cyang33/LingGym huggingface dataset:
Question 0:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ baso ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ glass DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:`That glass is shattered.' \hspace{1cm}STATE
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301852} and \REF{bkm:Ref398301854} illustrate the root the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which is a non-volitio\-nal root of Class I. With no inflectional affixes this root describes a simple state \REF{bkm:Ref398301852}. This may be considered a non-verbal, modification predicate (see \chapref{chap:non-verbalclauses}, \sectref{sec:predicatemodifiers}). In \REF{bkm:Ref398301854}, with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective achievement of its gloss ___ing. As with all Class I verbs, this root does not occur in dynamic modality (*gathe morpheme ___/*magthe morpheme ___). This makes sense since its gloss ___ing is a punctual event, therefore the root that expresses this concept cannot describe an activity, since activities are inherently non-punctual:
A: word: ga-seddep	 gloss: I.R-go.in.small.space
B: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
C: word: tapos	 gloss: then
D: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 1:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ baso ya.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ glass DEF.F
The English translation of this sentence is:`That glass is shattered.' \hspace{1cm}STATE
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301852} and \REF{bkm:Ref398301854} illustrate the root the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___’, which is a non-volitio\-nal root of Class I. With no inflectional affixes this root describes a simple state \REF{bkm:Ref398301852}. This may be considered a non-verbal, modification predicate (see \chapref{chap:non-verbalclauses}, \sectref{sec:predicatemodifiers}). In \REF{bkm:Ref398301854}, with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective achievement of its gloss ___ing. As with all Class I verbs, this root does not occur in dynamic modality (*gathe morpheme ___/*magthe morpheme ___). This makes sense since its gloss ___ing is a punctual event, therefore the root that expresses this concept cannot describe an activity, since activities are inherently non-punctual:
A: word: na-buong	 gloss: A.HAP.R-shatter
B: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
C: word: ginikanan	 gloss: parents
D: word: ga-iling	 gloss: I.R-go
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Tiset a nang ___ ta jip.
Gloss (with missing item): small 1S.ABS only/just ___ NABS jeep
The English translation of this sentence is:‘A jeep almost pinned me.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref440375076}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref119566298} illustrate additional Class I verbs from the corpus:
A: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
B: word: na-ipo	 gloss: A.HAP.R-pick
C: word: na-kamang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-get
D: word: na-ipit	 gloss: A.HAP.R-pin
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 3:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ kanen ta granada tak pa-limpyo-an din.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 3S.ABS NABS grenade because T.R-clean-APL 3S.ERG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He happened to be hit by a grenade (explosion), because he cleaned it’ or ‘The grenade (explosion) happened to hit him because he cleaned it.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref440375076}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref119566298} illustrate additional Class I verbs from the corpus:
A: word: na-igo	 gloss: A.HAP.R-hit
B: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
C: word: na-ipit	 gloss: A.HAP.R-pin
D: word: pa-pakang	 gloss: T.R-hit
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 4:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ layag i.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sail DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The sail is torn.’\hspace{1cm}State
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301059}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref398301061} illustrate the root the morpheme ___ ‘torn/its gloss ___’, which is a non-volitional root of Class II. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301059} with no inflectional affixes it describes a state. In \REF{bkm:Ref367348391} with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective accomplishment of its gloss ___ing. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301061} with dynamic marking the same root describes an imperfective activity, with no resultant change in state implied:
A: word: mantika	 gloss: oil
B: word: gisi	 gloss: tear
C: word: ga-gisi	 gloss: I.R-tear
D: word: mag-tunga	 gloss: I.IR-come.up.from.underwater
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 5:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-layag kay nang en na uļa nay na-aļam-i daw indi kay punta asta nang en na ___ layag i.\\
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-sail 1P.EXCL.ABS only/just CM LK NEG.R 1P.EXCL.ERG A.HAP.R-know-XC.APL if/when where 1P.EXCL.ABS go until only/just CM LK ___ sail DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We sailed without knowing where we were going until the sail was tearing/began to tear.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301059}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref398301061} illustrate the root gisi ‘torn/tear’, which is a non-volitional root of Class II. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301059} with no inflectional affixes it describes a state. In \REF{bkm:Ref367348391} with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective accomplishment of tearing. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301061} with dynamic marking the same root describes an imperfective activity, with no resultant change in state implied:
A: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
B: word: na-gisi	 gloss: A.HAP.R-tear
C: word: ga-gisi	 gloss: I.R-tear
D: word: salíg	 gloss: think.wrongly
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 6:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ layag i.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sail DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The sail is torn.’\hspace{1cm}State
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301059}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref398301061} illustrate the root the morpheme ___ ‘torn/its gloss ___’, which is a non-volitional root of Class II. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301059} with no inflectional affixes it describes a state. In \REF{bkm:Ref367348391} with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective accomplishment of its gloss ___ing. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301061} with dynamic marking the same root describes an imperfective activity, with no resultant change in state implied:
A: word: ga-dagbeng	 gloss: I.R-thud
B: word: u-yi	 gloss: EMPH-D1ADJ
C: word: gisi	 gloss: tear
D: word: ga-gisi	 gloss: I.R-tear
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 7:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ layag i.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ sail DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘The sail tore.’\hspace{1cm}Accomplishment
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301059}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref398301061} illustrate the root gisi ‘torn/tear’, which is a non-volitional root of Class II. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301059} with no inflectional affixes it describes a state. In \REF{bkm:Ref367348391} with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective accomplishment of tearing. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301061} with dynamic marking the same root describes an imperfective activity, with no resultant change in state implied:
A: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
B: word: na-gisi	 gloss: A.HAP.R-tear
C: word: dagat	 gloss: sea
D: word: ga-gisi	 gloss: I.R-tear
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 8:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-layag kay nang en na uļa nay na-aļam-i daw indi kay punta asta nang en na ___ layag i.\\
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-sail 1P.EXCL.ABS only/just CM LK NEG.R 1P.EXCL.ERG A.HAP.R-know-XC.APL if/when where 1P.EXCL.ABS go until only/just CM LK ___ sail DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We sailed without knowing where we were going until the sail was tearing/began to tear.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref398301059}{}-\REF{bkm:Ref398301061} illustrate the root gisi ‘torn/tear’, which is a non-volitional root of Class II. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301059} with no inflectional affixes it describes a state. In \REF{bkm:Ref367348391} with happenstantial marking it describes the perfective accomplishment of tearing. In \REF{bkm:Ref398301061} with dynamic marking the same root describes an imperfective activity, with no resultant change in state implied:
A: word: na-gisi	 gloss: A.HAP.R-tear
B: word: ga-gisi	 gloss: I.R-tear
C: word: gisi	 gloss: tear
D: word: beggas	 gloss: milled.rice
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 9:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Pa-ibit-an nay ta timbang mama na duma nay daw m-luoy piro mama an ___ daw na-daļa din man kami tak mama i bakod kis-a ki kami.\\
Gloss (with missing item): T.R-hold.on-APL 1P.EXCL.ERG NABS balance man LK companion 1P.EXCL.GEN and I.V.IR-swim but man DEF.M ___ and A.HAP.R-take 3S.ERG also 1P.EXCL.ABS because man DEF.N big than OBL.P 1P.EXCL
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We held on to both sides of the man that was our companion and swam, but the man was sinking (or ‘began to sink’) and took us also (down with him) because the man was bigger than us.'
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example \REF{bkm:Ref388967386} illustrates the same verb in dynamic modality, expressing an imperfective, inceptive sense:
A: word: pa-leddang	 gloss: T.R-sink
B: word: pa-pa-balik	 gloss: T.R-CAUS-return
C: word: ga-leddang	 gloss: I.R-sink
D: word: na-leddang	 gloss: A.HAP.R-sink
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 10:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ga-pangamuyo kay man na kabay na ___ en Manang ya aged maka-balik man kanen ya ta Pilipinas i.\\
Gloss (with missing item): I.R-pray 1P.EXCL.ABS too LK may.it.be LK ___ CM Older.sister DEF.F so.that I.HAP.IR-return too 3S.ABS DEF.F NABS Philippines DEF.N
The English translation of this sentence is:‘We prayed too that Manang may be well so that she can return to the Philippines.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The following illustrate the root the morpheme ___ ‘its gloss ___/be its gloss ___’ in the stative \REF{bkm:Ref148778216}, dynamic irrealis \REF{bkm:Ref148778256}, and happenstantial irrealis \REF{bkm:Ref148778286} forms:
A: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
B: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
C: word: ayad	 gloss: well
D: word: piro	 gloss: but
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 11:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Mag-ubra danen ta duļot agod ___ ka.
Gloss (with missing item): I.IR-work/make 3P.ABS NABS food.offering so.that ___ 2S.ABS
The English translation of this sentence is:‘They will do a food offering so that you will get well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The following illustrate the root ayad ‘well/be well’ in the stative \REF{bkm:Ref148778216}, dynamic irrealis \REF{bkm:Ref148778256}, and happenstantial irrealis \REF{bkm:Ref148778286} forms:
A: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-well
B: word: ma-simba	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-worship
C: word: gisi	 gloss: tear
D: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 12:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Ambaļ din en bisan ino pa kon ayo-en din ∅-atag din kon basta ___ nang kon kanen an.
Gloss (with missing item): say 3S.ERG CM any what INC HSY request-T.IR 3S.ERG T.IR-give 3S.ERG HSY just.so.that ___ only/just HRS 3S.ABS DEF.M
The English translation of this sentence is:‘He said whatever else he asks for, he will give just so that he will get well.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The following illustrate the root ayad ‘well/be well’ in the stative \REF{bkm:Ref148778216}, dynamic irrealis \REF{bkm:Ref148778256}, and happenstantial irrealis \REF{bkm:Ref148778286} forms:
A: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
B: word: ma-kita	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-see
C: word: mag-ayad	 gloss: I.IR-be.careful
D: word: ma-ayad	 gloss: A.HAP.IR-well
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D
Question 13:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro naan aren ta tudtod ta pambot na ___ na sigi en anod.
Gloss (with missing item): but SPAT.DEF 1S.ABS NABS back NABS boat LK ___ LK continuously CM drift
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But I was on the back of the boat which had turned over that was continuously now adrift.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Several roots, such as daeb ‘to turn face down’ may present non-volitional situations with an inanimate Undergoer, or volitional situations with an animate Actor. As such these roots fall logically into Class II and Class IV. When the absolutive is an inanimate Undergoer they exhibit the affixation pattern of Class II roots, and when the absolutive is an animate Actor, they exhibit the pattern of Class IV roots. Here we give some examples of the Class II usage. The following examples are from the same text, and describe the same discourse event. However, in \REF{bkm:Ref148966026} happenstantial modality is used, while in \REF{bkm:Ref148965908} dynamic modality occurs. In \REF{bkm:Ref148966026} the act of turning over is non-volitional and is on the event line of the narrative. In this context, happenstantial modality is expected, and can be understood as expressing a semantic perfective aspect.
A: word: ga-daeb	 gloss: I.R-turn.over
B: word: ga-dagbeng	 gloss: I.R-thud
C: word: buong	 gloss: shatter
D: word: ga-iling	 gloss: I.R-go
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: A
Question 14:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Piro naan aren ta tudtod ta pambot na ___ na sigi en anod.
Gloss (with missing item): but SPAT.DEF 1S.ABS NABS back NABS boat LK ___ LK continuously CM drift
The English translation of this sentence is:‘But I was on the back of the boat which had turned over that was continuously now adrift.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In \REF{bkm:Ref148965908} the same verb occurs, but this time it is not on the main event line of the narrative. It simply describes the condition of the boat that resulted from the event of turning over narrated earlier in the story. In this case, dynamic modality is appropriate. If happenstantial were used again in this context, the intention would be that the boat turned over a second time, constituting another event on the main event line of the story. This would have been possible, but highly unusual inside a relative clause.
A: word: ga-iling	 gloss: I.R-go
B: word: leddang-en	 gloss: sink-T.IR
C: word: ga-daeb	 gloss: I.R-turn.over
D: word: ga-dagbeng	 gloss: I.R-thud
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: C
Question 15:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): Daw may ___ na na-uļog, isip-en no tak {yon} {nan} niog na na-ipo ko.
Gloss (with missing item): if/when EXT.IN ___ LK A.HAP.R-fall think/count-T.IR 2S.ERG because D3ABS D3ABS.PR coconut LK A.HAP.R-pick 1S.ERG
The English translation of this sentence is:‘If something falls making a thud sound, count it because that very one is the coconut I have picked.’ (The speaker climbs a tree to get coconuts and he tells the blind guy on the ground to count how many thuds he hears because that will be the coconuts that he picks and lets fall to the ground. But the one who climbs the tree keeps falling out and so the blind guy counts each time the other guy falls out of the tree thinking it is a coconut.)
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Examples \REF{bkm:Ref442966831} through \REF{bkm:Ref444436899} illustrate Class III verbs from the corpus:
A: word: ga-daeb	 gloss: I.R-turn.over
B: word: ga-dagbeng	 gloss: I.R-thud
C: word: ga-leddang	 gloss: I.R-sink
D: word: na-uļog	 gloss: A.HAP.R-fall
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: B
Question 16:
You are a linguist specializing in Kagayanen. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
Sentence (with missing item): ___ no anay tubuyong an para pang-miroļ.
Gloss (with missing item): ___ 2S.ERG first/for.a.while manioc.flour DEF.M for INST-clothes.starch
The English translation of this sentence is:‘Dissolve please the manioc flour for use as starch.’
Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Most Class I-III verbs can be used in a transitive frame with no transitivizing stem-forming morphology (applicative or causative). In this case they express direct causation. Example \REF{ex:hasdissolved} illustrates the Class II root tunaw ‘to dissolve/melt’ in its basic intransitive frame, while example \REF{bkm:Ref395126196} illustrates the same root in a transitive, causative, frame:
A: word: ga-daeb	 gloss: I.R-turn.over
B: word: pigado	 gloss: difficult
C: word: pa-tunaw-en	 gloss: CAUS-dissolve-T.IR
D: word: tunaw-en	 gloss: dissolve-T.IR
Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
Correct Answer: D