail back'. (\ref{exe:svcmod}) combines a stative verb `be far' and a directional verb `its gloss ___' to form `go down far'.
A: word: tamandi=a	 gloss: how=FOC
B: word: baran=taet	 gloss: descend=more
C: word: nau=bes=tenden	 gloss: RECP=good=so
D: word: baran	 gloss: descend
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ror ___
Gloss (with missing item): wood ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`cut wood (wood that is cut)'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All verbs can be used attributively\is{attribute}, that is, modifying a noun in a noun phrase (NP). In attributive function, verbs can carry the attributive clitic =ten (§\ref{sec:attr}). A verb in post-nominal position can be a predicate, in which case it is bare, or it can be a modifier, in which case it carries =ten. Consider the contrast in~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}). In~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}a), the noun ror `wood' is incorporated in the verb potma `cut'. In~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}b), the verb paramua `cut' functions as a modifier of the noun and carries the attributive enclitic =ten.
A: word: paramuan=ten	 gloss: cut=AT
B: word: wat	 gloss: coconut
C: word: paramuan	 gloss: cut
D: word: kawotman	 gloss: cut
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ror ___
Gloss (with missing item): wood ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`cut wood (wood that is cut)'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All verbs can be used attributively\is{attribute}, that is, modifying a noun in a noun phrase (NP). In attributive function, verbs can carry the attributive clitic =ten (§\ref{sec:attr}). A verb in post-nominal position can be a predicate, in which case it is bare, or it can be a modifier, in which case it carries =ten. Consider the contrast in~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}). In~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}a), the noun ror `wood' is incorporated in the verb potma `cut'. In~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}b), the verb paramua `cut' functions as a modifier of the noun and carries the attributive enclitic =ten.
A: word: paramuan	 gloss: cut
B: word: kawotman	 gloss: cut
C: word: bot=kin	 gloss: go={\glkin}
D: word: paramuan=ten	 gloss: cut=AT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ror ___
Gloss (with missing item): wood ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`cut wood (wood that is cut)'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: All verbs can be used attributively\is{attribute}, that is, modifying a noun in a noun phrase (NP). In attributive function, verbs can carry the attributive clitic =ten (§\ref{sec:attr}). A verb in post-nominal position can be a predicate, in which case it is bare, or it can be a modifier, in which case it carries =ten. Consider the contrast in~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}). In~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}a), the noun ror `wood' is incorporated in the verb potma `cut'. In~(\ref{exe:rorpotma}b), the verb paramua `cut' functions as a modifier of the noun and carries the attributive enclitic =ten.
A: word: kawotman	 gloss: cut
B: word: bolon-i	 gloss: little-OBJQNT
C: word: paramuan=ten	 gloss: cut=AT
D: word: paramuan	 gloss: cut
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): tumun ___ ririn
Gloss (with missing item): child ___ tall
The English translation of this sentence is:`The running child is tall.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Consider also the contrast in~(\ref{exe:kiemden}), where the two verbs are either used in attributive function modifying the subject, or in predicative function.
A: word: giar=ten	 gloss: new=AT
B: word: yuwa	 gloss: PROX
C: word: kiem=ten	 gloss: run=AT
D: word: sem=ten=at	 gloss: afraid-ADJ=OBJ
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ yuwa me warpas=a an=at melebor=ta
Gloss (with missing item): ___ PROX TOP witch=FOC 1SG=OBJ move_to_side=NFIN
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for me, the witch shoved me aside.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronouns cthe morpheme ___ substitute for a NP in subject the morpheme ___d object position. Like nouns, they cthe morpheme ___ be modified by, for example, a quthe morpheme ___tifier as in~(\ref{exe:inikon1}) or a demonstrative as in~(\ref{exe:warpas}).
A: word: kibis-kadok=at	 gloss: shore-side=OBJ
B: word: eir-gan	 gloss: two-all
C: word: anggon=ki	 gloss: 1SG.POSS=INS
D: word: an	 gloss: 1SG
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): an ___ me warpas=a an=at melebor=ta
Gloss (with missing item): 1SG ___ TOP witch=FOC 1SG=OBJ move_to_side=NFIN
The English translation of this sentence is:`As for me, the witch shoved me aside.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronouns can substitute for a NP in subject and object position. Like nouns, they can be modified by, for example, a quantifier as in~(\ref{exe:inikon1}) or a demonstrative as in~(\ref{exe:warpas}).
A: word: yuwat	 gloss: PROX.OBJ
B: word: wangga	 gloss: PROX.LAT
C: word: waruo=teba	 gloss: wash={\glteba}
D: word: yuwa	 gloss: PROX
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ma ___ na
Gloss (with missing item): 3SG ___ consume
The English translation of this sentence is:`He drinks his [one/drink].'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Pronouns do not carry possessive morphology. Instead there is a paradigm of possessive pronouns which can be used pronominally as well as adnominally (§\ref{sec:possprons}. The paradigm is given in Table~\ref{tab:posspronk} and an example with a possessive pronoun in object position is given in~(\ref{exe:possobj}).
A: word: main=at	 gloss: 3POSS=OBJ
B: word: mu=at	 gloss: 3PL=OBJ
C: word: kain=at	 gloss: 2SG.POSS=OBJ
D: word: reidak	 gloss: many
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): kewe=at ___ in paruo
Gloss (with missing item): house=OBJ ___ 1PL.EXCL make
The English translation of this sentence is:`Three houses we made.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:numattr}) has the quantifier karuok `four' as an adnominal modifier to kewe `house'. Quantifiers have a fixed position in the NP (§\ref{sec:nomphr}); they follow the noun and possessive suffix, and precede possessive pronouns. In~(\ref{exe:numnom}), the nominal referent is clear from the context, and so the quantifier eir `two' is the NP head.
A: word: kansuor-i	 gloss: four-OBJQNT
B: word: karuok-i	 gloss: three-OBJQNT
C: word: kiem	 gloss: run
D: word: wan-karuok-i	 gloss: time-three-OBJQNT
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nau=namanghadap
Gloss (with missing item): ___ REC=face
The English translation of this sentence is:`Two [animals] face each other.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:numattr}) has the quantifier karuok `four' as an adnominal modifier to kewe `house'. Quantifiers have a fixed position in the NP (§\ref{sec:nomphr}); they follow the noun and possessive suffix, and precede possessive pronouns. In~(\ref{exe:numnom}), the nominal referent is clear from the context, and so the quantifier the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' is the NP head.
A: word: yecie	 gloss: return
B: word: eir	 gloss: two
C: word: un-deir=i	 gloss: REFL-bring=PLNK
D: word: eir-gan	 gloss: two-all
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): in ___
Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.EXCL ___
The English translation of this sentence is:`We were many.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: (\ref{exe:inthe morpheme ___}) illustrates the use of quantifier the morpheme ___ `its gloss ___' in predicate function.
A: word: ripi	 gloss: thousand
B: word: reidak	 gloss: many
C: word: reidak-i	 gloss: much-OBJQNT
D: word: kiem	 gloss: run
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kalamang. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): mingtun=at ___ ko=yuon
Gloss (with missing item): palm_oil=OBJ ___ APPL=rub
The English translation of this sentence is:`[You] rub a little palm oil on.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The suffix -i occurs on quantifiers in object\is{object} position, as illustrated in~(\ref{exe:mingtun}).
A: word: bolon∼bolon=tun	 gloss: little∼INTS=INTS
B: word: bolon-i	 gloss: little-OBJQNT
C: word: ikon-i	 gloss: some-OBJQNT
D: word: eir-gan	 gloss: two-all
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B