cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 17:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kaoy ya naan ta t<in>anem nay na mga gulay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ tree DEF.F SPAT.DEF NABS <NR.RES>plant 1P.EXCL.GEN LK PL vegetables
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The tree fell over on our planted vegetables.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly, example \REF{bkm:Ref398385527} illustrates the verb tumba ‘to fall over’ in its basic, intransitive frame, while \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} illustrates the same verb in a transitive, causative frame:
A: word: na-uļog	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall
B: word: na-agi-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-experience-APL
C: word: na-tumba	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall.over
D: word: pa-tumba	 gloss: T.R-fall.over
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 18:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din kaoy ya naan ta t<in>anem nay na mga gulay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG tree DEF.F SPAT.DEF NABS <NR.RES>plant 1P.EXCL.GEN LK PL vegetables
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he felled the tree (on our planted vegetables).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly, example \REF{bkm:Ref398385527} illustrates the verb tumba ‘to fall over’ in its basic, intransitive frame, while \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} illustrates the same verb in a transitive, causative frame:
A: word: pa-tumba	 gloss: T.R-fall.over
B: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
C: word: na-tumba	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall.over
D: word: sayaw	 gloss: dance
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 19:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta pirata pambot nay ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ ERG pirate motor.boat 1P.EXCL.GEN DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The pirates sank our motor boat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref119509106} illustrates leddang ‘to sink’ in a transitive form, meaning ‘cause to sink’:
A: word: ga-leddang	 gloss: I.R-sink
B: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
C: word: pa-pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-sink
D: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 20:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din kaoy ya naan ta t<in>anem nay na mga gulay.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG tree DEF.F SPAT.DEF NABS <NR.RES>plant 1P.EXCL.GEN LK PL vegetables
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he felled the tree (on our planted vegetables).’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the prefix pa{}- in \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} and \REF{bkm:Ref119509106} is the transitive, realis pa{}- rather than the causative for several reasons. First, if pa{}- in these examples were the causative, the predicates would imply indirect causation, as though the boat retained some responsibility for its own sinking. Second, this pa{}- is not retained in the irrealis (\ref{bkm:Ref395126196}, \ref{bkm:Ref123281189}) or detransitive (Actor voice) form \REF{bkm:Ref123281290}:
A: word: niog	 gloss: coconut
B: word: pa-tumba	 gloss: T.R-fall.over
C: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
D: word: na-tumba	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall.over
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 21:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ta pirata pambot nay ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ ERG pirate motor.boat 1P.EXCL.GEN DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The pirates sank our motor boat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the prefix pa{}- in \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} and \REF{bkm:Ref119509106} is the transitive, realis pa{}- rather than the causative for several reasons. First, if pa{}- in these examples were the causative, the predicates would imply indirect causation, as though the boat retained some responsibility for its own sinking. Second, this pa{}- is not retained in the irrealis (\ref{bkm:Ref395126196}, \ref{bkm:Ref123281189}) or detransitive (Actor voice) form \REF{bkm:Ref123281290}:
A: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
B: word: ga-leddang	 gloss: I.R-sink
C: word: pa-pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-sink
D: word: ga-seddep	 gloss: I.R-go.in.small.space
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 22:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no anay tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG first/for.a.while manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-clothes.starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Dissolve please the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the prefix pa{}- in \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} and \REF{bkm:Ref119509106} is the transitive, realis pa{}- rather than the causative for several reasons. First, if pa{}- in these examples were the causative, the predicates would imply indirect causation, as though the boat retained some responsibility for its own sinking. Second, this pa{}- is not retained in the irrealis (\ref{bkm:Ref395126196}, \ref{bkm:Ref123281189}) or detransitive (Actor voice) form \REF{bkm:Ref123281290}:
A: word: leddang-en	 gloss: sink-T.IR
B: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
C: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
D: word: adlaw	 gloss: day/sun
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 23:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ nyo lunday an tak sikad bao.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2P.ERG outrigger.canoe DEF.M because very odor
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Sink the outrigger canoe because it smells bad.’ (The outrigger canoe probably has the odor of rotten fish and sinking it will wash it out.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the prefix pa{}- in \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} and \REF{bkm:Ref119509106} is the transitive, realis pa{}- rather than the causative for several reasons. First, if pa{}- in these examples were the causative, the predicates would imply indirect causation, as though the boat retained some responsibility for its own sinking. Second, this pa{}- is not retained in the irrealis (\ref{bkm:Ref395126196}, \ref{bkm:Ref123281189}) or detransitive (Actor voice) form \REF{bkm:Ref123281290}:
A: word: m-tunga	 gloss: I.V.IR-come.up.from.underwater
B: word: leddang-en	 gloss: sink-T.IR
C: word: pa-leddang-en	 gloss: CAUS-sink-T.IR
D: word: ma-ng-tampara	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-PL-goggles
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 24:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ mga pirata ta pambot nay ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ PL pirate NABS motor.boat 1P.EXCL.GEN DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The pirates sank our motor boat.’\smallskip
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: We know that the prefix pa{}- in \REF{bkm:Ref398385530} and \REF{bkm:Ref119509106} is the transitive, realis pa{}- rather than the causative for several reasons. First, if pa{}- in these examples were the causative, the predicates would imply indirect causation, as though the boat retained some responsibility for its own sinking. Second, this pa{}- is not retained in the irrealis (\ref{bkm:Ref395126196}, \ref{bkm:Ref123281189}) or detransitive (Actor voice) form \REF{bkm:Ref123281290}:
A: word: na-leddang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-sink
B: word: ga-iling	 gloss: I.R-go
C: word: ga-leddang	 gloss: I.R-sink
D: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 25:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din ki yaken pambot ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG OBL.P 1s motor.boat DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he caused/let/allowed me to sink the motor boat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Finally, there is a causative form of this root, expressed with the causative prefix pa{}- in addition to the transitive inflections (realis in \ref{bkm:Ref123281737} and irrealis in \ref{bkm:Ref148779410}):
A: word: lugar	 gloss: place
B: word: pa-seddep-an	 gloss: T.R-go.in.small.space-APL
C: word: pa-pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-sink
D: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 26:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ din ki yaken pambot ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ERG OBL.P 1s motor.boat DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:‘S/he will cause/let/allow me to sink the motor boat.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Finally, there is a causative form of this root, expressed with the causative prefix pa{}- in addition to the transitive inflections (realis in \ref{bkm:Ref123281737} and irrealis in \ref{bkm:Ref148779410}):
A: word: pa-pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-sink
B: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
C: word: pa-leddang-en	 gloss: CAUS-sink-T.IR
D: word: leddang-en	 gloss: sink-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 27:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ko kanen an naan ta baļay danen.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ERG 3S.ABS DEF.M SPAT.DEF NABS house 3P.GEN
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I made/let him/her return to their house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Another grammatical difference between non-volitional and volitional intransitive roots is that non-volitional roots may easily occur in a transitive frame to express direct causation (see \sectref{bkm:Ref148856716} above). Class IV roots, on the other hand, almost always require explicit transitivizing stem-forming morphology, either causative (pa{}-) or applicative (-an, -i) in order to occur in a transitive frame. This is because the causee is often animate, and therefore retains some control over the situation. However, if the causee is inanimate or otherwise incapable of controlling the situation, some of these roots may express direct causation in a transitive frame without the stem-forming causative prefix. For example, roots such as balik ‘return’, tago ‘hide’ and others that describe motion to a destination (return to a place, hide in a place) when used intransitively describe volitional situations \REF{bkm:Ref148946728}. When the same roots describe caused situations in which the causee is capable of exercising some control over the situation, the causative prefix is used, as in \REF{bkm:Ref148968257}. However, the same verbs may occur in a transitive \REF{bkm:Ref148946793} or detransitive \REF{bkm:Ref148946893} construction with no causative prefix, in which case they imply that the causee is probably inanimate, and therefore has no control or volition. In other words, as with root Classes I-III, this construction expresses direct causation:
A: word: pa-balik	 gloss: T.R-return
B: word: lasa	 gloss: taste
C: word: na-igo	 gloss: A.HAP.R-hit
D: word: pa-pa-balik	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-return
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 28:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ ko en kugod-an din ya naan ta baļay danen.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1S.ERG CM grate.coconut-NR 3S.GEN DEF.F SPAT.DEF NABS house 3P.GEN
The English translation of this sentence is:‘I returned his/her coconut grater to their house.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Another grammatical difference between non-volitional and volitional intransitive roots is that non-volitional roots may easily occur in a transitive frame to express direct causation (see \sectref{bkm:Ref148856716} above). Class IV roots, on the other hand, almost always require explicit transitivizing stem-forming morphology, either causative (pa{}-) or applicative (-an, -i) in order to occur in a transitive frame. This is because the causee is often animate, and therefore retains some control over the situation. However, if the causee is inanimate or otherwise incapable of controlling the situation, some of these roots may express direct causation in a transitive frame without the stem-forming causative prefix. For example, roots such as balik ‘return’, tago ‘hide’ and others that describe motion to a destination (return to a place, hide in a place) when used intransitively describe volitional situations \REF{bkm:Ref148946728}. When the same roots describe caused situations in which the causee is capable of exercising some control over the situation, the causative prefix is used, as in \REF{bkm:Ref148968257}. However, the same verbs may occur in a transitive \REF{bkm:Ref148946793} or detransitive \REF{bkm:Ref148946893} construction with no causative prefix, in which case they imply that the causee is probably inanimate, and therefore has no control or volition. In other words, as with root Classes I-III, this construction expresses direct causation:
A: word: pa-pa-balik	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-return
B: word: pa-balik	 gloss: T.R-return
C: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
D: word: mag-ambaļ	 gloss: I.IR-say
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 29:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ambaļ ta rais ya ___ gid kon tak ga-larga kon en duma ya na bļangay.
Gloss (with missing item): say NABS captain DEF.F ___ INT HSY because I.R-depart HSY CM other DEF.F LK 2.mast.boat
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The captain said to really depart because the other two-mast boats are already departing.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other volitional motion verbs of Class IV, such as larga ‘depart’, never take a location as an oblique or Undergoer argument (\ref{bkm:Ref148793705}). For such verbs, a destination is expressed in a complement clause \REF{bkm:Ref148793741}, preceded by the linker/complementizer na:
A: word: m-larga	 gloss: I.V.IR-depart
B: word: “m-larga	 gloss: I.V.IR-depart
C: word: pa-pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-sink
D: word: m-iling	 gloss: I.V.IR-go
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 30:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ambaļ ta rais ya m-larga gid kon tak ___ kon en duma ya na bļangay.
Gloss (with missing item): say NABS captain DEF.F I.V.IR-depart INT HSY because ___ HSY CM other DEF.F LK 2.mast.boat
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The captain said to really depart because the other two-mast boats are already departing.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other volitional motion verbs of Class IV, such as larga ‘depart’, never take a location as an oblique or Undergoer argument (\ref{bkm:Ref148793705}). For such verbs, a destination is expressed in a complement clause \REF{bkm:Ref148793741}, preceded by the linker/complementizer na:
A: word: ma-larga	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-depart
B: word: ga-larga	 gloss: I.R-depart
C: word: m-tunga	 gloss: I.V.IR-come.up.from.underwater
D: word: m-larga	 gloss: I.V.IR-depart
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 31:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kay kan-o na m-iling Iloilo.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 1P.EXCL.ABS previously LK I.V.IR-go Iloilo
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We departed previously to go to Iloilo.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Other volitional motion verbs of Class IV, such as larga ‘depart’, never take a location as an oblique or Undergoer argument (\ref{bkm:Ref148793705}). For such verbs, a destination is expressed in a complement clause \REF{bkm:Ref148793741}, preceded by the linker/complementizer na:
A: word: ga-tago	 gloss: I.R-hide
B: word: ga-larga	 gloss: I.R-depart
C: word: m-larga	 gloss: I.V.IR-depart
D: word: ma-larga	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-depart
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 32:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro mangngod i ___ naan ta bubon para dili ma-kita.\\
Gloss (with missing item): but younger.sibling DEF.N ___ SPAT.DEF NABS well for NEG.IR A.HAP.IR-see
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But the younger sibling hid in the well in order not to be seen.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The volitional intransitive verb, tago ‘to hide’, may express a location optionally as an oblique (\ref{bkm:Ref148793817}), but this is not a detransitive of direct causation because it cannot mean ``the younger sibling hid a well":
A: word: pa-balik	 gloss: T.R-return
B: word: ga-layas	 gloss: I.R-flee
C: word: ga-tago	 gloss: I.R-hide
D: word: ga-tagtag	 gloss: I.R-distribute
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 33:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Kanen i ___ ta yi na puļo paagi ta pag-sakay ta lunday para ma-ng-laya.\\
Gloss (with missing item): 3S.ABS DEF.N ___ NABS D1ADJ LK island by.means NABS NR.ACT-ride NABS outrigger.canoe for A.HAP.IR-PL-cast.net
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He went to this island by means of riding an outrigger canoe in order to cast-net fish.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref148947015} illustrates the volitional intransitive motion root, iling ‘to go’, with an obligatory destination expressed as an oblique \REF{bkm:Ref148947015} or as absolutive with applicative, \REF{bkm:Ref148947027} and \REF{bkm:Ref148947052}:
A: word: pa-iling-an	 gloss: T.R-go-APL
B: word: ga-kuyog	 gloss: I.R-go.with
C: word: ga-iling	 gloss: I.R-go
D: word: na-agi-an	 gloss: A.HAP.R-experience-APL
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C